ELRC project Acquisition of bilingual data (from multilingual websites), normalization, cleaning, deduplication and identification of parallel documents have been done by ILSP-FC tool. Multilingual embeddings -based approach was adopted for alignment of segments. Merging/filtering of segment pairs has also been applied. en hr 517 9782 8868 2723 3860

0.9074074074074074 The number of infected doctors increased to nine. Broj zaraženih je se za samo 10 dana duplicirao na 14. 0.9606299212598425 Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution, it is classified as an acid-fast bacillus. Budući da se MTBC može obojati određenim bojama čak i nakon obrade u kiseloj otopini, svrstava se u acidorezistentne bakterije. 0.9276315789473685 Programs such as the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program are working to reduce TB levels among people receiving public health care. Programi kao što je Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program pomažu u smanjenju broja slučajeva TBC u osoba obuhvaćenih javnozdravstvenom zaštitom. 0.6407766990291263 Centers for Disease Control on hand hygiene in healthcare settings Centri za kontrolu bolesti (Centers for Disease Control) o higijeni ruku i postavkama zdravstvene skrbe 0.64 Not sharing cutlery when eating. izbjegavanje dijeljenja pribora za jelo s drugima. 1.3317073170731708 Between 1838 and 1845, Dr. John Croghan, the owner of Mammoth Cave in Kentucky from 1839 onwards, brought a number of people with tuberculosis into the cave in the hope of curing the disease with the constant temperature and purity of the cave air; each died within a year. U razdoblju 1838.–1845., dr. John Croghan, vlasnik Mamutske pećine, dovodio je bolesnike u pećinu u nadi da će ih izliječiti uz pomoć stalne temperature i čistoće pećinskog zraka: pomrli su za godinu dana. 0.8811188811188811 The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Organización Mundial de la Salud) posebna je organizacija Ujedinjenih nacija koja deluje kao koordinirajuće telo međunarodnog javnog zdravstva. 0.8869565217391304 In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV, the risk of reactivation increases to 10% per year. U bolesnika istovremeno zaraženih s M. tuberculosis i HIV-om, opasnost od reaktivacije se povećava na 10% godišnje. 0.9745762711864406 These dormant bacilli produce active tuberculosis in 5–10% of these latent cases, often many years after infection. Ovi neaktivni bacilli dovode do aktivne tuberkuloze u 5–10% latentne bolesti i to često tek mnogo godina nakon zaraze. 0.9333333333333333 Hermann Brehmer opened the first TB sanatorium in 1859 in Görbersdorf (now Sokołowsko) in Silesia. Prvo lječilište za liječenje TBC-a, otvorio je 1859. godine Hermann Brehmer u mjestu Sokołowsko, Poljska. 1.3103448275862069 Another feature of the granulomas is the development of abnormal cell death (necrosis) in the center of tubercles. Još jedna osobina granuloma kod TBC je odumiranje tkiva u središtu granuloma (nekroza). 0.8188976377952756 MDR-TB is defined as resistance to the two most effective first-line TB drugs: rifampicin and isoniazid. Višestruko otporna TBC se definira kao ona koja je otporna na dva najučinkovitija lijeka prvog izbora: rifampicin i izonijazid. 0.4626865671641791 There are four stages of shock. U ovoj klasifikaciji prvobitno su postojale četiri kategorije šoka: 1.1214285714285714 TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the alveolar air sacs of the lungs, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages. Infekcija s TBC započinje kad mikobakterije dospiju do plućnih alveola, gdje ulaze u alveolarne makrofage i dijele se u njihovim endosomima. 0.9813084112149533 Extensively drug-resistant TB is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs. Izrazito otporna TBC je ona koja je također otporna na tri ili više od šest skupina lijekova drugog izbora. 0.8471337579617835 The World Health Organization (WHO) has achieved some success with improved treatment regimens, and a small decrease in case numbers. Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija (SZO) je posigla određeni uspjeh primjenom poboljšanih načina liječenja, tako da je uočen mali pad broja slučajeva bolesti. 0.983739837398374 In Canada and Australia, tuberculosis is many times more common among the aboriginal peoples, especially in remote areas. U Kanadi i Australiji, tuberkuloza je višestruko učestalija u domorodačkog, stanovništva, osobito u udaljenijim područjima. 0.9452054794520548 The granuloma may prevent dissemination of the mycobacteria and provide a local environment for interaction of cells of the immune system. Stvaranjem granuloma tijelo nastoji spriječiti širenje mikobakterija i stvara lokalno okruženje za lakše međudjelovanje stanica imunosnog sustava. 0.9333333333333333 Proper bandaging and dressing of injuries. primjereno previjanje i zbirnjavanje ozljeda. 1.4080717488789238 S. aureus can cause a range of illnesses, from minor skin infections, such as pimples, impetigo, boils, cellulitis, folliculitis, carbuncles, scalded skin syndrome, and abscesses, to life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, and sepsis. Patogen je i izaziva mnošto različitih infekcija i intoksikacija počev od manjih infekcija kože (furunkul, karbunkul, infekcija rane itd) do teških bolesti poput sepse, zapalenja pluća, apscesa, sindroma toksičnog šoka itd. 0.9222222222222223 NTM cause neither TB nor leprosy, but they do cause lung diseases that resemble TB. NTBCM ne uzrokuju TBC niti lepru, ali uzrokuju plućnu infekciju koja jako nalikuje na TBC. 1.1666666666666667 February 2016. Godine 1947. 0.891156462585034 Extrapulmonary TB occurs when tuberculosis develops outside of the lungs, although extrapulmonary TB may coexist with pulmonary TB. /> Do ekstrapulmonalne TBC dolazi kad se žarište infekcije nalazi izvan pluća, a ekstrapulmonalna tuberkuloza može postojati istovremeno s plućnom. 1.2058823529411764 The obvious symptom is trouble breathing. Očevidni simptom je teško disanje. 1.0941176470588236 Vaccines are hoped to play a significant role in treatment of both latent and active disease. Postoji nada da će cjepiva imati veliku ulogu u liječenju latentne i aktivne bolesti. 0.9775280898876404 Genetic susceptibility also exists, for which the overall importance remains undefined. Postoji i genska sklonost, no znanstvenici zasad nisu utvrdili kolika je njezina važnost. 1.5897435897435896 1974: The Expanded Programme on Immunization and the control programme of onchocerciasis was started, an important partnership between the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the World Bank. To je bilo važno partnerstvo između Organizacije za hranu i poljoprivredu (FAO), Programa Organizacije ujedinjenih nacija za razvoj (UNDP), i Svetske banke. 1.9291338582677164 Beginning with early vaccination in the nineteenth century, these policies were resisted by a variety of groups, collectively called antivaccinationists, who object on scientific, ethical, political, medical safety, religious, and other grounds. Rad na vakcinaciji je nerijetko bio propraćen kontroverzijama i otporom iz razloga etničke, političke, vjerske i druge prirode. 1.4210526315789473 The Vaccine Page links to resources in many countries. Linkovi ka resursima u mnogim zemljama 0.9310344827586207 Tuberculosis is the second-most common cause of death from infectious disease (after those due to HIV/AIDS). Po učestalosti smrtnih slučajeva od zaraznih bolesti, tuberkuloza je druga po redu (nakon smrti uslijed HIV/AIDS-a). 1.148936170212766 Larger outbreaks known as pandemics are less frequent. Velike epidemije poznate kao pandemije su ređe. 1.2391304347826086 Prior to 2012 sustained response occurs in about 40–50% in people with HCV genotype 1 given 48 weeks of treatment. Trajno izliječenje bilježi se u oko 40-50 % osoba s HCV genotipom 1 uz 48 tjedana liječenja. 0.7796610169491526 Blood tests to detect antibodies are not specific or sensitive, so they are not recommended. Krvne pretrage za otkrivanje protutijela ne pokazuju dovoljnu specifičnost ni osjetljivost, tako da se ne preporučuju. 1.0129032258064516 In the northern and southern parts of the world, outbreaks occur mainly in the winter, while around the equator, outbreaks may occur at any time of the year. U severnim i južnim delovima sveta do širenja bolesti dolazi uglavnom tokom zime, dok se u oblastima oko ekvatora bolest može širiti u bilo kom dobu goine. 1.3728813559322033 It has also been successful in helping to reduce cases by 99% since which partnered WHO with Rotary International, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and smaller organizations. To je ostvareno putem partnerstva SZO sa Rotari klubom, Centrima za kontrolu i prevenciju bolesti (CDC) i Dečjim fondom Ujedinjenih nacija (UNICEF), i nizom manjih organizacija. 0.8620689655172413 A single sneeze can release up to 40,000 droplets. Prilikom samo jednog kihanja nastaje i do 40 000 kapljica. 2.2758620689655173 MVA85A, an example of a subunit vaccine, is in trials in South Africa as of 2006, is based on a genetically modified vaccinia virus. MVA85A se zasniva na genski modificranom virusu vakcinije. 0.9393939393939394 However, the difficult culture process for this slow-growing organism can take two to six weeks for blood or sputum culture. Kako bi u nasađenom uzorku krvi ili sputuma narastao ovaj uzročnik koji se sporo umnožava, može biti potrebno i dva do šest tjedana. 0.8421052631578947 The 2012–2013 WHO budget identified 5 areas among which funding was distributed. U SZO budžetu za 2012–2013 je identifikovano pet oblasti među kojima su distribuirana sredstva. 1.125 Neurological conditions can include: Simptomi influence mogu da budu: 1.1142857142857143 Although there is a small increase in the chance of having a local reaction to a vaccine with an aluminium salt (redness, soreness, swelling), there is no increased risk of any serious reactions. Moguće je da pacijent osjeti manje simptome imunološke reakcije (glavobolja, povišena temperatura, nelagoda) ali pošto se klica nece razmnožavati neće biti ni drugih simptoma. 1.0833333333333333 However, no alternative therapy has been shown to improve outcomes in hepatitis C, and no evidence exists that alternative therapies have any effect on the virus at all. Međutim, ne postoje dokazi da ijedna alternativna terapija poboljšava ishod kod hepatitisa C, i nije dokazan ikakav utjecaj alternativnih terapija na virus. 0.5751295336787565 Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X-rays, as well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids. Medicinska dijagnoza aktivne TBC postavlja se na osnovi radiološkog nalaza (obično rentgenske slike pluća), mikroskopske pretrage tjelesnih tekućina i mikrobiološkog uzgoja uzročnika u kulturi. 0.7546296296296297 Normally, a bacterium must be cultured from blood, urine, sputum, or other body-fluid samples, and in sufficient quantities to perform confirmatory tests early-on. Uprkos tome, bakterija generalno moraju biti gajena u krvi, urinu, sputumu, ili drugim tečnim kulturama iz telesnih tečnosti, u laboratorijiskim uslovima i u dovoljnim količinama potrebnim za dokazivanje u testovima. 0.8972332015810277 "1998: WHO's Director-General highlighted gains in child survival, reduced infant mortality, increased life expectancy and reduced rates of ""scourges"" such as smallpox and polio on the fiftieth anniversary of WHO's founding." "Godine 1998, generalni direktor SZO je na petnaestoj godišnjici osnivanja SZO naglasio progres u stopi preživljavanja dece, umanjenoj smrtnosti odojčadi, povećanoj očekivanoj dužini životnog veka i sniženoj stopi „nesreća"" kao što su boginje i polio." 1.0740740740740742 Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB. Do primarne otpornosti dolazi ako se osoba zarazi sa sojem TBC otpornim na lijek. 1.0794392523364487 "Two of those five areas related to communicable diseases: the first, to reduce the ""health, social and economic burden"" of communicable diseases in general; the second to combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis in particular." "Dve od tih pet oblasti se odnose na infektivne bolesti: prva je opšte smanjenje „zdravstvenog, socijalnog i ekonomskog opterećenja"" zaraznih bolesti; druga se bavi borbom protiv HIV/AIDS, malarije i tuberkuloze." 0.89937106918239 The ear canals require less body hygiene care than other parts of the body, because they are sensitive, and the body adequately cares for them. Zvukovodi zahtijevaju manju osobnu higijensku skrb od ostalih dijelova tijela zbog toga što su osjetljivi te se tjelesni sustav adekvatno brine za te dijelove. 0.9519230769230769 It thus became the first specialized agency of the United Nations to which every member subscribed. Ona je tako postala prva specijalizovana agencija Ujedinjenih nacija koja je imala podršku svih članova. 1.0263157894736843 Rapid source identification and control Definicija i dijagnostički kriterijumi 1.0253164556962024 In 1988, WHO launched the Global Polio Eradication Initiative to eradicate polio. Godine 1988, SZO je pokrenula inicijativu globalne eradikacije poliomijelitisa. 0.6818181818181818 Many resource-poor places as of 2011 have access to only sputum microscopy. Od 2011. je u mnogim siromašnim područjima mikroskopska pretraga sputuma jedina dostupna dijagnostička metoda. 1.0273972602739727 This encouraged the widespread adoption of both the flush toilet and the moral imperative that bathrooms should be indoors and as private as possible. To je potaknulo široku prihvaćenost zahoda na ispiranje i moralnog imperativa kako zahodi trebaju biti u zatvorenom i što je moguće više privatni. 1.0786516853932584 In 1972 Hinshaw and Cox suggested the classification system for shock which is still used today. Hinshaw i Cox, 1972. godine predložili su klasifikaciju šoka koja se još uvek primenjuje. 0.9112149532710281 2006: The organization endorsed the world's first official HIV/AIDS Toolkit for Zimbabwe, which formed the basis for global prevention, treatment, and support the plan to fight the AIDS pandemic. Godine 2006, organizacija je podržala primenu prvog zvaničnog seta sredstava protiv side za primenu u Zimbabveu, što je formilalo osnovu za globalni plan prevencije, lečenja i podrške u borbi protiv pandemije side. 1.396551724137931 He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Godine dobio Nobelovu nagradu za fiziologiju ili medicinu. 1.0516129032258064 The evidence for treatment in genotype 6 disease is sparse and what evidence there is supports 48 weeks of treatment at the same doses used for genotype 1 disease. Dokazi za liječenje bolesti genotipa 6 trenutačno su oskudni, a oni koji postoje odnose se na 48 tjedana liječenja istim dozama kao i za bolest genotipa 1. 0.8775510204081632 Silicosis increases the risk about 30-fold. Silikoza povećava opasnost od zaraze oko 30 puta. 0.7777777777777778 To speed the process, trace amounts of a nontoxic catalyst composed of iron and tetroamido macrocyclic ligands are combined with sodium carbonate and bicarbonate and converted into a spray. Da bi se ubrzali procesi dekontaminacije, sredstvima se dodaje određena količina neotrovneih katalizatora sastavljenih od gvožđa i tetra-amidnih makrocikličnih liganda u kombinaciji sa natrijum-karbonatom i bikarbonatom i pretvaranjem u sprej. 0.6447368421052632 Veterinarians, livestock handlers, and pet owners Veterinari, osobe zapošljene na pretovaru stoke i vlasnici kućnih ljubimaca. 1.1517241379310346 Tertiary care centers (such as hospice care facilities) have 2-4 times the rate of bacteremia than primary care centers, 75% of which are hospital-acquired infections. Tercijarne ustanove zdravstvene zaštite (kao što su bolnice) imaju 2 do 4 puta veću stopu bakteriemija, od ustanova primarne zdravstvene zaštite. 0.9458762886597938 Those at high risk thus include: people who inject illicit drugs, inhabitants and employees of locales where vulnerable people gather (e.g. prisons and homeless shelters), medically underprivileged and resource-poor communities, high-risk ethnic minorities, children in close contact with high-risk category patients, and health-care providers serving these patients. U velikoj opasnosti od zaraze TBC su intravenski narkomani, stanovnici i zaposlenici na mjestima gdje se skupljaju osobe podložne infekciji (primjerice, zatvori i domovi za beskućnike), siromašne osobe i one koje nemaju odgovarajuću zdravstvenu zaštitu, etničke manjine visokog rizika, djeca koja dolaze u dodir s osobama visokog rizika i zdravstveni radnici koji liječe navedene skupine. 1.0655737704918034 He dropped the suit in 1998 after losing before an appeals court. Povukao je tužbu 1998. nakon negativne odluke prizivnog suda. 1.0272727272727273 This severe form of TB disease, most common in young children and those with HIV, is called miliary tuberculosis. Ovaj teški oblik TBC se naziva milijarna tuberkuloza, a najčešći je u male djece i bolesnika zaraženih HIV-om. 1.1919191919191918 "Another of the thirteen WHO priority areas is aimed at the prevention and reduction of ""disease, disability and premature deaths from chronic noncommunicable diseases, mental disorders, violence and injuries, and visual impairment""." "Jedna od SZO prioritetnih oblasti je prevencija i redukcija „bolesti, invalidnosti i prerane smrtnosti usled hroničnih nezaraznih bolesti, mentalnih bolesti, nasilja i povreda, i oštećenja vida""." 1.6222222222222222 AIDS stigma has been further divided into the following three categories: AIDS stigma se deli u sledeće tri kategorije: 1.0173410404624277 In many areas of the world, people are unable to afford treatment with antivirals as they either lack insurance coverage or the insurance they have will not pay for antivirals. U mnogim dijelovima svijeta ljudi si ne mogu priuštiti liječenje antivirusnim lijekovima jer nemaju zdravstveno osiguranje ili im osiguranje ne pokriva antivirusne lijekove. 0.9021739130434783 Mycobacteria infect many different animals, including birds, rodents, and reptiles. Mikobakterijama se zaražuju mnoge životinjske vrste, uključujući ptice, glodavce, i gmazove. 1.0578512396694215 Some of the muscle breakdown products, such as the protein myoglobin, are harmful to the kidneys and may lead to kidney failure. Neki od proizvoda, kao što je mioglobin (protein) su štetni za bubrege i mogu dovesti do akutne bubrežne insuficijencije. 1.6688311688311688 Limitations in the implementation and enforcement of stringent standard precautions in public and private medical and dental facilities are known to be the primary cause of the spread of HCV in Egypt, the country with highest rate of infection in the world. Loši higijenski standardi u medicinskim i zubarskim ustanovama glavni su uzrok širenja HCV-a u Egiptu, kao zemlji s najvišom stopom zaraženosti u svijetu. 1.1775362318840579 In modern times, early reports from the 1908 Messina earthquake and World War I on kidney failure after injury were followed by studies by London physicians Eric Bywaters and Desmond Beall, working at the Royal Postgraduate Medical School and the National Institute for Medical Research, on four victims of The Blitz in 1941. U 20. veku prvi slučajevi kraš sindroma nakon kojeg se javljala i akutna bubrežna insuficijencija opisani su nakon zemljotresa u Mesini (Sicilija) 1908. i Nemačkoj u vojnoj medicinskoj literaturi, tokom Prvog svetskog rata, kod vojnika zatrpanih u rovovima nakon granatiranja. 0.38095238095238093 The U.S. u slučaju pandemije). 1.0506329113924051 Sterilization by autoclave of instruments used in body piercing and tattoo marking. sterilizaciju autoklavom instrumenata korištenih za body piercing i tetoviranje 1.3764044943820224 There has been an increase in the rate of septic shock deaths in recent decades, which is attributed to an increase in invasive medical devices and procedures, increases in immunocompromised patients, and an overall increase in elderly patients. U poslednjih nekoliko decenija došlo je do povećanja stope razboljevanja od SŠ, što se pripisuje porastu primene invazivne medicinske opreme i procedura u dijagnostici i lečenju. 1.07 General signs and symptoms include fever, chills, night sweats, loss of appetite, weight loss, and fatigue. Opći znakovi i simptomi su vrućica, tresavica, noćno znojenje, gubitak apetita, mršavljenje i zamor. 0.9833333333333333 Andrija Štampar was the Assembly's first president, and G. Brock Chisholm was appointed Director-General of WHO, having served as Executive Secretary during the planning stages. Andrija Štampar je bio prvi predsednik skupštine, i G. Brok Hišolm je bio postavljen za generalnog direktora SZO, nakon što je služio kao izvršni sekretar tokom perioda planiranja. 0.8264150943396227 Attempts to clean the ear canals through the removal of earwax can reduce ear canal cleanliness by pushing debris and foreign material into the ear that the natural movement of ear wax out of the ear would have removed. Pokušaji čišćenja zvukovoda uklanjanjem ušnog voska može zapravo reducirati čistoću zvukovoda tako što se debris i ostali strani materijal potiskuju u unutrašnjost uha koji bi inače bili uklonjeni prirodnim gibanjem ušnog voska iz unutrašnjosti prema vanjštini uha. 0.9574468085106383 As of 2012, the WHO was to report as to whether RTS,S/AS01, were a viable malaria vaccine. Od 2012. godine SZO prati efekate RTS,S/AS01 vakcine za malariju kao mogućeg rešenja problema. 1.7272727272727273 Gallo's group called their newly isolated virus HTLV-III. Galo ga je nazvao HTLV-III (engl. 1.1578947368421053 With the addition of this region, the proportion of world population living in polio-free regions reached 80%. S ovim područjem udio svjetskog stanovništva koje živi u područjima bez polija dosegao je 80 %. 0.954954954954955 Two years later preventing discrimination against sufferers was attended to and in 1996 UNAIDS was formed. Dve godine kasnije razmatrani su vidovi sprečavanje dikriminacije bolesnika, i godine 1966. je formiran UNAIDS. 0.9516129032258065 The spray formula is applied to an infested area and is followed by another spray containing tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Sprej se primenjuje na zahvaćene površinae nakon čega sledi primena još jednog spreja koji sadrži tert-butil hidroperokide . 0.788235294117647 "In 1815 one in four deaths in England was due to ""consumption""." "Godine 1815. jedan smrtni slučaj od četiri bio je uzrokovan ""sušicom"", a do 1918." 0.9519230769230769 The last case of wild polio in the South-East Asia Region was reported in India on 13 January 2011. Posljednji slučaj divljeg polija na području jugoistočne Azije prijavljen je u Indiji 13. siječnja 2011. 0.8727272727272727 As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, BCG is administered to only those people at high risk. Tuberkuloza je rijetkost u većem dijelu Kanade, Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva i Sjedinjenih Država, tako da se BCG primjenjuje samo u osoba s velikim rizikom obolijevanja. 0.671957671957672 A public health intervention is any effort or policy that attempts to improve mental and physical health on a population level. Zdravstvena intervencija je aktivnost na promoviranju ponašanja koje poboljšava mentalno i fizičko zdravlje, odnosno destimulira ili preoblikuje ponašanja povezana sa zdravstvenim rizicima. 0.8026315789473685 Some countries do not screen for hepatitis C due to the cost. U nekim se zemljama probir na hepatitis C još uvijek ne provodi zbog troška. 0.9776119402985075 Carcasses may be burned, though often 3 days are needed to burn a large carcass and this is not feasible in areas with little wood. Leševi mogu biti spaljeni, iako to često treba i do tri dana da sagore veliki trupla i to nije izvodljivo u područjima sa malo drveća. 1.0819672131147542 A number of factors make people more susceptible to TB infections. Nekoliko je čimbenika koji stvaraju podložnost infekciji TBC. 0.7333333333333333 IDSA/AASLD. kvazispecijesa. 0.984375 Extreme care in preparing raw foods, such as sushi and sashimi. krajnju brigu u pripremi sirove hrane poput sushija i sashimija. 1.6178861788617886 Although Richard Morton established the pulmonary form associated with tubercles as a pathology in 1689, due to the variety of its symptoms, TB was not identified as a single disease until the 1820s. Međutim, kako je TBC povezana s nizom različitih simptoma, nije shvaćeno da je to jedinstvena bolest sve do 1820-ih godina. 0.8279569892473119 The WHO also helped contain the last European outbreak in Yugoslavia in 1972. SZO je isto tako pomogla u ograničavanju širenja zadnje evroske epidemije u Jugoslaviji 1972. 1.1294117647058823 The logo of the World Health Organization features the Rod of Asclepius as a symbol for healing. Logo Svetske zdravstvene organizacije prikazuje Asklepijev štap kao simbol izlečenja. 1.0379746835443038 Other examples include experimental AIDS, cancer and Alzheimer's disease vaccines. pri eksperimetiranju vakcinama protiv Side (AIDS), raka i Alchajmerove bolesti. 0.9073170731707317 The complexes usually consisted of large, swimming pool-like baths, smaller cold and hot pools, saunas, and spa-like facilities where individuals could be depilated, oiled, and massaged. Kompleksi su se obično sastojali od velikih kupališta nalik bazenima, manjih hladnih i vrućih bazena, sauna i objekata nalik lječilištima gdje su pojedinci mogli biti depilirani, mazani uljem ili masirani. 0.8843537414965986 The typical changes seen are lymphocytes within the parenchyma, lymphoid follicles in portal triad, and changes to the bile ducts. Tipične promjene koje se otkrivaju biopsijom su limfociti u jetrenom tkivu, limfoidni folikuli u portalnoj trijadi, te promjene na žučnim vodovima. 0.9661654135338346 On 27 March 2014, the WHO announced the eradication of poliomyelitis in the South-East Asia Region, in which the WHO includes eleven countries: Bangladesh, Bhutan, North Korea, India, Indonesia, Maldives, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Timor-Leste. Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija izvijestila je o eradikaciji poliomijelitisa na području jugozapadne Azije koje po SZO-u obuhvaća jedanaest zemalja: Bangladeš, Butan, Sjevernu Koreju, Indiju, Indoneziju, Maldive, Mianmar, Nepal, Šri Lanku, Tajland i Istočni Timor. 1.5260115606936415 Stigma-related violence or the fear of violence prevents many people from seeking HIV testing, returning for their results, or securing treatment, possibly turning what could be a manageable chronic illness into a death sentence and perpetuating the spread of HIV. Stigmom izazvano nasilje ili strah od nasilja sprečava mnoge ljude da odu na testiranje ili da potraže pomoć, što povećava smrtnost od ove bolesti i pospešuje njeno širenje. 0.7153284671532847 It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide, with more than 90% of all children being vaccinated. Bez obzira na to, ovo je cjepivo koje se u cijelom svijetu najviše koristi, pa je tako više od 90% sve djece na svijetu njime cijepljeno. 1.6436781609195403 Of the three strains of polio virus, the last recorded wild case caused by type 2 (WPV2) was in 1999, and WPV2 was declared eradicated in 2015. Od triju tipova polija posljednji zabilježeni divlji slučaj tipa 2 bio je 1999. godine. 1.0987654320987654 This low risk remains as there is a period of about 11–70 days between the potential blood donor's acquiring hepatitis C and the blood's testing positive depending on the method. Minimalni se rizik zadržao zbog razdoblja od 11 do 70 dana od trenutka kada potencijalni davatelj krvi dobije hepatitis C pa do pozitivnoga nalaza krvne pretrage. 0.9619047619047619 A vaccine made for one year may not be useful in the following year, since the virus evolves rapidly. Vakcina napravljena za jednu godinu ne mora da bude korisna naredne godine, zato što virus brzo evoluira. 0.9133858267716536 However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. Međutim, u većini slučajeva zaraze s M. tuberculosis ne dolazi do razvoja tuberkuloze, a 90–95% infekcija ostaje asimptomatsko. 0.8311688311688312 Miliary TB currently makes up about 10% of extrapulmonary cases. Milijarna tuberkuloza predstavlja oko 10% slučajeva ekstrapulmonalne bolesti. 0.9290780141843972 According to medieval historian Lynn Thorndike, people in Medieval Europe probably bathed more than people did in the 19th century. Prema srednjovjekovnom povjesničaru Lynnu Thorndikeu, ljudi su se u srednjovjekovnoj Europi vjerojatno kupali češće nego oni iz 19. stoljeća. 1.4666666666666666 During the first half of the 1900s the risk of transmission from this source was dramatically reduced after the application of the pasteurization process. Kasnije je opasnost od ovakvog načina prijenosa zaraze dramatično smanjena izumom postupka pasterizacije. 0.8629032258064516 Sze and other delegates lobbied and a declaration passed calling for an international conference on health. Sce i drugi delegati su lobirali, i konsekventno je donesena deklaracija koja poziva na međunarodnu konferenciju o zdravlju. 1.0534351145038168 A recombinant immunoblot assay is used to verify the immunoassay and the viral load is determined by an HCV RNA polymerase chain reaction. : Recombinant Immunoblot Assay) potvrđuje imunotest, a metodom lančane reakcije polimerazom RNK HCV-a potvrđuje se brojnost virusa. 0.9612903225806452 At a later date Roman Catholic Church officials even banned public bathing in an unsuccessful effort to halt syphilis epidemics from sweeping Europe. Rimokatolički crkveni službenici čak su zabranjivali javno kupanje u neuspješnoj namjeri suzbijanja epidemije sifilisa koji je prijetio pustošenjem Europe. 1.058139534883721 People with this disseminated TB have a high fatality rate even with treatment (about 30%). Čak i uz liječenje, stopa smrtnosti bolesnika s diseminiranom TBC je visoka (oko 30%). 0.8365384615384616 Of these 1.45 million deaths, about 0.35 million occur in those also infected with HIV. Od 1,45 milijuna smrtnih slučajeva, oko 0,35 milijuna se zbilo u bolesnika istovremeno zaraženih HIV-om. 0.8301886792452831 IGRAs may increase sensitivity when used in addition to the skin test, but may be less sensitive than the skin test when used alone. Osjetljivost IGRAs testa se može povećati kad se učini uz kožni tuberkulinski test, no samo IGRAs test, bez učinjenog kožnog testa može biti i manje osjetljiv. 1.0 The risk is greater if the needle in question is hollow and the puncture wound is deep. Taj se rizik povećava u slučaju da je upotrijebljena igla šuplja, a ubodna rana duboka. 1.0687830687830688 As of 2015, the World Health Organization has worked within the UNAIDS network and strives to involve sections of society other than health to help deal with the economic and social effects of HIV/AIDS. Godine 2015 SZO je funkcionisala u okviru UNAIDS mreže i nastojala da uključi delove društva izvan zdravstva, kako bi pomogla u rešavanju ekonomskih i socijalnih efekata HIV/AIDS infekcije. 0.8942307692307693 The chance of death from a case of tuberculosis is about 4% as of 2008, down from 8% in 1995. Vjerojatnost smrnog ishoda uslijed tuberkuloze smanjila se s 8% u 1995. godini na oko 4% u 2008. godini. 1.0434782608695652 In 2007, the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland, with 1,200 cases per 100,000 people. U 2007. zemlja s najvećom procijenjenom incidencijom TBC bio je Swaziland, s 1 200 slučajeva na 100 000 stanovnika. 0.7101449275362319 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Info on influenza at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 1.1649484536082475 The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005, while new cases have decreased since 2002. Apsolutni broj oboljelih od tuberkuloze od 2006. opada, a broj novih slučajeva je u padu od 2002. 1.0806451612903225 Careful avoidance of meats contaminated by trichina worms, salmonella, and other pathogens; or thorough cooking of questionable meats. pažljivo izbjegavanje mesa kontaminiranog trihinelom, salmonelom i ostalim patogenima; ili temeljito kuhanje sumnjivog mesa. 1.0194805194805194 Personal service hygiene pertains to the practices related to the care and use of instruments used in the administration of personal care services to people: Profesionalna higijena odnosi se na postupke povezane s brigom i uporabom instrumenata korištenih u pružanju usluga osobne higijene njezinim korisinicima: 1.1205673758865249 Personal grooming extends personal hygiene as it pertains to the maintenance of a good personal and public appearance, which need not necessarily be hygienic. Osobna njega širi je pojam od osobne higijene jer se odnosi na održavanje dobrog osobnog i javnog izgleda koje nužno ne mora biti higijensko. 1.13013698630137 If someone does become infected, it typically takes three to four weeks before the newly infected person becomes infectious enough to transmit the disease to others. U slučaju zaraze, obično je potrebno da prođu tri do četiri tjedna da bi novozaražena osoba postala dovoljno zarazna kako bi mogla zaraziti druge. 0.989247311827957 The discovery led to significant improvements in diagnosis and improved antiviral treatment. Otkriće je dovelo do značajnih poboljšanja u dijagnostici i poboljšalo antivirusno liječenje. 0.990990990990991 People with latent infections are treated to prevent them from progressing to active TB disease later in life. Bolesnici s latentnom infekcijom također se liječe, zbog mogućnosti razvoja aktivne TBC kasnije tijekom života. 0.956989247311828 In primary TB disease (some 1–5% of cases), this occurs soon after the initial infection. Kod primarne tuberkuloze (oko 1 – 5% slučajeva), do ove progresije dolazi ubrzo nakon zaraze. 1.1452991452991452 Although it was not effective, it was later successfully adapted as a screening test for the presence of pre-symptomatic tuberculosis. "Premda ""tuberkulin"" nije bio učinkovit, prihvaćen je kao način probira na postojanje presimptomatske tuberkuloze." 1.1368421052631579 Influenza symptoms are a mixture of symptoms of common cold and pneumonia, body ache, headache, and fatigue. Influenza je mešavina simptoma obične prehlade i pneumonije, bola u telu, glavobolje, i zamora. 0.9479166666666666 Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material. Odumrlo tkivo biva zamijenjeno ožiljkom, a šupljine se ispunjavaju kazeoznim nekrotičnim tkivom. 0.910958904109589 Hepatitis C testing typically begins with blood testing to detect the presence of antibodies to the HCV, using an enzyme immunoassay. Dijagnosticiranje hepatitisa C u pravilu počinje krvnim pretragama primjenom imunoenzimskog testa, radi utvrđivanja postojanja antitijela na HCV . 1.1317829457364341 The subsequent resurgence of tuberculosis resulted in the declaration of a global health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1993. Posljedična pojava većeg broja slučajeva tuberkuloze dovela je do proglašenja globalnog hitnog stanja od strane SZO 1993. godine. 0.6752136752136753 Excessive body hygiene of the ear canals can result in infection or irritation. Više informacija: Ušni vosakPretjerana osobna higijena vanjskog zvukovoda može rezultirati infekcijom ili iritacijom. 1.2542372881355932 The oldest unambiguously detected M. tuberculosis gives evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17,000 years ago. Najraniji nedvojbeni dokaz M. tuberculosis predstavljaju znakovi bolesti u ostacima bizona od prije oko 17 000 godina. 0.8888888888888888 Bacteria inside the granuloma can become dormant, resulting in latent infection. Bakterije unutar granuloma mogu postati slabije aktivne, što dovodi do latentne infekcije. 0.8521739130434782 Rates per 100,000 people in different areas of the world were: globally 178, Africa 332, the Americas 36, Eastern Mediterranean 173, Europe 63, Southeast Asia 278, and Western Pacific 139 in 2010. Godine 2010. stope TBC-a na 100 000 stanovnika u različitim dijelovima svijeta bile su: globalno 178, u Africi 332, u obje Amerike 36, na istočnom Sredozemlju 173, u Europi 63, u jugoistočnoj Aziji 278, a na zapadnom Pacifiku 139. 0.9354838709677419 It is usually well tolerated. Ona se uglavnom dobro toleriše. 0.9047619047619048 College students living in dormitories Studenti koji žive u studentskim domovima. 0.9333333333333333 The BCG vaccine has limitations, and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing. BCG cjepivo ima ograničenja, pa istraživanja za razvoj novih cjepiva protiv TBC još traju. 1.1833333333333333 A diagnosis of TB should, however, be considered in those with signs of lung disease or constitutional symptoms lasting longer than two weeks. Međutim, osobe sa znakovima bolesti pluća ili s općim simptomima trajanja duljeg od dva tjedna mogle bi bolovati od TBC. 0.9457831325301205 The BCG vaccine was first used on humans in 1921 in France, but achieved widespread acceptance in the US, Great Britain, and Germany only after World War II. BCG cjepivo je po prvi puta primijenjeno na ljudima 1921. u Francuskoj, ali je tek nakon Drugog svjetskog rata široko prihvaćeno SAD-u, Velikoj Britaniji i Njemačkoj. 1.063063063063063 It was first observed in 2003 in Italy, but not widely reported until 2012, and has also been found in Iran and India. Potpuno otporna tuberkuloza po prvi je puta opažena 2003. u Italiji, no veći broj slučajeva opisan je tek 2012. 0.8346456692913385 HCV is not spread through casual contact, such as hugging, kissing, or sharing eating or cooking utensils. HCV se ne prenosi običnim kontaktom, primjerice grljenjem, ljubljenjem, kao ni uporabom zajedničkoga pribora za jelo i kuhanje. 0.9821428571428571 This decreased the risk from one in 200 units to between one in 10,000 to one in 10,000,000 per unit of blood. Od tada se stopa infekcije smanjila s jedan na 200 jedinica krvi na jedan na 10 000 do 10 000 000 jedinica krvi. 0.9813664596273292 Medical hygiene pertains to the hygiene practices related to the administration of medicine and medical care that prevents or minimizes the spread of disease. Medicinska higijena odnosi se na higijenske postupke povezane s primjenom medicine i medicinske skrbi kojom se prevenira ili minimizira bolest i širenje bolesti. 1.35 Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria. Za liječenje TBC koriste se antibiotici. 0.9875 Symptoms of influenza can start quite suddenly one to two days after infection. Simptomi gripa mogu da počnu sasvim iznenadno jedan do dva dana nakon infekcije. 0.9464285714285714 He also developed a method of repairing kneecaps with metal wire and improved the technique of mastectomy. Lister je takođe razvio metod operativnog lečenja kolena primenom metalne žice i poboljšao tehniku mastektomije. 1.6583850931677018 "In the second act of the musical, Nettie Fowler, the cousin of the protagonist Julie Jordan, sings ""You'll Never Walk Alone"" to comfort and encourage Julie when her husband, Billy Bigelow, the male lead, falls on his knife and dies after a failed robbery attempt." Napisana je kao dio popularnog mjuzikla Carousel, i izvodi se kako bi se protagonisticu Julie Jordan utješilo nakon što joj muž Billy Bigelow izvrši samoubistvo. 1.230263157894737 According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, septic shock is the thirteenth leading cause of death in the United States and the most frequent cause of death in intensive care units. Prema podacima Centra za medicinsku dokumantaciju u SAD, septički šok je 13. vodeći uzrok smrti u SAD i glavni uzrok smrti u jedinicama intenzivne nege. 1.082191780821918 Diagnosis of latent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test (TST) or blood tests. Dijagnoza letentne TBC se zasniva na Mantouxovom testu i pretragama krvi. 1.8658536585365855 In the US, approximately 60% of people with HIV use various forms of complementary or alternative medicine, whose effectiveness has not been established. U SAD približno 60% HIV pozitivnih ljudi koristi neki oblik alternativnog lečenja. 0.8285714285714286 Treatment with appropriate antibiotics kills bacteria and allows healing to take place. Liječenje odgovarajućim antibioticima usmrćuje bakterije i omogućuje cijeljenje oštećenog tkiva ožiljkom. 1.0210526315789474 M. africanum is not widespread, but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa. M. africanum nije proširen, ali je značajan uzročnik tuberkuloze u pojedinim dijelovima Afrike. 0.9877300613496932 About 80% of people in many Asian and African countries test positive while 5–10% of people in the United States population test positive by the tuberculin test. Oko 80% stanovništva u mnogim azijskim i afričkim zemljama pokazuje pozitivnu reakciju na tuberkulinski test, dok taj postotak u Sjedinjenim Državama iznosi 5-10%. 0.9722222222222222 In 1946 the development of the antibiotic streptomycin made effective treatment and cure of TB a reality. Godine 1946., razvojem antibiotika streptomicina liječenje i izlječenje od tuberkuloze postalo je stvarnost. 0.9565217391304348 This method also has drawbacks, as scavengers such as hyenas are capable of infiltrating almost any exclosure. Ovaj metod ima nedostatke, kod strvinara kao što su hijene koje su u stanju da se infiltriraju skoro svaki prostor. 1.2125 Before 2001, fatality rates for inhalation anthrax were 90%; since then, they have fallen to 45%. Tokom 2001, stopa smrtnosti lečenih ooosoba nakon udisanja antraksa bila je 45%. 1.0696517412935322 Motivations for personal hygiene practice include reduction of personal illness, healing from personal illness, optimal health and sense of wellbeing, social acceptance and prevention of spread of illness to others. Motivacija za postupke osobne higijene leži u redukciji osobnih bolesti, liječenju od njih, optimalnom zdravlju te osjećaju za blagostanje, socijalnu prihvaćenost i prevenciju širenja bolesti na druge. 0.8981481481481481 The high lipid content of this pathogen accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics. Mnoge jedinstvene kliničke osobine ovog uzročnika posljedica su obilnog sadržaja lipida u njegovoj stijenci. 1.0634920634920635 Totally drug-resistant TB is resistant to all currently used drugs. Potpuno otporna TBC je otporna na sve danas postojeće lijekove. 0.9655172413793104 Mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis C occurs in fewer than 10% of pregnancies. Prenošenje hepatitisa C sa zaražene majke na dijete događa se u manje od 10 % trudnoća. 1.0892857142857142 Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms. Infekcija drugih organa izaziva niz različitih simptoma. 1.1939393939393939 However, in countries where incidence rates have declined dramatically (such as the United States), TB is mainly a disease of older people and the immunocompromised (risk factors are listed above). Međutim, u zemljama s dramatičnim smanjenjem incidencije (poput Sjedinjenih Država), TBC je uglavnom bolest starijih osoba, i osoba s oslabljenim imunosnim sustavom. 1.4871794871794872 Two types of HIV have been characterized: HIV-1 and HIV-2. Postoje dva tipa virusa: HIV-1 i HIV-2. 1.06 In Canada the cost of a course of antiviral treatment is as high as 30,000 CAD in 2003, while the United States costs are between 9,200 and 17,600 in 1998 USD. U Kanadi je cijena antivirusne terapije 2003. iznosila 30 000 CAD, dok je cijena u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama 1998. bila između 9200 i 17.600 USD. 0.796875 Not licking fingers or hands while or after eating. izbjegavanje lizanja prstiju ili ruku za vrijeme ili nakon jela. 0.8766233766233766 Its constitution formally came into force on the first World Health Day on 7 April 1948, when it was ratified by the 26th member state. Njena konstitucija je formalno stupila na snagu tokom prvog Svetskog dana zdravlja 7. aprila 1948, kada je bila ratifikovana od strane 26 zemalja članica. 1.2 The elevation of liver enzymes does not closely follow disease severity. Razina jetrenih enzima nije razmjerna s ozbiljnošću bolesti. 1.1120689655172413 The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) maintains an up-to-date summary of available laboratory tests. Američki Centri za kontrolu bolesti i prevenciju (CDC) održavaju aktuelni pregled dostupnih laboratorijskih testova. 1.1587301587301588 Block burning of vegetation in large areas enclosing an anthrax outbreak has been tried; this, while environmentally destructive, causes healthy animals to move away from an area with carcasses in search of fresh grass. Blokovsko paljenje rastinja na velikim područjima suzbija antraks, ali je ovaj način ekološki destruktivna, ugrožava zdravlje životinja koje napuštaju tu oblast u potrazi za svežom ispašom. 0.9745762711864406 1955 saw the first report on diabetes mellitus and the creation of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Godine 1965. je objavljen prvi izveštaj o šećernoj bolesti i kreirana je Međunarodna agencija za istraživanje kancera. 1.0576923076923077 The risk also appears to be greater for larger tattoos. Također se čini da je kod većih tetovaža rizik viši. 1.09375 The airports in Croatia were prepared and they started going through passive measures and being vigilant. Zračne luke u Hrvatskoj pripremljene su i počele su prolaziti kroz pasivne mjere i biti oprezne. 0.9411764705882353 A competing patent application by the CDC was dropped in 1990 after Chiron paid $1.9 million to the CDC and $337,500 to Bradley. Konkurentska patentna prijava CDC-a povučena je 1990., nakon što je Chiron isplatio 1,9 milijuna dolara CDC-u i 337.500 dolara Bradleyu. 1.0120481927710843 Of 77 countries reviewed, 25 (including the United States) were found to have prevalences of hepatitis C in the intravenous drug user population of between 60% and 80%. Pregled 77 zemalja pokazuje da je u njih 25 stopa pojavnosti hepatitisa C kod populacije intravenskih uživatelja droga između 60 % i 80 %, a tako je i u SAD-u i Kini. 0.8705035971223022 He, did, however, accept that more had to be done to assist maternal health and that progress in this area had been slow. Međutim, on isto tako naglasio da mnogo toga ostaje da se uradi da bi se poboljšalo zdravlje majki i da je napredak u toj oblasti bio spor. 0.8904761904761904 1958: Viktor Zhdanov, Deputy Minister of Health for the USSR, called on the World Health Assembly to undertake a global initiative to eradicate smallpox, resulting in Resolution WHA11.54. Godine 1958, Viktor Zhdanov, zamenik mistra za zdravlje SSSR, pozvao je Svetsku zdravstvenu skupštinu da sprovede globalnu inicijativu za eradikaciju boginja, što je rezultiralo u donošenju Rezolucije WHA11.54. 0.8210526315789474 The Ministry of Health warned those travelling to China to avoid sick people, animals, and markets, not to eat any raw or semi-cooked animals, and to wash their hands often and to notify their doctor of their plans to travel to China. Ministarstvo zdravstva Hrvatske upozorava one koji putuju u Kinu kako bi izbjegli bolesne osobe, izbjegli životinje (i žive i mrtve) kao i tržišta, da ne jedu sirove ili nedovoljno kuhane životinje, da često peru ruke i obavijeste svog liječnika o svojim planovima za putovanje u Kinu. 1.2237762237762237 "If a Gram stain is performed, MTB either stains very weakly ""Gram-positive"" or does not retain dye as a result of the high lipid and mycolic acid content of its cell wall." "Bojenjem po Gramu MTBC se oboji ili vrlo slabo ""Gram pozitivno"" ili uopće ne, zbog obilnog sadržaja lipida i mikolične kiseline u stijenci." 1.0205479452054795 All parts of the body can be affected by the disease, though for unknown reasons it rarely affects the heart, skeletal muscles, pancreas, or thyroid. Tuberkuloza može zahvatiti sve dijelove tijela, ali iz nepoznatih razloga rijetko su zahvaćeni srce, skeletni mišići, gušterača i štitna žlijezda. 0.7012987012987013 Some physicians had clearly misinterpreted his claims. No, kolege liječnike nikako nije mogao uvjeriti u ispravnost svojih postavki. 1.0993788819875776 A number of groups, including the Stop TB Partnership, the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, and the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation, are involved with research. U istraživanja je uključeno nekoliko skupina, kao što je Stop TB Partnership, South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative i Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation. 0.8767123287671232 Proper storage of food so as to prevent contamination by vermin. prikladno skladištenje hrane tako da se prevenira kontaminacijama crvima. 0.7381974248927039 A building at Glasgow Royal Infirmary which houses cytopathology, microbiology and pathology departments was named in Lister's honour to recognise his work at the hospital. Jedna od objekata u Kraljevskoj ambulanti u Glazgovu (Glasgow Royal Infirmary), u čijem sastavu su odeljenja za citopatologiju, mikrobiologiji i patologiju, nazvan je njegovim imenom, u zanak priznanja za Listerov rad u ovoj bolnici. 1.1313131313131313 It can also be spread by touching surfaces contaminated by the virus and then touching the eyes, nose, or mouth. Takođe se može preneti dodirivanjem kontaminiranih površina i naknadnim dodirivanje usta ili očiju. 0.6486486486486487 No deaths were reported. Iz kojih su gradova, nije objavljeno. 0.99 These symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to the virus and most last less than a week. Ovi simptomi tipično počinju dva dana nakon izlaganja virusu i uglavnom traju manje od nedelju dana. 0.8333333333333334 Personal hygiene practices include: Postupci profesionalne higijene uključuju: 1.1237113402061856 This changed after Dr. John Snow discovered that cholera was transmitted by the fecal contamination of water. To se promijenilo kada je dr. John Snow otkrio da se kolera prenosi fekalnom kontaminacijom vode. 1.0136054421768708 Tuberculosis prevention and control efforts rely primarily on the vaccination of infants and the detection and appropriate treatment of active cases. Napori za prevenciju i nadzor nad tuberkulozom se oslanjaju na cijepljenje djece i otkrivanje te odgovarajuće liječenje aktivnih slučajeva bolesti. 1.0106382978723405 The poorer majority used communal facilities built above cesspools in backyards and courtyards. Siromašnija većina koristila je komunalne objekte izgrađene ponad septičkih jama u dvorištima. 0.8647342995169082 Usually the first symptoms are chills and body aches, with fever also common early in the infection, with body temperatures ranging from 38 to 39 °C (approximately 100 to 103 °F). Obično su prvi simptomi osećaj hladnoće ili hladna senzacija, mada je groznica isto tako česta u ranim stupnjevima infekcije, sa telesnim temperaturama u opsegu od 38 do 39 °C (aproksimativno 100 do 103 °F). 0.71875 Proper disposal of uneaten food and packaging. primjereno zbrinjavanje nekonzumirane hrane i njezino pakiranje. 1.0773480662983426 To encourage further discovery, researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development as of 2006, including prizes, tax incentives, and advance market commitments. Kako bi se potaknulo nove pronalaske, istraživači i političari promiču nove ekonomske modele za razvoj cjepiva, uključujući nagrade, porezne olakšice i ugovore o osiguranju tržišta. 0.8235294117647058 Though it took decades for his findings to gain wide acceptance, governments and sanitary reformers were eventually convinced of the health benefits of using sewers to keep human waste from contaminating water. Iako su nakon njegova otkrića prošla desetljeća do stjecanja široke prihvaćenosti, vlasti i sanitarni reformatori naposljetku su se uvjerili u zdravstvene prednosti korištenja kanalizacije radi odvajanja ljudskog otpada kako voda ne bi bila kontaminirana. 1.191304347826087 Both strains of the tuberculosis bacteria share a common ancestor, which could have infected humans even before the Neolithic Revolution. Oba soja bacila tuberkuloze imaju zajedničkog pretka, koji je mogao zaraziti ljude još u doba neolitske revolucije. 0.9775280898876404 Before the Industrial Revolution, folklore often associated tuberculosis with vampires. Prije industrijske revolucije, narodne su priče često povezivale tuberkulozu s vampirima. 0.9025974025974026 When people with active pulmonary TB cough, sneeze, speak, sing, or spit, they expel infectious aerosol droplets 0.5 to 5.0 µm in diameter. Kada bolesnici s aktivnim oblikom plućne TBC kašlju, kišu, govore, pjevaju ili pljuju, zrakom se šire zarazne kapljice, aerosol čiji je promjer 0,5 do µm. 1.0625 Occurrence of hepatitis C among prison inmates in the United States is 10 to 20 times that of the occurrence observed in the general population; this has been attributed to high-risk behavior in prisons such as IDU and tattooing with nonsterile equipment. Stope pojavnosti hepatitisa C među zatvorenicima u SAD-u deset do dvadeset su puta više nego u općoj populaciji, što se u studijama pripisuje visokoričnomu ponašanju, primjerice intravenskoj uporabi droga i tetoviranju nesterilnim priborom. 0.828125 Regular bathing was a hallmark of Roman civilization. Redovito kupanje bilo je prepoznatljiv znak rimske civilizacije. 0.9775280898876404 It takes about 6–8 weeks following infection before the immunoassay will test positive. Potrebno je šest do osam tjedana od infekcije da imunoenzimski testovi postanu pozitivni. 0.8142857142857143 There is currently no cure, nor an effective HIV vaccine. Za sada ne postoji efikasan lek ili vakcina, koji garantuju izlečenje. 0.8524590163934426 Courtesy AIDS stigma—stigmatization of people connected to the issue of HIV/AIDS or HIV-positive people. Courtesy AIDS stigma) - kada se stigmatizuju ljudi koji na bilo koji način imaju veze sa sidom ili HIV pozitivnim osobama. 1.1470588235294117 A number of rapid tests are available; however, people may still have the infection even if the results are negative. Više brzih testova je dostupno; mada ljudi mogu da imaju infekciju i ako su rezultati testa negativni. 0.8943089430894309 2000: The Stop TB Partnership was created along with the UN's formulation of the Millennium Development Goals. Godine 2000, Partnerstvo za zaustavljanje tuberkoloze je kreirano zajedno sa UN formulacijom Milenijumskih ciljeva razvoja. 1.748792270531401 Hopes of totally controlling the disease have been dramatically dampened because of a number of factors, including the difficulty of developing an effective vaccine, the expensive and time-consuming diagnostic process, the necessity of many months of treatment, the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis, and the emergence of drug-resistant cases in the 1980s. Učinkovito je cjepivo teško napraviti, dijagnostika bolesti je skupa i dugotrajna, liječenje traje mjesecima, sve više je ljudi zaraženih HIV-om, a 1980-ih godina pojavili su se i sojevi otporni na lijekove. 0.8383838383838383 In those with HIV, the risk of developing active TB increases to nearly 10% a year. U bolesnika zaraženih s HIV-om, vjerojatnost razvoja aktivne tuberkuloze iznosi skoro 10% godišnje. 0.8444444444444444 Lister is one of the two surgeons in the United Kingdom who have the honour of having a public monument in London. Lister je jedan od dva hirurga u Velikoj Britaniji koji je imao čast da dva spomenika u Londonu i Glazgovu budu izgrađena njemu u čast. 0.7134502923976608 By this time, Agnes was enamoured of medical research and was Lister's partner in the laboratory for the rest of her life. "Kako je do udaje Agnes bila „zaljubljena"" u medicinska istraživanja, ona je bila idealan partner Listeru u laboratoriji, u kojoj su zajedno proveli ostatak svog života." 1.1146496815286624 "Diarrhea and vomiting occur more commonly in gastroenteritis, which is an unrelated disease and sometimes inaccurately referred to as ""stomach flu"" or the ""24-hour flu""." "Mučnina i povraćanje se češće javljaju kod nevezane infekcije gastroenteritisa, koja se ponekad netačno naziva „stomačnim gripom"" ili „24-časovnim grip""." 0.7865853658536586 A definitive diagnosis of TB is made by identifying M. tuberculosis in a clinical sample (e.g., sputum, pus, or a tissue biopsy). Konačna dijagnoza TBC se postavlja kad se dokaže prisutnost M. tuberculosis u klinički uzetom uzorku (kao što je primjerice sputum, gnoj ili tkivo uzeto biopsijom). 1.2868852459016393 Many people are so ill that they are confined to bed for several days, with aches and pains throughout their bodies, which are worse in their backs and legs. Mnogi ljudi su toliko bolesni da su vezani za krevet nekoliko dana, sa bolovima u celom telu, a najviše u leđima i nogama. 1.1 It is believed that ten million intravenous drug users are infected with hepatitis C; China (1.6 million), the United States (1.5 million), and Russia (1.3 million) have the highest absolute totals. Hepatitisom C zaraženo je čak deset milijuna intravenskih uživatelja droga, a najveći je ukupan broj zabilježen u Kini (1,6 milijuna), SAD-u (1,5 milijuna) i Rusiji (1,3 milijuna). 1.0621468926553672 Its first priorities were to control the spread of malaria, tuberculosis and sexually transmitted infections, and to improve maternal and child health, nutrition and environmental hygiene. Prvi prioriteti organizacije su bili kontrola širenja malarije, tuberkoloze i seksualno prenosivih bolesti, kao i poboljšanje zdravlja majki i dece, ishrana i ekološka higijena. 0.9178082191780822 People who spend time in coastal waters where MRSA is present, such as some beaches in Florida and the West Coast of the United States Ljudi koji provode vreme u priobalnim vodama, gde je MRSA prisutan, kao što su neke plaže u Floridi i zapadnoj obali Sjedinjenih Američkih Država. 1.7976190476190477 The first meeting of the World Health Assembly finished on 24 July 1948, having secured a budget of US$5 million (then GB£1,250,000) for the 1949 year. Tokom sastanka je obezbeđen budžet od US$5 miliona (tada Šablon:GBP) za 1949 godinu. 1.0434782608695652 Up to 85% of people with major traumatic injuries will experience some degree of rhabdomyolysis. Do 85% bolesnika sa izraženim traumatskim oštećenjima doživeće određeni stepen rabdomiolize. 1.091743119266055 Its first legislative act was concerning the compilation of accurate statistics on the spread and morbidity of disease. Njen prvi zakonodavni akt se bavio kompilacijom tačnih statističkih podataka o širenju i morbiditetu bolesti. 0.8961038961038961 As of 2012, the WHO has defined its role in public health as follows: Godine 2012 SZO je definisala svoju ulogu u javnom zdravlju na sledeći način: 2.739130434782609 In the United Kingdom, anyone with possible vCJD symptoms must be reported to the Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit. UK Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Unit 0.917910447761194 M. canetti is rare and seems to be limited to the Horn of Africa, although a few cases have been seen in African emigrants. M. canetti je rijetkost i čini se da je ograničen na rt Afrike, premda se nekoliko slučajeva zaraze pojavilo i u emigranata iz Afrike. 1.027027027027027 There does not appear to be any benefit in those with other health problems. Oni se nisu pokazali korisnim kod osoba sa drugim zdravstvenim problemima. 1.3663366336633664 "Soapmaking thus first became an established trade during the Islamic Golden Age, corresponding to the so-called ""Dark Ages"" in Europe." "Štoviše, izrada sapuna prvi put je postala utvrđena djelatnost tijekom ""mračnog"" srednjeg vijeka." 1.462809917355372 However, whether tuberculosis originated in bovines, then transferred to humans, or whether both bovine and human tuberculosis diverged from a common ancestor, remains unclear. Nije međutim jasno potječe li tuberkuloza od goveda, s kojih je prenesena na ljude ili se odvojila od zajedničkog pretka. 1.0754716981132075 After over two decades of fighting smallpox, the WHO declared in 1979 that the disease had been eradicated – the first disease in history to be eliminated by human effort. Nakon više od dve decenije borbe protiv boginja, SZO je 1979. objavila da je bolest iskorenjena - prva bolest u istoriji koja je eliminisana ljudskim naporima. 0.8956043956043956 "Whatever the benefits of the ""fresh air"" and labor in the sanatoria, even under the best conditions, 50% of those who entered died within five years (c. 1916)." "Kao prednosti lječilišta navodio se povoljan učinak ""svježeg zraka"" i rada, no i u najboljim uvjetima 50% u njima liječenih bolesnika umiralo je u roku od 5 godina (""ca."" 1916." 0.8983050847457628 1986: The WHO began its global programme on HIV/AIDS. Godine 1986, SZO je započela svoj globalni program na Sidi. 0.795 During the 1970s, WHO had dropped its commitment to a global malaria eradication campaign as too ambitious, it retained a strong commitment to malaria control. Tokom 1970-tih, SZO je odustala od svoje podrške kampanji za globalnu eradikaciju malarije uz obrazloženje da je to previše ambiciozan poduhvat, ali je zadržala svoju snažnu podršku kontroli malarije. 0.9634146341463414 India had the largest total incidence, with an estimated 2.0 million new cases. Najveća ukupna incidencija, s procjenom od 2 milijuna novih slučajeva je u Indiji. 0.5409836065573771 1.5 to 2 hours at 160 °C (320 °F) U opštem slučaju, peči rade na temperaturama od 50 do 300 °C. 0.5263157894736842 Effect on the US beef industry Impact of BSE on U.S. Economy - Economic Research Service 0.8066914498141264 Diagnosis of septic shock is made when systolic blood pressure is less than 90mm Hg, a mean arterial pressure (MAP) is less than 70 mm Hg, or a systolic BP decrease of 40 mm Hg or more without other causes for low BP. Sepsom indukovana hipotenzija definiše se kao sistolni krvni pritisak (SBP) <90 mmHg ili srednji arterijski pritisak (MAP) <70 mmHg, ili smanjenje SBP >40 mmHg ili manje od dve standardne devijacije ispod normalnog za starosnu dob, u odsustvu drugih uzroka hipotenzije. 1.0042918454935623 If there is no RNA and the immunoblot is positive, it means that the person tested had a previous infection but cleared it either with treatment or spontaneously; if the immunoblot is negative, it means that the immunoassay was wrong. Ako se RNK ne otkrije lančanom reakcijom poimeraze, a imunoblot je pozitivan, osoba je prethodno imala infekciju koja se povukla bilo liječenjem ili spontano; ako je imunoblot negativan, smatra se da je imunoenzimski test pogriješio. 0.762589928057554 Countries with particularly high rates of infection include Egypt (22%), Pakistan (4.8%) and China (3.2%). Stope zaraženosti veće su u nekim zemljama Afrike i Azije s najvećim stopama zaraženosti u Egiptu (22 %), Pakistanu (4,8 %) i Kini (3,2 %). 1.0725806451612903 Tuberculosis caused widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as the disease became common among the urban poor. Tuberkuloza je privukla najveću pažnju javnosti u 19. i ranom 20. stoljeću kao endemska bolest siromašne gradske populacije. 0.9157894736842105 In developed countries, tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas. U razvijenim je zemljama tuberkuloza manje učestala, a nalazi se pretežno u urbanim područjima. 1.0851063829787233 These potential new treatments have come about due to a better understanding of the hepatitis C virus. Ovi potencijalno novi pristupi liječenju rezultat su boljeg razumijevanja virusa hepatitisa C. 1.1375 Chlorine dioxide has emerged as the preferred biocide against anthrax-contaminated sites, having been employed in the treatment of numerous government buildings over the past decade. Hlor dioksid je primenjen kao dobar biocid protiv antraksom-kontaminiranih lokacija, i primenjen je u dezinfekciji brojnih vladinih zgrada u protekloj deceniji. 0.8636363636363636 2001: The measles initiative was formed, and credited with reducing global deaths from the disease by 68% by 2007. Godine 2001. je formirana inicijativa za morbile sa ciljem smanjenja globalne stope smrtnosti od ove bolesti za 68% do 2007. godine. 0.8571428571428571 Carcasses may also be buried, though the burying of large animals deeply enough to prevent resurfacing of spores requires much manpower and expensive tools. Leševi mogu biti si ahranjeni, iako sahranjivanje velikih životinja ako nije dovoljno duboko ne može da spreči ponovno pojavljivanje spora, i zahteva mnogo radne snage i skupe alata. 0.5760869565217391 Testing is recommended in all people who are at risk. Testiranje se preporučuje za osobe s visokim rizikom, uključujući osobe koje imaju tetovažu. 0.6242424242424243 Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberkuloza ili sušica (poznata pod skraćenicama TB ili TBC) je zarazna bolest koju izazivaju uzrokuju razni sojevi mikobakterija, obično Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 0.8372093023255814 This effect is called herd immunity. NJima se postiže veštački aktivan imunitet. 0.8412698412698413 By 1918, TB still caused one in six deaths in France. TBC je uzrokovala jedan od šest smrtnih slučajeva u Francuskoj. 0.592 MTB can withstand weak disinfectants and survive in a dry state for weeks. MTBC može preživjeti dezinfekciju slabim dezinfekcijskim sredstvima, a u okolišu može preživjeti tjednima u obliku endospora. 3.090909090909091 He had been diagnosed during 1984. Tokom 1985. 1.3137254901960784 It is a member of the genus Hepacivirus in the family Flaviviridae. Pripada rodu hepacivirusa iz porodice Flaviviridae. 0.9051094890510949 If tuberculosis recurs, testing to determine which antibiotics it is sensitive to is important before determining treatment. Ako dođe do recidiva tuberkuloze, prije određivanja liječenja potrebno je testovima utvrditi na koje je antibiotike bakterija osjetljiva. 1.1363636363636365 An effort to eradicate bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis from the cattle and deer herds of New Zealand has been relatively successful. Suzbijanje govedske tuberkuloze, uzrokovane s Mycobacterium bovis u stoke i jelena na Novom Zelandu pokazalo se relativno uspješnim. 1.5844155844155845 Sterilization of instruments used by service providers including hairdressers, aestheticians, and other service providers. sterilizaciju instrumenata koje koriste frizeri, estetičari i slični radnici. 1.5081967213114753 "According to current guidelines, requirements for diagnosis with sepsis are ""the presence (probable or documented) of infection together with systemic manifestations of infection""." Sepsa se definiše kao prisustvo (verovatno ili dokumentovano) infekcije zajedno sa sistemskim manifestacijama inflamacije. 1.2641509433962264 Institutional dish sanitizing by washing with soap and clean water. institucionalno pranje posuđa sapunom i čistom vodom. 0.8571428571428571 The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is often used to screen people at high risk for TB. Tuberkulinski kožni Mantoux test se često koristi za probir osoba s visokim rizikom za razvoj TBC. 1.0952380952380953 On 26 April, fourteen new cases were reported. 26. veljače potvrđena su dva nova slučaja. 0.8461538461538461 The symptoms most reliably seen in influenza are shown in the adjacent table. Simptomi koji su najpouzdanije primetni kod influence su prikazani u tabeli s desne strane. 1.2717391304347827 Liver biopsies are used to determine the degree of liver damage present; however, there are risks from the procedure. Biopsijom jetre moguće je utvrditi stupanj njenog oštećenja, ali postupak sobom nosi rizike. 1.0327868852459017 In 1903, the British Institute of Preventive Medicine was renamed Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine in honour of Lister. 1903. britanski Institut za preventivnu medicinu, preimenovan je njemu u čast u Listerov institut za preventivnu medicinu. 1.378787878787879 However, some vaccines are administered after the patient already has contracted a disease. Neke savremene vakcine se unose kada je pacijent već oboljeo, npr. 1.375 The test may be falsely negative in those with sarcoidosis, Hodgkin's lymphoma, malnutrition, and most notably, active tuberculosis. Test može biti lažno negativan u bolesnika sa sarkoidozom, Hodgkinovim limfomom i malnutricijom. 0.9545454545454546 In children, there may be diarrhea and vomiting, but these are not common in adults. Kod dece se može javiti mučnina i povraćanje, dok do toga obično ne dolazi kod odraslih. 0.8979591836734694 Twelve countries had rates greater than 80%. U 12 zemalja te se stope penju i na više od 80 %. 0.45918367346938777 Cleaning the Brentwood postal facility in Washington cost $130 million and took 26 months. Dekontaminacija poslovne zgrade Američkog Senata od spora antraksa koštala je SAD 27 miliona dolara, a čišćenje nekih poštanskih objekat izvan Vašingtona 130 miliona dolara i trajala je 26 meseci. 1.0769230769230769 Transmission risks and rates rizici i stope transmisije 1.0 In addition, if a child (or presumably an adult) seems to be getting better and then relapses with a high fever, that is a danger sign since this relapse can be bacterial pneumonia. Dodatno, ako dete (ili odrasla osoba) izgleda da se oseća bolje i zatim relapsira sa jakom groznicom, to je znak opasnosti pošto uzrok povraćaja može da bude bakterijska pneumonija. 1.0 HCV RNA can be detected by PCR typically one to two weeks after infection, while antibodies can take substantially longer to form and thus be detected. kratica PCR) RNK HCV-a može se otkriti već dva do tri tjedna po infekciji, dok je antitijelima potrebno znatno dulje vrijeme da se formiraju i otkriju. 0.8928571428571429 Viral Hepatitis at the Centers for Disease Control The Center for Disease Control's Viral Hepatitis website 0.6833333333333333 The mortality rate from sepsis is approximately 40% in adults and 25% in children. Prema podacima brojnih studija smrtnost ona se kreće oko 50%, ili smrtnost od SŠ je oko 40% kod odraslih i 25% kod dece. 2.101449275362319 Public health communications programs, vaccination programs and distribution of condoms are examples of common preventive public health measures. Cijepljenje i dijeljenje kondoma su neki primjeri zdravstvenih mjera. 0.9741935483870968 Cleaning and disinfection of food-preparation areas and equipment (for example using designated cutting boards for preparing raw meats and vegetables). čišćenje i sterilizaciju prostorija u kojima se hrana priprema te pribora (na primjer dasaka za rezanje koje se koriste za pripremu sirovog mesa i povrća). 1.0793650793650793 At this point, 2 million people were dying from smallpox every year. U to vreme, 2 miliona ljudi je umiralo od boginja svake godine. 0.9795918367346939 Elaborate baths were constructed in urban areas to serve the public, who typically demanded the infrastructure to maintain personal cleanliness. Uređena kupališta građena su u urbanim područjima kako bi služila javnosti koja je tipično zahtijevala infrastrukturu za održavanje osobne čistoće. 1.2131147540983607 The vaccine is usually effective against three or four types of influenza. Vakcina je obično efektivna protiv tri ili četiri tipa gripa. 0.8636363636363636 Cleaning may involve use of chlorine bleach, ethanol, ultraviolet light, etc. for disinfection. Čišćenje može obuhvaćati uporabu kloriranog bjelila, etanola, ultraljubičastog svjetla i dr. za sterilizaciju. 1.7419354838709677 By 29 February there were seven confirmed cases of COVID-19, all of which were present in Zagreb and Rijeka. Od 29. veljače u Hrvatskoj je bilo sedam potvrđenih slučajeva. 1.1076923076923078 The only available vaccine as of 2011 is Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Od 2011. jedino postojeće cjepivo je bacil Calmette-Guérin (BCG). 1.0380434782608696 These include engaging national governments and their financing, early diagnosis, standardising treatment, monitoring of the spread and effect of tuberculosis and stabilising the drug supply. To uključuje angažovanje nacionalnih vlada i njihovo finansiranje, ranu dijagnozu, standardizaciju lečenja, praćenje širenja i uticaja tuberkuloze i stabilizaciju snabdevanja lekovima. 0.7391304347826086 Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. Vakcina može sadržavati žive ali oslabljene patogene bakterija ili virusa, mrtve ili deaktivirane patogene ili samo izdvojene specifične proteine datih patogena. 0.780952380952381 The initial problem the WHO team faced was inadequate reporting of smallpox cases. Inicijalni problem sa kojim se SZT tim suočio je bilo neadekvatno prijavljivanje slučajeva malih boginja. 0.8562091503267973 On their honeymoon, they spent three months visiting leading medical institutes (hospitals and universities) in France and Germany. Medeni mesec, u trajanju od 3 meseca, proveo je sa suprugom u poseti vodećim medicinskim ustanovama (bolnicama i univerzitetima) u Francuskoj i Nemačkoj. 0.8840579710144928 Lister subsequently left the Quakers, joined the Scottish Episcopal Church, and eventually married Syme's daughter, Agnes. U četrdesetoj godini života Lister je napustio Kvekere i pridružio se škotskoj Sabornoj crkvi, da bi se oženio Sajmomovom ćerkom, Agnesom. 1.6282051282051282 Stage II: Mild symptoms, which may include minor mucocutaneous manifestations and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. Faza II: pojavljuju se minimalne manifestacije infekcija respiratornog trakta; 1.1041666666666667 Robert Koch identified and described the bacillus causing tuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, on 24 March 1882. Bacil koji uzrokuje tuberkulozu, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, otkrio je i opisao 24. ožujka 1882. 1.0476190476190477 Mathematical modelling of infectious disease matematičko modeliranje infektivne bolesti 1.064516129032258 There is a risk from mucosal exposures to blood, but this risk is low, and there is no risk if blood exposure occurs on intact skin. Postoji i rizik izlaganja sluznice zaraženoj krvi, no on je nizak, dok rizika u slučaju izlaganja neoštećene kože krvi nema. 1.0416666666666667 Screening is also recommended in those with elevated liver enzymes, as this is frequently the only sign of chronic hepatitis. Probir se također preporučuje kod osoba s povišenim jetrenim enzimima, jer je to često jedini znak kroničnog hepatitisa. 0.7710843373493976 Chiron filed for several patents on the virus and its diagnosis. Chiron je podnio nekoliko patentnih prijava u vezi s virusom i njegovom dijagnozom. 1.0337078651685394 "Tattoos or piercings performed either before the mid-1980s, ""underground,"" or nonprofessionally are of particular concern, since sterile techniques in such settings may be lacking." Poseban su razlog za zabrinutost tetovaže i piercing izvedeni do sredine 80-ih godina prošloga stoljeća ili nestručno, budući da se u onim uvjetima nije mogla postići sterilnost. 0.8611111111111112 1988: The Global Polio Eradication Initiative was established. Godine 1988, Globalna inicijativa za eradikaciju polia je uspostavljena. 0.9452054794520548 Hot air ovens are electrical devices which use dry heat to sterilize. Laboratorijska peć je električni uređaj koji se koristi za sterilizaciju. 0.7555555555555555 Public health education and action Izjava o ljudskim pravima na medicinsku pomoć 1.1842105263157894 Excessive body hygiene of internal ear canals Pretjerana higijena vanjskog zvukovoda 0.864406779661017 Efforts in Great Britain have been less successful. Slični pokušaji u Velikoj Britaniji bili su manje uspješni. 1.0833333333333333 A sustained response occurs about 65% in those with genotype 4 after 48 weeks of treatment. Trajno odgovara na terapiju oko 65 % osoba s genotipom 4 nakon 48 tjedana liječenja. 1.2619047619047619 Washing of hands thoroughly before touching any food. temeljito pranje ruku prije diranja hrane. 1.0924369747899159 In children, gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain (may be severe in children with influenza B) Kod dece, gastrointestinalni simptomi kao što je dijareja i bol u trbuhu, (mogu da budu teški kod dece sa influenzom B) 1.101010101010101 Romans didn't have demand-flush toilets but did have some toilets with a continuous flow of water under them. Rimljani nisu imali zahode s vodokotlićima već su zahodi ispirani neprestanim tokom vode pod njima. 0.7777777777777778 Culinary hygiene practices specify safe ways to handle, store, prepare, serve and eat food. Postupci kulinarske higijene specificiraju sigurne načine rukovanja, pohrane, pripreme, posluživanja i jedenja hrane. 0.9259259259259259 Modern sanitation was not widely adopted until the 19th and 20th centuries. Moderna sanitacija koju poznajemo nije bila prihvaćena sve do 19. i 20. stoljeća. 1.7333333333333334 Concerns over the virus began as soon as it began its rapid rise in China and its effects on the international scale became clear. Zabrinutost zbog virusa započela je čim je počeo njegov brzi porast u Kini. 1.4186046511627908 New infections occur in about 1% of the population each year. Svake godine se zarazi oko 9 miliona ljudi. 0.9146341463414634 Koch did not believe the cattle and human tuberculosis diseases were similar, which delayed the recognition of infected milk as a source of infection. Koch nije bio mišljenja da su kravlja (govedska) i ljudska tuberkuloza slične, zbog čega je odgođeno shvaćanje da mlijeko zaraženih krava može biti izvor infekcije. 0.7611940298507462 Not reusing serving utensils that have been licked. izbjegavanje ponovnog korištenja posluženog pribora koje se lizalo. 0.9375 The Romans used scented oils (mostly from Egypt), among other alternatives. Rimljani su koristili mirisna ulja (većinom iz Egipta) među drugim mogućnostima. 1.1443850267379678 The World Health Organization (WHO), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the U.S. government are subsidizing a fast-acting diagnostic tuberculosis test for use in low- and middle-income countries as of 2012. Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija i Zaklada Bill i Melinda Gates subvencioniraju izradu novog i brzog dijagnostičkog testa za primjenu u zemljama s niskim i srednjim nacionalnim dohotkom. 0.8268156424581006 Following his death, a memorial fund led to the founding of the Lister Medal, seen as the most prestigious prize that could be awarded to a surgeon. Posle Listerove smrti, osnovan je Memorijalni fond Engleskog kraljevskog društva hirurga za dodelu Listerove medalje, kao nagrade koja bi se dodeljivala najprestižnijim hirurzima. 1.0275862068965518 In countries where there is an insufficient supply of sterile syringes, medications should be given orally rather than via injection (when possible). U zemljama u kojima postoji nedostatna opskrba sterilnim špricama, pružatelji zdravstvene skrbi radije daju lijekove oralno nego putem injekcija. 0.9777777777777777 The most common symptoms include: high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle and joint pain, headache, coughing, and feeling tired. Najčešći simptomi obuhvataju: visoku temperaturu, curenje nosa, zapaljenje grla, bol u mišićima, glavobolju, kašljanje, i osećaj umora. 1.3076923076923077 The relative contributions of these two factors vary between people. Većina pacijenata se nalazi između ova dva ekstrema. 2.259259259259259 Anthrax spores have been used as a biological warfare weapon. Antraks kao biološko oružje 0.6703296703296703 In Africa, it primarily affects adolescents and young adults. U Africi, ponajprije obolijevaju djeca u dobi između 12 i 18 godina života i mladi odrasli. 0.9603960396039604 Treatment during the first six months is more effective than once hepatitis C has become chronic. Liječenje je tijekom prvih šest mjeseci učinkovitije nego kad hepatitis C preraste u kroničnu bolest. 1.1153846153846154 WHO's Global Malaria Programme works to keep track of malaria cases, and future problems in malaria control schemes. SZO globalni program za malariju radi na praćenju slučajeva malarije i razvoju šema za kontrole bolesti. 0.8712121212121212 The World Health Organization declared an outbreak of a new type of influenza A/H1N1 to be a pandemic in June 2009. Svetska zdravstvena organizacija je deklarisala epidemiju novog tipa influenza A/H1N1 kao pandemiju svinjske influence iz juna 2009. 1.2233009708737863 China has achieved particularly dramatic progress, with about an 80% reduction in its TB mortality rate between 1990 and 2010. Osobiti napredak postignut je u Kini, gdje je smrtnost od TBC između 1990. i 2010. smanjena za oko 80%. 0.8732394366197183 Since then, newer and less costly methods have been developed. Od tada se stalno razvijaju novije i jeftinije metode dekontaminacije . 1.0357142857142858 International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Healtn DHRI ISSN 1438-4639, Elsevier International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, ISSN: 1438-4639, Elsevier 1.08130081300813 Bathing is one of the five Nitya karmas (daily duties) in Hinduism, and not performing it leads to sin, according to some scriptures. Kupanje je jedna od pet Nitya karmi (dnevnih dužnosti) u sikizmu, a njeno neizvršavanje vodi u grijeh prema nekim zapisima. 1.0341880341880343 Sexual practices that involve higher levels of trauma to the anogenital mucosa, such as anal penetrative sex, or that occur when there is a concurrent sexually transmitted infection, including HIV or genital ulceration, present greater risks. No postoji rizik od spolnih činova koje uključuju visoke razine ozljeda unutarnje ovojnice analnoga kanala, kao što je analna penetracija, ili do kojih dolazi u prisutnosti spolno prenosivih zaraza, uključujući HIV i genitalne čireve. 1.25 It has also recognized the vulnerability of victims of HIV/AIDS to tuberculosis. Takođe je prepoznata ranjivost žrtava HIV/AIDS-a na tuberkulozu. 2.625 In the last 10 years England and Wales have suffered the following number of outbreaks per year: 2007 53 confirmed outbreaks, 2008 33 confirmed, 2009 9 confirmed, 2010 11 confirmed, 2011 5 confirmed, 2012 2 confirmed, 2014 1 confirmed, 2016 0 confirmed BSE and blood transfusion (The Lancet - Vol. 368, Issue 9552, 09 December 2006, Pages 2061-2067) 1.0098039215686274 Tuberculosis may become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs. Tuberkuloza može prijeći u kroničnu bolest i izazvati opsežno ožiljkavanje u gornjim režnjevima pluća. 0.9486301369863014 "WHO works to ""reduce morbidity and mortality and improve health during key stages of life, including pregnancy, childbirth, the neonatal period, childhood and adolescence, and improve sexual and reproductive health and promote active and healthy aging for all individuals""." "SZO radi na „redukovanju morbiditeta i mortaliteta i poboljšanju zdravlja tokom ključnih stadijuma života, uključujući trudnoću, rođenje deteta, neonatalni period, detinjstvo i mladost, i poboljšanju polnog i reproduktivnog zdravlja i promoviše aktivno i zdravo starenje za sve individue""." 0.9833333333333333 In the United States the average lifetime cost of the disease was estimated at US$33,407 in 2003 with the cost of a liver transplant as of 2011 costing approximately US$200,000. U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama prosječni trošak bolesti tijekom životnog vijeka procijenjen je 2003. na 33.407 USD, dok je cijena transplantacije jetre od oko 200 000 USD u 2011. 0.7037037037037037 Successful eradication of infectious diseases has been achieved twice before, with smallpox and bovine rinderpest. Ako polio bude sljedeća uspješno eradicirana bolest, to će biti tek treći put da se to do sada uspjelo postići, poslije eradikacija velikih boginja i goveđe kuge. 0.7321428571428571 People staying or working in a health-care facility for an extended period of time Ljudi koji borave (bolesnici) ili zapošljeni u zdravstvenoj ustanovi koji duži vremenski period provode u njima. 0.7559808612440191 Bathing was replaced by the heavy use of sweat-bathing and perfume, as it was thought in Europe that water could carry disease into the body through the skin. Kupanje zapravo nije izašlo iz mode u Europi sve do kraja renesanse kada je ono zamijenjeno opsežnom uporabom preznojavanja i parfema jer se u Europi mislilo da se vodom može unijeti bolest kroz kožu u tijelo. 0.8955223880597015 The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Klasični simptomi aktivne TBC infekcije su kronični kašalj s hemoptizom (krvavi iskašljaj), vrućicom, noćnim znojenjem i mršavljenjem. 0.96 After a funeral service at Westminster Abbey, his body was buried at Hampstead Cemetery in London in a plot to the south-east of central chapel. Posle opela u Vestminsterskoj opatiji, sahranjen je na groblju u Londonu (West Hampstead Cemetery) na parceli u jugoistočnom delu od centralne kapele. 1.0260416666666667 "It involves the removal of infected chest cavities (""bullae"") in the lungs to reduce the number of bacteria and to increase exposure of the remaining bacteria to antibiotics in the bloodstream." "Današnji kirurški zahvati se sastoje u odstranjenju šupljina (""kaverni"") iz plućnog tkiva, čime se smanjuje broj bakterija, a preostale bakterije postaju dostupnije lijekovima iz krvotoka." 0.9883720930232558 If effective treatment is not given, the death rate for active TB cases is up to 66%. Ako se ne primijeni učinkovito liječenje, stopa smrtnosti od aktivne TBC iznosi do 66% 0.9545454545454546 Hepatitis C at Curlie Cybermed - hepatitis C 1.0144927536231885 Some procedures (such as disposal of medical waste) were refined in response to late-20th century disease outbreaks, notably AIDS and Ebola. Neki postupci (poput odlaganja medicinskog otpada) pooštreni su kao rezultat epidemija bolesti u kasnom 20. stoljeću poput AIDS-a i ebole. 0.9305555555555556 Stage III: Advanced symptoms, which may include unexplained chronic diarrhea for longer than a month, severe bacterial infections including tuberculosis of the lung, and a CD4 count of less than 350/µl Faza III: dolazi do pojave naprasnih i neobjašnjivih simptoma poput dijareje, (koja obično traje duže od mesec dana, što dovodi do naglog gubitka telesne težine), teške bakterijske infekcije i/ili plućne tuberkuloze; 2.04 Semmelweis was buried in Vienna on August 15, 1865. – Beč, 13. kolovoza 1865. 0.794392523364486 World Hepatitis Day, held on July 28, is coordinated by the World Hepatitis Alliance. Svjetski savez za hepatitis koordinira Svjetski dan hepatitisa, koji se obilježava svake godine 28. srpnja. 1.3956043956043955 "The WHO's Constitution states that its objective ""is the attainment by all people of the highest possible level of health""." "Ustav SZO navodi da je njen cilj „da svi ljudi ostvare najviši mogući zdravstveni nivo""." 0.6511627906976745 Epidemic and pandemic spread Historija bolesti gripe i njezine pandemije 0.9133333333333333 It divides every 16 to 20 hours, which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria, which usually divide in less than an hour. Do stanične diobe uzročnika dolazi svakih 16 –20 sati, što je sporo u usporedbi s drugim bakterijama, koje se obično podijele za manje od jednog sata. 1.1592920353982301 There are a number of blood tests available that try to determine the degree of hepatic fibrosis and alleviate the need for biopsy. Postoji niz krvnih testova kojima se nastoji utvrditi stupanj oštećenja kako bi se smanjila potreba za biopsijom. 0.7861271676300579 In Europe, rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s, when it caused nearly 25% of all deaths. U Europi je broj oboljelih od tuberkuloze počeo rasti početkom 17. stoljeća, da bi dosegao vrhunac početkom 19. stoljeća, kad je uzrokovala skoro 25% svih smrtnih slučajeva. 0.7666666666666667 Louis Pasteur furthered the concept through his work in microbiology. Louis Pasteur je unaprijedio ovaj koncept svojim pionirskim radom na polju mikrobiologije. 0.8612244897959184 Culinary hygiene pertains to the practices related to food management and cooking to prevent food contamination, prevent food poisoning and minimize the transmission of disease to other foods, humans or animals. Glavni članak: Sigurnost hraneKulinarska higijena odnosi se na postupke povezane s pripremom i kuhanjem hrane radi prevencije kontaminacije hrane, prevencije otrovanja hranom i minimiziranjem prijenosa bolesti na ostalu hranu, ljude i životinje. 1.0972972972972972 There is no evidence that breastfeeding spreads HCV; however, to be cautious, an infected mother is advised to avoid breastfeeding if her nipples are cracked and bleeding, or if her viral loads are high. Nema dokaza za prenošenje HCV-a dojenjem, ali zaražena bi majka trebala izbjegavati dojenje ako su joj bradavice ispucale ili ako krvare, odnosno ako joj je razina virusa u krvi visoka. 0.989010989010989 Isolation or quarantine of infectious persons or materials to prevent spread of infection. izolaciju ili karantenu inficiranih osoba ili materijala radi prevencije širenja infekcije. 0.8987341772151899 "It also tries to prevent or reduce risk factors for ""health conditions associated with use of tobacco, alcohol, drugs and other psychoactive substances, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity and unsafe sex""." "Organizacija isto tako pokušava da spreči i redukuju faktore rizika usled „zdravstvenih uslova vezanih za upotrebu duvana, alkohola, droga i drugih psihoaktivnih supstanci, nezdrave ishrane, fizičke neaktivnosti i nesigurnog seksa""""." 0.529126213592233 When one member of a family died from the disease, the other infected members would lose their health slowly. Kad bi od nje umro jedan član obitelji, drugi zaraženi članovi obitelji bi pomalo mršavili, pa je narod vjerovao kako je prva oboljela osoba s TBC-om polako crpila životnu snagu iz ostalih članova obitelji. 0.8075117370892019 A number of targets they set were not achieved by 2015, mostly due to the increase in HIV-associated tuberculosis and the emergence of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis. Postavljen je niz ciljeva, koje se vjerojatno do 2015. neće moći ostvariti, ponajprije zbog povećanja broja slučajeva TBC povezane s HIV-om i pojave sojeva bakterija koje pokazuju višestruku otpornost na lijekove. 0.9539473684210527 Symbolic AIDS stigma—the use of HIV/AIDS to express attitudes toward the social groups or lifestyles perceived to be associated with the disease. Symbolic AIDS stigma) - kada se sida koristi kako bi se izrazio stav prema društvenim grupama ili stilu života za koje se veruje da imaju veze sa sidom; 1.1473684210526316 Most of these practices were developed in the 19th century and were well established by the mid-20th century. Većina ovih postupaka razvijena je u 19. stoljeću, a dobro su utvrđeni do sredine 20. stoljeća. 1.0387931034482758 Between 1990 and 2010, WHO's help has contributed to a 40% decline in the number of deaths from tuberculosis, and since 2005, over 46 million people have been treated and an estimated 7 million lives saved through practices advocated by WHO. Između 1990 i 2010, SZO pomoć je doprinela smanjenju broja smrtnih slučajeva od tuberkuloze za 40%, i od 2005, preko 46 miliona ljudi je bilo tretirano i procenjuje se da je 7 miliona života spaseno primenom praksi koje zastupa SZO. 1.25 Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times. Tuberkuloza se u ljudi pojavljuje još od antike. 2.306122448979592 Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on 7 September 2013. Domaćin je odabran u Buenos Airesu 7. rujna 2013. 1.1304347826086956 Roughly one-quarter of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. Stručnjaci smatraju da je trećina svjetskog stanovništva zaražena s M. tuberculosis, a da svake sekunde dolazi do novog slučaja infekcije. 0.9834710743801653 Public health aims to improve the quality of life through prevention and treatment of disease, including mental health. Cilj zdravstva je spriječiti radije nego liječiti bolest, i to kroz nadzor slučajeva bolesti i promicanje zdravog života. 1.0543478260869565 Death occurs mostly in high risk groups—the young, the old, and those with other health problems. Smrtni slučajevi se javljaju uglavnom kod mladih, starih i osoba sa zdravstvenim problemima. 0.8129496402877698 Roman cities also had large sewers, such as Rome's Cloaca Maxima, into which public and private latrines drained. Rimski gradovi također su imali velike kanalizacijske sustave kao što je rimska Cloaca Maxima u koju je odlazio sav javni i privatni odvod. 0.47692307692307695 Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever Gradski ured za zdravstvo Surabaya održava cijepljenje difterijom 1.15527950310559 As of 2011, there are about one hundred medications in development for hepatitis C. These include vaccines to treat hepatitis, immunomodulators, and cyclophilin inhibitors, among others. Prema podatcima iz 2011., u tijeku razvoja bilo je oko sto lijekova za hepatitis C. Među njima su cjepiva za hepatitis, imunomodulatori i inhibitori ciklofilina. 0.9148936170212766 Bathing outside of urban centers involved smaller, less elaborate bathing facilities, or simply the use of clean bodies of water. Kupanje izvan urbanih centara vršilo se u manjim i slabije uređenim kupališnim objektima ili jednostavno korištenjem čistih vodenih površina. 0.7413793103448276 In the United States, about 70% of cases are caused by genotype 1, 20% by genotype 2 and about 1% by each of the other genotypes. Postoji sedam glavnih genotipova virusa HCV. U Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama genotip 1 uzročnik je u 70 % slučajeva, genotip 2 u 20 %, a svaki drugi genotip u 1 % slučajeva. 1.007462686567164 Active TB is best treated with combinations of several antibiotics to reduce the risk of the bacteria developing antibiotic resistance. Aktivnu je TBC najbolje liječiti kombinacijom nekoliko antibiotika, kako bi se smanjila vjerojatnost razvoja otpornosti na antibiotik. 0.5754716981132075 Thus, treatment is often begun before cultures are confirmed. Zbog toga se s liječenjem često započinje prije nego što se uzgojem u kulturi dokaže postojanje uzročnika. 0.8470588235294118 Crush injuries are common in major disasters, especially in earthquakes. Kraš povreda je uobičajena pojava u velikim katastrofama, a pogotovo u zemljotresima. 1.0294117647058822 In 2010, 8.8 million new cases of TB were diagnosed, and 1.20–1.45 million deaths occurred, most of these occurring in developing countries. U 2010. dijagnosticirano je 8,8 milijuna novih slučajeva bolesti i 1,45 milijuna smrtnih slučajeva, od čega većina u zemljama u razvoju. 0.8671328671328671 A tuberculosis classification system developed by the American Thoracic Society is used primarily in public health programs. Javnozdravstveni programi koriste sustav klasifikacije tuberkuloze razvijen od strane American Thoracic Society u suradnji s javnim zdravstvom. 0.6767241379310345 People who spend time in confined spaces with other people, including occupants of homeless shelters, prison inmates, and military recruits in basic training Ljudi koji provode vreme u zatvorenom prostoru sa drugim ljudima, uključujući; beskućnike u neadekvatnim skloništima, zatvorenici u zatvorima, vojni regruti u toku osnovne obuke, i pojedinci koji provode dosta vremena u teretanani . 0.8717948717948718 Medical hygiene practices include: Postupci medicinske higijene uključuju: 1.0518518518518518 Instrumental AIDS stigma—a reflection of the fear and apprehension that are likely to be associated with any deadly and transmissible illness. Instrumental AIDS stigma) koja nastaje zbog straha ili zabrinutosti, kao kada se radi o bilo kojoj drugoj smrtnoj ili zaraznoj bolesti; 0.9344262295081968 Sterilization of instruments used in surgical procedures. sterilizaciju instrumenata korištenih u kirurškim postupcima. 1.043859649122807 Antiviral medications such as the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, among others, have been used to treat influenza. Antivirusni lekovi, kao što je inhibitor neuraminidaze oseltamivir između ostalih, se koriste za tretiranje gripa. 1.4754098360655739 Currently, the only clearly inherited risk factor is alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (AAT). Manje značajni faktori rizika su: nedostatak α1 Antitripsina, 1.0275862068965518 Even in the absence of a local outbreak, diagnosis may be justified in the elderly during the influenza season as long as the prevalence is over 15%. Čak i u odsustvu lokalne epidemije, tretman može da bude opravdan kod starijih osoba tokom sezone gripa dokle god je rasprostranjenost preko 15%. 1.0114942528735633 Use of protective clothing and barriers, such as masks, gowns, caps, eyewear and gloves. uporabu protektivne odjeće i prepreka kao što maske, ogrtači, kape, naočale i rukavice. 0.5736040609137056 It can be difficult to distinguish between the common cold and influenza in the early stages of these infections. Ponekad je teško da se napravi razlika između obične prehlade i influenze u ranim stadijumima tih infekcija, mada se prehlada može identifikovati po naglom počeku jake groznice i ekstremnom zamoru. 1.2352941176470589 No city won over 50% of the votes in the first round, and Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place. U prvom krugu glasovanja ispao je španjolski grad Madrid, a u drugom turski Istanbul. 1.0543478260869565 A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10–15 (or more) other people per year. Bolesnik s aktivnom, neliječenom tuberkulozom može godišnje zaraziti 10–15 (ili više) osoba. 0.7727272727272727 Hepatitis B and C Postoji i Hepatitis G. 1.9 Microorganisms named in his honour include the pathogenic bacterial genus Listeria named by J. H. H. Pirie, typified by the food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, as well as the slime mould genus Listerella, first described by Eduard Adolf Wilhelm Jahn in 1906. Bakteriju Listeriju monocitogenes (lat. Listeria monocytogenes prvi je opisao Eduard Adolf Vilhelm (Eduard Adolf Wilhelm Jahn) 1906. godine. 0.9234972677595629 It is believed that the high prevalence in Egypt is linked to a now-discontinued mass-treatment campaign for schistosomiasis, using improperly sterilized glass syringes. Visoka stopa u Egiptu povezana je s masovnom kampanjom liječenja shistosomijaze, koja je sada obustavljena, a koja se provodila korištenjem nepropisno steriliziranih staklenih šprica. 0.6825 In the mid-1970s, Harvey J. Alter, Chief of the Infectious Disease Section in the Department of Transfusion Medicine at the National Institutes of Health, and his research team demonstrated how most post-transfusion hepatitis cases were not due to hepatitis A or B viruses. Sredinom 1970-ih, Harvey J. Alter, pročelnik Odjela za zarazne bolesti u Zavodu za transfuzijsku medicinu u National Institutes of Health i njegov istraživački tim dokazali su da većina slučajeva hepatitisa nakon transfuzije krvi nije bila uzrokovana virusima hepatitisa A ili B. Unatoč tom otkriću, međunarodni istraživački napori na izolaciji virusa nisu polučili uspjeh još sljedećih deset godina. 0.9347826086956522 However, in the majority of cases, a latent infection occurs with no obvious symptoms. U većini slučajeva dolazi do [latentna tuberkuloza|latentne infekcije]] bez očitih simptoma. 0.7777777777777778 These tests, however, are not routinely recommended, as they rarely alter how a person is treated. Međutim, ove se pretrage ne preporučuju za svakodnevno korištenje, jer njihov ishod rijetko mijenja način liječenja bolesnika. 1.204968944099379 Other uses of the term appear in phrases including body hygiene, personal hygiene, sleep hygiene, mental hygiene, dental hygiene, and occupational hygiene, used in connection with public health. Termin se pojavljuje u frazama poput osobne higijene, kućne higijene, zubne ili dentalne higijene, dok se higijena rada često koristi u vezi s javnim zdravstvom. 1.1751412429378532 Contrary to popular belief and although the Early Christian leaders, such as Boniface I, condemned bathing as unspiritual, bathing and sanitation were not lost in Europe with the collapse of the Roman Empire. Nasuprot popularnom vjerovanju i usprkos tome što su ranokršćanski vođe osudili kupanje kao neduhovno, kupanje i sanitacija nisu se izgubili u Europi s propašću Rimskog Carstva. 1.0327868852459017 It contains living bacteria, and thus can spread the infection. On sadrži žive bakterije i njime se infekcija može proširiti. 1.0555555555555556 The WHO works to improve nutrition, food safety and food security and to ensure this has a positive effect on public health and sustainable development. SZO radi na poboljšanju ishrane, sigurnosti i bezbednosti hrane, i na osiguranju da ona ima pozitivan uticaj na javno zdravlje i održivi razvoj. 1.0 Influenza spreads around the world in yearly outbreaks, resulting in about three to five million cases of severe illness and about 290,000 to 650,000 deaths. Grip se širi po svetu u vidu godišnjih epidemija, što dovodi do oko tri do pet miliona slučajeva ozbiljne bolesti i oko 250.000 do 500.000 smrtnih slučajeva. 0.9565217391304348 Progression from TB infection to overt TB disease occurs when the bacilli overcome the immune system defenses and begin to multiply. Napredovanje TBC od trenutka zaraze do očite TBC nastaje kada bacilli savladaju obrambene imunosne snage i kada se započinju razmnožavati. 1.1111111111111112 Anthrax spores can survive for very long periods of time in the environment after release. Spore antraksa mogu da preživi dugo vremena u svom okruženju nakon kontaminacije. 1.0210526315789474 1955: The malaria eradication programme was launched, although it was later altered in objective. Godine 1955, je lansiran program za iskorenjivanje malarije, koji je kasnije preobražen u cilj. 1.0305343511450382 M. microti is also rare and is seen almost only in immunodeficient people, although its prevalence may be significantly underestimated. M. microti je također rijetkost i uglavnom izaziva zarazu u imunodeficijentnih osoba, no možda je i uobičajeniji nego što se misli. 0.8980891719745223 Adverse effects with these treatments were common, with half of people getting flu-like symptoms and a third experiencing emotional problems. Tijekom farmakološke terapije uobičajene su nuspojave; polovica pacijenata osjeća simptome slične gripi, a kod jedne trećine bilježe se emocionalni problemi. 0.9137931034482759 Where resistance to isoniazid is high, ethambutol may be added for the last four months as an alternative. Ako postoji jaka otpornost na izonijazid, umjesto njega se u posljednja četiri mjeseca može primjenjivati etambutol. 1.3978494623655915 In 1897 he was further honoured when Her Majesty raised him to the peerage as Baron Lister, of Lyme Regis in the County of Dorset. Lister je počastvovan plemićkom titulom, Baron Lister, of Lyme Regis in the County of Dorset. 0.9767441860465116 The infection may be confirmed by testing the throat, sputum, or nose for the virus. Infekcija se može potvrditi testiranjem grla, ispljuvka, ili nosa za prisustvo virusa. 1.0056179775280898 M. bovis was once a common cause of tuberculosis, but the introduction of pasteurized milk has almost completely eliminated this as a public health problem in developed countries. M. bovis je bio česti uzročnik tuberkuloze, ali je u razvijenim zemljama uvođenje pasterizacije mlijeka uvelike smanjilo važnost ove mikobakterije kao javnozdravstvenog problema. 0.9861111111111112 Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged cough producing sputum. Simptomi mogu biti bol u prsištu i dugotrajni kašalj praćen iskašljajem. 1.3896103896103895 Wrestling secured 49 votes, while baseball/softball and squash received 24 votes and 22 votes respectively. Dobilo je 49 od 95 glasova, bejzbol i softbol dobili su 24, a skvoš 22 glasa. 1.0980392156862746 On 25 February, the first case in Croatia was confirmed. Hrvatska je 25. veljače potvrdila svoj prvi slučaj. 1.435897435897436 Lister died on 10 February 1912 at his country home (now known as Coast House) in Walmer, Kent at the age of 84. Lister je umro 10. februara 1912. u seoskoj kući u Kentu, u 84. godini života. 1.0229007633587786 During the 1945 United Nations Conference on International Organization, Szeming Sze, a delegate from the Republic of China, conferred with Norwegian and Brazilian delegates on creating an international health organization under the auspices of the new United Nations. Tokom konferencije Ujedinjenih nacija o međunarodnoj organizaciji 1945. godine, Sceming Sce, delegat iz Kine, diskutovao je sa norveškim i brazilskim delegatima ideju o stvaranju međunarodne zdravstvene organizacije pod pokroviteljstvom novih Ujedinjenih nacija. 0.8484848484848485 The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years. Otpornost koju ono pruža se nakon otprilike deset godina smanjuje. 1.0888888888888888 The constitution of the World Health Organization was signed by all 51 countries of the United Nations, and by 10 other countries, on 22 July 1946. Konstituciju Svetske zdravstvene organizacije je potpisalo svih 51 zemalja Ujedinjenih nacija, i 10 drugih zemalja, dana 22. jula 1946. 0.8939393939393939 WHO established a network of consultants who assisted countries in setting up surveillance and containment activities. SZO je uspostavila mrežu konsultanata koji su pomagali zemljama u uspostavljanju nadzora i aktivnostima zadržavanja širenja bolesti. 0.7045454545454546 The rate of TB varies with age. Incidencija TBC se mijenja sa životnom dobi. 0.8143712574850299 After about two weeks of effective treatment, subjects with nonresistant active infections generally do not remain contagious to others. Nakon otprilike dva tjedna učinkovitog liječenja, bolesnici koji boluju od aktivne infekcije koja nije otporna na antibiotike u pravilu prestaju biti zarazni za druge. 1.125 Genotype 1 is also the most common in South America and Europe. Genotip 1 također je najčešći u Južnoj Americi i Europi. 0.9090909090909091 Weak or absent pulse slab ili odsutan puls, 1.1549295774647887 A type of polymerase chain reaction that detects the virus's RNA is more accurate. Tip polimerazne lančane reakcije koji detektuje virusnu RNK je tačniji. 1.3125 "The use of the word ""world"", rather than ""international"", emphasized the truly global nature of what the organization was seeking to achieve." "Upotreba reči „svetska"", umesto „međunarodna"", naglašava istinsku globalnu prirodu ciljeva ove organizacije." 1.1428571428571428 The economic costs of hepatitis C are significant both to the individual and to society. Ekonomski teret hepatitisa C značajan je kako za pojedinca tako i za društvo. 1.0155038759689923 "1977: The first list of essential medicines was drawn up, and a year later the ambitious goal of ""Health For All"" was declared." "Godine 1977. izrađena je prva lista esencijalnih lekova, a godinu dana kasnije proglašen je ambiciozni cilj „zdravlja za sve""." 1.0657894736842106 "The latter two species are classified as ""nontuberculous mycobacteria"" (NTM)." "Posljednje dvije se svrstavaju u ""netuberkulozne mikobakterije"" (NTBCM)." 0.9507042253521126 In 1987, Michael Houghton, Qui-Lim Choo, and George Kuo at Chiron Corporation, collaborating with Daniel W. Bradley at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, used a novel molecular cloning approach to identify the unknown organism and develop a diagnostic test. Godine 1987., Michael Houghton, Qui-Lim Choo i George Kuo iz Chiron Corporation, u suradnji s dr. D.W. Bradleyem iz Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, iskoristili su novi pristup molekularnog kloniranja kako bi identificirali nepoznati organizam i razvili dijagnostički test. 1.1270358306188926 "In 2000, Drs. Alter and Houghton were honored with the Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research for ""pioneering work leading to the discovery of the virus that causes hepatitis C and the development of screening methods that reduced the risk of blood transfusion-associated hepatitis in the U.S. from 30% in 1970 to virtually zero in 2000.""" "Godine 2000. dr. Alter i Houghton primili su nagradu Lasker za medicinska klinička ispitivanja za ""pionirski rad koji je doveo do otkrića virusa uzročnika hepatitisa C i razvoj metoda probira koje su u SAD smanjile rizik od hepatitisa povezanog s transfuzijom krvi s 30 % u 1970. na gotovo nulu u 2000.""" 1.104 If multiple drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) is detected, treatment with at least four effective antibiotics for 18 to 24 months is recommended. Ako se otkrije TBC otporna na više lijekova, preporučuje se liječenje s barem četiri učinkovita lijeka tijekom 18–24 mjeseca. 1.5942028985507246 The first meeting of the World Health Assembly (WHA), the agency's governing body, took place on 24 July 1948. Prvi sastanak Svetske zdravstvene skupštine je završen 24. jula 1948. 0.8082191780821918 People with weak immune systems (HIV/AIDS, lupus, or cancer sufferers; transplant recipients; severe asthmatics; etc.) Ljudi sa slabim imunskim sistemom (ljudi koji žive sa HIV/AIDS-om, lupusom, rakom), primaoci organa nakon transplantacije, teški astmatičari, itd) 0.6805555555555556 Another common laboratory test is a rapid latex agglutination test that detects the PBP2a protein. Još jedan značajan laboratorijski test za dijagnozu MRSA je test brze aglutinacije lateks čestica ili lateks test, koji detektuje PBP2a protein. 1.0714285714285714 Excessive application of soaps, creams, and ointments can adversely affect certain of the natural processes of the skin. Pretjerana primjena sapuna, krema i masti može također suprotno djelovati na određene tjelesne prirodne procese. 0.896551724137931 1967: The WHO intensified the global smallpox eradication by contributing $2.4 million annually to the effort and adopted a new disease surveillance method. Godine 1967, Svetska zdravstvena organizacija je intenzivirala eradikaciju globalnih boginja ulažući $2,4 miliona godišnje u napore i adaptaciju novih metoda nadzora bolesti. 1.0743243243243243 People with prolonged, frequent, or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected, with an estimated 22% infection rate. U velikoj opasnosti od zaraze su osobe koje dolaze u dugotrajni, česti ili bliski dodir s bolesnicima od TBC, a stopa zaraze je procijenjena na 22%. 0.9782608695652174 Cleanup of anthrax-contaminated areas on ranches and in the wild is much more problematic. Čišćenje antraksom-kontaminiranih površina na rančevima i divljini je mnogo problematičnije. 1.956140350877193 About 90% of those infected with M. tuberculosis have asymptomatic, latent TB infections (sometimes called LTBI), with only a 10% lifetime chance that the latent infection will progress to overt, active tuberculous disease. Oko 90% ljudi zaraženih s M. tuberculosis imaju asimptomatski, latentni oblik TBC infekcije (ponekad zvan i LTBC). 0.910958904109589 The screening of blood donors is important at a national level, as is adhering to universal precautions within healthcare facilities. Probir darivatelja krvi važan je na nacionalnoj razini, kao što je to i pridržavanje univerzalnih mjera predostrožnosti u zdravstvenim ustanovama. 1.5771812080536913 "The World Health Organization (WHO) declared TB a ""global health emergency"" in 1993, and in 2006, the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aimed to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015." Godine 2006. organizacija Stop TB Partnership razvila je globalni plan za zaustavljanje tuberkuloze s ciljem da se do 2015. spasi 14 milijuna života. 0.9540229885057471 Microbes resistant to multiple antimicrobials are called multidrug resistant (MDR). Patogeni koji su otporni na višestruke antibiotike se smatraju multirezistentnim (engl. 0.9090909090909091 2002: The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was drawn up to improve the resources available. Godine 2002, Globalni fond za borbu protiv side, tuberkuloze i malarije je uspostavljen radi povećanja dostupnih resursa. 1.1458333333333333 Carcasses have been soaked in formaldehyde to kill spores, though this has environmental contamination issues. Natapanje leševa u formaldehidu može da ubije spore, ali i da izazove zagađenja životne sredine. 1.087378640776699 Two postage stamps were issued in September 1965 to honour Lister for his pioneering work in antiseptic surgery. 1965. izdate su dve poštanske marke u čast Džozefa Listera, za njegov doprinos antiseptičkoj hirurgiji. 0.7681159420289855 Water was constantly changed by an aqueduct-fed flow. Voda se neprestano mijenjala pomoću protoka kroz akvaduktalni sustav. 0.6962962962962963 Most vaccines are given by injection as they are not absorbed reliably through the intestines. Većina vakcina daje se putem potkožne injekcije jer se one rijetko dovoljno dobro absorbiraju u crijevima (ako se primijenjuju oralno). 0.9562043795620438 Until the late 19th century, only the elite in Western cities typically possessed indoor facilities for relieving bodily functions. Sve do kasnog 19. stoljeća samo je elita u zapadnim gradovima tipično posjedovala zatvorene prostorije za olakšavanje tjelesnih funkcija. 0.5235602094240838 The most important risk factor globally is HIV; 13% of all people with TB are infected by the virus. Širom svijeta, najvažniji rizični čimbenik je HIV; 13% svih bolesnika od TBC zaraženo je virusom HIV-a. Ovaj je problem čest u subsaharskoj Africi, gdje je učestalost infekcije HIV-om visoka. 1.086021505376344 The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression, such as that caused by infection with HIV. Opasnost od reaktivacije bolesti se povećava kod imunosupresije, poput one uzrokovane HIV-om. 0.9777777777777777 After failing to get a resolution passed on the subject, Alger Hiss, the Secretary General of the conference, recommended using a declaration to establish such an organization. Nakon što nisu uspeli da plasiraju rezoluciju posvećenu toj temi, Aldžer His, generalni sekretar konferencije, preporučio je da podnesu deklaraciju za osnivanje takve organizacije. 1.2321428571428572 In the 20th century, three influenza pandemics occurred: Spanish influenza in 1918 (17–100 million deaths), Asian influenza in 1957 (two million deaths), and Hong Kong influenza in 1968 (one million deaths). U 20. veku tri pandemije gripa su se javile: Španski grip iz 1918, Azijski grip iz 1958, i Hong Kongški grip iz 1968, svaki od kojih je doveo do više od miliona mrtvih. 1.1975308641975309 Worldwide hepatitis C is the cause of 27% of cirrhosis cases and 25% of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis C uzrokuje cirozu jetre u 27 % slučajeva, a rak jetre u 25 % slučajeva. 0.9230769230769231 Testing is not able to distinguish between acute and chronic infections. Pretragama nije moguće utvrditi je li riječ o akutnoj ili kroničnoj infekciji. 0.8450704225352113 In line with UNAIDS, WHO has set itself the interim task between 2009 and 2015 of reducing the number of those aged 15–24 years who are infected by 50%; reducing new HIV infections in children by 90%; and reducing HIV-related deaths by 25%. U saglasnosti sa UNAIDS, SZO je postavila sebi privremeni zadatak da između 2009. i 2015. godine radi na smanjenju broja zaraženih za 50% u starosnom opsegu 15-24 godina; na smanjenju novih infekcija HIV-om kod dece za 90%; i na smanjenju smrtnih slučajeva povezanih sa HIV-om za 25%. 1.17 The benefit of antiviral medications in those who are otherwise healthy do not appear to be greater than their risks. Njihova koristnost kod onih koji su inače zdravi ne izgleda da nadmašuje rizike od njihove upotrebe. 0.9879518072289156 Part of the reasoning against the use of the vaccine is that it makes the tuberculin skin test falsely positive, reducing the test's usefulness as a screening tool. Jedan od razloga da se cjepivo ne primijeni, je što ono čini tuberkulinski kožni test lažno pozitivnim, a time ovaj test postaje beskoristan za probir na tuberkulozu. 1.0392156862745099 The cough, however, may last for more than two weeks. Kašalj, međutim, može da traje više od dve nedelje. 0.8564593301435407 Complications of influenza may include viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, sinus infections, and worsening of previous health problems such as asthma or heart failure. Komplikacije uzrokovane gripom mogu da obuhvataju viralnu pneumoniju, sekundarnu bakterijsku pneumoniju, sinusne infekcije, i pogoršanje pređašnjih zdravstvenih problema uzrokovanih astmom ili zatajenjem srca. 0.821917808219178 Environmental risk factors, such as air, water and soil pollution, chemical exposures, climate change, and ultraviolet radiation, contribute to more than 100 diseases and injuries. Faktori rizika životne sredine, kao što su zagađenje vazduha, vode i zemljišta, izlaganje hemikalijama, klimatske promene, i ultraljubičasta radijacija, doprinose negativnom uticaju vipe od 100 tipova bolesti i povreda. 0.9629629629629629 Life course and life style Životni kurs i životni stil 1.8987341772151898 Although at least six people had used the same principles years earlier, the smallpox vaccine was invented in 1796 by English physician Edward Jenner. "Samu riječ ""vakcinacija"" privi put je upotrebio Edward Jenner 1796. godine." 0.5107913669064749 It was the strongest earthquake in Zagreb since the earthquake in 1880. Potresi iz 2020. najrazorniji su još od velikog zagrebačkog potresa iz 1880. godine, a nastupili su vrijeme rastuće pandemije koronavirusa. 0.8238993710691824 The M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC) includes four other TB-causing mycobacteria: M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canetti, and M. microti. Skupina M. tuberculosis (MTBC) obuhvaća još četiri mikobakterije: Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum, Mycobacterium canetti, i Mycobacterium microti. 0.6888888888888889 Symptoms can be mild to severe. Simptomi mogu da budu od blagih do ozbiljnih. 1.5032258064516129 1967: The WHO launched the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases and the World Health Assembly voted to enact a resolution on Disability Prevention and Rehabilitation, with a focus on community-driven care. Godine 1976, Svetska zdravstvena skupština je glasala za donošenje rezolucije o Sprečavanju invalidnosti i rehabilitaciji, sa fokusom na brizi o zajednici. 0.9251700680272109 "As of 2011, it has been working to immunize young children and prevent the re-emergence of cases in countries declared ""polio-free""." "Godine 2011 SZO je radila na imunizaciji male dece i sprečavanju ponovne pojave oboljenja u zemljama koje su deklarisane „oslobođenim od polia""." 1.1454545454545455 A long labor is associated with a greater risk of transmission. Dulji porod povezuje se s povećanjem rizika prenošenja. 0.9224137931034483 It is believed that only 5–50% of those infected in the United States and Canada are aware of their status. Pretpostavlja se da je tek 5-50 % zaraženih osoba u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama i Kanadi svjesno je svoga stanja. 0.9658119658119658 PBP2a is a variant penicillin-binding protein that imparts the ability of S. aureus to be resistant to oxacillin. Protein PBP2a je varijanta penicilin vezujućeg proteina koji daje sposobnost S. aureusu da bude otporan na oksacilin. 1.1355932203389831 Washing of hands after touching uncooked food when preparing meals. pranje ruku nakon diranja nekuhane hrane pri pripremi jela. 1.0580645161290323 "Diarrhea is not usually a symptom of influenza in adults, although it has been seen in some human cases of the H5N1 ""bird flu"" and can be a symptom in children." "Dijareja nije normalni simptom influenze kod odraslih osoba, mada se javljala kod nekih slučajeva H5N1 „ptičijeg gripa"" i može da bude simptom kod dece." 1.075268817204301 Active immunization can occur naturally when a person comes in contact with, for example, a microbe. Prirodni aktivno stečen imunitet se javlja onda kada organizam stupi u kontakt sa antigenima. 1.0 When the Medical Research Council formed in Britain in 1913, it initially focused on tuberculosis research. Kad je u Britaniji 1913. osnovan Medical Research Council, glavni mu je cilj bilo istraživanje tuberkuloze. 2.138888888888889 Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases. Tuberkuloza je granulomatozna upala. 0.4351851851851852 A standard catalyst-free spray destroys fewer than half the spores in the same amount of time. Koristeći katalizator metodu, potpuno uništavanje svih spora antraksa se može postići za manje od 30 minuta , za razlikui od standardnih katalizatora bez spreja, koji uništavaju manje od polovine spore za isto vreme. 1.1527777777777777 Those who smoke cigarettes have nearly twice the risk of TB compared to nonsmokers. Pušači cigareta su u skoro dvostruko većoj opasnosti od TBC od nepušača. 1.037037037037037 For the time being, insecticide-treated mosquito nets and insecticide sprays are used to prevent the spread of malaria, as are antimalarial drugs – particularly to vulnerable people such as pregnant women and young children. Za sada se insekticidom tretirane mreže za komarce i insekticidni sprejevi koriste za sprečavanje širenja malarije, kao i antimalarijski lekovi – posebno kod ugroženog dela populacije kao što su trudnice i mala deca. 0.81 Other known pathogenic mycobacteria include M. leprae, M. avium, and M. kansasii. Druge patogene mikobakterije su Mycobacterium leprae, Mycobacterium avium, i Mycobacterium kansasii. 1.3558052434456929 "After TB was determined to be contagious, in the 1880s, it was put on a notifiable-disease list in Britain; campaigns started to stop people from spitting in public places, and the infected poor were ""encouraged"" to enter sanatoria that resembled prisons (the sanatoria for the middle and upper classes offered excellent care and constant medical attention)." "Započeto je s kampanjama za sprječavanje pljuvanja na javnim mjestima, a zaražene siromašne osobe se ""ohrabrivalo"" da se liječe u lječilištima koja su nalikovala na zatvore (lječilišta za srednju i visoku klasu nudila su izvrsnu njegu i stalni liječnički nadzor)." 1.0588235294117647 1947: The WHO established an epidemiological information service via telex, and by 1950 a mass tuberculosis inoculation drive using the BCG vaccine was under way. SZO je upostavila epidemiološki informacioni servis preko teleksa, i do 1950. masovna tuberkulozna inokulacija koristeći Be-se-že vakcinu je bila u toku. 1.130952380952381 The main cause of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), a small, aerobic, nonmotile bacillus. Glavni uzročnik TBC je Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mali aerobni nepokretljivi bacil. 2.173076923076923 In many developed countries, there is an association between AIDS and homosexuality or bisexuality, and this association is correlated with higher levels of sexual prejudice, such as anti-homosexual or anti-bisexual attitudes. U mnogim razvijenim zemljama postoji povezanost između side i homoseksualnog ili biseksualnog ponašanja. 1.7037037037037037 He was provided medical treatment on the spot. Hospitaliziran je u Rijeci. 1.280701754385965 Vaccination and immunization have a similar meaning in everyday language. Cijepljenje, vakcinacija i imunizacija su slični pojmovi. 0.9114583333333334 The WHO estimates that 12.6 million people died as a result of living or working in an unhealthy environment in 2012 – this accounts for nearly 1 in 4 of total global deaths. SZO procenjuje da je 12,6 miliona ljudi umrlo u 2012. godini kao rezultat života i rada u nezdravom životnom okruženju – ovim je obuhvaćeno skoro 1 u 4 od totalnih globalnih smrtnih slučajeva. 0.9428571428571428 CK concentrations rise steadily for 12 hours after the original muscle injury, remain elevated for 1–3 days and then fall gradually. (CK) u rabdomiolizi raste u roku od 12 sati od početka povrede mišića, a svoj vrh dostiže u 1-3 danu, a opada 3-5 dana nakon povrede mišića. 1.207070707070707 Improvements in sanitation, vaccination, and other public-health measures began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other antibiotics, although the disease remained a significant threat. Napredak javnog zdravstva znakovito je smanjio učestalost tuberkuloze još i prije početka primjene streptomicina i drugih antibiotika, međutim ova bolest je ostala značajni javnozdravstveni problem. 0.9704641350210971 A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary (acquired) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment, not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately (lack of compliance), or using low-quality medication. Bolesnik od TBC koja je osjetljiva na lijek može razviti sekundarnu (stečenu) otpornost za vrijeme liječenja, zbog neodgovarajućeg liječenja, nepridržavanja propisanog načina uzimanja (nesuradljivosti) ili uzimanja lijeka loše kvalitete. 1.0535714285714286 Tuberculosis may infect any part of the body, but most commonly occurs in the lungs (known as pulmonary tuberculosis). Tuberkulozom se može zaraziti bilo koji dio tijela, no najčešće do zaraze dolazi u plućima (plućna tuberkuloza). 1.25 Not using the same utensils to prepare different foods. uporabu različitog posuđa za pripremu hrane. 0.967741935483871 Generally, they use a thermostat to control the temperature. One su opremljene termostatom kojim se kontroliše temperatura. 0.8560606060606061 This mortality rate is expected to increase, as those infected by transfusion before HCV testing become apparent. Očekivanja su da će se stopa smrtnosti povećati kako budu obolijevali i umirali ljudi zaraženi transfuzijom prije testiranja na HCV. 1.035294117647059 Frequent hand washing reduces the risk of viral spread, as does wearing a surgical mask. Frekventno pranje ruku umanjuje rizik od infekcije pošto se virus inaktivira sapunom. 0.9885057471264368 Two main approaches are used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines. Poboljšanje učinkovitosti postojećih cjepiva pokušava se postići na dva osnovna načina. 0.9682539682539683 Reddened eyes, skin (especially face), mouth, throat and nose Zacrvenele oči, crvenilo kože (posebno lica), usta, grla i nosa 1.6964285714285714 A person may be infectious to others both before and during the time they are showing symptoms. Osoba može da bude zarazna za druge pre i tokom bolesti. 1.037037037037037 "About 25% of people may not have any symptoms (i.e. they remain ""asymptomatic"")." "Oko 25% bolesnika nema nikakve simptome (odnosno, bolest je ""asimptomatska"")." 1.4166666666666667 The subspecies Mycobacterium tuberculosis, though, is rarely present in wild animals. Mycobacterium tuberculosis je u divljih životinja rijetkost. 0.7087378640776699 Several alternative therapies are claimed by their proponents to be helpful for hepatitis C including milk thistle, ginseng, and colloidal silver. Zagovornici ove metode liječenja tvrde da je nekoliko alternativnih terapija pokazalo određenu učinkovitost kod liječenja hepatitisa C, uključujući mlijeko čička (silimarin), ginseng, kao i koloidno srebro. 1.5909090909090908 Influenzaviruses A, B, C, and D are very similar in overall structure. Virusi gripe tipa A i B stalno se mijenjaju. 0.8496732026143791 In nature, the bacterium can grow only within the cells of a host organism, but M. tuberculosis can be cultured in the laboratory. U prirodi, ova bakterija može rasti i umnožavati se samo unutar živih stanica domaćina, no M. tuberculosis se može uzgojiti i u laboratorijskim uvjetima. 0.9640287769784173 "A potentially more serious, widespread form of TB is called ""disseminated tuberculosis"", it is also known as miliary tuberculosis." "Potencijalno opasniji, po tijelu prošireniji oblik TBC naziva se ""diseminiranom"" TBC, još poznatom i pod nazivom milijarna tuberkuloza." 1.3617021276595744 Lister was president of the Royal Society between 1895 and 1900. Tu dužnost Lister je obavljao od 1895. do 1900. 0.7672955974842768 "Labeling food to indicate when it was produced (or, as food manufacturers prefer, to indicate its ""best before"" date)." "označavanje hrane kako bi se znalo vrijeme njezine proizvodnje (ili, kako proizvođači hrane preferiraju, obilježavanje hrane do datuma ""najbolje uporabe"")." 1.1513157894736843 Tattooing is associated with two to threefold increased risk of hepatitis C. This can be due to either improperly sterilized equipment or contamination of the dyes being used. Tetoviranje se povezuje s dva do tri puta većim rizikom zaraze hepatitisom C. Tomu može biti uzrok nesterilna oprema ili nečistoća boja koje se koriste. 1.0482456140350878 Among these, the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation received a gift of more than $280 million (US) from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to develop and license an improved vaccine against tuberculosis for use in high burden countries. Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation dobila je donaciju od više od 280 milijuna američkih $ od Zaklade Bill i Melinda Gates kako bi razvila i poboljšala cjepivo protiv tuberkuloze za primjenu u zemljama s velikim brojem oboljelih. 1.1655629139072847 "The primary site of infection in the lungs, known as the ""Ghon focus"", is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe, or the lower part of the upper lobe." "Primarno mjesto infekcije u plućima naziva se "" Ghonovo žarište"" i smješteno je u gornjem dijelu donjeg režnja, ili u donjem dijelu gornjeg režnja." 0.5555555555555556 (PDF) tetanus). 1.4383561643835616 Hygiene is also the name of a branch of science that deals with the promotion and preservation of health. Higijena je također znanost koja se bavi promocijom i očuvanjem zdravlja. 1.1278195488721805 This hematogenous transmission can also spread infection to more distant sites, such as peripheral lymph nodes, the kidneys, the brain, and the bones. Prijenosom putem krvi infekcija se može proširiti i na udaljenije organe, poput perifernih limfnih čvorova, bubrega, mozga i kostiju. 0.9661016949152542 By the 1950s mortality in Europe had decreased about 90%. Do 1950-ih godina, smrtnost se potom smanjila za skoro 90%. 1.5714285714285714 Response by the medical community ), mađarski liječnik. 1.0517241379310345 If this test is positive, a confirmatory test is then performed to verify the immunoassay and to determine the viral load. Ako se pokaže test pozitivnim, izvodi se drugi test radi provjere imunoenzimskog testa i utvrđivanja težine bolesti. 1.0736196319018405 Each one of these droplets may transmit the disease, since the infectious dose of tuberculosis is very small (the inhalation of fewer than 10 bacteria may cause an infection). Bolest se može prenijeti putem svake od kapljica, jer je za zarazu tuberkulozom potrebna vrlo mala doza (zaraziti se može osoba koja udahne manje od 10 bakterija). 1.0945945945945945 A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials. Nekoliko potencijalnih cjepiva su trenutno u fazi I i II kliničkih pokusa. 0.8952380952380953 In 15–20% of active cases, the infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB. U 15–20% slučajeva aktivne bolesti, dolazi do rasapa izvan dišnog sustava, što uzrokuje druge oblike TBC. 0.9238095238095239 Nucleic acid amplification tests and adenosine deaminase testing may allow rapid diagnosis of TB. Test amplifikacijom nukleinskih kiselina i dokazivanje adenozin deaminaze služe za brzu dijagnostiku TBC. 1.0 One approach involves adding a subunit vaccine to BCG, while the other strategy is attempting to create new and better live vaccines. Jedan od njih se sastoji od dodavanja podjediničnog cjepiva BCG-u. Drugim načinom pokušavaju se proizvesti nova i bolja živa cjepiva. 0.6372549019607843 An air circulating fan helps in uniform distribution of the heat. Peći su opremljene sa fenom za cirkulaciju toplog vazduha, koji omogućava uniformnu raspodelu toplote. 1.1320754716981132 Approximately 33% of people with influenza are asymptomatic. Aproksimativno 33% ljudi sa gripom su asimptomatični. 1.1504424778761062 Rates of new infections have decreased in the Western world since the 1990s due to improved screening of blood before transfusion. U zapadnom su svijetu od 1990-ih godina stope u padu, zbog poboljšanih probirnih pretraga krvi prije transfuzije. 0.9161290322580645 In 1994, Bradley sued Chiron, seeking to invalidate the patent, have himself included as a coinventor, and receive damages and royalty income. Bradley je 1994. podigao tužbu protiv Chirona tražeći da se patent poništi i da on bude uključen kao supronalazač, te da mu se isplate odšteta i tantijemi. 0.8503937007874016 Hygiene practices vary, and what is considered acceptable in one culture might not be acceptable in another. Higijenski postupci se razlikuju diljem svijeta pa ono što je prihvatljivo u jednoj kulturi ne mora biti prihvatljivo u drugoj. 1.5466666666666666 Refrigeration of foods (and avoidance of specific foods in environments where refrigeration is or was not feasible). hlađenje hrane (i izbjegavanje specifične hrane ondje gdje nema hladnjaka). 0.8476190476190476 Lister then returned to Edinburgh as successor to Syme as Professor of Surgery at the University of Edinburgh and continued to develop improved methods of antisepsis and asepsis. Lister je nakon povratka 1869. u Edinburg imenovan za profesora hirurgije na Univerzitetu u Edinburgu, gde je nastavio da dalje razvija i poboljšava metode antisepstičke hirurgije i edukuje veliki broj hirurga. 0.9206349206349206 Occasionally, influenza can cause severe illness including primary viral pneumonia or secondary bacterial pneumonia. Povremeno, grip može da uzrokuje ozbilju bolest uključujući primarnu viralnu pneumoniju ili sekundarnu bakterijsku pneumoniju. 1.2260869565217392 The earliest written account of Elaborate codes of hygiene can be found in several Hindu texts, such as the Manusmriti and the Vishnu Purana. Razrađeni kodeksi higijene mogu se pronaći u nekoliko hinduističkih tekstova kao što je Manusmriti i Vishnu Purana. 0.9696969696969697 Liver enzymes are variable during the initial part of the infection and on average begin to rise at seven weeks after infection. Razina jetrenih enzima u krvi je vrlo promjenjiva u početnoj fazi infekcije; u prosjeku počinje rasti sedam tjedana nakon infekcije. 0.746031746031746 You'll Never Walk Alone is a show tune from the 1945 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Carousel. You'll Never Walk Alone je pjesma iz 1945. za koju je muziku komponirao Richard Rodgers, a tekst napisao Oscar Hammerstein II. 1.015267175572519 According to the CDC, rapid diagnostic tests have a sensitivity of 50–75% and specificity of 90–95% when compared with viral culture. Sledstveno CDC, brzi dijagnostički testovi imaju senzitivnost od 70–75% i specifičnost od 90–95% u poređenju sa viralnim kulturama. 0.8378378378378378 Safe disposal of medical waste. sigurno odlaganje medicinskog otpada.