Resource: CorefUD 1.2 - Coreferences in Universal Dependencies, version 1.2 Authors: Martin Popel¹, Michal Novák¹, Zdeněk Žabokrtský¹, Daniel Zeman¹, Anna Nedoluzhko¹, Kutay Acar², David Bamman³, Peter Bourgonje⁴, Silvie Cinková¹, Hanne Eckhoff⁵, Gülşen Eryiğit⁶, Jan Hajič¹, Christian Hardmeier⁷, Dag Haug⁸, Tollef Jørgensen⁹, Andre Kåsen¹⁰, Pauline Krielke¹¹, Frédéric Landragin¹², Ekaterina Lapshinova-Koltunski¹¹, Petter Mæhlum¹³, M. Antònia Martí¹⁴, Marie Mikulová¹, Anders Nøklestad⁸, Maciej Ogrodniczuk¹⁵, Lilja Øvrelid¹³, Tuğba Pamay Arslan⁶, Marta Recasens¹⁴, Per Erik Solberg¹⁰, Manfred Stede⁴, Milan Straka¹, Daniel Swanson¹⁶, Svetlana Toldova¹⁷, Noémi Vadász¹⁸, Erik Velldal¹³, Veronika Vincze¹⁹, Amir Zeldes²⁰, Voldemaras Žitkus²¹ ¹ Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Formal and Applied Linguistics, Prague, Czechia ² Istanbul Technical University, Department of Computer Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey ³ University of California, Berkeley, School of Information, USA ⁴ University of Potsdam, Applied Computational Linguistics, Potsdam, Germany ⁵ University of Oxford, Faculty of Medieval and Modern Languages, Oxford, UK ⁶ Istanbul Technical University, Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey ⁷ Uppsala University, Department of Linguistics and Philology, Uppsala, Sweden ⁸ University of Oslo, Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies, Oslo, Norway ⁹ Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer Science, Trondheim, Norway ¹⁰ The Norwegian Language Bank, National Library of Norway, Oslo, Norway ¹¹ Saarland University, Department of Language Science and Technology, Saarbrücken, Germany ¹² Lattice, CNRS & ENS Paris & Université Sorbonne Nouvelle & PSL Research University & USPC, Montrouge, France ¹³ University of Oslo, Department of Informatics, Oslo, Norway ¹⁴ University of Barcelona, Department of Linguistics, Centre de Llenguatge i Computació, Barcelona, Spain ¹⁵ Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Computer Science, Warsaw, Poland ¹⁶ Indiana University, Department of Linguistics, Bloomington, USA ¹⁷ HSE University, Faculty of Humanities, Laboratory of Formal Models in Linguistics, Moscow, Russia ¹⁸ Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics, Research Group for Language Technology, Budapest, Hungary ¹⁹ MTA-SZTE Research Group on Artificial Intelligence & University of Szeged, Department of General Linguistics, Szeged, Hungary ²⁰ Georgetown University, Department of Linguistics, Washington DC, USA ²¹ Kaunas University of Technologies, Department of Information Systems, Kaunas, Lithuania CorefUD is a collection of previously existing datasets annotated with coreference, which we converted into a common annotation scheme. In total, CorefUD in its current version 1.2 consists of 25 datasets for 16 languages. The datasets are enriched with automatic morphological and syntactic annotations (except for a few datasets where these annotations are gold standard from corresponding UD treebanks) that are fully compliant with the standards of the Universal Dependencies project. All the datasets are stored in the CoNLL-U format, with coreference- and bridging- specific information captured by attribute-value pairs located in the MISC column. To learn more about the harmonized scheme, or about the diversity of the original resources, see https://ufal.mff.cuni.cz/corefud. The collection is divided into a public edition and a non-public (ÚFAL-internal) edition. The publicly available edition is distributed via LINDAT-CLARIAH-CZ and contains 21 datasets for 15 languages (1 dataset for Ancient Greek, 1 for Ancient Hebrew, 1 for Catalan, 2 for Czech, 3 for English, 1 for French, 2 for German, 2 for Hungarian, 1 for Lithuanian, 2 for Norwegian, 1 for Old Church Slavonic, 1 for Polish, 1 for Russian, 1 for Spanish, and 1 for Turkish), excluding the test data. The non-public edition is available internally to ÚFAL members and contains additional 4 datasets for 2 languages (1 dataset for Dutch, and 3 for English), which we are not allowed to distribute due to their original license limitations. It also contains the test data portions for all datasets. When using any of the harmonized datasets, please get acquainted with its license (placed in the same directory as the data) and cite the original data resource too. References to original resources whose harmonized versions are contained in the public edition of CorefUD 1.2: - Ancient_Greek-PROIEL: Haug, D. and Jøhndal, Marius L. (2008). Creating a Parallel Treebank of the Old Indo-European Bible Translations. In Proceedings of the Language Technology for Cultural Heritage Data Workshop, pages 27-34, Marrakech, Morocco. European Language Resources Association. - Ancient_Hebrew-PTNK: Swanson, D. and Tyers, F. (2022). A Universal Dependencies Treebank of Ancient Hebrew. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pages 2353-2361, Marseille, France. European Language Resources Association. - Catalan-AnCora: Recasens, M. and Martí, M. A. (2010). AnCora-CO: Coreferentially Annotated Corpora for Spanish and Catalan. Language Resources and Evaluation, 44(4):315–345 - Czech-PCEDT: Nedoluzhko, A., Novák, M., Cinková, S., Mikulová, M., and Mírovský, J. (2016). Coreference in Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC'16), pages 169–176, Portorož, Slovenia. European Language Resources Association. - Czech-PDT: Hajič, J., Bejček, E., Hlaváčová, J., Mikulová, M., Straka, M., Štěpánek, J., and Štěpánková, B. (2020). Prague Dependency Treebank - Consolidated 1.0. In Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2020), pages 5208–5218, Marseille, France. European Language Resources Association. - English-GUM: Zeldes, A. (2017). The GUM Corpus: Creating Multilayer Resources in the Classroom. Language Resources and Evaluation, 51(3):581–612. - English-LitBank: Bamman, D., Lewke, O., and Mansoor, A. (2020). An Annotated Dataset of Coreference in English Literature. In Proceedings of the Twelfth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pages 44–54, Marseille, France. European Language Resources Association. - English-ParCorFull: Lapshinova-Koltunski, E., Hardmeier, C., and Krielke, P. (2018). ParCorFull: a Parallel Corpus Annotated with Full Coreference. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018), Miyazaki, Japan. European Language Resources Association. - French-Democrat: Landragin, F. (2021). Le corpus Democrat et son exploitation. Présentation. Langages, 224, 11–24. - German-ParCorFull: Lapshinova-Koltunski, E., Hardmeier, C., and Krielke, P. (2018). ParCorFull: a Parallel Corpus Annotated with Full Coreference. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018), Miyazaki, Japan. European Language Resources Association - German-PotsdamCC: Bourgonje, P. and Stede, M. (2020). The Potsdam Commentary Corpus 2.2: Extending annotations for shallow discourse parsing. In Proceedings of the 12th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pages 1061–1066, Marseille, France. European Language Resources Association. - Hungarian-KorKor: Vadász, N. (2022). Building a Manually Annotated Hungarian Coreference Corpus: Workflow and Tools. In Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference, pages 38–47, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea. Association for Computational Linguistics. - Hungarian-SzegedKoref: Vincze, V., Hegedűs, K., Sliz-Nagy, A., and Farkas, R. (2018). SzegedKoref: A Hungarian Coreference Corpus. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018), Miyazaki, Japan. European Language Resources Association. - Lithuanian-LCC: Žitkus, V. and Butkienė, R. (2018). Coreference Annotation Scheme and Corpus for Lithuanian Language. In Fifth International Conference on Social Networks Analysis, Management and Security, SNAMS 2018, Valencia, Spain, October 15-18, 2018, pages 243–250. IEEE. - Norwegian-BokmaalNARC: Mæhlum, P., Haug, D., Jørgensen, T., Kåsen, A., Nøklestad, A., Rønningstad, E., Solberg, P. E., Velldal, E., and Øvrelid, L. (2022). NARC–Norwegian Anaphora Resolution Corpus. In Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference, pages 48–60, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea. Association for Computational Linguistics. - Norwegian-NynorskNARC: Mæhlum, P., Haug, D., Jørgensen, T., Kåsen, A., Nøklestad, A., Rønningstad, E., Solberg, P. E., Velldal, E., and Øvrelid, L. (2022). NARC–Norwegian Anaphora Resolution Corpus. In Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference, pages 48–60, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea. Association for Computational Linguistics. - Old_Church_Slavonic-PROIEL: Haug, D. and Jøhndal, Marius L. (2008). Creating a Parallel Treebank of the Old Indo-European Bible Translations. In Proceedings of the Language Technology for Cultural Heritage Data Workshop, pages 27-34, Marrakech, Morocco. European Language Resources Association. - Polish-PCC: Ogrodniczuk, M., Glowińska, K., Kopeć, M., Savary, A., and Zawisławska, M. (2013). Polish coreference corpus. In Human Language Technology. Challenges for Computer Science and Linguistics - 6th Language and Technology Conference, LTC 2013, Poznań, Poland, December 7-9, 2013. Revised Selected Papers, volume 9561 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 215–226. Springer. - Russian-RuCor: Toldova, S., Roytberg, A., Ladygina, A. A., Vasilyeva, M. D., Azerkovich, I. L., Kurzukov,M., Sim, G., Gorshkov, D. V., Ivanova, A., Nedoluzhko, A., and Grishina, Y. (2014). Evaluating Anaphora and Coreference Resolution for Russian. In Komp’juternaja lingvistika i intellektual’nye tehnologii. Po materialam ezhegodnoj Mezhdunarodnoj konferencii Dialog, pages 681–695. - Spanish-AnCora: Recasens, M. and Martí, M. A. (2010). AnCora-CO: Coreferentially Annotated Corpora for Spanish and Catalan. Language Resources and Evaluation, 44(4):315–345 - Turkish-ITCC Pamay, T., and Eryiğit, G. (2018). Turkish Coreference Resolution. 2018 Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications (INISTA), pages 1–7, Thessaloniki, Greece. IEEE References to original resources whose harmonized versions are contained in the ÚFAL-internal edition of CorefUD 1.2: - Dutch-COREA: Hendrickx, I., Bouma, G., Coppens, F., Daelemans, W., Hoste, V., Kloosterman, G., Mineur, A.-M., Van Der Vloet, J., and Verschelde, J.-L. (2008). A coreference corpus and resolution system for Dutch. In Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’08), Marrakech, Morocco. European Language Resources Association. - English-ARRAU: Uryupina, O., Artstein, R., Bristot, A., Cavicchio, F., Delogu, F., Rodriguez, K. J., and Poesio, M. (2020). Annotating a broad range of anaphoric phenomena, in a variety of genres: the ARRAU Corpus. Natural Language Engineering, 26(1):95–128. - English-OntoNotes: Weischedel, R., Hovy, E., Marcus, M., Palmer, M., Belvin, R., Pradhan, S., Ramshaw, L., and Xue, N. (2011). Ontonotes: A large training corpus for enhanced processing. In Handbook of Natural Language Processing and Machine Translation: DARPA Global Autonomous Language Exploitation, pages 54–63, New York. Springer-Verlag. - English-PCEDT: Nedoluzhko, A., Novák, M., Cinková, S., Mikulová, M., and Mírovský, J. (2016). Coreference in Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank. In Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC’16), pages 169–176, Portorož, Slovenia. European Language Resources Association.