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.mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 13c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h9c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-9z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-zoom-in .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M14.5 8.5c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5v3h-3c-.75 0-1.5.75-1.5 1.5S9.25 16 10 16h3v3c0 .75.75 1.5 1.5 1.5S16 19.75 16 19v-3h3c.75 0 1.5-.75 1.5-1.5S19.75 13 19 13h-3v-3c0-.75-.75-1.5-1.5-1.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}@media(-ms-high-contrast: active){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}}@media(-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-fullscreen .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M24 16v5.5c0 1.75-.75 2.5-2.5 2.5H16v-1l3-1.5-4-5.5 1-1 5.5 4 1.5-3h1zM6 16l1.5 3 5.5-4 1 1-4 5.5 3 1.5v1H7.5C5.75 24 5 23.25 5 21.5V16h1zm7-11v1l-3 1.5 4 5.5-1 1-5.5-4L6 13H5V7.5C5 5.75 5.75 5 7.5 5H13zm11 2.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H16v1l3 1.5-4 5.5 1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1V7.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-shrink .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M18.5 16c-1.75 0-2.5.75-2.5 2.5V24h1l1.5-3 5.5 4 1-1-4-5.5 3-1.5v-1h-5.5zM13 18.5c0-1.75-.75-2.5-2.5-2.5H5v1l3 1.5L4 24l1 1 5.5-4 1.5 3h1v-5.5zm3-8c0 1.75.75 2.5 2.5 2.5H24v-1l-3-1.5L25 5l-1-1-5.5 4L17 5h-1v5.5zM10.5 13c1.75 0 2.5-.75 2.5-2.5V5h-1l-1.5 3L5 4 4 5l4 5.5L5 12v1h5.5z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}@media(-ms-high-contrast: active){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23999'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}}@media(-ms-high-contrast: black-on-white){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-compass .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 29 29' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 14l4-8 4 8h-8z'/%3E%3Cpath d='M10.5 16l4 8 4-8h-8z' fill='%23ccc'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23333'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23aaa'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e54e33'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-waiting .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{-webkit-animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite;-moz-animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s infinite linear;-o-animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s infinite linear;-ms-animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s infinite linear;animation:mapboxgl-spin 2s linear infinite}@media(-ms-high-contrast: active){.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23fff'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate:disabled .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23999'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3Cpath d='M14 5l1 1-9 9-1-1 9-9z' fill='red'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-active-error .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%23e58978'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 0011 5.1V5s0-1-1-1zm0 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 110 7 3.5 3.5 0 110-7z'/%3E%3Ccircle cx='10' cy='10' r='2'/%3E%3C/svg%3E\")}.mapboxgl-ctrl button.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate.mapboxgl-ctrl-geolocate-background .mapboxgl-ctrl-icon{background-image:url(\"data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg width='29' height='29' viewBox='0 0 20 20' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' fill='%2333b5e5'%3E%3Cpath d='M10 4C9 4 9 5 9 5v.1A5 5 0 005.1 9H5s-1 0-1 1 1 1 1 1h.1A5 5 0 009 14.9v.1s0 1 1 1 1-1 1-1v-.1a5 5 0 003.9-3.9h.1s1 0 1-1-1-1-1-1h-.1A5 5 0 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human supervision (Credit: Nasa)\",\"synopsisShort\":\"Apollo 17's lander and Moon buggy on the surface (Credit: Nasa)\",\"templateUrl\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\\u002F$recipe\\u002Fp0fnn9lj.jpg\",\"title\":\"cernan_getty_1920.jpg\",\"creationDateTime\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"entity\":\"image\",\"guid\":\"\",\"id\":\"p0fnn9lj\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"project\":\"\",\"slug\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\\u002F$recipe\\u002Fp0fnn9lj.jpg\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398505},\"p0fnndvk\":{\"urn\":\"urn:external:nitro:image:p0fnndvk\",\"_id\":\"6463a8ea122e041b111019f8\",\"copyright\":\"Nasa\",\"fileSizeBytes\":0,\"mimeType\":\"image\\u002Fjpeg\",\"sourceHeight\":1280,\"sourceUrl\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\\u002Fp0\\u002Ffn\\u002Fnd\\u002Fp0fnndvk.jpg\",\"sourceWidth\":1024,\"synopsisLong\":\"\",\"synopsisMedium\":\"The 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(Credit: Nasa)\",\"synopsisShort\":\"Zarya module being lifted out of cargo hold (Credit: Nasa)\",\"templateUrl\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\\u002F$recipe\\u002Fp0fmzqcf.jpg\",\"title\":\"building-iss_nasa_1920.jpg\",\"creationDateTime\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"entity\":\"image\",\"guid\":\"\",\"id\":\"p0fmzqcf\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"project\":\"\",\"slug\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\\u002F$recipe\\u002Fp0fmzqcf.jpg\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398505},\"p0fmzqyc\":{\"urn\":\"urn:external:nitro:image:p0fmzqyc\",\"_id\":\"645e53e7122e041ca3317a69\",\"copyright\":\"Nasa\",\"fileSizeBytes\":0,\"mimeType\":\"image\\u002Fjpeg\",\"sourceHeight\":1080,\"sourceUrl\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\\u002Fp0\\u002Ffm\\u002Fzq\\u002Fp0fmzqyc.jpg\",\"sourceWidth\":1920,\"synopsisLong\":\"\",\"synopsisMedium\":\"The money that Nasa saves from not having to pay for the ISS each year can go into other projects such as the Artemis programme (Credit: Nasa)\",\"synopsisShort\":\"Artemis I on launchpad in 2023 (Credit: Nasa)\",\"templateUrl\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\\u002F$recipe\\u002Fp0fmzqyc.jpg\",\"title\":\"artemis-launchpad_nasa_1920.jpg\",\"creationDateTime\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"entity\":\"image\",\"guid\":\"\",\"id\":\"p0fmzqyc\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"project\":\"\",\"slug\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\\u002F$recipe\\u002Fp0fmzqyc.jpg\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398505},\"p0fmzryb\":{\"urn\":\"urn:external:nitro:image:p0fmzryb\",\"_id\":\"645e53e7122e041ca3317a66\",\"copyright\":\"Nasa\",\"fileSizeBytes\":0,\"mimeType\":\"image\\u002Fjpeg\",\"sourceHeight\":1080,\"sourceUrl\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\\u002Fp0\\u002Ffm\\u002Fzr\\u002Fp0fmzryb.jpg\",\"sourceWidth\":1920,\"synopsisLong\":\"\",\"synopsisMedium\":\"The ISS is the most expensive object humanity has ever produced \u2013 and few want to crash the entire thing into the ocean (Credit: Nasa)\",\"synopsisShort\":\"Artist's impression of ISS (Credit: Nasa)\",\"templateUrl\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\\u002F$recipe\\u002Fp0fmzryb.jpg\",\"title\":\"iss-impression_nasa_1920.jpg\",\"creationDateTime\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"entity\":\"image\",\"guid\":\"\",\"id\":\"p0fmzryb\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"project\":\"\",\"slug\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\\u002F$recipe\\u002Fp0fmzryb.jpg\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398505},\"p0fmznl6\":{\"urn\":\"urn:external:nitro:image:p0fmznl6\",\"_id\":\"645e53e7122e041ca3317a6a\",\"copyright\":\"Getty 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Images)\",\"templateUrl\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\\u002F$recipe\\u002Fp0fmznl6.jpg\",\"title\":\"future-space-station_getty_1920.jpg\",\"creationDateTime\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"entity\":\"image\",\"guid\":\"\",\"id\":\"p0fmznl6\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"project\":\"\",\"slug\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\\u002F$recipe\\u002Fp0fmznl6.jpg\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398505},\"p0dqpwd4\":{\"urn\":\"urn:external:nitro:image:p0dqpwd4\",\"_id\":\"63a2f669122e0407cc2d41c9\",\"copyright\":\"Alamy\",\"fileSizeBytes\":0,\"mimeType\":\"image\\u002Fjpeg\",\"sourceHeight\":1080,\"sourceUrl\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fs3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\\u002Flive-galileo-interface-mt-resources-imagebucket-1a92e5tj3b5d6\\u002Fp0\\u002Fdq\\u002Fpw\\u002Fp0dqpwd4.jpg\",\"sourceWidth\":1920,\"synopsisLong\":\"\",\"synopsisMedium\":\"\",\"synopsisShort\":\"Future Planet (Credit: Alamy)\",\"templateUrl\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\\u002F$recipe\\u002Fp0dqpwd4.jpg\",\"title\":\"Future Planet\",\"creationDateTime\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"entity\":\"image\",\"guid\":\"\",\"id\":\"p0dqpwd4\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"0001-01-01T00:00:00Z\",\"project\":\"\",\"slug\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fychef.files.bbci.co.uk\\u002F$recipe\\u002Fp0dqpwd4.jpg\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398505}},\"articles\":{\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-did-patriarchy-actually-begin\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-did-patriarchy-actually-begin\",\"_id\":\"64752eeb122e041ecf6a3ddb\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Fangela-saini\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"For centuries, people have held mistaken assumptions about the origins of male-dominated societies, writes Angela Saini.\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EIn 1930, when London Zoo announced its baboon enclosure would be closing down, the story made headlines.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor years, \\\"Monkey Hill\\\", as it was known, had been the scene of bloody violence and frequent fatalities. The US news magazine Time \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcontent.time.com\\u002Ftime\\u002Fsubscriber\\u002Farticle\\u002F0,33009,787679,00.html\\\"\\u003Ereported on the incident\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E that proved to be the final straw: \\\"George, a young member of the baboon colony, had stolen a female belonging to the 'king,' the oldest, largest baboon of Monkey Hill.\\\" After a tense siege, George ended up killing her.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMonkey Hill cast a long shadow over \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\\u002Fmagazine\\u002Farchive\\u002F2022\\u002F06\\u002Fape-gender-frans-de-waal-lucy-cooke\\u002F629637\\u002F\\\"\\u003Ehow animal experts imagined male domination\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Its murderous primates reinforced a popular myth at the time that humans were a naturally patriarchal species. For zoo visitors, it felt as though they might be peering into our evolutionary past, one in which naturally violent males had always victimised weaker females.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn truth, Monkey Hill wasn't normal. Its warped social environment was the product of too many male monkeys being placed with tragically too few females. Only decades later – with the discovery that one of our closest genetic primate relatives, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\\u002F2016\\u002F09\\u002F13\\u002Fscience\\u002Fbonobos-apes-matriarchy.html\\\"\\u003Ebonobo apes, are matriarchal\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E (despite the males of the species being bigger) – have biologists accepted that patriarchy in our own species probably can't be explained by nature alone.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-did-patriarchy-actually-begin-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fqb9zj\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-did-patriarchy-actually-begin-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EOver the past few years, I've been travelling the world to understand the origins of human patriarchy for my book The Patriarchs. I learned that, while there are many myths and misconceptions about how men came to have as much power as they do, the true history also offers insights into how we might finally achieve gender equality.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor starters, human ways of organising ourselves actually don't have many parallels in the animal kingdom. The word \\\"patriarchy\\\", meaning \\\"rule of the father\\\", reflects how male power has long been believed to start in the family with men as heads of their households, passing power from fathers to sons. But across the primate world, this is vanishingly rare. As anthropologist \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\\u002Fdoi\\u002Ffull\\u002F10.1098\\u002Frstb.2018.0074\\\"\\u003EMelissa Emery Thompson\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E at the University of New Mexico has observed, inter-generational family relationships in primates are consistently organised through mothers, not fathers.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAmong humans, patriarchy isn't universal either. Anthropologists have identified \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\\u002Fdoi\\u002Ffull\\u002F10.1098\\u002Frstb.2018.0077\\\"\\u003Eat least 160 existing matrilineal societies\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E across the Americas, Africa, and Asia, in which people are seen to belong to their mothers’ families over generations, with inheritance passing from mother to daughter. In some of these communities, goddesses are worshipped and people will stay in their maternal homes throughout their lives. Mosuo men in southwestern China, for instance, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002Farticle\\u002F20180612-chinas-kingdom-of-women\\\"\\u003Emight help raise their sisters' children\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E rather than their own.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOften in matrilineal communities, power and influence are shared between women and men. In matrilineal Asante communities in Ghana, leadership is divided \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Foxfordre.com\\u002Fafricanhistory\\u002Fdisplay\\u002F10.1093\\u002Facrefore\\u002F9780190277734.001.0001\\u002Facrefore-9780190277734-e-796;jsessionid=2C12C40CB087AF1EE8B2FAD14974FFB8?rskey=2V72Nh&result=54\\\"\\u003Ebetween the queen mother and a male chief\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, who she helps to select. In 1900, the Asante ruler Nana Yaa Asantewaa led her army in rebellion against British colonial rule.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EYou may also like:\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cul\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20210408-the-sexist-words-that-are-harmful-to-women\\\"\\u003EThe languages with built-in sexism\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20180531-how-womens-body-parts-have-been-named-after-men\\\"\\u003EThe case for renaming women's body parts\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Fcolumns\\u002Fhealth-gap\\\"\\u003EThe Health Gap series\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003C\\u002Ful\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe further we dive into prehistory, the more varied forms of social organisation we see. At the 9,000-year-old site of Çatalhöyük in southern Anatolia in modern-day Turkey, once described as the oldest city in the world for its size and complexity, almost all the archaeological data points to \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.scientificamerican.com\\u002Farticle\\u002Fwomen-and-men-at-atalhyk-2005-01\\u002F\\\"\\u003Ea settlement in which gender made little difference\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E to how people lived.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Most sites that archaeologists dig, you find that men and women, because they have different lives, they have different food and they end up with different diets,\\\" according to archaeologist Ian Hodder at Stanford University, who led the Çatalhöyük Research Project until 2018. \\\"But at Çatalhöyük you don’t see that at all.\\\" Analysis of human remains suggests that men and women had identical diets, spent around the same amount of time indoors and outdoors, and did similar kinds of work. Even the height difference between the sexes was slight.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWomen weren't invisible, either. Excavations of this and other sites dating to around the same time have unearthed an abundance of female figurines, now filling the cabinets of local archaeological museums. The most famous of these is the Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük, today behind glass at the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara. It depicts a woman sitting upright, her body deeply indented with age and glorious rolls of fat spilling out around her. Underneath her resting arms appear to be two big cats, possibly leopards, looking straight ahead as though she had tamed them.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-did-patriarchy-actually-begin-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fqbbf6\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"portrait\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-did-patriarchy-actually-begin-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EAs we know, the relatively gender-blind way of life at Çatalhöyük didn't continue forever. Over thousands of years, social hierarchies gradually crept into this broader region, which spans modern-day Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Thousands of years later, in cities like ancient Athens, entire cultures had developed around \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu\\u002Fhopper\\u002Ftext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0130%3Acard%3D585\\\"\\u003Emisogynistic myths that women were weak, not to be trusted, and best confined to the home.\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe big question is \\u003Cem\\u003Ewhy\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAnthropologists and philosophers have asked whether agriculture could have been the tipping point in the power balance between men and women. Agriculture needs a lot of physical strength. The dawn of farming was also when humans started to keep property such as cattle. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.weforum.org\\u002Fagenda\\u002F2018\\u002F10\\u002Fhow-the-agricultural-revolution-made-us-inequal\\\"\\u003EAs this theory goes\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, social elites emerged as some people built up more property than others, driving men to want to make sure their wealth would pass onto their legitimate children. So, they began to restrict women's sexual freedom.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe problem with this is that women have always done agricultural work. In ancient Greek and Roman literature, for example, there are depictions of women reaping corn and stories of young women working as shepherds. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.fao.org\\u002Fpublications\\u002Fcard\\u002Fen\\u002Fc\\u002FCB1583EN\\\"\\u003EUnited Nations data\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E shows that, even today, women comprise almost half the world’s agricultural workforce and are nearly half of the world’s small-scale livestock managers in low-income countries. Working-class women and enslaved women across the world have always done heavy manual labour.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMore importantly for the story of patriarchy, there was plant and animal domestication for a long time before the historical record shows obvious evidence of oppression based on gender. \\\"The old idea that as soon as you get farming, you get property, and therefore you get control of women as property,\\\" explains Hodder, \\\"is wrong, clearly wrong.\\\" The timelines don’t match up.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-did-patriarchy-actually-begin-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fqbbwb\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"square\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-did-patriarchy-actually-begin-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe first clear signs of women being treated categorically differently from men appear much later, in the first states in ancient Mesopotamia, the historical region around the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq, Syria and Turkey. Around 5,000 years ago, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.metmuseum.org\\u002Ftoah\\u002Fhd\\u002Fwrtg\\u002Fhd_wrtg.htm\\\"\\u003Eadministrative tablets from the Sumerian city of Uruk\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in southern Mesopotamia show those in charge taking great pains to draw up detailed lists of population and resources.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Person power is the key to power in general,\\\" explains political scientist and anthropologist James Scott at Yale University, whose research has focused on early agrarian states. The elites in these early societies needed people to be available to produce a surplus of resources for them, and to be available to defend the state – even to give up their lives, if needed, in times of war. Maintaining population levels put an inevitable pressure on families. Over time, young women were expected to focus on having more and more babies, especially sons who would grow up to fight.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe most important thing for the state was that everybody played their part according to how they had been categorised: male or female. Individual talents, needs, or desires didn't matter. A young man who didn't want to go to war might be mocked as a failure; a young woman who didn't want to have children or wasn't motherly could be condemned as unnatural.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\\u002F1986\\u002F04\\u002F20\\u002Fbooks\\u002Fwhen-no-one-wore-pants.html\\\"\\u003EAs documented by the American historian Gerda Lerner\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, written records from that time show women gradually disappearing from the public world of work and leadership, and being pushed into the domestic shadows to focus on motherhood and domestic labour. This combined with the practice of patrilocal marriage, in which daughters are expected to leave their childhood homes to live with their husbands’ families, marginalised women and made them vulnerable to exploitation and abuse in their own homes. Over time, marriage turned into a rigid legal institution that treated women as property of their husbands, as were children and slaves.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-did-patriarchy-actually-begin-6\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fqbc6j\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-did-patriarchy-actually-begin-7\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003ERather than beginning in the family, then, history points instead to patriarchy beginning with those in power in the first states. Demands from the top filtered down into the family, forcing ruptures in the most basic human relationships, even those between parents and their children. It sowed distrust between those whom people might otherwise turn to for love and support. No longer were people living for themselves and those closest to them. Now, they were living in the interests of the patriarchal state.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EA preference for sons is still a feature of traditionally patriarchal countries today, including India and China, where the bias has led to such high rates of female foeticide that sex ratios are grossly skewed. The 2011 Indian Census showed it had 111 boys for every 100 girls, although data suggests \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fnews\\u002Fworld-asia-india-62647276\\\"\\u003Ethese figures are improving\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E as social norms change in favour of daughters.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EExploitation of women within patriarchal marriages continues. Forced marriage, the most extreme version of this, was \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.ilo.org\\u002Fglobal\\u002Fpublications\\u002Fbooks\\u002FWCMS_575479\\u002Flang--en\\u002Findex.htm\\\"\\u003Edesignated a form of modern-day slavery\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E by the International Labour Organization in its statistics for the first time in 2017. The most recent estimates, from 2021, indicate that \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.ilo.org\\u002Fwcmsp5\\u002Fgroups\\u002Fpublic\\u002F@ed_norm\\u002F@ipec\\u002Fdocuments\\u002Fpublication\\u002Fwcms_854795.pdf\\\"\\u003E22 million people globally live in forced marriages\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe lasting psychological damage of the patriarchal state was to make its gendered order appear normal, even natural, in the same way that class and racial oppression have historically been framed as natural by those in power. Those social norms became today's gender stereotypes, including the idea that women are universally caring and nurturing and that men are all naturally violent and suited to war. By deliberately confining people to narrow gender roles, patriarchy disadvantaged not just women, but also many men. Its intention was only ever to serve those at the very top: society's elites.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ELike Monkey Hill at London Zoo in the 1920s, then, this is a warped system, one that has fostered distrust and abuse. Movements for gender equality across the world are symptoms of the social tension humans have been living with in patriarchal societies for centuries. As the political theorist Anne Philips \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.google.co.uk\\u002Fbooks\\u002Fedition\\u002FUnconditional_Equals\\u002FLvckEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0\\\"\\u003Ehas written\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, \\\"Anyone, given half a chance, will prefer equality and justice to inequality and injustice.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAs daunting as the struggle against patriarchy may feel at times, though, there is nothing in our nature that says we can't live differently. A society made by humans can also be remade by humans. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E*Angela Saini is a science journalist and author of four books. This essay is based on her latest, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com\\u002Fbooks\\u002F717453\\u002Fthe-patriarchs-by-angela-saini\\u002F\\\"\\u003EThe Patriarchs: How Men Came to Rule\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, which was recently shortlisted for the Orwell Prize.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-did-patriarchy-actually-begin-8\"}],\"collection\":null,\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-05-30T00:00:26Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"How did patriarchy actually begin?\",\"headlineShort\":\"The big myth about patriarchy\",\"image\":[\"p0fqb6yq\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"\",\"isSyndicated\":true,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"For centuries, people have held mistaken assumptions about the origins of male-dominated societies, writes Angela Saini.\",\"summaryShort\":\"How male-controlled societies actually began\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Fhistory\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-05-29T23:01:46.551756Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"da07c521-cf97-4882-967d-4c34e659a12d\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-did-patriarchy-actually-begin\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-05-30T09:01:07.719476Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-did-patriarchy-actually-begin\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398491},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-felt-presence-why-we-sometimes-feel-invisible-others\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-felt-presence-why-we-sometimes-feel-invisible-others\",\"_id\":\"6473dd6c122e041ca3317bd1\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Fclaudia-hammond\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"In times of high stress or effort, people sometimes feel the presence of others \u2013 an effect which isn't an hallucination. But what exactly is it?\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EIt was 2015 and Luke Robertson was skiing across Antarctica alone. There was nothing to see but vast expanses of snow and ice. Two weeks into a planned 40-day unsupported journey to the South Pole, he was behind schedule, feeling exhausted and demoralised. Then he looked up and to his left he saw… green fields. And not just any green fields, but the fields of his family's farm in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. There too were the house and garden he grew up in. It was a sight that was both scary and comforting.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWhen I talked to Robertson on \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fsounds\\u002Fplay\\u002Fm001l98d\\\"\\u003EAll in the Mind on BBC radio\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E he told me it was weird . But things were to get weirder still. His charging equipment wasn't working so he couldn't listen to the music he had with him. The only sound accompanying him was the squeak of his skis on the ice and the howling of the Antarctic wind. But for some reason the theme tune of The Flintstones was playing constantly in his head. Nothing so strange about that perhaps – we all experience this sensation of tunes that become \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20120411-why-do-songs-stick-in-our-heads\\\"\\u003Eear worms\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E – but then he saw characters from the cartoon series ahead of him, on the horizon.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAs the days went by his experiences became stranger. He heard someone shouting his name and became convinced someone was behind him, following in his footsteps. Yet, every time he turned around to check, there was no one there.  Even so, he couldn't shake of this feeling of another presence – one that remained with him until he reached the South Pole.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EYou might also like to read:\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cul\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230425-can-lucid-dreaming-be-harmful\\\"\\u003ECan lucid dreaming be bad for you?\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20221205-the-upsides-of-feeling-small\\\"\\u003EWhy feeling insignificant be good for you\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20221005-how-to-hallucinate-without-drugs-and-learn-about-your-brain\\\"\\u003EHow to hallucinate without drugs\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003C\\u002Ful\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWhen he sat down on his sledge, weak with exhaustion, and closed his eyes for a second, he heard a second voice – female this time – urging him to get up, and not to fall asleep, which could be dangerous. He felt her leading him onwards. The voice might even have saved his life. But again, no one was there.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOther explorers and adventurers have reported feeling similar presences, notably Ernest Shackleton, who had a sense of a \\\"fourth man\\\" accompanying his three-man party on the final stage of their \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\\u002Fbooks?id=Y8gdPfhon1oC&q=that+we+were+four,+not+three&pg=PA204&redir_esc=y\\\"\\u003Eepic trek across South Georgia in 1916.\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E Everest mountaineers have also experienced these phantoms acting as guardian angels, helping them to survive and providing an eerie comfort. Sometimes it's referred to as the \\\"\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fthirdmanfactor.igloocommunities.com\\u002F\\\"\\u003Ethird man factor\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-felt-presence-why-we-sometimes-feel-invisible-others-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fqlmjv\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"Luke Robertson Antarctica selfie (Credit: Luke Robertson)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-felt-presence-why-we-sometimes-feel-invisible-others-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EIn psychology, this experience is known as a \\\"felt presence\\\". Ben Alderson-Day, an associate professor of psychology at Durham University in the UK, is the author of a new book called Presence: The Strange Science and True Stories of the Unseen Other. He has found that these experiences are \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\\u002Fcore\\u002Fjournals\\u002Fpsychological-medicine\\u002Farticle\\u002Fvarieties-of-felt-presence-three-surveys-of-presence-phenomena-and-their-relations-to-psychopathology\\u002FC7DD60644076559D5685D51226693E5D\\\"\\u003Enot limited to people in extreme situations\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. You may well have had the sense yourself at some point that someone is right there in the room with you, even though you can't see them. It's not uncommon after a bereavement or in people who have psychosis. As many as a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\\u002Farticles\\u002F10.3389\\u002Ffneur.2015.00263\\u002Ffull\\\"\\u003Equarter of those with Parkinson's\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E report experiencing it. It can also happen when you're on the cusp of waking or falling asleep.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor some the experience can occur as \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fabs\\u002Fpii\\u002FS1053810007000062\\\"\\u003Epart of sleep paralysis\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, where you \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230420-the-nightmares-that-paralyse-you-in-your-sleep\\\"\\u003Ewake up, but can't move\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. People can have the strong sense that someone is in the room with them, or even sitting on their chest, pinning them down. Alderson-Day has found that half the time these experiences involving sleep paralysis involve a very frightening presence.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-felt-presence-why-we-sometimes-feel-invisible-others-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"In his search for explanations, Alderson-Day turns to a combination of the physical and the psychological\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-felt-presence-why-we-sometimes-feel-invisible-others-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EA felt presence feels as though it's there with you in your personal space. It's hard to pin down exactly what a felt presence consists of. It's not experienced via the five physical senses of touch, sight, hearing, smell or taste, so it's not an hallucination. Objectively, in reality, there is nothing \\u003Cem\\u003Ethere\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E at all. Yet they're not quite delusions either, which involve thoughts. Nor is it the same as imagining someone is there. People sometimes talk of something as nebulous as \\\"a thickness in the air\\\". It's almost like a sixth sense, which feels very real at the time. As Alderson-Day puts it: \\\"It's too empty to be a hallucination, but too tangible to be a delusion.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn his search for explanations, Alderson-Day turns to a combination of the physical and the psychological. With mountaineers and explorers, a lack of oxygen to the brain may play a part, something which is also \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002Ffull\\u002F10.1080\\u002F1751696X.2021.1903177\\\"\\u003Eknown to induce hallucinations\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. But there's also the survival aspect. Is the mind somehow conjuring up a presence that helps us through?\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-felt-presence-why-we-sometimes-feel-invisible-others-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fqllxm\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"Silhouette of mysterious figure in tunnel (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-felt-presence-why-we-sometimes-feel-invisible-others-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003ERobertson's own explanation is that his brain was creating what he needed most to help him through the arduous journey, sometimes painting comforting pictures of home to help him cope with the bleakness and loneliness he was experiencing. At other times, evoking the voices that he needed to encourage him to plough on.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ESome people are more prone to experiencing a felt presence than others. In some of their research, Alderson-Day and his team found that women were more likely to report presences, and were \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\\u002Fcore\\u002Fjournals\\u002Fpsychological-medicine\\u002Farticle\\u002Fvarieties-of-felt-presence-three-surveys-of-presence-phenomena-and-their-relations-to-psychopathology\\u002FC7DD60644076559D5685D51226693E5D\\\"\\u003Emore likely to find them distressing or intrusive\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Felt presence is also more common in younger people. In a laboratory in Geneva researchers have devised a robot which, through a complex procedure, can trick your brain into making you sense that \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cell.com\\u002Fcurrent-biology\\u002Ffulltext\\u002FS0960-9822(14)01212-3\\\"\\u003Esomeone is behind you\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. People with Parkinson's are \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fmovementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1002\\u002Fmdc3.13684\\\"\\u003Eparticularly susceptible to the experience\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-felt-presence-why-we-sometimes-feel-invisible-others-6\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"Just as we see patterns such as faces in clouds, we might spot a person when there isn't one\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-felt-presence-why-we-sometimes-feel-invisible-others-7\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EAn unusual pattern of \\u003Ca href=\\\"ttps:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nature.com\\u002Farticles\\u002F443287a\\\"\\u003Ebrain activity\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E has been found in a network including the temporoparietal junction, the insula and the frontoparietal cortex, areas associated with integrating the senses and also with the sense of where you own body is. The range of situations where a felt presence can occur has led Alderson-Day to hypothesise that the cause is a loss of the sense of the boundaries of our body.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWhen something is amiss, due to extreme physical stress on the body, as with Robertson, or psychosis or Parkinson's, the information we have from our senses can lead to the peculiar sensation that someone is with us, even though we can't see, touch or hear them. But expectation also seems to play a part. There is a second theory related to what's known as \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fpii\\u002FS0896627318308572\\\"\\u003Epredictive processing\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, the idea that the brain fills in the gap when something doesn't quite make sense. So just as we see patterns such as faces in clouds, we might spot a person when there isn't one. As Alderson-Day puts it, the brain is \\\"taking an informed guess at what's out there\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-felt-presence-why-we-sometimes-feel-invisible-others-8\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fqln8y\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"Luke Robertson posing in front of planbe on snow (Pic: Provided by Luke Robertson)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-felt-presence-why-we-sometimes-feel-invisible-others-9\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe way we experience a felt presence can depend on our personal feelings and beliefs. It might feel comforting, as it was for Robertson, or malign or religious perhaps, depending on how you interpret the experience – a guardian angel maybe or a ghost or a visitor or your brain trying to help you.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAlderson-Day believes both the body and the mind need to be studied if this common experience is ever to be truly understood.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn the meantime, beginning to talk about the experiences might make them feel less alarming for some. While people with psychosis are asked by clinicians about any voices they might hear, it's much rarer for them to be asked about felt presence. Alderson-Day believes these sensations are worth exploring. Then strategies for dealing them could be shared. Or just knowing you're not alone might be helpful.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ERobertson made it to the South Pole in the end, although when he first saw the research station he thought he was imagining it, when in fact he had reached his destination. He would also like more discussion of these experiences to allow explorers like him to understand what's happening to them and to help them focus on the task at hand, in order that the unseen visitor can help rather than hinder. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-felt-presence-why-we-sometimes-feel-invisible-others-10\"}],\"collection\":[\"future\\u002Fcolumn\\u002Fmedical-myths\"],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-05-29T12:02:01Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"'Felt presence': Why we sometimes feel invisible others\",\"headlineShort\":\"Why we sometimes sense invisible others\",\"image\":[\"p0fqllhx\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"\",\"isSyndicated\":true,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"In times of high stress or effort, people sometimes feel the presence of others \u2013 an effect which isn't an hallucination. But what exactly is it?\",\"summaryShort\":\"The strong feeling of another presence\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Fpsychology\",\"tag\\u002Fhealth\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-05-28T23:01:46.721591Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"4632ea53-6f89-4dc7-975c-ff9f81405201\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-felt-presence-why-we-sometimes-feel-invisible-others\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-05-30T08:46:21.454483Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-felt-presence-why-we-sometimes-feel-invisible-others\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398491},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230511-whats-the-best-language-for-learning-maths\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230511-whats-the-best-language-for-learning-maths\",\"_id\":\"646fe8c2122e041b1477a35f\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Fdavid-robson\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"Language can influence how quickly kids learn to count \u2013 but does it make a difference in the long run?\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EIs 2\\u002F3 bigger than 3\\u002F5?\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHow quickly and confidently you can answer this question may depend on your age, education – and possibly, on your native language.*\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAccording to a growing body of research, the words that different languages use for numbers can affect how easily we learn to count and understand basic concepts such as fractions.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor children taking their first steps into the world of mathematics, this can mean that some are presented with additional challenges based on the language they speak, while others are offered a head start.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThey may for example find it more or less difficult to answer seemingly simple questions like \\\"Which number is bigger – 17 or 70?\\\" or \\\"How many quarters in a half?\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWhile the effect is subtle, exploring it can help us understand the deeper factors that shape our maths ability – and perhaps, allow the many \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\\u002F2227-7102\\u002F12\\u002F6\\u002F370\\\"\\u003Echildren and adults who struggle with maths\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E to see their problem in a new light.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230511-whats-the-best-language-for-learning-maths-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fpy261\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"A schoolgirl in Germany does her maths homework (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230511-whats-the-best-language-for-learning-maths-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EIs counting easier in Chinese?\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ELet's first consider the difficulties that a child may face with counting. In English, there is no systematic rule for the naming of numbers. After ten, we have \\\"eleven\\\" and \\\"twelve\\\" and then the teens: \\\"thirteen\\\", \\\"fourteen\\\", \\\"fifteen\\\" and so on. If you didn't know the word for \\\"eleven\\\", you would be unable to just guess it – you might come up with something like \\\"one-teen\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EEven more confusingly, some English words \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ffiles.eric.ed.gov\\u002Ffulltext\\u002FED572391.pdf\\\"\\u003Einvert the numbers\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E they refer to: the word \\\"fourteen\\\" puts the four first, even though it appears last in the number 14 (we'll look at the impact of such inversions later).  \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor multiples of 10, English speakers switch to a different pattern: \\\"twenty\\\", \\\"thirty\\\", \\\"forty\\\" and so on. It can take children a while to learn all these words, and understand that \\\"thirteen\\\" is different from \\\"thirty\\\", for example. In the meantime, they may unconsciously try to make the pattern more regular, by slotting words like \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ffiles.eric.ed.gov\\u002Ffulltext\\u002FED572391.pdf\\\"\\u003E\\\"five-teen\\\" or \\\"twenty-ten\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E into their counting sequence.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOther languages have even more intricacies. In French, for example, numbers are named somewhat consistently up to 60, after which the system changes to a so-called vigesimal structure, meaning, it is \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fbpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002Fabs\\u002F10.1111\\u002Fbjdp.12151\\\"\\u003Ebased on multiples of 20\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. The French word for 71 is \\u003Cem\\u003Esoixante-et-onze \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E(sixty-and-eleven), for example, and 99 is \\u003Cem\\u003Equatre-vingt-dix-neuf\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E (four-twenty-nineteen).\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EEven native French-speaking children seem to wrestle with this system: in one study, they \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fbpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002Fabs\\u002F10.1111\\u002Fbjdp.12151\\\"\\u003Eperformed worse in transcoding numbers over 60\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E compared with English-speaking children. Transcoding means correctly converting words into numbers and vice versa, for example, reading out 71 as seventy-one, or indeed, \\u003Cem\\u003Esoixante-et-onze\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230511-whats-the-best-language-for-learning-maths-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fpy1lq\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"A primary school child in Wales writes down maths excercises (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230511-whats-the-best-language-for-learning-maths-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"Chinese children were about a year ahead of American children in their capacity to count to higher numbers\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230511-whats-the-best-language-for-learning-maths-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EIn Chinese, the number words lack these irregularities. Once you know the words for one through 10, you can easily infer all the others.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor example, the word for one is \\u003Cem\\u003Eyi\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E, two is \\u003Cem\\u003Eer\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E, and ten is \\u003Cem\\u003Eshi\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E. Eleven is \\u003Cem\\u003Eshi yi\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E (ten-one), twelve is \\u003Cem\\u003Eshi er\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E (ten-two) etc. Twenty is \\u003Cem\\u003Eer shi\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E (two-ten), twenty-one is \\u003Cem\\u003Eer shi yi\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E (two-ten-one). This consistent characteristic is known as linguistic transparency by psychologists, and it was long thought to aid children's first steps to basic numeracy. (BBC Future has reported on a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230302-can-dyslexia-change-in-other-languages\\\"\\u003Esimilar effect in writing\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.)\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn the mid-1990s, Kevin Miller at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champagne and colleagues \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1111\\u002Fj.1467-9280.1995.tb00305.x\\\"\\u003Eput the idea to the test\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E by comparing the numerical abilities of four- and five-year-olds in the US and mainland China. They found that the children from both countries were equally able to count up to 12, but the Chinese children were about a year ahead of the Americans in their capacity to count to higher numbers.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFurther \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Flibrary.oapen.org\\u002Fbitstream\\u002Fhandle\\u002F20.500.12657\\u002F50212\\u002F9783110661941.pdf?sequence=1#page=82\\\"\\u003Estudies\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E suggested that Chinese children find it easier to grasp the basic logic of our \\\"base-10\\\" counting system. Put simply, this is the fact that we use multiples of tens and units to represent numbers and that the order of the digits tells us which is which. In Chinese, this is more obvious: \\u003Cem\\u003Eer shi\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E, \\\"two-ten\\\" is easily understood as 2 x 10 = 20. The English word \\\"twenty\\\" doesn't spell this out so clearly.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ETo investigate whether this makes a difference to children's understanding, six-year-olds of various nationalities were given one set of blocks to represent tens and another set to represent units. Their task was to use the blocks to illustrate different quantities. Children in China and other East Asian countries with greater linguistic transparency were more likely to represent larger numbers using a combination of both sets of blocks, while those who spoke English, Swedish or French were more likely to count out the larger numbers in individual units.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230511-whats-the-best-language-for-learning-maths-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Video\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"videoUrn\":[\"p09sflpk\"],\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230511-whats-the-best-language-for-learning-maths-6\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EAs intriguing as these studies are, they couldn't rule out the potential influence of the different education systems in the different countries – it's possible that maths is just taught more effectively in some countries than others.  However, a clever test of Welsh speakers in the UK managed to rule out this confounding factor.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ELike their Chinese equivalents, Welsh number words have greater linguistic transparency. The Welsh words for one, two and 10 are \\\"\\u003Cem\\u003Eun\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\\", \\\"\\u003Cem\\u003Edau\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\\" and \\\"\\u003Cem\\u003Edeg\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\\". Eleven in Welsh is \\\"\\u003Cem\\u003Eun deg un\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\\" (one ten one), twelve is \\\"\\u003Cem\\u003Eun deg dau\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\\" (one ten two), and twenty-two is \\\"\\u003Cem\\u003Edau ddeg dau\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\\" (two tens two). Crucially, children in Welsh-speaking schools follow the same curriculum as those in the English-speaking schools.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWhen Ann Dowker, a lecturer in psychology at the University of Oxford, learnt about Welsh's linguistic transparency, she saw it provided the perfect opportunity to study the effects of the language's counting system on children's mathematical ability, without educational differences potentially muddying the results.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EDowker's findings were nuanced. She found, for instance, that six-year-olds who spoke Welsh at home and school made \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002Fabs\\u002F10.1080\\u002F09515080802285511\\\"\\u003Efewer errors when reading aloud pairs of two-digit numbers\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. They were also better able to point out which was the bigger of the two, compared to those who spoke English. \\\"There was a significant advantage,\\\" she says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHowever, these benefits didn't seem to translate to advantages in other measures of general mathematical ability. For this reason, Dowker concludes that the effects of language on numerical ability are subtle and specific rather than large and \\\"pervasive\\\". She certainly doesn't believe that linguistic transparence, alone, could explain why East Asian countries tend to be placed higher in \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.oecd.org\\u002Fpisa\\u002F\\\"\\u003Eeducational league tables\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ECross-country comparisons within Europe support this position. Consider German, which shares many of the irregularities seen in English, including the inversion of certain numbers. Forty-five, for example is \\u003Cem\\u003Efünfundvierzig\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E in German (five-and-forty). Some \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fpii\\u002FS0885201420301210\\\"\\u003Estudies\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E suggest that inversion confuses German children as they learn to write numbers as digits. (Hearing \\u003Cem\\u003Efünfundvierzig \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003Ethey might write 54, for example.) But that doesn't seem to hold them back for long. \\\"Germany does rather well in international comparisons,\\\" says Dowker.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230511-whats-the-best-language-for-learning-maths-7\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fpy3js\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"Visitors take pictures of an art installation of colourful numbers (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230511-whats-the-best-language-for-learning-maths-8\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EFractious fractions \\u003Cbr \\u002F\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EEven if the influence of language does not extend to the whole of mathematics, emerging evidence suggests it might extend to a handful of skills beyond counting. So far, there is some evidence that language may affect how quickly children \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bps.org.uk\\u002Fresearch-digest\\u002Fhow-us-kids-problems-fractions-reveal-fascinating-link-between-language-and-maths\\\"\\u003Elearn to use fractions\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. \\\"When thinking about fractions, we have to look at the big part first and then see how much of that is in the numerator,\\\" explains Jimin Park at the University of Minnesota, whose PhD thesis concerns the linguistic representation of fractions.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn Korean, this relationship is explicitly spelled out. The term for 1\\u002F3 is \\u003Cem\\u003Esam bun ui il\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E, which translates as \\\"of three parts, one\\\", and 3\\u002F7 is \\u003Cem\\u003Echil bun-ul sam\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E, which translates as \\\"of seven parts, three\\\" – where the English terms \\\"one third\\\" or \\\"three sevenths\\\" do not make this so immediately obvious. And this seems to give \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fabs\\u002Fpii\\u002FS0022096599925195?via%3Dihub\\\"\\u003Eyoung Korean children\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E a slight advantage in matching named fractions to diagrams illustrating the quantity, before they have even been taught formal lessons in the idea. \\\"When they have to verbally understand fractions, the Korean children definitely benefit,\\\" says Park. Intriguingly, when English children are taught to describe fractions with the Korean style of phrasing, it does seem to improve their intuitive understanding of the quantities.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ENeither Park nor Dowker would suggest widespread revisions of how we name numbers, but the simple awareness of these linguistic quirks and obstacles may help teachers to give children the right support.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIf nothing else, this research can help to remind us adults of the first steps of our intellectual journey, and take pride in having mastered something as unexpectedly complex as counting. Perhaps it will encourage those of us who feel we are simply bad at maths, to give it another try.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E*Answer: 2\\u002F3 is bigger than 3\\u002F5\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EDavid Robson is a science writer and author of \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdavidrobson.me\\u002Fthe-expectation-effect\\u002F\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EThe Expectation Effect: How Your Mindset Can Transform Your Life\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, published by Canongate (UK) and Henry Holt (USA) in early 2022. He is \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.twitter.com\\u002Fd_a_robson\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E@d_a_robson\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E on Twitter.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230511-whats-the-best-language-for-learning-maths-9\"}],\"collection\":[\"future\\u002Fcolumn\\u002Fletstalk\"],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-05-26T00:01:00Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"The languages that make maths easier\",\"headlineShort\":\"The languages that make maths easier\",\"image\":[\"p0fpy450\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"A primary school child uses coloured cubes to study maths in a school in the UK (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"isSyndicated\":true,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"Language can influence how quickly kids learn to count \u2013 but does it make a difference in the long run?\",\"summaryShort\":\"Some languages may offer kids a headstart with numbers\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Flanguage\",\"tag\\u002Fmathematics\",\"tag\\u002Feducation\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-05-25T23:01:05.408413Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"49d317ef-ed9b-4086-96d0-08fdfdf95704\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230511-whats-the-best-language-for-learning-maths\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-05-26T20:13:01.214927Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230511-whats-the-best-language-for-learning-maths\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398493},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-how-rhythm-shapes-our-lives\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-how-rhythm-shapes-our-lives\",\"_id\":\"64713a6b122e041ea72a7f40\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Fnina-kraus\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"Rhythm plays an important role in how we perceive and connect with the world around us, even playing a role in our social lives and health.\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp class=\\\"has-drop-cap\\\"\\u003EMy husband reads to me every night before we go to sleep. We deliberately choose books that are familiar – oft-read children's classics make frequent appearances – so I do not worry about missing something important when I drift off. I have noticed that after some time – it can be as little as a few minutes if I am especially tired – the meanings of the words are gradually eclipsed by the sounds. I begin to hear sounds and rhythms instead of words and story. The waxing and waning of the accents and stress patterns become a calming, lulling, treasured experience that soothes and resets me after a long day.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWhy do we care about rhythm? It connects us to the world. It plays a role in listening, in language, in understanding speech in noisy places, in walking, and even in our feelings toward one another.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ERhythm is much more than a component of music. We experience the rhythmic changes of the seasons. Some of us have menstrual cycles. We have circadian rhythms – daily cycles of mental and physical peaks and troughs. Frogs croak rhythmically to attract mates and change their rhythm to signal aggression. Tides, 17-year cicadas, lunar phases, perigees, and apogees are other naturally occurring rhythms. Human-made rhythms include the built world – street grids, traffic lights, crop fields, mowed designs in baseball diamond outfields, the backsplash behind the kitchen counter, spatial patterns in geometric visual artforms.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-how-rhythm-shapes-our-lives-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"Rhythms in the brain have been called out as a basis for consciousness itself\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-how-rhythm-shapes-our-lives-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EMusic and rhythm are rooted in every known culture. What parent does not use rhythmic rocking to soothe a crying baby? The repetitive sounds and silences that comprise rhythmic patterns make dancing possible, aid in the memory and reproduction of music, and facilitate group singing, playing, or drumming. Rhythm has been used for millennia to tie societal members together – the chants of a religious order or the cadence calls of military ranks are just two examples. Poetic works thousands of years ago, such as those of Homer, were \\u003Cspan\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.hup.harvard.edu\\u002Fcatalog.php?isbn=9780674975736\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Echanted or sung\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fspan\\u003E with rhythm serving a mnemonic function. Repetitive or complex work engenders rhythmic accompaniment, in some cases to break the monotony, in others to actually help you perform the work better.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWorkers performing hard labour such as rock breaking chant to keep their sledgehammers \\u003Cspan\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.dukeupress.edu\\u002Fwork-songs\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Eswinging in rhythm\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fspan\\u003E. Postal workers in Ghana hand-cancel stamps with a \\u003Cspan\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.youtube.com\\u002Fwatch?v=c3fctmixsKE\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Edistinct rhythm\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fspan\\u003E. Rug weavers in Iran use \\u003Cspan\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.youtube.com\\u002Fwatch?v=5iS1GixOCL4\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Echants with a complex musical structure\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fspan\\u003E to communicate weaving patterns to their co-weavers. All musical systems and styles have organisational rhythmic motifs. Indeed, the very universality of rhythm is a strong argument for the \\u003Cspan\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002Fabs\\u002F10.1177\\u002F0305735611425896\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Eexistence of biological processes governing the perception and production of rhythm\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fspan\\u003E. Rhythms in the brain have been \\u003Cspan\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.penguinrandomhouse.com\\u002Fbooks\\u002F308282\\u002Fconsciousness-and-the-brain-by-stanislas-dehaene\\u002F\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Ecalled out\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fspan\\u003E as a basis for consciousness itself.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ELanguage probably does not immediately come to mind when we think of rhythm. You might have had a high school literature class where you learned about prosodic feet – iambs, trochees, and anapests. But outside the context of poetry, we rarely think about speech having a particular rhythm. After all, we are likely to say \\\"Oy Bill – you ready yet?\\\". Not, \\\"Hey there Bill,\\u002Fdo you think\\u002Fit is now\\u002Ftime to go?\\\" so that it conforms to dactylic tetrameter. What about rhythm and reading? Here, too, we are unlikely to associate rhythm to reading unless we are reading poetry.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn fact, rhythm is a necessary ingredient of linguistic communication itself.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ERhythm can be viewed through the lens of shorter and longer time scales. Speech has phoneme, syllable-, word-, and sentence-length rhythmic units, each unfolding at their own rate. We understand that speech comes in different sized units – the sound an individual letter makes, the phoneme, at one extreme, and the slowly rising and falling loudness and pitch contours that unfold over the course of a sentence or group of thoughts on the other. This latter one is the night time reading rhythm I fall asleep to. These entwined elements of speech constitute rhythms that must be sorted by our sound minds. We can try to focus on the slow parts of speech (say, the fluctuating pitch of the voice) and ignore the fast (the vowel and consonant sounds that convey the meaning of the words) or vice versa. But this is usually not possible and rarely desirable.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThis temporal hierarchy is at work in music too. Music is a mix of slow phrases, steady beats, sustained notes, rapidly changing notes, trills, and drum crashes. Entwined temporal structures are in environmental sounds as well – when walking through the woods, we simultaneously hear slow footsteps, the unfolding crunch of leaves underfoot, and the rapid snap of a twig.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMuch as sound units come in different lengths, brain rhythms come in different speeds. Subcortical structures are equipped for microsecond timing while the cortex is better suited to integrating sounds over a longer time scale.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBrain rhythms can be measured both when at rest and when performing an activity. When listening to speech, there are fast brain rhythms that entrain to the fast phonemes, the near instantaneous consonant sounds. Middle-range rhythms in the brain track the rate of syllables. Slower brain rhythms correspond to the slow oscillations of phrases and sentences. Similar nested brain patterns are active when listening to music.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-how-rhythm-shapes-our-lives-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Video\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"videoUrn\":[\"p0d6k19w\"],\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-how-rhythm-shapes-our-lives-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EImagine a metronome ticking at about 144 beats per minute (bpm). Popular songs in this range include Blondie's \\\"Call Me\\\", the Beatles' \\\"Back in the USSR\\\", and the Rolling Stones' \\\"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\\\". It's a fast, \\u003Cem\\u003Eallegro\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E rate. Measured another way, these songs have about a half second between their beats. If we play a conga drum by itself at this rate and record brain waves to it, we will see neural activity repeating every half second (boom, boom, boom, boom, or \\\"one, two, three, four\\\"). But what does the brain do if you listen to the conga drumming along to a song that matches this beat?\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe brain produces a new rhythm. In addition to a response peak every half second (where musically speaking the \\\"ones\\\" are), you see another, smaller peak halfway in between (1 \\u003Cem\\u003Eand\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E 2 \\u003Cem\\u003Eand\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E 3 \\u003Cem\\u003Eand\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E 4 \\u003Cem\\u003Eand\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E; \\\"FLEW in FROM mi-AM- i BEACH\\\"). The brain has worked out the strong\\u002Fweak pairs comprising the song's meter.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThis tells us the brain \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdirect.mit.edu\\u002Fjocn\\u002Farticle-abstract\\u002F27\\u002F2\\u002F400\\u002F28280\\u002FNeural-Entrainment-to-the-Rhythmic-Structure-of?redirectedFrom=fulltext\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Eentrains and reinforces\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E both explicit and \\u003Cem\\u003Eimplied\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E rhythms in the music. This extra rhythm in the brain wave does not occur when the song is deliberately misaligned with the conga beat. A similar example of the brain creating a beat comes from \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fbrainvolts.northwestern.edu\\u002F\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003EBrainvolts\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E alum Kimi Lee, who \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nature.com\\u002Farticles\\u002Fs41598-020-72714-z\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Efound\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E that the fundamental frequency of an identical speech sound is enhanced when it occurs on the \\\"one\\\" in a four-beat sequence. The sound mind's response to a drumbeat is deeply shaped by its aural context. Rhythmic organisation operates automatically when we listen to sound. If our rhythmic expectations are violated, our brains behave in a different manner because of our inherent internal sense of rhythm.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003ERhythm Intelligences\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EImagine the familiar rhythm \\\"Shave and a haircut, two bits\\\" and tap it out on a table with your finger. Did you tap seven times? Now imagine it again and tap your foot to it. Did you tap seven times again? Or fewer? For me, when I tap my finger on a table, I tap to every note (ignoring the rests). When I tap my foot or snap my finger along to music, I typically tap or snap to the beat (or pulse) of the song, not every note. When I tap my finger on the table, hitting the \\\"sounds\\\" and ignoring the \\\"silences,\\\" I am tapping out the \\u003Cem\\u003Erhythmic pattern \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E– I am keeping track of how long or short each note is and where the pauses occur. When I tap my foot, I tap four times, to the underlying \\u003Cem\\u003Ebeat or pulse\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E (see the rhythm pattern below), which in this example includes a silent beat. Music has both a pulse and a rhythm pattern, notated by time signature and note\\u002Frest durations, respectively.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBefore I began studying rhythm, if you had asked me about the skills involved in tapping out rhythmic patterns versus tapping out the beat, I would have said, \\\"You're probably either good at both or not so good at either.\\\" If someone can tap to a beat, she can also tap out a rhythm pattern, right?\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWrong. There are multiple rhythmic intelligences. You cannot predict how someone will perform one rhythm task by how they perform a different rhythm task. This was \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fabs\\u002Fpii\\u002F002839329090047R\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Efirst noticed\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in extreme cases where a person with brain damage could be impaired in one sort of rhythmic ability but not another. We have since learned these distinctions are fundamental to how the system works: we see \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fjournals.plos.org\\u002Fplosone\\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\\u002Fjournal.pone.0136645\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Edissociations between rhythm skills\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in all of us, confirming the idea that \\\"rhythm\\\" is not an all-or-nothing ability, and more intriguingly, our proficiency executing one type of rhythm or another bears on our language skills. Both beat-keeping and rhythm-pattern skills \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdirect.mit.edu\\u002Fjocn\\u002Farticle-abstract\\u002F29\\u002F5\\u002F855\\u002F28646\\u002FIndividual-Differences-in-Rhythm-Skills-Links-with?redirectedFrom=fulltext\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Epredict language development and reading ability\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. However, only rhythm-pattern ability \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002Ffull\\u002F10.1080\\u002F23273798.2017.1411960\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Ehas a bearing on understanding speech in noise\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, as we will see in a moment.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EBrain Rhythms\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ERhythm pattern skills are \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1111\\u002Fejn.13171\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Eassociated with slower brain rhythms\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E (seconds), while beat-keeping skills are associated with faster brain rhythms (milliseconds and microseconds). Phonemes, syllables, and sentences range from microsecond to millisecond to second timing, respectively. Brain rhythms \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fabs\\u002Fpii\\u002FS0166432808004993\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Ecan predict language development\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in infants and children. Brain rhythms can also determine a person's strengths and bottlenecks related to language and the ability to make sense of an auditory scene while listening in noise.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EChildren who recognise differences in rhythm patterns and tap to a beat learn to read and spell more easily. Several beat-keeping skills are \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\\u002Frecord\\u002F2002-13047-008\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Eimpaired\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in older children with dyslexia. My own team have found a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fabs\\u002Fpii\\u002FS0093934X13000175\\\"\\u003Elink between beat keeping and language development in adolescents\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and in children \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.pnas.org\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1073\\u002Fpnas.1406219111\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Eas young as three years old\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. What is the connection between rhythm skills and what might appear to be unrelated skills like reading and writing?\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThere really is rhythm in language, beyond the rhyming of poetry. It is inherently a part of pronunciation. Rhythm matters, even in single words. \\\"Record,\\\" \\\"contrast,\\\" \\\"project,\\\" and \\\"produce\\\" can be either nouns or verbs depending on which syllable is stressed. Running speech also has rhythm. A YouTube search for \\\"drumming to speech\\\" will uncover some nice examples – a personal favourite is the one with the scene from the Gene Wilder Willy Wonka movie. The \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.youtube.com\\u002Fwatch?v=INt4GGr-EGU\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Evideo\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E shows a drummer playing along to the rhythms of the dialogue between Willy and Grandpa Joe, so you cannot miss the rhythm in speech.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ETabla player Zakir Hussain tells us his father taught him to speak using drum rhythms when he was a baby. In tabla, each finger is assigned a syllable, and playing the tabla is akin to speaking in phrases. In all languages there is a definite rhythmic aspect to spoken language, brought about by alterations in stress, duration, and pitch of the syllables. This was resoundingly brought home to me first-hand when Hussain accompanied me on the congas during a speech on rhythm and language.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-how-rhythm-shapes-our-lives-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"Children who recognise differences in rhythm patterns and tap to a beat learn to read and spell more easily\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-how-rhythm-shapes-our-lives-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EQuite simply, rhythm in speech tells us when important information starts and stops. Stressed syllables emerge at roughly regular intervals and, importantly, carry the majority of the information of speech. With an ongoing rhythmic flow, the listener is guided to the important features of the sentence by the expectancy rhythm sets up and, so primed, we \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.degruyter.com\\u002Fdocument\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1159\\u002F000208929\\u002Fhtml\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Eunderstand the content of the spoken word better\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. With the understanding of spoken speech comes the ability, when learning to read, to make the necessary connections between the sounds of language and its written form.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOne of the greatest impediments to successful spoken-word communication is noise. The rhythm of speech helps us. This is because the rhythm in speech helps us fill in the gaps when noise causes us to miss a few words. Just as a rhythm pattern evolves over the course of a measure of music, running speech evolves over time and thus is suited for a slower scale of auditory processing. The strong and weak stresses, phrases, and boundaries of language are relevant to the whole spoken sequence. The ability to reproduce rhythm patterns seems to draw on the same skills required for forming the auditory scenes that comprise hearing speech that is barely audible above noise.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHearing speech in noise can be partly predicted by one's ability to tap out rhythm patterns. And the better you are at navigating rhythms – and musicians of any stripe (not just drummers) fall into this category – the more you can capitalise on the rhythmic patterns in speech and eke out what was said despite the noise.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003ERhythm and socialisation\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHow we feel about another person is conveyed by rhythm. Walkers \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fjournals.plos.org\\u002Fplosone\\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\\u002Fjournal.pone.0227880\\\"\\u003Esynchronise their steps\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E to aid communication. Social encounters with rhythm influence our attitudes. The extent to which a person synchronises with an experimenter affects the person's opinion of the likability of the experimenter. University students were instructed to tap along to a metronome while an experimenter was also tapping their finger nearby. When the experimenter tapped at the same rate, the rating given in response to \\\"how likeable was the experimenter?\\\" \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fpsycnet.apa.org\\u002Frecord\\u002F2009-24381-011\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Ewas higher\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Likability aside, the mere presence of another person drumming along with a task will improve performance. Pre-school-age children asked to perform a rhythm synchronisation task \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fabs\\u002Fpii\\u002FS0022096508001045\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Eperform it better\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E if they are drumming along with another human than to an impersonal beat coming from a loudspeaker.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EEven in very young children, being (literally) \\\"in sync\\\" with another person engenders positive feelings toward them. In one study, an experimenter bounced 14-month-old children along to music either on the beat or intentionally off the beat. When the bouncing session was over, the baby was placed on the floor and the experimenter deliberately dropped an object and acted out needing help to pick it up. The babies who were bounced on-beat were much \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002Fabs\\u002F10.1111\\u002Fdesc.12193\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Emore likely to help the experimenter retrieve the object\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, having apparently formed a social bond, via rhythm, that prompted cooperation. The off-beat babies were less likely to help. Rhythmic synchrony had led to interpersonal synchrony.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAlong similar lines, the brain rhythms of musical performers and their audiences have been measured in concert settings. The brain rhythms tend to synchronise, and the more synchronisation between performer and listener, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fpii\\u002FS1053811920301427\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Ethe more listeners report enjoying the performance\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMusic in general, and rhythm in particular, does an uncommonly good job fostering a sense of community. Indeed, music being played at negotiation sessions helps to smooth the conversations and leads to breakthroughs and compromises. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.musicianswithoutborders.org\\u002F\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003EMusicians Without Borders\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E is used to form relationships in troubled regions around the world, to bring hope, comfort, and healing to diverse populations. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fmusic-resonance.org\\u002F\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003EThe Resonance Project\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fjerusalemyouthchorus.org\\u002F\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003EJerusalem Youth Chorus\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, which are forming bonds between Israeli and Palestinian children, are other examples of using musical rhythm to overcome differences. The early days of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic were marked, in some European countries, by daily sessions of songs sung from balconies to connect with others at a time of isolation and to communicate appreciation and solidarity with health-care workers.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-how-rhythm-shapes-our-lives-6\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fqns3b\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"Zakir Hussain playing the Tabla, a pair of twin hand drums (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-how-rhythm-shapes-our-lives-7\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003ERhythm for health\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ETraditional healers in all regions of the world have relied on rhythm as a primary force in their rituals and practice. Today, rhythm helps us exercise as we move to keep ourselves healthy. Therapists have \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Facademic.oup.com\\u002Fjmt\\u002Farticle-abstract\\u002F47\\u002F1\\u002F2\\u002F900839\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Elong used\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E our capacity to perceive sound patterns to strengthen communication skills. They rely on rhythm and the concepts of entrainment to a beat, violations of a beat, and pattern recognition as core features of their protocols, reminiscent of the scene in the Colin Firth film The King’s Speech, where King George VI overcame a stuttering problem by rhythmically singing his words. Rhythm capitalises on our sound minds' auditory-motor connection.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFirst mentioned by the American Medical Association in 1914, music therapy was put to work helping wounded World War One soldiers recover from their injuries, including what we now call traumatic brain injury. Rhythm-based therapy has a growing status in recovery from concussion and other brain injuries, addressing both cognitive and emotional health. Rhythm is used to great effect \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fpii\\u002FS0149763413001930\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Eto pace walking\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in individuals with movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, for example. After all, walking is a rhythm. Numerous studies have found that other disorders that involve movement, such as aphasia, stuttering, difficulty with respiration, swallowing, and speaking, respond to music therapy.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ETherapy involving rhythm also has \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\\u002Farticles\\u002F10.3389\\u002Ffnint.2013.00019\\u002Ffull\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Eshown promise\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in addressing communication and social behaviour in people on the autism spectrum. Children who cannot otherwise speak can form words and sentences when accompanied by a clear rhythm. There are children on the autism spectrum who will not engage in a verbal conversation but will gladly carry on a rhythmic conversation with another person on drums.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIf I had a magic wand, I would make rhythm an indisputable part of language therapies through music and rhythm-based instruction. This would mean a closer alignment among fields of speech therapy, music, and music therapy. There are explicit rhythm-based training programmes which make synchronising to rhythm an explicit core exercise with the aim of improving timing in the brain. Some have been used to bolster language, reading, and communication skills, and do so with tasks that engage both the slow and fast sound processing circuits in the brain, thus drawing on multiple rhythm intelligences.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMusic with a regular and predictable rhythm can lead to states of \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\\u002Farticles\\u002F10.3389\\u002Ffpsyg.2017.01238\\u002Ffull\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Eenjoyment or emotional transcendence\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Pythagoras viewed music as a gateway to the realm of the dead, at least judging from his supposed dying request that the monochord, an ancient one-stringed instrument, be played during his final moments. The music historian Ted Gioia has \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.dukeupress.edu\\u002Fhealing-songs\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Edescribed\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E Gregorian chants as \\\"so rich in overtones that you have the impression they are angels, not men.\\\" Grateful Dead drummer Mickey Hart and I have discussed the calm yet alert and energised state that drone compositions – musical pieces consisting of sustained sounds produced by monochords or other instruments and manipulated in the studio to swell and build – can induce. We are working together to investigate the neurophysiological reaction to some of his drone compositions. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EA while back, one of my sons got a hairline fracture in his foot. As he was not healing as fast as his physical therapist was hoping, he was assigned daily sessions with a bone vibrator. The idea behind vibration therapy is that if you cannot use your musculoskeletal system normally, for example due to an injury or osteoporosis, you miss out on the natural stimulation that occurs as your muscles imperceptibly relax and contract to maintain posture. This can lead to bone tissue atrophy. Imposing vibrations at around 30–50 Hz at the injury site simulates natural postural adjustments, stops the reabsorption of bone tissue, and promotes the bone growth that would ordinarily be achieved as part of typical day-to-day movement. It appears that low frequency vibrations \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fjournals.lww.com\\u002Fco-endocrinology\\u002FAbstract\\u002F2014\\u002F12000\\u002FVibration_therapy__clinical_applications_in_bone.4.aspx\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Espur activity in the stem cells\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E that make cartilage, muscles, and bones. This process may also be useful for strength training in non-injured people. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIt turns out the vibration rate of a cat purr is in the exact same range as used in vibration therapy for bone growth. Cats purr when they're happy, of course, but in what other circumstance do they purr? When they are injured. There is a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fasa.scitation.org\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1121\\u002F1.4777098\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Ehypothesis\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E that cats purr as a mechanism to keep their bones and muscles stimulated and healthy and to restore their health when injured. Maybe it is not a coincidence that cats have better bone health and a lower incidence of osteoporosis than dogs. Maybe this is the secret to their nine lives.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe currency of the nervous system – electricity – is nothing if not rhythmic. The better we understand the biological basis of rhythm, the better we will be able to employ rhythm – in all its guises – to improve communication and to better understand ourselves.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E* This article \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fthereader.mitpress.mit.edu\\u002Fthe-extraordinary-ways-rhythm-shapes-our-lives\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003Eoriginally appeared\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E in The MIT Press Reader, and is republished with permission.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ENina Kraus\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E is a neuroscientist at Northwestern University. She is the author of \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\\"\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fmitpress.mit.edu\\u002F9780262545075\\u002Fof-sound-mind\\u002F\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EOf Sound Mind: How Our Brain Constructs a Meaningful Sonic World\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E,\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\\"\\u003Cem\\u003E from which this article is adapted.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-how-rhythm-shapes-our-lives-8\"}],\"collection\":[\"future\\u002Fpremium-collection\\u002Ffuture-you\"],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-05-27T00:01:00Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"How rhythm shapes our lives\",\"headlineShort\":\"How rhythm rules our lives\",\"image\":[\"p0fqnppr\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"Chinese drummers performing with water on their drums (Credit: Alamy)\",\"isSyndicated\":false,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":[\"future\\u002Fpartner\\u002Fthe-mit-press-reader\"],\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"Rhythm plays an important role in how we perceive and connect with the world around us, even playing a role in our social lives and health.\",\"summaryShort\":\"Rhythm plays an important role in how we perceive and connect with the world\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Fpsychology\",\"tag\\u002Flanguage\",\"tag\\u002Fhealth\",\"tag\\u002Fmusic\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-05-26T23:01:45.942903Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"a2dc4987-b6ef-411a-8302-43b18921b17a\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-how-rhythm-shapes-our-lives\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-05-26T23:01:45.942903Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230526-how-rhythm-shapes-our-lives\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398493},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-more-us-female-electricians-helps-climate-change\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-more-us-female-electricians-helps-climate-change\",\"_id\":\"646fe9b2122e041ea72a7f25\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Fdanielle-renwick\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"The US needs a million more electricians to meet its climate goals. Breaking down barriers for women in the industry could help recruit them.\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EAs a child, Cora Saxton liked to make things: forts, whittled wood carvings, a flying saucer even. So when she became an electrician at age 49, it felt like a perfect fit. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"I like the puzzle-solving and being able to look back at the end of the day and see the physical result of your hard work,\\\" she says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThis made it easier to bear some of the indignities – \\\"subtle challenges\\\", she calls them – of working in an overwhelmingly male field. \\\"Little stuff, like people walking by you to find the boss on the job\\\" – not realising she was the boss. Having tools and ladders taken out of her hands by pushy colleagues. \\\"I call it roostering,\\\" she says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EYou might also like:\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cul\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230504-the-people-living-ultra-low-carbon-lifestyles\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EWhat a 1.5C lifestyle actually looks like\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230517-how-solar-power-is-keeping-lebanons-lights-on\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EHow solar power is keeping Lebanon's lights on\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230414-climate-change-why-2023-is-a-clean-energy-milestone\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EThe clean energy milestone the world is set to pass in 2023\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003C\\u002Ful\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ESaxton, who now works at the California non-profit Grid Alternatives, thinks she had it pretty easy compared to other women in her field. She's heard horror stories about threatening notes left in lockers, tools being stolen and destroyed – \\\"even people getting their hard hats peed in\\\", she says. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe trades in general, and electrical work specifically, are \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bls.gov\\u002Fcps\\u002Fcpsaat11.htm\\\"\\u003Eoverwhelmingly male\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Only 2% of electricians in the US are women, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). It's also a sector facing a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgrist.org\\u002Fenergy\\u002Felectrician-shortage-electrify-everything-climate-infrastructure-labor\\u002F\\\"\\u003Emassive labour shortage\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E as the country looks to transition away from fossil fuels and toward electrifying cars and buildings.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAccording to Rewiring America, an electrification non-profit, the United States will need \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.rewiringamerica.org\\u002Fpolicy\\u002Fjobs-report\\\"\\u003Eone million more electricians\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E to make updates like installing solar panels, heat pumps and electric vehicle charging stations to help the country meet \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.whitehouse.gov\\u002Fclimate\\u002F\\\"\\u003Eits goal to reach 100% \\\"carbon pollution-free electricity\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\\" by 2035.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-more-us-female-electricians-helps-climate-change-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"That relationship-based, white male network \u2013 hiring, retaining and training people and keeping people on the core crew from project to project is the culture at most construction companies \u2013 Connie Ashbrook\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-more-us-female-electricians-helps-climate-change-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThat is a lot of job opportunities for something so badly needed. As author and journalist Bill McKibben put it in an \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\\u002F2022\\u002F11\\u002F15\\u002Fopinion\\u002Fezra-klein-podcast-bill-mckibben.html?showTranscript=1\\\"\\u003Einterview\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E with the New York Times: \\\"If you know a young person who wants to do something that's going to help the world and wants to make a good living at the same time, tell them to go become an electrician.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EGetting more women working as electricians would help resolve a crucial labour shortage, but it could also help close the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.pewresearch.org\\u002Ffact-tank\\u002F2023\\u002F03\\u002F01\\u002Fgender-pay-gap-facts\\u002F#:~:text=The%20gender%20gap%20in%20pay,%2D%20and%20part%2Dtime%20workers.\\\"\\u003Egender wage gap\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. In 2021 the median annual pay for an electrician in the US was just over $60,000 (£48,000\\u002F€55,000), compared to around $45,000 (£36,000\\u002F€41,000) for all occupations, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bls.gov\\u002Fooh\\u002Fconstruction-and-extraction\\u002Felectricians.htm\\\"\\u003Eaccording to\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E the Bureau of Labor Statistics. But some master electricians \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cnbc.com\\u002F2021\\u002F10\\u002F31\\u002Fwhat-it-takes-to-earn-100k-a-year-as-an-electrician-in-new-york-city.html\\\"\\u003Eearn\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E six-figure salaries.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-more-us-female-electricians-helps-climate-change-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fqdw84\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"A female electrician bends a pipe under instruction from her male colleague\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-more-us-female-electricians-helps-climate-change-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"There are 80,000 openings for electricians each year on average over the next decade just to replace workers who either retire or transition to different jobs,\\\" says Sam Calisch, Rewiring America’s head of research. \\\"That is all before the IRA\\\" – the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Fscience-environment-62464546\\\"\\u003EInflation Reduction Act\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, US President Joe Biden's signature climate bill, which is expected to increase demand for electricians by creating incentives for Americans to electrify their homes and buy electric vehicles.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EExperts point to a lack of investment in technical schools and a culture that emphasises four-year university degrees as the main path to a successful career as some of the reasons there aren't enough electricians to meet demand. \\\"We don't do a good job marketing ourselves as an industry in general, but particularly with women,\\\" says Allie Perez, a plumber and founder of Texas Women in the Trades. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EPerez, who has an eight-year-old daughter, founded Texas Women in the Trades in 2013 because she was tired of being the only \\\"young, Brown woman\\\" in most professional settings. She also wanted to help connect more young women like herself with well-paid jobs that they might not have envisioned for themselves. \\\"We don’t share [enough] stories of women in the trades to show that they are also mums, daughters, friends and cousins and that they are able to support their families on this kind of work.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBarriers to more women in the industry include widespread \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fhechingerreport.org\\u002Fthe-jobs-where-harassment-and-discrimination-never-stopped\\u002F\\\"\\u003Eharassment and abuse\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, lack of visibility, sometimes exclusionary unions (although \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.phillyvoice.com\\u002Fibew-local-98-recruiting-female-electricians-atei-98-employment-elaine-mcquire-teila-allmond-mark-lynch-jr-rosies-girls-0599927\\u002F\\\"\\u003Emore unions\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E are specifically recruiting women), childcare and a lack of support for caregivers, experts say.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-more-us-female-electricians-helps-climate-change-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Video\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"videoTitle\":\"'People say it's a man's job': the pioneering women in Northern Ireland making sparks fly\",\"videoUrn\":[\"p072y313\"],\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-more-us-female-electricians-helps-climate-change-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"That relationship-based, white male network – hiring, retaining and training people and keeping people on the core crew from project to project is the culture at most construction companies,\\\" adds Connie Ashbrook, a retired construction worker and co-chair of the National Taskforce on Tradeswomen's Issues. \\\"If you're not friends with the boss, or if you're not friends with significant numbers of your co-workers, then you don't get to hear about the jobs.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-more-us-female-electricians-helps-climate-change-6\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"Only about 7% of US electricians are black or African American\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-more-us-female-electricians-helps-climate-change-7\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EIn 2009, Ashbrook was part of a successful effort to convince Oregon state officials to invest $2m (£1.6m\\u002F€1.8m) in diversifying its highway construction workforce. Funds went toward pre-apprenticeship programmes and supportive services, like childcare and human resources. Though gains in hiring more women were modest, a 2022 report on the initiative \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fstatic1.squarespace.com\\u002Fstatic\\u002F56c3899b4d088e9a22122e13\\u002Ft\\u002F63cb0a5f9f46fe36db0e7848\\u002F1674250850068\\u002FKelly+2022+Program+Evaluation+December+2022.pdf\\\"\\u003Efound\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E it significantly improved retention rates.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"This is the highest-paid blue-collar work you can get without a college degree,\\\" Ashbrook says. \\\"Not having access to these careers keeps women in poverty.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ENontraditional Employment for Women (New), an organisation in New York that trains and places women and nonbinary people in the skilled construction, utility and maintenance trades, offers wraparound services as a way to retain recruits.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Most childcare is set up to be very nine-to-five supportive,\\\" said Kate Krug, the organisation's executive director. \\\"If you have to be out the door by 5:00, you have to pay someone to sit with your kids until it's time to go to school.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAt New, students have programme managers who make sure, among other things, they're ready for job interviews. \\\"[That means asking], do you have childcare? Do you need childcare? Do you have a backup to your childcare? Do you have backup to the backup of your childcare?\\\" she says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ETonya Hicks, who grew up in public housing in Mississippi, had to overcome discrimination on the basis of her gender and race – she is black – in her quest to become an electrician. (\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bls.gov\\u002Fcps\\u002Fcpsaat11.htm\\\"\\u003EOnly about 7% of US electricians are black or African American\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, according to BLS data).\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Women and minorities have been \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.archives.gov\\u002Fpublications\\u002Fprologue\\u002F1997\\u002Fsummer\\u002Famerican-labor-movement.html\\\"\\u003Esystematically kept out\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E of the unions,\\\" she says. \\\"It began as racism, and then just as time goes on, you know, people hire who they know.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAs an apprentice, Hicks was often relegated to cleaning the on-site office trailers. When she struggled to find work locally, she drove from her home in Meridian, Mississippi, to sites in Jackson and Birmingham, leaving her young son with her mother for stretches at a time.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHicks' endurance paid off: in 2000, at age 28, she started her own firm, Power Solutions, in Atlanta. Today she has a staff of nine that specialises in renewable energy projects and home retrofits and, starting last year, began manufacturing electrical vehicle chargers. She also runs Women Do Everything, a networking group for women in the STEM fields and blue-collar, male-dominated industries like hers.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-more-us-female-electricians-helps-climate-change-8\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fqffp4\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"A female electrician reaches towards a wire coming from the ceiling\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-more-us-female-electricians-helps-climate-change-9\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EGrid Alternatives, where Saxton works, recruits \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fgridalternatives.org\\u002Fwhat-we-do\\u002Fworkforce-development\\u002Fwomen-in-solar\\\"\\u003Ewomen volunteers and trainees for solar installations\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and offers women-only trainings. \\\"That may encourage people who would otherwise perhaps be intimidated or just scared to try it,\\\" Saxton says. \\\"At the same time, we need men to be mentors and to support women.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe Biden administration has \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.whitehouse.gov\\u002Fbriefing-room\\u002Fstatements-releases\\u002F2022\\u002F06\\u002F17\\u002Ffact-sheet-the-biden-harris-administration-launches-the-talent-pipeline-challenge-supporting-employer-investments-in-equitable-workforce-development-for-infrastructure-jobs\\u002F\\\"\\u003Eexpressed\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E a commitment to getting more women into the trades; in November 2022, plans were announced to \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.commerce.gov\\u002Fnews\\u002Fblog\\u002F2022\\u002F10\\u002Fsecretary-raimondo-calls-more-women-construction-industry-nabtu-tradeswomen-build\\\"\\u003Edouble\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E the number of women working in the construction industry over the next 10 years.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe IRA climate legislation offers tax incentives for contractors to hire apprentices – something experts say could help reduce women’s higher \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.dol.gov\\u002Fsites\\u002Fdolgov\\u002Ffiles\\u002FWB\\u002Fmedia\\u002FAdvancingOpportunitiesWomenthroughApprenticeship-jan2021.pdf\\\"\\u003Edrop-out rates\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E from apprenticeship programmes. Marina Zhavoronkova, a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, says Biden administration officials have also \\\"\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.americanprogress.org\\u002Farticle\\u002Fhow-to-support-good-jobs-and-workforce-equity-on-federal-infrastructure-projects\\u002F\\\"\\u003Esignalled\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E that projects that include efforts to provide good jobs to workers, diversify their workforces, and provide training will score higher in evaluations\\\", making it more likely that they will be awarded contracts.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"As government agencies, you have strings, you can pull it in a way that you don't when it’s a fully private sector project,\\\" Zhavoronkova says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn February, the government programme office of the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.congress.gov\\u002Fbill\\u002F117th-congress\\u002Fhouse-bill\\u002F4346\\\"\\u003EC\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.congress.gov\\u002Fbill\\u002F117th-congress\\u002Fhouse-bill\\u002F4346\\\"\\u003Ehips\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.congress.gov\\u002Fbill\\u002F117th-congress\\u002Fhouse-bill\\u002F4346\\\"\\u003E and Science Act\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E – legislation designed to boost the semiconductor industry in the US – released its \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nist.gov\\u002Fsystem\\u002Ffiles\\u002Fdocuments\\u002F2023\\u002F02\\u002F28\\u002FCHIPS_NOFO-1_Fact_Sheet_0.pdf#:~:text=On%20February%2028%2C%202023%2C%20the,U.S.%20economic%20and%20national%20security.\\\"\\u003Efirst funding opportunity\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, which stipulates that all applicants hoping to receive more than $150m (£121m\\u002F€139m) must submit a plan to provide access to child care for workers.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHicks, the founder of Power Solutions, compares the task of transitioning the economy away from fossil fuels to the labour shortages during World War Two, when millions of women took jobs in factories. Of course, after the war, many women returned to their homes. \\\"The only difference now is that we're not going back,\\\" she says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E* This article \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fnexusmedianews.com\\u002Fwomen-electricians\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Eoriginally appeared\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E in Nexus Media News and is republished with permission. This is also why this story does not have an estimate for its carbon emissions, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Eas Future Planet stories usually do\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-more-us-female-electricians-helps-climate-change-10\"}],\"collection\":[\"future\\u002Fpremium-collection\\u002Ffuture-planet\"],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-05-26T00:05:00Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"Female electricians: a climate solution?\",\"headlineShort\":\"Why we need more female electricians\",\"image\":[\"p0fqdwsv\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"A female electrician works on electrical mains with a screwdriver\",\"isSyndicated\":false,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":[\"future\\u002Fpartner\\u002Fnexus-media-news\"],\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":[\"p0fqdvnf\"],\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"The US needs a million more electricians to meet its climate goals. Breaking down barriers for women in the industry could help recruit them.\",\"summaryShort\":\"The US needs a million more electricians to meet its climate goals\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Frenewableenergy\",\"tag\\u002Fenergy\",\"tag\\u002Fsolarenergy\",\"tag\\u002Ffuture-planet\",\"tag\\u002Fgender\",\"tag\\u002Fwomen-and-work\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-05-25T23:05:04.73616Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"1d454da9-5b72-4a1c-b0f2-ba0c66b9580b\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-more-us-female-electricians-helps-climate-change\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-05-26T08:40:42.79947Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-how-more-us-female-electricians-helps-climate-change\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398494},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us\",\"_id\":\"646e9740122e041ea72a7eff\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Fjessica-bradley\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EOne of our most unhealthy collective eating habits in the West is \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Ffood\\u002Farticles\\u002Ffibre\\\"\\u003Enot having enough fibre in our diets\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. A \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\\u002F2072-6643\\u002F12\\u002F10\\u002F3209\\\"\\u003Ediet high in fibre is associated with numerous health benefits\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, including a decreased risk of heart disease and early death.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EYou might worry that boosting your intake of fibre through whole foods, including fruit, vegetables, pulses and wholegrains, means having to sacrifice some of your favourite foods. But in recent years, manufacturers have introduced higher fibre alternatives to many of our traditionally low-fibre staples – including pastas, crisps, breakfast cereals and cereal bars. But are they any better than the foods they replace?\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIt's generally accepted that people should be eating more legumes, including pulses such as lentils and chickpeas, because we don't eat enough fibre. Pulses can help reduce the risk of certain diseases, including type 2 diabetes and heart disease, because we digest them more slowly than other foods, which \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Flinkinghub.elsevier.com\\u002Fretrieve\\u002Fpii\\u002FS1499267116300922\\\"\\u003Ekeeps our blood glucose levels\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E more consistent.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"When you eat a potato, you get a big rise in blood sugar, but legumes have a much lower glycaemic index and insulinemic response,\\\" says Peter Ellis, professor of carbohydrate biochemistry at King's College London.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EPulses are also packed with nutrients, and low in fat – although they don't have what researchers call \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\\u002Fpmc\\u002Farticles\\u002FPMC5336460\\u002F#:~:text=Pulses%20contain%20approximately%2021%E2%80%9325,environment%20and%20application%20of%20fertilizers.\\\"\\u003Ea \\\"complete protein profile\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E This means that their protein value is lower compared to meat or eggs because they don't contain all the amino acids our body needs. For this reason, experts recommend pairing pulses with wheat, such as pasta.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EYou might also like:\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cul\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230224-should-you-avoid-eating-burnt-food\\\"\\u003EIs burnt food a health risk?\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220811-is-dark-chocolate-really-good-for-us\\\"\\u003EIs dark chocolate actually healthier?\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220913-can-certain-foods-suppress-your-appetite\\\"\\u003EWhy do some foods fill you up longer?\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003C\\u002Ful\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAnother way manufacturers are giving pasta a fibre boost is by replacing some of the flour they traditionally use – usually wheat flour – with flour made from fibre-rich alternatives, including lentils, chickpeas and fava beans.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn 2020, Sophie Saget, a researcher at Trinity College Dublin in Ireland, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fresearch.bangor.ac.uk\\u002Fportal\\u002Ffiles\\u002F34800475\\u002F1_s2.0_S2352550920302815_main_1_.pdf\\\"\\u003Eanalysed and compared the nutritional content of pasta made partly with chickpea flour\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E with traditional pasta made with durum wheat flour. She found that the chickpea pasta contained 1.5 times more protein, 3.2 times more fibre and eight times more essential fatty acids.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"Legumes are a huge source of fibre, and if you eat a lot fibre, you'll feel full faster \u2013 Sophie Saget\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EEating pasta made with chickpea flour, Saget says, makes it much easier to consume pulses, which she describes as \\\"forgotten heroes\\\". It's also a good way to control how much food we consume, she adds.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Legumes are a huge source of fibre, and if you eat a lot fibre, you'll feel full faster, so you won't tend to eat more than you need.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut while pulse-based pasta looks like a strong competitor to traditional durum wheat pasta, based on Saget's research, it's unlikely to be a match for whole pulses. This is because of the processing required to make pulses into pasta.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EProcessing isn't always a bad thing; in a dried state, the nutrients in pulses wouldn't be very bioavailable, says Ellis – but grinding the pulses into flour changes their structure at a cellular level.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Even if you're eating the whole pulse, the cells containing protein and nutrients separate during the cooking process. But pulse-based pasta takes this processing one step further,\\\" he says, as making flour out of pulses involves grinding the dry sediment, which ruptures all the cells.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fq3l3y\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"Fava beans on wood (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EBut there's a lack of research yet on how exactly this changes their nutritional content, Ellis adds, and the exact nutritional profile of a pulse-based pasta will depend on how the pulses are processed, which will vary among manufacturers.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"You're dealing with very complex materials that contain a multitude of different components,\\\" he says. \\\"Increasing the concentration of plant foods in your diet is a good thing, but it's right to raise the question of whether pulse-based pastas have any long-term beneficial effects.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EThe taste test \\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ELike with any other new food product – especially those imitating our favourite foods – the biggest challenge is winning people over with taste and texture. In fact, this is the biggest challenge, says Gunter Kuhnle, professor of nutrition and food science at the University of Reading.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"If something tastes too healthy, people don't like to eat it,\\\" he says. \\\"Unless people like it and accept it as a replacement, it won't be successful.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"It's a challenge to overcome the preconceptions of what something should taste like when the product is slightly different \u2013 Nick Saltmarsh\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EAnd in that vein, he argues that pulse-based pastas will \\\"probably remain a niche product\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ETaste can be influenced by many external factors. For example, knowing that you're eating pasta that defies tradition could be a palette-spoiler. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.youtube.com\\u002Fwatch?v=vTcxzezl0Zk\\\"\\u003EBut traditional Italian pasta actually has a history of incorporating pulse flours\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, says Nick Saltmarsh, managing director of Hodmedods, which produces and sells pulse flours.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWhen Hodmedods' pasta maker, Giovanni Carleschi, was first tasked with making a pulse-based pasta, he was sceptical.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"But once he realised that there was true Italian pasta using bean flour, he was keen to give it a go,\\\" Saltmarsh said.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us-6\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fq3mlh\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"Dough being kneaded (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us-7\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe end result, using 50% emmer wheat flour and 50% fava bean flour, tastes different to traditional wheat flour – Saltmarsh calls it \\\"distinctive\\\". And having a product that tastes and looks different to its popular counterparts is no easy feat.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"It's a challenge to overcome the preconceptions of what something should taste like when the product is slightly different,\\\" says Saltmarsh.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut the product, actually, isn't that different. Italians aren't the only ones to have used pulse-based flour to make pasta – its use is widespread. While pulse-based pasta might seem like a new health fad, we've actually been pushing the health benefits of pulse flours for hundreds of years, says food historian Rebecca Earle.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"People have been making food from chestnut and rice flour for millennia,\\\" she says. \\\"And more recently – from around the 18th Century – people in France were advertising flour made from different ingredients, including lentils and haricot beans, as healthier alternatives to traditional flours, which would have been wheat flour, as it is now.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us-8\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"We now know that higher-fibre alternative flours are generally better for us\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us-9\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EOne of the reasons white wheat flour is the most common flour now is because it has become much cheaper over time, thanks to the industrial revolution. Its popularity also partly comes down to its \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.engr.psu.edu\\u002Fmtah\\u002Farticles\\u002Fflower_of_wheat.htm#_ftn4\\\"\\u003Ehistoric association with the upper classes\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Wheat doesn't have a high yield, so it was expensive in the Middle Ages,\\\" Earle says. \\\"And it makes particularly fluffy bread, so it had a high-class quality to it. This meant that, as it became affordable, it was still desirable.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWhite wheat flour was also considered more nutritious, because it was thought to be better for our digestive systems. However, we now know that higher-fibre alternative flours are generally better for us.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EBringing the past into the present \\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWhile pastas made partly with pulse flours might make some pasta fans suspicious, lessons in how they can become more mainstream could soon emerge from \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002Ffull\\u002F10.1111\\u002Fnbu.12601\\\"\\u003Ea three-year project involving bread\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E made from fava bean flour.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EJulie Lovegrove, professor of human nutrition at the University of Reading, has replaced up to 25% of wheat flour with fava flour, which makes it higher in protein, iron, zinc and fibre compared to traditional white bread.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us-10\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fq3mvr\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"Pile of baked baguettes (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us-11\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"I imagine that, for pasta, replacing the durum wheat will have a greater nutrient content and lower GI, similar to our substitution with bread,\\\" she says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe Raising the Pulse project involves growing the broad beans and picking ones that are particular iron-rich and nutrient-dense, drying, milling them and then working with bakers to produce the final product – which will then be tested out across a university campus.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"We want the bread to be as identical as possible to commercial white bread so that people can consume it without changing their eating habits,\\\" she says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us-12\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"The health benefits of adding pulse-based pasta to your diet really depends on what you're eating it instead of\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us-13\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Scientists can develop foods with high amounts of pulses, but if people don't like the taste, it's just an academic exercise,\\\" she says. \\\"It'd be amazing for pulse-enriched bread to be the norm, but we've got to make sure it's accessible and acceptable for people.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe health benefits of adding pulse-based pasta to your diet really depend on what you're eating it instead of. When it comes to processed plant-based foods, pulse-based pasta is a relatively good choice, says Saget.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Compared to a legume-based burger, for example, legume pasta is relatively low processed,\\\" she says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EDespite a lack of research into pulse-based pastas, the wealth of evidence on the health benefits of pulses suggests that swapping pulses and other whole foods for pulse-based pasta won't be as beneficial to our health as using it as an alternative to regular wheat pasta.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us-14\"}],\"collection\":[\"future\\u002Fcolumn\\u002Ffood-fictions\"],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-05-25T13:43:23Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"Are flours made with pulses better for us?\",\"headlineShort\":\"Are alternative flours any healthier?\",\"image\":[\"p0fq3jbz\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"\",\"isSyndicated\":true,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"Pile of chickpea flour and whole chickpeas (Credit: Getty images)\",\"promoImage\":[\"p0fq3jbz\"],\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"Bean and pea-based flours are higher in fibre, as well as beneficial fats and essential amino acids. But does that make them a better alternative?\",\"summaryShort\":\"Bean and pea-based flours are higher in fibre\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Ffood\",\"tag\\u002Fhealth\",\"tag\\u002Fnutrition\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-05-24T23:01:03.725087Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"2de01517-36dd-4435-9a8c-ccbd9dcc446b\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-05-24T23:01:41.524977Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230524-are-flours-made-with-pulses-better-for-us\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398495},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230510-can-food-boost-fertility\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230510-can-food-boost-fertility\",\"_id\":\"64633d04122e041b1925e416\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Fjessica-mudditt\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"Can the right foods really improve your chances of having a baby? Here are the facts.\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EVisit any online fertility chat room, and one of the main topics of debate will probably be what to eat to maximise your chances of conceiving. In addition to the wealth of supplements promoted as being fertility-boosting, there is also an array of foods that are supposed to help achieve a healthy pregnancy.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAmid all the myths and marketing, what is the actual evidence for using certain foods to enhance male and female fertility, and support the developing fetus?\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor a start, when it comes to supporting a healthy pregnancy and fetus, certain nutrients really can make a difference – such as \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1146\\u002Fannurev-nutr-043020-091647\\\"\\u003Efolic acid\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. When taken before and during pregnancy, it has been shown to help prevent both \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\\u002Fncbddd\\u002Fbirthdefects\\u002Fanencephaly.html\\\"\\u003Eanencephaly\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, a birth defect of the baby's brain, and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\\u002Fncbddd\\u002Fspinabifida\\u002Ffacts.html\\\"\\u003Espina bifida\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, which affects the baby's spine.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBecause these defects develop very early in the pregnancy, often before a woman knows she is pregnant, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that all women of reproductive age \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\\u002Fncbddd\\u002Ffolicacid\\u002Fabout.html#:~:text=CDC%20recommends%20that%20women%20of,folic%20acid%20through%20diet%20alone.\\\"\\u003Etake 400 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E each day. Fortifying staple foods such as cereals with folic acid may offer even more powerful protection, because many pregnancies are unplanned. It is estimated that, in 2019, effective fortification programmes \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1093\\u002Faje\\u002Fkwab061\\\"\\u003Eprevented 22% of potential cases\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E of folic-acid-preventable spina bifida and anencephaly, worldwide.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFolic acid may have an additional benefit: when taken as a supplement by women trying to conceive, it may \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1093\\u002Fadvances\\u002Fnmab068\\\"\\u003Eincrease the chance of getting pregnant\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, though there is a need for further trials to confirm this.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWhat about other foods and supplements? Is there such a thing as a \\\"fertility diet\\\" that will maximise your chances of conceiving?\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230510-can-food-boost-fertility-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fmg8t3\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230510-can-food-boost-fertility-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"A study of couples undergoing IVF found that men's meat consumption, and especially the type of meat they ate, affected the outcome\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230510-can-food-boost-fertility-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003ETo answer that question, it helps to break down the main reasons for infertility. In the United States, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nichd.nih.gov\\u002Fhealth\\u002Ftopics\\u002Fmenshealth\\u002Fconditioninfo\\u002Finfertility#f1\\\"\\u003Eafter one year of having unprotected sex, 15% of couples are unable to conceive\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. There are many potential causes. On the female side, the ovaries may be unable to produce healthy eggs, or the egg may not be able to move from the ovaries to the womb – for example, due to blocked fallopian tubes. Even if the egg makes that journey successfully, it may then not attach to the lining of the womb, or not survive once it has attached.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOn the male side, the quality of sperm cells is crucial for fertility. This includes their ability to move efficiently (motility), their shape and size (morphology), and how many there are in a given quantity of semen (sperm count). A range of factors can threaten sperm quality, including environmental problems such as pollution (\\u003Cem\\u003Eread BBC Future's report on\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230327-how-pollution-is-causing-a-male-fertility-crisis\\\"\\u003Ethe global decline in sperm quality\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E). Even after tests, the cause of infertility may not always be clear: about \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1093\\u002Fadvances\\u002Fnmab068\\\"\\u003E15% of infertility cases remain unexplained\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWhile no individual food or supplement will be a quick fix for any of these potential issues, experts say diet can play a beneficial role throughout the process of trying to conceive and beyond.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMost obviously, being well-nourished is crucial. The consequences of malnutrition can be devastating for prenatal health.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EArguably the best-known findings in this area come from a study of babies conceived during the so-called \\\"Dutch Hunger Winter\\\" of 1944; an eight-month famine that occurred when the Nazis cut off food supplies into the Netherlands at the end of World War II. The mothers-to-be were surviving on only 400 calories a day, a fraction of \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1016%2Fj.mcna.2016.06.004\\\"\\u003Ethe intake necessary for a healthy pregnancy\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. The babies conceived during that time faced a range of adverse health consequences, including being \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1289\\u002Fehp.124-A124\\\"\\u003Eshorter and thinner\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E than those born before or after them, and having smaller heads. As adults, they had \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1289\\u002Fehp.124-A124\\\"\\u003Ehigher rates\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E of obesity, diabetes and schizophrenia, and tended to \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fabs\\u002Fpii\\u002FS0277953613005753?via%3Dihub\\\"\\u003Edie younger\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor those who do have access to sufficient food, it is still important to obtain the right mix of nutrients. While discussions around beneficial foods often focus on female fertility, there has been a growing awareness of how diet can also affect male fertility.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EA 2015 study of couples undergoing IVF found that \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.fertstert.org\\u002Farticle\\u002FS0015-0282(15)00464-1\\u002Ffulltext\\\"\\u003Emen's meat consumption, and especially the type of meat they ate\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, affected the outcome, as measured by fertilization rates. Eating more poultry had a positive impact on fertilisation rates, whereas eating processed meat (such as bacon and sausages) had a negative impact. Men who ate the least processed meats, averaging fewer than 1.5 servings a week, had an 82% chance of achieving pregnancy with their partner – while men who ate the most processed meats, with an average of 4.3 servings a week, had just a 54% chance.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230510-can-food-boost-fertility-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Video\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"videoUrn\":[\"p0b7sttp\"],\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230510-can-food-boost-fertility-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EEven after conception, the father's diet may indirectly affect the unborn child.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"bullets\\\"\\u003EA study led by researchers at The University of Queensland in Australia has shown that \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fmedicine.uq.edu.au\\u002Farticle\\u002F2022\\u002F04\\u002Ffathers’-food-choices-influence-future-health-babies\\\"\\u003Ewhat fathers eat has a lasting effect\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E on the future health of their unborn children. The team analysed dietary data from almost 200 couples receiving antenatal care at Australia's largest maternity hospital, the Mater Mothers' Hospital in Brisbane. The study found that the men's dietary intake \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1111\\u002F1747-0080.12733\\\"\\u003Estrongly influenced that of the women\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, and that in turn impacted the developing baby. Other studies suggest that a father's weight can have an \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1093\\u002Fajcn\\u002F87.5.1535\\\"\\u003Eintergenerational effect\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, influencing the weight of the child.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Men's health and nutrition for fertility is overlooked, but it is so important,\\\" says Shelley Wilkinson, a dietician who was one of the authors of the University of Queensland study and now works at Lifestyle Maternity, a private clinic in Australia that specialises in fertility support. \\\"It can actually impact their grandchildren's health.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWilkinson also highlights the importance of tackling any changes as a couple. \\\"If one person is meeting the dietary guidelines, the other person is more likely to be as well,\\\" she says. \\\"We should be focusing on supporting women as well as men to make healthy changes. Otherwise, we're losing half the battle.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOne beneficial change can be to increase the amount of fat in the couple's diet – as long as it's the right kind of fat. Healthy fats are found in nuts, seeds, salmon, avocado and olive oil. However, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.who.int\\u002Fnews-room\\u002Fquestions-and-answers\\u002Fitem\\u002Fnutrition-trans-fat\\\"\\u003Etrans fatty acids\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E – which can come from natural or industrial sources, and are for example found in margarine, doughnuts, fried food and other processed food – are associated with a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1080\\u002F14647273.2018.1432078\\\"\\u003Ehigher risk of infertility\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EA diet rich in plants may also be beneficial. Researchers at Harvard School of Public Health assessed the diets of a group of 18,555 women over eight years, as they attempted a pregnancy or became pregnant. Consuming plant-based protein like legumes, instead of animal-based proteins like red meat, was associated with a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1016\\u002Fj.ajog.2007.06.057\\\"\\u003Emore than 50% lower risk of ovulatory infertility\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, they found.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230510-can-food-boost-fertility-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"We need to support women as well as men to make healthy changes. Otherwise, we're losing half the battle \u2013 Shelley Wilkinson\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230510-can-food-boost-fertility-6\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe authors of a 2021 review of research on the possible \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1093\\u002Fadvances\\u002Fnmab068\\\"\\u003Elink between diet and female fertility\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E concluded that, while their recommendations focused on women, \\\"diet and nutritional patterns are undoubtedly significant for both male and female fertility\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe researchers gave a detailed overview of the effects of individual nutrients and the foods that contain them. They also emphasised the importance of involving a clinical dietician in the care of couples planning a pregnancy. Broadly speaking, their summary recommended foods such as vegetables, fruit, whole-grain pasta and whole-grain bread (for carbohydrates); sources of healthy fat such as oily fish; and legumes, eggs and lean meat for protein. They also pointed out the important role of certain nutrients that may sometimes be overlooked: these include iodine, which helps the proper development of the fetus and the expectant mother's thyroid function.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor alcohol, the advice is clear and consistent across the research. The CDC states: \\\"\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\\u002Fncbddd\\u002Ffasd\\u002Falcohol-use.html\\\"\\u003Ethere is no known safe amount of alcohol use during pregnancy or while trying to get pregnant\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\\" This goes for all types of alcohol, including all wines and beer. The advice is to avoid it altogether.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIf you have any concerns or questions about your diet and how it might affect your fertility, the best step is to consult your healthcare provider. And while certain foods do appear to play a positive role in fertility, it's important not to overstate their power. Infertility is complex, as are its cause. Worrying over one's diet can cause unnecessary stress as well as feelings of guilt and shame. Those struggling to conceive can rest assured that the problem is unlikely to be rooted in one specific thing they did or did not eat.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWilkinson says that people with fertility issues are often searching for a single fertility-promoting food – but it is better to aim for an overall healthy eating pattern. \\\"In the fertility chat rooms, there's a lot of talk about pineapple being some kind of magic fertility food for if you're trying to fall pregnant. However, there is no single food or supplement that works like that.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E* All content within this article is provided for general information only, and should not be treated as a substitute for the medical advice of health care professionals. \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EDisclaimer: The BBC is not responsible or liable for any diagnosis or actions taken by a user based on the content of this site. The BBC is not liable for the contents of any external internet sites listed, nor does it endorse any commercial product or service mentioned or advised on any of the sites. Always consult your own GP if you're in any way concerned about your health or the health of your child.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230510-can-food-boost-fertility-7\"}],\"collection\":[\"future\\u002Fpremium-collection\\u002Ffamily-tree\"],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-05-16T00:30:00Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"Does your diet affect your fertility?\",\"headlineShort\":\"Does your diet affect your fertility?\",\"image\":[\"p0fmg57v\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"\",\"isSyndicated\":true,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"Can eating certain foods really improve your chances of having a baby? Here are the facts.\",\"summaryShort\":\"When trying for a baby, certain foods may help\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Ffamily\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-05-16T08:21:07.99832Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"f8ec90ef-03c2-4078-a080-13b60250ccdc\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230510-can-food-boost-fertility\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-05-16T08:21:07.99832Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230510-can-food-boost-fertility\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398495},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230417-how-secrets-affect-families\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230417-how-secrets-affect-families\",\"_id\":\"643ddd9a122e041b1301ca6f\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Fcagney-roberts-and-alexandria-gamlin\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"Many families have a hidden past that is often never spoken about \u2013 Cagney Roberts explores what impact these can have after his friend Alexandria Gamlin revealed her own family's secret.\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003ELast year, my friend Alex came to visit me in London from the US. We met over 10 years ago in New York City: I am a Black British Londoner, and Alex is originally from Michigan. During her visit, we talked about our careers, our families – and family secrets.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIt turned out that Alex's family kept a huge secret in the past, one to do with race, identity and belonging. Her revelation prompted us to investigate why some families are forced to keep secrets in the first place – and what psychologists can tell us about the impact of those secrets on our mental and physical health.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut I'll let Alex tell her story first, in her own words.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EAlex\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003Eandria Gamlin: My \\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003Egreat-grandfather Walter\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMy grandmother has often told me the story of \\u003Cem\\u003Eher\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E grandmother, a woman called Lulu May. She was born in the 19th Century on a plantation in Newberry, South Carolina where her parents had been enslaved. As a young woman, Lulu May was raped by the white plantation owner. This resulted in the birth of my grandmother's father, my great-grandfather Walter, born at the turn of the 20th Century.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAlthough enslavement in the US officially ended in 1865, for Black people in many southern states, like South Carolina, emancipation did not mean the end of subservience. Fundamental aspects of enslavement continued \\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcalendar.eji.org\\u002Fracial-injustice\\u002Fdec\\u002F19\\\"\\u003Eunder laws\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E passed that meant Black citizens entered into contracts of service or labour with their former white enslavers, who would continue to be known as their \\\"masters\\\". Segregation and discrimination were reinforced under these so-called Jim Crow systems of racist laws well into the 20th Century.    \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHowever, unlike most babies born in such circumstances, my light-skinned great-grandfather grew up keenly aware of who his father was. He spent most of his youth with his white half-siblings in the \\\"main house\\\", where the plantation owner and his family lived, while the workers and former slaves lived in shacks.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"I just know he didn't have to work in cotton fields and do all that hard work, because he stayed up at the house of his master, who was really his father, because he was a firstborn to this Miss Lulu May, a young maiden woman,\\\" says my grandmother, Recalia Ruth Davis Childress.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ELulu May later married a Black man and had more children, Walter's younger brothers, who lived in a shack on the plantation.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWhen Walter became a teenager, he joined the US military and later served in World War One.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIt may have been around that time, or perhaps even earlier, that Walter made the decision to navigate the world passing as a white man.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230417-how-secrets-affect-families-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fh5zc6\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"Recalia Ruth Davis Childress standing in front of a car (Credit: Alexandria Gamlin)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"portrait\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230417-how-secrets-affect-families-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe history of racial \\\"passing\\\" in the US – the decision to pass as white, in response to severe discrimination and violent racism – is somewhat patchily documented. It tends to be guarded by families rather than officially recorded. One reason is of course that the decision was a secret. In addition, Black American families can also generally find it \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\\u002F2313-5778\\u002F6\\u002F1\\u002F8\\\"\\u003Ehard to trace their history\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, due to enslavement, which ended in 1865, and the way \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.pewresearch.org\\u002Fsocial-trends\\u002F2015\\u002F06\\u002F11\\u002Fchapter-1-race-and-multiracial-americans-in-the-u-s-census\\u002F\\\"\\u003Ecensus records\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E were kept over time.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn some cases, \\\"passing\\\" did not involve actively claiming to be white, but just \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\\u002F2313-5778\\u002F6\\u002F1\\u002F8\\\"\\u003Enot correcting other people\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E when they made that assumption. In others, it involved elaborate schemes in a desperate bid for freedom and safety, as in the case of \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fbooks.google.co.uk\\u002Fbooks?hl=de&lr=&id=sA4G9h2uWA0C&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&ots=Ips9tiQiN3&sig=8pcWB05-unbMcb-TBRuvBFA3nos&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false\\\"\\u003EEllen and William Craft\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, a married couple who escaped from southern Georgia to the North in the mid-1800s. Ellen passed as a white man, and William as her personal servant.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBrian Lowery is a social psychologist at Stanford University and the author of the book Selfless: The Social Creation of You, on identity and how our social world shapes us. He defines racial passing as a somewhat fluid concept: \\\"[It can describe] when people go out into the world and allow others to see you as racially something other than what you are. It could also mean, what race you believe yourself to be.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EPassing offered tangible benefits at a time when African American families not only faced many barriers, but the disparity in opportunities were encoded through the legal system. \\\"So, if someone could access those benefits, they would, if there was more to be gained,\\\" says Lowery. \\\"The need to do this was primarily because of the nature of the system.\\\" However, \\\"it was very dangerous to 'pass' then\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThere was also the psychological burden of leaving behind one's old identity and community. In Alysson Hobbs' book The Chosen Exile of Racial Passing, she talks about a young and ambitious woman named Elsie Roxborough who decided to racially pass as white and sever all ties with her family, in the hope of achieving her dreams more easily, which in many cases could mean a better job, the right to vote and the opportunity to live in a better neighbourhood. Later, Elsie, now named Mona Monet, asked for financial help from her biological father, who refused. A few days later, she took her own life.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"I think for people who passed it had to be devastating for them and for their family. Imagine what it would be like to cut all ties with your family and your friends,\\\" Lowery says. \\\"The cost to family and to the person who had to do it psychologically would have been immense.\\\" In his view, it says a lot about the society at that time, and the brutality it inflicted on African Americans, that people were ready to bear that burden.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMy great-grandfather did not sever ties with his loved ones. Instead, he passed in public, but not in private. His appearance gave him the opportunity to buy land in Michigan when he returned from the war. This shaped the trajectory of my entire bloodline.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"[The man who sold the farm] was a prejudiced kind of guy and then selling this 40-acre farm to a Black person [wasn't something he would do],\\\" my grandmother says. So Walter \\\"said he wasn't Black, he was Indian or something, anything but Black, that's how prejudiced people were.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230417-how-secrets-affect-families-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"People keep about 13 secrets at any one time on average, five of which they've never told anyone\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230417-how-secrets-affect-families-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EIn private, my great-grandfather lived life as a proud Black man. He married, raised his family on that land and later passed it down to his children. It sustained several generations and is the same land my mother grew up on. In my family, his story is told with affection: he did what he had to do to survive and thrived against the odds. In fact, he helped his brothers leave South Carolina, too.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"He sent for his brothers out of the South to come North. And that's how a lot of Black people got out of the South, a family member got them out of the South, and away from there,\\\" my grandmother says. Although slavery had long ended, \\\"they had to leave in the night, to get away\\\" so the plantation owner wouldn't know they were leaving. \\\"You didn't leave, you stayed on that plantation, is what it really was.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn my family, it's hard to say what the true impact of Walter's passing was, and how much secrecy it involved. At least Walter didn't have to lie to his wife and children – as some had to, if they married white women. His loved ones always knew. But what about the wider community? Were there moments when he was in danger, when he feared that he had misjudged the situation and might be found out any minute?\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAs with many family stories, there are aspects we will never know. When I spoke to my grandmother for this article, I found out that she identifies as mixed race, which I hadn't realised before. \\\"I never considered myself one particular race, I was mixed,\\\" she says. \\\"We're called Americans, a little bit of everything.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EI don't know for sure who the first person was to tell Walter's secret to someone outside the family. But they must have been sure that the circumstances had changed enough, and that it was safe to tell.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EDoes this pride in my ancestor's will to survive affect the impact of the secret on my family – potentially making it a source of strength, rather than pain and trauma? Cagney asked leading experts on secret-keeping about the long-term impact of guarding a secret, and their answers were surprising.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003ECagney Roberts: How secrets affect us\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EResearchers have discovered that secrets are surprisingly common. In fact, many of us even keep a whole collection of them.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EPsychologist Michael Slepian is one of the leading experts on the psychology of secrets and author of The Secret Life of Secrets. \\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.columbia.edu\\u002F~ms4992\\u002FPubs\\u002F2017_Slepian-Chun-Mason_Secrecy_JPSP.pdf\\\"\\u003EHis studies have found that people keep about 13 secrets at any one time on average, five of which they've never told anyone\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Other secrets may be kept mostly confidential but revealed to some people, depending on the type of secret. Experiences such as drug use or dissatisfaction with one's job are more likely to be shared with at least some others, the studies suggest, while experiences and feelings such as romantic desire or sexual behaviour are \\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.columbia.edu\\u002F~ms4992\\u002FPubs\\u002F2017_Slepian-Chun-Mason_Secrecy_JPSP.pdf\\\"\\u003E\\\"consistently the top secrets shared with no one\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ESlepian and his collaborators have developed a list of 38 common categories these secrets fall into\\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fkeepingsecrets.org\\u002F\\\"\\u003E. They cover a vast range of subjects\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E: beliefs, family, finances, ambitions, habits, hobbies, drug use, mental health struggles, cheating, work, relationships, sex and more. The most common ones, in this order, are related to having told a significant lie (and keeping that secret); having a romantic desire whilst single; and secrets around money and personal finances.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230417-how-secrets-affect-families-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fh61k8\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"Walter seated at a table with his wife and family (Credit: Alexandria Gamlin)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"portrait\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230417-how-secrets-affect-families-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EAs in the case of Walter's passing, which was known to his family but not the outside world, the distinction between privacy and secrecy is not always clear-cut.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"There can be some grey areas between privacy and a secret,\\\" Slepian says. Some people may not want to talk about money and sex, for example, for privacy reasons. \\\"But when it becomes a secret, it's not just that someone doesn't know this thing about you, but it's that you intend for them to not learn this information.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EDespite being so common, having secrets can come at a cost.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"People keep secrets for all kinds of reasons but mainly to protect relationships, themselves or others. Secrets become harmful when a relationship is injured, or when it haunts the secret holder,\\\" says Evan Imber-Black, professor of marriage and family therapy at Mercy College in New York. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EEvidence from Slepian's \\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.columbia.edu\\u002F~ms4992\\u002FPubs\\u002F2017_Slepian-Chun-Mason_Secrecy_JPSP.pdf\\\"\\u003Estudies also suggests that secrets can hurt their holders. Keeping a secret has been associated with a lower life satisfaction, lower quality relationships, and symptoms of poor psychological and physical health.\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E One might think this is due to the stress and anxiety of having to conceal something from others, but Slepian says the real reasons are more complex.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"The idea that our secrets hurt us mostly because hiding them is difficult and stressful turns out to be wrong,\\\" he says. \\\"Our secrets do hurt us, but often for other reasons associated with feelings of shame, isolation, and inauthenticity. These experiences can leave us feeling helpless, and holding a secret back in conversation is just a small slice of the pain and stress caused by secrets.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn the case of Alex's family, there must have been times when keeping the secret did cause stress and pain. But was the impact different because it was a survival mechanism?\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ELowery suggests the impact of passing may ripple through the generations, but the wider context of oppression may have an even stronger impact. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"There's a good chance there is some acute trauma or tragedy that happens that shapes individuals whose families racially passed, that then affects how people behave today,\\\" he says. \\\"It might cause a lack of identity with multiple generations untraceable. However, that trauma is really a reflection of the incredible degradations of the whole state system, which all of the black community have been subjected to in some way.\\\" \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EStill, the individual impact of a secret can vary. Alex says she feels empowered by her family's hidden history, and her ancestor's courage. It makes her feel fearless, and secure in herself and her lineage.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor those who feel less positive about their family's secret, Slepian has some advice: think about how keeping the secret makes you feel. If the answer is \\\"guilty\\\", it may be time to learn from the past, and make a different choice in the present – including perhaps being more open. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"When people feel guilty, they become motivated to do something about it. You can't change the past, no matter how much you wish it were so. But you can move in the right direction today and can continue to do so tomorrow.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230417-how-secrets-affect-families-6\"}],\"collection\":[\"future\\u002Fpremium-collection\\u002Ffamily-tree\"],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-04-18T01:00:00Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"The family secrets kept for generations\",\"headlineShort\":\"The family secrets kept by generations\",\"image\":[\"p0fh5ywr\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"Walter seated surrounded by family (Credit: Alexandria Gamlin)\",\"isSyndicated\":true,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"Many families have a hidden past that they never speak \u2013 Alexandria Gamlin reveals her own family's secret.\",\"summaryShort\":\"Many families have a hidden past that they never speak about\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Fpsychology\",\"tag\\u002Fblack-history\",\"tag\\u002Ffamily\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-04-18T00:00:09.035814Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"9afad7ba-ba49-47ac-a11b-14ada020df25\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230417-how-secrets-affect-families\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-04-26T11:39:41.703392Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230417-how-secrets-affect-families\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398497},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230327-how-pollution-is-causing-a-male-fertility-crisis\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230327-how-pollution-is-causing-a-male-fertility-crisis\",\"_id\":\"64222e30122e041ca331767f\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Fkatherine-latham\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"Sperm quality appears to be declining around the world but is a little discussed cause of infertility. Now scientists are narrowing in on what might be behind the problem.\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003E\\\"We can sort you out. No problem. We can help you,\\\" the doctor told Jennifer Hannington. Then he turned to her husband, Ciaran, and said: \\\"But there's not much we can do for you.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EThe couple, who live in Yorkshire, England, had been trying for a baby for two years. They knew it could be difficult for them to conceive as Jennifer has \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\\u002Fpmc\\u002Farticles\\u002FPMC7846416\\u002F\\\"\\u003Epolycystic ovarian syndrome\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, a condition that can affect fertility. What they had not expected was that there were problems on Ciaran's side, too. Tests revealed issues including a low sperm count and low motility (movement) of sperm. Worse, these issues were thought to be harder to treat than Jennifer's – perhaps even impossible.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EHannington still remembers his reaction: \\\"Shock. Grief. I was in complete denial. I thought the doctors had got it wrong.\\\" He had always known he wanted to be a dad. \\\"I felt like I'd let my wife down.\\\" \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EOver the years, his mental health deteriorated. He began to spend more time alone, staying in bed and turning to alcohol for comfort. Then the panic attacks set in.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003E\\\"I hit crisis point,\\\" he says. \\\"It was a deep, dark place.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EMale infertility contributes to approximately \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nature.com\\u002Farticles\\u002Fs41467-021-27132-8\\\"\\u003Ehalf of all cases of infertility and affects 7% of the male population\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. However, it is much less discussed than female infertility, partly due to the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Frbej.biomedcentral.com\\u002Farticles\\u002F10.1186\\u002Fs12958-015-0032-1\\\"\\u003Esocial and cultural taboos\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E surrounding it. For the majority of men with fertility problems, the cause remains \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nature.com\\u002Farticles\\u002Fs41467-021-27132-8\\\"\\u003Eunexplained\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E – and stigma means many are \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ffertilitynetworkuk.org\\u002Fwp-content\\u002Fuploads\\u002F2022\\u002F10\\u002FFertility-Network-Infertility-and-Fertility-treatment-Impact-report-2022.pdf\\\"\\u003Esuffering\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in silence.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EResearch suggests the problem may be growing. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fenveurope.springeropen.com\\u002Farticles\\u002F10.1186\\u002Fs12302-021-00585-w\\\"\\u003EFactors including pollution\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E have been shown to affect men's fertility, and specifically, sperm quality – with potentially huge consequences for individuals, and entire societies.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EA hidden fertility crisis?\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EThe global population has risen dramatically over the past century. Just 70 years ago – within a human lifetime – there were only 2.5 billion people on Earth. In 2022, the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.un.org\\u002Fen\\u002Fdesa\\u002Fworld-population-reach-8-billion-15-november-2022\\\"\\u003Eglobal population hit eight billion\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. However, the rate of population growth has slowed, mainly due to social and economic factors.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"BodyAA\\\"\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\\u002Fpublication\\u002F365420735_Changing_the_perspective_on_low_birth_rates_why_simplistic_solutions_won't_work\\\"\\u003EBirth rates worldwide are hitting record low levels\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Over 50% of the world’s population live in countries with a fertility rate below two children per woman – \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\\u002F7834459\\u002F\\\"\\u003Eresulting in populations\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E that without migration will gradually contract. The reasons for this decline in birth rates include positive developments, such as women's greater financial independence and control over their \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\\u002Fpublication\\u002F365420735_Changing_the_perspective_on_low_birth_rates_why_simplistic_solutions_won't_work\\\"\\u003Ereproductive health\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. On the other hand, in countries with low fertility rates, many couples \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\\u002Fpublication\\u002F365420735_Changing_the_perspective_on_low_birth_rates_why_simplistic_solutions_won't_work\\\"\\u003Ewould like to have more children\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E than they do, research shows, but they may hold off due to social and economic reasons, such as a lack of support for families.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230327-how-pollution-is-causing-a-male-fertility-crisis-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fc960y\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"A woman assesses sperm through a microscope (Credit: Yuichi Yamazaki\\u002FAFP\\u002FGetty Images)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230327-how-pollution-is-causing-a-male-fertility-crisis-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EAt the same time, there may also be a decline in a different kind of fertility, known as fecundity – meaning, a person's physical ability to produce offspring. In particular, research suggests that the whole spectrum of reproductive problems in men is increasing, including \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\\u002Fpmc\\u002Farticles\\u002FPMC6455044\\u002F\\\"\\u003Edeclining sperm counts\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\\u002F19396984\\u002F\\\"\\u003Edecreasing testosterone levels\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, and increasing rates of \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\\u002F29506875\\u002F\\\"\\u003Eerectile dysfunction\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\\u002Fpmc\\u002Farticles\\u002FPMC4698396\\u002F\\\"\\u003Etesticular cancer\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003ESwimming cells\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003E\\\"Sperm are exquisite cells,\\\" says Sarah Martins Da Silva, a clinical reader in reproductive medicine at the University of Dundee and a practicing gynaecologist. \\\"They are tiny, they swim, they can survive outside the body. No other cells can do that. They are extraordinarily specialised.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003ESeemingly small changes can have a powerful effect on these highly specialised cells, and especially, their ability to fertilise an egg. The crucial aspects for fertility are their ability to move efficiently (motility), their shape and size (morphology), and how many there are in a given quantity of semen (known as sperm count). They are the aspects that are examined when a man goes for a fertility check.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003E\\\"In general, when you get below 40 million sperm per millilitre of semen, you start to see fertility problems,\\\" says Hagai Levine, professor of epidemiology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003ESperm count, explains Levine, is closely linked to fertility chances. While a higher sperm count does not necessarily mean a higher probability of conception, below the 40 million\\u002Fml threshold the probability of conception drops off rapidly.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EIn 2022, Levine and his collaborators published a review of \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Facademic.oup.com\\u002Fhumupd\\u002Fadvance-article\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1093\\u002Fhumupd\\u002Fdmac035\\u002F6824414\\\"\\u003Eglobal trends in sperm count\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. It showed that sperm counts fell on average by 1.2% per year between 1973 to 2018, from 104 to 49 million\\u002Fml. From the year 2000, this rate of decline accelerated to more than 2.6% per year.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230327-how-pollution-is-causing-a-male-fertility-crisis-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"We are facing a public health crisis and we don't know if it's reversible \u2013 Hagai Levine\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230327-how-pollution-is-causing-a-male-fertility-crisis-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003ELevine argues this acceleration could be down to \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\\u002Fgenomics\\u002Fdisease\\u002Fepigenetics.htm\\\"\\u003Eepigenetic\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E changes, meaning, alterations to the way genes work, caused by environmental or lifestyle factors. A separate review also suggests \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fprogrammes\\u002Fw3csxfj3\\\"\\u003Eepigenetics\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\\u002Farticles\\u002F10.3389\\u002Ffcell.2021.689624\\u002Ffull\\\"\\u003Emay play a part\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in changes in sperm, and male infertility.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003E\\\"There are signs that it could be cumulative across generations,\\\" he says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EThe idea that epigenetic changes can be inherited across generations has not been without \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fpii\\u002FS0012160616302974\\\"\\u003Econtroversy\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, but there is \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.pnas.org\\u002Fdoi\\u002Fabs\\u002F10.1073\\u002Fpnas.2209471119\\\"\\u003Eevidence\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E suggesting it may be possible. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003E\\\"This [declining sperm count] is a marker of poor health of men, maybe even of mankind,\\\" says Levine. \\\"We are facing a public health crisis – and we don't know if it's reversible.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EResearch suggests that \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fpii\\u002FS0015028218318247\\\"\\u003Emale infertility may predict future health\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E problems, though the exact link is not fully understood. One possibility is that certain lifestyle factors could contribute to both infertility, and other health problems.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003E\\\"While the experience of wanting a child and not being able to get pregnant is extraordinarily devastating, this is a much bigger problem,\\\" says Da Silva. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EIndividual lifestyle changes may not be enough to halt the decline in sperm quality. Mounting evidence suggests there is a wider, environmental threat: toxic pollutants.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230327-how-pollution-is-causing-a-male-fertility-crisis-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Video\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"videoUrn\":[\"p09k7qw5\"],\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230327-how-pollution-is-causing-a-male-fertility-crisis-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EA toxic world\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003ERebecca Blanchard, a veterinary teaching associate and researcher at the University of Nottingham, UK, is investigating the effect of environmental chemicals found within the home on male reproductive health. She is using dogs as a sentinel model – a kind of early-warning alarm system for human health. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003E\\\"The dog shares our environment,\\\" she says. \\\"It lives in the same household and is exposed to the same chemical contaminants as us. If we look at the dog, we could see what's going on in the human.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EHer \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nature.com\\u002Farticles\\u002Fs41598-019-39913-9\\\"\\u003Eresearch\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E concentrated on chemicals found in plastics, fire retardants and common household items. Some of these chemicals have been banned, but still linger in the environment or older items (\\u003Cem\\u003Eread more about this in BBC Future's story on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220512-the-chemicals-that-linger-for-decades-in-your-blood\\\"\\u003E\\\"forever chemicals\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E). Her studies have revealed that these chemicals can disrupt our hormonal systems, and harm the fertility of both dogs and men. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003E\\\"We found a reduction in sperm motility in both the human and the dog,\\\" says Blanchard. \\\"There was also an increase in the amount of DNA fragmentation.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230327-how-pollution-is-causing-a-male-fertility-crisis-6\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fc95q8\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"Eggs being fertilised during IVF (Credit: Alamy)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230327-how-pollution-is-causing-a-male-fertility-crisis-7\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003ESperm DNA fragmentation refers to damage or breaks in the genetic material of the sperm. This can have an impact beyond conception: as levels of DNA fragmentation increase, explains Blanchard, so do instances of early-term miscarriages. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EThe findings chime with other research showing the damage to fertility caused by chemicals found in \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fpii\\u002FS0160412022002495%2523t0015\\\"\\u003Eplastics, household medications, in the food chain\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.medschool.umaryland.edu\\u002Fnews\\u002F2021\\u002FNew-Research-Finds-Air-Pollution-Reduces-Sperm-Counts-through-Brain-Inflammation.html\\\"\\u003Ein the air\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. It affects men as well as women and even babies. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\\u002Fpmc\\u002Farticles\\u002FPMC6421671\\u002F\\\"\\u003EBlack carbon\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fehp.niehs.nih.gov\\u002Fdoi\\u002Ffull\\u002F10.1289\\u002FEHP10285\\\"\\u003Eforever chemicals\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.documentcloud.org\\u002Fdocuments\\u002F20459701-swan-2005-decrease-in-anogenital-distance-among-male-infants-with-prenatal-phthalate-exposure\\\"\\u003Ephthalates\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E have all been found to reach babies in utero.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230327-how-pollution-is-causing-a-male-fertility-crisis-8\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"calloutBodyHtml\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EAt his lowest point, Ciaran Hannington found \\u003Ca href=\\\"%20https:\\u002F\\u002Ffertilitynetworkuk.org\\u002Fmale-fertility-group\\u002F\\\"\\u003EHIMfertility\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, a male-only online group supporting men with fertility struggles by offering a space for them to share their thoughts and concerns. He now coaches others preparing for fertility treatment: \\\"No one should feel like they're on their own.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\",\"calloutTitle\":\"Support for men with fertility problems\",\"cardType\":\"CalloutBox\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230327-how-pollution-is-causing-a-male-fertility-crisis-9\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EClimate change may also negatively impact male fertility, with \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nature.com\\u002Farticles\\u002Fs41467-021-22546-w\\\"\\u003Eseveral\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedaily.com\\u002Freleases\\u002F2018\\u002F11\\u002F181113080927.htm\\\"\\u003Eanimal\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nature.com\\u002Farticles\\u002Fs41467-018-07273-z%25255C\\\"\\u003Estudies\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E suggesting that sperm are especially vulnerable to the effects of increasing temperatures. Heatwaves have been shown to \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedaily.com\\u002Freleases\\u002F2018\\u002F11\\u002F181113080927.htm\\\"\\u003Edamage sperm\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in insects, and a similar impact has been observed in humans. A \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\\u002Fpmc\\u002Farticles\\u002FPMC9288403\\u002F\\\"\\u003E2022 study\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E found that high ambient temperature – due to global warming, or working in a hot environment – negatively affects sperm quality.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EPoor diet, stress and alcohol\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EAlongside these environmental factors, individual problems can also harm male fertility, such as a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\\u002Fpmc\\u002Farticles\\u002FPMC7291266\\u002F\\\"\\u003Epoor diet\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\\u002Fpmc\\u002Farticles\\u002FPMC6481765\\u002F\\\"\\u003Esedentary lifestyles\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\\u002Fpmc\\u002Farticles\\u002FPMC6260894\\u002F\\\"\\u003Estress\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\\u002Fpmc\\u002Farticles\\u002FPMC5769315\\u002F\\\"\\u003Ealcohol and drug use\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EIn recent decades there has been a shift towards \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.ons.gov.uk\\u002Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity\\u002Fbirthsdeathsandmarriages\\u002Flivebirths\\u002Fbulletins\\u002Fbirthcharacteristicsinenglandandwales\\u002F2020\\\"\\u003Epeople becoming parents later in life\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E – and while women are often reminded about their biological clock, age was thought \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002Ffull\\u002F10.1111\\u002F1467-9566.13116\\\"\\u003Enot to be an issue\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E for male fertility. Now, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.researchgate.net\\u002Fpublication\\u002F361693847_O-297_Does_advanced_paternal_age_influence_live_birth_rate_independent_of_woman's_age_analysis_of_18_825_fresh_IVFICSI_cycles_from_a_national_HFEA_database\\\"\\u003Ethat idea is changing\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. An \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Flink.springer.com\\u002Farticle\\u002F10.1007\\u002Fs11934-018-0802-3\\\"\\u003Eadvanced paternal age\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E has been associated with \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Flink.springer.com\\u002Farticle\\u002F10.1186\\u002Fs12958-015-0028-x\\\"\\u003Elower sperm quality\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fabs\\u002Fpii\\u002FS0378512219301343\\\"\\u003Ereduced fertility\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EThere is a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Facademic.oup.com\\u002Fbiolreprod\\u002Farticle\\u002F101\\u002F5\\u002F872\\u002F5551192\\\"\\u003Egrowing call\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E for greater understanding of male infertility and new approaches for its prevention, diagnosis and treatment – as well as an increased awareness of the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fenveurope.springeropen.com\\u002Farticles\\u002F10.1186\\u002Fs12302-021-00585-w\\\"\\u003Eurgent need\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E to tackle pollution. Meanwhile,  is there anything an individual can do to protect or boost their sperm quality?  \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Facademic.oup.com\\u002Fhumrep\\u002Farticle\\u002F37\\u002F7\\u002F1414\\u002F6587152?login=false\\\"\\u003EExercise\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and a healthier diet may be a good start, since they have been linked to improved sperm quality. Blanchard recommends choosing organic food and plastic products free of BPA (Bisphenol A), a chemical associated with male and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Frbej.biomedcentral.com\\u002Farticles\\u002F10.1186\\u002Fs12958-019-0558-8\\\"\\u003Efemale fertility problems\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. \\\"There are small things that you can do,\\\" she says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EAnd, says Hannington, don't suffer in silence.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003EAfter five years of treatment and three rounds of ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection), an IVF technique in which a single sperm is injected into the centre of an egg, he and his wife had two children. For people who have to pay for fertility treatments themselves, such a procedure may however not be affordable. In the US, a single round of IVF \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.forbes.com\\u002Fhealth\\u002Ffamily\\u002Fhow-much-does-ivf-cost\\u002F\\\"\\u003Ecan cost upwards of $30,000\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E (£24,442) and insurance coverage for IVF can depend on the state you live in and who your employer is. And Hannington says he still feels the mental toll of his ordeal.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Default\\\"\\u003E\\\"I'm grateful for my children every day, but you just don't forget,\\\" he says. \\\"It will always be part of me.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Body\\\"\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Body\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp class=\\\"Body\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230327-how-pollution-is-causing-a-male-fertility-crisis-10\"}],\"collection\":[\"future\\u002Fpremium-collection\\u002Ffamily-tree\"],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-03-28T01:00:00Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"How pollution is causing a male fertility crisis\",\"headlineShort\":\"Why male fertility is in decline\",\"image\":[\"p0fc96k8\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"Lanterns in the shape of sperm and an egg (Credit: Edward Berthelot\\u002FGetty Images)\",\"isSyndicated\":true,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"Sperm quality appears to be declining around the world but is a little discussed cause of infertility. Now scientists are narrowing in on what might be behind the problem.\",\"summaryShort\":\"Poor sperm quality is a little discussed cause of infertility\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Fhealth\",\"tag\\u002Fmale\",\"tag\\u002Fbabies\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-03-28T00:00:30.92356Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"cf8ba498-7bc6-46d8-9604-00c4574301d6\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230327-how-pollution-is-causing-a-male-fertility-crisis\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-03-28T14:37:18.108186Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230327-how-pollution-is-causing-a-male-fertility-crisis\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398497},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230228-the-german-clinics-for-burnt-out-parents\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230228-the-german-clinics-for-burnt-out-parents\",\"_id\":\"6407e551122e041ca3317599\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Fsophie-hardach\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"Germany has a long tradition of health retreats for struggling parents. Do they make a difference?\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003ESebastian Schwerk lay awake at night, his mind racing. His father had recently died of leukaemia. Schwerk had been caring for him for months, together with his siblings, as well as looking after his own family. Now his mother needed care, too. His two older children were going through puberty. And he worried that with so much going on, his youngest son wasn't getting enough attention.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"All of those issues were causing me huge stress,\\\" recalls Schwerk, who is the creative director of a communications agency in Dresden, Germany. \\\"And then my partner said to me: 'You do realise you have a right to a health retreat, don't you?'\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EGermany is possibly the only country in the world where struggling parents are \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sozialgesetzbuch-sgb.de\\u002Fsgbv\\u002F41.html\\\"\\u003Elegally entitled\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E to a \\\"Kur\\\", a health retreat of about three weeks, every four years. A Kur is prescribed by a doctor, and mostly funded by insurance. Meals, childcare and therapies are all included. Crucially, the retreat can be done not just to treat a health problem but also as a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sozialgesetzbuch-sgb.de\\u002Fsgbv\\u002F24.html\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Epreventative measure\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E to stop relatively mild problems from ballooning into worse ones.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ESchwerk, for example, decided to apply for an insurance-funded retreat as a preventative measure, and to treat his insomnia. \\\"My main need was really to spend as much time as possible with my son, without stress, and to get back into a healthier lifestyle,\\\" he says. In January 2020, he and his youngest son spent three weeks at a seaside clinic. Schwerk took courses in muscle relaxation therapy, meditation, Nordic walking and yoga, none of which he had tried before. He even gave up some treasured habits: \\\"Alcohol is completely banned in those clinics, which can be difficult for Germans. So I said to myself, 'Well, I do like my after-work beer, but it's actually a great idea to skip that for three weeks.'\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIt may sound like a holiday, but research shows that the retreats are surprisingly effective in \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.mhh.de\\u002Fforschungsverbund-familiengesundheit\\u002Fprojekte\\\"\\u003Epreventing far worse health problems\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Some also argue, however, that growing demand for them should ring alarm bells, as a signal that more and more parents are cracking under the strain of everyday life. The lingering impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdowns appears to have worsened that pressure.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230228-the-german-clinics-for-burnt-out-parents-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0f77375\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"An idyllic picture of grass-covered sand dunes by the blue sea (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230228-the-german-clinics-for-burnt-out-parents-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"The clinics are reporting that the mothers and fathers who come to them are sicker than before [the pandemic],\\\" says Yvonne Bovermann, director of Deutsches Müttergenesungswerk, a non-profit organisation that runs some 70 clinics offering retreats all over Germany. Most of the patients are mothers. \\\"The vast majority of our retreats are meant to be preventative. But the clinics say that a large proportion of the women, about 30%, already arrive in a much worse state, where you would offer treatment, not prevention.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe most common problems are \\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.forum-gesundheitspolitik.de\\u002Fdossier\\u002FPDF\\u002FMGW_Abschlussbericht_InterVal_BIAG_n210614n.pdf\\\"\\u003Epsychological problems\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E such as anxiety, insomnia, or depressive symptoms, which now affect over 90% of the parents who come to their retreats, Bovermann says – up from \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.muettergenesungswerk.de\\u002Ffileadmin\\u002Fuser_upload\\u002FMGW-Jahresbericht_2020.pdf\\\"\\u003Epreviously 80%\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. \\\"In addition, almost all of them have physical problems, such as knee pain or back pain. But the reason they go on a retreat isn't the knee pain, it's that they just don't know how to get through the day anymore. They're so ground down, they need those three weeks away from it all, to allow them to start thinking about: 'How do I get out of this situation?'\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe origin of the retreats may feel like a far cry from the worries of modern parenting. After World War Two, Elly Heuss-Knapp, a politician and wife of Germany's president, founded the Müttergenesungswerk to support \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.muettergenesungswerk.de\\u002Fueber-uns\\u002Fgeschichte\\\"\\u003Eexhausted mothers\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Those early attendees included mothers suffering from the effects of war and malnourishment, while caring for traumatised children and husbands.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EToday, a different kind of familial stress is gaining increasing attention in Germany and around the world: \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.burnoutparental.com\\u002Fpublications\\\"\\u003Eparental burnout\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EGlobal research has highlighted the profound impact of parental burnout – defined as a state of \\\"\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002Ffull\\u002F10.1177\\u002F2167702619858430\\\"\\u003Eoverwhelming exhaustion\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E related to one's parental role, an emotional distancing from one's children, and a sense of parental ineffectiveness\\\". As well as being \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.burnoutparental.com\\u002F_files\\u002Fugd\\u002F5660ec_462103b7f066432fba6f693fe2b66404.pdf\\\"\\u003Edistressing\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E for the parents, burnout raises the risk of child neglect and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002Ffull\\u002F10.1177\\u002F2167702619858430\\\"\\u003Eviolence\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E against the children. The parents' despair can also affect their children in other ways. Parental depression increases the likelihood of the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fevidence.nihr.ac.uk\\u002Falert\\u002Fparents-depression-impact-their-childrens-mental-health-school-performance\\u002F\\\"\\u003Echildren developing depression\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E themselves, and has been linked to \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1177\\u002F2156869320912520\\\"\\u003Ebehavioural problems\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230228-the-german-clinics-for-burnt-out-parents-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"Lack of support for parents can cause huge strain, and lead to illness \u2013 Yvonne Bovermann\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230228-the-german-clinics-for-burnt-out-parents-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EMental health surveys suggest that the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww-axa-com.cdn.axa-contento-118412.eu\\u002Fwww-axa-com\\u002Fc8d15a4d-ee4a-49cf-af24-1ab4b7025d37_axa_mindhealthstudy2022_c.pdf\\\"\\u003Eproblem worsened\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E during the Covid-19 pandemic and lockdowns, when many caregivers juggled work and childcare with no support. Single mothers and fathers were \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\\u002F34825928\\u002F\\\"\\u003Eunder particular pressure\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E during that time. They also generally face greater health risks, with \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fabs\\u002Fpii\\u002FS0165032718307900\\\"\\u003Ea third of single mothers\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E reporting depressive or anxiety symptoms. Single parents even have a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\\u002Fjournals\\u002Flanpub\\u002Farticle\\u002FPIIS2468-2667(18)30003-3\\u002Ffulltext\\\"\\u003Eshorter life expectancy\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E than partnered parents.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Caring for children can be tiring, sure, but it shouldn't be the case that you feel such an additional burden that you don't know how to cope,\\\" says Bovermann. \\\"That's not how it's supposed to be.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230228-the-german-clinics-for-burnt-out-parents-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0f6cfpb\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"A young child pokes her father in the face (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230228-the-german-clinics-for-burnt-out-parents-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"calloutBodyHtml\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThis article is part of \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Ffamily-tree\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EFamily Tree\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, a series that explores the issues and opportunities families face today. You might also like:\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230131-does-the-montessori-method-actually-work\\\"\\u003EThe world's most influential school?\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20221124-what-it-is-really-like-as-a-child-with-autism\\\"\\u003EAutism: understanding my childhood habits\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220927-can-you-prevent-short-sightedness-in-kids\\\"\\u003EWhy short-sightedness rates are soaring\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EClimb other branches of the family tree with \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002Ftags\\u002Ffamily-tree\\\"\\u003EBBC Culture\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002Ffamily-tree\\\"\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\",\"calloutTitle\":\"Family Tree\",\"cardType\":\"CalloutBox\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230228-the-german-clinics-for-burnt-out-parents-6\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EIn Germany, Bovermann says, one problem lies in the deep-rooted social expectations that one partner – traditionally the mother – should stay at home with the children. When the country was divided, this expectation was set particularly strongly in West Germany. In East Germany, women tended to work, and research has shown that this has had a lasting, positive impact on gender equality in that part of the country, even decades after reunification.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOverall, German working mothers still face a lack of reliable childcare and social support, in contrast to France or Scandinavian countries, according to Bovermann. Fathers who want to do their equal share may be met with little understanding. Many parents face the dual responsibility of caring for children and their own elderly parents: \\\"Regardless of your gender, if you care for children and others in need, you have very little support in Germany. And that causes huge strain, and can lead to illness.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EResearch suggests that while a three-week retreat can't magically solve these problems, it can have a strong impact on individual mothers and fathers – and even bring lasting benefits.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"The great advantage of prevention is that you avoid a more severe form of disease,\\\" says Claudia Kirsch, head of a research unit at Hannover Medical School in Germany that has assessed the impact of these retreats on family health. \\\"In the case of back pain, that can mean intervening before it turns into severe, chronic pain. And if the parents show signs of exhaustion, you can make sure it doesn't get worse and spiral into parental burnout.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWhen the parents check into a clinic, they are assessed and given a plan of tailored activities and therapies, such as talking therapy, physical exercise, and sessions with advice for a healthier routine. The children are looked after and given support for any health problems of their own, while the meals and cleaning are taken care of by staff. In the afternoons, the parents and children spend time together.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"I think it's this mix that makes these interventions a success,\\\" says Kirsch. \\\"The therapeutic approach is crucial – without that, it wouldn't work.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230228-the-german-clinics-for-burnt-out-parents-7\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0f774fj\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuote\":\"It's about establishing a deep emotional contact with yourself, and your child \u2013 Matthias Franz\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230228-the-german-clinics-for-burnt-out-parents-8\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EResearch has shown improvements in parents' physical problems such as \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.psychologie-aktuell.com\\u002Fjournale\\u002Fpraxis\\u002Fbisher-erschienen\\u002Finhalt-lesen\\u002F2014-1-93.html\\\"\\u003Eback pain\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E up to nine months after the retreat, especially if the parents continued the exercises in their own daily lives. Children also benefited across a range of conditions, such as \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fmhh-publikationsserver.gbv.de\\u002Freceive\\u002Fmhh_mods_00001790\\\"\\u003Eskin problems, respiratory problems, and behavioural problems\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, with improvements still evident six months after the retreat. Separately, \\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.forum-gesundheitspolitik.de\\u002Fdossier\\u002FPDF\\u002FMGW_Abschlussbericht_InterVal_BIAG_n210614n.pdf\\\"\\u003Epatient surveys\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E have also shown that the majority of parents see the retreats as beneficial, and believe they helped them deal with problems and look after their health in everyday life.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ESince the benefits are generally thought to last up to a year, Kirsch recommends repeating the retreat every few years if the health problems return or worsen. \\\"You have to consider that it's only three weeks. But in these three weeks, the parents receive a lot of help, advice and the chance to try different treatments. And then it's of course important to follow up on that, and ideally, support the parents in using it in their daily lives.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EEvidence suggests that specialised retreats could also help the most vulnerable parents and their children.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMatthias Franz is a specialist in psychosomatic medicine and a psychoanalyst at the University Hospital of Düsseldorf who has studied \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Flink.springer.com\\u002Farticle\\u002F10.1007\\u002Fs00127-003-0605-8\\\"\\u003Epsychological distress\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in single mothers and their children. Single mothers, he says, face a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fedoc.rki.de\\u002Fhandle\\u002F176904\\u002F2900\\\"\\u003Erisk of depression\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E that is \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.walter-bluechert-stiftung.de\\u002Fwp-content\\u002Fuploads\\u002F2021\\u002F02\\u002FKJA_Fortbildung_S87-91_2-21-002.pdf\\\"\\u003Ethree times higher\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E than mothers who are part of a couple. Poverty, which \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fedoc.rki.de\\u002Fhandle\\u002F176904\\u002F2900\\\"\\u003Edisproportionately affects single mothers and their children\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, exacerbates these psychological problems.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"So many single mothers don't just parent alone, they are abandoned and marginalised by society, and often totally overwhelmed,\\\" he says. Feelings such as loneliness, low self-esteem and guilt over parenting alone are common among single mothers, who make up the vast majority of single parents, he adds.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ETogether with the Walter-Blüchert-Foundation, a non-profit organisation, Franz and his team developed a \\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.walter-bluechert-stiftung.de\\u002Fprojekte\\u002Fwir2\\u002F\\\"\\u003Eprogramme called Wir 2 (\\\"We2\\\") for single parents\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E with problems such as severe depression. It focuses on intensive therapy for the mothers, supporting them in overcoming their own depression and connecting with their children: \\\"It's about establishing a deep emotional contact with yourself, and your child.\\\" The programme can be done as an outpatient course, or as part of three-week or six-week stay at a specialist clinic.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"The mothers learn to see themselves as valuable, they hear things they haven't heard in years – 'you're a great mother, you look nice today'. They're often moved to tears. And after four or five sessions, their feelings start to return, and they become emotionally alive again,\\\" Franz says. This in turn helps them understand and respond to their children, he adds.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EResearch has shown that the programme \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.walter-bluechert-stiftung.de\\u002Fwp-content\\u002Fuploads\\u002F2021\\u002F02\\u002FKJA_Fortbildung_S87-91_2-21-002.pdf\\\"\\u003Eimproved the mothers' depressive\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E symptoms, and also reduced \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.walter-bluechert-stiftung.de\\u002Fwp-content\\u002Fuploads\\u002F2021\\u002F02\\u002FKJA_Fortbildung_S87-91_2-21-002.pdf\\\"\\u003Ebehavioural problems\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in the children. The effects were still measurable a year later. While Franz emphasises that more needs to be done to support single parents, he says the mothers who take part in the programme \\\"really take something away with them, and treat themselves and their children in a much more relaxed way\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor Schwerk, the father who went on a retreat with his son, the main benefits were learning more about himself, bonding with his son, and gaining a new perspective on dealing with family conflicts. Three years later, he says this still helps him take a more relaxed approach in certain situations.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn fact, having now spent a long period caring intensively for his mother, he thinks it could be time for another retreat: \\\"The other day I spoke to my doctor and she said, you could do it again next year. Because it definitely gave me some healthy nudges.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E-- \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230228-the-german-clinics-for-burnt-out-parents-9\"}],\"collection\":[\"future\\u002Fpremium-collection\\u002Ffamily-tree\"],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-03-08T01:00:00Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"The German clinics for burnt-out parents\",\"headlineShort\":\"How Germany treats parental burnout\",\"image\":[\"p0f77261\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"\",\"isSyndicated\":true,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"Germany has a long tradition of health retreats for struggling parents. Do they make a difference?\",\"summaryShort\":\"Can 'parent-child retreats' save frazzled families?\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Fhealth\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-03-08T01:30:39.650951Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"d2f102a8-f6ce-4b54-973c-6410db9e0dae\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230228-the-german-clinics-for-burnt-out-parents\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-03-08T01:31:01.357596Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230228-the-german-clinics-for-burnt-out-parents\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398498},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-what-will-an-el-nino-in-2023-mean-for-you\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-what-will-an-el-nino-in-2023-mean-for-you\",\"_id\":\"646f4bd0122e041b1477a350\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Fisabelle-gerretsen\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"Scientists are predicting that 2023 may see the start of a strong El Ni\u00f1o climate pattern. What effect might that have on our lives?\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EOver the coming months, a vast body of warm water will slosh slowly across the tropical Pacific Ocean in the direction of South America. As it does so, it will trigger the start of a climate phenomenon that will bring dramatic shifts in weather patterns around the world.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EClimate scientists are now warning there is now a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov\\u002Fproducts\\u002Fanalysis_monitoring\\u002Fenso_advisory\\u002Fensodisc.shtml\\\"\\u003E90% chance of an El Niño weather pattern\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E taking hold through the end of this year and the first months of 2024. And they are \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov\\u002Fproducts\\u002Fanalysis_monitoring\\u002Flanina\\u002Fenso_evolution-status-fcsts-web.pdf\\\"\\u003Ewarning it could be a strong one\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIf that turns out to be the case, then the impacts could be significant. Scientists have already warned that with rising emissions and a strong El Niño there is a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Fscience-environment-65602293\\\"\\u003E66% chance the world will break through a key 1.5C global warming limit\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E at least one year between now and 2027. But it could also bring damaging extreme weather such as heavy rainfall and flooding to communities in the US and elsewhere this winter.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"We're projecting an above 90% probability that there will be El Niño conditions through the winter,\\\" says David DeWitt, director of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climate Prediction Center. \\\"There's an 80% probability that we're going to be in El Niño in July.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe effects of this could also reverberate for some time to come – a recent study by researchers at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, estimates that an \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.science.org\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1126\\u002Fscience.adf2983\\\"\\u003EEl Niño starting in 2023 could cost the global economy as much as $3.4tn\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E (£2.7tn) over the following five years. And they say that following two previous very strong El Niño events in 1982-83 and 1997-98, the US gross domestic product \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fhome.dartmouth.edu\\u002Fnews\\u002F2023\\u002F05\\u002Fyears-after-el-nino-global-economy-loses-trillions\\\"\\u003Ewas 3% lower half a decade later\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E than it otherwise would have been. If an event of a similar magnitude was to happen today, it could cost the US economy $699bn (£565bn), they calculated.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-what-will-an-el-nino-in-2023-mean-for-you-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Video\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"videoUrn\":[\"p0fhrkhp\"],\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-what-will-an-el-nino-in-2023-mean-for-you-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EIt is worth noting that coastal tropical countries such as Peru and Indonesia, however, suffered a 10% drop in GDP following the same El Niño events, the researchers say. They project that global economic losses will amount to $84 trillion (£68 trillion) this century as climate change increases the frequency and strength of El Niño events.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"El Niño is not simply a shock from which an economy immediately recovers. Our study shows that economic productivity in the wake of El Niño is depressed for a much longer time than simply the year after the event,\\\" says Justin Mankin, co-author of the study and assistant professor of geography at Dartmouth College. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"When we talk about an El Niño here in the United States, it means that the types of impacts that we'll see, floods and landslides, aren't typically insured against by most households and businesses,\\\" says Mankin. In California, for example, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.edf.org\\u002Farticle\\u002Fcan-insurance-save-us-disaster\\\"\\u003E98% of homeowners don't have flood insurance\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOther economic impacts in the US could include infrastructure damage from flooding, which would lead to supply chain disruption, and poor harvests caused by floods or drought, says Mankin. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EYou might also like:\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cul\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230517-how-solar-power-is-keeping-lebanons-lights-on\\\"\\u003ELebanon's unexpected solar boom\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230504-the-people-living-ultra-low-carbon-lifestyles\\\"\\u003EWhat 1.5C living actually looks like\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230317-the-state-of-the-climate-in-2023\\\"\\u003EThe state of the climate in 2023\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003C\\u002Ful\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut should people in the US be bracing themselves for a particularly miserable winter this year if there is an arrival of El Niño? Not necessarily. While El Niño \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.climate.gov\\u002Fnews-features\\u002Fblogs\\u002Fenso\\u002Funited-states-el-ni%C3%B1o-impacts-0\\\"\\u003Ecan bring intense periods of extreme weather to North America\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, it doesn't always do so.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EDuring El Niño, winds that usually push warmer water in the Pacific Ocean towards its west side weaken, allowing the warmer water to drift back towards the east and spread out over a larger area of the ocean. This leads to more moisture-rich air above the warmer ocean that \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov\\u002Ffeatures\\u002FElNino\\\"\\u003Ealters the circulation of air in the atmosphere\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E around the world. In North America, this typically causes Canada and the northern US to have a warmer, drier winter than normal while the southern states and Gulf coast tend to get wetter conditions, says DeWitt.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-what-will-an-el-nino-in-2023-mean-for-you-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"calloutBodyHtml\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EEl Niño and La Niña are naturally occurring phenomena that disrupt weather patterns worldwide. During El Niño the ocean surface temperatures of the Pacific Ocean are higher than normal. During La Niña, its cooler counterpart, ocean temperatures are lower than normal\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\",\"calloutTitle\":\"What are El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a?\",\"cardType\":\"CalloutBox\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-what-will-an-el-nino-in-2023-mean-for-you-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"El Niño tends to enhance the probability of above normal precipitation for the southern third of the US,\\\" says DeWitt. El Niño also typically reduces the number of hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean, but can lead to \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.climate.gov\\u002Fnews-features\\u002Fblogs\\u002Fenso\\u002Fimpacts-el-ni%C3%B1o-and-la-ni%C3%B1a-hurricane-season\\\"\\u003Emore hurricanes to the Pacific coast of the US\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. But all these effects largely depend on the strength of the El Niño that is driving them.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ESouthern states in the US are the most likely to experience severe impacts, including heavy rainfall and potential flash flooding, DeWitt warns. This would come after several years of \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Foceanservice.noaa.gov\\u002Ffacts\\u002Fninonina.html\\\"\\u003Edrought following three consecutive La Niña seasons\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Frequently what happens [during El Niño] is that when the rain comes, it comes very fast. That can cause \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.climate.gov\\u002Fnews-features\\u002Fblogs\\u002Fenso\\u002Funited-states-el-ni%C3%B1o-impacts-0\\\"\\u003Emudslides in California\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and in other places where there have been wildfires, which can be quite devastating,\\\" says DeWitt. This is because scorched earth is able to retain less water, which can lead to dangerous runoff. The strong \\u003Ca href=\\\"file:\\u002F\\u002F\\u002FUsers\\u002Fdowlisw1\\u002FDropbox%20(BBC)\\u002FBBC%20Future%20(1)\\u002F2023%20-%20LIVE\\u002FMay\\u002F22-28%20May\\u002FEl%20Nino\\u002FThe%20El%20Nino%20Winter%20of%20'97%20-%20the%20NOAA%20Institutional%20Repository%20%20National%20Oceanic%20and%20Atmospheric%20Administration%20(.gov)%20https:\\u002Frepository.library.noaa.gov%20%E2%80%BA%20view%20%E2%80%BA%20noaa\\\"\\u003EEl Niño events of 1997-98\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and 2015-16, for example, brought flooding and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Fav\\u002Fscience-environment-35172409\\\"\\u003Emudslides to California\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. The 1997-98 event was also associated with other unusual extreme events elsewhere in the country, such as severe ice storms in New England and deadly tornadoes in Florida.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-what-will-an-el-nino-in-2023-mean-for-you-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fq5q7f\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"left\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-what-will-an-el-nino-in-2023-mean-for-you-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EBut the changes in weather patterns brought by El Niño also brings other problems. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.thelancet.com\\u002Fpb-assets\\u002FLancet\\u002Fextras\\u002F02art5336web.pdf\\\"\\u003EInfectious diseases can become more prevalent\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in areas where conditions favour the insects and other pests that spread them. One \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nature.com\\u002Farticles\\u002Fs41598-018-38034-z\\\"\\u003Estudy of the 2015-2016 El Niño event\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E found that disease outbreaks became between 2.5%-28% more intense. There were increases in cases of West Nile virus, spread by mosquitoes, in California, while New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Utah and Texas also saw increase outbreaks of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, which is mainly spread by rodents. There were even \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cdc.gov\\u002Fplague\\u002Fmodules\\u002Fmaps\\u002Fdata-table-human-plague-cases-and-deaths-u-s-2000-2019.html\\\"\\u003Eincreases in the number of human cases of plague\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E – if still only a handful of cases – in the western and southwestern states of the US.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EDuring El Niño a lot of heat and moisture is transported from the tropics towards the poles. \\\"When you increase the moisture at higher latitudes, it traps more thermal infrared radiation which leads to warming. This is what we call the greenhouse effect,\\\" says DeWitt.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EEven a temporary breach of the 1.5C threshold due to rising emissions and this year's El Niño, as predicted by the World Meteorological Organization, could lead to widespread human suffering worldwide. According to a recent study by the University of Exeter in the UK, limiting long-term global warming to 1.5C could \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nature.com\\u002Farticles\\u002Fs41893-023-01132-6\\\"\\u003Esave billions of people from exposure to dangerous heat\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E (average temperature of 29C or higher).\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ECurrent policies are projected to lead to 2.7C of warming globally by the end of the century, which could leave two billion people exposed to dangerous levels of heat worldwide, the authors say. Limiting warming to 1.5C would mean five times fewer people live in dangerous heat and would help prevent climate-related migration and detrimental health outcomes, including \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fjournals.lww.com\\u002Fepidem\\u002FAbstract\\u002F2022\\u002F05000\\u002FA_Prospective_Cohort_Study_of_Seasonal_Variation.18.aspx\\\"\\u003Epregnancy loss\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\\u002Fpmc\\u002Farticles\\u002FPMC6039003\\u002F\\\"\\u003Eimpaired brain function\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, says Tim Lenton, co-author of the study and director of the Global Systems Institute at the University of Exeter.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThere are concerns that as carbon emissions continue to rise, future El Niño events might tip global temperatures above the 1.5C threshold more and more often.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Every 0.1C really matters,\\\" says Lenton. \\\"Every 0.1C of warming we can avoid, by our calculation, is saving 140 million people from exposure to unprecedented heat and the harms that could come with it.\\\" \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"It's saving hundreds of millions of people from harm and that should be a huge incentive to work harder to get to zero emissions.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-what-will-an-el-nino-in-2023-mean-for-you-6\"}],\"collection\":[\"future\\u002Fcolumn\\u002Fburning-questions\"],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-05-25T12:00:00Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"The high cost of an El Ni\u00f1o in 2023\",\"headlineShort\":\"Why El Ni\u00f1o may cost the US billions\",\"image\":[\"p0fq5nfw\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"\",\"isSyndicated\":true,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"Scientists are predicting that 2023 may see the start of a strong El Ni\u00f1o climate pattern. What effect might that have on our lives?\",\"summaryShort\":\"The arrival of an El Ni\u00f1o late in 2023 could affect food prices and the economy\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Fclimate\",\"tag\\u002Fenvironment\",\"tag\\u002Fweather\",\"tag\\u002Feconomics\",\"tag\\u002Fbusiness\",\"tag\\u002Fburning-questions\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-05-25T11:51:27.528056Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"aab7740d-5ac6-4dd0-a001-8bfbf542d0d3\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-what-will-an-el-nino-in-2023-mean-for-you\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-05-25T17:20:25.082075Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230525-what-will-an-el-nino-in-2023-mean-for-you\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398499},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230523-new-yorks-skyscrapers-are-causing-it-to-sink-what-can-be-done-about-it\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230523-new-yorks-skyscrapers-are-causing-it-to-sink-what-can-be-done-about-it\",\"_id\":\"646cfb88122e041b1925e4c3\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Ftom-ough\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"The ground under New York City is sinking partly due to the sheer mass of all its buildings \u2013 and it isn't the only coastal city to be suffering this fate. As sea levels also rise to meet these concrete jungles, can they be saved?\",\"businessUnit\":\"public service\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EOn 27 September 1889, workers put the finishing touches to the Tower Building. It was an 11-storey building that, thanks to its steel skeleton structure, is thought of as \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\\u002F1996\\u002F05\\u002F05\\u002Frealestate\\u002Fstreetscapes-the-tower-building-the-idea-that-led-to-new-york-s-first-skyscraper.html\\\"\\u003ENew York City's first skyscraper\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. The Tower Building is long gone – its plum spot on Broadway was taken in 1914 – but its erection marked the beginning of a construction spree that still has not stopped.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOn the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.baruch.cuny.edu\\u002Fnycdata\\u002Fpopulation-geography\\u002Fpop-landarea.htm\\\"\\u003E300sq miles (777sq km)\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E that comprise New York City sit 762 million tonnes (1.68 trillion pounds) of concrete, glass and steel, according to estimates by researchers at the United States Geological Survey (USGS). While that figure involves some generalisations about constriction materials, that prodigious tonnage does not include the fixtures, fittings and furniture inside those million-odd buildings. Nor does it include the transport infrastructure that connects them, nor the 8.5 million people who inhabit them.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAll that weight is having an extraordinary effect on the land on which it is built. That ground, according to a study published in May, is \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1029\\u002F2022EF003465\\\"\\u003Esinking by 1-2mm (0.04-0.08in) per year\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, partly due to the pressure exerted on it by the city buildings above. And that is concerning experts – add the subsidence of the land to the rising of sea levels, and the relative sea level rise is 3-4mm (0.12-0.16in) per year. That may not sound like much, but over a few years it adds up to significant problems for a coastal city.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ENew York has already been suffering subsidence since the end of last ice age. Relieved of the weight of ice sheets, some land on the Eastern Seaboard is expanding, while other parts of the coastal landmass, including the chunk on which New York City lies, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1038\\u002Fnclimate1597\\\"\\u003Eseem to be settling down\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. \\\"That relaxation causes subsidence,\\\" says Tom Parsons, a research geophysicist at the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.usgs.gov\\u002Fcenters\\u002Fpcmsc\\\"\\u003EPacific Coastal and Marine Science Center\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E of the USGS in Moffett Field, California and one of the four authors of the study. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut the enormous weight of the city's built environment worsens this subsidence, Parsons says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAnd this is a global phenomenon. New York City, says Parsons, \\\"can be seen as a proxy for other coastal cities in the US and the world that have growing populations from people migrating to them, that have associated urbanisation, and that face rising seas\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThere is a wide range of reasons for why coastal cities are sinking, but the mass of human infrastructure pressing down on the land is playing a role. The scale of this infrastructure is vast: in 2020 \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1038\\u002Fs41586-020-3010-5\\\"\\u003Ethe mass of human-made objects surpassed that of all living biomass\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. (\\u003Cem\\u003ELearn more about how \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20210628-concrete-the-material-that-defines-our-age\\\"\\u003Econcrete has become the material that defines our age\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E.)\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ECan anything be done to halt these cities – which between them have hundreds of millions of residents – from sinking into the sea?\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230523-new-yorks-skyscrapers-are-causing-it-to-sink-what-can-be-done-about-it-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fpzds4\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"A man drives his motorised scooter through tidal flood water on a street in Jakarta, Indonesia (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230523-new-yorks-skyscrapers-are-causing-it-to-sink-what-can-be-done-about-it-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003ESome cities around the world – such as Jakarta, capital of Indonesia – are sinking far faster than others. \\\"In some cities, we're seeing subsidence of a few centimetres a year,\\\" says Steven D'Hondt, professor of oceanography at the University of Rhode Island in Narragansett. At this rate, the city is sinking far faster than sea levels are rising to meet it. \\\"We'd have to increase ice melt by an order of magnitude to match that.\\\" \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAs well as being a co-author on the New York study, D'Hondt is one of three authors of a 2022 study that used satellite images to measure subsidence rates in 99 coastal cities around the world. \\\"If subsidence continues at recent rates, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1029\\u002F2022GL098477\\\"\\u003Ethese cities will be challenged by severe flood events much sooner than projected\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E,\\\" wrote D'Hondt and his colleagues Pei-Chin Wu and Matt Wei, who are both at the University of Rhode Island. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ESoutheast Asia featured heavily in the list of cities suffering the most rapid subsidence. Parts of Jakarta are subsiding at between 2cmm-5cm (0.8-2in) per year. Alongside Jakarta, which is \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fapnews.com\\u002Farticle\\u002Findonesia-capital-kalimantan-climate-borneo-environment-eb0f8ad12e07bb105546296d88192834\\\"\\u003Ebeing replaced as Indonesia's capital\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E by a city being constructed 1,240 miles (1996km) away, were Manila (Philippines), Chittagong (Bangladesh), Karachi (Pakistan) and Tianjin (China). These cities are already suffering infrastructure damage and frequent flooding.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMeanwhile, although it is not on the coast, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1029\\u002F2020JB020648\\\"\\u003EMexico City\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E is sinking at an astonishing 50cm (20in) a year thanks to the Spanish \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ffaculty.washington.edu\\u002Fjwh\\u002F207mexic.htm\\\"\\u003Edraining its underlying aquifers when they occupied it as a colony\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Research has suggested it could take another 150 years before that sinking halts – and around 30m (98ft) of additional subsidence.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EYou might also like:\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cul\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220927-italys-plan-to-save-venice-from-sinking\\\"\\u003EWill Venice succumb to the sea?\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20210209-hong-kong-the-worlds-greenest-skyscrapers\\\"\\u003EThe Hong Kong approach to skyscrapers\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230504-the-people-living-ultra-low-carbon-lifestyles\\\"\\u003EWhat 1.5C living actually looks like\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003C\\u002Ful\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut it's the coastal cities that are the focus of the study by D'Hondt and his colleagues. A large portion of Semarang in Indonesia, for example, is sinking at 2-3cm (0.8-1.2in) per year while a significant area in the north of Tampa Bay, Florida, is subsiding at 6mm (0.2in) annually. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ESome level of this subsidence happens naturally, Wei says. However, it can be greatly accelerated by humans – not only by the load of our buildings, but by our extraction of groundwater and our production of deep-lying oil and gas. The relative contribution of each of these phenomena, says Wei, \\\"vary from place to place, making it a challenging task to understand and address coastal subsidence\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230523-new-yorks-skyscrapers-are-causing-it-to-sink-what-can-be-done-about-it-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fpzfgm\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"Three cranes on top of an under-construction skyscraper in New York City (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230523-new-yorks-skyscrapers-are-causing-it-to-sink-what-can-be-done-about-it-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EBut address it we must. Rising water causes damage well before it starts crashing over flood barriers: it is a rising tide that sinks all boats.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe first effects of a relative rise in sea level, says D'Hondt, take place below the surface. \\\"You've got buried utility lines, buried infrastructure, buried foundations for buildings, and then, the seawater starts working with that stuff long before you see it above ground.\\\" As this goes on, storms bring water ever further into cities.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe solutions vary according to the local causes of subsidence.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOne obvious approach, albeit one that comes with its own problems, is to stop building. As Parsons explains, the settling of the ground beneath buildings \\\"is generally complete a year or two after construction\\\". Although much of New York City has bedrock of schist, marble and gneiss, these rocks have a degree of elasticity and fractures in them that account for some of the subsidence. But the clay-rich soil and artificial fill materials that are particularly prevalent in lower Manhattan can cause some of the largest amounts of subsidence, says Parsons and his colleagues. So ensuring the largest buildings are positioned on the most solid bedrock could help to reduce the downward trend.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAnother solution, at least for some places, is to slow the withdrawal of groundwater and extraction from underground aquifers. Parsons and his colleagues warn that increasing urbanisation will likely increase the amount of groundwater being extracted and combine with even more construction to cope with the growing population. Finding more sustainable ways of supplying the city's water needs and maintaining groundwater levels could help.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHowever, the most common approach is a messy and imperfect programme of constructing and maintaining flood defences such as sea walls. Tokyo's adaptation to land subsidence is two-pronged. The city has built physical structures like concrete dykes, seawalls, pump stations and flood gates. These are combined with social measures like evacuation rehearsals and an early-warning system.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230523-new-yorks-skyscrapers-are-causing-it-to-sink-what-can-be-done-about-it-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"Some level of this subsidence happens naturally, but it can be greatly accelerated by humans \u2013 not only by the load of our buildings, but by our extraction of groundwater and our production of deep-lying oil and gas\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230523-new-yorks-skyscrapers-are-causing-it-to-sink-what-can-be-done-about-it-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003ESometimes it is residents themselves who step in. A 2021 study documented how residents of Jakarta, Manila and Ho Chi Minh City have taken their own, informal measures. These include \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1016\\u002Fj.cosust.2021.02.010\\\"\\u003Eraising floors, moving household appliances\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and, in Manila, building makeshift bridges between houses in swampy areas.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOther useful tools include attenuation tanks: large tanks that sit underground and release stormwater at a controlled, slow rate. Martin Lambley, a drainage expert at the pipe manufacturing company Wavin, says that attenuation tanks should be combined with natural elements like ponds, soakaways (rubbly pits from which water drains slowly) and swales (marshy basins). \\\"The challenges we face today differ drastically from when urban sewers and drainage systems were first introduced,\\\" he says. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWe might see more innovative solutions as the waters rise. In 2019, the UN held a roundtable discussion on \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fpress.un.org\\u002Fen\\u002F2019\\u002Fdsgsm1269.doc.htm\\\"\\u003Efloating cities\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, which might take the form of pontoon structures. Finally, stopping climate change by eliminating greenhouse gas emissions would prevent or delay at least some melting of the polar ice caps, slowing sea level rise.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"I think that governments need to be concerned,\\\" says D'Hondt. \\\"If they don't want to have massive loss of infrastructure and economic capacity in a few decades, they need to start planning right now.\\\" \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E-- \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230523-new-yorks-skyscrapers-are-causing-it-to-sink-what-can-be-done-about-it-6\"}],\"collection\":[\"future\\u002Fcolumn\\u002Fburning-questions\"],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-05-23T18:40:00Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"New York's skyscrapers are causing it to sink \u2013 what can be done about it?\",\"headlineShort\":\"The city that never sleeps is sinking\",\"image\":[\"p0fpzf2c\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"Skyscrapers in lower Manhattan, New York city, at sunset as seen from New Jersey (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"isSyndicated\":true,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"The ground under New York City is sinking 1-2mm per year, partly due to the sheer mass of all the buildings but it isn't the only city to be suffering \u2013 what can be done to save them?\",\"summaryShort\":\"Coastal cities are subsiding under the mass of buildings and climate change\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Fcities\",\"tag\\u002Fclimatechange\",\"tag\\u002Fenvironment\",\"tag\\u002Farchitecture\",\"tag\\u002Fburning-questions\",\"tag\\u002Fcity\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-05-23T17:44:23.313039Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"256d2b4b-8ee4-4974-980a-e117a08f532b\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230523-new-yorks-skyscrapers-are-causing-it-to-sink-what-can-be-done-about-it\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-05-26T08:54:53.456518Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230523-new-yorks-skyscrapers-are-causing-it-to-sink-what-can-be-done-about-it\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398500},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world\",\"_id\":\"646bf46c122e041ee81921cd\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Fthomas-suddendorf-jon-redshaw-and-adam-bulley\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"When humanity acquired the ability to imagine the future, it changed the trajectory of our species. But in the age of the Anthropocene, we need to harness this mental skill now more than ever, say the scientists Thomas Suddendorf, Jon Redshaw and Adam Bulley.\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EAt the start of 2020, a mother and her two daughters in Krefeld, Germany, wrote New Year's wishes on six paper lanterns and let them fly. The sight of slowly-ascending sky lanterns, lit by candles inside, has beguiled people through the ages. Yet when this family were imagining their future, they did not anticipate what would happen later that night.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe lanterns drifted away, and eventually reached the ape house of the Krefeld Zoo. The flames inside the lanterns set the buildings alight – leaving dozens of primates, including two gorillas, five orangutans, and one chimpanzee, to \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fnews\\u002Fworld-europe-50971250\\\"\\u003Edie in the ensuing blaze\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHuman foresight will never be 20:20. But this does not mean that we are doomed to repeat the mistakes of yesterday. We know we cannot foresee where our sky lanterns will land, and so it is for good reason they have been made illegal in so many countries.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOur minds can also recognise that many apparent human advances, motivated by our wishes for a brighter future, come with not-so-harmless consequences: \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Fworld-62200929\\\"\\u003Eforests are burning\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Fscience-environment-56921164\\\"\\u003Eglaciers are melting\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fnews\\u002Fscience-environment-65315823\\\"\\u003Ebiodiversity is in decline\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. We are extracting what we want from the planet and leaving mountains of trash in return. Our litter can be found in the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Fscience-environment-48230157\\\"\\u003Edeepest sea trenches\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Ftopics\\u002Fc5y9wr365gmt\\\"\\u003Eouter reaches of the atmosphere\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Human activity, propelled by plots and plans, has impacted the planet so dramatically that scientists have declared a new geological epoch: the Anthropocene.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EYou may also like:\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cul\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20190822-the-skills-you-need-to-predict-the-future\\\"\\u003EHow you can make better predictions\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20161130-why-humans-should-be-wary-of-widening-the-intelligence-gap\\\"\\u003EWhy humans should be wary of widening the intelligence gap\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20190109-the-perils-of-short-termism-civilisations-greatest-threat\\\"\\u003EThe perils of short-termism: Civilisation’s greatest threat\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003C\\u002Ful\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHow did our capacity to think ahead (and its failings) get us to this point, and how might it show the way out of our troubles? Recently, we published a book called \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.basicbooks.com\\u002Ftitles\\u002Fthomas-suddendorf\\u002Fthe-invention-of-tomorrow\\u002F9781541675728\\u002F\\\"\\u003EThe Invention of Tomorrow\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E  that seeks answers to these questions, and more. It's about the remarkable skill of foresight in human beings, and all the ways it transformed the world for better and worse. When our hominin ancestors learnt to think about the future, it would prove to be a game-changer – and not just for us, but the planet too.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn Greek mythology, humanity gained their distinct powers when the figure Prometheus gave us a gift: fire from the heavens. There's no doubt that without flame, our species would never have flourished – but what's perhaps lesser known about the story is that the name Prometheus means \\u003Cem\\u003Eforesight\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fp2nd2\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EOver the last two decades, research has established more and more facts about the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\\u002Fcore\\u002Fjournals\\u002Fbehavioral-and-brain-sciences\\u002Farticle\\u002Fabs\\u002Fevolution-of-foresight-what-is-mental-time-travel-and-is-it-unique-to-humans\\u002F85E9D236BCAE38AF71442FA31E4F2E3B\\\"\\u003Ecognitive\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fpii\\u002FS0896627312009919\\\"\\u003Eneurological\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E basis of our capacity for \\\"mental time travel\\\": the ability to project the mind's eye into the past or future. It turns out that memory and foresight have \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002Fabs\\u002F10.1002\\u002Fwcs.23\\\"\\u003Emany commonalities\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, and impairment in one tends to go hand in hand with \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fguilfordjournals.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1521\\u002Fsoco.20.5.353.21125\\\"\\u003Eimpairment in the other\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Children gradually acquire the ability to steer their mental time machines into past and future at around the same age, and in late adulthood memory and foresight also tend to decline in parallel.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut of course there are profound differences between past and future, not least the fact that the future is uncertain. One reason human foresight is so powerful is that we can think about \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cell.com\\u002Fcurrent-biology\\u002FpdfExtended\\u002FS0960-9822(16)30416-X\\\"\\u003Emultiple versions\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E of what the future might be like, letting us compare our options and make \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nature.com\\u002Farticles\\u002Fs41562-020-0834-9\\\"\\u003Ebetter decisions\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in the present. Foresight is intimately bound up with what it means to be human – it is central to notions of moral responsibility, our \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fbpspsychub.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002Fabs\\u002F10.1111\\u002Fbjc.12080\\\"\\u003Edeepest anxieties\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, and even our \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fpii\\u002FS1364661319302554?casa_token=1vnjSgkPWLoAAAAA:hWjoRMyeflUEvpUqol0xJJF1kazUuKzEv3YKnVvGiR-zE1oCqMqqsC3_luEkrjAR7Y1Gj-cSkA\\\"\\u003Esense of free will\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe ability to think about the future can be \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1098\\u002Frstb.2021.0350\\\"\\u003Etraced back to the Pleistocene\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. We can see clues about our ancestors' advancing capacities in the form of carefully crafted stone tools and the remnants of firepits. Foreseeing what might lie ahead, they assembled stone-tipped spears knowing they'd later use them to kill from a distance, and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cambridge.org\\u002Fcore\\u002Fjournals\\u002Fevolutionary-human-sciences\\u002Farticle\\u002Fits-in-the-bag-mobile-containers-in-human-evolution-and-child-development\\u002FAFC86DCA3965ECB2BD0DA57EE677962A\\\"\\u003Ecrafted mobile containers\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E that enabled them to ferry provisions to points in space and time. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOver the following millennia, humans increasingly set out to acquire skills and knowledge in advance, shaping themselves and their destiny. They noted the regularities of their world and innovated tools like calendars, money, and writing that dramatically improved their ability to coordinate future events. More and more people planted crops that would only be harvested months down the track.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMuch later, the disciplined application of foresight in the scientific method became a key to ushering in the modern era. The scientific method essentially involves three steps. Data must be gathered via observation or experimentation, potential explanations for these data must be generated, and, finally, hypotheses must be derived from these explanations and put to the test. Foresight is integral to this process: scientists are in the business of making and testing predictions. If they are not consistently borne out, theories are replaced or amended.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fp2nq4\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EScientific thinking created new avenues for foreseeing the future – such as the tides or the weather. In the 1600s, Robert Hooke appreciated how science might be used to drastically improve human life. Hooke \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.google.co.uk\\u002Fbooks\\u002Fedition\\u002FThe_Correspondence_of_Robert_Boyle_1636\\u002Fw19wEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22we+may+be+able+to+see+the+mutations+of+the+weather+at+some+distance+before+they+approach+us%22&pg=RA1-PA343&printsec=frontcover\\\"\\u003Eventured that\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, one day, \\\"we may be able to see the mutations of the weather at some distance before they approach us, and thereby, being able to predict and forewarn, many dangers may be prevented, and the good of mankind very much promoted\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWith greater foresight, people also gained increasing \\u003Cem\\u003Econtrol\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E over the future, setting humans on a course of radical technological upheaval. Without it, we wouldn't have seen the Industrial Revolution – with its steam engines, coal mining techniques, and textile factories. The notion of an intimate relationship between science, technology, and \\\"progress\\\" quickly spread – as did pollution and poor working conditions, not to mention slavery, colonial exploitation, and warfare with ever more sophisticated arms. The innovations rolled on, bringing electricity, internal combustion, telecommunication, and, eventually, microchips, satellites, and weapons of mass destruction.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor better or worse, foresight has transformed the world. The population of \\u003Cem\\u003EHomo sapiens\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E has exploded since the Industrial Revolution, from about \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fourworldindata.org\\u002Fworld-population-growth\\\"\\u003Eone billion people 200 years ago to some eight times that figure now\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. We far outnumber all the other primates combined – great apes, small apes, monkeys, lemurs, and the rest. The mammals now most common on the planet are those we farm. (\\u003Cem\\u003ERead more from BBC Future about \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220905-is-the-world-overpopulated\\\"\\u003Ethe debate over how many people the Earth can handle\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E).\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"With greater foresight, people also gained increasing control over the future\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EAnd our impact on Earth is not restricted to its organisms, with our split atoms, forged steel, and synthesised plastics. The combined weight of human material products (our buildings and roads, our computers and light bulbs, our trash) has been \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fjournals.sagepub.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1177\\u002F2053019616677743\\\"\\u003Eestimated at 30 trillion tonnes\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E — or approximately 66,000,000,000,000,000lb.  \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThat's not to say that farsighted scientific breakthroughs have not brought many benefits too. Thanks to advances in medicine, for example, as well as in related domains such as hygiene, safety, and public health, babies born today can expect to live about \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fourworldindata.org\\u002Fchild-mortality\\\"\\u003Etwice as long on average\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E as those born merely a century ago. And visiting the doctor has typically become far less terrifying.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EImagine facing an operation without anything to dull the pain. Even kings and queens at any point bar the last 100 years or so would not have had \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\\u002F2021\\u002F05\\u002F11\\u002Fbooks\\u002Freview\\u002Fextra-life-steven-johnson.html\\\"\\u003Ethe life expectancy\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E that ordinary citizens of most countries have today. They would have suffered operations without anesthetics and died spluttering with common disease like everyone else. As recently as the 18th Century, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\\u002Fbooks\\u002FNBK7294\\u002F\\\"\\u003Efive reigning European monarchs died from smallpox\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Modern medical science has given humans new control over their own biology: the capability to heal injuries and cure diseases, and even to prevent problems before they arise.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMuch of our apparent progress has been made possible by people foreseeing a better world, communicating about it, and cooperating to create it. Thinking ahead has played an essential role in human flourishing and has helped to bring us plenty we can be thankful for.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EForesight, though, is an imperfect skill.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world-6\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fp2p9l\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"portrait\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world-7\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe public arena is packed with leading figures failing to foresee what seems obvious in hindsight. Albert Einstein asserted in 1932 that \\\"there is not the slightest indication that [nuclear] energy will ever be obtainable\\\", whereas the president of the vacuum cleaner company Lewyt Corp foretold in 1955 that \\\"nuclear-powered vacuum cleaners will probably be a reality in 10 years\\\". The US postmaster general pronounced in 1959 that \\\"before man reaches the Moon, mail will be delivered within hours from New York to California, to Britain, to India or Australia by guided missiles\\\". And when humans \\u003Cem\\u003Edid\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E first land on the Moon, many people predicted there would be lunar colonies by the end of the century, with Venus and Mars ripe for further waves of colonisation. Few people foresaw what was actually going to transform much of our lives: innovations such as the internet and smartphones.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EA failure to foresee can also have treacherous consequences. To smooth the operation of car engines, the inventor Thomas Midgley Jr \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Fbusiness-40593353\\\"\\u003Eintroduced lead to gasoline\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, which he did not anticipate would turn out to produce one of the world's worst pollutants. Nor did he foresee that the CFC (chlorofluorocarbon) he introduced to refrigerators would be a major cause of ozone depletion. As one environmental historian once \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwwnorton.com\\u002Fbooks\\u002FSomething-New-Under-the-Sun\\u002F\\\"\\u003Eput it\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, Midgley \\\"had more impact on the atmosphere than any other single organism in Earth history\\\". Evidently, many of our innovative solutions to problems create new problems that require further solutions. Midgley's tragic story ended, true to his luck, when he was strangled by one of his own inventions (a pulley and rope system designed to help him out of bed).\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world-8\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"calloutBodyHtml\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EParts of this essay were adapted from \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.hachettebookgroup.com\\u002Ftitles\\u002Fthomas-suddendorf\\u002Fthe-invention-of-tomorrow\\u002F9781541675728\\u002F?lens=basic-books\\\"\\u003EThe Invention of Tomorrow: A Natural History of Foresight\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E (Basic Books, 2022) by Thomas Suddendorf, Jon Redshaw and Adam Bulley\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\",\"calloutTitle\":\"Comment & Analysis\",\"cardType\":\"CalloutBox\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"It seems unthinkable in hindsight that this stunt was allowed to go ahead\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world-9\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EIn many cases, the potential for disaster should have been easy to anticipate. The Krefeld Zoo sky lantern tragedy is unfortunately no anomaly. Take Balloonfest '86, when a charity organisation in Cleveland, Ohio, attempted to set a Guinness World Record by \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.theatlantic.com\\u002Fvideo\\u002Findex\\u002F562556\\u002Fcleveland-balloonfest\\u002F\\\"\\u003Ereleasing 1.5 million helium-filled balloons\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E into the sky. After six months of careful planning, thousands of people gathered on a Saturday afternoon to prepare for the spectacle. Local children excitedly filled and tied balloons for hours in the Sun until their fingers blistered.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThen, at around 14:00, the balloons were released in the public square to much fanfare. It seems unthinkable in hindsight that this stunt was allowed to go ahead – it's as if nobody involved could anticipate the now obvious consequences that were about to unfold. Soon, the city and surrounding areas were inundated by the descending garbage; thousands of balloons drifted onto the city airport's runway and grounded air traffic, while thousands more wreaked havoc on the roads. Two lost fishermen drowned when coast guard rescuers \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.youtube.com\\u002Fwatch?v=n0CT8zrw6lw&t=2s&ab_channel=TheAtlantic\\\"\\u003Ecould not spot them\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E among all the balloons bobbing around in Lake Erie.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EDecades of shortsighted littering has left the world's waters teeming with ever more \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Fscience-environment-64889284\\\"\\u003Eman-made materials\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Anyone who reads the news in 2023 can no longer claim to be unaware of the environmental impact of humanity on nature.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world-10\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fp2qgb\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world-11\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003ESo how might we put our foresight to better use?\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EUntil the beginning of the 19th Century, people did not even realise that species could go extinct at all, let alone be driven to extinction by our own actions. As \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fus.macmillan.com\\u002Fbooks\\u002F9781250062185\\u002Fthesixthextinction\\\"\\u003EElizabeth Kolbert relates\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, in spite of observations such as the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Fscience-environment-41002562\\\"\\u003Edisappearance of the dodo\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E on Mauritius within a century of its discovery, the idea of extinctions was not properly established as a fact of life until the 1800s, when \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Famericanhistory.si.edu\\u002Felephants-and-us\\u002Felephants-and-idea-extinction-0\\\"\\u003Ebones of the mastodon\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E were discovered. These fossils represented a distinct species – too conspicuous to have been overlooked if they were still alive. Only by recognising the possibility of extinctions can we plan to avoid them.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EReducing our impact on nature calls for ever-more sophisticated forms of foresight. Rather than being driven by intuitions or emotional appeals about dolphins, pandas, tigers, and other charismatic species, we can now systematically analyse the predicted costs and benefits of alternative courses of action.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor example, consider our stewardship of the oceans. In 2010, the United Nations Strategic Plan for Biodiversity \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cbd.int\\u002F2010-target\\u002F\\\"\\u003Eset a target\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E to protect at least 10% of the world's oceans. But not all ocean waters are the same. Australia's waters, for instance, contain \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Foceanservice.noaa.gov\\u002Ffacts\\u002Fgbrlargeststructure.html\\\"\\u003Ethe largest reef system in the world\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, where some 600 types of corals have created some 3,000 reefs over 340,000 sq km (130,000 sq miles).\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ETo respond to this problem, Australian researchers developed the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.google.com\\u002Furl?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjfocPj-4z-AhV7pVYBHfdTDdsQFnoECAoQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpfeil-verlag.de%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F04%2F5_00_12.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1TSHg5Z2_fEvXZLV877QEc\\\"\\u003EMarxan algorithm\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E – a scientific approach to spatial conservation planning – which has been used to rezone the Great Barrier Reef. This approach recognises diverse bioregions and the need to impose distinct \\\"no-take\\\" zones where fishing and other extractive activities are banned. It was a pioneering, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.jstor.org\\u002Fstable\\u002F3591195\\\"\\u003Elarge-scale, systematically-designed reserve system\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E incorporating huge amounts of biological and economic data to boost conservation outcomes. Now over 120 countries have used this planning software.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world-12\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fp2qvx\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world-13\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EUltimately, when we plot the future of our relationship with nature, much hinges on what we value and want to achieve, confronting us with tough moral decisions. Science might be able to help us look ahead, but it is up to us to choose which future to pursue.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWe can also learn from our mistakes. After all, balloons are \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cleveland.com\\u002Fnews\\u002F2022\\u002F01\\u002Fcleveland-city-council-bans-large-balloon-releases.html\\\"\\u003Eno longer allowed to be released for celebratory purposes\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in Cleveland, and the European Union finally outlawed single-use plastics in 2021. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fnews\\u002Fworld-58388810\\\"\\u003EEvery country in the world has stopped using leaded fuel\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, 100 years after Midgley introduced it. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFollowing the discovery of the hole in the ozone layer, people across the world phased out the use of the manufactured chemicals responsible – including Midgley's refrigerant – and managed to initiate a recovery. The ban on chlorofluorocarbons has been ratified by all countries, and consumption of ozone-depleting substances has fallen to less than 1% of \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fworksinprogress.co\\u002Fissue\\u002Fhow-we-fixed-the-ozone-layer\\\"\\u003Ewhat it was in the 1980s\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. (\\u003Cem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220321-what-happened-to-the-worlds-ozone-hole\\\"\\u003ERead more about how we solved the world's ozone crisis\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E.)\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn light of the rapid increase in global temperatures caused by greenhouse gas emissions, the 2016 Paris Agreement commits governments the world to actions aimed at keeping global warming to \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Fscience-environment-35073297\\\"\\u003Ebelow 2C compared to preindustrial levels\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThese global efforts are extraordinary achievements in recognising our mistakes, exchanging our forecasts, and plotting a way out of our troubles. But even with widespread cooperation and commitments for tomorrow, averting future crises will require that our plans are enacted.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHuman foresight is an incredibly powerful tool. By learning to better steer our mental time machines we can create a future worth looking forward to.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E*Parts of this essay were adapted from \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.hachettebookgroup.com\\u002Ftitles\\u002Fthomas-suddendorf\\u002Fthe-invention-of-tomorrow\\u002F9781541675728\\u002F?lens=basic-books\\\"\\u003EThe Invention of Tomorrow: A Natural History of Foresight\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E (Basic Books, 2022) by Thomas Suddendorf, Jon Redshaw and Adam Bulley\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world-14\"}],\"collection\":null,\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-05-23T00:00:46Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"Foresight: The mental talent that shaped the world\",\"headlineShort\":\"The 'flawed' skill that shaped history\",\"image\":[\"p0fp2kpb\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"\",\"isSyndicated\":false,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"When humanity acquired the ability to imagine the future, it changed our trajectory. But in the age of the Anthropocene, we need to harness this mental skill now more than ever.\",\"summaryShort\":\"Why the imperfect evolution of foresight changed the world\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Fprediction\",\"tag\\u002Fpsychology\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-05-22T23:01:47.589971Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"068cbe89-4711-4289-904d-435acb7e682b\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-05-23T11:27:26.45288Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-foresight-the-mental-talent-that-shaped-the-world\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398500},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-the-viruses-that-helped-to-make-you-human\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-the-viruses-that-helped-to-make-you-human\",\"_id\":\"646aa2c0122e041ca3317af1\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Fmichael-marshall\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"Although they are more commonly associated with causing disease and, at times, devastating pandemics, viruses have also played an important role in human evolution \u2013 and without them you wouldn't be here at all.\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe \\u003Cem\\u003EMabuya\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E lizards that live in the Andes mountains of Colombia are not like other reptiles. While the majority of reptiles lay eggs with hard shells, some \\u003Cem\\u003EMabuya\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E species give birth to live young. Crucially, the mothers have placentas: specialised organs for feeding the developing young inside their bodies.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EPlacentas are more commonly associated with mammals like mice and humans: we are placental mammals. But other kinds of animal have also evolved placentas. And in 2001 zoologists Martha Patricia Ramírez-Pinilla and Adriana Jerez of the Industrial University of Santander in Bucaramanga, Colombia, revealed that \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1002\\u002Fjmor.1045\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EMabuya\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E lizards have extremely advanced placentas\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, not too dissimilar from ours.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWhile this was surprising enough for a reptile, which typically lay leathery eggs, the real revelation came 16 years later, when Ramírez-Pinilla teamed up with geneticist Thierry Heidmann of Gustave Roussy in Paris, France and his colleagues. They found that the lizards have a gene that is essential for the formation of the placenta, and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.pnas.org\\u002Fdoi\\u002Ffull\\u002F10.1073\\u002Fpnas.1714590114\\\"\\u003Ethat gene came from a virus\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWithin the last 25 million years, the ancestors of the lizards were infected by a virus that incorporated some of its own DNA into their genome. But instead of being harmed, the lizards somehow co-opted the viral DNA and used it to develop their first placentas. Thanks to the virus, the lizards evolved a new organ.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"The genomic acquisition coincided with the shift from non-placental to placental lizard,\\\" says Heidmann.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe unusual thing about this story, however, is that it is not unusual. About a tenth of the human genome comes from viruses, and that viral DNA has played crucial roles in our evolution. Some of it was the source of the mammalian placenta. Other bits are involved in our immune response against disease and in the formation of new genes. Without viruses, humans could not have evolved.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-the-viruses-that-helped-to-make-you-human-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fp8xcc\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"An electron microscope image of the HIV-1 virus (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-the-viruses-that-helped-to-make-you-human-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EViruses are so simple that many biologists do not regard them as fully alive. Each virus is essentially a microscopic package of genetic material. They can only reproduce by infecting living cells: they subvert the cell's machinery to make copies of themselves. In doing so they often make their hosts ill.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EViruses that insert their own genetic material into the host's genome are called retroviruses. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fretrovirology.biomedcentral.com\\u002Farticles\\u002F10.1186\\u002F1742-4690-3-67\\\"\\u003ETheir nature was first understood in the 1960s and 1970s\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, although some had been isolated decades before. Following a suggestion in 1964 that some viruses might copy their own genetic material into the DNA of their hosts, researchers identified \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1146\\u002Fannurev-virology-110615-035556\\\"\\u003EDNA of viral origin in the genomes of chickens\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EDespite being a large and diverse group of viruses, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fjournals.asm.org\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1128\\u002FMMBR.00033-07\\\"\\u003Eonly four retroviruses are currently known to infect humans\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. All were \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fretrovirology.biomedcentral.com\\u002Farticles\\u002F10.1186\\u002F1742-4690-6-40\\\"\\u003Ediscovered in the 1980s\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E: human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), which causes a form of cancer, along with the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\\u002Farticles\\u002F10.3389\\u002Ffmicb.2014.00398\\u002Ffull\\\"\\u003Eclosely related HTLV-2\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E; and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) types 1 and 2, which cause Aids.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIf a retrovirus infects a cell in a person's lungs or skin, that may be bad news for the person, but it has limited consequences for our species' evolution as this DNA is not passed onto the next generation. However, sometimes a retrovirus gets into the germline: the cells that give rise to eggs and sperm, where viral DNA can be passed onto our offspring. These pieces of viral DNA are called endogenous retroviruses or ERVs. It is these heritable bits of viral DNA that can change the course of evolution.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EERVs everywhere\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe sheer scale of human ERVs was revealed when \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230210-the-man-whose-genome-you-can-read-end-to-end\\\"\\u003Ethe first draft of the human genome\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E was published in 2001. \\\"It turned out there was a huge amount of viral sequence,\\\" says Heidmann. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fretrovirology.biomedcentral.com\\u002Farticles\\u002F10.1186\\u002Fs12977-015-0232-y\\\"\\u003EAbout 8% of the human genome consists of ERVs\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ESome of them are truly ancient. One study in 2013 identified \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1098\\u002Frstb.2012.0503#d3e832\\\"\\u003Ean ERV on the human chromosome 17 that is at least 104 million years old and probably older\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. That means it is the result of a virus infecting a mammal deep in the era when dinosaurs ruled the Earth. The ERV is only found in mammals with placentas, so it may have integrated soon after placental mammals split from their marsupial cousins.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EYou might also like:\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cul\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20210112-heres-what-sex-with-neanderthals-was-like\\\"\\u003EHow we know humans had sex with Neanderthals\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230210-the-man-whose-genome-you-can-read-end-to-end\\\"\\u003EWhy the human genome was never completed\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230509-how-genetics-determine-our-life-choices\\\"\\u003EHow your genes influence your decisions\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003C\\u002Ful\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EERVs aren't confined to mammals and reptiles, either. \\\"All vertebrates have endogenous retroviruses,\\\" says molecular virologist Nicole Grandi at the University of Cagliari in Italy.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMost human ERVs are not unique to our species but \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\\u002F1999-4915\\u002F14\\u002F7\\u002F1370\\\"\\u003Ecan also be found in at least some other primates\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, such as chimpanzees. This means they got into primate genomes millions of years ago, long before our own species evolved, and we then inherited them from our ape ancestors.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-the-viruses-that-helped-to-make-you-human-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"Some ERVs help the immune system to target cancerous cells\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-the-viruses-that-helped-to-make-you-human-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003ECuriously, there is no evidence of new ERVs entering the human genome in the last few thousand years. The only retroviruses our species currently has to deal with are HTLV and HIV, says Grandi, and neither has been \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\\u002F1999-4915\\u002F14\\u002F7\\u002F1370\\\"\\u003Ereported to infect germline cells\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. \\\"Currently we cannot see active endogenisation in humans,\\\" says Grandi.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThis is in stark contrast to some other species. Koalas are currently being invaded by koala retrovirus (KoRV), DNA from which is found in some populations of koalas but not others. Koala geneticists are therefore able to watch \\\"\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1186\\u002Fgb-2006-7-11-241\\\"\\u003Ea genome invasion in real time\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EOrigin of the placenta\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHuman ERVs were originally thought of as inactive \\\"fossil sequences\\\" or part of the genome's \\\"junk DNA\\\". However, in common with a lot of supposed junk DNA, it turns out that many human ERVs are active. (\\u003Cem\\u003ELearn about \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230412-the-mystery-of-the-human-genomes-dark-matter\\\"\\u003Ethe crucial role junk DNA may play in this article by David Cox\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E.)\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe most studied ERVs in the human genome are called HERV-W, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fjournals.asm.org\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1128\\u002FJVI.73.2.1175-1185.1999\\\"\\u003Efirst described in 1999\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. They encode proteins called syncytins, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fjournals.asm.org\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1128\\u002FJVI.74.7.3321-3329.2000\\\"\\u003Ewhich are found in the placenta\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Just like in the \\u003Cem\\u003EMabuya\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E lizards, these viral genes are essential for the placenta to form.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThis link between viruses and the placenta makes sense when you consider what syncytins actually do. These proteins have the ability to fuse two or more cells into one. When they were viral proteins, they were used by the virus to fuse with the outer membrane of a cell and thus infect it. This fusion ability has been co-opted by the placenta. By fusing cells from the mother and cells from the embryo, the placenta can transfer nutrients to the embryo and extract wastes.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAnd it's not just humans. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.pnas.org\\u002Fdoi\\u002Ffull\\u002F10.1073\\u002Fpnas.0305763101\\\"\\u003ESimilar syncytin proteins are found in other apes like gorillas\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. More recent studies have shown that retroviruses have infected mammals repeatedly throughout their evolutionary history, so \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Froyalsocietypublishing.org\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1098\\u002Frstb.2012.0507\\\"\\u003Edifferent groups of mammals often have different syncytins derived from different retroviruses\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"We hypothesise that in fact there was a founding ERV capture 150 million years ago, which led to the emergence of placental mammals,\\\" says Heidmann. Since then, repeated infections seem to have overwritten that original ERV, so it cannot be found in any living mammal. The \\u003Cem\\u003EMabuya\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E lizard study was important because it demonstrated that the lizards only acquired placentas after first acquiring the ERV from a virus – suggesting the same thing happened in the ancestor of all placental mammals. \\\"It gave the demonstration of the link between acquisition of a placenta and acquisition of a syncytin,\\\" says Heidmann.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-the-viruses-that-helped-to-make-you-human-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fp8wly\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"A koala is held by a worker from Kangaroo Island Wildlife Park (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-the-viruses-that-helped-to-make-you-human-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"calloutBodyHtml\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EIt has been 20 years since the Human Genome Project was \\\"completed\\\", but this enormous effort to sequence and map the human \\\"book of life\\\" was only just the beginning. Far from closing the question of what makes our bodies tick and why they do so differently, research on the human genome has revealed a far more complex picture than anyone could have imagined. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Fcolumns\\u002Fbeyond-the-genome\\u002F\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EBeyond the Genome \\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003Eexamines just how far our understanding of our genetics has come in the past two decades.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\",\"calloutTitle\":\"Beyond the Genome\",\"cardType\":\"CalloutBox\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-the-viruses-that-helped-to-make-you-human-6\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe story of syncytins and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Facademic.oup.com\\u002Fmbe\\u002Farticle\\u002F38\\u002F12\\u002F5453\\u002F6355041\\\"\\u003Ethe placenta\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E is one of the most dramatic examples of viral DNA affecting evolution. It is particularly noteworthy because a complete viral gene has survived in the human genome and encodes a protein. Many other ERVs do not encode proteins, but they still have functions.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ESome play a role in stem cells: the multipurpose cells found in developing embryos. Some stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they can develop into any type of cell in the body, from neurons to muscle fibres.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EA family of retroviruses called HERV-H are \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cell.com\\u002Ftrends\\u002Fgenetics\\u002Ffulltext\\u002FS0168-9525(21)00197-9\\\"\\u003Eessential for pluripotency\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. However, they do not code for proteins. Instead, the HERV-H sequences are copied onto molecules called RNAs, and these keep the cell pluripotent. \\\"If they are suppressed, then the cell morphology changes and it loses the ability to maintain its undifferentiated state,\\\" says virologist Christine Kozak of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in Bethesda, Maryland.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOther ERVs regulate the activity of genes, and therefore control bodily processes. For example, our bodies use an enzyme called amylase to break down carbohydrates like starch in our food. \\\"We have amylase in the pancreas and we have amylase in the mouth in the saliva,\\\" says Grandi. The amylase gene is activated in the salivary gland by a DNA sequence called a promoter – which comes from an ERV.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EThe viruses that keep us healthy\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EUnsurprisingly, given that ERVs come from viruses, many scientists are interested in their role in health and disease. One such example was described in 2022 by researchers led by Cédric Feschotte, a molecular biologist and geneticist at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. The team was trying to find an instance in humans of a phenomenon already well-known in other animals – sometimes, ERV genes code for proteins that can be co-opted by the immune system and used to fight off other viruses. The target viruses can be closely related to the virus that gave rise to the ERV in the first place, or only distantly related. Feschotte says antiviral proteins from ERVs have been studied in mice, chickens and cats. \\\"But to my knowledge there was no examples of that in the human genome,\\\" he says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-the-viruses-that-helped-to-make-you-human-7\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Video\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"videoUrn\":[\"p074jm1w\"],\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-the-viruses-that-helped-to-make-you-human-8\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe team scanned the known ERVs in the human genome and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.science.org\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1126\\u002Fscience.abq7871\\\"\\u003Eidentified hundreds of sequences that could potentially encode antiviral proteins\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Then they zeroed in on one gene called Suppressyn, which encodes a protein similar to those that make up the outer envelopes of viruses. The Suppressyn protein blocks retroviruses from entering cells, because it binds to receptors on the cell outer membrane that the viruses would themselves use to get into the cell. Feschotte compares it to inserting a broken key into a lock, preventing anyone from unlocking the door.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ESuppressyn is mostly found in the placenta and developing embryo. This suggests its original use was to prevent retroviruses from infecting embryos, which have very weak immune systems. \\\"It's protective of the germline rather than of the organism as a whole,\\\" says Feschotte.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut he believes that ERVs probably do a lot more in our immune system. \\\"We have 1,500 candidates,\\\" he says. \\\"That's a lot of genes.\\\" While many geneticists still think of ERVs as inert or defective, that's misleading. \\\"They are decaying but they still make RNA and they still make a lot of proteins,\\\" says Feschotte. \\\"We need to take a good look at that.\\\" And the picture is still emerging – a study published in April 2023 found that \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Fhealth-65266256\\\"\\u003Esome ERVs help the immune system to target cancerous cells\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EDo ERVs make us ill?\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut while they can protect us from disease, it would not be surprising if some ERVs might also be responsible for producing negative health affects in humans too. \\\"There's really a lot of interest right now in the possibility that human ERVs can be associated with disease,\\\" says Kozak. \\\"At this point there's a lot of suggestive evidence but no smoking gun.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-the-viruses-that-helped-to-make-you-human-9\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"Humans are truly a mosaic species \u2013 around 8% of our genome comes from viruses\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-the-viruses-that-helped-to-make-you-human-10\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EFor Feschotte, it's key to think through exactly what the ERVs are doing – and we haven't always got it right. \\\"Ever since endogenous retroviruses were discovered, people were trying to tie those to cancer,\\\" he says. That's because the first ones discovered in animals were causing cancer. Funders \\\"poured tonnes of money\\\" at ERV research in the hope that \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\\u002Farticles\\u002F10.3389\\u002Ffonc.2021.687631\\u002Ffull\\\"\\u003Eit would uncover mechanisms of cancer\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and thus potential treatments. \\\"Many people came back empty-handed.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe key point is that human ERVs are not capable of forming viruses, which could then infect other cells. \\\"In the mouse there is plenty, and in the chicken there is plenty,\\\" says Feschotte. \\\"They cause all kinds of disease.\\\" But human ERVs have been brought under a great level of control by the rest of the genome, so do not cause viral infections.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"It's a lot more subtle and probably about gene regulation or dysregulation, I think,\\\" says Feschotte. Because ERVs are so widely distributed in the human genome, they can coordinate the activities of multiple genes that are separated by huge expanses of sequence. Many bodily processes need genes to be turned on and off in precise sequences, and ERVs play a big role in controlling that. \\\"Now we're revisiting the role of these things in disease, but through different mechanisms.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.futuremedicine.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.2217\\u002Ffvl-2019-0061\\\"\\u003EThe role of ERVs in disease\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E is shrouded for now. But what is clear is that they are an engine of evolution. By inserting new bits of DNA throughout our genome, viruses have spurred massive changes to our genetic make-up. Once ERVs are in place, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nature.com\\u002Farticles\\u002Fng775z\\\"\\u003Ethey can trigger the duplication or deletion of swathes of DNA\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E – and if the changes are beneficial, they spread. No animal, including humans, would exist in its current form without them.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe final lesson is that humans are truly a mosaic species. Many of us have some DNA\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1038\\u002Fnature12961\\\"\\u003E, around 2% of our genome\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, from Neanderthals. Some populations also have \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1016\\u002Fj.cell.2019.02.035\\\"\\u003Esome DNA from another extinct hominin group\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, the Denisovans. And all of us get around \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nature.com\\u002Farticles\\u002F35057062\\\"\\u003E8% of our genome from viruses\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"If you think about the human gene catalogue, it's kind of almost an existential question,\\\" says Feschotte. Around 20,000 protein-coding genes are known, and a comparable quantity of our DNA comes from viruses. \\\"It's kind of mind blowing.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-the-viruses-that-helped-to-make-you-human-11\"}],\"collection\":[\"future\\u002Fcolumn\\u002Fbeyond-the-genome\"],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-05-21T00:01:00Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"The viruses that helped to make you human\",\"headlineShort\":\"The viruses hiding in our DNA\",\"image\":[\"p0fp8vxv\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"A man wearing a helmet shaped like a virus (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"isSyndicated\":true,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"Although they are more commonly associated with causing disease and, at times, devastating pandemics, viruses have also played an important role in human evolution.\",\"summaryShort\":\"Viruses played a crucial in our evolution and without them we wouldn't be human\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Fevolution\",\"tag\\u002Fvirus\",\"tag\\u002Fgenetics\",\"tag\\u002Fhealth\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-05-21T23:01:03.867653Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"5e9d8f6e-c7f1-45de-be86-ce59a511beae\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-the-viruses-that-helped-to-make-you-human\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-05-22T13:34:28.49922Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-the-viruses-that-helped-to-make-you-human\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398501},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-what-are-the-odds-of-a-successful-space-launch\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-what-are-the-odds-of-a-successful-space-launch\",\"_id\":\"6466ae40122e041ed131ca21\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Fstephen-dowling\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"There's a lot that can go wrong on a rocket launch. Over the decades, however, the failure rate has been surprisingly consistent.\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThey make the biggest headlines, of course, when things go wrong.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EStarship One was commercial space agency SpaceX's biggest launch to date. With a test model of its futuristic Starship spacecraft mounted on top of the enormous Super Heavy rocket, the debut launch of the Starship super-heavy lift vehicle was the subject of global anticipation. When the rocket lifted off in a massive cloud of smoke and dust from the launch pad at Boca Chica in Texas on 20 April 2023, it ushered in a new era of space exploration.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut not for long.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe debut launch of Starship would have seen the rocket do a solitary lap of Earth before entering a controlled re-entry of the Earth's atmosphere and splashing down in the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico. But three of the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.space.com\\u002Fspacex-starship-first-orbital-launch-explainer\\\"\\u003ESuper Heavy\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E booster's 33 engines did not fire on launch, and more failed as it lifted further into the air. Nearly four minutes after initial lift-off, the rocket started tumbling wildly and was deliberately \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Flive\\u002Fscience-environment-65330571\\\"\\u003Eexploded over the Gulf\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe first-flight failure of Starship One was a very high-profile casualty in the 21st Century's new race for space. SpaceX said its failure provided many key lessons for the next launch, which will only take place after \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cnbc.com\\u002F2023\\u002F04\\u002F29\\u002Fspacex-starship-whats-next.html\\\"\\u003Eweeks of clean-up at the badly damaged Boca Chica site\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. SpaceX don't consider it a failure, but a springboard to \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fnymag.com\\u002Fintelligencer\\u002F2023\\u002F04\\u002Fwhy-elon-musks-spacex-doesnt-mind-starship-rocket-blew-up.html\\\"\\u003Esolving issues before the next launch\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut failures – loud, explosive failures – often make for better footage and news stories than routine successes, and often get wider coverage. More than 75 years since humanity started sending rockets into space in earnest, how likely is a successful rocket launch?\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EDavid Wade is one of those who weighs up just what the risk may be. Wade is an underwriter at \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.atrium-uw.com\\u002Fspecialisms\\u002Fspace\\u002F\\\"\\u003EAtrium Space Insurance\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, an insurance agency which supports commercial space launches. \\\"Last year (2022), there were 186 launches,\\\" he says. These carried 2,509 satellites into orbit, the majority of those being Starlink, SpaceX's satellite internet constellation. \\\"Satellites are launched up to 60 at a time on the [SpaceX] Falcon 9,\\\" says Wade. But out of 186 launches, there were only eight failures.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EYou might also like: \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cul\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230512-what-will-replace-the-international-space-station\\\"\\u003EWhat comes after the International Space Station?\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220927-artemis-i-a-giant-rocket-to-set-new-space-records\\\"\\u003EArtemis I: A giant rocket to set new space records\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230306-just-how-loud-is-a-rocket-launch\\\"\\u003EJust how loud is a rocket launch?\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003C\\u002Ful\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThat works out to around a 4% failure rate – one in every 25 launches. But Wade says 2022 was an anomaly. Last year broke records in terms of the number of rocket launches – to give some idea of just how quickly space traffic is growing, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fplanet4589.org\\u002Fspace\\u002Fpapers\\u002Fspace22.pdf\\\"\\u003Ethere were 40 more in 2022 than in 2021\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and double the number five years earlier in 2017. But with that extra traffic has also come increased risk.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"I would say, last year, we saw more failures than in some years, because we're starting to go through a phase where we're seeing quite a few new launch vehicles being introduced,\\\" says Wade. And early flights of launch vehicles are always more problematic.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe likes of Starship One and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\\u002Fspecials\\u002Fartemis\\u002F\\\"\\u003ENasa's Artemis programme\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E – which launched successfully for the first time in November 2022 – are the most charismatic of these new launch vehicles. But they are only the tip of the iceberg. With new launch vehicles comes more uncertainties, especially with those first few flights.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-what-are-the-odds-of-a-successful-space-launch-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Video\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"videoUrn\":[\"p0fhwhb4\"],\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-what-are-the-odds-of-a-successful-space-launch-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ESpaceX's Starship cleared the launchpad but exploded a few minutes into its maiden flight\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Typically, first or second launch, you expect something like 30% of them to fail,\\\" says Wade. \\\"Then things start to get better thereafter, by the time you're up to the 10th flight, you're probably looking at a less than 5% failure rate.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"It's very difficult to really pinpoint exactly why some fail, some don't,\\\" he says. \\\"You see a lot of effort go into the first two or three, they are huge amounts of research, a huge amount of quality control, making sure everything's fine. And yet, we still see failures, because something unexpected happens, usually within the first couple of flights.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAmong the recent high profile failures in 2023 was \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Fscience-environment-64218883\\\"\\u003EVirgin Orbit's attempt to launch its first ever satellite mission from UK soil\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. The company \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Fbusiness-65692302\\\"\\u003Eclosed down in May\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E after the launch attempt earlier in the year, where the rocket failed to reach the required orbit to release its payload of satellites. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut once humans are involved in a launch, the extra precautions and checks needed to ensure a crews safety do seem to pay off.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"The launch failure rate (all time) for manned\\u002Fhuman-carrying missions are lower at around 2%, and only around 1% involve a total failure to orbit,\\\" says David Todd of \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.seradata.com\\u002F\\\"\\u003ESeradata\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, a space industry analyst which has been tracking orbital rocket launches since Sputnik in 1957. \\\"This lower failure rate is because the venerable Russian Soyuz rocket, which has flown many of the manned flights, has been used for several decades and is very reliable. Also, as you would expect, extra care is taken over human spaceflight.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"We count the fatal re-entry loss of the STS-107 Columbia Space Shuttle in 2003 as a 'launch failure' as the damage to the thermal protection system occurred during launch. Note also that human spacecraft carry launch escape systems which can save a crew in the event of a launch failure – Soyuz 18A in 1975 is an example.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-what-are-the-odds-of-a-successful-space-launch-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"This new flurry of activity offers interesting challenges for the relatively new field of space insurance\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-what-are-the-odds-of-a-successful-space-launch-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThroughout 2022, SpaceX launched the successful Falcon 9 rockets at the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cbsnews.com\\u002Fnews\\u002Fspacex-closes-out-22-with-record-setting-61st-falcon-9-launch\\u002F\\\"\\u003Erate of one every six days\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. China also broke its own record, launching \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fplanet4589.org\\u002Fspace\\u002Fpapers\\u002Fspace22.pdf\\\"\\u003E64 rockets of which only two ended up failing\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Even New Zealand – hardly a household name when it comes to space launches – managed to launch nine rockets from a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.rocketlabusa.com\\u002Flaunch\\u002Flaunch-with-us\\u002F\\\"\\u003Efledgling spaceport on the east coast of the North Island\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThis new flurry of activity offers interesting challenges for the relatively new field of space insurance; Wade uses the forthcoming European Space Agency rocket \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.esa.int\\u002FEnabling_Support\\u002FSpace_Transportation\\u002FLaunch_vehicles\\u002FAriane_6\\\"\\u003EAriane 6\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E as an example. \\\"If we were approached on an Ariane 6 right now, to insure a satellite going on… say on the third flight of Ariane 6, we would probably say, 'Well, our quote is subject to the first two been successful, right?' We have conditions in there – if one of them fails, we're off the hook.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAdvanced computer modelling and the decades of experience in getting rockets into orbit mean designers have a much better idea of what to expect, says Wade. But every new launch system comes with unknowns, and how it behaves is hypothetical until that first launch.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-what-are-the-odds-of-a-successful-space-launch-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fp3lw6\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-what-are-the-odds-of-a-successful-space-launch-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"You've got hot, high-pressure gases, very rapidly changing environments. If something starts to go wrong, you can't do an awful lot to stop it,\\\" says Wade.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThere are those who have crunched the numbers of space launches over the last eight decades and can paint a picture of just how likely failure is. Every week, new launches are entered into Seradata's database, which goes out to customers including insurance companies such as Wade's.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ESeradata's understanding of failure also includes the rocket's payload not reaching the intended orbit or it being significantly damaged in launch, not just failing to achieve orbit.) Look at launches in the 1950s, in those first stumbling leaps of the space race, and the failures rates are shockingly different – \\u003Ca title=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fntrs.nasa.gov\\u002Fapi\\u002Fcitations\\u002F20190002705\\u002Fdownloads\\u002F20190002705.pdf\\\" href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fntrs.nasa.gov\\u002Fapi\\u002Fcitations\\u002F20190002705\\u002Fdownloads\\u002F20190002705.pdf\\\"\\u003Emore than 70%\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. It only took until the early 1960s for this number to start falling and it has hovered around the same point ever since – around 7% (9% if satellite-related launch failures are included).\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-what-are-the-odds-of-a-successful-space-launch-6\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"The Proton launch vehicle, which has flown since 1965, had a shocking record \u2013 David Wade\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-what-are-the-odds-of-a-successful-space-launch-7\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"You always have teething troubles at the start of a career, big failures,\\\" says Todd. \\\"And then, as time goes on for Western launch vehicles, we always say it achieves nirvana.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe same can't always be said for rockets made in countries like Russia, however. The \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fsci.esa.int\\u002Fweb\\u002Fintegral\\u002F-\\u002F31287-launch-vehicle\\\"\\u003EProton launch system\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, which launched Soyuz modules for the ISS in between the retirement of the Space Shuttle and the launch of SpaceX's \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\\u002Ffeature\\u002Fspacex-dragon-launches-arrivals-and-departures\\u002F\\\"\\u003EDragon spacecraft\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, has somewhat bucked the trend. \\\"The Proton launch vehicle, which has flown since 1965, had a shocking record,\\\" says Wade.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHe compares the Proton's success rate to the European Ariane 4 and the American Delta II rocket, both of which chalked up more than 100 successful launches in a row. \\\"What you used to see with Proton was… there'd be a failure every 20 to 25 flights. I think in Russia, in the 1960s, you saw a lot of people come into the industry because of the space race. These were the best and brightest people straight out of university, the absolute best graduates.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWade says the end of the space race and the fall of the USSR drastically reduced the Russian space industry, leaving it short of cash resources. \\\"A lot of that knowledge was lost. And I think, you know, for something like Proton where you had a guy building a component, who knew that although the instructions say this, you just did a one-quarter extra turn on the lathe and that works better.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-what-are-the-odds-of-a-successful-space-launch-8\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fp3mdz\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-what-are-the-odds-of-a-successful-space-launch-9\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EWhen it comes to the debut launches of new rockets, Starship One's failure looks perfectly plausible – even eight decades after the start of the Rocket Age, a new rocket series' first launch has almost a one-in-two chance of failing, says Todd. And the evolving space industry has called for new rocket after new rocket.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"One of the issues is progress,\\\" says Todd. \\\"Rockets start off, develop badly, but eventually they get really good. Then the rocket designers are asked to build a better rocket and so they start again.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWade, meanwhile, has discovered another interesting pattern hidden amid the data: the likelihood of a failure suddenly goes up on the sixth launch. \\\"We see typically, two in the first 10 flights fail, and the first and second typically have a failure rate of something like 30%. And then it follows a nice curve down.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"The sixth flight has a particularly high prevalence of failure. And it's difficult to know exactly why – it could be by that stage, you start getting into the routine manufacture. Quality control isn't quite there yet. The extra quarter turn of the lathe or whatever it is, that hasn't quite been worked out.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-what-are-the-odds-of-a-successful-space-launch-10\"}],\"collection\":[\"future\\u002Fpremium-collection\\u002Fthe-next-giant-leap\"],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-05-19T15:21:09Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"What are the odds of a successful space launch?\",\"headlineShort\":\"How many space launches end in failure?\",\"image\":[\"p0fp3kzv\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"\",\"isSyndicated\":true,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"There's a lot that can go wrong on a rocket launch. Over the decades, however, the failure rate has been surprisingly consistent.\",\"summaryShort\":\"First launches are always the riskiest\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Frocket\",\"tag\\u002Fspace\",\"tag\\u002Fsatellite\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-05-18T23:01:03.646572Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"5e0037d3-60c7-4af5-9b14-629115ec8e30\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-what-are-the-odds-of-a-successful-space-launch\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-05-24T09:50:37.99953Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230518-what-are-the-odds-of-a-successful-space-launch\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398502},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-how-assassins-revealed-a-hidden-side-to-queen-victoria\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-how-assassins-revealed-a-hidden-side-to-queen-victoria\",\"_id\":\"6467ffc1122e041e600c8bdc\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Fbob-nicholson\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"During her long reign, Queen Victoria faced seven threats to her life from men who had decided to kill her. Outwardly stoic in the face of these incidents, her personal diaries reveal a different story of the toll they took on her mental state.\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EOn 27 June 1850, Queen Victoria had a brush with death. That evening, she took three of her children to visit her ailing uncle in his mansion on Piccadilly. Outside, hundreds of excited Londoners gathered and waited for her to emerge.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMost onlookers only wanted to catch a glimpse of the monarch, but one man had a different goal. Just as the royal party left, Robert Pate pushed to the front of the crowd, ran towards the Queen's open-topped carriage, and struck her on the head with a metal-tipped cane. The crowd erupted in panic. Amidst the chaos Victoria is said to have stood, adjusted her bonnet, and calmly announced, \\\"I am not hurt\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-how-assassins-revealed-a-hidden-side-to-queen-victoria-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"calloutBodyHtml\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EBob Nicholson is a reader in history at Edge Hill University and the host of the podcast series \\u003Ca title=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fprogrammes\\u002Fp0dtcddd\\\" href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fprogrammes\\u002Fp0dtcddd\\\"\\u003EKilling Victoria\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Find out more about the men who tried to kill the Queen by listening to the podcast \\u003Ca title=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fprogrammes\\u002Fp0dtcddd\\u002Fepisodes\\u002Fplayer\\\" href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fprogrammes\\u002Fp0dtcddd\\u002Fepisodes\\u002Fplayer\\\"\\u003Eon BBC Sounds\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in the UK or \\u003Ca title=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fpodcasts.apple.com\\u002Fus\\u002Fpodcast\\u002Fkilling-victoria\\u002Fid1666324455?itsct=bbc_podcasts&itscg=30200&ls=1&at=1001l38zZ&ct=Killing+Victoria\\\" href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fpodcasts.apple.com\\u002Fus\\u002Fpodcast\\u002Fkilling-victoria\\u002Fid1666324455?itsct=bbc_podcasts&itscg=30200&ls=1&at=1001l38zZ&ct=Killing+Victoria\\\"\\u003EApple Podcasts\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\",\"cardType\":\"CalloutBox\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-how-assassins-revealed-a-hidden-side-to-queen-victoria-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThis was the fifth time that she had been attacked since her 1837 ascension to the throne. Media accounts often emphasised her coolness. The Morning Post reported that \\\"her Majesty betrayed no feeling of alarm\\\" and had the \\\"complete self-possession\\\" to courteously acknowledge groups of cheering spectators as her carriage made its way back to Buckingham Palace.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThis description of the Queen as resilient, unflappable, and committed to duty chimes with her popular image, both then and now. Victoria's famous quote – \\\"we are not amused\\\" – \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.historyextra.com\\u002Fperiod\\u002Fvictorian\\u002Fdid-queen-victoria-say-we-are-not-amused-quote-real\\u002F\\\"\\u003Emay never have passed her lips\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, but it has come to symbolise the sangfroid of the Queen and the mood of an era. Many people imagine the 19th Century as a time of repressed emotions, while others celebrate its supposed stoicism. \\u003Cem\\u003E(Read more about \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20160517-is-being-reserved-such-a-bad-thing\\\"\\u003Ethe origins of the \\\"stiff upper lip\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.)\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EDespite her public façade, Victoria's personal journals reveal an emotional side. Looking back on the attack from the safety of Buckingham Palace, she wrote that it now seemed \\\"like a horrid dream\\\". As her account of the incident unfolded, fear and confusion gave way to anger, and she came to see the \\\"outrage\\\" as \\\"the most disgraceful and cowardly thing that has ever been done\\\". Victoria wasn't the only one to feel some emotion. Prince Albert was \\\"dreadfully shocked\\\", while Sir George Grey, the home secretary at the time, arrived at Buckingham Palace \\\"greatly distressed & in tears\\\". In the hours after the attack, Victoria was still \\\"shaken, nervous, & unable to eat\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EStill, she ventured to the opera where joyful crowds threw their hats in the air and serenaded her with spontaneous renditions of \\\"God Save The Queen\\\". While not all Victorians were enthusiastic monarchists, attacks on the Queen prompted these outpourings of emotion. As Victoria herself quipped, \\\"it is worth being shot at to learn how much one is loved\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHer determination not to hide away in the wake of the attacks was typical of Victoria in her younger years. Back in 1842, a teenage boy named John Francis had pointed a pistol at her carriage as it drove up Constitution Hill. Albert spotted him, but Francis didn't fire and managed to slip away. Knowing that a potential assassin was on the loose, Prime Minster Robert Peel urged the Queen to stay at home while his new police force hunted the attacker. Victoria refused. The next evening, she and Albert rode out in their open-top carriage flanked by guards but still exposed. Sure enough, Francis made another attempt, this time managing to fire his pistol at the royal couple moments before being seized by a policeman. Victoria emerged unhurt, but it could have ended very differently.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-how-assassins-revealed-a-hidden-side-to-queen-victoria-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fp8jn0\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"Queen Victoria in 1889 (Credit: Alamy)\",\"imageOrientation\":\"portrait\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-how-assassins-revealed-a-hidden-side-to-queen-victoria-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EFollowing Francis' assault, the Queen immediately resumed her royal duties and continued to appear in public, seemingly unscathed. This was a defiant and public display of courage by the Queen, and the press lauded her bravery. A poem in The Times described her as a \\\"lion-hearted monarch\\\" and dubbed her \\\"A King in courage, though by sex a Queen\\\". It was important for Victoria to project this strength in public. Some Victorians – including one of her subsequent attackers – bristled at the idea of living under \\\"petticoat government\\\" and believed that women lacked the grit and composure to rule.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut traumatic experiences like this can be difficult to shake off. Four different men shot at Victoria in the 1840s. By the time Robert Pate attacked her in 1850, she had begun to feel anxious in crowds – a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nhs.uk\\u002Fmental-health\\u002Fconditions\\u002Fagoraphobia\\u002Fcauses\\u002F#:~:text=Psychological%20factors%20that%20increase%20your,divorce%2C%20or%20losing%20your%20job\\\"\\u003Enot uncommon outcome of a traumatic event\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E like being a victim of a violent crime. In her journal, she confessed that when the public pressed close to her carriage it \\\"always makes me think more than usually of the possibility of an attempt being made on me\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn the end, however, the most devasting emotional blows didn't come from assassins, but from the deaths of people she loved. A few days after Pate's attack, Robert Peel – a staunch ally of the Queen and friend of Albert – died after falling from his horse. Victoria's uncle passed away shortly after. In her journals, she confessed to being \\\"overcome with a feeling of awe & sorrow\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThis, of course, was nothing compared to the intense grief she experienced when Albert died in 1861. For the following decade, she withdrew from public life and sank into a deep depression. She later described it as a \\\"violent grief\\\" during which her \\\"nightly longing to die\\\" never left her. She lived for another 40 years, but never fully recovered. She was eventually coaxed back into making occasional public appearances – two of which drew out yet more assassination attempts – but never with the same regularity or relish as in her youth. The final year of her life was marked by more loss, as well as chronic pain and disability, and her journal entries suggest another depressive episode.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EVictoria survived the seven attempts on her life, gave birth to nine children, and found a way to \\\"endure\\\", as she put it, after losing Albert. While her wealth and power insulated her from many of the trials that less fortunate Victorians faced, she still felt the impact of personal grief. Her public displays of bravery and self-control tell only half her story.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E* The seven attacks on the Queen are explored in the seven part podcast series \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fsounds\\u002Fbrand\\u002Fp0dtcddd\\\"\\u003EKilling Victoria\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, out now on BBC Sounds in the UK and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fpodcasts.apple.com\\u002Fus\\u002Fpodcast\\u002Fkilling-victoria\\u002Fid1666324455?itsct=bbc_podcasts&itscg=30200&ls=1&at=1001l38zZ&ct=Killing+Victoria\\\"\\u003EApple Podcasts\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Each episode traces the lives of the assassins and considers the impact that their actions had on the Queen.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-how-assassins-revealed-a-hidden-side-to-queen-victoria-4\"}],\"collection\":null,\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-05-20T00:01:00Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"How assassins revealed a hidden side to Queen Victoria\",\"headlineShort\":\"The men who tried to kill a Queen\",\"image\":[\"p0fp8gbx\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"Edward Oxford aims a gun at Queen Victoria in her carriage (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"isSyndicated\":true,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"During her reign, Queen Victoria faced seven threats to her life from men who had decided to kill her. Her personal diaries reveal what toll this took on her emotional state.\",\"summaryShort\":\"Seven assassins failed to kill Queen Victoria, but they unlocked her emotions\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Fhistory\",\"tag\\u002Fcomment-analysis\",\"tag\\u002Froyal\",\"tag\\u002Fpsychology\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-05-19T23:01:03.852411Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"e5dccb83-a9d3-4a32-ad85-4465a725c1b4\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-how-assassins-revealed-a-hidden-side-to-queen-victoria\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-05-19T23:01:03.852411Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230519-how-assassins-revealed-a-hidden-side-to-queen-victoria\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398502},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230517-could-restaurants-solve-the-worlds-jellyfish-problem\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230517-could-restaurants-solve-the-worlds-jellyfish-problem\",\"_id\":\"64655d15122e041ca3317aae\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Flucy-sherriff\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"Jellyfish blooms can swamp entire ecosystems, but there's growing interest in their culinary potential. But could this really solve the ocean's problems?\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EIn the summer of 2013, Stefano Piraino was strolling along the rocky shoreline of Ustica, a small island off the coast of Sicily, when he spotted a washed-up jellyfish. He stooped down and prodded it. Then, in an impromptu moment, he tore off a piece and popped it in his mouth. It was salty, crunchy and crispy from the sun.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"[It was] very tasty,\\\" remembers \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.unisalento.it\\u002Fscheda-utente\\u002F-\\u002Fpeople\\u002Fstefano.piraino\\\"\\u003EPiraino\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, a zoologist and evolutionary biologist at the University of Salento in Lecce, Italy. \\\"It was the first time I had eaten one.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAfter a few days of lying on the shore their stinging cells are deactivated, Piraino explains. Still, he deters anyone from eating jellyfish straight out of the sea, because raw jellyfish contains \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.3389\\u002Ffnut.2021.718798\\\"\\u003Ebacterial pathogens\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E that can cause food poisoning – although in his case any bacteria should have been killed off by UV radiation from the sun.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ENevertheless, Piraino is an advocate for seeing more of the invertebrates on the menu. This is a possibility that researchers are exploring in the face of decimated fish populations and an increasing global food crisis.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EThe problem \\u003Cbr \\u002F\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ERecently, there have been \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.jpost.com\\u002Fenvironment-and-climate-change\\u002Farticle-713427\\\"\\u003Enumerous reports\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E of jellyfish blooms – seasonal events where there is a large and sudden increase in jellyfish numbers. These population explosions tip the balance of ocean ecosystems, and have the potential to harm biodiversity and reduce fish stocks.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIf we do not act to curb current blooms, the ocean will flip from being dominated by fish biodiversity to an ecosystem ruled by jellyfish, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1016\\u002Fj.tree.2009.01.010\\\"\\u003Ea 2009 research paper warned.\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E The theory is hotly disputed – some scientists say there is no evidence for a global increase in their numbers. For example, one long-term analysis from 2012 found that there is \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.pnas.org\\u002Fdoi\\u002Fabs\\u002F10.1073\\u002Fpnas.1210920110\\\"\\u003Eno robust evidence for an increase in jellyfish\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, and suggested that their populations may undergo oscillation cycles that last around 20 years. (\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20120405-blooming-jellyfish-problems\\\"\\u003ERead more from BBC Future about jellyfish blooms\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E).\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHowever, there is little doubt that blooms are becoming more common in some locations, and they can have severe consequences for marine – and human – life. So, if jellyfish can pose such a threat to our oceans and global food security, then why not just eat them?\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EJellyfish reproduce extremely rapidly. Some species even have near-immortal properties: \\u003Cem\\u003ETurritopsis nutricula \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003Ecan evade death \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.2307\\u002F1543022\\\"\\u003Eby turning back into a less mature version of itself\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E (known as a polyp) when injured, a process analogous to a butterfly transforming back into a caterpillar. The polyp can then produce identical copies of itself, so the jellyfish could theoretically live indefinitely.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThis is just one example of the extreme adaptability and resilience of jellyfish, which have been around for \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1371\\u002Fjournal.pone.0001121\\\"\\u003E500 million years\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Jellyfish can bide their time until favourable reproductive conditions arise, lying on the ocean floor for years in their polyp state, maturing and spawning only when conditions are right.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EJellyfish are also able to benefit from human activities that harm other kinds of marine life. Jellyfish need very little oxygen to survive. As a result, unlike other marine life, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.jstor.org\\u002Fstable\\u002F23470528?mag=global-jellyfish-crisis-perspective\\\"\\u003Ejellyfish can thrive\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E in waters hit by agricultural runoff, which reduces oxygen levels in seawater.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EUnfortunately, when jellyfish thrive there can be knock-on effects. Once jellyfish move into an area, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdaily.jstor.org\\u002Fglobal-jellyfish-crisis-perspective\\u002F\\\"\\u003Eit is difficult for other species to recolonise \\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003Eeven after oxygen levels return to normal – jellyfish love to feast on fish larvae.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230517-could-restaurants-solve-the-worlds-jellyfish-problem-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fnv0nh\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230517-could-restaurants-solve-the-worlds-jellyfish-problem-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EIt has been difficult to predict exactly how jellyfish will behave in a warmer climate, because there is not a lot of historical data on them, explains Monty Graham, director of the Florida Institute of Oceanography in St. Petersburg. \\\"A few decades ago, no-one was really paying attention to jellyfish,\\\" he says. \\\"But jellyfish are very sensitive to climate cycles. And so by extension they'll be very sensitive to long-term climate changes as well.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHistorically, jellyfish have historically been kept in check by marine predators, such as seabirds, sea turtles, fish and whales. However, their predator populations have been dwindling, thanks to a combination of factors including overfishing, climate change, pollution, and habitat loss.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAcross the globe, jellyfish outbreaks have been wreaking havoc on fish populations, and the fishing and tourism industries, to name a few. In 2007, \\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fnews.bbc.co.uk\\u002F2\\u002Fhi\\u002Fuk_news\\u002Fnorthern_ireland\\u002F7106631.stm\\\"\\u003Ethe entire Irish salmon industry was wiped out\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E by a plague of millions of jellyfish covering 10 square miles (26 sq km) and 35 ft (10.7m) deep. They swarmed the cages of farmed salmon, killing more than 100,000 fish.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn Japan, fishermen have seen extraordinary blooms of Nomura's jellyfish \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20120405-blooming-jellyfish-problems\\\"\\u003Eannually since 2002\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. The species grow up to 6.5ft (2m) in diameter and weigh as much as 485 lbs (220kg). They have devastated coastal livelihoods, costing the Japanese fishing industry billions of yen. \\\"Some areas are going to experience more jellyfish populations, higher numbers, and prolonged blooms, especially if we continue to push down on the fisheries that are in the ecosystem,\\\" Graham says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EJust eat them \\u003Cbr \\u002F\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe sea provides a significant proportion of the protein humanity consumes. In 2020, fisheries captured around \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.fao.org\\u002F3\\u002Fcc0461en\\u002Fonline\\u002Fsofia\\u002F2022\\u002Fworld-fisheries-aquaculture.html#:~:text=Global%20production%20of%20aquatic%20animals,million%20tonnes%20(49%20percent).\\\"\\u003E112 million tonnes of aquatic organisms\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E according to the US Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).  \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1038\\u002Fs41586-020-2616-y\\\"\\u003EAs global demand for food rises\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, serious questions remain about our food supplies.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ESome scientists, such as Piraino, believe one solution is broadening our palates. He suggests that since the world is in urgent need of sustainable food resources, one way to achieve this is to attempt to integrate new foods into traditional recipes and local cuisine. \\\"Maybe the time has come to add a new item to our own menu: jellyfish,\\\" says Piraino.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EJellyfish is already eaten across Asia, but it is still a rarity to find it in a Western restaurant. In China, jellyfish have been eaten for \\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fdx.doi.org\\u002F10.4236\\u002Fas.2013.46A009\\\"\\u003Emore than 1,000 years\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, with jellyfish salad a popular delicacy. Not only are they high in protein, but the microalgae \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.3389\\u002Ffmars.2022.817312\\\"\\u003Einside the cells of some jellyfish\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E are rich in fatty acids. The practice has not quite caught on in the Western world, but some restaurants are pushing their diners to embrace the unknown.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe chef's pass at Benu, San Francisco, is like most others in the city: a calm anticipation as the crescendo builds towards the impending chaos of service, while the chatter of diners wafts into the kitchen. But unlike most other fine dining establishments, there’s something special on the menu – and that's jellyfish.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOn one show-stopping dish, the jellyfish graces the plate delicately wrapped around a single shrimp, sporting a caviar and horseradish coat. It's a \\\"very approachable way\\\" to enjoy jellyfish, says Corey Lee, founder of Benu. Lee, who hails from South Korea, grew up eating jellyfish. He says it was something he wanted to share with his diners that was \\\"delicious and underappreciated\\\". It’s been served in various forms since Lee opened the three-Michelin-star restaurant in 2010. Another appearance is live and fresh in a beef consommé. \\\"The oceany flavour provides a sharp contrast and salinity to the rich and gelatinous soup, while its wobbly texture evokes the texture of long-cooked beef tendon,\\\" Lee explains.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHowever, despite their appeal to adventurous Western diners, jellyfish are not a viable straight substitution for fish, or other sources of protein, when considering what is best for the environment. It’s true that expanding our palates to include alternative sources of protein \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.weforum.org\\u002Fagenda\\u002F2021\\u002F03\\u002Falternative-proteins-will-transform-food-mitigate-climate-change-and-drive-profits\\u002F\\\"\\u003Eis vital in helping mitigate climate change\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, but jellyfish may not be the answer.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor one thing, jellyfish are 95% water, with the remaining 5% containing the nutritious essentials. Their nutrition to mass proportions means they’re a fairly inefficient source of protein. \\\"They’re very high effort to eat,\\\" says Graham. \\\"There’s a lot of energy expended in the process just because they're so watery. They’re also not all great to eat.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230517-could-restaurants-solve-the-worlds-jellyfish-problem-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fnv1dn\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230517-could-restaurants-solve-the-worlds-jellyfish-problem-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"There is probably more utility in them as a type of collagen rather than protein per se,\\\" says \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fpure.qub.ac.uk\\u002Fen\\u002Fpersons\\u002Fjonathan-houghton\\\"\\u003EJonathan Houghton\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, a senior lecturer in marine biology at Queen’s University Belfast in Northern Ireland. \\\"But certainly not as a replacement for fish, as that is several orders of magnitude greater as a potential food source.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThere are a number of companies already using jellyfish as a substitute for cow and pig collagen, which is often used in medical treatments for humans. Jellagen, a company based in Cardiff, Wales, says collagen from jellyfish \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.labiotech.eu\\u002Ftrends-news\\u002Fjellagen-jellyfish-collagen-interview\\u002F\\\"\\u003Eoffers a better alternative\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, because their collagen is compatible with a wide variety of human cell types.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EStubborn jellyfish\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E    \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe fact remains that, despite the vast consumption of jellyfish across Asia, \\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fdx.doi.org\\u002F10.1016\\u002Fj.ecolmodel.2007.10.048\\\"\\u003Eblooms remain an issue\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EGraham points out that eating jellyfish may lift some of the pressure off fish populations, but it won’t solve the underlying causes of jellyfish blooms, which are indicators of what is going on in our oceans. \\\"If you remove fish from an ecosystem, jellyfish tend to do really well,\\\" he says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EJellyfish flourish in the conditions that humans create. In particular, overfishing, warmer water, pollution, and coastal developments all provide ideal conditions for jellyfish to thrive. The fact there are more jellyfish arguably just shows that our oceans are in dire straits.\\u003Cstrong\\u003E \\u003Cbr \\u002F\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EJellyfish populations – in the long term – have always naturally fluctuated, because they are driven by natural climate cycles. \\\"The question is,\\\" Graham adds, \\\"what man-made changes are going to force the trajectory of ecosystems to change forever?\\\"\\u003Cstrong\\u003E \\u003Cbr \\u002F\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWhat also needs to change is our attitude towards food, Lee says. \\\"I’m not a marine biologist, but if people start consuming jellyfish with the same vigor as we consume other seafoods, I assume there will be adverse consequences too.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThis point is highlighted in a 2021 study of Mexico’s cannonball jellyfish fishery. Over the past 20 years, interest in the species has exploded after investors identified the area as a hotspot for the species. At its height in 2011, the fishery caught almost 40,000 tonnes of jellyfish, the majority of which was exported to China. But since then, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1016\\u002Fj.marpol.2021.104775\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Epopulations have drastically declined\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E due to overexploitation.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cspan\\u003EThe title of \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdoi.org\\u002F10.1093\\u002Ficesjms\\u002Ffsv255\\\"\\u003Ea paper written back in 2015\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fspan\\u003E may say it all: \\\"We should not assume that fishing jellyfish will solve our jellyfish problem.\\\" What may help solve it, however, is managing fish stocks more responsibly.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230517-could-restaurants-solve-the-worlds-jellyfish-problem-4\"}],\"collection\":null,\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-05-18T00:00:00Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"Could restaurants solve the world's jellyfish problem?\",\"headlineShort\":\"The people eating jellyfish\",\"image\":[\"p0fnv2kq\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"\",\"isSyndicated\":true,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"Jellyfish blooms can swamp entire ecosystems, but there's growing interest in their culinary potential. But could this really solve the ocean's problems?\",\"summaryShort\":\"Jellyfish blooms can swamp entire ecosystems. Should we be eating them?\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Foceans\",\"tag\\u002Ffish\",\"tag\\u002Fenvironment\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-05-17T23:02:28.976088Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"110c9c00-9d7b-48de-ab63-b4b5eca08618\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230517-could-restaurants-solve-the-worlds-jellyfish-problem\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-05-17T23:02:45.82084Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230517-could-restaurants-solve-the-worlds-jellyfish-problem\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398502},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world\",\"_id\":\"64640b42122e041ea54d4b98\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Frichard-hollingham\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"The Apollo programme took humanity to the Moon but also changed the face of technology back here on Earth.\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EAstronaut Mike Massimino was six years old when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin took their first steps on the Moon in 1969.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"That's what inspired me to go into space,\\\" Massimino says. \\\"I remember thinking very clearly that this was the most important thing that has happened in hundreds of years.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"I idolised those astronauts and wanted to grow up to be like Neil Armstrong,\\\" he says, \\\"which really wasn't in the cards because I don't like heights.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAfter graduating with a PhD in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Massimino was selected as a Nasa astronaut in 1996. Over two missions, he spent more than 30 hours spacewalking to repair the orbiting Hubble Space Telescope (\\u003Cem\\u003Eyou can listen to a \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fprogrammes\\u002Fm000h7cr\\\"\\u003Eradio programme I made about Hubble here\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E) with the Earth spinning some 535km (332 miles) beneath him. Not bad for someone with a fear of heights.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIt's impossible to say if Hubble – and its vast scientific achievements – would have existed without the Apollo Moon landing programme. Apollo certainly revolutionised and accelerated space technology along with our ability to live and work in space. But, perhaps more significantly, Massimino is among a generation of children who – thanks to watching astronauts walk on the Moon – were inspired to become scientists, engineers or astronomers. People who have helped develop new cancer treatments, designed the smartphone and built Hubble.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor anyone with any degree of aspiration, the Moon landing is hard to beat. If we can put a man on the Moon, we can surely cure malaria, fix the potholes in the road or nail that presentation. It's not rocket science, after all.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut inspiration alone is probably not enough to justify the estimated $25.8bn (£20.6bn) – \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fpii\\u002FS0265964622000029\\\"\\u003Eequivalent to around $257bn\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E ($205bn) today – spent sending men to the Moon. A raft of inventors and entrepreneurs also owe their success to something much more tangible from the space programme of the 1960s: advances in computing.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fnnch7\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Apollo was the moment that people stopped talking about how big their computers were and started bragging about how small they were,\\\" says David Mindell, professor of the history of engineering and manufacturing at MIT and author of a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fsts-program.mit.edu\\u002Fbook\\u002Fdigital-apollo-human-machine-spaceflight\\u002F\\\"\\u003Ebook on the Apollo Guidance Computer\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAround the size of a small suitcase, with a separate display and input panel fitted to the main spacecraft console, the guidance computer was a marvel of miniaturisation. With the equivalent of only around 74KB ROM and 4KB RAM memory (an iPhone 14 has more than a million times as much memory), it enabled astronauts to navigate the roughly 380,000km (236,000 miles) from the Earth to the Moon and then descend to a precise spot on the lunar surface.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"The Apollo Guidance Computer was the first computer that people staked their lives on – a digital computer in the loop of the thing that they were flying,\\\" says Mindell. \\\"That was a very important moment of showing people that computers could be reliable and could be built into things.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"Miniaturisation ultimately led to personal computers and smartphones\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThat concept led to Nasa's subsequent development in the early 1970s of fly-by-wire technology now fitted to almost every modern aircraft. Instead of employing mechanical links that included cranks, pulleys and hydraulics, today flight controls are electronic and coordinated by computer systems. The first Nasa prototypes even used a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\\u002Fvision\\u002Fearth\\u002Fimprovingflight\\u002Ffly_by_wire.html\\\"\\u003Espare Apollo guidance computer\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMiniaturisation ultimately led to personal computers and smartphones. But it was also the sheer scale of the Apollo programme that helped transform computing technology, driving down costs and putting it – literally – in our hands.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor everything from mission control to the complex technology needed to keep the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20190626-apollo-in-50-numbers-the-rocket\\\"\\u003Egiant Saturn V rocket on track\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, Nasa was hungry for the latest silicon-chip tech.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003EThe Apollo programme was at one point in the 1960s consuming 60% of the integrated circuit output of the United States, that's a huge boost to a technology,\\\" says Mindell.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EYou might also like:\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cul\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20190725-apollo-in-50-numbers-the-full-list\\\"\\u003EApollo in 50 numbers\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220210-the-trees-grown-from-space-faring-seeds\\\"\\u003EThe trees that went to the Moon\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230505-the-crazy-plan-to-explode-a-nuclear-bomb-on-the-moon\\\"\\u003EThe US plan to nuke the Moon\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003C\\u002Ful\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Integrated circuits were radical, new, wacky stuff, the fact that Nasa was incorporating them into the Apollo mission was a huge boost to the legitimacy of the technology,\\\" says Mindell. \\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003EI just don't think you can possibly imagine the technological value of having something that a billion people watch succeed and what that does to legitimise new technology.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn fact, there are few areas of engineering where Apollo did not have a lasting impact. Hardly surprising when you consider just how much the United States invested in landing 12 people on the Moon.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003EAt one point, it reached over 4% of the federal budget, hundreds of thousands of people and roughly 20,000 companies and universities contributed to the Apollo programme,\\\" says Teasel Muir-Harmony, curator of the Apollo Collection at the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fairandspace.si.edu\\u002F\\\"\\u003ESmithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington DC\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fnn9lj\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EFrom innovative materials and electronics, to ready meals and the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20190627-apollo-in-50-numbers-food\\\"\\u003Ecountertop microwaves to cook them in\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, Apollo pushed technology to its limits.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"It's a great example of the potential impact of making a technological programme a major national priority, and we see its impact on so many different areas of life,\\\" Muir-Harmony says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThat multi-billion-dollar investment also led to wider economic benefits and not only in the US. The vast majority – 94% – of those working on Apollo were contractors.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"I was giving a tour [in the Smithsonian] yesterday and pointing out how the astronauts used Gillette razors in space, and so dollars were going to all sorts of companies, supporting the American economy and the global economy to a lesser extent,\\\" says Muir-Harmony. \\\"Hasselblad cameras developed in Sweden are a great example, so there was an investment in industry both through the labour force and through the use of many products.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world-6\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"We now know the crucial role played by a team of African American women in computing spacecraft trajectories\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world-7\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EIn the 1960s, the over-riding political imperative was to beat the Soviet Union to the Moon at any cost, so few kept track of the wider economic benefits of Apollo. These days, Nasa is much more aware of the need to justify the effort to return humans to the Moon with the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Ftopics\\u002Fc2y9vn2y41lt\\\"\\u003EArtemis programme\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and is keen to show how it is spreading the love across the nation. Although the budget is a fraction of that devoted to Apollo ($32.37bn in the 2023 fiscal year), \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\\u002Fpress-release\\u002Fnasa-s-economic-benefit-reaches-all-50-states\\\"\\u003ENasa's latest economic report\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E claims that the lunar programme has already produced $20.1bn (£16bn) in total economic output and supported more than 93,700 jobs across the US.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBack in the Apollo days, it was also the nature of some of those jobs that helped make lasting changes to US society. When the space race got underway in the late 1950s, the southern states of the US still enforced racist laws that segregated black and white Americans. African Americans were barred from living in certain areas, accessing services such as libraries or swimming pools, there were even separate rest rooms and allocated areas in restaurants.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThanks to the book and later film, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fen.wikipedia.org\\u002Fwiki\\u002FHidden_Figures\\\"\\u003EHidden Figures\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, we now know the crucial role played by a team of African-American women including Katherine Goble Johnson, Dorothy Vaughn and Mary Jackson who worked at Nasa computing spacecraft trajectories. But employing people of colour in the space programme was part of a wider effort that came from the top. Segregation formally ended when President Lyndon Johnson signed the 1964 Civil Rights Act but even before that he saw Nasa as a means of pushing reform.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world-8\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fnndvk\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"portrait\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world-9\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"While [President] Kennedy often pushed this message of global unity, tied to American leadership, tied to American scientific and technological might and capability…\\\" says Muir-Harmony, \\\"Johnson saw it as a way to address American civil rights issues and overcome poverty by creating jobs.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAt Nasa's Marshall centre in Alabama, where the Saturn V rocket was being developed, there was a programme to actively recruit African Americans into the space programme. Elsewhere, black scientists and engineers were encouraged to work for the agency and student placement programmes with historically black colleges were started.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut Kennedy was also right. Apollo proved the capabilities of the US to the world and the missions also showed us the world. A blue and green marble against the blackness of space, an Earth without boundaries which \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20181220-the-nasa-mission-that-broadcast-to-a-billion-people\\\"\\u003Egalvanised the environment and peace movements\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. (\\u003Cem\\u003ELearn more about \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230511-earthrise-the-photo-that-sparked-an-environmental-movement\\\"\\u003Ethe Earthrise photo and how it sparked an environmental movement\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E)\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMassimino retired from Nasa in 2014 and is now senior adviser for space programmes at the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.intrepidmuseum.org\\u002F\\\"\\u003EIntrepid Sea, Air and Space Museum in New York\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, a university professor and had, until recently, been a recurring character in the Big Bang Theory TV comedy show. Despite his own impressive accomplishments, Massimino still shares the views of his six-year-old self.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003EI still think Apollo is the most significant thing that's happened in my lifetime and I think it's the most significant thing that will accomplish in hundreds of years,\\\" he says. \\\"I don't know when we're going to ever come close to topping what they did going to the Moon for the first time.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world-10\"}],\"collection\":[\"future\\u002Fpremium-collection\\u002Fthe-next-giant-leap\"],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-05-17T15:25:51Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"Apollo: How Moon missions changed the modern world\",\"headlineShort\":\"What did Apollo do for us?\",\"image\":[\"p0fnnddf\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"\",\"isSyndicated\":false,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"The Apollo programme took humanity to the Moon but also changed the face of technology back here on Earth.\",\"summaryShort\":\"The race to the Moon as the mother of invention\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Fspace\",\"tag\\u002Fmoon\",\"tag\\u002Ftechnology\",\"tag\\u002Fcomputer\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-05-16T16:39:49.965924Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"9f4295ad-14d2-4044-a5f0-568589a23ffb\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-05-16T23:01:42.457879Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230516-apollo-how-moon-missions-changed-the-modern-world\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398505},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230512-what-will-replace-the-international-space-station\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230512-what-will-replace-the-international-space-station\",\"_id\":\"6461762d122e041ea602629f\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[\"future\\u002Fauthor\\u002Fjonathan-ocallaghan\"],\"bodyIntro\":\"The International Space Station has been ever-present in our lives for more than two decades. What will happen when we lose it in 2031?\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe space station is dead. Long live the space station. In eight years, the International Space Station (ISS) – a bastion of global collaboration and human ability – will end. But that dramatic finale doesn't need to be a sombre occasion. Instead, it could herald an exciting future of human spaceflight that will hopefully already be underway.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe ISS project began in 1998 with the \\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fnews.bbc.co.uk\\u002F1\\u002Fhi\\u002Fspecial_report\\u002Fiss\\u002F218295.stm\\\"\\u003Elaunch of Russia's Zarya module\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, the first component of the station. It has seen dozens of countries work together to build the largest human-built construction in space. Most notably, it heralded a partnership between two embittered foes – the US and Russia – following the end of the Cold War and the fall of the Soviet Union.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"It was absolutely huge,\\\" says \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fscholar.google.com\\u002Fcitations?user=PxIOz7cAAAAJ&hl=en\\\"\\u003EWendy Whitman Cobb\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, a space policy expert from the US Air Force's School of Advanced Air and Space Studies. \\\"It's really this great story of post-Cold War cooperation. Russia's space industry was in dire straits. This was an opportunity for the United States and Russia to open up this new era of working together.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe result has been a giant space station that would encompass a football field and weighs more than 400 tonnes, orbiting our planet at 18,000mph (28,980km\\u002Fh), at a cost of at least $150bn (£120bn). It has been continuously occupied since its first crew arrived in November 2000. However, the station's hardware is ageing, so in 2031 it will be de-orbited, brought back through Earth's atmosphere and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230502-a-fiery-end-how-the-iss-will-end-its-life-in-orbit\\\"\\u003Ecrashed into the ocean\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230512-what-will-replace-the-international-space-station-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fmzqcf\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230512-what-will-replace-the-international-space-station-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThousands of scientific experiments \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\\u002Fmission_pages\\u002Fstation\\u002Fresearch\\u002Fnews\\u002Ffive-ISS-research-results-deep-space-exploration\\u002F\\\"\\u003Ehave been conducted on the ISS\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, across both the US and Russian side of the station, and in European and Japanese-built modules that were also attached. Research \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\\u002Fmission_pages\\u002Fstation\\u002Fresearch\\u002Fnews\\u002Ffive-ISS-research-results-deep-space-exploration\\u002F#:~:text=More%20than%203%2C000%20experiments%20have,farther%20into%20the%20solar%20system.\\\"\\u003Ehas included\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E investigating diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, studying new states of matter, and developing ways to grow food in space such as lettuce and radishes.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ELiving and working on the station \\\"was a fantastic experience,\\\" says \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.esa.int\\u002FScience_Exploration\\u002FHuman_and_Robotic_Exploration\\u002FAstronauts\\u002FFrank_De_Winne\\\"\\u003EFrank de Winne\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, an astronaut with the European Space Agency who visited the station twice, in 2002 and 2009. \\\"It's a once-in-a-lifetime experience, to work in an international partnership and move humanity forwards.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ENot everyone agrees the station has been such a success. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.martinrees.uk\\u002F\\\"\\u003ELord Martin Rees\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, the UK's Astronomer Royal, says the price has been too high for the scientific return alone. \\\"It's certainly not been worthwhile just for pure science,\\\" he says. He suggests nations should focus more on robotic missions, such as the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Fscience-environment-65040983\\\"\\u003Ewildly successful James Webb Space Telescope\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E or ongoing missions to Mars. \\\"Sending people to space is hugely expensive,\\\" he says. \\\"I think the future of human spaceflight is for billionaires and adventurers.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230512-what-will-replace-the-international-space-station-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"We could not have skipped the space station \u2013 Frank de Winne\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230512-what-will-replace-the-international-space-station-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EHowever, rather than research, some argue the station's main accomplishment was solidifying humanity as a space-faring species. Prior to its launch we had dipped our toes into long-duration spaceflight, with Russian cosmonauts spending upwards of a year on their \\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fnews.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fhi\\u002Fenglish\\u002Fstatic\\u002Fin_depth\\u002Fsci_tech\\u002F2001\\u002Fmir\\u002Fdefault.stm\\\"\\u003EMir space station\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, but the ISS has been on another level, says \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.lauraforczyk.com\\u002F\\\"\\u003ELaura Forczyk\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, a space analyst at the US consulting firm Astralytical. \\\"It changed our minds about what it means to be a space-faring civilisation,\\\" she says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"We could not have skipped the space station,\\\" agrees de Winne. \\\"There is so much that we have learned. It will be a sad day [when it is deorbited].\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ERegardless, the end of the ISS will bring to an end an impressive display of human collaboration, one that has outlasted wars and conflicts on our planet. Russia's recent invasion of Ukraine has given the project its \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Fav\\u002Fscience-environment-28783152\\\"\\u003Esternest test yet\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. While the collaboration has stood for the time being, such a partnership seems unlikely again in the near future. \\\"The Russians are not going to be participating any longer,\\\" says \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fairandspace.si.edu\\u002Fpeople\\u002Fstaff\\u002Fcathleen-lewis\\\"\\u003ECathy Lewis\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, a space historian from the National Air and Space Museum in the US. \\\"They've spoken about going their own way, and they will not be accepted given their invasion of Ukraine.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWhat will succeed the ISS is, however, already underway.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230512-what-will-replace-the-international-space-station-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fmzqyc\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230512-what-will-replace-the-international-space-station-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EIn Earth orbit, the hope is that new commercial space stations will take the place of the ISS. Nasa has already outsourced the transportation of humans to low Earth orbit to companies SpaceX and Boeing in the US. It has also begun awarding contracts worth \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\\u002Fpress-release\\u002Fnasa-selects-companies-to-develop-commercial-destinations-in-space\\\"\\u003Ehundreds of millions of dollars\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E to companies to develop new space stations. These could become small research laboratories or destinations for space tourists, maintaining humanity's presence in orbit around our planet.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOne of those companies, Axiom Space, has already been transporting paying astronauts on SpaceX rockets into orbit. In 2025, the company hopes to begin \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nasa.gov\\u002Fpress-release\\u002Fnasa-selects-first-commercial-destination-module-for-international-space-station\\\"\\u003Eattaching modules to the ISS\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, which could eventually be detached to form its own station that could be rented out to paying customers. Not everyone is convinced by the idea. \\\"I am really sceptical of the business cases there,\\\" says Jonathan McDowell, an astronomer at the Harvard and Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics in the US. \\\"I'm just not convinced that you can run a profitable space station.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ENonetheless, Nasa and other ISS partners are eager to explore these opportunities. \\\"We are very much in discussion with all these players,\\\" says Josef Aschbacher, the head of the European Space Agency (Esa). \\\"We are very keen on finding a way to continue after the end of the ISS.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EYou might also like:\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cul\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230502-a-fiery-end-how-the-iss-will-end-its-life-in-orbit\\\"\\u003EHow the ISS will end its life in orbit\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20211210-the-impracticality-of-christmas-in-space\\\"\\u003ECan you drink champagne on the ISS?\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20201030-should-astronauts-abandon-the-space-station\\\"\\u003EShould astronauts abandon the ISS?\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003C\\u002Ful\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor Nasa, freeing up the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fspacenews.com\\u002Fnasa-outlines-cost-savings-from-iss-transition\\u002F\\\"\\u003E$3bn\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E (£2.4bn) spent on the ISS each year will allow the agency to pursue other human spaceflight goals, namely sending astronauts back to the Moon and, eventually, to Mars. The agency is now carrying out its Artemis program to return to the lunar surface. In 2024, four astronauts will \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnewsround\\u002F65099748\\\"\\u003Efly around the Moon\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E for the first time since Apollo 17 in 1972, with a return to the surface planned in 2025. \\\"The station is expensive,\\\" says John Klein, a space policy expert at George Washington University in the US. \\\"They're trying to move off with the Artemis programme.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ENasa also wants to build a new space station near the moon, known as the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Fextra\\u002FnkzysaP3pB\\u002Fto-the-moon-and-beyond\\\"\\u003ELunar Gateway\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, with the help of international partners. Construction could begin later this decade. While it won't match the size of scale of the ISS, it could become a key part of future human spaceflight to the Moon and beyond, acting as an outpost for astronauts travelling to and from the Moon.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230512-what-will-replace-the-international-space-station-6\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[\"p0fmzryb\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230512-what-will-replace-the-international-space-station-7\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EFinally, there is the possibility that the ISS will not be completely destroyed. Some companies worry that deorbiting the entire station \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fspacenews.com\\u002Findustry-sees-missed-opportunity-in-deorbiting-iss\\u002F\\\"\\u003Ewould be a waste\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, and that some of its modules and resources could be repurposed or reused in space. Nasa has not yet said it is open to such ideas, but it could change its mind as the deadline to deorbit the ISS approaches.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Nobody who's involved in space that I've encountered really wants to just drop it in the ocean,\\\" says Gary Calnan, the CEO of CisLunar Industries in the US. In late 2022, CisLunar and several other companies presented a proposal to the White House to reuse aspects of the station, such as melting down some of its metal or repurposing some of its modules. Calnan says the White House was receptive. \\\"They liked the idea,\\\" he says. \\\"It fits with the politics of the current administration to reuse and have a circular economy.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOne way or another, the ISS project will come to an end in 2031, whether that's in a fiery inferno or dismantling the station for other uses. In its place might be other smaller space stations ready and waiting to continue humanity's presence in Earth orbit, with astronauts further afield setting boots on the Moon. The ISS will leave behind an impressive legacy, but perhaps in the annals of history it will be just the beginning.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"It leaves behind this notion that despite our obsession with nationalism and borders, we are capable of cooperating,\\\" says Lewis. \\\"We can do this. We can share in the riches.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcloud.email.bbc.com\\u002FSignUp10_08\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230512-what-will-replace-the-international-space-station-8\"}],\"collection\":[\"future\\u002Fpremium-collection\\u002Fthe-next-giant-leap\"],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2023-05-15T14:28:35Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"What will replace the International Space Station?\",\"headlineShort\":\"What comes after the ISS?\",\"image\":[\"p0fmznl6\"],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"\",\"isSyndicated\":false,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[{\"Content\":{\"Description\":\"Apple News Publish: Select to publish, remove to unpublish. (Do not just delete or unpublish the story)\",\"Name\":\"publish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Metadata\":{\"CreationDateTime\":\"2016-02-05T14:32:31.186819Z\",\"Entity\":\"option\",\"Guid\":\"13f4bc85-ae27-4a34-9397-0e6ad3619619\",\"Id\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"ModifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-27T22:52:24.455144Z\",\"Project\":\"wwverticals\",\"Slug\":\"option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\"},\"Urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:option:option\\u002Fpublish-applenews-system-1\",\"_id\":\"6399dacc122e047625087534\"}],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"The International Space Station has been ever-present in our lives for more than two decades. What will happen when we lose it in 2031?\",\"summaryShort\":\"Building the successor to a space icon\",\"tag\":[\"tag\\u002Fspace\",\"tag\\u002Finternationalspacestation\"],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2023-05-15T00:00:29.005681Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"90ea0581-136f-4785-825e-79b13c87ea01\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230512-what-will-replace-the-international-space-station\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2023-05-15T11:52:23.925865Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20230512-what-will-replace-the-international-space-station\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398505},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air\",\"_id\":\"6399da2a122e04025c1618e0\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[],\"bodyIntro\":\"In Northern India, a concoction of seven different fungi could help to thin the smog that pervades the capital city with the worst air pollution in the world.\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe onset of spring brings relief in more ways than one to Delhi. The air is cool and crisp, and with the milder weather come light showers that make the vegetation more lush. Around April, south-westerly winds sweep through the region, and the blanket of acrid smog that covers the city in the autumn and winter months begins to disperse. But it never really goes away.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor the last 10 years, Shaheen Khokhar has witnessed this annual cycle as a resident of Gurugram, south-west of Delhi in the Northern Indian state of Haryana. Around October, when she drives into the city, the unnaturally grey, seemingly overcast skies creep up without warning. \\\"One minute, there's sunshine, and the next, you're engulfed in this dark, smoky haze,\\\" she says. \\\"Every day, we see a deeply distressing, visual reminder of the pollution that we're forced to live with.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fpii\\u002FS2666765720300119\\\"\\u003Eeffects of that pollution\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E range from skin and eye irritation to severe neurological, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchitis, lung capacity loss, emphysema, cancer, and increased mortality rates. Globally, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.who.int\\u002Fhealth-topics\\u002Fair-pollution#tab=tab_1\\\"\\u003Eoutdoor air pollution kills around 4.2 million people each year\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"The year-round average for PM2.5 pollution in New Delhi was the worst of any capital city in the world by a large margin\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EIn October and November, school children across Northern India, especially in India's capital city of New Delhi (which lies within the National Capital Territory of Delhi) and in the vicinity around Gurugram, have to contend with frequent disruptions. As the pollution worsens, schools shut for around two weeks every year. \\\"Our children have worn masks to school long before the Covid crisis,\\\" says Khokhar.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ETwenty-one of the world's 30 cities with the worst levels of air pollution are in India, according to data compiled in the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.iqair.com\\u002Fus\\u002Fworld-air-quality-report\\\"\\u003E2021 World Air Quality Report\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Six Indian cities are in the top 10. New Delhi has the highest exposure to toxic air in the country. People in India had the fifth highest annual recordings of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a particularly harmful form of air pollution. The year-round average for PM2.5 pollution in New Delhi was the worst of any capital city in the world by a large margin.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EYou might also like:\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cul\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20211117-how-indias-living-bridges-could-transform-architecture\\\"\\u003EThe ingenious living bridges of India\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20210805-the-search-for-the-worlds-largest-methane-sources\\\"\\u003EThe vast methane leaks seen from space\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20210615-the-force-that-could-redraw-the-peninsula-of-india\\\"\\u003EThe idyllic Indian beach that vanished\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003C\\u002Ful\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIndustrial pollution and vehicular emissions are some of the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.orfonline.org\\u002Fresearch\\u002Fair-pollution-delhi-filling-policy-gaps\\u002F#:~:text=The%20most%20crucial%20reasons%20for,and%20large%2Dscale%20construction%20activities.\\\"\\u003Egreatest factors accounting for toxic air \\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003Ethe whole year round, according to a report by the think tank Observer Research Foundation. But in the months of October and November, the pollution grows still more intense because of farmland fires. In 2019, Nasa's \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov\\u002Fimages\\u002F145827\\u002Fhaze-smothers-northern-india\\\"\\u003EEarth observing satellites detected these fires from space\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EExactly how much of the annual peak in air pollution is down to crop burning is uncertain – \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Fworld-46138064\\\"\\u003Eofficial figures put it at around 10%\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, while \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fpii\\u002FS2405844021010768\\\"\\u003Eother research suggests it could be higher\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. In Delhi, crop burning is thought to contribute \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcpcb.nic.in\\u002Fuploads\\u002FAQM\\u002FTERI_Brief_Report.pdf\\\"\\u003Eas much as 42% of \\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003Eall particulate matter \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcpcb.nic.in\\u002Fuploads\\u002FAQM\\u002FTERI_Brief_Report.pdf\\\"\\u003Ein the\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcpcb.nic.in\\u002Fuploads\\u002FAQM\\u002FTERI_Brief_Report.pdf\\\"\\u003Eair\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. In the state of Haryana, observed PM2.5 and PM10 (a larger but also harmful form of particulate matter) rise to \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fpii\\u002FS2405844021010768\\\"\\u003E2-3 times higher\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E than \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Ftopics\\u002Fagricultural-and-biological-sciences\\u002Fnational-ambient-air-quality-standards\\\"\\u003ENational Ambient Air Quality Standard limits\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E during the autumn burning season. People from all age groups \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcpcb.nic.in\\u002Fuploads\\u002FAQM\\u002FTERI_Brief_Report.pdf\\\"\\u003Eexperience increased respiratory illnesses during this time of year\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EIn 2015, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fpib.gov.in\\u002Fnewsite\\u002FPrintRelease.aspx?relid=190615\\\"\\u003Ecrop burning was made illegal in Delhi and the states of Rajasthan, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E – but \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.co.uk\\u002Fnews\\u002Fworld-asia-india-54930380\\\"\\u003Ethe ban has proven hard to enforce\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. In January 2019, the Indian government launched the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fmoef.gov.in\\u002Fwp-content\\u002Fuploads\\u002F2019\\u002F05\\u002FNCAP_Report.pdf\\\"\\u003ENational Clean Air Program\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, a five-year plan aiming to curb worsening levels of pollution across the country and to improve monitoring and awareness. Today, the country may be on the cusp of change. The answer has involved addressing age-old agricultural practices that are worsening pollution, says Ashok Kumar Singh, director of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003ENo fire without smoke\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOn a pleasant afternoon in September 2021, Dhruv Sawhney, an engineer and COO of nurture.farm, a digital platform for sustainable agricultural solutions, was addressing an audience of 200 men and women – all farmers in a village near Karnal in Haryana. In the open courtyard of a farmer's home, filled with rickety chairs stools and lightweight cots, and surrounded by ripe paddy fields, Sawhney explained how switching to a new method of clearing agricultural residue could help the farmer earn more, and in the long-term, would improve the health of the soil. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"calloutBodyHtml\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\\\"\\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\",\"calloutTitle\":\"Carbon Count\",\"cardType\":\"CalloutBox\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EAs is commonplace in these gatherings, Sawhney was met with some disbelief. One burly farmer in particular wasn't impressed. \\\"Are you sure this will work?\\\" he asked sceptically. \\\"I'd rather set my fields alight and be done with it.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ESawhney paused mid-speech. \\\"If it doesn't work, I'll set your fields alight myself,\\\" he joked.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe solution he was urging farmers to try was a new organic microbial spray developed by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute in Delhi. Sawhney's platform, nurture.farm, was one of \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.pib.gov.in\\u002FPressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1744517\\\"\\u003E12 Indian companies\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E to whom the institute had licensed the use of this technology in August 2021.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ECalled the Pusa Decomposer, it is composed of seven different species of fungus naturally present in the soil, says Singh. After many lab trials, these species of fungi were found to be extremely effective in decomposing the stubble for energy and nutrients. This microbial spray would completely and rapidly decompose the stubble still left in the fields after the paddy was harvested. Within three weeks, the old stubble would integrate with the soil, acting as compost for the next growing season.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut field tests alone wouldn't be enough to see the spray rolled out among farmers. Understanding why farmers set their fields alight in the first place was critical to developing a solution, says Singh.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Rice and wheat are predominant crops in India. These are crops that require substantial ground water for good growth,\\\" he says. \\\"Ten years ago, rice paddy was cultivated in the beginning of April, during the hot summer months and harvested in September.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-6\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-7\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EHowever, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fiopscience.iop.org\\u002Farticle\\u002F10.1088\\u002F1748-9326\\u002Fac10de\\\"\\u003Ebecause of groundwater depletion\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, the government decided to shift the sowing season to mid-June (when groundwater would be replenished by India's monsoons). The crop would then be harvested in the first week of November.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ENovember is also the ideal time for farmers to grow wheat. \\\"When you delay sowing wheat past 20 November, the yield declines drastically,\\\" says Singh. \\\"So now, the farmer has a very narrow window to clear the fields of paddy stalks [residue from the rice harvest] and to prepare the field for sowing wheat. Burning this residue allows them to clear their fields quickly.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe practice flourished from the 1980s, particularly after Indian farmers started using mechanised harvesting techniques that left plenty of paddy stalks stuck in the soil. Prior to this, traditional labour meant harvesting paddy by hand. While this may have been time-consuming, it didn't leave the fields studded with stalks, Singh says. However, as farmers scaled up operations, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cimmyt.org\\u002Fnews\\u002Falternatives-to-burning-can-increase-indian-farmers-profits-and-cut-pollution-new-study-shows\\u002F\\\"\\u003E23 million tonnes of paddy\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E residue is now burnt every year in Northern India. If you could package up all those stalks into 20kg (44lb) bales and stack them on top of one another, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cimmyt.org\\u002Fnews\\u002Falternatives-to-burning-can-increase-indian-farmers-profits-and-cut-pollution-new-study-shows\\u002F\\\"\\u003Ethe tower would reach further than the Moon\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EFrom waste to wealth \\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe fungal spray was not the first solution put forward to deal with the astronomical scale of the problem. In \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.icar-iirr.org\\u002Findex.php\\u002Finstitute-research\\u002Finstitue-technologies-developed\\u002F33-iirr-technologies\\u002F106-technology-4#:~:text=DRR%20Dhan%2045%2C%20India's%20first,released%20in%20India%20during%202015.\\\"\\u003E2014\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, farmers were given the option to \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.rkbodisha.in\\u002Fsites\\u002Fdefault\\u002Ffiles\\u002F2019-10\\u002FProduction%20Practices%20of%20DRR%20Dhan%2042%20Rice%20Variety%20in%20English.pdf\\\"\\u003Esow a drought tolerant hybrid rice variety that could be harvested in 120 days\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E – that would give them a month to plough their fields manually and get rid of paddy stalk instead of burning the residue. However, hybrid varieties of rice weren't as popular with farmers as they remained \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.jstor.org\\u002Fstable\\u002F4412746\\\"\\u003Eunconvinced of their economic viability\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn 2006, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.tatatrusts.org\\u002Four-work\\u002Flivelihood\\u002Fagriculture-practices\\u002Fending-burning-crop-stubble-through-happy-seeder-technology\\\"\\u003EThe Happy Seeder\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E – a machine devised for sowing could also remove the stubble, mulching and scattering it across the field. And though the government offers it at a 50% subsidy for small farmers, it is still an expensive proposition, especially if you are farming smaller parcels of land. The Indian Agricultural Research Institute noted the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fkrishi.icar.gov.in\\u002Fjspui\\u002Fbitstream\\u002F123456789\\u002F7136\\u002F2\\u002FTHS.pdf\\\"\\u003Emachine didn't distribute seeds uniformly and it caused issues with germination\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fkrishi.icar.gov.in\\u002Fjspui\\u002Fbitstream\\u002F123456789\\u002F7136\\u002F2\\u002FTHS.pdf\\\"\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E Many farmers saw it as \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Findianexpress.com\\u002Farticle\\u002Findia\\u002Fpunjab-crop-residue-burning-gurdaspur-why-happy-seeder-isnt-a-happy-proposition-stubble-burning-air-pollution-6095159\\u002F\\\"\\u003Eunviable investment\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe fungal spray, too, got off to a bumpy start. Initially, farmers were required to ferment and prepare the microbial solution themselves. Each farmer was given five capsules containing the fungi. They were instructed to add five litres of water to each capsule, 150g of jaggery (a type of cane sugar that acted as a food source for the fungi) and 15g of chickpea (a source of protein). Each capsule was fermented for three days, and 25 litres of this solution was manually sprayed onto the fields over a period of two weeks. Each capsule cost the farmer 60-70 rupees (61-71p\\u002F80-93 cents) and could be used over one hectare (2.5 acres).\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-8\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-9\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EHowever, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fthebastion.co.in\\u002Fpolitics-and\\u002Fthe-hits-and-misses-of-the-pusa-capsule-the-delhi-governments-solution-to-stubble-burning\\u002F\\\"\\u003Emedia reports indicated \\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003Ethat farmers weren't able to execute the solution effectively and authorities surmised that there were bound to be irregularities in preparing the capsules. The Pusa decomposer is now available in powder form; 300g of the formula is enough to spray on roughly half a hectare of land. Adapting the process has ensured that machines, made freely available to farmers, spray the fields in a more uniform way. The decomposed stubble enriches the soil, reducing dependence on chemical fertilisers by as much as 25%, says Singh. \\\"When farmers burn the crop residue, the temperature of the top layer of soil rises to 42C and ends up killing all the beneficial microbes in the soil. The microbial spray, however, enriches the soil,\\\" he says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe solution tackles not just air pollution, but poor soil health\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.fao.org\\u002Fdocuments\\u002Fcard\\u002Fen\\u002Fc\\u002Fcb4827en\\\"\\u003E that can compromise our quality of food and water\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, according to a report led by Natalia Rodríguez Eugenio of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Poor soil health has the ability to impact biodiversity as well, says \\u003Cspan\\u003ERattan Lal\\u003C\\u002Fspan\\u003E, a distinguished professor of soil science at Ohio State University, Columbus.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Soil in India is increasingly depleted of its organic matter stock,\\\" says Lal, who is not connected with the project. \\\"In north-western states such as Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh, soil organic carbon content in the surface 30cm (1ft) layer of soil is less than 0.25% and often as little as 0.1%.\\\" The optimal range for soil organic carbon should at least be 1-1.5%. He sees the fungal spray as a promising way to address the gap. \\\"This way of using agricultural residue won't have adverse effects on the health of the soil,\\\" he says. \\\"However, it's important to keep an eye on the cost and to ensure that the farmer is compensated for adapting a process that protects the planet.\\\" \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EEarlier, some amount of crop residue was used as cattle feed before farmers burnt the rest. Using the Pusa spray could mean that there may be less available to feed India's 553 million livestock, says Lal. \\\"Ensuring that doesn't happen and keeping an eye on the domino effect is important too. A judicious management of crop residue is critical to strengthening the 'one health' concept – the health of soil, plants, animals, people and ecosystems – it's all inter-related,\\\" he says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EKrishna Kumar, 48, has been farming for the last 30 years in the village of Bhanan Khera in the Hisar district of Haryana, where he owns five acres of land and has leased another 15. \\\"I was intrigued by the decomposer spray, ever since a relative recommended I try it out,\\\" he says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHe used it last year and the crop residue on his lands decomposed completely. It enriched the soil and helped him save around 1,000-1,500 rupees (£10-15) per acre in fertiliser costs. He believes the long-term health of the soil looks promising. \\\"Burning our fields, dealing with all that smoke isn't easy for the farmer either. I'm glad there's another viable option now,\\\" he says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-10\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"portrait\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-11\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003ECompanies like nurture.farm have stepped in to make the process of deploying the microbial spray much easier for farmers, offering an app where the spraying can be booked for free, as well as offering other paid agricultural services such as equipment hire. Sawhney hopes eventually that the app could become a platform for the sale of carbon credits, due to the emissions saved by fungal decomposition.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOut of 3 million hectares (7.4 million acres) in Punjab under paddy, roughly half was burnt in the last cropping season across North India, says Singh. So far, the Pusa decomposer has been employed across 500,000 hectares (1.2 million acres) in the four states where the majority of the crop burning takes place: Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAfter being used in this pilot project over a single season (the next phase will span a bigger area), it's still too early to exactly quantify the spray's impact on curbing overall pollution. Stubble burning remains just one part of India's air pollution challenge, alongside industry and transport. But if the spray is adopted on a wider scale, with more farmers and companies signing on, the difference could be quite significant, says Singh. Especially when pollution peaks in October and November.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAs the relative respite of spring and changing winds help to thin the smog in the region of Delhi, residents like Shaheen Khokhar can only hope that interventions like this microbial spray might make the onset of the next smog a little more manageable than the season just past.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\\u002Fsubscribe\\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air-12\"}],\"collection\":[],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2022-04-05T00:01:00Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"The world's most polluted capital city\",\"headlineShort\":\"The world's most polluted capital city\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"\",\"isSyndicated\":true,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"In Northern India, a concoction of seven different fungi could help to thin the smog that pervades the capital city with the worst air pollution in the world.\",\"summaryShort\":\"'Our children have worn masks to school long before the Covid crisis'\",\"tag\":[],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2022-04-05T23:05:18.515046Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"ff6cbe09-0df4-48a1-8fe7-00614d532595\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2022-04-06T16:28:16.379687Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220405-the-fungi-cleaning-new-delhis-air\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398505},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks\",\"_id\":\"6399da2a122e04233d08e112\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[],\"bodyIntro\":\"Mexico has more species of oak tree than any other country. In recent years, the saplings of one of its most vulnerable and well-loved oak species have disappeared.\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EBy the banks of a seasonal riverbed in north-western Mexico, a collection of towering, gnarled oak trees stand guard. These trees descend from ancestors that lived more than 50 million years ago and their species has faced, and survived, any number of challenges.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EToday fewer than 5,000 of them are still standing, and they are found only in the Sierra La Laguna mountains, in the state of Baja California Sur. These trees, at the tip of the Baja California peninsula, are the last living populations of \\u003Cem\\u003EQuercus brandegeei\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E, a species of oak known locally as \\\"encino arroyero\\\" (stream oak) due to its restricted habitat along the banks of streams.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\\"They are survivors, those trees are heroes,\\\" says Silvia Álvarez Clare, a Costa Rican ecologist who is the director of the Global Tree Program of the Morton Arboretum, a botanical garden and conservation center in Illinois.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMexico is home to\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fglobaltrees.org\\u002Fwp-content\\u002Fuploads\\u002F2021\\u002F01\\u002FOaks2020HR.pdf\\\"\\u003E more species of oak than any country in the world\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, though many of them are threatened. In the case of the arroyo oak, as it is known, the species now faces a particularly troubling problem. Though plenty of trees aged more than 100 years can be found, locals noticed that in recent years there had been no seedlings that have sprouted from their acorns in sight. For some reason, the trees had simply stopped reproducing.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EÁlvarez Clare describes the trees as \\\"a community of arroyo oak pensioners, because we haven't been able to find juveniles. And in a healthy population of trees there are a lot of young individuals\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EMexican and US scientists, alongside local communities, are now seeking not only to solve this mystery of the missing stream oak saplings, but to save this iconic species from extinction.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EGlobal but vulnerable\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\\"It is estimated that there are between 400 and 600 species of oaks in the world,\\\" explains Maricela Rodríguez, a Mexican botanist specialising in oaks and the coordinator for Mexico and Central America of the Global Consortium for the Conservation of Oaks (GCCO).\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003ESome scientists conservatively estimate there to be \\\"a figure of 435 species, of which 168 are found in Mexico\\\", says Rodríguez. \\\"In other words,\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bgci.org\\u002Fwp\\u002Fwp-content\\u002Fuploads\\u002F2021\\u002F01\\u002FMANUAL-PARA-LA-PROPAGACION-DE-QUERCUS.pdf\\\"\\u003E 38% of the total are found in this part of the world\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Other regions with high oak species richness are South East Asia, which is home to 140 species, and the United States with 91 species.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe Red List of Oaks 2020,\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fglobaltrees.org\\u002Fresources\\u002Fthe-red-list-of-oaks-2020\\u002F\\\"\\u003E a study published by the Morton Arboretum and the Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI)\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, indicates that at least one third of oak species are endangered. And for about another 105 species, there is not enough information to tell how the population is doing.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"left\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\\"I find it incredible. They are such rare, new [to science] or unknown species that we don't even know if they are threatened or not,\\\" says Álvarez Clare.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EIn the case of Mexico, the Red List estimates that 32 of the country's oak species are in danger of extinction. And among the most threatened is the arroyo oak.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EA haven in Mexico\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EPart of the puzzle lies in the species' limited range, far from its evolutionary relatives. The most closely related species to the stream oak is \\u003Cem\\u003EQuercus fusiformis\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E, which is found in Texas, Oklahoma and north-east Mexico, says botanist Allen Coombes, who curates scientific collections at the Botanic Garden of the University of Puebla in Mexico.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003ESo how did the stream oak come to survive only at the tip of the Baja California peninsula?\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\\"Since its appearance\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Flink.springer.com\\u002Fbook\\u002F10.1007\\u002F978-3-319-69099-5\\\"\\u003E about 55 million years ago\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, in the late Paleocene, the genus Quercus has survived many biological and physical changes,\\\" says Rodríguez. \\\"Since then, climatic changes have caused population movements, expansions and decreases in their distribution, both latitudinally and altitudinally.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EThe arroyo oak probably had a wider distribution in the past, and found a haven in the Sierra La Laguna, says Mexican ecologist Aurora Breceda from the Centre for Biological Research of the Northwest (Cibnor). \\\"Everything indicates that it is a relict species,” she says, referring to species that survive only in small populations, serving as remnants of the past.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\\"There is only that relic of the historical distribution of the arroyo oak that we calculate must have a total of less than 5,000 individuals, very restricted to only the banks of the streams,\\\" says Álvarez Clare.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"left\",\"imageOrientation\":\"portrait\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EScientists believe that the species failed to adapt to changes that, over millions of years, created a near-desert climate in this region. Today, the habitat is so dry that many streams are only filled with water by winter rains or hurricanes that create powerful but ephemeral currents.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EIt is only in the humidity of sandy soil on the banks of the streams of the Sierra La Laguna, that the arroyo oak found its refuge.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EAn oasis and a resource\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EQuercus brandegeei\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E is considered a key species for the ecosystem and is highly valued by the local population.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EThe arroyo oaks \\\"are beautiful\\\", says Breceda. \\\"Here in Baja California Sur, an area with scarce vegetation cover, you have these huge trees.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\\"An arroyo oak can measure 20m [66ft] in height and have crowns of 30sq m [320sq ft]. They are like a peaceful oasis.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EMost of these scattered oak populations are\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.iucnredlist.org\\u002Fspecies\\u002F30726\\u002F2795363\\\"\\u003E found within a range of 3,000sq km (1,200sq miles),\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E most inside the perimeter of the Sierra La Laguna Biosphere Reserve. Biosphere reserves are natural spaces identified by Unesco – the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization – where biological conservation coexists with the cultural and economic development of local people. The arroyo oak survives here alongside humans and their cattle, which are allowed to roam the area freely.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EMany locals report having lived with this species for generations. \\\"I remember my grandmother who used the acorns to make oil, tortillas,\\\" says Rogelio Rosas López, owner of a local tour agency, Rancho Ecológico El Refugio. His grandmother, he recalls, also cooked with the seeds \\\"atole\\\", a typical Mexican pudding. \\\"And she used to take us and pinch us because we had to gather sacks of acorns to give to the pigs.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-6\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"left\",\"imageOrientation\":\"portrait\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-7\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EThe acorns of the stream oak are food for pigs and goats, as well as wild animals. Occasionally, if there is a fallen tree, the wood is used.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\\"A lot would be lost for the ecosystem if the oaks weren't there, mainly the shade. We wouldn't enjoy such a beautiful landscape,\\\" says Juan Refugio Manríquez Rosas, another member of the community. \\\"People would lose the best acorns, and everything from birds to raccoons and squirrels would be affected.\\\" The honey from this oak, too, is highly valued and has become a source of local income, he adds.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EThe missing saplings\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003ENo one knows exactly how old the arroyo oaks of the Sierra La Laguna are. \\\"It really is a great mystery. We think they are definitely over a hundred years old. But it could be that they are hundreds of years old,\\\" said Álvarez Clare. In 2022, a team of experts in dendrochronology, the science of dating trees, is expected to find a conclusive answer to the question.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EBut the biggest puzzle is the absence of juveniles, something that has long drawn the attention of local inhabitants.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\\"My grandfather used to say that there were many more trees,\\\" said José Abelino Cota, owner of a plot of land in the Sierra La Laguna. \\\"It is very rare to see a new tree. I don't know what is the reason for it.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EExplaining this lack of regeneration is vital. Although oaks can sometimes reproduce asexually, producing underground stems with shoots that give rise to new individuals, this form of reproduction does not protect the future of the species. It only creates clones of the same tree, without the genetic variability necessary to respond to drastic environmental changes or new diseases.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EOnly sexual reproduction, with small trees born from acorns, is likely to maintain the arroyo oak in the long run.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003ELooking for answers\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EScientists explored various hypotheses to explain the lack of regeneration. The first was the impact of climate change, which, according to Álvarez Clare, has caused \\\"the dry season to be drier and hotter, and the rains to be more unpredictable in this area of \u200b\u200bBaja California Sur\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe second hypothesis was the lack of viability of the acorns – but\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcibnor.repositorioinstitucional.mx\\u002Fjspui\\u002Fhandle\\u002F1001\\u002F2430\\\"\\u003E a study at Cibnor showed the opposite\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. \\\"We collected seeds from several locations. At Cibnor we measured them, did a morphological study and put them to germinate. And they have a very high germination rate – more than 90% germinate,\\\" says Breceda.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-8\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"left\",\"imageOrientation\":\"portrait\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-9\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EThe third hypothesis, according to the Morton Arboretum's Álvarez Clare, was the conflict with the ranchers' cattle. \\\"We think the cows are definitely a problem for the oak because they love to be in the shade and they crush the seedlings,\\\" she says. \\\"And besides, the pigs eat the acorns.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EFor Álvarez Clare, the mystery of the stream oak's lack of regeneration continues and \\\"has only been partially solved\\\". Scientists agree on the impact of livestock crushing and eating acorns, but the consequences of climate change raise further questions. \\\"Climate change is indeed a problem, but how much and to what magnitude is something we are still not sure about,\\\" she says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EFor Breceda, the big problem could be the\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk\\u002Fbinaries\\u002Fcontent\\u002Fassets\\u002Fmetofficegovuk\\u002Fpdf\\u002Fresearch\\u002Fclimate-science\\u002Fclimate-observations-projections-and-impacts\\u002Fmexico.pdf\\\"\\u003E changes in the temporary patterns of both rainfall and temperatures\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. \\\"We really don't know if the effects of climate change could be causing variations in these seasonal patterns, which could be affecting the species. We don't know, a separate study is required.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E'Let's Save the Arroyo Oak'\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EAlthough the precise impact of climate change on the germination of acorns is unknown, there is one thing that the project's experts are certain about: the way to save these oaks lies in the hands of the community members themselves.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\\"The ranchers have a double function: they are part of the problem, but they are our only solution if we want to save the arroyo oak,\\\" says Álvarez Clare.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EThe scientists' response has been to establish a tree care and adoption program with ranchers and other residents called Salvemos al Encino Arroyero, or \\\"Let's save the Arroyo Oak\\\". The project is part of the\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bgci.org\\u002Four-work\\u002Fprojects-and-case-studies\\u002Fglobal-trees-campaign\\u002F\\\"\\u003E Global Trees Campaign\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, an initiative to save the world's threatened trees coordinated by the BGCI.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EThe idea is that local people plant, care for and \\\"adopt\\\" seedlings, becoming guardians of the species, says Mexican biologist and researcher Daniel Wblesther Pérez Morales, who leads the work with the communities, explains. The residents will in turn benefit from the acorns and the many other services that these trees provide.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\\"We established a community nursery and propagated seedlings to plant new arroyo oak trees in the region,\\\" says Pérez Morales. It's important that collected acorns are planted, as the seeds of the stream oak do not tolerate being dehydrated. So far, close to 500 new trees have been planted with the help of the inhabitants of the communities.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-10\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"left\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-11\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\\"We plan to plant about 1,200 new oaks in the region. We will plant within the fences of the ranches to ensure that each oak is growing protected and well cared for,\\\" says Pérez Morales.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\\"We will also plant outside the ranches in areas where there is less pressure from predators. And with the help of the municipal authorities, we will plant in public spaces, where each planted tree has protection, care and its growth can be monitored.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EThe Morton Arboretum and the GCCO are also working with botanic gardens in Mexico to establish the oak elsewhere beyond its current range, to improve the chances for conservation of the species. Currently 15 trees are growing in the botanic garden of the University of Puebla in central Mexico.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EAn exchange of knowledge\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EScientists, local authorities, ranchers and other members of the community in the town of San Dionisio in Baja California Sur came together to discuss the oak's future at a workshop on the initiative in late 2021. \\\"It was a workshop where we co-constructed knowledge,\\\" says Breceda. \\\"Because it's not like 'wise' scientists are going to tell local people what to do with something that has been theirs for hundreds of years. They grew up with these trees.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003ELocal people know better than anyone the best places to plant, says Pérez Morales. And they know that without their help, in an increasingly dry and unpredictable climate, it will be very difficult for the oak to survive.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\\"It is important that we ranchers give ourselves the task of taking care of these spaces, of watering the trees until they are at least two years old,\\\" says Rogelio Rosas López.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EMore workshops are planned in 2022, as well as the first \\\"Festival of the Arroyo Oak\\\" in San Dionisio. The idea is also to promote other activities that are a source of income, including ecotourism and artisan products such as mango jelly or a drink from damiana, a local plant.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EClinging to life\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EThe stream oak project shows how complex, and case-by-case, the task of saving endangered species is.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\\"The work has not been easy since the results of these efforts are not immediate and it must be understood that they will be seen over longer periods. However, we are on the right track,\\\" says Pérez Morales.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003ENoelia Álvarez de Román, director of conservation for Latin America and the Caribbean of the BGCI, has praised the outcomes so far. \\\"The \\u003Cem\\u003EQuercus brandegeei\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E conservation project has resulted in important advances in knowledge of the species and its threats, in the dissemination of the importance of its conservation and in the increase of capacities of local collaborators,\\\" she says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\\"If this species disappears, it disappears from the face of the known universe,\\\" says Cibnor's Aurora Breceda. \\\"And on the other hand we lose the possibility of sustainable resources for the rural populations of Baja California Sur, for which I have enormous respect and admiration.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003EThe Morton Arboretum's Álvarez Clare never ceases to be amazed that \\\"currents, storms, hurricanes, droughts happen to these oaks and they are still clinging there, producing their acorns, providing shade, cleaning the air, giving life\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\\"Actually, when I'm next to one of those trees, I just touch the trunk and say, 'thank you!'.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\\"The arroyo oaks have been there much longer than we have,\\\" says Álvarez Clare. \\\"And we want to ensure that they are there for our children and our grandchildren, that they can have the shade of that wonderful tree that our grandparents had.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EAlejandra Martins is a broadcast journalist at BBC Mundo. This article was originally published in Spanish on BBC Mundo – you can read it\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fmundo\\u002Fnoticias-60233341\\\"\\u003E here\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. This is also why this story does not have an estimate for its carbon emissions,\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\\\"\\u003E as Future Planet stories usually do\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E or \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\\u002Fsubscribe\\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\\\"\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\\"\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\\"\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\\"\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\\"\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp dir=\\\"ltr\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks-12\"}],\"collection\":[],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2022-02-23T00:01:00Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"The mystery of Mexico's vanishing stream oaks\",\"headlineShort\":\"The puzzle of Mexico's ageing oaks\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"\",\"isSyndicated\":false,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"Mexico has more species of oak tree than any other country. In recent years, the saplings of one of its most vulnerable and well-loved oak species have disappeared.\",\"summaryShort\":\"'They are survivors, those trees are heroes'\",\"tag\":[],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2022-02-23T00:05:11.046122Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"9ae62930-e1fc-4f38-b12c-4cd88b58659b\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2022-03-18T15:26:02.911057Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220222-the-mystery-of-mexicos-vanishing-stream-oaks\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398505},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove\",\"_id\":\"6399da2a122e04760b7adde3\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[],\"bodyIntro\":\"When a pristine Caribbean mangrove was decimated by a tourism project, locals on Union Island found a way restore it to its former glory.\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EOn a sweltering summer day in 1994, an ancient mangrove forest on Union Island was ripped apart. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EA foreign investor had started the foundation work for a hotel, marina and golf course in Ashton lagoon on Union Island, one of the 32 Grenadine islands which dot the clear, blue waters of the southern Caribbean Sea. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe sounds of birds chirping and waves crashing against the intricately woven roots of the mangroves was replaced by the noise of excavators and cement trucks, cutting the trees to make way for culverts and concrete pillars. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EPoorly-sized pillars collapsed, cutting off tidal flow in the 10-acre (4-hectare) lagoon. More mangrove trees began dying. The clear water turned putrid and yellow. And what was once the most ecologically diverse lagoon in the region became a barren eyesore and mosquito breeding ground.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EYou may also like:\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cul\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220125-how-dubai-is-pushing-back-its-encroaching-deserts\\\"\\u003EHow Dubai is pushing back its encroaching deserts\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220310-the-illinois-town-valmeyer-could-be-a-model-for-relocation\\\"\\u003EThe Illinois town that got up and left\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220225-how-hong-kong-protects-people-from-its-deadly-landslides\\\"\\u003EHow Hong Kong protects people from dangerous landslides\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003C\\u002Ful\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMatthew Harvey, a local fisherman and campaigner, was 37 years old at the time and recalls watching the destruction. His home in the nearby coastal community of Ashton provides a panoramic, aerial view of the site. That view, which had brought him immense joy, began to leave him sad. The hurt was personal: for three years Harvey had protested the development. He knew it would destroy the mangroves and in turn, a fishery that provided the fishermen of Union Island and nearby islands with sea bass, herring, snapper, lobster, conch and shrimp.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHarvey had warned that giving investors rights to the mangroves could mean unprecedented ecological disaster for the island. But like similar projects in the Caribbean, promises of development and tourists were too alluring for a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fglobalcoral.org\\u002F_oldgcra\\u002FWater%20Quality%20in%20Ashton%20Harbour.htm\\\"\\u003Egovernment eager to attract\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E foreign investment and reduce unemployment. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"I tried, I protested,\\\" Harvey told me as we stood outside his home in January 2020. \\\"Mangroves are important to survival on Union.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003ELess than a year after dredging began, the Valdetarro Construction Company declared bankruptcy. Grace Deagazio, who formerly worked for the company as a secretary and public relations officer, says an environmental impact assessment was carried out before works started.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"The assessment was done at the time for the mangroves and there was no problem with regards to the coral reefs,\\\" she says. \\\"There would have been no major environmental damage to the island itself, but our company went bankrupt due to an unfortunate series of financial problems. Union Island unfortunately got stuck right in the middle of the company’s bankruptcy; the project got frozen and it’s unfortunate.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFuture Planet also contacted members of the former leadership of the company but received no reply. The company declared bankruptcy in 1995.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAshton Lagoon's story is part of a sadly familiar wider picture. Despite their \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fen.unesco.org\\u002Fnews\\u002Fcelebrating-mangroves-sustainable-solutions-climate-change-caribbean\\\"\\u003Ekey role providing coastal protection, supporting local livelihoods and storing huge amounts of carbon\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, mangroves are disappearing, destroyed for coastal development. Globally, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.fao.org\\u002F3\\u002Fca9825en\\u002Fca9825en.pdf\\\"\\u003Ethe area of mangroves decreased by over a million hectares (3,860 sq miles)\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E between 1990 and 2020 – an area larger than the island of Puerto Rico. The economic fallout, including the loss of fisheries, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.unep.org\\u002Fnews-and-stories\\u002Fpress-release\\u002Fdestruction-carbon-rich-mangroves-costs-us42-billion-economic\\\"\\u003Ehas been calculated as greater than $40bn (£30bn) a year.\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThese forests of the sea are \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fjournals.plos.org\\u002Fplosone\\u002Farticle?id=10.1371\\u002Fjournal.pone.0010095\\\"\\u003Eamong the world's most at-risk ecological systems\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and are being razed \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.unep.org\\u002Fnews-and-stories\\u002Fpress-release\\u002Fdestruction-carbon-rich-mangroves-costs-us42-billion-economic\\\"\\u003Efour times faster than terrestrial forests\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut Ashton Lagoon is not among those statistics, because its mangroves and fisheries are now thriving. The story of how that happened provides a blueprint for how other degraded mangroves around the world could one day be revived.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"portrait\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EMangroves live where most plants would die. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sussex.ac.uk\\u002Faffiliates\\u002Fhalophytes\\u002Findex.php?content=about\\\"\\u003EOf the almost 400,000 plant species, only\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cspan\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fspan\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sussex.ac.uk\\u002Faffiliates\\u002Fhalophytes\\u002Findex.php?content=about\\\"\\u003E1,500 are tolerant\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cspan\\u003E to saltwater\\u003C\\u002Fspan\\u003E. Some of these halophytes, as they are called, prevent salt from entering their roots, a process known as exclusion. Others excrete salt from special glands in their leaves.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAshton Lagoon has three of the world's 80 mangrove species: the red, which are excluders, and the black and white, which secrete salt. Today, the dark green, pointy leaves of black and red mangroves mingle with the round, light green leaves of the white to make a thick canopy. Its clear, emerald-green waters reveal submerged roots mooring the forest to the ocean floor.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"Mangroves are essential to our livelihood, especially for us fishermen \u2013 Matthew Harvey\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe area is a critical habitat for many species. Mangrove flowers attract birds like the egret, heron, bullfinch and hummingbird. Other birds, such as the brown pelican and the endangered West Indian whistling duck, use the forest for food and nesting. Fiddler and mangrove tree crabs scurry through the maze of roots, which also provide refuge to leatherback, hawksbill, loggerhead and the rare green turtles. Near the ocean floor, the ecosystem is home to large fish, like snappers and parrotfish, and juvenile fish, like the grouper, which can remain in the mangrove nursery for more than five years.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Mangroves are essential to our livelihood, especially for us fishermen,\\\" Harvey says. \\\"Before the damage, there were nurseries for all marine life: conchs, lobster, fish, sharks. We fed our families and sold them to residents and businesses.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHarvey, now 62 years old, is fit and slim, a man always on the go. His toughness and strength were key to what happened on Union Island after the tourism development failed.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn 1998, four years after the company declared bankruptcy, two Canadian researchers, Stephen Price and Purnima G Price, declared that Ashton Lagoon was \\\"ecologically dead\\\" in a report for the Union Island Association for Ecological Preservation. Mangrove forests are a notoriously difficult ecosystem to bring back once disturbed, they said, although damage to the lagoon system could be reversible \\\"to some extent\\\".\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn an effort to reverse the damage, Harvey, who was at the time president of the Union Island Eco Tourism Movement, teamed up with Orisha Joseph, director of local conservation agency SusGren, Lisa Sorenson, a conservation biologist and head of BirdsCaribbean, as well as officials of the Eastern Caribbean Coalition for Environmental Awareness.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-6\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-7\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe trio knew that a scientist named Gregg Moore had also visited the lagoon in 1998 and conducted some tests, and they reached out to ask for his view.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMoore, a mangrove restoration ecologist at the University of New Hampshire, was surprised to hear from the team. It had been 10 years since his assessment of the lagoon. For many on Union Island, including Harvey, those years had been spent taking care of families and making ends meet, though the daily sight of the lagoon was never far from their minds.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIt turned out that Moore's assessment was indeed more optimistic than that of the Prices. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMoore told them that while the lagoon was severely damaged and the remaining trees were suffering from heat stress and extreme salinity, there was hope.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-8\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"Mangroves are extremely resilient plants. They're not delicate, but you have to have the right conditions for them \u2013 Gregg Moore\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-9\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Mangroves are extremely resilient plants,\\\" says Moore. \\\"They're not delicate, but you have to have the right conditions for them. If you change the hydrology in the system dramatically, then you turn off their ability to self-regulate. Soil dumped during construction had blocked the tidal exchange and salt was no longer being flushed out and diluted.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHe told Harvey and Joseph that, at the very least, tidal flow needed to be re-established in the system. Doing this, however, would cost roughly $700,000 (£530,000), an amount the island could not afford. SusGren approached aid agencies for funding and started a community-based ecological restoration program. Harvey continued his environmental advocacy. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn May 2007, a workshop organised by Sorenson through Birds Caribbean brought the local community together to hear from coastal engineers, tourism consultants and scientists. Residents, fishers, teachers, environmentalists and the business community \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.cavehill.uwi.edu\\u002Fcermes\\u002Fgetdoc\\u002F399e32f8-4de1-4220-b4cf-81ad63e377aa\\u002Fsorenson_2008_ashton_lagoon_workshop_report.aspx\\\"\\u003Evoiced their concerns, asked questions and made requests\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Moore, who attended this first town hall, says that residents had the final say on how to proceed – a crucial aspect of community-based restoration.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn 2010, SusGren secured financing for the project, but it was quickly withdrawn \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fsusgren.org\\u002Fwp-content\\u002Fuploads\\u002F2021\\u002F05\\u002FSusGren-Annual-Report-2015.pdf\\\"\\u003Ebecause the government of St Vincent and the Grenadines had not granted permission for the restoration work\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. The go-ahead would come years later. For now, it looked as though, despite enormous community support, restoration was stalled. It had been 16 years since the mangroves had been decimated. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"We felt that if restoration works did not start soon, a new developer would come in,\\\" says SusGren's Joseph. \\\"That fear is always there and we wanted to be the investor with the plan to protect the mangroves and provide opportunities for our people within them.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThen in 2014, the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre, the German Development Bank and the Philip Stevenson Foundation, which owns the neighbouring island of Petit St Vincent, came through with the $700,000 (£530,000). With funds and government permission now in place, \\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.agriculture.gov.vc\\u002Fagriculture\\u002Findex.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=386:restoration-activities-at-ashton-lagoon-begins&catid=104&Itemid=288\\\"\\u003Ework could begin\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-10\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-11\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EOn the surface, restoration work might seem as simple as growing new mangrove plants and embedding them among existing trees. But the reality is far more complex.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EToward the end of 2017, excavators, trucks and bulldozers returned to Ashton Lagoon. But this time the machinery was there to undo the damage done a quarter of a century earlier. \\\"We dug out the place, removed thousands of rusty galvanised sheet piles and pillars,\\\" says Joseph.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EConstruction crews removed collapsed concrete culverts and excavated openings in the piers of the abandoned marina. Soon the tidal flow began to resemble what it had been in the past.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe next step was planting, led by Harvey. In 2018, he assembled a small team of four to replant the mangroves. Meshanda Laborde, a young woman from Union Island who is passionate about science, was among this group. The first step was to build a mangrove nursery using wood and coconut branches to regulate sunlight for the seedlings, she says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"We then dug a small well near the shed to easily access water for the seedlings with the conditions closest to the environment we would eventually introduce them to.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ERestoration planting typically involves potting seedlings in small, black plastic bags (Harvey eschewed these bags and used bamboo stems from Grenada) in shallow water in a nursery before moving them back to the mangrove for planting. The seedlings were collected in the lagoon, carefully transported to the nursery for specialised care and root development, and returned to the mangrove when the planters believed they were strong enough to survive.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-12\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"We had already cleared out the rotting and dead mangroves, so we took our plants into those areas and started setting them into the mud. We were knee-deep in mud but we didn't mind \u2013 Meshanda Laborde\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-13\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe team initially spent hours gathering as many \\\"wildling\\\" seedlings as they could find from mature mangroves. \\\"We gathered 1,500 and 1,700 wildlings in the first two weeks,\\\" says Laborde.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ECasil Thomas, another member of the team, recalls collecting, setting and nursing the first batch of seedlings. \\\"We had very early mornings, leaving before the Sun came up and we worked until it set. We pampered them and cared for them like our babies.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThree months later, strong, healthy roots were jutting out of the bamboo stems – some of them over a foot (0.3m) long, says Laborde. They were ready for replanting, although the holders planned to give them protection for a further three years.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-14\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"calloutBodyHtml\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here.\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\",\"calloutTitle\":\"Carbon Count\",\"cardType\":\"CalloutBox\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-15\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"We had already cleared out the rotting and dead mangroves, so we took our plants into those areas and started setting them into the mud,\\\" says Laborde. \\\"We were knee-deep in mud but we didn't mind.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EJust as the team was experiencing some success, however, disaster hit the nursery. \\\"There was a rat infestation,\\\" says Harvey. \\\"Rodents cut all the leaves and roots of the plants, to make nests.\\\" Despite constant monitoring, they lost hundreds of the seedlings. The team spent two weeks inspecting every bamboo stem and its seedling for damage. They spread a mixture of cement and cornmeal between the rows of plants to get rid of the rodents. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ETo regain some of the lost time, Harvey experimented with a new method. \\\"Instead of setting the seedlings in the shallow water where they take about six weeks to produce sufficient roots, we pushed them into the soil in the lagoon and within one week we got a good root system for planting,\\\" he says. \\\"I was happy because it worked and reduced the wait time.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ELaborde, who had studied human and social biology at school hoping to become a nurse, says she began to think of the seedlings as patients. \\\"I learned so much, especially new planting techniques, even from the disappointments.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-16\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-17\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EWith increasing numbers of category 5 hurricanes, rising sea levels and fears of disappearing coastlines, restoration failure in Union Island could \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Funfccc.int\\u002Fresource\\u002Fdocs\\u002Fpublications\\u002Fcc_sids.pdf\\\"\\u003Emean devastation not just of the fisheries, but of the entire island.\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EUnion Island resident and educator Ann Harvey knows that well. In 2004, she opened a pre-school in memory of her son, Jamie, who had died suddenly the year before and had loved school and volunteering in social and environmental causes. The school was located less than 100m (328ft) from a small, bushy shrub of mangroves that had been spared from the excavator.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EDuring the opening celebration, however, radio bulletins warned of an impending storm. As Harvey and her staff scrambled to place sandbags and board up the building, she worried that her new school would not stand a chance against raging wind and waves.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWithin 24 hours, Hurricane Ivan, one of the most powerful hurricanes in a decade, bore down on the southern Caribbean. It destroyed \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fnews.un.org\\u002Fen\\u002Fstory\\u002F2004\\u002F09\\u002F115072-un-agencies-step-help-countries-hardest-hit-hurricane-ivan\\\"\\u003E90% of the infrastructure on nearby Grenada\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-18\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"The mangroves were taking the brunt of the storm, protecting the school. For hours, they swayed in the wind and big waves crashed into them \u2013 Ann Harvey\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-19\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EHarvey watched the waves from her house a few miles inland. \\\"I stood in a corner, just staring, concerned that the [school] roof would be blown away,\\\" she says. \\\"But then I noticed something. The mangroves were taking the brunt of the storm, protecting the school. For hours, they swayed in the wind and big waves crashed into them. Some of them eventually broke away, but nothing happened to the school.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAround the world, coastal structures like the pre-school are becoming increasingly vulnerable as climate change intensifies storms and sea-level rise means more water can rush inland. Coastal communities are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of warming ocean temperatures, sea-level rise, storms and flooding, according to a \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.ipcc.ch\\u002Fsrocc\\u002F\\\"\\u003E2019 special report \\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003Eon oceans by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-20\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-21\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EShoring up marine ecosystems, like mangroves, is one of the pillars of building resilience, the IPCC said. With their thick foliage and gnarled, thick root systems, mangroves \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Flink.springer.com\\u002Farticle\\u002F10.1007\\u002Fs13280-016-0838-x\\\"\\u003Ehave been found to reduce wave height and energy.\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Frepository.tudelft.nl\\u002Fislandora\\u002Fobject\\u002Fuuid%3Ac77ceec8-8db6-4080-b5bb-f414dca9d39d\\\"\\u003EA 100m (328ft) buffer of mangroves can reduce wave height by up to 66%\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, one report found, and a 500m (1,640ft) buffer can reduce it as much as 99%. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThis ability is critical to the future of many islands. \\\"We have so many low-lying areas, some below sea level,\\\" Matthew Harvey says. \\\"If not for these mangroves, I am worried that people would not even be able to live here soon.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMangroves are also able to \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.tandfonline.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002Fpdf\\u002F10.4155\\u002Fcmt.12.20\\\"\\u003Etrap and store large amounts of carbon dioxide\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, an ability that has gained them \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fukcop26.org\\u002Fevents\\u002Fcoastal-blue-carbon-panel-the-vital-role-of-mangroves-for-climate-change-mitigation-and-adaptation\\u002F\\\"\\u003Eincreasing attention\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E as an important component of climate mitigation.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut mangrove restoration has not always proven successful. Before the 1970s, mangroves were \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\\u002Farticles\\u002F10.3389\\u002Ffmars.2020.603651\\u002Ffull\\\"\\u003Esometimes seen as a nuisance\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, but in 1984, the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fpii\\u002FS0743016721000085\\\"\\u003EWorld Bank funded one of the first major restoration projects\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, providing a $26m (£20m) loan to plant just under 2,500 acres (1,000 hectares) of mangroves in the Philippines. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe government of the Philippines hoped that by replanting the mangroves, fish would return and the lives of over 90,000 residents improved. However, \\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu\\u002Fviewdoc\\u002Fdownload?doi=10.1.1.1070.9918&rep=rep1&type=pdf\\\"\\u003Ein 1995 researchers revealed that just 18% of the three million planted trees had survived\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. Researchers say the project failed to plant suitable species in appropriate sites. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMany other mangrove restoration projects have failed, including, more recently, a project in Sri Lanka to \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww2.ulb.ac.be\\u002Fsciences\\u002Fbiocomplexity\\u002Fpub\\u002FKodikaraetal_2017_RestorationEcol.pdf\\\"\\u003Eplant 3,000 acres (1,200 hectares) of mangrove\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E after the 2004 tsunami. Less than 500 of those acres (202 hectares) have mangroves on them today – researchers attribute this to lack of attention to basic indicators for restoration such as selecting the right species, salinity and hydrology and the best sites. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fesajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\\u002Fdoi\\u002Ffull\\u002F10.1890\\u002F15-1077\\\"\\u003EIn a 2015 study\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E of 160 marine coastal restoration projects over the previous 40 years, researchers found that half of the initiatives had failed. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-22\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-23\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EEcologists like Moore say many of the projects are hampered by short-term thinking – they tend to focus on construction and ignore the community and the importance of long-term monitoring and stewardship. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Most of the time the money spent on [coastal restoration] projects is for the engineering and the mobilisation and demobilisation of heavy equipment needed to prepare the site and obtain the right hydrology,\\\" Moore says. \\\"Then those trucks and bulldozers leave the site, construction crews take their final land survey, say 'we got the grade right, the elevation right', shake hands, pat each other on the back, and they're done.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-24\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"I went into the schools and I got the students to understand the importance of mangroves, even before taking them to help restore them. Restoration requires a lot of hands and ongoing support and monitoring \u2013 Yvonne Edwin\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-25\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EYvonne Edwin, a marine biologist from nearby St Lucia, agrees, but says the Caribbean is getting it right. Edwin was one of more than a dozen people who came together to restore a 10-acre belt of mangroves in St Lucia's largest mangrove forest, the Makote Mangroves. She says the accomplishment would not have been possible without community involvement.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"I went into the schools and I got the students to understand the importance of mangroves, even before taking them to help restore them,\\\" she says. \\\"Restoration requires a lot of hands and ongoing support and monitoring. Over 400 students joined the community and partners in this venture.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EEdwin says mangrove restoration is already fraught with environmental challenges and projects cannot afford to be abandoned once the planting is over. This is especially the case in the Caribbean, which is sometimes faced with heavy rains post-planting.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.frontiersin.org\\u002Farticles\\u002F10.3389\\u002Ffmars.2020.00327\\u002Ffull\\\"\\u003EStudies\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E support Moore and Edwin's view. The late ecologist Roy Lewis, one of the world's first mangrove restoration experts, also \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Focean.floridamarine.org\\u002FCHIMMP\\u002FResources\\u002FLewis%20and%20Brown%202014%20Ecological%20Mangrove%20Rehabilitation.pdf\\\"\\u003Ewarned against programmes \\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003Ethat bring in community members to collect and plant seedlings but fail to retain them as stewards.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EUnion Island is trying learn these lessons and ensure stewardship is passed from one generation to another. SusGren has trained more than 50 young people in conservation and ecosystem monitoring, including former schoolteacher Kenya Ford. Her tasks included testing the salinity of the water in the mangrove, assessing tree growth and replanting trees to see where they grow best. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ESuch continued stewardship by residents will be integral to long-term success for the project, says Moore. \\\"Successful mangrove projects care more than just \\u003Cstrong\\u003E'\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003Ewe planted a thousand trees and a thousand trees lived\\u003Cstrong\\u003E',\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\\" he says.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-26\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-27\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.fao.org\\u002F3\\u002Fca9825en\\u002Fca9825en.pdf\\\"\\u003EIt is this approach to restoration which has helped the Caribbean become one of the few regions to increase mangrove cover in the last decade\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. SusGren and \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.usaid.gov\\u002Feastern-and-southern-caribbean\\u002Fnews-information\\u002Fpress-releases\\u002Fus-government-supports-environment\\\"\\u003Eits partners\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E now view Ashton Lagoon as fully restored, with over 90% of the mangroves planted in the lagoon still alive.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThese 3,000 mangrove trees now stand about 5ft (1.5m) above sea level along 14 acres (6 hectares) of shoreline. Tidal flushing is back and the turquoise ocean water flows freely into the jade water of the mangrove twice daily. The fish and birds have returned.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFarmers now harvest sea moss from the lagoon – the raw seaweed is used to make ice cream and energy drinks popular in the Caribbean. With flowers in abundance in the mangroves again, bees have returned and beekeeping is thriving.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-28\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"It's better than a hotel. It's not a case of a rich investor coming in and owning everything \u2013 Orisha Joseph\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-29\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003ESusGren has constructed boardwalks and a pair of bridges across the lagoon, as well as bird towers and viewing decks. The once desolate area is now visited by tourists, academics and, for the first time in 25 years, locals, who have returned to enjoy the beauty and tranquility of the lagoon.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"It's better than a hotel,\\\" says Joseph. \\\"It's not a case of a rich investor coming in and owning everything.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EHarvey opened a neighbourhood bar in 2011 to supplement his struggling fishing income, and it is still open today. Now, though, he goes out to sea almost daily, sometimes spending up to 12 hours fishing. It's hard work for a 62-year-old, but he plans to continue. As he sits on a small wooden bench at his bar and looks toward the lagoon, he runs his fingers through his full grey beard, saying: \\\"It took us a long time, but our mangroves are back.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\\u002Fsubscribe\\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\" – a handpicked selection of stories from BBC \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fculture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ECulture\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fworklife\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EWorklife\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ftravel\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETravel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E \\u003Cem\\u003Eand \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Freel\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EReel\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove-30\"}],\"collection\":[],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2022-03-30T00:05:00Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"The Caribbean mangrove forest that defied destruction\",\"headlineShort\":\"The mangrove that defied destruction\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"\",\"isSyndicated\":true,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":[],\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"When a pristine Caribbean mangrove was decimated by a tourism project, locals on Union Island found a way restore it to its former glory.\",\"summaryShort\":\"It's no easy task to replant this unique ecosystem\",\"tag\":[],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2022-03-29T23:05:22.282019Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"827f4785-9e0c-46d1-9f42-25eae6bda04b\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2022-03-30T10:29:28.067324Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220329-how-a-caribbean-community-restored-its-dying-mangrove\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398507},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question\",\"_id\":\"6399da2a122e0461ed12142b\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[],\"bodyIntro\":\"As the world looks to electrify vehicles and store renewable power, one giant challenge looms: what will happen to all the old lithium batteries?\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EAs the quiet whirr of electric vehicles gradually replaces the revs and noxious fumes of internal combustion engines, a number of changes are set to filter through our familiar world. The overpowering smell of gas stations will fade away into odourless charge stations where cars can re-juice their batteries as needed. Meanwhile, gas-powered generator sites that dot the horizon may be retrofitted to house \\u003Cspan\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery\\\"\\u003Emassive batteries that could one day power entire cities with renewable energy\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fspan\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThis electrified future is much closer than you might think. General Motors \\u003Cspan\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.caranddriver.com\\u002Fnews\\u002Fa35352321\\u002Fgm-eliminate-gas-vehicles-2035\\u002F#:~:text=GM%20CEO%20Mary%20Barra%20announced,place%20by%20states%20like%20California.\\\"\\u003Eannounced earlier this year that it plans to stop selling gas-powered vehicles by 2035\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fspan\\u003E. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.france24.com\\u002Fen\\u002Flive-news\\u002F20210622-audi-to-stop-making-fossil-fuel-cars-by-2033-ceo\\\"\\u003EAudi's goal is to stop producing them by 2033\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, and many other major auto companies are following suit. In fact, \\u003Cspan\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\\u002Fnews\\u002Farticles\\u002F2021-08-09\\u002Fat-least-two-thirds-of-global-car-sales-will-be-electric-by-2040\\\"\\u003Eaccording to BloombergNEF\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E,\\u003C\\u002Fspan\\u003E two-thirds of the world's passenger vehicle sales will be electric by 2040. And grid-scale systems the world over are \\u003Cspan\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nrel.gov\\u002Fnews\\u002Fprogram\\u002F2021\\u002Fgrid-scale-storage-us-storage-capacity-could-grow-five-fold-by-2050.html\\\"\\u003Egrowing rapidly thanks to advancing battery storage technology\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fspan\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWhile this may sound like the ideal path to sustainable power and road travel, there's one big problem. Currently, lithium (Li) ion batteries are those typically used in EVs and the megabatteries used to store energy from renewables, and Li batteries are hard to recycle.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"As demand for EVs escalates, as it's projected to, the impetus to recycle more of them is set to barrel through the battery and motor vehicle industry\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EOne reason is that the most widely used methods of recycling more traditional batteries, like lead-acid batteries, don't work well with Li batteries. The latter are typically larger, heavier, much more complex and even \\u003Cspan\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fnews\\u002Fbusiness-56574779\\\"\\u003Edangerous if taken apart wrong\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fspan\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EYou might also like:\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cul\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20201217-renewable-power-the-worlds-largest-battery\\\"\\u003EThe world's largest batteries\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20210706-how-flooded-coal-mines-could-heat-homes\\\"\\u003EThe new use for old coal mines\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20211207-the-legal-battle-against-climate-change\\\"\\u003EWhy environmental lawsuits are on the rise\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003C\\u002Ful\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIn your average battery recycling plant, battery parts are shredded down into a powder, and then that powder is either melted (pyrometallurgy) or dissolved in acid (hydrometallurgy). But Li batteries are made up of lots of different parts that could explode if they're not disassembled carefully. And even when Li batteries are broken down this way, the products aren't easy to reuse.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"The current method of simply shredding everything and trying to purify a complex mixture results in expensive processes with low value products,\\\" says Andrew Abbott, a physical chemist at the University of Leicester. As a result, it \\u003Cspan\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.wired.com\\u002Fstory\\u002Fthe-race-to-crack-battery-recycling-before-its-too-late\\u002F\\\"\\u003Ecosts more to recycle them than to mine more lithium\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fspan\\u003E to make new ones. Also, since large scale, cheap ways to recycle Li batteries are lagging behind, only\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fnews\\u002Fbusiness-56574779\\\"\\u003E about 5%\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E of Li batteries are recycled globally, meaning the majority are simply going to waste.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut as demand for EVs escalates, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bloomberg.com\\u002Fnews\\u002Farticles\\u002F2021-08-09\\u002Fat-least-two-thirds-of-global-car-sales-will-be-electric-by-2040\\\"\\u003Eas it's projected to\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.forbes.com\\u002Fsites\\u002Fmergermarket\\u002F2021\\u002F11\\u002F03\\u002Fdemand-for-metals-charges-up-lithium-ion-battery-recycling\\u002F?sh=4ea8830a6f43\\\"\\u003Eimpetus to recycle\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E more of them is set to barrel through the battery and motor vehicle industry.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe current shortcomings in Li battery recycling isn't the only reason they are an environmental strain. Mining the various metals needed for Li batteries requires vast resources. It takes \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.wired.co.uk\\u002Farticle\\u002Flithium-batteries-environment-impact\\\"\\u003E500,000 gallons (2,273,000 litres) of water\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E to mine one tonne of lithium. In Chile's Atacama Salt Flats, lithium mining has been linked to \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencedirect.com\\u002Fscience\\u002Farticle\\u002Fabs\\u002Fpii\\u002FS0303243419300996\\\"\\u003Edeclining vegetation, hotter daytime temperatures and increasing drought conditions in national reserve areas\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. So even though EVs may help reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions over their lifetime, the battery that powers them starts its life laden with a large environmental footprint.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-4\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"PullQuote\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"pullQuote\":\"We can no longer treat the batteries as disposable \u2013 Shirley Meng\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-5\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EIf the millions upon millions of Li batteries that will give out \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fbatteryuniversity.com\\u002Farticle\\u002Fbu-1003a-battery-aging-in-an-electric-vehicle-ev\\\"\\u003Eafter around 10 years or so of use  \\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E are recycled more efficiently, however, it will help neutralise all that energy expenditure. Several labs have been working on refining more efficient recycling methods so that, eventually, a standardised, eco-friendly way to recycle Li batteries will be ready to meet skyrocketing demand.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"We have to find ways to make it enter what we call a circular lifecycle, because the lithium and the cobalt and nickel take a lot of electricity and a lot of effort to be mined and refined and made into the batteries. We can no longer treat the batteries as disposable,\\\" says Shirley Meng, professor in energy technologies at the University of California, San Diego.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EHow to recycle Li batteries\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EA \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fcen.acs.org\\u002Fmaterials\\u002Fenergy-storage\\u002Ftime-serious-recycling-lithium\\u002F97\\u002Fi28\\\"\\u003ELi battery cell\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E has a metal cathode, or positive electrode that collects electrons during the electrochemical reaction, made of lithium and some mix of elements that typically include cobalt, nickel, manganese and iron. It also has an anode, or the electrode that releases electrons to the external circuit, made of graphite, a separator and an electrolyte of some kind, which is the medium that transports the electrons between cathode and anode. The lithium ions travelling from the anode to the cathode form an electric current. The metals in the cathode are the most valuable parts of the battery, and these are what chemists focus on preserving and refurbishing when they dismantle an Li battery.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EMeng says to think of an Li battery like a bookshelf with many layers, and the lithium ions rapidly move across each shelf, cycling back each time to the top shelf – a process called \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Facademic.oup.com\\u002Fnsr\\u002Farticle\\u002F4\\u002F1\\u002F26\\u002F2669335\\\"\\u003Eintercalation\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. After years and years, the bookshelf naturally starts to break down and collapse. So when chemists like Meng dismantle an Li battery, that's the sort of degradation they see in the structure and materials.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"We can actually find the mechanisms, [and] either using heat or some kind of chemical treatment method, we can put the bookshelf back [together],\\\" says Meng. \\\"So we can let those recycled and refurbished materials go back to the assembly line to the [Li battery] factories to be made into new batteries.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-6\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-7\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EImproving Li battery recycling and ultimately making their parts reusable will reinfuse value into the Li batteries already out there. This is why scientists are advocating for the direct recycling process Meng describes – because it can give the most precious parts of Li batteries, like the cathode and anode, a second life. This could significantly offset the energy, waste and costs associated with manufacturing them.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut disassembling Li batteries is currently being done predominantly by hand in lab settings, which will need to change if direct recycling is to compete with more traditional recycling methods. \\\"In the future, there will need to be more technology in disassembly,\\\" says Abbott. \\\"If a battery is assembled using robots, it is logical that it needs to be disassembled in the same way.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-8\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"calloutBodyHtml\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe emissions from travel it took to report this story were 0kg CO2. The digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here.\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\",\"calloutTitle\":\"Carbon Count\",\"cardType\":\"CalloutBox\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-9\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EAbbott's team at the Faraday Institution in the UK is investigating the robotic disassembly of Li batteries as part of the ReLib Project, which specialises in the recycling and reuse of Li batteries. The team has also found a way to achieve direct recycling of the anode and cathode using an \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.faraday.ac.uk\\u002Ffaster-greener-technique-invented-to-improve-recycling-process-for-electric-vehicle-batteries\\u002F\\\"\\u003Eultrasonic probe\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, \\\"like what the dentist uses to clean your teeth,\\\" he explains. \\\"It focuses ultrasound on a surface which creates tiny bubbles that implode and blast the coating off the surface.\\\" This process avoids having to shred the battery parts, which can make recovering them exceedingly difficult.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAccording to Abbott's team's research, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.faraday.ac.uk\\u002Ffaster-greener-technique-invented-to-improve-recycling-process-for-electric-vehicle-batteries\\u002F\\\"\\u003Ethis ultrasonic recycling method can process 100 times more material\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E over the same period than the more traditional \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fpubs.acs.org\\u002Fdoi\\u002F10.1021\\u002Facssuschemeng.8b03545\\\"\\u003Ehydrometallurgy\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E method. He says it can also be done for less than half the cost of creating a new battery from virgin material.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAbbott believes the process can easily be applied to scale, and used on larger grid-based batteries, because they typically have the same battery cell structure, they just contain more cells. However, the team is currently only applying it to production scrap, from which parts are easier to separate, because they're already free of their casings. The team's robotic dismantling tests are ramping up though. \\\"We have a demonstrator unit that currently works on whole electrodes and we hope in the next 18 months to be able to showcase an automated process working in a production facility,\\\" says Abbott.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EDegradable batteries\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ESome scientists are advocating for a move away from Li batteries in favour of ones that can be produced and broken down in more eco-friendly ways. Jodie Lutkenhaus, a professor of chemical engineering at Texas A&M University, has been working on a battery that is made of organic substances that can degrade on command.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"Many batteries today are not recycled because of the associated energy and labour cost,\\\" says Lutkenhaus. \\\"Batteries that degrade on command may simplify or lower the barrier to recycling. Eventually, these degradation products could be reconstituted back into a fresh new battery, closing the materials life-cycle loop.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIt's a fair argument considering that, even when a Li battery is dismantled and its parts are refurbished, there will still be some parts that can't be saved and become waste. A degradable battery like the one \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fdevicematerialscommunity.nature.com\\u002Fposts\\u002Forganic-radical-peptide-batteries\\\"\\u003ELutkenhaus' team is working on\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E could be a more sustainable power source.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fpubs.acs.org\\u002Fdoi\\u002Fabs\\u002F10.1021\\u002Facsami.7b18252\\\"\\u003EOrganic Radical Batteries (ORBs)\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E have been around since the 2000s, and function with the help of organic materials that are synthesised to store and release electrons. \\\"An Organic Radical Battery has two of these [materials], both acting as electrodes, that work in concert to store and release electrons, or energy, together,\\\" explains Lutkenhaus.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe team uses an acid to break their ORBs down into amino acids and other byproducts, however, conditions need to be just right for the parts to degrade properly. \\\"Eventually we found that acid at elevated heat worked,\\\" says Lutkenhaus.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThere are a number of challenges ahead for this degradable battery though. The materials needed to create it are expensive, and it has yet to provide the amount of power required for high-demand applications like EVs and power grids. But perhaps the greatest challenge degradable batteries like Lutkenhaus's face is competing with the already well-established Li battery.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-10\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-11\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EThe next step for scientists pushing direct recycling of Li batteries forward is working with battery manufacturers and recycling plants to streamline the process from build to breakdown.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\\"We are really encouraging all the battery cell manufacturers to barcode all the batteries so with robotic AI techniques we can easily sort out the batteries,\\\" says Meng. \\\"It takes the entire field to cooperate with each other in order to make that happen.\\\"\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003ELi batteries are used to power many different devices, from laptops to cars to power grids, and the chemical makeup differs depending on the purpose, sometimes significantly. This should be reflected in the way they're recycled. Scientists say battery recycling plants must separate the various Li batteries into separate streams, similar to how different types of plastic are sorted when recycled, in order for the process to be most efficient. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAnd even though they face an uphill battle, more sustainable batteries are slowly but surely coming onto the scene. \\\"We can already see designs entering the market which make assembly and disassembly easier, and it is probable that this will be an important topic in future battery development,\\\" says Abbott.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOn the production side, battery and car manufacturers are \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nature.com\\u002Farticles\\u002Fd41586-021-02222-1\\\"\\u003Eworking on cutting down\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E on the materials needed to build Li batteries to help reduce energy expenditure during mining and the waste each battery creates at the end of its life.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EElectric car manufacturers have also begun to reuse and repurpose their own batteries in a number of different ways. For example, Nissan is \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Fnews\\u002Fbusiness-56574779\\\"\\u003Erefurbishing old Leaf car batteries\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and putting them in automated guided vehicles that bring parts to its factories.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003ESpeed bumps ahead\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe steadily increasing market demand for EVs already has companies across the automobile industry spending billions of dollars on increasing the sustainability of Li batteries. However, China is currently the \\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fsmeng.ucsd.edu\\u002Fwp-content\\u002Fuploads\\u002FDyatkin-Meng2020_Article_COVID-19DisruptsBatteryMateria.pdf\\\"\\u003Elargest producer of Li batteries\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E by far, and subsequently \\u003Cspan\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.mining.com\\u002Fli-ion-battery-recycling-market-to-reach-31bn-per-year-by-2040-report\\u002F\\\"\\u003Eahead when it comes to recycling them\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fspan\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-12\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-13\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EWidely adopting standardised methods for recycling Li batteries that include sorting streams for the different types will get them a big step closer. Meanwhile, using AI technology to refurbish the most useful parts, such as the cathode, could help countries with small supplies of Li battery components to not have to rely so much on China.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EDeveloping \\u003Cspan\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sciencefocus.com\\u002Ffuture-technology\\u002Felectric-cars-what-can-we-do-with-the-growing-number-of-dead-batteries\\u002F\\\"\\u003Enew batteries that might rival the Li battery\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fspan\\u003E will also likely shake up the industry by creating some healthy competition. \\\"I do think it does the world better if we diversify the portfolio for battery storage, particularly for grid storage,\\\" says Meng.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe advent of a less complex, safer battery that is cheaper to make and easier to separate at the end of its life is the ultimate answer to the current sustainability problem with EVs. But until such a battery makes an appearance, standardising Li battery recycling is a significant move in the right direction.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAnd in about 2025, when millions of EV batteries reach the end of their initial life cycles, a streamlined recycling process will look much more appealing to economies the world over. So perhaps, by the time EVs become the predominant form of transport, there will be a good chance their batteries will be gearing up for a second life.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or\\u003Cstrong\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\\u002Fsubscribe\\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called \\\"The Essential List\\\". A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question-14\"}],\"collection\":[],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2022-01-06T00:01:00Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"Lithium batteries' big unanswered question\",\"headlineShort\":\"The big question for lithium batteries\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"\",\"isSyndicated\":true,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":null,\"summaryLong\":\"As the world looks to electrify vehicles and store renewable power, one giant challenge looms: what will happen to all the old lithium batteries?\",\"summaryShort\":\"'We can no longer treat batteries as disposable'\",\"tag\":[],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2022-01-06T00:05:01.973471Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"d7fb63c4-928c-46ba-a0ad-b768af892ff1\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-24T19:34:57.557857Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20220105-lithium-batteries-big-unanswered-question\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398507},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet\",\"_id\":\"6399da23122e0461f469e659\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[],\"bodyIntro\":\"Welcome to Future Planet, a new section of BBC Future where you will find stories on the people who are confronting pressing environmental challenges around the world.\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EWe know that \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20181102-what-can-i-do-about-climate-change\\\"\\u003Ewe are living through a climate crisis\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20171022-the-hidden-crisis-shaping-life-on-earth\\\"\\u003Ea mass extinction\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E and an era of \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20191113-the-toxic-killers-in-our-air-too-small-to-see\\\"\\u003Enormalised pollution that harms our health\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. The urgent question is now: what do we do about it? What are the solutions to these problems?\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFuture Planet is a home for in-depth, evidence-based stories on potential solutions. You will be hearing from the writers who are best placed to tell these stories: local reporters on the ground in the communities who have witnessed the challenge first hand. Meanwhile, in our global stories that span borders, our writers unravel how institutions, industries, laws and societal norms are changing – and how they need to change further.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003ECarbon footprint\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe way we find and tell these stories is as important as the stories themselves. That is why we are bringing the carbon footprint of our journalism to the fore, so we can be accountable for and transparent about what we do.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EYou’ll see a figure on all our stories estimating the carbon it took to produce them, and you can \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Eread more about how we calculate that figure here\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step. We will use this as a starting point for wider plans to monitor and reduce the carbon it takes to bring global stories to a global audience.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWe hope you enjoy Future Planet, which in its first week will take you to \\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-the-divers-trying-to-save-indias-vaan-island-from-sinking\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Ethe people saving tiny islands from erosion off the southern coast of India\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, to \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200203-the-south-african-plant-fighting-climate-change\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003Ethickets of a hardy succulent in South Africa that can sequester as much carbon as a rainforest\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, to the chilly streets of Belgium where sustainable heat is coming from an unlikely source.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWe also want to know what you think are the solutions we need to create a sustainable world. From the people who are changing social norms, to the cities and industries that are being reimagined, and the sustainable technologies that can help us get there. Let us know via the social buttons below.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffutureplanet\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003EFuture Planet\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter here: \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FMartha_Rosamund\\\"\\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per page view. \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003EFind out more about how we calculated this figure here\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\\u002Fsubscribe\\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called “The Essential List”. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife, and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet-0\"}],\"collection\":[],\"disableAdverts\":false,\"displayDate\":\"2020-02-03T01:00:00Z\",\"embeddedCustomHtml\":\"\",\"embeddedInfographicUrl\":\"\",\"embeddedType\":\"infographic\",\"headlineLong\":\"What is Future Planet?\",\"headlineShort\":\"What is Future Planet?\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageAltText\":\"\",\"isSyndicated\":false,\"latitude\":\"\",\"longitude\":\"\",\"mpsVideo\":\"\",\"option\":[],\"partner\":null,\"primaryVertical\":\"future\",\"promoAlignment\":\"centre\",\"promoAltText\":\"\",\"promoImage\":null,\"relatedStories\":null,\"relatedTag\":[],\"summaryLong\":\"Welcome to Future Planet, a new section of BBC Future where you will find stories on the people who are confronting pressing environmental challenges around the world.\",\"summaryShort\":\"Carbon-conscious reporting on environment solutions from around the world.\",\"tag\":[],\"textToSpeech\":false,\"creationDateTime\":\"2020-02-03T01:00:53.156342Z\",\"entity\":\"article\",\"guid\":\"9466c6e9-b688-4823-ac9c-c94347a0b884\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet\",\"modifiedDateTime\":\"2022-02-24T18:45:48.102947Z\",\"project\":\"wwverticals\",\"slug\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet\",\"cacheLastUpdated\":1685443398507},\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\":{\"urn\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon\",\"_id\":\"6399da23122e0461a73bac0b\",\"ambientVideo\":\"\",\"articleType\":\"story\",\"assetVideo\":null,\"author\":[],\"bodyIntro\":\"On all Future Planet stories, you'll see an estimate of the carbon it took to report and publish that article. How do we get that figure and why do we calculate it?\",\"businessUnit\":\"worldwide\",\"cards\":[{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003ELike almost every human activity in the world, journalism releases carbon dioxide. Reporters often need to travel to reach a story, whether across a city or further afield. They need to switch on the lights, power up laptops and make phone calls. As in other industries, journalism’s carbon impact will lessen over time as (and if) more of the world’s power grids and transit systems are powered by sustainable energy. But for now, this is the reality we face.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBecause \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffutureplanet\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003EFuture Planet\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E is our new section devoted to covering the climate crisis, pollution and the environment, we felt it was important for it, as much as possible, to be part of the solution. As a result, we wanted to minimise our carbon footprint.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWe do this, first, by keeping journalists’ travel to a minimum and prioritising local voices.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBut that doesn’t eliminate our carbon emissions from transport entirely. Sometimes local or regional travel is essential when there is no lower-carbon way to tell the story. And, in what may come as a surprise to some, digital publishing releases carbon emissions too: as a whole, \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.sustainablewebmanifesto.com\\u002F\\\"\\u003Ethe internet would be the sixth greatest emitter of greenhouse gases if it were a country\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EYou might also like:\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cul\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-what-is-future-planet\\\"\\u003EWhat is Future Planet?\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20190117-how-bbc-future-is-tackling-gender-imbalance\\\"\\u003EHow we’re tackling our gender imbalance\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffuture\\u002Farticle\\u002F20181115-why-climate-change-photography-needs-a-new-look\\\"\\u003EWhy climate change photography needs a new look\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003C\\u002Ful\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EAt Future Planet, we want to be accountable for the impact we have – and be transparent with our readers. That’s why each Future Planet story carries a figure estimating the carbon emissions associated with creating it. To our knowledge, we are the first major environment publication to take this step.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"infographic\",\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"pullQuoteImageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"videoImageAlign\":\"centre\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-0\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-1\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EHow do we get these figures?\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWe start by breaking each story’s carbon footprint down into two parts: carbon emissions from reporters’ transport for the story, and the emissions from the digital infrastructure needed to publish it.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003ETransport emissions\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWhen deciding whether to even assign a story, how much travel is required is a key factor for us. If a reporter needs to take a flight to reach their story, we are highly unlikely to commission it, and so far Future Planet has remained a flight-free publication. We would encourage them to look for stories closer to home or discuss whether it’s possible to do the story justice with reporting by phone and video calls. Cutting out flights is a major way we’ve reduced the carbon footprint of Future Planet – a single flight from London to, say, Cape Town, for example, emits 1.6 tonnes of carbon – the \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.epa.gov\\u002Fenergy\\u002Fgreenhouse-gas-equivalencies-calculator\\\"\\u003Eequivalent of running an average home’s electricity for nearly 100 days\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EOur focus on working with local reporters around the world also keeps long-distance travel to a minimum. If a longer-distance story is commissioned, we might ask the reporter to look around for other strong stories in the area, to make the most of our transport emissions. And once a story has been commissioned, our reporters keep note of what travel they do to report the story, including how far they go and the method of transport they use, and use an independently audited carbon calculator for travel to estimate emissions. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003EDigital footprint\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThis part of the calculation involves estimating the energy used to transfer data over the internet and the carbon intensity of electricity (the amount of CO2 emitted per unit of electricity consumed). We worked with the agency Wholegrain Digital to get a bespoke carbon estimate for Future Planet stories. (The BBC does not endorse particular products or services; rather, it was the only agency we could find offering a service to calculate carbon for a website’s emissions.)\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EFor a digital story, one of the big things we need to think about is the number of people who read it. As we can’t predict exactly how many readers will click on the story before we publish it, we use a per-pageview emissions estimate, which is the same for all stories. We got this figure using a test story, calculating emissions as above and then dividing that by the pageviews that the test story actually had over six months. That gives us a better estimate than just plugging in the URL from a story to the agency’s standard carbon calculator, because for a story where the number of pageviews is a weighty factor in the equation, using data on actual pageviews makes it more accurate. \\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe story we used as a test to get this figure was a BBC Future story, and we used the actual number of pageviews it had over a six-month period. Factors such as how many images a page has and the length of the story can make a big difference in the energy required to load the page, and how long the reader spends on the page. Our stories vary in length and number of images, so it’s important to stress that this figure is an estimate, not a precise measurement.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\"},\"cardType\":\"Body\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-2\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[]},\"cardType\":\"Image\",\"iFrameType\":\"\",\"image\":[],\"imageAlignment\":\"centre\",\"imageOrientation\":\"landscape\",\"id\":\"future\\u002Farticle\\u002F20200131-why-and-how-does-future-planet-count-carbon-3\"},{\"bodyHtml\":{\"assets\":[],\"html\":\"\\u003Cp\\u003EHere are some other inherent unknowns we had to contend with:\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cul\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003EThe device that a reader accesses the story on can make a big difference to the energy used. A phone uses much less energy than a laptop, for example. We don’t have this data in real-time, so our calculation has to make an assumption based on typical reader behaviour. The calculation \\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.mdpi.com\\u002F2078-1547\\u002F6\\u002F1\\u002F117#abstract\\\"\\u003Eassumes an average spread of devices based on how web users access pages\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E, and also takes an average for other equipment used such as broadband routers.\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003EOur readers are based all around the world. The carbon intensity of the energy grid varies between countries. The calculation assumed the average intensity as reported by the International Energy Agency (475g CO2-equivalent per kWh). But in reality, this will vary based on where readers are in the world.\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003Cli\\u003EFuture Planet does not reside on any single server, and the BBC has servers in multiple datacentres. The BBC also uses Content Delivery Networks, third-party networks of servers that reduce the load on our own. The calculation doesn’t take account of this, which slightly inflates the estimate as CDNs are more efficient.\\u003C\\u002Fli\\u003E\\n\\u003C\\u002Ful\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe cumulative uncertainty from these factors is the reason we show the digital component of emissions as a range, rather than a single figure. It is a first-order approximation that, in time, we hope to make more precise.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003ELimitations\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EBecause of the complexity of both travel and the internet, we can’t directly measure the exact carbon emissions from any specific story. Everyday trains and buses aren’t fitted with emissions measuring devices, for example, so we can’t be sure \\u003Cem\\u003Eexactly \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003Ehow much our journalist-passenger emitted on his or her journey. Similarly, we can’t yet measure for a given click exactly how much carbon is released from the transfer of that exact data over the internet, the energy to run those specific servers at any instant, or which type of device a reader is using when they make that click.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThere are other factors that some might argue should be counted in a story’s carbon emissions, too. What about the BBC staff who work on Future Planet, some full-time but many sporadically among other obligations – do we count, for example, the energy used to heat and power the office? If we do, should we count the carbon emissions from the large number of energy-hungry servers housed in the building, or is that irrelevant as they don’t host Future Planet? Or you could take it even further: if a journalist ate a sandwich while on location reporting for us, do we count the carbon footprint of the food – or not, since they’d likely have to eat regardless of whether they were on assignment? What about the energy used to power their laptop as they did their research and wrote?\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003ELooking ahead\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EIt’s easy to get lost in the weeds remarkably quickly. But we don’t see these complexities as an excuse not to make most accurate estimate we can, based on the most recent and relevant research – and to be open with you about not only these figures, but their limitations.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EWe currently use the best tools available to monitor our emissions from transport and digital publishing. As new ways to estimate carbon emissions in the complex connected digital and analogue worlds improve, we will refine our carbon-counting strategy to match. You’ll be able to read updates on that here.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003EThe calculations involved are complex, the assumptions made are many and varied, but at the heart of Future Planet is a simple ethos: we want to be open about our carbon footprint and we want to make it smaller, using whatever tools currently available. These tools may not yet be perfect. Our efforts may not be, either. But we believe that heading in the right direction is better than taking no steps at all.\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EThe digital emissions from this story are an estimated 1.2g to 3.6g CO2 per pageview.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EMartha Henriques is editor of \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.bbc.com\\u002Ffutureplanet\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFuture Planet\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E. You can get in touch with her on Twitter: \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FMartha_Rosamund\\\" target=\\\"_blank\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E@Martha_Rosamund\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E--\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EJoin one million Future fans by liking us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.facebook.com\\u002FBBCFuture\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EFacebook\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, or follow us on \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Ftwitter.com\\u002FBBC_Future\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003ETwitter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E or\\u003Cstrong\\u003E \\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.instagram.com\\u002Fbbcfuture_official\\u002F\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EInstagram\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E.\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fp\\u003E\\n\\u003Cp\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003EIf you liked this story, \\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003Ca href=\\\"http:\\u002F\\u002Fpages.emails.bbc.com\\u002Fsubscribe\\u002F?ocid=fut.bbc.email.we.email-signup\\\"\\u003E\\u003Cstrong\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003Esign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter\\u003C\\u002Fem\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fstrong\\u003E\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E\\u003Cem\\u003E, called “The Essential List”. 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b=\"\",c=0;ca&&(c=c.slice(c.length-a,c.length));b.length>a&&(b=b.slice(b.length-a,b.length));d=new Uint8Array(2*a);d.set(c,0);d.set(b,a);return d;case 2:b=c.x;d=c.y;if(b===void 0)throw new X(\"x must be provided\");if(d===void 0)throw new X(\"y must be provided\");c=Zg(b);b=Zg(d);c.length>a&&(c=c.slice(c.length-a,c.length));b.length>a&&(b=b.slice(b.length-a,b.length));d=new Uint8Array(1+a);d.set(c,1+a-c.length);d[0]=fh(BigInt(\"0x\"+Yg(b)),0)?3:2;return d;default:throw new V(\"invalid format\");}}function gh(a){switch(a){case 1:return BigInt(\"115792089210356248762697446949407573530086143415290314195533631308867097853951\");case 2:return BigInt(\"39402006196394479212279040100143613805079739270465446667948293404245721771496870329047266088258938001861606973112319\");case 3:return BigInt(\"6864797660130609714981900799081393217269435300143305409394463459185543183397656052122559640661454554977296311391480858037121987999716643812574028291115057151\");default:throw new X(\"invalid 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Dh=function(a,b){this.key=a;this.L=b};Dh.prototype.encrypt=function(a){var b=this,c,d,e,g;return B(function(f){if(f.h==1)return Z(a),c=zh(b.L),d=new Uint8Array(16),d.set(c),e={name:\"AES-CTR\",counter:d,length:128},A(f,p.globalThis.crypto.subtle.encrypt(e,b.key,a),2);g=f.g;return f.return(Y(c,new Uint8Array(g)))})};Dh.prototype.decrypt=function(a){var b=this,c,d,e;return B(function(g){if(g.h==1){Z(a);if(a.length16)throw new V(\"invalid IV length, must be at least 12 and at most 16\");Z(a);Bh(a.length);return A(d,p.globalThis.crypto.subtle.importKey(\"raw\",a,{name:\"AES-CTR\",length:a.length},!1,[\"encrypt\",\"decrypt\"]),2)}c=d.g;return d.return(new Dh(c,b))})};var Fh=function(){};var Gh=function(a,b,c){this.hash=a;this.key=b;this.M=c};z(Gh,Fh);var Hh=function(a,b){var c;return B(function(d){if(d.h==1)return Z(b),A(d,p.globalThis.crypto.subtle.sign({name:\"HMAC\",hash:{name:a.hash}},a.key,b),2);c=d.g;return d.return(new Uint8Array(c.slice(0,a.M)))})},Ih=function(a,b,c){var d;return B(function(e){if(e.h==1)return Z(b),Z(c),A(e,Hh(a,c),2);d=e.g;if(b.length!==d.length)var g=!1;else{for(var f=g=0;f20)throw new X(\"tag too long, must not be larger than 20 bytes\");break;case \"SHA-256\":if(c>32)throw new X(\"tag too long, must not be larger than 32 bytes\");break;case \"SHA-384\":if(c>48)throw new X(\"tag too long, must not be larger than 48 bytes\");break;case \"SHA-512\":if(c>64)throw new X(\"tag too long, must not be larger than 64 bytes\");break;default:throw new X(a+\" is not supported\");}return A(e,p.globalThis.crypto.subtle.importKey(\"raw\",b,{name:\"HMAC\",hash:{name:a},length:b.length*8},!1,[\"sign\",\"verify\"]),2)}d=e.g;return e.return(new Gh(a,d,c))})};var Kh=function(a,b,c,d){this.g=a;this.L=b;this.h=c;this.M=d};z(Kh,cg);Kh.prototype.encrypt=function(a,b){b=b===void 0?new Uint8Array(0):b;var c=this,d,e,g;return B(function(f){if(f.h==1)return Z(a),A(f,c.g.encrypt(a),2);if(f.h!=3)return d=f.g,Z(b),e=Xg(b.length*8),A(f,Hh(c.h,Y(b,d,e)),3);g=f.g;if(c.M!=g.length)throw new V(\"invalid tag size, expected \"+c.M+\" but got \"+g.length);return f.return(Y(d,g))})};Kh.prototype.decrypt=function(a,b){b=b===void 0?new Uint8Array(0):b;var c=this,d,e,g,f,h;return B(function(k){if(k.h==1){Z(a);if(a.length16)throw new V(\"Invalid AES CTR HMAC key format: IV size is out of range: \"+c);return{za:a,X:b,L:c}},Oh=function(a){if(!a)throw new V(\"Invalid AES CTR HMAC key format: key format undefined\");var b=O(a,2);if(b<16)throw new V(\"Invalid AES CTR HMAC key format: HMAC key is too small: \"+O(a,2));a=N(a,fg,1);if(!a)throw new V(\"Invalid AES CTR HMAC key format: params undefined\");var c=O(a,2);if(c<10)throw new V(\"Invalid HMAC params: tag size \"+c+\" is too small.\");if(!Ph.has(Q(a,1)))throw new V(\"Unknown hash type.\");if(c>Ph.get(Q(a,1)))throw new V(\"Invalid HMAC params: tag size \"+c+\" is out of range.\");switch(Q(a,1)){case 1:var d=\"SHA-1\";break;case 3:d=\"SHA-256\";break;case 4:d=\"SHA-512\";break;default:d=\"UNKNOWN HASH\"}return{Da:a,Ca:b,Ba:d,M:c}},Ph=new p.Map([[1,20],[3,32],[4,64]]),Qh=function(){this.g=new Mh};m=Qh.prototype;m.D=function(a,b){var c,d,e,g,f,h=this,k,l,n,q,t,r;return B(function(u){if(u.h==1){if(a!=h.u())throw new V(\"Requested primitive type which is not supported by this key manager.\");if(b instanceof Rg){if(!h.R(P(b,1)))throw new V(\"Key type \"+P(b,1)+\" is not supported. 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A(f,p.globalThis.crypto.subtle.encrypt(e,d.key,b),2)}g=f.g;return f.return(d.G?Y(a,new Uint8Array(g)):new Uint8Array(g))})};Rh.prototype.decrypt=function(a,b,c){var d=this,e,g,f,h,k;return B(function(l){if(l.h==1){e=d.G?28:16;if(b.length=4294967296)throw new X(\"Number has to be unsigned 32-bit integer.\");for(var d=Array(4),e=0;e<4;e++)d[e]=255&a>>8*(4-e-1);b=c.call(b,d);return new Uint8Array(b)},Zh=new Uint8Array(0);var $h=function(a){this.g=a};z($h,Xh);$h.prototype.decrypt=function(a,b){var c=this,d,e,g,f,h;return B(function(k){switch(k.h){case 1:if(!a)throw new V(\"Ciphertext has to be non-null.\");if(!(a.length>5)){k.h=2;break}d=a.subarray(0,5);return A(k,ai(c.g,d),3);case 3:return e=k.g,g=a.subarray(5,a.length),k.s=4,A(k,bi(e,g,b),6);case 6:f=k.g;k.h=5;k.s=0;break;case 4:ya(k);case 5:if(f)return k.return(f);case 2:return A(k,ai(c.g,Zh),7);case 7:return h=k.g,k.return(bi(h,a,b))}})};var bi=function(a,b,c){var d,e,g,f;return B(function(h){switch(h.h){case 1:d=a.length,e=0;case 2:if(!(e5100)throw new X(\"size too large\");break;case \"SHA-256\":g=32;if(a>8160)throw new X(\"size too large\");break;case \"SHA-512\":g=64;if(a>16320)throw new X(\"size too large\");break;default:throw new X(b+\" is not supported\");}Z(c);Z(d);f=e;if(e==null||f===void 0||f.length==0)f=new Uint8Array(g);Z(f);return A(u,Jh(b,f,g),2);case 2:return h=u.g,A(u,Hh(h,c),3);case 3:return k=u.g,A(u,Jh(b,k,g),4);case 4:h=u.g,l=1,n=0,q=new Uint8Array(0),t=new Uint8Array(a);case 5:return r=new Uint8Array(q.length+d.length+1),r.set(q,0),r.set(d,q.length),r[r.length-1]=l,A(u,Hh(h,r),8);case 8:q=u.g;if(n+q.length>8*(a-d-1)&255;return c}function Ii(a){var b=a.J;var c=a.I;return Y(Hi,a.C,$g(b),c)}function Ji(a){var b=a.O;var c=a.info;var d=a.C;return Y(xi(2,a.length),Hi,d,$g(b),c)}function Ki(a){switch(a){case 2:return 1;case 4:return 3;default:throw new X(\"Unrecognized NIST HPKE KEM identifier\");}}function Li(a,b){var c;return B(function(d){return d.h==1?(c=ih(a,1,b),A(d,mh(c),2)):d.return(d.g)})}function Mi(a){var b=a.fa;var c=a.publicKey;var d=a.privateKey;var e;return B(function(g){return g.h==1?(e=ih(b,1,c),e.d=ah(d),A(g,nh(e),2)):g.return(g.g)})}function Ni(a){var b,c;return B(function(d){if(d.h==1)return b=a.algorithm,A(d,lh(a),2);c=d.g;if(!c.crv)throw new V(\"Curve has to be defined.\");return d.return(dh(b.namedCurve,1,c))})};var Oi=function(a,b,c,d){this.ja=a;this.key=b;this.i=c;this.h=d;this.g=BigInt(0);this.l=(BigInt(1)<>BigInt(8*(12-d-1)))&255;b=a.i;if(b.length!==c.length)throw new X(\"Both byte arrays should be of the same length\");d=new Uint8Array(b.length);for(var e=0;e=a.l)throw new V(\"message limit reached\");a.g+=BigInt(1);return d};function Qi(a,b,c,d,e,g){var f,h,k,l,n,q,t;return B(function(r){switch(r.h){case 1:a:{switch(e.ba){case 16:var u=Di;break a;case 32:u=Ei;break a}u=void 0}a:{switch(d.aa){case \"SHA-256\":var y=Bi;break a;case \"SHA-512\":y=Ci;break a}y=void 0}f=Y(Gi,Ri(c),y,u);return A(r,Si(d,{I:new Uint8Array(0),J:\"psk_id_hash\",C:f}),2);case 2:return h=r.g,A(r,Si(d,{I:g,J:\"info_hash\",C:f}),3);case 3:return k=r.g,l=Y(yi,h,k),A(r,Si(d,{I:new Uint8Array(0),J:\"secret\",C:f,salt:b}),4);case 4:return n=r.g,A(r,Ti(d,{qa:n,info:l,O:\"key\",C:f,length:e.ba}),5);case 5:return q=r.g,A(r,Ti(d,{qa:n,info:l,O:\"base_nonce\",C:f,length:12}),6);case 6:return t=r.g,r.return(new Oi(a,q,t,e))}})}function Ui(a,b,c,d,e){var g,f,h;return B(function(k){return k.h==1?A(k,b.ia(a),2):k.h!=3?(g=k.g,f=g.ja,h=g.Ha,A(k,Qi(f,h,b,c,d,e),3)):k.return(k.g)})}function Vi(a,b,c,d,e,g){var f;return B(function(h){return h.h==1?A(h,c.ga(a,b),2):h.h!=3?(f=h.g,A(h,Qi(a,f,c,d,e,g),3)):h.return(h.g)})};var Wi=function(a,b){this.privateKey=a;this.publicKey=b},Xi=function(a){return B(function(b){return b.h==1?A(b,Ni(a.publicKey),2):b.return(b.g)})};function Yi(a){var b=a.privateKey;var c=a.publicKey;var d=a.fa;var e,g;return B(function(f){if(f.h==1){if(!b)throw new X(\"KEM private key was null or 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B(function(h){if(h.h==1){if(b.length!==g.ba)throw new V(\"Unexpected key length: \"+b.length.toString());return A(h,Sh({key:b,G:!1}),2)}f=h.g;return h.return(f.decrypt(c,d,e))})};var bj=function(a){this.aa=a},Si=function(a,b){var c=b.I;var d=b.J;var e=b.C;var g=b.salt;return B(function(f){return f.h==1?A(f,cj(a,Ii({J:d,I:c,C:e}),g),2):f.return(f.g)})},Ti=function(a,b){var c=b.qa;var d=b.info;var e=b.O;var g=b.C;var f=b.length;return B(function(h){return h.h==1?A(h,dj(a,c,Ji({O:e,info:d,C:g,length:f}),f),2):h.return(h.g)})},ej=function(a,b){var c=b.I;var d=b.J;var e=b.info;var g=b.O;var f=b.C;var h=b.length;var k=b.salt;var l;return B(function(n){return n.h==1?A(n,cj(a,Ii({J:d,I:c,C:f}),k),2):n.h!=3?(l=n.g,A(n,dj(a,l,Ji({O:g,info:e,C:f,length:h}),h),3)):n.return(n.g)})},dj=function(a,b,c,d){var e,g,f,h,k,l,n;return B(function(q){switch(q.h){case 1:if(!v(Number,\"isInteger\").call(Number,d))throw new V(\"length must be an integer\");if(d<=0)throw new V(\"length must be 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