{"text": "Trade winds - wikipedia

\n Trade winds

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the weather phenomenon . For other uses , see Tradewind . The westerlies ( blue arrows ) and trade winds ( yellow and brown arrows )

\n The trade winds are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics , within the lower portion of the Earth 's atmosphere , in the lower section of the troposphere near the Earth 's equator . The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere , strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase . Trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world 's oceans for centuries , and enabled European empire expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans .

\n

\n In meteorology , the trade winds act as the steering flow for tropical storms that form over the Atlantic , Pacific , and southern Indian Oceans and make landfall in North America , Southeast Asia , and Madagascar and eastern Africa , respectively . Trade winds also transport African dust westward across the Atlantic Ocean into the Caribbean Sea , as well as portions of southeastern North America . Shallow cumulus clouds are seen within trade wind regimes , and are capped from becoming taller by a trade wind inversion , which is caused by descending air aloft from within the subtropical ridge . The weaker the trade winds become , the more rainfall can be expected in the neighboring landmasses .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n A Spanish galleon See also : Age of Discovery , Volta do Mar , and Age of sail

\n The term trade winds originally derives from the early fourteenth century late Middle English word ' trade , ' meaning `` path '' or `` track . '' The Portuguese recognized the importance of the trade winds ( then the Volta do mar , meaning in Portuguese `` turn of the sea '' but also `` return from the sea '' ) in navigation in both the north and south Atlantic ocean as early as the 15th century . From West Africa , the Portuguese had to sail away from continental Portugal , that is , to west and northwest . They could then turn northeast , to the area around the Azores islands , and finally east to mainland Europe . They also learned that to reach South Africa , they needed to go far out in the ocean , head for Brazil , and around 30 \u00b0 S go east again . Following the African coast southbound means upwind in the Southern hemisphere . In the Pacific ocean , the full wind circulation , which included both the trade wind easterlies and higher - latitude Westerlies , was unknown to Europeans until Andres de Urdaneta 's voyage in 1565 .

\n

\n The captain of a sailing ship seeks a course along which the winds can be expected to blow in the direction of travel . During the Age of Sail , the pattern of prevailing winds made various points of the globe easy or difficult to access , and therefore had a direct effect on European empire - building and thus on modern political geography . For example , Manila galleons could not sail into the wind at all .

\n

\n By the 18th century the importance of the trade winds to England 's merchant fleet for crossing the Atlantic Ocean had led both the general public and etymologists to identify the name with a later meaning of ' trade ' , `` ( foreign ) commerce '' . Between 1847 and 1849 , Matthew Fontaine Maury collected enough information to create wind and current charts for the world 's oceans .

\n

\n Cause ( edit )

\n 3D map showing Hadley cells in relationship to trade winds on the surface . See also : Air mass , Hadley cell , Humidity , Intertropical Convergence Zone , Monsoon , Monsoon trough , Near - equatorial trough , and Prevailing winds

\n As part of the Hadley cell circulation , surface air flows toward the equator while the flow aloft is towards the poles . A low - pressure area of calm , light variable winds near the equator is known as the doldrums , near - equatorial trough , intertropical front , or the Intertropical Convergence Zone . When located within a monsoon region , this zone of low pressure and wind convergence is also known as the monsoon trough . Around 30 \u00b0 in both hemispheres , air begins to descend toward the surface in subtropical high - pressure belts known as subtropical ridges . The subsident ( sinking ) air is relatively dry because as it descends , the temperature increases , but the absolute humidity remains constant , which lowers the relative humidity of the air mass . This warm , dry air is known as a superior air mass and normally resides above a maritime tropical ( warm and moist ) air mass . An increase of temperature with height is known as a temperature inversion . When it occurs within a trade wind regime , it is known as a trade wind inversion .

\n

\n The surface air that flows from these subtropical high - pressure belts toward the Equator is deflected toward the west in both hemispheres by the Coriolis effect . These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere . Because winds are named for the direction from which the wind is blowing , these winds are called the northeasterly trade winds in the Northern Hemisphere and the southeasterly trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere . The trade winds of both hemispheres meet at the doldrums .

\n

\n As they blow across tropical regions , air masses heat up over lower latitudes due to more direct sunlight . Those that develop over land ( continental ) are drier and hotter than those that develop over oceans ( maritime ) , and travel northward on the western periphery of the subtropical ridge . Maritime tropical air masses are sometimes referred to as trade air masses . The one region of the Earth which has an absence of trade winds is the north Indian ocean .

\n

\n Weather effects ( edit )

\n

\n Clouds which form above regions within trade wind regimes are typically composed of cumulus which extend no more than 4 kilometres ( 13,000 ft ) in height , and are capped from being taller by the trade wind inversion . Trade winds originate more from the direction of the poles ( northeast in the Northern Hemisphere , southeast in the Southern Hemisphere ) during the cold season , and are stronger in the winter than the summer . As an example , the windy season in the Guianas , which lie at low latitudes in South America , occurs between January and April . When the phase of the Arctic oscillation ( AO ) is warm , trade winds are stronger within the tropics . The cold phase of the AO leads to weaker trade winds . When the trade winds are weaker , more extensive areas of rain fall upon landmasses within the tropics , such as Central America .

\n

\n During mid-summer in the Northern Hemisphere ( July ) , the westward - moving trade winds south of the northward - moving subtropical ridge expand northwestward from the Caribbean sea into southeastern North America ( Florida and Gulf Coast ) . When dust from the Sahara moving around the southern periphery of the ridge travels over land , rainfall is suppressed and the sky changes from a blue to a white appearance which leads to an increase in red sunsets . Its presence negatively impacts air quality by adding to the count of airborne particulates . Although the Southeast USA has some of the cleanest air in North America , much of the African dust that reaches the United States affects Florida . Since 1970 , dust outbreaks have worsened due to periods of drought in Africa . There is a large variability in the dust transport to the Caribbean and Florida from year to year . Dust events have been linked to a decline in the health of coral reefs across the Caribbean and Florida , primarily since the 1970s .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Carol G. Braham ; Enid Pearsons ; Deborah M. Posner ; Georgia S. Maas & Richard Goodman ( 2001 ) . Random House Webster 's College Dictionary ( second ed . ) . Random House . p. 1385 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 42560 - 8 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Hermann R. Muelder ( 2007 ) . Years of This Land - A Geographical History of the United States . Read Books . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 7740 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Derek Hayes ( 2001 ) . Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration , 1500 - 2000 . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 865 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Cyrus Cornelius Adams ( 1904 ) . A text - book of commercial geography . D. Appleton and company . p. 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary ( 2 ed . ) . p. 225 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Derek Hayes ( 2001 ) . Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean : maps of discovery and scientific exploration , 1500 - 2000 . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55054 - 865 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Sverre Petterssen ( 1941 ) . Introduction to Meteorology . Mcgraw - Hill Book Company , Inc. p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4437 - 2300 - 8 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Doldrums '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Intertropical Convergence Zone '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Monsoon Trough '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Superior air '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . `` trade winds '' . Glossary of Meteorology . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 08 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Ralph Stockman Tarr and Frank Morton McMurry ( 1909 ). Advanced geography . W.W. Shannon , State Printing , pp. 246 . Retrieved on 2009 - 04 - 15 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ JetStream ( 2008 ) . `` How to read weather maps '' . National Weather Service . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 16 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Tropical air '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( June 2000 ) . `` Trade air '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 128 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 09 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Bob Rauber ( 2009 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Research - The Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean Campaign '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ James P. Terry ( 2007 ) . Tropical cyclones : climatology and impacts in the South Pacific . Springer . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 71542 - 1 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ G.E. Pieter & F. Augustinus . `` The influence of the trade winds on the coastal development of the Guianas at various scale levels : a synthesis '' . Marine Geology. 208 ( 2 - 4 ) : 145 -- 151 . Bibcode : 2004MGeol. 208 ... 145A . doi : 10.1016 / j. margeo. 2004.04. 007 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Robert R. Steward ( 2005 ) . `` The Ocean 's Influence on North American Drought '' . Texas A&M University . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ John E. Oliver ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Springer . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 08 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Science Daily ( 1999 - 07 - 14 ) . African Dust Called A Major Factor Affecting Southeast U.S. Air Quality . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Science Daily ( 2001 - 06 - 15 ) . Microbes And The Dust They Ride In On Pose Potential Health Risks . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Usinfo.state.gov ( 2003 ) . Study Says African Dust Affects Climate in U.S. , Caribbean . Archived 2007 - 06 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey ( 2006 ) . Coral Mortality and African Dust . Retrieved on 2007 - 06 - 10 .
    27. \n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trade_winds&oldid=817251427 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what purpose did seasonal monsoon winds have on trade", "long_answers": ["The trade winds are the prevailing pattern of easterly surface winds found in the tropics , within the lower portion of the Earth 's atmosphere , in the lower section of the troposphere near the Earth 's equator . The trade winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere , strengthening during the winter and when the Arctic oscillation is in its warm phase . Trade winds have been used by captains of sailing ships to cross the world 's oceans for centuries , and enabled European empire expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans .\n"], "short_answers": ["enabled European empire expansion into the Americas and trade routes to become established across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans\n"]} {"text": "High School Musical 2 - Wikipedia

\n High School Musical 2

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n High School Musical 2
\n Promotional poster
\n Written by \n Peter Barsocchini
\n Directed by \n Kenny Ortega
\n Starring \n Zac Efron Vanessa Hudgens Ashley Tisdale Lucas Grabeel Corbin Bleu Monique Coleman
\n Theme music composer \n David Nessim Lawrence
\n Country of origin \n United States
\n Original language ( s ) \n English
\n Production
\n Producer ( s ) \n Bill Borden Kenny Ortega
\n Cinematography \n Daniel Arany\u00f3
\n Editor ( s ) \n Seth Flaum
\n Running time \n 104 minutes
\n Production company ( s ) \n Salty Pictures First Street Films
\n Distributor \n Disney - ABC Domestic Television
\n Budget \n $7 million
\n Release
\n Original network \n Disney Channel
\n Original release \n August 17 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 17 )
\n Chronology
\n Preceded by \n High School Musical
\n Followed by \n High School Musical 3 : Senior Year
\n

\n High School Musical 2 is the second film in the High School Musical series . The World Premiere took place on August 14 , 2007 , at Disneyland , in Anaheim , California . The primary cast , including Zac Efron , Vanessa Hudgens , Ashley Tisdale , Lucas Grabeel , and Corbin Bleu attended the event . The film debuted on television on August 17 , 2007 , on Disney Channel in the U.S. , and on Family in Canada .

\n

\n In the second installment of the Disney franchise , high school student Troy Bolton stresses over getting a job , with the price of college expenses looming on his mind , as well as trying to make sure he and Gabriella Montez are able to stay together all summer . This situation attracts the attention of Sharpay Evans , who attempts to steal Troy for herself by hiring him at her family 's country club .

\n

\n The premiere was seen by a total of over 17.2 million viewers in the United States which is almost 10 million more than its predecessor , making it the highest - rated Disney Channel Movie of all time as well as the highest - rated basic cable telecast at the time .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Plot

\n

\n The school year ends with everyone at East High School looking forward to summer vacation ( `` What Time Is It '' ) . Troy Bolton is still dating Gabriella Montez , who decides to stay in Albuquerque with her mother . Troy eventually decides to look for a summer job to gain money for college .

\n

\n Sharpay and Ryan Evans plan to spend part of the summer at their family 's country club , Lava Springs ( `` Fabulous '' ) , but Sharpay 's summer plans also include pursuing Troy , whom she has arranged to be hired at the club . However , Troy convinces the club 's manager , Mr. Fulton , into hiring Gabriella and their close group of friends as well ; including Taylor and Chad . Sharpay is enraged upon learning that Gabriella is working as one of the lifeguards , but is unable to get her fired . So she orders Fulton to give them difficult tasks so they would be best to quit . Fulton attempts to intimidate the group , but Troy rebuilds their confidence and convinces them that they can persevere ( `` Work This Out '' ) .

\n

\n Troy continues to worry about funding for college . Sharpay senses his need and arranges for Troy to be promoted , hoping that this will convince him to sing with her at the talent show . Meanwhile , Kelsi writes a ballad for Troy and Gabriella . Troy agrees to sing with his friends in the show ( `` You Are The Music In Me '' ) , not knowing that Sharpay is vying for his attention . ( In the extended version , Sharpay and Ryan trap Troy as he prepares for a date with Gabriella , and perform their potential show - stopper ( `` Humuhumunukunukuapua'a '' ) . )

\n

\n Ryan realizes he does not mean much to Sharpay anymore , as she is ready to blow her brother aside for the opportunity to perform with Troy . This leads to tension between the twin siblings and Ryan angrily informs Sharpay that he will no longer obey her orders . Taylor and Gabriella invite Ryan to the baseball game , where he persuades the Wildcats to take part in the talent show ( `` I Do n't Dance '' ) .

\n

\n Troy and Gabriella 's relationship is strained when Troy sees Ryan with Gabriella , sparking jealousy . Owing to a `` promise '' from Troy , he and Sharpay practice their song for the Midsummer Night 's Talent Show ( `` You Are The Music In Me ( Sharpay Version ) '' ) .

\n

\n When Sharpay discovers that Ryan and the Wildcats are putting together their own performance in the show , she orders Mr. Fulton to ban all junior staff members from performing . Gabriella angrily confronts Sharpay about her interference and quits her job at Lava Springs . Troy overhears the exchange and tries to persuade Gabriella to change her mind . Gabriella expresses her loss of trust with Troy ( `` Gotta Go My Own Way '' ) and leaves Lava Springs , and gives him the necklace back . It also seems that they broke up .

\n

\n Troy returns to work the next day to find that his friends refuse to talk to him . Kelsi silently shows Troy the notice from Mr. Fulton , causing Troy to question his own motivations ( `` Bet On It '' ) . He begins to reconcile with Chad and his other friends . Then Troy confronts Sharpay , informing her that he will not sing with her . The Wildcats and Chad forgive Troy for his absence and convince him to sing in the talent show , which he does only under the condition that they are all allowed to perform as well .

\n

\n At Sharpay 's supposed instruction , Ryan gives Troy a new song to learn moments before the show . As Troy goes onstage , he asks Sharpay why she switched the song , and Sharpay is shocked to find that her brother tricked her . Troy sings the song ( `` Everyday '' ) alone until Gabriella surprisingly joins him onstage . In the end , Sharpay proudly presents her brother , Ryan , with the award for the talent show . After the talent show , all the Wildcats go to the golf course to enjoy the fireworks .

\n

\n Everyone celebrates the end of the summer with a pool party ( `` All for One '' ) which features a cameo appearance by Miley Cyrus .

\n

\n Cast

\n Main article : List of High School Musical characters \n

\n Release

\n

\n The premiere of High School Musical 2 aired at 8 PM Eastern Time on August 17 , 2007 , and included a telecast hosted by Kenny Ortega and the movie 's cast . On Saturday , August 18 , Disney Channel aired `` High School Musical 2 : Wildcat Chat '' , in which the stars of the movie answered questions posed by fans . On August 19 , Disney aired a sing - along version of the movie . On May 23 , DirecTV announced that they would be hosting an exclusive high - definition airing of the movie a few days after the August 17 premiere on its network - only channel , The 101 .

\n

\n Disney Channel aired a weekly program called Road to High School Musical 2 , beginning on June 8 , 2007 , and leading up to the premiere of High School Musical 2 in August . The show offered viewers a behind - the - scenes look into the production of the movie . The world premiere of the opening number `` What Time Is It '' was on Radio Disney May 25 , 2007 , and similarly `` You Are The Music In Me '' premiered on July 13 , 2007 .

\n

\n On December 11 , 2007 , the movie was released on DVD and Blu - ray titled High School Musical 2 : Extended Edition . On September 15 , 2008 , a 2 - disc special edition of the movie was released titled High School Musical 2 : Deluxe Dance Edition .

\n

\n Songs

\n See also : High School Musical 2 ( soundtrack ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Song \n Chiefly sung by \n Other singers \n Scene
\n What Time Is It ? \n Troy , Gabriella , Sharpay , Ryan , Chad , Taylor \n Wildcats \n East High 's Classroom , Hallways , Cafeteria
\n What Time Is It ( Reprise ) \n Troy , Gabriella , Sharpay , Ryan , Chad , Taylor \n Wildcats \n East High 's School Grounds
\n Fabulous \n Sharpay \n Ryan & Sharpettes \n Lava Springs Pool
\n Work This Out \n Troy , Gabriella , Chad , Taylor , Kelsi , Zeke , Martha , Jason \n Wildcats and Kitchen Workers \n Lava Springs Kitchen
\n You Are the Music in Me \n Troy and Gabriella \n Kelsi and Wildcats \n Lava Springs Dining Room
\n Humuhumunukunukuapua'a \n Sharpay and Ryan \n Sharpettes \n Lava Springs Backstage Room
\n I Do n't Dance \n Chad and Ryan \n Baseball Players , Wildcats , and Company \n Lava Springs Baseball Field
\n You Are the Music in Me ( Reprise ) \n Sharpay and Troy \n Sharpettes \n Lava Springs Stage
\n Gotta Go My Own Way \n Gabriella \n Troy \n Lava Springs Pool , Locker Room , Grounds
\n Bet On It \n Troy \n None \n Lava Springs Golf Course
\n Everyday \n Troy and Gabriella \n Wildcats and Company \n Lava Springs Stage
\n All for One \n Troy , Gabriella , Sharpay , Ryan , Chad , Taylor \n Kelsi , Zeke , Martha , Jason , Wildcats , Company \n Lava Springs Pool
\n

\n Reception

\n A performance of musical numbers from High School Musical 2 at Disney 's Hollywood Studios .

\n The first broadcast of the film on August 17 , 2007 broke records , receiving 17.2 million viewers . This number made it , at the time , the most - watched basic - cable telecast in history ( the previous record was held by an edition of ESPN 's Monday Night Football between the New York Giants and the Dallas Cowboys on October 23 , 2006 , which attracted 16 million viewers ) , the most - watched made - for - cable movie ever ( the previous record was held by TNT 's January 21 , 2001 airing of Crossfire Trail , which brought in 12.5 million viewers ) , and the largest audience of any program on broadcast or cable in the 2007 summer television season , along with Friday nights for the past five years . Ratings for the second showing of the movie fell to 8.4 million , and the third showing fell to 7.4 million , totaling the premiere weekend to 33.04 million viewers .

\n

\n In Latin America , the premiere of High School Musical 2 was seen by 3.3 million viewers in the north region . The film was the most - watched in its schedule , among all cable channels , and produced the highest rating of the channel , surpassing all original films of Disney Channel . Among other records , the premiere in Argentina surpassed the debut of High School Musical the last year , in a 107 percent , while in Brazil the sequel reached 208 percent , and Mexico did so with 61 percent . In the United Kingdom , the movie became Disney Channel UK 's most viewed program ever , totaling 1.2 million viewers in its first showing .

\n

\n The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics , gaining a score of 57 % on Rotten Tomatoes while gaining a score of 72 / 100 at Metacritic . USA Today 's Robert Bianco awarded the film three stars out of four , saying High School Musical 2 was `` sweet , smart , bursting with talent and energy , and awash in innocence '' . While critics enjoyed the film , they noted that the timing of the movie 's premiere seemed odd , premiering just when school was about to start up again , while the movie 's plot involved the gang going on summer vacation . High School Musical 2 won the `` So Hot Right Now '' award at the Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2007 , in which High School Musical castmate Zac Efron hosted with The Veronicas .

\n

\n High School Musical 2 : on stage !

\n Main article : High School Musical 2 : On Stage ! Pacific Repertory Theatre 's School of Dramatic Arts High School Musical Act 1 Finale .

\n Like the original High School Musical , the sequel has been adapted into two different theatrical productions : a one - act , 70 - minute version and a two - act full - length production . This stage production includes the song `` Hummuhummunukunukuapua'a '' that was left out of the original movie but included in the DVD . Through Music Theater International , Disney Theatrical began licensing the theatrical rights in October 2008 . MTI had originally recruited 7 schools to serve as tests for the new full - length adaptation , but due to complications with multiple drafts of both the script and the score , all but two schools were forced to drop out of the pilot program .

\n \n

\n Awards

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Award \n \n Result
\n 2007 \n American Music Award \n Favorite Soundtrack ( High School Musical 2 ( soundtrack ) ) \n Won
\n Bravo Magazine Award \n Bravo Otto for TV Star -- Male ( Zac Efron ) \n Won
\n CMA Wild and Young Awards \n Best Single International ( You Are the Music in Me by Zac Efron and Vanessa Hudgens and written by Jamie Houston ) \n Won
\n Family Television Awards \n Best Actor ( Zac Efron ) \n Won
\n Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards \n Fave Movie Star ( Zac Efron ) \n Won
\n So Hot Right Now ! \n Won
\n Nickelodeon UK Kids ' Choice Awards \n Best TV Actress ( Ashley Tisdale ) \n Won
\n Best TV Actor ( Zac Efron ) \n Nominated
\n People 's Choice Awards \n Favorite Star Under 35 ( Zac Efron ) \n Won
\n Teen Choice Awards \n Choice TV : Movie \n Won
\n 2008 \n ALMA Award \n Outstanding Director of a Made -- for -- TV Movie ( Kenny Ortega ) \n Won
\n ASTRA Awards \n Favourite International Program \n Won
\n Favourite International Personality or Actor ( Zac Efron ) \n Nominated
\n Cinema Audio Society Awards \n Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Movies and Miniseries ( Douglas Cameron , Terry O'Bright and Keith Rogers ) \n Nominated
\n Directors Guild of America Award \n Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children 's Program ( Kenny Ortega ) \n Nominated
\n Golden Reel Award \n Best Sound Editing -- Music for Long Form Television ( Michael Dittrick and Amber Funk ) \n Won
\n Image Award \n Outstanding Children 's Program \n Nominated
\n PGA Awards \n Outstanding Producer for Long -- Form Television ( Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush ) \n Nominated
\n Primetime Emmy Award \n Outstanding Choreography ( Kenny Ortega , Bonnie Story and Charles Klapow ) \n Nominated
\n Outstanding Children 's Program ( Don Schain , Bill Borden and Barry Rosenbush ) \n Nominated
\n Television Critics Association Awards \n Outstanding Achievement in Children 's Programming \n Nominated
\n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Thedisneyblog.com
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Kissell , Rick ; Schneider , Michael ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` ' High School Musical 2 ' aces test '' . Variety .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Patriots - Ravens game sets cable TV viewership record '' . Providence Journal . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ; Schneider , Michael ( August 18 , 2007 ) . `` ' High School Musical 2 ' huge hit '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` DisneyChannelFacts '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 13 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Reuters.com , `` High School Musical 2 '' enters interactive semester
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ DirecTV.com , Press Release
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` ' High School Musical 2 ' Debuts First Song '' . Access Hollywood . Archived from the original on 2007 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` High School Musical 2 enters interactive semester '' . Reuters . July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 18 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Nielsen ratings for week of April 19 '' . USA Today . April 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Farandoo.com Archived 2008 - 02 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , HSM 2 alcanz\u00f3 cifras r\u00e9cord en Latinoam\u00e9rica ! ( in Spanish )
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Digitalspy.co.uk , `` High School Musical '' proves UK ratings hit
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ High School Musical 2 ( 2007 )
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` High School Musical 2 ( Disney ) - Reviews from Metacritic '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 19 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Robert Bianco , `` ' High School Musical ' sequel holds onto note of innocence '' , August 16 , 2007 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Timeout.com , Time Out New York : High School Musical 2 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Pacrep.org Archived 2011 - 07 - 27 at the Wayback Machine .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ HSM2onstage.co.uk
    19. \n
\n

\n External links

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikiquote has quotations related to : High School Musical 2
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to High School Musical .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n High School Musical
\n Films \n
    \n
  • \n High School Musical ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n High School Musical 2 ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n High School Musical 3 : Senior Year ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 )
    • \n
\n
\n Soundtrack albums \n
    \n
  • \n High School Musical
    • \n
  • \n High School Musical 2
    • \n
  • \n High School Musical 3 : Senior Year
    • \n
  • \n Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure
    • \n
\n
\n Other albums \n
    \n
  • \n Hits Remixed
    • \n
  • \n Non-Stop Dance Party
    • \n
\n
\n Songs \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n High School Musical \n
    \n
  • \n `` What I 've Been Looking For ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Stick to the Status Quo ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Breaking Free ''
    • \n
\n
\n High School Musical 2 \n
    \n
  • \n `` What Time Is It ? ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Fabulous ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Work This Out ''
    • \n
  • \n `` You Are the Music in Me ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Do n't Dance ''
    • \n
\n
\n High School Musical 3 : Senior Year \n
    \n
  • \n `` Now or Never ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Right Here , Right Now ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Want It All ''
    • \n
  • \n `` A Night to Remember ''
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Video games \n
    \n
  • \n Makin ' the Cut !
    • \n
  • \n Work This Out !
    • \n
  • \n Senior Year Dance
    • \n
  • \n Senior Year DS
    • \n
  • \n Disney Sing It
      \n
    • \n High School Musical
      • \n
    • \n High School Musical 3 : Senior Year
      • \n
    • \n Pop Hits
      • \n
    • \n Family Hits
      • \n
    • \n Party Hits
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Other productions \n
    \n
  • \n Concert tour
    • \n
  • \n Stage production
      \n
    • \n Sequel
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n The Music in You
    • \n
  • \n Get in the Picture
    • \n
  • \n El Desaf\u00edo
      \n
    • \n Argentina
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n A Sele\u00e7\u00e3o
      \n
    • \n Brazil
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n O Desafio
      \n
    • \n Brazil
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n High School Musical Jr
    • \n
\n
\n Other media \n
    \n
  • \n Discography
    • \n
  • \n Book series
    • \n
  • \n Characters
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Disney Channel Original Movies
\n 1990s \n
    \n
  • \n Under Wraps ( 1997 )
    • \n
  • \n You Lucky Dog ( 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Brink ! ( 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Halloweentown ( 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Zenon : Girl of the 21st Century ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Can of Worms ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n The Thirteenth Year ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Smart House ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Johnny Tsunami ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Genius ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Do n't Look Under the Bed ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Horse Sense ( 1999 )
    • \n
\n
\n 2000s \n
    \n
  • \n Up , Up and Away ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n The Color of Friendship ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Alley Cats Strike ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Rip Girls ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Miracle in Lane 2 ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Stepsister from Planet Weird ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Ready to Run ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Quints ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n The Other Me ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Mom 's Got a Date with a Vampire ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Phantom of the Megaplex ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n The Ultimate Christmas Present ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Zenon : The Zequel ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Motocrossed ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n The Luck of the Irish ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Hounded ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n The Jennie Project ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Jumping Ship ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n The Poof Point ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Halloweentown II : Kalabar 's Revenge ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n ' Twas the Night ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Double Teamed ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Cadet Kelly ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Tru Confessions ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Get a Clue ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Gotta Kick It Up ! ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n A Ring of Endless Light ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n The Scream Team ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n You Wish ! ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Right on Track ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n The Even Stevens Movie ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Eddie 's Million Dollar Cook - Off ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n The Cheetah Girls ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Full - Court Miracle ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Pixel Perfect ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n Going to the Mat ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n Zenon : Z3 ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n Stuck in the Suburbs ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n Tiger Cruise ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n Halloweentown High ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n Now You See It ... ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Buffalo Dreams ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Kim Possible Movie : So the Drama ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Go Figure ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Life Is Ruff ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n The Proud Family Movie ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Twitches ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n High School Musical ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Cow Belles ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Wendy Wu : Homecoming Warrior ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Read It and Weep ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n The Cheetah Girls 2 ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Return to Halloweentown ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Jump In ! ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Johnny Kapahala : Back on Board ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n High School Musical 2 ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Twitches Too ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Minutemen ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n Camp Rock ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n The Cheetah Girls : One World ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n Dadnapped ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Hatching Pete ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Princess Protection Program ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Wizards of Waverly Place : The Movie ( 2009 )
    • \n
\n
\n 2010s \n
    \n
  • \n Starstruck ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n Den Brother ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n Camp Rock 2 : The Final Jam ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n Avalon High ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n The Suite Life Movie ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Lemonade Mouth ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Sharpay 's Fabulous Adventure ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Phineas and Ferb the Movie : Across the 2nd Dimension ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Geek Charming ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Good Luck Charlie , It 's Christmas ! ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Frenemies ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Radio Rebel ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Let It Shine ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Girl vs. Monster ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Teen Beach Movie ( 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n Cloud 9 ( 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n Zapped ( 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n How to Build a Better Boy ( 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n Bad Hair Day ( 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Teen Beach 2 ( 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Descendants ( 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Invisible Sister ( 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Adventures in Babysitting ( 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n The Swap ( 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Descendants 2 ( 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Zombies ( 2018 )
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Films directed by Kenny Ortega
\n
    \n
  • \n Newsies ( 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n Hocus Pocus ( 1993 )
    • \n
  • \n High School Musical ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n The Cheetah Girls 2 ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n High School Musical 2 ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n High School Musical 3 : Senior Year ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n Michael Jackson 's This Is It ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Descendants ( 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n The Rocky Horror Picture Show : Let 's Do the Time Warp Again ( 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n A Change of Heart ( 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Descendants 2 ( 2017 )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_School_Musical_2&oldid=833368070 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where did they film high school musical two", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "List of Nobel laureates in Physics - wikipedia

\n List of Nobel laureates in Physics

\n Jump to : navigation , search Front side ( obverse ) of the Nobel Prize Medal for Physics presented to Edward Victor Appleton in 1947

\n The Nobel Prize in Physics ( Swedish : Nobelpriset i fysik ) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of physics . It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel ( who died in 1896 ) , awarded for outstanding contributions in physics . As dictated by Nobel 's will , the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences . The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10 , the anniversary of Nobel 's death . Each recipient receives a medal , a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Statistics ( edit )

\n

\n The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen , of Germany , who received 150,782 SEK , which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007 . John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972 . Maria Sk\u0142odowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes , for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911 . William Lawrence Bragg was , until October 2014 , the youngest ever Nobel laureate ; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25 . Two women have won the prize : Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer ( 1963 ) . As of 2017 , the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals . There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded ( 1916 , 1931 , 1934 , 1940 -- 1942 ) .

\n

\n Laureates ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Laureate \n Country \n Rationale
\n 1901 \n \n Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen \n Germany \n `` in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him ''
\n 1902 \n \n Hendrik Lorentz \n Netherlands \n `` in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena ''
\n \n Pieter Zeeman \n Netherlands
\n 1903 \n \n Antoine Henri Becquerel \n France \n `` for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity ''
\n \n Pierre Curie \n France \n `` for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel ''
\n \n Maria Sk\u0142odowska - Curie \n Poland France
\n 1904 \n \n Lord Rayleigh \n United Kingdom \n `` for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies ''
\n 1905 \n \n Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard \n Austria - Hungary Germany \n `` for his work on cathode rays ''
\n 1906 \n \n Joseph John Thomson \n United Kingdom \n `` for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases ''
\n 1907 \n \n Albert Abraham Michelson \n United States Poland \n `` for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid ''
\n 1908 \n \n Gabriel Lippmann \n France \n `` for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference ''
\n 1909 \n \n Guglielmo Marconi \n Italy \n `` for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy ''
\n \n Karl Ferdinand Braun \n Germany
\n 1910 \n \n Johannes Diderik van der Waals \n Netherlands \n `` for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids ''
\n 1911 \n \n Wilhelm Wien \n Germany \n `` for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat ''
\n 1912 \n \n Nils Gustaf Dal\u00e9n \n Sweden \n `` for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys ''
\n 1913 \n \n Heike Kamerlingh - Onnes \n Netherlands \n `` for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led , inter alia , to the production of liquid helium ''
\n 1914 \n \n Max von Laue \n Germany \n `` For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals '' , an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy .
\n 1915 \n \n William Henry Bragg \n United Kingdom \n `` For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays '' , an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography
\n \n William Lawrence Bragg \n Australia

\n United Kingdom

\n
\n 1916 \n Not awarded World War I
\n 1917 \n \n Charles Glover Barkla \n United Kingdom \n `` For his discovery of the characteristic R\u00f6ntgen radiation of the elements '' , another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy
\n 1918 \n \n Max Planck \n Germany \n `` for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta ''
\n 1919 \n \n Johannes Stark \n Germany \n `` for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields ''
\n 1920 \n \n Charles \u00c9douard Guillaume \n Switzerland \n `` for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel - steel alloys ''
\n 1921 \n \n Albert Einstein \n Germany Switzerland \n `` for his services to theoretical physics , and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect ''
\n 1922 \n \n Niels Bohr \n Denmark \n `` for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them ''
\n 1923 \n \n Robert Andrews Millikan \n United States \n `` for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect ''
\n 1924 \n \n Manne Siegbahn \n Sweden \n `` for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy ''
\n 1925 \n \n James Franck \n Germany \n `` for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom ''
\n \n Gustav Hertz \n Germany
\n 1926 \n \n Jean Baptiste Perrin \n France \n `` for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter , and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium ''
\n 1927 \n \n Arthur Holly Compton \n United States \n `` for his discovery of the effect named after him ''
\n \n Charles Thomson Rees Wilson \n United Kingdom \n `` for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour ''
\n 1928 \n \n Owen Willans Richardson \n United Kingdom \n `` for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him ''
\n 1929 \n \n Louis Victor Pierre Raymond , 7th Duc de Broglie \n France \n `` for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons ''
\n 1930 \n \n Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman \n India \n `` for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him ''
\n 1931 \n Not awarded
\n 1932 \n \n Werner Heisenberg \n Germany \n `` for the creation of quantum mechanics , the application of which has , inter alia , led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen ''
\n 1933 \n \n Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger \n Austria \n `` for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory ''
\n \n Paul Dirac \n United Kingdom
\n 1934 \n Not awarded
\n 1935 \n \n James Chadwick \n United Kingdom \n `` for the discovery of the neutron ''
\n 1936 \n \n Victor Francis Hess \n Austria \n `` for his discovery of cosmic radiation ''
\n \n Carl David Anderson \n United States \n `` for his discovery of the positron ''
\n 1937 \n \n Clinton Joseph Davisson \n United States \n `` for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals ''
\n \n George Paget Thomson \n United Kingdom
\n 1938 \n \n Enrico Fermi \n Italy \n `` for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation , and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons ''
\n 1939 \n \n Ernest Lawrence \n United States \n `` for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it , especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements ''
\n 1940 \n Not awarded World War II
\n 1941 \n Not awarded World War II
\n 1942 \n Not awarded World War II
\n 1943 \n \n Otto Stern \n United States \n `` for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton ''
\n 1944 \n \n Isidor Isaac Rabi \n United States Poland \n `` for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei ''
\n 1945 \n \n Wolfgang Pauli \n Austria \n `` for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle , also called the Pauli principle ''
\n 1946 \n \n Percy Williams Bridgman \n United States \n `` for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures , and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics ''
\n 1947 \n \n Edward Victor Appleton \n United Kingdom \n `` for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so - called Appleton layer ''
\n 1948 \n \n Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett \n United Kingdom \n `` for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method , and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation ''
\n 1949 \n \n Hideki Yukawa \n Japan \n `` for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces ''
\n 1950 \n \n Cecil Frank Powell \n United Kingdom \n `` for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method ''
\n 1951 \n \n John Douglas Cockcroft \n United Kingdom \n `` for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles ''
\n \n Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton \n Ireland
\n 1952 \n \n Felix Bloch \n Switzerland United States \n `` for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith ''
\n \n Edward Mills Purcell \n United States
\n 1953 \n \n Frits Zernike \n Netherlands \n `` for his demonstration of the phase contrast method , especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope ''
\n 1954 \n \n Max Born \n West Germany \n `` for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics , especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction ''
\n \n Walther Bothe \n West Germany \n `` for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith ''
\n 1955 \n \n Willis Eugene Lamb \n United States \n `` for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum ''
\n \n Polykarp Kusch \n United States Germany \n `` for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron ''
\n 1956 \n \n John Bardeen \n United States \n `` for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect ''
\n \n Walter Houser Brattain \n United States
\n \n William Bradford Shockley \n United States
\n 1957 \n \n Tsung - Dao Lee \n Republic of China \n `` for their penetrating investigation of the so - called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles ''
\n \n Chen Ning Yang \n Republic of China
\n 1958 \n \n Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov \n Soviet Union \n `` for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect ''
\n \n Ilya Frank \n Soviet Union
\n \n Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm \n Soviet Union
\n 1959 \n \n Emilio Gino Segr\u00e8 \n Italy United States \n `` for their discovery of the antiproton ''
\n \n Owen Chamberlain \n United States
\n 1960 \n \n Donald Arthur Glaser \n United States \n `` for the invention of the bubble chamber ''
\n 1961 \n \n Robert Hofstadter \n United States \n `` for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons ''
\n \n Rudolf Ludwig M\u00f6ssbauer \n West Germany \n `` for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name ''
\n 1962 \n \n Lev Davidovich Landau \n Soviet Union \n `` for his pioneering theories for condensed matter , especially liquid helium ''
\n 1963 \n \n Eugene Paul Wigner \n Hungary United States \n `` for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles , particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles ''
\n \n Maria Goeppert - Mayer \n United States \n `` for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure ''
\n \n J. Hans D. Jensen \n West Germany
\n 1964 \n \n Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov \n Soviet Union \n `` for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics , which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser -- laser principle ''
\n \n Alexander Prokhorov \n Soviet Union
\n \n Charles Hard Townes \n United States
\n 1965 \n \n Richard Phillips Feynman \n United States \n `` for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics ( QED ) , with deep - ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles ''
\n \n Julian Schwinger \n United States
\n \n Shin'ichir\u014d Tomonaga \n Japan
\n 1966 \n \n Alfred Kastler \n France \n `` for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms ''
\n 1967 \n \n Hans Albrecht Bethe \n United States \n `` for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions , especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars ''
\n 1968 \n \n Luis Walter Alvarez \n United States \n `` for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics , in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states , made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis ''
\n 1969 \n \n Murray Gell - Mann \n United States \n `` for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions ''
\n 1970 \n \n Hannes Olof G\u00f6sta Alfv\u00e9n \n Sweden \n `` for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto - hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics ''
\n \n Louis N\u00e9el \n France \n `` for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics ''
\n 1971 \n \n Dennis Gabor \n Hungary United Kingdom \n `` for his invention and development of the holographic method ''
\n 1972 \n \n John Bardeen \n United States \n `` for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity , usually called the BCS - theory ''
\n \n Leon Neil Cooper \n United States
\n \n John Robert Schrieffer \n United States
\n 1973 \n \n Leo Esaki \n Japan \n `` for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors , respectively ''
\n \n Ivar Giaever \n United States Norway
\n \n Brian David Josephson \n United Kingdom \n `` for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier , in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect ''
\n \n \n Martin Ryle \n United Kingdom \n `` for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics : Ryle for his observations and inventions , in particular of the aperture synthesis technique , and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars ''
\n \n Antony Hewish \n United Kingdom
\n \n \n Aage Bohr \n Denmark \n `` for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection ''
\n \n Ben Roy Mottelson \n Denmark
\n \n Leo James Rainwater \n United States
\n 1976 \n \n Burton Richter \n United States \n `` for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind ''
\n \n Samuel Chao Chung Ting \n United States
\n 1977 \n \n Philip Warren Anderson \n United States \n `` for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems ''
\n \n Nevill Francis Mott \n United Kingdom
\n \n John Hasbrouck Van Vleck \n United States
\n 1978 \n \n Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa \n Soviet Union \n `` for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low - temperature physics ''
\n \n Arno Allan Penzias \n United States \n `` for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation ''
\n \n Robert Woodrow Wilson \n United States
\n 1979 \n \n Sheldon Lee Glashow \n United States \n `` for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles , including , inter alia , the prediction of the weak neutral current ''
\n \n Abdus Salam \n Pakistan
\n \n Steven Weinberg \n United States
\n 1980 \n \n James Watson Cronin \n United States \n `` for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K - mesons ''
\n \n Val Logsdon Fitch \n United States
\n 1981 \n \n Nicolaas Bloembergen \n Netherlands United States \n `` for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy ''
\n \n Arthur Leonard Schawlow \n United States
\n \n Kai Manne B\u00f6rje Siegbahn \n Sweden \n `` for his contribution to the development of high - resolution electron spectroscopy ''
\n 1982 \n \n Kenneth G. Wilson \n United States \n `` for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions ''
\n \n \n Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar \n India United States \n `` for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars ''
\n \n William Alfred Fowler \n United States \n `` for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe ''
\n 1984 \n \n Carlo Rubbia \n Italy \n `` for their decisive contributions to the large project , which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z , communicators of weak interaction ''
\n \n Simon van der Meer \n Netherlands
\n 1985 \n \n Klaus von Klitzing \n West Germany \n `` for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect ''
\n 1986 \n \n Ernst Ruska \n West Germany \n `` for his fundamental work in electron optics , and for the design of the first electron microscope ''
\n \n Gerd Binnig \n West Germany \n `` for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope ''
\n \n Heinrich Rohrer \n Switzerland
\n \n \n Johannes Georg Bednorz \n West Germany \n `` for their important break - through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials ''
\n \n Karl Alexander M\u00fcller \n Switzerland
\n 1988 \n \n Leon Max Lederman \n United States \n `` for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino ''
\n \n Melvin Schwartz \n United States
\n \n Jack Steinberger \n United States
\n 1989 \n \n Norman Foster Ramsey \n United States \n `` for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks ''
\n \n Hans Georg Dehmelt \n United States Germany \n `` for the development of the ion trap technique ''
\n \n Wolfgang Paul \n West Germany
\n 1990 \n \n Jerome I. Friedman \n United States \n `` for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons , which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics ''
\n \n Henry Way Kendall \n United States
\n \n Richard E. Taylor \n Canada
\n 1991 \n \n Pierre - Gilles de Gennes \n France \n `` for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter , in particular to liquid crystals and polymers ''
\n 1992 \n \n Georges Charpak \n France Poland \n `` for his invention and development of particle detectors , in particular the multiwire proportional chamber ''
\n 1993 \n \n Russell Alan Hulse \n United States \n `` for the discovery of a new type of pulsar , a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation ''
\n \n Joseph Hooton Taylor , Jr . \n United States
\n 1994 \n \n Bertram Brockhouse \n Canada \n `` for the development of neutron spectroscopy '' and `` for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter ''
\n \n Clifford Glenwood Shull \n United States \n `` for the development of the neutron diffraction technique '' and `` for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter ''
\n 1995 \n \n Martin Lewis Perl \n United States \n `` for the discovery of the tau lepton '' and `` for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics ''
\n \n Frederick Reines \n United States \n `` for the detection of the neutrino '' and `` for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics ''
\n \n \n David Morris Lee \n United States \n `` for their discovery of superfluidity in helium - 3 ''
\n \n Douglas D. Osheroff \n United States
\n \n Robert Coleman Richardson \n United States
\n 1997 \n \n Steven Chu \n United States \n `` for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light . ''
\n \n Claude Cohen - Tannoudji \n France
\n \n William Daniel Phillips \n United States
\n 1998 \n \n Robert B. Laughlin \n United States \n `` for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations ''
\n \n Horst Ludwig St\u00f6rmer \n Germany
\n \n Daniel Chee Tsui \n Republic of China United States
\n 1999 \n \n Gerard ' t Hooft \n Netherlands \n `` for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics ''
\n \n Martinus J.G. Veltman \n Netherlands
\n 2000 \n \n Zhores Ivanovich Alferov \n Russia \n `` for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high - speed - and optoelectronics ''
\n \n Herbert Kroemer \n Germany
\n \n Jack St. Clair Kilby \n United States \n `` for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit ''
\n 2001 \n \n Eric Allin Cornell \n United States \n `` for the achievement of Bose -- Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms , and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates ''
\n \n Carl Edwin Wieman \n United States
\n \n Wolfgang Ketterle \n Germany
\n 2002 \n \n Raymond Davis , Jr . \n United States \n `` for pioneering contributions to astrophysics , in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos ''
\n \n Masatoshi Koshiba \n Japan
\n \n Riccardo Giacconi \n Italy United States \n `` for pioneering contributions to astrophysics , which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources ''
\n 2003 \n \n Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov \n Russia United States \n `` for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids ''
\n \n Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg \n Russia
\n \n Anthony James Leggett \n United Kingdom United States
\n \n \n David J. Gross \n United States \n `` for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction ''
\n \n Hugh David Politzer \n United States
\n \n Frank Wilczek \n United States
\n 2005 \n \n Roy J. Glauber \n United States \n `` for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence ''
\n \n John L. Hall \n United States \n `` for their contributions to the development of laser - based precision spectroscopy , including the optical frequency comb technique ''
\n \n Theodor W. H\u00e4nsch \n Germany
\n 2006 \n \n John C. Mather \n United States \n `` for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation ''
\n \n George F. Smoot \n United States
\n 2007 \n \n Albert Fert \n France \n `` for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance ''
\n \n Peter Gr\u00fcnberg \n Germany
\n 2008 \n \n Makoto Kobayashi \n Japan \n `` for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature ''
\n \n Toshihide Maskawa \n Japan
\n \n Yoichiro Nambu \n Japan United States \n `` for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics ''
\n 2009 \n \n Charles K. Kao \n Hong Kong United Kingdom United States \n `` for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication ''
\n \n Willard S. Boyle \n Canada United States \n `` for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit -- the CCD sensor ''
\n \n George E. Smith \n United States
\n \n \n Andre Geim \n Russia United Kingdom Netherlands \n `` for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two - dimensional material graphene ''
\n \n Konstantin Novoselov \n Russia United Kingdom
\n 2011 \n \n Saul Perlmutter \n United States \n `` for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae ''
\n \n Brian P. Schmidt \n Australia United States
\n \n Adam G. Riess \n United States
\n 2012 \n \n Serge Haroche \n France \n `` for ground - breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems . ''
\n \n David J. Wineland \n United States
\n 2013 \n \n Fran\u00e7ois Englert \n Belgium \n `` for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles , and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle , by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN 's Large Hadron Collider ''
\n \n Peter Higgs \n United Kingdom
\n 2014 \n \n Isamu Akasaki \n Japan \n `` for the invention of efficient blue light - emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy - saving white light sources ''
\n \n Hiroshi Amano \n Japan
\n \n Shuji Nakamura \n Japan United States
\n 2015 \n \n Takaaki Kajita \n Japan \n `` for the discovery of neutrino oscillations , which shows that neutrinos have mass ''
\n \n Arthur B. McDonald \n Canada
\n 2016 \n \n David J. Thouless \n United Kingdom United States \n `` for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter ''
\n \n F. Duncan M. Haldane \n United Kingdom United States
\n \n John M. Kosterlitz \n United Kingdom United States
\n 2017 \n \n Rainer Weiss \n Germany United States \n `` for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves ''
\n \n Kip Thorne \n United States
\n \n Barry Barish \n United States
\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n

\n ^ A . The form and spelling of the names in the name column is according to nobelprize.org , the official website of the Nobel Foundation . Alternative spellings and name forms , where they exist , are given at the articles linked from this column . Where available , an image of each Nobel laureate is provided . For the official pictures provided by the Nobel Foundation , see the pages for each Nobel laureate at nobelprize.org .

\n

\n ^ B . The information in the country column is according to nobelprize.org , the official website of the Nobel Foundation . This information may not necessarily reflect the recipient 's birthplace or citizenship .

\n

\n ^ C. The citation for each award is quoted ( not always in full ) from nobelprize.org , the official website of the Nobel Foundation . The links in this column are to articles ( or sections of articles ) on the history and areas of physics for which the awards were presented . The links are intended only as a guide and explanation . For a full account of the work done by each Nobel laureate , please see the biography articles linked from the name column .

\n

\n Citations ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Alfred Nobel -- The Man Behind the Nobel Prize '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize Awarders '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Nobel Laureates Facts '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Women Nobel Laureates '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 29 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1902 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1903 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1905 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1907 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1908 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1910 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1911 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1912 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1913 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1914 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1915 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1917 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1919 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1920 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1922 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1923 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1924 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1925 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1926 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    32. \n
  32. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1927 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1928 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1929 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    39. \n
  39. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1947 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1948 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1949 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    54. \n
  54. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    55. \n
  55. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    61. \n
  61. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    63. \n
  63. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1966 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    70. \n
  70. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1970 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    73. \n
  73. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973 '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    78. \n
  78. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    81. \n
  81. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    83. \n
  83. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    86. \n
  86. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    89. \n
  89. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    94. \n
  94. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    95. \n
  95. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    100. \n
  100. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    102. \n
  102. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    105. \n
  105. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007 '' . Nobel Foundation . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    108. \n
  108. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 09 .
    109. \n
  109. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 06 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 05 .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 04 .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 9 October 2012 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013 Press Release '' ( PDF ) . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 08 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 07 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 05 .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 .
    118. \n
\n

\n Sources ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nobel laureates in Physics .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Laureates of the Nobel Prize in Physics
\n 1901 -- 1925 \n
    \n
  • \n 1901 R\u00f6ntgen
    • \n
  • \n 1902 Lorentz / Zeeman
    • \n
  • \n 1903 Becquerel / P. Curie / M. Curie
    • \n
  • \n 1904 Rayleigh
    • \n
  • \n 1905 Lenard
    • \n
  • \n 1906 J.J. Thomson
    • \n
  • \n 1907 Michelson
    • \n
  • \n 1908 Lippmann
    • \n
  • \n 1909 Marconi / Braun
    • \n
  • \n 1910 Van der Waals
    • \n
  • \n 1911 Wien
    • \n
  • \n 1912 Dal\u00e9n
    • \n
  • \n 1913 Kamerlingh Onnes
    • \n
  • \n 1914 Laue
    • \n
  • \n 1915 W.L. Bragg / W.H. Bragg
    • \n
  • \n 1916
    • \n
  • \n 1917 Barkla
    • \n
  • \n 1918 Planck
    • \n
  • \n 1919 Stark
    • \n
  • \n 1920 Guillaume
    • \n
  • \n 1921 Einstein
    • \n
  • \n 1922 N. Bohr
    • \n
  • \n 1923 Millikan
    • \n
  • \n 1924 M. Siegbahn
    • \n
  • \n 1925 Franck / Hertz
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n 1926 -- 1950 \n
    \n
  • \n 1926 Perrin
    • \n
  • \n 1927 Compton / C. Wilson
    • \n
  • \n 1928 O. Richardson
    • \n
  • \n 1929 De Broglie
    • \n
  • \n 1930 Raman
    • \n
  • \n 1931
    • \n
  • \n 1932 Heisenberg
    • \n
  • \n 1933 Schr\u00f6dinger / Dirac
    • \n
  • \n 1934
    • \n
  • \n 1935 Chadwick
    • \n
  • \n 1936 Hess / C.D. Anderson
    • \n
  • \n 1937 Davisson / G.P. Thomson
    • \n
  • \n 1938 Fermi
    • \n
  • \n 1939 Lawrence
    • \n
  • \n 1940
    • \n
  • \n 1941
    • \n
  • \n 1942
    • \n
  • \n 1943 Stern
    • \n
  • \n 1944 Rabi
    • \n
  • \n 1945 Pauli
    • \n
  • \n 1946 Bridgman
    • \n
  • \n 1947 Appleton
    • \n
  • \n 1948 Blackett
    • \n
  • \n 1949 Yukawa
    • \n
  • \n 1950 Powell
    • \n
\n
\n 1951 -- 1975 \n
    \n
  • \n 1951 Cockcroft / Walton
    • \n
  • \n 1952 Bloch / Purcell
    • \n
  • \n 1953 Zernike
    • \n
  • \n 1954 Born / Bothe
    • \n
  • \n 1955 Lamb / Kusch
    • \n
  • \n 1956 Shockley / Bardeen / Brattain
    • \n
  • \n 1957 C.N. Yang / T.D. Lee
    • \n
  • \n 1958 Cherenkov / Frank / Tamm
    • \n
  • \n 1959 Segr\u00e8 / Chamberlain
    • \n
  • \n 1960 Glaser
    • \n
  • \n 1961 Hofstadter / M\u00f6ssbauer
    • \n
  • \n 1962 Landau
    • \n
  • \n 1963 Wigner / Goeppert - Mayer / Jensen
    • \n
  • \n 1964 Townes / Basov / Prokhorov
    • \n
  • \n 1965 Tomonaga / Schwinger / Feynman
    • \n
  • \n 1966 Kastler
    • \n
  • \n 1967 Bethe
    • \n
  • \n 1968 Alvarez
    • \n
  • \n 1969 Gell - Mann
    • \n
  • \n 1970 Alfv\u00e9n / N\u00e9el
    • \n
  • \n 1971 Gabor
    • \n
  • \n 1972 Bardeen / Cooper / Schrieffer
    • \n
  • \n 1973 Esaki / Giaever / Josephson
    • \n
  • \n 1974 Ryle / Hewish
    • \n
  • \n 1975 A. Bohr / Mottelson / Rainwater
    • \n
\n
\n 1976 -- 2000 \n
    \n
  • \n 1976 Richter / Ting
    • \n
  • \n 1977 P.W. Anderson / Mott / Van Vleck
    • \n
  • \n 1978 Kapitsa / Penzias / R. Wilson
    • \n
  • \n 1979 Glashow / Salam / Weinberg
    • \n
  • \n 1980 Cronin / Fitch
    • \n
  • \n 1981 Bloembergen / Schawlow / K. Siegbahn
    • \n
  • \n 1982 K. Wilson
    • \n
  • \n 1983 Chandrasekhar / Fowler
    • \n
  • \n 1984 Rubbia / Van der Meer
    • \n
  • \n 1985 von Klitzing
    • \n
  • \n 1986 Ruska / Binnig / Rohrer
    • \n
  • \n 1987 Bednorz / M\u00fcller
    • \n
  • \n 1988 Lederman / Schwartz / Steinberger
    • \n
  • \n 1989 Ramsey / Dehmelt / Paul
    • \n
  • \n 1990 Friedman / Kendall / R. Taylor
    • \n
  • \n 1991 de Gennes
    • \n
  • \n 1992 Charpak
    • \n
  • \n 1993 Hulse / J. Taylor
    • \n
  • \n 1994 Brockhouse / Shull
    • \n
  • \n 1995 Perl / Reines
    • \n
  • \n 1996 D. Lee / Osheroff / R. Richardson
    • \n
  • \n 1997 Chu / Cohen - Tannoudji / Phillips
    • \n
  • \n 1998 Laughlin / St\u00f6rmer / Tsui
    • \n
  • \n 1999 ' t Hooft / Veltman
    • \n
  • \n 2000 Alferov / Kroemer / Kilby
    • \n
\n
\n 2001 -- present \n
    \n
  • \n 2001 Cornell / Ketterle / Wieman
    • \n
  • \n 2002 Davis / Koshiba / Giacconi
    • \n
  • \n 2003 Abrikosov / Ginzburg / Leggett
    • \n
  • \n 2004 Gross / Politzer / Wilczek
    • \n
  • \n 2005 Glauber / Hall / H\u00e4nsch
    • \n
  • \n 2006 Mather / Smoot
    • \n
  • \n 2007 Fert / Gr\u00fcnberg
    • \n
  • \n 2008 Nambu / Kobayashi / Maskawa
    • \n
  • \n 2009 Kao / Boyle / Smith
    • \n
  • \n 2010 Geim / Novoselov
    • \n
  • \n 2011 Perlmutter / Riess / Schmidt
    • \n
  • \n 2012 Wineland / Haroche
    • \n
  • \n 2013 Englert / Higgs
    • \n
  • \n 2014 Akasaki / Amano / Nakamura
    • \n
  • \n 2015 Kajita / McDonald
    • \n
  • \n 2016 Thouless / Haldane / Kosterlitz
    • \n
  • \n 2017 Weiss / Barish / Thorne
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Nobel Prizes
\n
    \n
  • \n Lists of Nobel laureates
    • \n
\n
\n Prizes \n
    \n
  • \n Chemistry
    • \n
  • \n Economics
    • \n
  • \n Literature
    • \n
  • \n Peace
    • \n
  • \n Physics
    • \n
  • \n Physiology or Medicine
    • \n
\n
\n Laureates \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n by subject \n
    \n
  • \n Chemistry
    • \n
  • \n Economics
    • \n
  • \n Literature
    • \n
  • \n Peace
    • \n
  • \n Physics
    • \n
  • \n Physiology or Medicine
    • \n
\n
\n by criterion \n
    \n
  • \n African
    • \n
  • \n Arab
    • \n
  • \n Asian
    • \n
  • \n Black
    • \n
  • \n Female
    • \n
  • \n Latino and Hispanic
    • \n
  • \n Jewish
    • \n
\n
\n by country \n
    \n
  • \n Argentine
    • \n
  • \n Australian
    • \n
  • \n Belgian
    • \n
  • \n Bengali
    • \n
  • \n Chinese
    • \n
  • \n Danish
    • \n
  • \n Hungarian
    • \n
  • \n Indian
    • \n
  • \n Israeli
    • \n
  • \n Italian
    • \n
  • \n Japanese
    • \n
  • \n Korean
    • \n
  • \n Liberian
    • \n
  • \n Polish
    • \n
  • \n Portuguese
    • \n
  • \n Romanian
    • \n
  • \n Russian
    • \n
  • \n Spanish
    • \n
  • \n Swedish
    • \n
  • \n Turkish
    • \n
  • \n Welsh
    • \n
\n
\n by religion \n
    \n
  • \n Christian
    • \n
  • \n Jewish
    • \n
  • \n Muslim
    • \n
  • \n Non-religious
    • \n
\n
\n by year \n
    \n
  • \n By year
    • \n
\n
\n by university affiliation \n
    \n
  • \n University affiliation
    • \n
\n
\n by occupation \n
    \n
  • \n Head of Government and State
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Committees and organisations \n
    \n
  • \n Nobel Foundation
    • \n
  • \n Nobel Committees
      \n
    • \n Chemistry
      • \n
    • \n Economics
      • \n
    • \n Physics
      • \n
    • \n Physiology or Medicine
      • \n
    • \n Norwegian Nobel Committee
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Controversies
    • \n
  • \n Other prizes
    • \n
  • \n Alfred Nobel
    • \n
\n
\n Nobel Memorial Prize ( not one of the original Nobel Prizes ) .
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics&oldid=838175212 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who got the first nobel prize in physics", "long_answers": ["The first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded in 1901 to Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen , of Germany , who received 150,782 SEK , which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007 . John Bardeen is the only laureate to win the prize twice -- in 1956 and 1972 . Maria Sk\u0142odowska - Curie also won two Nobel Prizes , for physics in 1903 and chemistry in 1911 . William Lawrence Bragg was , until October 2014 , the youngest ever Nobel laureate ; he won the prize in 1915 at the age of 25 . Two women have won the prize : Curie and Maria Goeppert - Mayer ( 1963 ) . As of 2017 , the prize has been awarded to 206 individuals . There have been six years in which the Nobel Prize in Physics was not awarded ( 1916 , 1931 , 1934 , 1940 -- 1942 ) .\n", "Year Laureate Country Rationale 1901 Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen Germany `` in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him '' 1902 Hendrik Lorentz Netherlands `` in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena '' Pieter Zeeman Netherlands 1903 Antoine Henri Becquerel France `` for his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity '' Pierre Curie France `` for their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel '' Maria Sk\u0142odowska - Curie Poland France 1904 Lord Rayleigh United Kingdom `` for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies '' 1905 Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard Austria - Hungary Germany `` for his work on cathode rays '' 1906 Joseph John Thomson United Kingdom `` for his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases '' 1907 Albert Abraham Michelson United States Poland `` for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid '' 1908 Gabriel Lippmann France `` for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference '' 1909 Guglielmo Marconi Italy `` for their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy '' Karl Ferdinand Braun Germany 1910 Johannes Diderik van der Waals Netherlands `` for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids '' 1911 Wilhelm Wien Germany `` for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat '' 1912 Nils Gustaf Dal\u00e9n Sweden `` for his invention of automatic valves designed to be used in combination with gas accumulators in lighthouses and buoys '' 1913 Heike Kamerlingh - Onnes Netherlands `` for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led , inter alia , to the production of liquid helium '' 1914 Max von Laue Germany `` For his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals '' , an important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy . 1915 William Henry Bragg United Kingdom `` For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays '' , an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography William Lawrence Bragg Australia United Kingdom 1916 Not awarded World War I 1917 Charles Glover Barkla United Kingdom `` For his discovery of the characteristic R\u00f6ntgen radiation of the elements '' , another important step in the development of X-ray spectroscopy 1918 Max Planck Germany `` for the services he rendered to the advancement of physics by his discovery of energy quanta '' 1919 Johannes Stark Germany `` for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields '' 1920 Charles \u00c9douard Guillaume Switzerland `` for the service he has rendered to precision measurements in physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel - steel alloys '' 1921 Albert Einstein Germany Switzerland `` for his services to theoretical physics , and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect '' 1922 Niels Bohr Denmark `` for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them '' 1923 Robert Andrews Millikan United States `` for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect '' 1924 Manne Siegbahn Sweden `` for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy '' 1925 James Franck Germany `` for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom '' Gustav Hertz Germany 1926 Jean Baptiste Perrin France `` for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter , and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium '' 1927 Arthur Holly Compton United States `` for his discovery of the effect named after him '' Charles Thomson Rees Wilson United Kingdom `` for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour '' 1928 Owen Willans Richardson United Kingdom `` for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him '' 1929 Louis Victor Pierre Raymond , 7th Duc de Broglie France `` for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons '' 1930 Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman India `` for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him '' 1931 Not awarded 1932 Werner Heisenberg Germany `` for the creation of quantum mechanics , the application of which has , inter alia , led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen '' 1933 Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger Austria `` for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory '' Paul Dirac United Kingdom 1934 Not awarded 1935 James Chadwick United Kingdom `` for the discovery of the neutron '' 1936 Victor Francis Hess Austria `` for his discovery of cosmic radiation '' Carl David Anderson United States `` for his discovery of the positron '' 1937 Clinton Joseph Davisson United States `` for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals '' George Paget Thomson United Kingdom 1938 Enrico Fermi Italy `` for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation , and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons '' 1939 Ernest Lawrence United States `` for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it , especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements '' 1940 Not awarded World War II 1941 Not awarded World War II 1942 Not awarded World War II 1943 Otto Stern United States `` for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton '' 1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi United States Poland `` for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei '' 1945 Wolfgang Pauli Austria `` for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle , also called the Pauli principle '' 1946 Percy Williams Bridgman United States `` for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures , and for the discoveries he made there within the field of high pressure physics '' 1947 Edward Victor Appleton United Kingdom `` for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so - called Appleton layer '' 1948 Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett United Kingdom `` for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method , and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation '' 1949 Hideki Yukawa Japan `` for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces '' 1950 Cecil Frank Powell United Kingdom `` for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method '' 1951 John Douglas Cockcroft United Kingdom `` for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles '' Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton Ireland 1952 Felix Bloch Switzerland United States `` for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith '' Edward Mills Purcell United States 1953 Frits Zernike Netherlands `` for his demonstration of the phase contrast method , especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope '' 1954 Max Born West Germany `` for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics , especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction '' Walther Bothe West Germany `` for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith '' 1955 Willis Eugene Lamb United States `` for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum '' Polykarp Kusch United States Germany `` for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron '' 1956 John Bardeen United States `` for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect '' Walter Houser Brattain United States William Bradford Shockley United States 1957 Tsung - Dao Lee Republic of China `` for their penetrating investigation of the so - called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles '' Chen Ning Yang Republic of China 1958 Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov Soviet Union `` for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect '' Ilya Frank Soviet Union Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm Soviet Union 1959 Emilio Gino Segr\u00e8 Italy United States `` for their discovery of the antiproton '' Owen Chamberlain United States 1960 Donald Arthur Glaser United States `` for the invention of the bubble chamber '' 1961 Robert Hofstadter United States `` for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons '' Rudolf Ludwig M\u00f6ssbauer West Germany `` for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name '' 1962 Lev Davidovich Landau Soviet Union `` for his pioneering theories for condensed matter , especially liquid helium '' 1963 Eugene Paul Wigner Hungary United States `` for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles , particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles '' Maria Goeppert - Mayer United States `` for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure '' J. Hans D. Jensen West Germany 1964 Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov Soviet Union `` for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics , which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser -- laser principle '' Alexander Prokhorov Soviet Union Charles Hard Townes United States 1965 Richard Phillips Feynman United States `` for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics ( QED ) , with deep - ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles '' Julian Schwinger United States Shin'ichir\u014d Tomonaga Japan 1966 Alfred Kastler France `` for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms '' 1967 Hans Albrecht Bethe United States `` for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions , especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars '' 1968 Luis Walter Alvarez United States `` for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics , in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states , made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis '' 1969 Murray Gell - Mann United States `` for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions '' 1970 Hannes Olof G\u00f6sta Alfv\u00e9n Sweden `` for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto - hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics '' Louis N\u00e9el France `` for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics '' 1971 Dennis Gabor Hungary United Kingdom `` for his invention and development of the holographic method '' 1972 John Bardeen United States `` for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity , usually called the BCS - theory '' Leon Neil Cooper United States John Robert Schrieffer United States 1973 Leo Esaki Japan `` for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors , respectively '' Ivar Giaever United States Norway Brian David Josephson United Kingdom `` for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier , in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effect '' Martin Ryle United Kingdom `` for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics : Ryle for his observations and inventions , in particular of the aperture synthesis technique , and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars '' Antony Hewish United Kingdom Aage Bohr Denmark `` for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection '' Ben Roy Mottelson Denmark Leo James Rainwater United States 1976 Burton Richter United States `` for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind '' Samuel Chao Chung Ting United States 1977 Philip Warren Anderson United States `` for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems '' Nevill Francis Mott United Kingdom John Hasbrouck Van Vleck United States 1978 Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa Soviet Union `` for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low - temperature physics '' Arno Allan Penzias United States `` for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation '' Robert Woodrow Wilson United States 1979 Sheldon Lee Glashow United States `` for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles , including , inter alia , the prediction of the weak neutral current '' Abdus Salam Pakistan Steven Weinberg United States 1980 James Watson Cronin United States `` for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K - mesons '' Val Logsdon Fitch United States 1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen Netherlands United States `` for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy '' Arthur Leonard Schawlow United States Kai Manne B\u00f6rje Siegbahn Sweden `` for his contribution to the development of high - resolution electron spectroscopy '' 1982 Kenneth G. Wilson United States `` for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions '' Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar India United States `` for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars '' William Alfred Fowler United States `` for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe '' 1984 Carlo Rubbia Italy `` for their decisive contributions to the large project , which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z , communicators of weak interaction '' Simon van der Meer Netherlands 1985 Klaus von Klitzing West Germany `` for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect '' 1986 Ernst Ruska West Germany `` for his fundamental work in electron optics , and for the design of the first electron microscope '' Gerd Binnig West Germany `` for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope '' Heinrich Rohrer Switzerland Johannes Georg Bednorz West Germany `` for their important break - through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials '' Karl Alexander M\u00fcller Switzerland 1988 Leon Max Lederman United States `` for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino '' Melvin Schwartz United States Jack Steinberger United States 1989 Norman Foster Ramsey United States `` for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks '' Hans Georg Dehmelt United States Germany `` for the development of the ion trap technique '' Wolfgang Paul West Germany 1990 Jerome I. Friedman United States `` for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons , which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics '' Henry Way Kendall United States Richard E. Taylor Canada 1991 Pierre - Gilles de Gennes France `` for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter , in particular to liquid crystals and polymers '' 1992 Georges Charpak France Poland `` for his invention and development of particle detectors , in particular the multiwire proportional chamber '' 1993 Russell Alan Hulse United States `` for the discovery of a new type of pulsar , a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation '' Joseph Hooton Taylor , Jr . United States 1994 Bertram Brockhouse Canada `` for the development of neutron spectroscopy '' and `` for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter '' Clifford Glenwood Shull United States `` for the development of the neutron diffraction technique '' and `` for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter '' 1995 Martin Lewis Perl United States `` for the discovery of the tau lepton '' and `` for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics '' Frederick Reines United States `` for the detection of the neutrino '' and `` for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics '' David Morris Lee United States `` for their discovery of superfluidity in helium - 3 '' Douglas D. Osheroff United States Robert Coleman Richardson United States 1997 Steven Chu United States `` for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light . '' Claude Cohen - Tannoudji France William Daniel Phillips United States 1998 Robert B. Laughlin United States `` for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations '' Horst Ludwig St\u00f6rmer Germany Daniel Chee Tsui Republic of China United States 1999 Gerard ' t Hooft Netherlands `` for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics '' Martinus J.G. Veltman Netherlands 2000 Zhores Ivanovich Alferov Russia `` for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high - speed - and optoelectronics '' Herbert Kroemer Germany Jack St. Clair Kilby United States `` for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit '' 2001 Eric Allin Cornell United States `` for the achievement of Bose -- Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms , and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates '' Carl Edwin Wieman United States Wolfgang Ketterle Germany 2002 Raymond Davis , Jr . United States `` for pioneering contributions to astrophysics , in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos '' Masatoshi Koshiba Japan Riccardo Giacconi Italy United States `` for pioneering contributions to astrophysics , which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources '' 2003 Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Russia United States `` for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids '' Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg Russia Anthony James Leggett United Kingdom United States David J. Gross United States `` for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction '' Hugh David Politzer United States Frank Wilczek United States 2005 Roy J. Glauber United States `` for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence '' John L. Hall United States `` for their contributions to the development of laser - based precision spectroscopy , including the optical frequency comb technique '' Theodor W. H\u00e4nsch Germany 2006 John C. Mather United States `` for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation '' George F. Smoot United States 2007 Albert Fert France `` for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance '' Peter Gr\u00fcnberg Germany 2008 Makoto Kobayashi Japan `` for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature '' Toshihide Maskawa Japan Yoichiro Nambu Japan United States `` for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics '' 2009 Charles K. Kao Hong Kong United Kingdom United States `` for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication '' Willard S. Boyle Canada United States `` for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit -- the CCD sensor '' George E. Smith United States Andre Geim Russia United Kingdom Netherlands `` for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two - dimensional material graphene '' Konstantin Novoselov Russia United Kingdom 2011 Saul Perlmutter United States `` for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae '' Brian P. Schmidt Australia United States Adam G. Riess United States 2012 Serge Haroche France `` for ground - breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems . '' David J. Wineland United States 2013 Fran\u00e7ois Englert Belgium `` for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles , and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle , by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN 's Large Hadron Collider '' Peter Higgs United Kingdom 2014 Isamu Akasaki Japan `` for the invention of efficient blue light - emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy - saving white light sources '' Hiroshi Amano Japan Shuji Nakamura Japan United States 2015 Takaaki Kajita Japan `` for the discovery of neutrino oscillations , which shows that neutrinos have mass '' Arthur B. McDonald Canada 2016 David J. Thouless United Kingdom United States `` for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter '' F. Duncan M. Haldane United Kingdom United States John M. Kosterlitz United Kingdom United States 2017 Rainer Weiss Germany United States `` for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves '' Kip Thorne United States Barry Barish United States\n"], "short_answers": ["Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen , of Germany\n", "Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen , of Germany\n", "Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen\n", "Wilhelm Conrad R\u00f6ntgen\n"]} {"text": "Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 film ) - wikipedia

\n Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 film )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Alice in Wonderland
\n 1951 original theatrical release poster
\n Directed by \n
    \n
  • \n Clyde Geronimi
    • \n
  • \n Wilfred Jackson
    • \n
  • \n Hamilton Luske
    • \n
\n
\n Produced by \n Walt Disney
\n Story by \n
    \n
  • \n Milt Banta
    • \n
  • \n Del Connell
    • \n
  • \n William Cottrell
    • \n
  • \n Joe Grant
    • \n
  • \n Winston Hibler
    • \n
  • \n Dick Huemer
    • \n
  • \n Dick Kelsey
    • \n
  • \n Tom Oreb
    • \n
  • \n Bill Peet
    • \n
  • \n Erdman Penner
    • \n
  • \n Joe Rinaldi
    • \n
  • \n Ted Sears
    • \n
  • \n John Walbridge
    • \n
\n
\n Based on \n Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass by Lewis Carroll
\n Starring \n
    \n
  • \n Kathryn Beaumont
    • \n
  • \n Ed Wynn
    • \n
  • \n Richard Haydn
    • \n
  • \n Sterling Holloway
    • \n
  • \n Jerry Colonna
    • \n
  • \n Verna Felton
    • \n
  • \n J. Pat O'Malley
    • \n
  • \n Bill Thompson
    • \n
  • \n Heather Angel
    • \n
\n
\n Music by \n Oliver Wallace
\n Edited by \n Lloyd Richardson
\n Production company \n Walt Disney Productions
\n Distributed by \n RKO Radio Pictures
\n Release date \n
    \n
  • \n July 26 , 1951 ( 1951 - 07 - 26 ) ( World premiere - London )
    • \n
  • \n July 28 , 1951 ( 1951 - 07 - 28 ) ( US )
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Running time \n 75 minutes
\n Country \n United States
\n Language \n English
\n Budget \n $3 million
\n Box office \n $5.2 million ( US , 1951 )
\n

\n Alice in Wonderland is a 1951 American animated musical fantasy - adventure film produced by Walt Disney Productions and based on the Alice books by Lewis Carroll . The 13th of Disney 's animated features , the film premiered in New York City and London on July 26 , 1951 . The film features the voices of Kathryn Beaumont as Alice , Sterling Holloway as the Cheshire Cat , Verna Felton as the Queen of Hearts , and Ed Wynn as the Mad Hatter .

\n

\n Walt Disney first attempted unsuccessfully to adapt Alice into an animated feature film during the 1930s . However , he finally revived the idea in the 1940s . The film was originally intended to be a live - action / animated film ; however , Disney decided to make it an all - animated feature in 1946 . The theme song of the same name has since become a jazz standard . While the film was critically panned on its initial release , the movie proved to be ahead of its time and has since been regarded as one of Disney 's greatest animated classics , notably one of the biggest cult classics in the animation medium , as well as one of the best film adaptations of Alice .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Plot ( edit )

\n

\n On a riverbank , Alice spots a White Rabbit in a waistcoat passing by , exclaiming that he is `` late for a very important date '' . She gives chase , following him into a large rabbit hole . She sees him leave through a tiny door , whose talking knob advises her to shrink to an appropriate height by drinking from a bottle marked `` Drink Me '' . She does so and floats out through the keyhole in a sea of her own tears , which she cried after eating a biscuit marked `` Eat Me '' caused her to grow very large . As she continues to follow the Rabbit , she meets numerous characters , including Tweedledum and Tweedledee , who recount the tale of `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' .

\n

\n Alice tracks the Rabbit to his house ; he sends her to retrieve his gloves after mistaking her for his housemaid . While searching for them , she eats another cookie marked `` Eat Me '' from his cookie canister and grows large again , getting stuck in the house . Thinking she is a monster , he brings the Dodo over to help him get rid of her . When the Dodo decides to burn the house down , Alice escapes by eating a carrot from the Rabbit 's garden , which causes her to shrink to three inches tall , and continues following him . Along the way , she meets a garden of talking flowers who initially welcome her with a song , but then mistake her for a weed and order her to leave , followed by a Caterpillar , who becomes enraged after she tells him she is distressed at her current height , as he is the same height , and turns into a butterfly . Before leaving , he advises her to eat a piece of his mushroom to alter her size . She does so and manages to return to her original height , and continues following the Rabbit .

\n

\n In the woods , Alice meets the Cheshire Cat , who advises her to visit the Mad Hatter or the March Hare to find out where the Rabbit is . She encounters both , along with the Dormouse , at the Hare 's house having a mad tea party and celebrating their `` unbirthday '' . They celebrate her unbirthday too , but she becomes frustrated at them interrupting her every time she tries to speak . As she is about to leave , the Rabbit appears , continuing to exclaim that he is late ; the Hatter examines his pocket watch and says it is `` two days slow '' , and attempts to `` fix '' it by filling it with food and tea but ends up having to destroy it after it goes `` mad '' . The Rabbit laments that his watch was an `` unbirthday present '' , and the Hatter and Hare sing `` The Unbirthday Song '' to him before throwing him back into the woods . Fed up with the nonsense , Alice decides to go home , but her surroundings have completely changed and she gets lost . Fearing she is lost forever , she sits on a rock sobbing .

\n

\n The Cheshire Cat reappears and advises Alice to ask the Queen of Hearts for directions home , showing her a `` shortcut '' to the King and tyrannical Queen 's castle . The Queen orders the beheading of a trio of playing card gardeners who mistakenly planted white roses instead of red ones , and invites ( or rather forces ) Alice to play against her in a croquet match , in which live flamingos , card guards and hedgehogs are used as equipment . The animals and card guards rig the game in favor of the Queen . The Cat appears again and plays a trick on the Queen , causing her to fall over . The Cat disappears in time to make it look like Alice was the prankster , but before the Queen can order her execution , the King suggests they have a trial .

\n

\n At Alice 's trial , the Mad Hatter , March Hare and Dormouse are called to the stand as witnesses , briefly celebrating the Queen 's unbirthday and giving her a headpiece as a present , which turns into the Cat . Chaos ensues when the frightened Dormouse runs around the courtroom . As the Queen orders Alice 's execution , Alice eats the pieces of the Caterpillar 's mushroom she saved and grows large again . The King and Queen order her to leave the courthouse , but she refuses and insults the Queen . As she does so , she returns to her normal size , and the Queen orders her execution . Alice flees , and the Queen , King , card guards and other characters give chase . When she reaches the small door she encountered at the beginning of the film , he shows her that she is actually already outside , asleep . She yells at herself to wake up ; she does and leaves the riverbank to go home for tea .

\n

\n Cast ( edit )

\n \n

\n Directing animators ( edit )

\n \n

\n Production ( edit )

\n

\n Development ( edit )

\n

\n The history of Walt Disney 's association with Lewis Carroll 's Alice books ( Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass ) stretches all the way back to his childhood . Like many children of the time he was familiar with the Alice books and had read them as a school boy .

\n

\n In 1923 , Disney was still a 21 - year - old filmmaker trying to make a name for himself by working at the Laugh - O - Gram Studio in Kansas City , making the unsuccessful short cartoon series by the name of Newman Laugh - O - Grams . The last of Newman Laugh - O - Grams was called Alice 's Wonderland , which was loosely inspired by the Alice books . The short featured a live - action girl ( Virginia Davis ) interacting in an animated world . Faced with business problems , however , the Laugh - O - Gram Studio went bankrupt in July 1923 , and the film was never released to the general public . However , Disney left for Hollywood and used the film as a sort of pilot to show to potential distributors . Margaret J. Winkler of Winkler Pictures agreed to distribute the Alice Comedies , and Disney partnered with his older brother Roy O. Disney and re-hired Kansas City co-workers including Ub Iwerks , Rudolph Ising , Friz Freleng , Carman Maxwell and Hugh Harman to form Disney Bros. Studios ( later Walt Disney Productions ) . The series began in 1924 before being retired in 1927 .

\n

\n In 1932 , Disney began playing with the idea of making an animated feature film and repeatedly turned to the idea of making a feature - length animated / live - action version of Alice starring Mary Pickford , and even purchased the rights to Sir John Tenniel 's illustrations ( still under copyright at the time ) . However , these plans were eventually scrapped in favor of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , mainly because Disney was put off by Paramount 's 1933 live - action adaptation . However , Disney did not completely abandon the idea of adapting Alice , and in 1936 made the Mickey Mouse cartoon Thru the Mirror .

\n

\n In 1938 , after the enormous success of Snow White , Disney revived the idea of making an Alice feature and officially registered the title Alice in Wonderland with the Motion Picture Association of America and hired storyboard artist Al Perkins and art director David S. Hall to develop the story and concept art for the film . A storyreel was complete in 1939 , but Walt was not pleased as he felt that Hall 's drawings resembled Tenniel 's drawings too closely making them too difficult to animate and that the overall tone of Perkins ' script was too grotesque and dark . Realising the amount of work needed for Alice in Wonderland , as well as the economic devastation of the World War II and the production demands of Pinocchio , Fantasia , and Bambi , Walt shelved production on Alice in Wonderland shortly after the screening .

\n

\n In 1945 , shortly after the war ended , Disney once again revived Alice in Wonderland and assigned British author Aldous Huxley to re-write the script . However , Walt felt that Huxley 's version was too much of a literal adaptation of Carroll 's book . Background artist Mary Blair submitted some concept drawings for Alice in Wonderland . Blair 's paintings moved away from Tenniel 's sketchy illustrations by taking a modernist stance , using bold and unreal colors . Walt liked Blair 's designs , and the script was re-written to focus on comedy , music , and the whimsical side to Carroll 's book .

\n

\n Disney toyed with the idea of having a live - action / animated version of Alice in Wonderland ( in a similar fashion to his Alice Comedies ) that would star Ginger Rogers and would utilize the recently developed sodium vapor process . Lisa Davis Waltz ( who would later voice Anita Radcliffe in One Hundred and One Dalmatians ) and Luana Patten were also considered for the role of Alice . However , Walt soon realized that he could only do justice to the book by making an all - animated feature , and in 1946 , work began on an all - animated version of Alice in Wonderland .

\n

\n Writing ( edit )

\n

\n Through various drafts of the script , many sequences that were present in Caroll 's book drifted in and out of the story . However , Walt insisted that the scenes themselves keep close to those in the novel since most of its humor is in the writing .

\n

\n One omitted scene from the 1939 treatment of the film occurred outside the Duchess ' manor , where The Fish Footman is giving a message to The Frog Footman to take to the Duchess saying that she is invited to play croquet with The Queen of Hearts . Alice overhears this and sneaks into the kitchen of the manor , where she finds the Duchess ' Cook maniacally cooking and the Duchess nursing her baby . The cook is spraying pepper all over the room causing the Duchess and Alice to sneeze and the Baby to cry . After a quick conversation between Alice and the Duchess , the quick - tempered Cook starts throwing pots and pans at the noisy baby . Alice rescues the baby , but as she leaves the house the baby turns into a pig and runs away . The scene was scrapped for pacing reasons .

\n

\n Another scene that was deleted from a later draft occurred in Tulgey Wood , where Alice encountered what appeared to be a sinister - looking Jabberwock hiding in the dark , before revealing himself as a comical looking dragon - like beast with bells and factory whistles on his head . A song , `` Beware the Jabberwock '' , was also written . However , the scene was scrapped in favor of The Walrus and the Carpenter poem . Out of a desire to keep the Jabberwocky poem in the film , it was made to replace an original song for the Cheshire Cat , `` I 'm Odd '' .

\n

\n Another deleted scene in Tulgey Wood shows Alice consulting with The White Knight , who was meant to be somewhat of a caricature of Walt Disney . Although Walt liked the scene , he felt it was better if Alice learned her lesson by herself , hence the song `` Very Good Advice '' .

\n

\n Other characters , such as The Mock Turtle and the Gryphon were discarded for pacing reasons .

\n

\n Music ( edit )

\n

\n In an effort to retain some of Carroll 's imaginative verses and poems , Disney commissioned top songwriters to compose songs built around them for use in the film . A record number of potential songs were written for the film , based on Carroll 's verses -- over 30 -- and many of them found a way into the film , if only for a few brief moments . Alice in Wonderland would boast the greatest number of songs included in any Disney film , but because some of them last for mere seconds ( like `` How Do You Do and Shake Hands '' , `` We 'll Smoke the Monster Out '' , `` ' Twas Brillig '' , `` The Caucus Race '' , and others ) , this fact is frequently overlooked . The original song that Alice was to sing in the beginning was titled `` Beyond the Laughing Sky '' . The song , like so many other dropped songs , was not used by the producers . However , the composition was kept and the lyrics were changed . It later became the title song for Peter Pan ( which was in production at the same time ) , `` The Second Star to the Right '' .

\n

\n The title song , composed by Sammy Fain , has become a jazz standard , first adopted by jazz pianist Dave Brubeck ; featured first in 1952 , then on his 1957 Columbia album Dave Digs Disney .

\n

\n Izumi Yukimura sang her own theme song for the Japanese release of the film .

\n

\n The song , `` In a World of My Own , '' is included on the orange disc of Classic Disney : 60 Years of Musical Magic .

\n

\n Release and reception ( edit )

\n

\n At the time , these creative decisions were met with great criticism from Carroll fans , as well as from British film and literary critics who accused Disney of `` Americanizing '' a great work of English literature . Disney was not surprised by the critical reception to Alice in Wonderland -- his version of Alice was intended for large family audiences , not literary critics -- but despite all the long years of thought and effort , the film met with a lukewarm response at the box office and was a sharp disappointment in its initial release , earning an estimated $2.4 million at the US box office in 1951 .

\n

\n Though not an outright disaster , the film was never re-released theatrically in Disney 's lifetime , airing instead every so often on network television . In fact , Alice in Wonderland aired as the second episode of Walt Disney 's Disneyland TV series on ABC in 1954 , in a severely edited version cut down to less than an hour . In The Disney Films , Leonard Maltin relates animator Ward Kimball felt the film failed because `` it suffered from too many cooks -- directors . Here was a case of five directors each trying to top the other guy and make his sequence the biggest and craziest in the show . This had a self - canceling effect on the final product . '' Walt Disney himself felt that the film failed because there was no `` warmth '' in Alice 's character .

\n

\n Almost two decades after its original release , after the North American success of George Dunning 's animated film Yellow Submarine ( 1968 ) , Disney 's version of Alice in Wonderland suddenly found itself in vogue with the times . In fact , because of Mary Blair 's art direction and the long - standing association of Carroll 's Alice in Wonderland with the drug culture , the feature was re-discovered as something of a `` head film '' ( along with Fantasia and The Three Caballeros ) among the college - aged and was shown in various college towns across the country . Disney resisted this association , and even withdrew prints of the film from universities , but then , in 1974 , Disney gave Alice in Wonderland its first theatrical re-release ever , and the company even promoted it as a film in tune with the `` psychedelic '' times ( mostly from the hit song `` White Rabbit '' performed by Jefferson Airplane ) . This re-release was so successful it warranted a subsequent re-release in 1981 . Its first UK re-release was on July 26 , 1979 .

\n

\n Later , with the advent of the home video market , Disney chose to make Alice in Wonderland one of the first titles available for the rental market on VHS and Beta and for retail sale on RCA 's short - lived CED Videodisc format . The film was released on October 15 , 1981 on VHS , CED Videodisc , and Betamax and May 28 , 1986 on VHS , Betamax , and Laserdisc in the Walt Disney Classics , ( though it was mastered for tape in 1985 ) , staying in general release ever since , with a 40th Anniversary video release in 1991 ( this and the 1986 video release were in Disney 's Classics Collection ) , followed by an October 28 , 1994 October 14 , 1997 VHS and Laserdisc release as a part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection. VHS and Laserdisc release as a part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection . It was released on Region 1 DVD on July 4 , 2000 ( under the Gold Classic Collection DVD series ) . A fully restored two - disc `` Masterpiece Edition '' was released on January 27 , 2004 , including the full hour - long episode of the Disney television show with Kathryn Beaumont , Edgar Bergen , Charlie McCarthy and Mortimer Snerd , Bobby Driscoll and others that promoted the film , computer games , deleted scenes , songs and related materials , which went back on moratorium in January 2009 . Disney released a 2 - disc special `` Un-Anniversary '' edition DVD on March 30 , 2010 in order to promote the then - new Tim Burton film . The movie was released in a Blu - ray / DVD combo on February 1 , 2011 to celebrate its 60th anniversary featuring a new HD restoration of the movie and many released bonus features . Disney re-released the film on Blu - ray and DVD on April 26 , 2016 to celebrate the film 's 65th anniversary .

\n

\n On the film aggregator website , Rotten Tomatoes , the overall rating of the film is a `` fresh '' 79 % from 28 critical reviews with an average rating of 6.4 / 10 . Its consensus states that `` A good introduction to Lewis Carroll 's classic , Alice in Wonderland boasts some of the Disney canon 's most surreal and twisted images . ''

\n

\n The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Scoring of a Musical Picture , but lost to An American in Paris .

\n

\n Soundtrack ( edit )

\n

\n The film soundtrack was first released on LP record on July 28 , 1951 . The soundtrack was re-released on Audio CD by Walt Disney Records on February 3 , 1998. ; Songs in the film

\n \n
\n
\n Songs written for film but did not appear
\n
\n \n

\n Audio cd track listing ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n `` Main Title ( Alice in Wonderland ) ''
    2. \n
  2. \n `` Pay Attention / In a World of My Own ''
    3. \n
  3. \n `` I 'm Late ''
    4. \n
  4. \n `` Curiosity Leads to Trouble / Simply Impassable ''
    5. \n
  5. \n `` The Sailor 's Hornpipe / The Caucus Race ''
    6. \n
  6. \n `` We 're Not Waxworks ''
    7. \n
  7. \n `` How D'Ye Do and Shake Hands / Curious ? ''
    8. \n
  8. \n `` The Walrus and the Carpenter ''
    9. \n
  9. \n `` Old Father William ''
    10. \n
  10. \n `` Mary Ann ! / A Lizard with a Ladder / We 'll Smoke the Blighter Out ''
    11. \n
  11. \n `` The Garden / All in the Golden Afternoon ''
    12. \n
  12. \n `` What Genus Are You ? ''
    13. \n
  13. \n `` A-E-I-O-U ( Ray the Caterpillar Song / Who RU ? ) ''
    14. \n
  14. \n `` A Serpent ! ''
    15. \n
  15. \n `` Alone Again / ' Twas Brillig / Lose Something ''
    16. \n
  16. \n `` The Mad Tea Party / The Unbirthday Song ''
    17. \n
  17. \n `` The Tulgey Wood '' ( Music incomplete on audio CD )
    18. \n
  18. \n `` Very Good Advice ''
    19. \n
  19. \n `` Whom Did You Expect ''
    20. \n
  20. \n `` Painting the Roses Red / March of the Cards ''
    21. \n
  21. \n `` Marie the Queen of Hearts / Who 's Been Painting My Roses Red ? ''
    22. \n
  22. \n `` A Little Girl / Let the Game Begin / I Warn You Child ''
    23. \n
  23. \n `` The Trial / The Unbirthday Song ( Reprise ) / Rule 42 / Off with Her Head / The Caucus Race ''
    24. \n
\n

\n Media and merchandise ( edit )

\n

\n Stage version ( edit )

\n

\n Alice in Wonderland has been condensed into a one act stage version entitled , Alice in Wonderland , Jr ... The stage version is solely meant for middle and high school productions and includes the majority of the film 's songs and others including Song of the South 's `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' , two new reprises of `` I 'm Late ! '' , and three new numbers entitled `` Ocean of Tears '' , `` Simon Says '' , and `` Who Are You ? '' respectively . This 60 -- 80 minute version is licensed by Music Theatre International in the Broadway , Jr . Collection along with other Disney Theatrical shows such as Disney 's Aladdin , Jr. , Disney 's Mulan , Jr. , Beauty and the Beast , Disney 's High School Musical : On Stage ! , Elton John and Tim Rice 's Aida , and many more .

\n

\n References in other Disney films ( edit )

\n \n

\n Theme parks ( edit )

\n Alice at Disneyland , 2012 .

\n Costumed versions of Alice , The Mad Hatter , The White Rabbit , The Queen of Hearts , Tweedledum , and Tweedledee make regular appearances at the Disney theme parks and resorts , and other characters from the film ( including the Walrus and the March Hare ) have featured in the theme parks . More famously , all five Disneyland - style theme parks feature Mad Tea Party , a teacups ride based on Disney 's adaptation of Alice in Wonderland .

\n

\n Alice in Wonderland is also frequently featured in many parades and shows in the Disney Theme Parks , including The Main Street Electrical Parade , SpectroMagic , Fantasmic ! , Dreamlights , The Move It ! Shake It ! Celebrate It ! Street Party and Walt Disney 's Parade of Dreams . Disneyland contains a dark ride based on the film in addition to the teacups , and Disneyland Paris also contains a hedge maze called Alice 's Curious Labyrinth , which takes its inspiration from the film . The now - defunct Mickey Mouse Revue , shown at Walt Disney World and later at Tokyo Disneyland , contained characters and scenes from the film .

\n

\n The 2010 Tim Burton adaptation had much less of an effect on the park , only inspiring Mad T Party , a nighttime event at Disney California Adventure .

\n

\n Video games ( edit )

\n

\n In Disney 's Villains ' Revenge , the Queen of Hearts is one of the villains who tries to turn the ending to her story to where she finally cuts off Alice 's head . Mickey Mousecapade features various characters from the film . The Japanese version , in fact , is based very heavily on the film , with almost every reference in the game coming from the film .

\n

\n A video game version of the film was released on Game Boy Color by Nintendo of America on October 4 , 2000 in North America . Additionally , in the video games Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , Wonderland is a playable world . Alice is also a major character in the overall plot of the first game due to her role as one of seven `` Princesses of Heart '' . Other characters from the movie that appear include the Queen of Hearts , the Cheshire Cat , the White Rabbit , the Doorknob , the Caterpillar ( V Cast only ) , and the Deck of Cards . The Mad Hatter and the March Hare appear in portrait form as well . All except the Doorknob also appear in Chain of Memories , albeit in the form of illusions made from the main character 's memory . While the world is absent in Kingdom Hearts II , it returns in Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days and Kingdom Hearts coded , the latter featuring a digitized version of the world originating from data in Jiminy Cricket 's royal journal .

\n

\n In Toy Story 3 : The Video Game , the Mad Hatter 's hat is one of the hats you can have the townsfolk wear . In Kinect Disneyland Adventures , Alice , Mad Hatter , White Rabbit , and the Queen of Hearts make appearances .

\n

\n In Disney Infinity there are power discs based on Alice in Wonderland .

\n

\n Several characters of the movie make appearances throughout the Epic Mickey - games . For example , the cards are seen throughout Mickeyjunk Mountain in the original Epic Mickey , Alice appears as a statue carrying a projector screen in Epic Mickey 2 and Alice , the Mad Hatter , the Cheshire Cat and the Queen of Hearts appear as unlockable characters in Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Alice in Wonderland : Detail View '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` ALICE IN WONDERLAND ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 3 , 1951 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Magical Kingdoms
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043274/business
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ http://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=56
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` A. Film L.A '' .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Through the Keyhole : A Companion 's Guide to Alice in Wonderland , Alice in Wonderland : 60th Anniversary Edition , 2011 Blu - Ray
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Barrier , Michael , 1999 , Hollywood Cartons , Oxford University Press , United Kingdom
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Reflections on Alice , Alice in Wonderland : 50th Universary Edition , 2005 DVD
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Gabler , Neal , 2006 , Walt Disney : The Triumph of American Imagination , Alfred A. Knoff , New York City , USA
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ UltimateDisney. com 's Interview with Lisa Davis , the voice and model for 101 Dalmatians ' Anita Radcliff
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Deleted Scene : The Pig and Pepper , Alice in Wonderland , 2011 Blu - Ray
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( 1976 ) . Walt Disney : An American Original . New York : Hyperion Press . pp. 220 -- 221 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6027 - 8 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland : The Aftermath '' .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ ' The Top Box Office Hits of 1951 ' , Variety , January 2 , 1952
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 1973 ) . The Disney Films . New York : Crown . p. 103 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8527 - 0 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Disney , Tim Burton & Linda Woolverton deliver an `` Alice '' for the ages
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Official DVD website '' . Disney.Go.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Justin Sluss ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` A Hi - Def sneak peek at Disney 's planned 2011 Blu - ray titles '' . highdefdiscnews.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Romanization '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney 's Alice In Wonderland : Classic Soundtrack Series : Sammy Fain , Bob Hilliard '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ http://www.mtishows.com/show_detail.asp?showid=000277
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Disneyland 's Mad Tea Party Page '' . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` Disneyland Paris ' Alice 's Curious Labyrinth Page '' . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts Official Page '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 .
    27. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 film ) .
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikiquote has quotations related to : Alice in wonderland ( 1951 film )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Lewis Carroll 's Alice
\n
    \n
  • \n Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland
    • \n
  • \n Through the Looking - Glass
    • \n
  • \n `` The Hunting of the Snark ''
    • \n
\n
\n Characters \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland \n
    \n
  • \n Alice
    • \n
  • \n The White Rabbit
    • \n
  • \n The Mouse
    • \n
  • \n The Dodo
    • \n
  • \n The Duck
    • \n
  • \n The Lory
    • \n
  • \n Eaglet
    • \n
  • \n Pat
    • \n
  • \n Bill the Lizard
    • \n
  • \n Puppy
    • \n
  • \n The Caterpillar
    • \n
  • \n The Duchess
    • \n
  • \n The Cheshire Cat
    • \n
  • \n The March Hare
    • \n
  • \n The Hatter
      \n
    • \n Tarrant Hightopp
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n The Dormouse
    • \n
  • \n The Queen of Hearts
    • \n
  • \n The King of Hearts
    • \n
  • \n The Knave of Hearts
    • \n
  • \n The Gryphon
    • \n
  • \n The Mock Turtle
    • \n
\n
\n Through the Looking - Glass \n
    \n
  • \n The Red Queen
    • \n
  • \n The White Queen
    • \n
  • \n The Red King
    • \n
  • \n The White King
    • \n
  • \n The White Knight
    • \n
  • \n Tweedledum and Tweedledee
    • \n
  • \n The Sheep
    • \n
  • \n Humpty Dumpty
    • \n
  • \n The Lion and the Unicorn
    • \n
  • \n Bandersnatch
    • \n
  • \n Jubjub Bird
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Locations \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland \n
    \n
  • \n Wonderland
    • \n
\n
\n Through the Looking - Glass \n
    \n
  • \n Looking - Glass Land
    • \n
  • \n The Old Sheep Shop
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Alice Liddell
    • \n
  • \n Alice 's Shop
    • \n
  • \n John Tenniel
    • \n
  • \n Theophilus Carter
    • \n
  • \n The Annotated Alice
    • \n
  • \n Mischmasch
    • \n
  • \n Works based on Alice in Wonderland
      \n
    • \n Films and television
      • \n
    • \n Disney franchise
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Translations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland
    • \n
  • \n Translations of Through the Looking - Glass
    • \n
\n
\n Adaptations \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Poems \n
    \n
  • \n `` All in the golden afternoon ... ''
    • \n
  • \n `` How Doth the Little Crocodile ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Mouse 's Tale ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat ''
    • \n
  • \n `` You Are Old , Father William ''
    • \n
  • \n `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Jabberwocky ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Walrus and the Carpenter ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Haddocks ' Eyes ''
    • \n
  • \n `` They told me you had been to her ... ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Mock Turtle 's Song ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Hunting of the Snark ''
    • \n
\n
\n Sequels \n
    \n
  • \n A New Alice in the Old Wonderland ( 1895 )
    • \n
  • \n New Adventures of Alice ( 1917 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice of Wonderland in Paris ( 1966 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice Through the Needle 's Eye ( 1984 )
    • \n
  • \n Automated Alice ( 1996 )
    • \n
  • \n Wonderland Revisited and the Games Alice Played There ( 2009 )
    • \n
\n
\n Retellings \n
    \n
  • \n The Nursery `` Alice '' ( 1890 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable ( 1905 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland ( 2010 )
    • \n
\n
\n Parodies \n
    \n
  • \n The Westminster Alice ( 1902 )
    • \n
  • \n Clara in Blunderland ( 1902 )
    • \n
  • \n Lost in Blunderland ( 1903 )
    • \n
  • \n John Bull 's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland ( 1904 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice in Blunderland : An Iridescent Dream ( 1904 )
    • \n
\n
\n Imitations \n
    \n
  • \n Mopsa the Fairy ( 1869 )
    • \n
  • \n Davy and the Goblin ( 1884 )
    • \n
  • \n The Admiral 's Caravan ( 1891 )
    • \n
  • \n Gladys in Grammarland ( 1896 )
    • \n
  • \n A New Wonderland ( 1898 )
    • \n
  • \n Rollo in Emblemland ( 1902 )
    • \n
  • \n Justnowland ( 1912 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice in Orchestralia ( 1925 )
    • \n
\n
\n Reimagining \n
    \n
  • \n Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice or the Last Escapade ( 1977 )
    • \n
  • \n Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 )
    • \n
  • \n The Looking Glass Wars ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Malice in Wonderland ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 )
    • \n
\n
\n Film \n
    \n
  • \n 1903
    • \n
  • \n 1910
    • \n
  • \n 1915
    • \n
  • \n 1931
    • \n
  • \n 1933
    • \n
  • \n 1949
    • \n
  • \n 1951
    • \n
  • \n 1966
    • \n
  • \n 1972
    • \n
  • \n 1976
    • \n
  • \n 1982
    • \n
  • \n 1985
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1988 ( Czechoslovak )
    • \n
  • \n 1988 ( Australian )
    • \n
  • \n 1995
    • \n
  • \n 1999
    • \n
\n
\n Stage \n
    \n
  • \n Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( ballet )
    • \n
  • \n Alice in Wonderland ( musical )
    • \n
  • \n Alice in Wonderland ( opera )
    • \n
  • \n Wonderland ( Wildhorn musical )
    • \n
  • \n Peter and Alice ( 2013 play )
    • \n
  • \n Wonder. land ( Albarn musical )
    • \n
\n
\n Television \n
    \n
  • \n Fushigi no Kuni no Alice
    • \n
  • \n Once Upon a Time
    • \n
  • \n Once Upon a Time in Wonderland
    • \n
\n
\n Literary \n
    \n
  • \n Alice in Murderland
    • \n
  • \n Alice in the Country of Hearts
    • \n
  • \n Miyuki - chan in Wonderland
    • \n
\n
\n Video games \n
    \n
  • \n Alice no Paint Adventure ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice in Wonderland ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n American McGee 's Alice ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice : Madness Returns ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Kingdom Hearts
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Films directed by Clyde Geronimi
\n
    \n
  • \n Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 )
    • \n
  • \n The Three Caballeros ( 1944 )
    • \n
  • \n Make Mine Music ( 1946 )
    • \n
  • \n Melody Time ( 1948 )
    • \n
  • \n The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 )
    • \n
  • \n Cinderella ( 1950 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 )
    • \n
  • \n Peter Pan ( 1953 )
    • \n
  • \n Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 )
    • \n
  • \n Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 )
    • \n
  • \n One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 )
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Films directed by Hamilton Luske
\n
    \n
  • \n Pinocchio ( 1940 )
    • \n
  • \n Fantasia ( 1940 )
    • \n
  • \n The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 )
    • \n
  • \n Saludos Amigos ( 1942 )
    • \n
  • \n Make Mine Music ( 1946 )
    • \n
  • \n Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 )
    • \n
  • \n Melody Time ( 1948 )
    • \n
  • \n So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 )
    • \n
  • \n Cinderella ( 1950 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 )
    • \n
  • \n Peter Pan ( 1953 )
    • \n
  • \n Ben and Me ( 1953 )
    • \n
  • \n Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 )
    • \n
  • \n Donald in Mathmagic Land ( 1959 )
    • \n
  • \n One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 )
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Films directed by Wilfred Jackson
\n
    \n
  • \n Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 )
    • \n
  • \n Pinocchio ( 1940 )
    • \n
  • \n Fantasia ( 1940 )
    • \n
  • \n Dumbo ( 1941 )
    • \n
  • \n Saludos Amigos ( 1942 )
    • \n
  • \n Song of the South ( 1946 )
    • \n
  • \n Melody Time ( 1948 )
    • \n
  • \n Cinderella ( 1950 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 )
    • \n
  • \n Peter Pan ( 1953 )
    • \n
  • \n Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 )
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Disney theatrical animated features
\n Walt Disney Animation Studios films \n
    \n
  • \n Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 )
    • \n
  • \n Pinocchio ( 1940 )
    • \n
  • \n Fantasia ( 1940 )
    • \n
  • \n Dumbo ( 1941 )
    • \n
  • \n Bambi ( 1942 )
    • \n
  • \n Saludos Amigos ( 1942 )
    • \n
  • \n The Three Caballeros ( 1944 )
    • \n
  • \n Make Mine Music ( 1946 )
    • \n
  • \n Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 )
    • \n
  • \n Melody Time ( 1948 )
    • \n
  • \n The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 )
    • \n
  • \n Cinderella ( 1950 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 )
    • \n
  • \n Peter Pan ( 1953 )
    • \n
  • \n Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 )
    • \n
  • \n Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 )
    • \n
  • \n One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 )
    • \n
  • \n The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 )
    • \n
  • \n The Jungle Book ( 1967 )
    • \n
  • \n The Aristocats ( 1970 )
    • \n
  • \n Robin Hood ( 1973 )
    • \n
  • \n The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 )
    • \n
  • \n The Rescuers ( 1977 )
    • \n
  • \n The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 )
    • \n
  • \n The Black Cauldron ( 1985 )
    • \n
  • \n The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 )
    • \n
  • \n Oliver & Company ( 1988 )
    • \n
  • \n The Little Mermaid ( 1989 )
    • \n
  • \n The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 )
    • \n
  • \n Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 )
    • \n
  • \n Aladdin ( 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n The Lion King ( 1994 )
    • \n
  • \n Pocahontas ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 )
    • \n
  • \n Hercules ( 1997 )
    • \n
  • \n Mulan ( 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Tarzan ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Dinosaur ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Treasure Planet ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Brother Bear ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Home on the Range ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n Chicken Little ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Bolt ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Tangled ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Frozen ( 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n Big Hero 6 ( 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n Zootopia ( 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Moana ( 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 )
    • \n
  • \n Frozen 2 ( 2019 )
    • \n
\n
\n Live - action films with animation \n
    \n
  • \n The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 )
    • \n
  • \n Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 )
    • \n
  • \n Song of the South ( 1946 )
    • \n
  • \n So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 )
    • \n
  • \n Mary Poppins ( 1964 )
    • \n
  • \n Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 )
    • \n
  • \n Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 )
    • \n
  • \n Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 )
    • \n
  • \n Enchanted ( 2007 )
    • \n
\n
\n DisneyToon Studios films \n
    \n
  • \n DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 )
    • \n
  • \n A Goofy Movie ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n The Tigger Movie ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Return to Never Land ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Bambi II ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Planes ( 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 )
    • \n
\n
\n Other Disney units films \n
    \n
  • \n The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 )
    • \n
  • \n James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 )
    • \n
  • \n Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n A Christmas Carol ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Frankenweenie ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Strange Magic ( 2015 )
    • \n
\n
\n Related lists \n
    \n
  • \n Unproduced films
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Walt Disney Animation Studios
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n List of feature films
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Released \n
    \n
  • \n Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 )
    • \n
  • \n Pinocchio ( 1940 )
    • \n
  • \n Fantasia ( 1940 )
    • \n
  • \n Dumbo ( 1941 )
    • \n
  • \n Bambi ( 1942 )
    • \n
  • \n Saludos Amigos ( 1942 )
    • \n
  • \n The Three Caballeros ( 1944 )
    • \n
  • \n Make Mine Music ( 1946 )
    • \n
  • \n Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 )
    • \n
  • \n Melody Time ( 1948 )
    • \n
  • \n The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 )
    • \n
  • \n Cinderella ( 1950 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 )
    • \n
  • \n Peter Pan ( 1953 )
    • \n
  • \n Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 )
    • \n
  • \n Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 )
    • \n
  • \n One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 )
    • \n
  • \n The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 )
    • \n
  • \n The Jungle Book ( 1967 )
    • \n
  • \n The Aristocats ( 1970 )
    • \n
  • \n Robin Hood ( 1973 )
    • \n
  • \n The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 )
    • \n
  • \n The Rescuers ( 1977 )
    • \n
  • \n The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 )
    • \n
  • \n The Black Cauldron ( 1985 )
    • \n
  • \n The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 )
    • \n
  • \n Oliver & Company ( 1988 )
    • \n
  • \n The Little Mermaid ( 1989 )
    • \n
  • \n The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 )
    • \n
  • \n Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 )
    • \n
  • \n Aladdin ( 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n The Lion King ( 1994 )
    • \n
  • \n Pocahontas ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 )
    • \n
  • \n Hercules ( 1997 )
    • \n
  • \n Mulan ( 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Tarzan ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Dinosaur ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Treasure Planet ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Brother Bear ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Home on the Range ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n Chicken Little ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Bolt ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Tangled ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Frozen ( 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n Big Hero 6 ( 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n Zootopia ( 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Moana ( 2016 )
    • \n
\n
\n Upcoming films \n
    \n
  • \n Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 )
    • \n
  • \n Frozen 2 ( 2019 )
    • \n
\n
\n Associated productions \n
    \n
  • \n The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 )
    • \n
  • \n Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 )
    • \n
  • \n Song of the South ( 1946 )
    • \n
  • \n So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 )
    • \n
  • \n Mary Poppins ( 1964 )
    • \n
  • \n Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 )
    • \n
  • \n Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 )
    • \n
  • \n Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 )
    • \n
  • \n Enchanted ( 2007 )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n People
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Executives \n
    \n
  • \n Edwin Catmull
    • \n
  • \n Roy Conli
    • \n
  • \n Roy E. Disney
    • \n
  • \n Walt Disney
    • \n
  • \n Don Hahn
    • \n
  • \n Jeffrey Katzenberg
    • \n
  • \n John Lasseter
    • \n
  • \n Peter Schneider
    • \n
  • \n Thomas Schumacher
    • \n
  • \n David Stainton
    • \n
\n
\n Disney 's Nine Old Men \n
    \n
  • \n Les Clark
    • \n
  • \n Marc Davis
    • \n
  • \n Ollie Johnston
    • \n
  • \n Milt Kahl
    • \n
  • \n Ward Kimball
    • \n
  • \n Eric Larson
    • \n
  • \n John Lounsbery
    • \n
  • \n Wolfgang Reitherman
    • \n
  • \n Frank Thomas
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Related topics
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n History \n
    \n
  • \n Disney animators ' strike
    • \n
  • \n Disney Renaissance
    • \n
\n
\n Methods and technologies \n
    \n
  • \n 12 basic principles of animation
    • \n
  • \n Computer Animation Production System
    • \n
  • \n Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life
    • \n
  • \n Multiplane camera
    • \n
\n
\n Documentaries \n
    \n
  • \n Frank and Ollie ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n The Sweatbox ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 )
    • \n
\n
\n Other Disney animation units \n
    \n
  • \n Disney Television Animation
    • \n
  • \n DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit )
    • \n
  • \n Lucasfilm Animation
    • \n
  • \n Marvel Animation
    • \n
  • \n Pixar Animation Studios
    • \n
  • \n Circle 7 ( defunct )
    • \n
\n
\n Miscellaneous \n
    \n
  • \n Alice Comedies
    • \n
  • \n Laugh - O - Gram Studio
    • \n
  • \n List of Disney animated shorts
    • \n
  • \n List of Disney theatrical animated features
      \n
    • \n unproduced
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
    • \n
  • \n Mickey Mouse ( film series )
    • \n
  • \n Silly Symphonies
    • \n
  • \n Once Upon a Time
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n GND : 4478992 - 0
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951_film)&oldid=819153790 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who has the rights to alice in wonderland", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Deadpool 2 - wikipedia

\n Deadpool 2

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Deadpool 2
\n Teaser poster
\n Directed by \n David Leitch
\n Produced by \n
    \n
  • \n Simon Kinberg
    • \n
  • \n Ryan Reynolds
    • \n
  • \n Lauren Shuler Donner
    • \n
\n
\n Written by \n
    \n
  • \n Rhett Reese
    • \n
  • \n Paul Wernick
    • \n
  • \n Ryan Reynolds
    • \n
\n
\n Based on \n Deadpool by
    \n
  • \n Rob Liefeld
    • \n
  • \n Fabian Nicieza
    • \n
\n
\n Starring \n
    \n
  • \n Ryan Reynolds
    • \n
  • \n Josh Brolin
    • \n
  • \n Morena Baccarin
    • \n
  • \n Julian Dennison
    • \n
  • \n Zazie Beetz
    • \n
  • \n T.J. Miller
    • \n
  • \n Brianna Hildebrand
    • \n
  • \n Jack Kesy
    • \n
  • \n Stefan Kapi\u010di\u0107
    • \n
\n
\n Music by \n Tyler Bates
\n Cinematography \n Jonathan Sela
\n Edited by \n
    \n
  • \n Craig Alpert
    • \n
  • \n El\u00edsabet Ronaldsd\u00f3ttir
    • \n
\n
\n Production company \n
    \n
  • \n Marvel Entertainment
    • \n
  • \n The Donners ' Company
    • \n
  • \n Genre Films
    • \n
\n
\n Distributed by \n 20th Century Fox
\n Release date \n
    \n
  • \n May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) ( United States )
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Country \n United States
\n Language \n English
\n

\n Deadpool 2 is an upcoming American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Deadpool , distributed by 20th Century Fox . It is intended to be the eleventh installment in the X-Men film series , and a sequel to the 2016 film Deadpool . The film is directed by David Leitch from a script by Rhett Reese , Paul Wernick , and Ryan Reynolds , with Reynolds starring in the title role alongside Josh Brolin , Morena Baccarin , Julian Dennison , Zazie Beetz , T.J. Miller , Brianna Hildebrand , Jack Kesy , and Stefan Kapi\u010di\u0107 . In Deadpool 2 , Deadpool forms the team X-Force to protect a young mutant from Cable .

\n

\n Plans for a sequel to Deadpool began before that film 's release , and were confirmed in February 2016 . Though the original creative team of Reynolds , Reese , Wernick , and director Tim Miller were quickly set to return for the second film , Miller left the project in October 2016 due to creative differences with Reynolds , and was soon replaced by Leitch . An extensive casting search took place to fill the role of Cable , with Brolin ultimately cast ; the casting of Beetz as Domino was also noteworthy . Filming took place in British Columbia , Canada , from June to October 2017 . During filming , stunt woman Joi `` SJ '' Harris died in a motorcycle accident .

\n

\n Deadpool 2 is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 18 , 2018 . A sequel , Deadpool 3 , is in development .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Premise

\n

\n Deadpool forms a team of mutants called the X-Force to protect young mutant Russell from the time - traveling soldier Cable .

\n

\n Cast

\n \n

\n Leslie Uggams and Karan Soni return from the first film as Deadpool 's elderly roommate Blind Al and the taxi driver Dopinder , respectively . The X-Force team also includes Terry Crews as Bedlam , Lewis Tan as Shatterstar , and Rob Delaney as Peter . Shioli Kutsuna , Eddie Marsan , and Bill Skarsg\u00e5rd have been cast in undisclosed roles .

\n

\n Production

\n

\n Development

\n

\n Producer Simon Kinberg revealed in September 2015 that discussions had begun regarding ideas for a sequel to Deadpool , which was set to be released in February 2016 . One idea was for the film to introduce the character Cable , who had previously been looked at to appear in the first Deadpool , and X-Men : Days of Future Past before that . Cable 's inclusion in the potential sequel was confirmed by the character Deadpool , breaking the fourth wall , in the post-credit scene of the first film . Domino , a character with connections to Cable in the comics , was also believed to be featured in the sequel . By the first film 's release , 20th Century Fox had green - lit a sequel , with writers Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick returning to write the screenplay . Though director Tim Miller and producer / star Ryan Reynolds were not confirmed for the sequel at the time , Fox was `` intent on keeping the creative team together '' . Miller and Reynolds ' involvement was confirmed at the 2016 CinemaCon that April , though Miller had still not formally signed on to direct the sequel yet . He began work developing the script with the writers , while Reynolds had signed a new contract granting him `` casting approval and other creative controls '' .

\n It has to tonally and stylistically be as fresh and original ( as the first film ) . That 's a big challenge especially because they had 10 years to gestate on the first movie and we do n't have that kind of time on the second movie . That 's the biggest mandate going ( into ) the second film ... we have to resist the temptation to make it bigger .

\n -- Producer Simon Kinberg on approaching Deadpool 2

\n

\n In June 2016 , Kinberg said that a completed draft from Wernick and Rheese was expected `` soon '' , and that they were looking to begin filming the sequel at the beginning of 2017 . By August , Kyle Chandler was believed to be in the running to portray Cable . Testing of actresses for Domino had also begun by October , with the shortlist of actresses under consideration including Lizzy Caplan , Mary Elizabeth Winstead , Sienna Miller , Sofia Boutella , Stephanie Sigman , Sylvia Hoeks , Mackenzie Davis , Ruby Rose , Eve Hewson , and Kelly Rohrbach . The producers were particularly interested in casting a black or Latina actress in the role .

\n

\n At the end of October , Miller left the film over `` mutual creative differences '' with Reynolds . The rift between the pair was reportedly based on several factors , including Reynolds ' expanded creative control over the sequel ; Miller 's wish for a more stylized follow - up than the first film , versus Reynolds ' focus `` on the raunchy comedy style that earned the first movie its R rating '' ; and Miller 's intention to cast Chandler as Cable , which Reynolds opposed . Fox ultimately backed `` its marketable star '' over Miller , who had made his directorial debut with the first film . Miller denied these reported reasons , while Reynolds said , `` All I can really add is that I 'm sad to see him off the film . Tim 's brilliant and nobody worked harder on Deadpool than he did . '' A week after Miller 's departure , Fox was looking at David Leitch , Drew Goddard , Magnus Martens , and Rupert Sanders as potential replacements for the director . Leitch was the `` strong frontrunner '' for the role , and signed on to direct a month later . Reynolds , a fan of Leitch 's John Wick , said the director `` really understands those Deadpool sensibilities and where we need to take the franchise from here . '' He added that Leitch `` can make a movie on an ultra tight minimal budget look like it was shot for 10 -- 15 times what it cost . ''

\n

\n Pre-production

\n

\n Reese and Wernick had completed multiple drafts of the script by January 2017 , saying , `` It 's taken different twists and turns , but it 's really coalescing '' ; the film was still on track to begin filming that year . The pair felt a responsibility to explore the team X-Force , which includes Deadpool , Cable , and Domino in the comics , with Reese saying the sequel 's purpose `` is not to set up X-Force ( but ) it will likely set up X-Force . '' He did clarify that though the film will be `` populated with a lot of characters ... it is still Deadpool 's movie '' . The pair confirmed that Stefan Kapi\u010di\u0107 's Colossus , Brianna Hildebrand 's Negasonic Teenage Warhead , and Karan Soni 's Dopinder would be returning from the first film to `` make at least an appearance '' , and that the film would not be exploring the details of Cable 's convoluted comic origins . By the next month , it had been noted that there had been few announcements from Fox regarding the film , and that a release date had not yet been set which was seen as unusual for sequels to popular films ( often studios `` announce sequels far too soon and with no idea what will happen '' ) , with the issue deemed to be the film 's script . Reynolds , Reese , and Wernick had been `` bunkered down , working on the script together , trying to cross the finish line and create something everyone is excited to make '' . At that time , Goddard joined the project to consult on the script .

\n

\n By the beginning of March 2017 , Michael Shannon had been in the running to portray Cable , but no longer could due to a scheduling conflict . David Harbour had screen - tested for the role , and Pierce Brosnan was believed to be in negotiations for a part in the film , potentially Cable . Reynolds announced shortly after that Zazie Beetz had been cast as Domino . Later in the month , Shannon was in the running to portray Cable again , and was considered the frontrunner , with Fox also looking at a shortlist of other actors that included Harbour . Brad Pitt had also been considered for the role , and expressed interest in taking it , but had `` moved on '' . Leitch soon addressed the potential casting of these actors , saying Shannon `` would make an incredible Cable ... If that happens , I would be through the roof '' ; and on Pitt , `` We had a great meeting with Brad , he was incredibly interested in the property . Things did n't work out schedule-wise . He 's a fan , and we love him , and I think he would 've made an amazing Cable . '' At the end of March , Morena Baccarin confirmed her return from the first film as Vanessa , and expressed interest in exploring the character 's Copycat persona from the comics in the sequel . Josh Brolin emerged as a `` surprise contender '' to play Cable in April , ahead of Shannon and Harbour , and was officially cast in the role . Brolin also portrays the Marvel Comics character Thanos , in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Leslie Uggams confirmed that she would be reprising her role of Blind Al from the first film , while Fox gave the sequel a June 1 , 2018 release date .

\n

\n Noting the release date , Leitch wanted to ensure that the film `` was worthy of a summer tentpole movie , and we knew we were going to be wedged in between some big films '' , specifically wanting to expand the action and make the general feeling of the film `` bigger '' than the first one . However , he wanted the film to have the same DNA as the original `` in terms of the tone , and the fun ... I love that challenge '' of combining that with the increased scope . The film uses Deadpool 's fourth wall - breaking to reference this release period , with Leitch calling these comments `` definitely fresh and timely when they come up . '' In May 2017 , Fox was reportedly looking to use a post-credits scene at the end of Deadpool 2 to introduce several other members of X-Force who would go on to star alongside Reynolds , Brolin , and Beetz in an X-Force film . Casting for the characters -- Sunspot , Feral , and Shatterstar -- would take place over the coming months , though Reese denied the accuracy of this report . Later , T.J. Miller confirmed that he would return from the first film as Weasel , and described the sequel as `` even more weaselicious '' than the first . He noted that Reynolds and the writers had `` really put the time in on the script '' to meet their own expectations for the sequel as well as those of fans . Jack Kesy also joined the cast , as Black Tom Cassidy . In June , Shioli Kutsuna was cast in a key role for the film .

\n

\n Filming

\n

\n Initial filming had begun by June 17 , 2017 , at Hatley Castle in Victoria , Canada , which is used to portray the X-Mansion in the X-Men films . Principal photography began in Vancouver on June 26 , under the working title Love Machine . Jonathan Sela served as cinematographer for the film . At the end of June , Reynolds revealed that Julian Dennison had been cast in the film . The next month , T.J. Miller said that he found the sequel to be funnier than the first film , and that `` it 's not going to be the same movie in a different location ( like The Hangover Part II ) . It 's got different stakes , different things happen , some pretty tragic , dark shit happens in the first part of the film , in the beginning , and the rest of the film is kind of dealing with that . '' By then , Kapi\u010di\u0107 had been working with Leitch on the set , and expected to continue contributing to Colossus through to April 2018 .

\n

\n On August 14 , stunt woman Joi `` SJ '' Harris died in a motorcycle accident after losing control and crashing into Shaw Tower . Harris , the first African - American female professional road racer , was working on the film as a stunt performer for the first time and had only joined the production a week before . Harris was not wearing a helmet because the character she was portraying , Domino , does not wear one in the scene , and there had not been time since she joined the film to create one for her to fit underneath the Domino wig . She had two full days of rehearsing the stunt as well as five more attempts on the day of the accident . Veteran stunt double Melissa Stubbs had been available and willing to do the stunt , but the inexperienced Harris was preferred due to her skin color being a match for Beetz . This decision was criticized by multiple stunt professionals , with many noting that Harris ' experiences racing motorcycles did not necessarily qualify her as an able stunt performer . Production on the film was shut down immediately after the incident , but resumed two days later . With this news also came reports that the film 's crew were `` enduring very long hours '' and were `` exhausted by the schedule '' , with a member of the studio confirming that some days had gone beyond the scheduled 12 -- 13 hours filming , up to 15 -- plus hours .

\n

\n Earlier in August , Reynolds revealed that Rob Delaney was at the film 's set , and Eddie Marsan revealed that he was also on set for a role in the film later in the month . Filming in Vancouver was expected to last until October 6 , with production on Deadpool 2 being officially completed on October 14 . Discussing the film 's action , having previously worked as a stunt coordinator , Leitch said that all stunts are `` variations on a theme '' with the same basic elements , but Deadpool allows you to `` subvert those basics , and there 's an expectation for a classic gag , but oops , maybe you get something else . '' He also felt that introducing Domino gave the film unique opportunities for action sequences taking advantage of her luck - based abilities , as well as focusing on Deadpool 's healing abilities and trying to use those to create interesting action .

\n

\n Post-production

\n

\n Fox revealed in November that the film was technically untitled at that point , and not officially known as Deadpool 2 as had been assumed ; the studio was temporarily referring to the film as The Untitled Deadpool Sequel . In January 2018 , the film 's release was moved up to May 18 , 2018 . A month later , Terry Crews was revealed to have a role in the film , the character Shatterstar was confirmed to be appearing , and the production returned to Vancouver for six days of reshoots under a new working title , Daisy .

\n

\n While some reports emerged by mid-March claiming that the reshoots were due to poor audience responses during test screenings of the film , and consisted of sweeping changes , the film was soon confirmed to be testing better than the original did , up to 98 out of 100 over three different tests ( compared to a maximum score of 91 during tests of the first film ) . Because of this , the reshoots were adding more of the elements that audiences responded positively to , including additional material featuring Cable and Domino . By the end of the month , two hours - worth of filming had taken place in Los Angeles for a then - secret cameo appearance , and the film 's first full trailer was released . Officially titling the film Deadpool 2 , the trailer also revealed that Crews was portraying Bedlam ; that Delaney was in the film , portraying Peter ; and that Bill Skarsg\u00e5rd also had a role . The film 's final trailer , released a month later , confirmed that Lewis Tan would portray Shatterstar , joining Domino , Bedlam , and Peter as members of the X-Force in the film .

\n

\n Music

\n

\n Deadpool composer Junkie XL chose not to return for the sequel due to Miller 's departure . In October 2017 , Tyler Bates was hired to write the score for the film .

\n

\n Release

\n

\n Deadpool 2 is set to be released in the United States on May 18 , 2018 . It was previously scheduled for release on June 1 of that year .

\n

\n Marketing

\n

\n For the Fox presentation at CineEurope 2017 in June , Reynolds made a video message featuring himself in costume as Deadpool from the film 's set . The first teaser poster , which pays homage to Norman Rockwell 's 1943 painting Freedom from Want , was released that November . Justin Carter of Comic Book Resources found it `` oddly appropriate for Deadpool 2 to co-opt ( this ) iconic work for a modern pop culture audience '' as it is `` true to Deadpool 's incredibly referential nature . '' Eric Diaz of Nerdist said , `` It strikes exactly the irreverent tone you 'd expect for the Deadpool sequel . '' The first footage from the film debuted the following week , at the end of a video where Reynolds ( in - character as Deadpool ) parodies Bob Ross and his television show The Joy of Painting . The video was described by The Hollywood Reporter 's Ryan Parker as `` completely out of left field '' and setting the tone perfectly for the film , though his colleague Graeme McMillan was less positive due to not knowing of Ross ( Deadpool co-creator Fabian Nicieza thought the fact that many in the audience would n't know of Ross made the video `` exactly the kind of quirky pop culture choice that works perfectly for Deadpool '' ) . Parker added , `` This trailer only showed a few seconds from the film , but fans will be talking about it all day '' because of the presentation , unlike `` any other trailer which would have shown so little of the product . ''

\n

\n Rather than pay for an expensive advertisement spot during Super Bowl LII , the film 's official Twitter account was used to `` live tweet '' the event with commentary as if the character Deadpool was watching it . A new trailer for the film was released later that week , focusing on introducing Cable . Parker felt that `` Reynolds and company have completely changed the trailer game . The formula of just showing some of the actual movie , but with a tiny story thrown in is such an incredible marketing idea . '' McMillan and their colleague Aaron Couch praised the trailer playing on the visual effects for Cable 's arm not being finished , noting it as a joke about the visual effects to remove Henry Cavill 's mustache from Justice League . The group collectively praised the overall marketing for the franchise , with McMillan suggesting that the campaign for the sequel may surpass that of the first Deadpool . A full trailer for the film , explaining its general plot , was released at the end of March . Forbes contributor Scott Mendelson called it `` pretty funny and mostly entertaining '' , but was disappointed in it being a `` conventional '' trailer compared to the more out - there videos previously released for the film . He explained that he thought the first film `` had a winning lead character and fine character - centric jokes , but a pretty generic origin story plot that eventually became the thing it was critiquing '' , and was concerned that the sequel would turn out to be `` a more standard ' superhero sequel ' sell '' . Mendelson also noted the inclusion of T.J. Miller in the trailer following the reveal of sexual misconduct allegations against the actor in late 2017 , calling it `` inevitable no matter how tarnished his reputation might be these days . '' The Hollywood Reporter group also noted the more traditional style of the trailer , but remained generally positive about the film and highlighted the supporting cast for the film as appearing in the trailer , including Brolin , Beetz , Kutsuna , and Crews .

\n

\n Also in March , a Twitter account was established for the character Peter and began to be regularly updated with `` tweets '' about his interests , including photos of the character beekeeping and preparing for his work as part of the X-Force team ( as seen in the film ) . A month later , Fox released the final trailer for the film , with Mendelson lamenting that it was as `` conventional '' as the previous trailer but finding it understandable that Fox not be seen to be hiding the film , and ultimately felt that the trailer indicated the film would be `` a pretty solid comic book sequel '' . The group at The Hollywood Reporter praised the final trailer as well , highlighting its references to X-Men Origins : Wolverine and the DC universe as well as its introduction of Peter . At the end of April , Leitch stated that alternate versions of jokes that had been cut from the film were included in the trailers , since `` only one can live in the movie , so we might have snuck a couple in sort of additional materials that people can discover . '' As part of a promotion for the film with beverage company Mike 's Harder , Sister Margaret 's School for Wayward Girls -- the fictional bar featured in the films -- will be emulated in pop - ups at the Alligator Lounge in New York from April 26 -- 28 and the Slipper Clutch in Los Angeles from May 10 -- 12 . The pop - ups will respectively serve pizza and chimichangas , traditionally Deadpool 's favorite food , as well as Deadpool - inspired Harder drinks . The campaign also includes the chance to win a trip to the film 's premiere through Harder , and the Los Angeles pop - up will benefit the nonprofit DTLA Film Festival .

\n

\n Box office projection

\n

\n Initial box office projections for the film in March 2018 expected it to gross $100 million over its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , with a final domestic total expected to be lower than that of the first film ( $363 million ) at around $242 million . On April 20 , 2018 , both Fandango and Regal Cinemas announced that Deadpool 2 was the best pre-selling R - rated film in their respective histories . By April 26 , opening weekend industry projections had reached upwards of $150 million .

\n

\n Sequel

\n

\n By November 2016 , with development underway on Deadpool 2 , Fox was also planning Deadpool 3 , which was said to include the team X-Force . With the confirmation that Leitch would direct Deadpool 2 , it was revealed that Fox was looking for a separate filmmaker to direct Deadpool 3 . In March 2017 , Reese clarified that though Deadpool 2 sets - up the X-Force team , a future film focused on the team would be separate from Deadpool 3 , `` so I think we 'll be able to take two paths . ( X-Force ) is where we 're launching something bigger , but then ( Deadpool 3 is ) where we 're contracting and staying personal and small . '' After the proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney was announced in December 2017 , Disney CEO Bob Iger said that Deadpool would be integrated with the Marvel Cinematic Universe under Disney , and that the company would be willing to make future R - rated Deadpool films `` as long as we let the audiences know what 's coming '' .

\n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Anderton , Ethan ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer Breakdown : What the F * cksicle Is This ? '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Booth , Kaitlyn ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` New Deadpool 2 Footage Shown During the Various Walking Dead Shows '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Sequel Already in the Works '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 10 , 2016 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Josh Brolin to Play Cable in ' Deadpool 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Davis , Eric ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Interview : Director David Leitch on ' Deadpool 2 ' and Building Out an R - Rated Cinematic Universe '' . Fandango . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Josh Brolin on Getting `` Beat to Shit '' in ' Deadpool 2 ' and When ' X-Force ' Might Start Filming `` . Collider . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Chichizola , Corey ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` What Morena Baccarin Really Wants To See Happen In Deadpool 2 '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Erao , Matthew ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Casts Hunt for the Wilderpeople Star '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Booth , Kaitlyn ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` New Deadpool 2 Footage Shown During the Various Walking Dead Shows '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 .
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : Galuppo , Mia ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Casts ' Atlanta ' Breakout Zazie Beetz as Domino '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Deadpool 2 ' Domino Shortlist Includes Mary Elizabeth Winstead , Ruby Rose ( UPDATED ) '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : McMillan , Graeme ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Has Introduced a Surprise New Hero '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Massabrook , Nicole ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Zazie Beetz Talks ' Deadpool 2 ' Training ; Domino Actress Wants To Be In Donald Glover 's Cartoon '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : Roman , Julian ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` T.J. Miller Promises More Weasel in Deadpool 2 EXCLUSIVE '' . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 .
    15. \n
  15. \n ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Colossus and Negasonic Teenage Warhead Will Return in ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan Reynolds `` Is Taking Performance Art to Another Level '' With ' Deadpool 2 ' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Puchko , Kristy ( March 12 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool 2 : Brianna Hildebrand Teases Negasonic Teenage Warhead Return '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 .
    18. \n
  18. \n ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Jack Kesy As Villain : Could He Be Black Tom ? '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    19. \n
  19. \n ^ Jump up to : Francisco , Eric ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Colossus Actor Reveals ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer Secrets , Confirms New Mutants '' . Inverse . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 .
    20. \n
  20. \n ^ Jump up to : Morales , Wilson ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Leslie Uggams To Return In Deadpool 2 '' . BlackFilm.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 .
    21. \n
  21. \n ^ Jump up to : Marnell , Blair ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Exclusive : Dopinder is Coming Back for the Sequel ! '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    22. \n
  22. \n ^ Jump up to : Shanley , Patrick ; Parker , Ryan ; Couch , Aaron ; McMillan , Graeme ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Changed the Trailer Game With Cable Reveal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 .
    23. \n
  23. \n ^ Jump up to : N'Duka , Amanda ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Actress Shioli Kutsuna In A Key Role '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 .
    24. \n
  24. \n ^ Jump up to : Marsan , Eddie ( @ eddiemarsan ) ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` The kids visited me at work on # Deadpool2. Ryan made them feel so special . I 'm officially the coolest Dad in the world '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Kinberg on ' Deadpool ' Rough Cut , Sequel Talks , and Cable '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Gonzales , Umberto ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Guess WHO Else Is Coming In The DeadPool Sequel ! '' . Heroic Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Confirmed With Ryan Reynolds , Director Tim Miller Returning '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 .
    28. \n
  28. \n ^ Jump up to : Gonzales , Umberto ; Maglio , Tony ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Drama : Here 's What Ryan Reynolds and Director Tim Miller Clashed Over ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 .
    29. \n
  29. \n ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Reynolds on Deadpool 2 and new director David Leitch '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( June 24 , 2016 ) . Deadpool 2 Filming Early Next Year Says Simon Kinberg . Collider.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Popcorn Talk ( August 12 , 2016 ) . Ghostbusters / MIB Crossover ? , Sausage Party Reviewed and More Headlines Meet the Movie Press . YouTube . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` Director Tim Miller , Ryan Reynolds Part Company On ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' : Tim Miller Speaks Out About Leaving the Sequel '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Peele , Anna ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Reynolds Explains Why Deadpool Nearly Gave Him a Nervous Breakdown '' . GQ . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ; Pedersen , Erik ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Director Search Ongoing , But No Offers Yet '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 .
    36. \n
  36. \n ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ; Galuppo , Mia ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` It 's Official : ' John Wick ' Director David Leitch to Helm ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' eyes ' John Wick ' director David Leitch to replace Tim Miller ( Exclusive ) '' . Mashable . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 .
    38. \n
  38. \n ^ Jump up to : Grobar , Matt ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Scribes Rhett Reese & Paul Wernick On This Awards Season 's Biggest Surprise Candidate '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Writers on Laying the Foundation for ' X-Force ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Writers Explain How They 'll Handle Cable 's Convoluted Origin '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Drew Goddard Is Working on the ' Deadpool 2 ' Script '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' : ' Stranger Things ' Star David Harbour in the Mix for Cable '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Gonzales , Umberto ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Star David Harbour Eyed to Play Cable in ' Deadpool 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Popcorn Talk ( February 3 , 2016 ) . Justin Kroll Guests , Affleck No Longer Directing The Batman , & More -- Meet the Movie Press . YouTube . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' : Michael Shannon Frontrunner to Play Cable ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Brad Pitt Considered Playing Cable in ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Fraser , Kevin ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : David Leitch on Michael Shannon Potentially Playing Cable '' . JoBlo.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Ridgley , Charlie ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool 2 : Brad Pitt Officially Out Of The Running For Cable Role '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    49. \n
  49. \n ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Lands June 2018 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Reportedly Casting Three X-Force Characters ( Updated ) '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( June 17 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Filming X-Mansion Scenes with Reynolds in Victoria , BC '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 .
    52. \n
  52. \n ^ Jump up to : `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . dgc.ca . Directors Guild of Canada . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Siegel , Lucas ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Working Title Revealed '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 .
    54. \n
  54. \n ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Ryan ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Day one . Maximum Effort 2.0 '' . Facebook . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` T.J. Miller Promises Deadpool 2 Is n't a Hangover 2 - Style Sequel '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Star Stefan Kapicic Really Wants to Tell You the Plot '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 .
    57. \n
  57. \n ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ; Busch , Anita ; Robb , David ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Stunt Crash Victim ID 'd As First African - American Female Pro Road Racer ; Director & Fox `` Deeply Saddened '' -- Update `` . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 .
    58. \n
  58. \n ^ Jump up to : Patten , Dominic ; Busch , Anita ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' To Start Production 48 Hours After Stunt Driver Killed '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Johnson , Scott ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Motorcycle Death Leaves Stunt Community Asking Tough Questions '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Reynolds , Ryan ( @ VancityReynolds ) ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Enjoyed running into @ robdelaney at the 1956 Saskatchewan Men 's Conference . # deadpool2 '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 -- via Twitter .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Reese , Rhett ( @ RhettReese ) ( October 14 , 2017 ) . `` That 's a wrap ! Deadpool 2 is in the can ! '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter .
    62. \n
  62. \n ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Molly ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool Sequel May Not Be Titled ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 .
    63. \n
  63. \n ^ Jump up to : Foutch , Haleigh ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' to Hit Theaters Early , But ' New Mutants ' Delayed to 2019 '' . Collider . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Marc , Christopher ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Heading Back To Vancouver For Reshoots Under The Working Title ' Daisy ' '' . Omega Underground . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 .
    65. \n
  65. \n ^ Jump up to : Parker , Ryan ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Outscores Original in Test Screenings ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 .
    66. \n
  66. \n ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' : Here 's What They Added in Reshoots '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ 20th Century Fox ( March 22 , 2018 ) . Deadpool 2 The Trailer . YouTube . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Deadpool 2 Loses Composer Junkie XL '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` Tyler Bates to Score ' Deadpool 2 ' '' . Film Music Reporter . October 30 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hugh Jackman , Colin Firth , ' Avatar ' and ' Deadpool 2 ' Give Firepower to Fox 's CineEurope Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Carter , Justin ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Deadpool 2 : Wade & Cable Stuff The Bird on Sequel 's First Poster '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Diaz , Eric ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` DEADPOOL 2 Poster Gets in the Holiday Spirit '' . Nerdist . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ Ong , Thuy ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Deadpool paint and shoot things in the new teaser trailer '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; McMillan , Graeme ; Parker , Ryan ; Nicieza , Fabian ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Delivered Something Completely Out of Left Field '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( February 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Skips Expensive Trailer , Live Tweets Through The Super Bowl '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Witty ( But Generic ) ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer Finally Spills The Beans '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kilkenny , Katie ; Liefeld , Rob ; Shanley , Patrick ; Parker , Ryan ; McMillan , Graeme ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` A Deep Dive into the ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ `` Peter W '' . Twitter . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ Elderkin , Beth ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Peter , the New Star of Deadpool 2 , Has a Real Twitter That 's an Absolute Delight '' . io9 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Fox Saved The Best ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer For Last '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Parker , Ryan ; Perez , Lexy ; McMillan , Graeme ; Shanley , Patrick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Trailer Has One Clear Winner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Pop - Up Bar Coming to New York and L.A. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( March 23 , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : ' Deadpool 2 , ' ' Book Club , ' & ' Show Dogs ' '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Advance Ticket Sales Records : Fandango 's Best R - Rated Preseller Ever In First 24 Hours '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Tracking Suggests Raunchy Superhero Headed For $150 M+ Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` Fox 's X-Men Issues : Jennifer Lawrence Unsigned , ' Deadpool ' Defections , ' Gambit ' on Hold '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Why Deadpool 3 And X-Force Will Be Very Different Projects '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ White , Peter ; Hayes , Dade ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` Disney - Fox Deal : Bob Iger Discusses Digital Future , James Murdoch , Hulu and $2 B Cost Savings '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Deadpool ' Can Stay R - Rated at Disney , Says Bob Iger '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 .
    90. \n
\n

\n External links

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Deadpool
\n
    \n
  • \n Fabian Nicieza
    • \n
  • \n Rob Liefeld
    • \n
\n
\n Supporting characters \n
    \n
  • \n Agent X
    • \n
  • \n Avengers
    • \n
  • \n Blind Al
    • \n
  • \n Bob , Agent of Hydra
    • \n
  • \n Sandi Brandenberg
    • \n
  • \n Cable
    • \n
  • \n Copycat
    • \n
  • \n Death
    • \n
  • \n Domino
    • \n
  • \n Emrys Killebrew
    • \n
  • \n Negasonic Teenage Warhead
    • \n
  • \n Outlaw
    • \n
  • \n Shiklah
    • \n
  • \n Siryn
    • \n
  • \n Spider - Man
    • \n
  • \n Weasel
    • \n
  • \n Wolverine
    • \n
  • \n X-Men
    • \n
\n
\n Antagonists \n
    \n
  • \n Ajax
    • \n
  • \n Black Box
    • \n
  • \n Black Swan
    • \n
  • \n Black Talon
    • \n
  • \n Black Tom Cassidy
    • \n
  • \n Bullseye
    • \n
  • \n Doctor Bong
    • \n
  • \n Dracula
    • \n
  • \n Hit - Monkey
    • \n
  • \n Flag - Smasher
    • \n
  • \n Juggernaut
    • \n
  • \n Madcap
    • \n
  • \n Sabretooth
    • \n
  • \n Slayback
    • \n
  • \n Taskmaster
    • \n
  • \n T - Ray
    • \n
  • \n Thanos
    • \n
  • \n Trapster
    • \n
  • \n Typhoid Mary
    • \n
\n
\n Publications \n
    \n
  • \n Cable & Deadpool
    • \n
  • \n Mrs. Deadpool and the Howling Commandos
    • \n
  • \n Wolverine and Deadpool
    • \n
\n
\n In other media \n
    \n
  • \n Deadpool ( video game )
    • \n
  • \n Deadpool ( film )
      \n
    • \n accolades
      • \n
    • \n box office records
      • \n
    • \n soundtrack
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n No Good Deed
    • \n
  • \n Deadpool 2
    • \n
\n
\n Related articles \n
    \n
  • \n 5 Ronin
    • \n
  • \n Gwenpool
    • \n
  • \n Mercs for Money
    • \n
  • \n X-Force
    • \n
  • \n Deathstroke
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n X-Men in other media
\n Films \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n X-Men
    • \n
  • \n X2
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : The Last Stand
      \n
    • \n soundtrack
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n X-Men Origins : Wolverine
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : First Class
    • \n
  • \n The Wolverine
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Days of Future Past
    • \n
  • \n Deadpool
      \n
    • \n soundtrack
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Apocalypse
    • \n
  • \n Logan
    • \n
  • \n Deadpool 2
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Dark Phoenix
    • \n
  • \n The New Mutants
    • \n
  • \n Development of Gambit
    • \n
\n
\n Characters \n List of X-Men films cast members
\n
\n Television \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Pryde of the X-Men
    • \n
  • \n X-Men
      \n
    • \n characters
      • \n
    • \n episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Generation X
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Evolution
      \n
    • \n characters
      • \n
    • \n episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Wolverine and the X-Men
      \n
    • \n episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Marvel Anime : X-Men
    • \n
  • \n Legion
      \n
    • \n season 1
        \n
      • \n `` Chapter 1 ''
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n season 2
      • \n
    • \n characters
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n The Gifted
      \n
    • \n season 1
        \n
      • \n `` eXposed ''
        • \n
      • \n `` rX ''
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n characters
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Characters \n
    \n
  • \n Firestar
    • \n
  • \n Spyke
    • \n
  • \n X-23
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Video games \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n X-Men \n
    \n
  • \n Questprobe
    • \n
  • \n The Uncanny X-Men
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Madness in Murderworld
    • \n
  • \n X-Men II : The Fall of the Mutants
    • \n
  • \n X-Men ( 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n Spider - Man and the X-Men in Arcade 's Revenge
    • \n
  • \n X-Men ( 1993 )
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Mutant Apocalypse
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Children of the Atom
    • \n
  • \n X-Men ( Game Gear )
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Gamesmaster 's Legacy
    • \n
  • \n X-Men 2 : Clone Wars
    • \n
  • \n X-Men vs. Street Fighter
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Mojo World
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : The Ravages of Apocalypse
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Mutant Academy
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Mutant Wars
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Mutant Academy 2
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Reign of Apocalypse
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Next Dimension
    • \n
  • \n X-Men Legends
    • \n
  • \n X-Men Legends II : Rise of Apocalypse
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : The Official Game
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Destiny
    • \n
\n
\n Wolverine \n
    \n
  • \n Wolverine
    • \n
  • \n Wolverine : Adamantium Rage
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Wolverine 's Rage
    • \n
  • \n X2 : Wolverine 's Revenge
    • \n
  • \n X-Men Origins : Wolverine
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Characters in other media \n
    \n
  • \n Apocalypse
    • \n
  • \n Cyclops
    • \n
  • \n Gambit
    • \n
  • \n Magneto
    • \n
  • \n Jean Grey
    • \n
  • \n Professor X
    • \n
  • \n Psylocke
    • \n
  • \n Rogue
    • \n
  • \n Storm
    • \n
  • \n Wolverine
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n See also
\n
\n X-Men storylines
\n
\n X-Men comics
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Live - action theatrical films based on Marvel Comics
\n Franchises \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Ant - Man \n
    \n
  • \n Ant - Man
    • \n
  • \n Ant - Man and the Wasp
    • \n
\n
\n Avengers \n
    \n
  • \n The Avengers
    • \n
  • \n Avengers : Age of Ultron
    • \n
  • \n Avengers : Infinity War
    • \n
  • \n Untitled Avengers film
      \n
    • \n production
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Blade \n
    \n
  • \n Blade
    • \n
  • \n Blade II
    • \n
  • \n Blade : Trinity
    • \n
\n
\n Captain America \n
    \n
  • \n Captain America ( serial )
    • \n
  • \n Captain America ( 1990 )
    • \n
  • \n Captain America : The First Avenger
    • \n
  • \n Captain America : The Winter Soldier
    • \n
  • \n Captain America : Civil War
    • \n
\n
\n Daredevil \n
    \n
  • \n Daredevil
    • \n
  • \n Elektra
    • \n
\n
\n Deadpool \n
    \n
  • \n Deadpool
    • \n
  • \n Deadpool 2
    • \n
\n
\n Fantastic Four \n
    \n
  • \n The Fantastic Four ( 1994 )
    • \n
  • \n Fantastic Four ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer
    • \n
  • \n Fantastic Four ( 2015 )
    • \n
\n
\n Ghost Rider \n
    \n
  • \n Ghost Rider
    • \n
  • \n Ghost Rider : Spirit of Vengeance
    • \n
\n
\n Guardians of the Galaxy \n
    \n
  • \n Guardians of the Galaxy
    • \n
  • \n Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
    • \n
\n
\n Hulk \n
    \n
  • \n Hulk
    • \n
  • \n The Incredible Hulk
    • \n
\n
\n Iron Man \n
    \n
  • \n Iron Man
    • \n
  • \n Iron Man 2
    • \n
  • \n Iron Man 3
    • \n
\n
\n Punisher \n
    \n
  • \n The Punisher ( 1989 )
    • \n
  • \n The Punisher ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n Punisher : War Zone
    • \n
\n
\n Spider - Man \n
    \n
  • \n Spider - Man
    • \n
  • \n Spider - Man 2
    • \n
  • \n Spider - Man 3
    • \n
  • \n The Amazing Spider - Man
    • \n
  • \n The Amazing Spider - Man 2
    • \n
  • \n Spider - Man : Homecoming
    • \n
\n
\n Thor \n
    \n
  • \n Thor
    • \n
  • \n Thor : The Dark World
    • \n
  • \n Thor : Ragnarok
    • \n
\n
\n Wolverine \n
    \n
  • \n X-Men Origins : Wolverine
    • \n
  • \n The Wolverine
    • \n
  • \n Logan
    • \n
\n
\n X-Men \n
    \n
  • \n X-Men
    • \n
  • \n X2
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : The Last Stand
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : First Class
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Days of Future Past
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Apocalypse
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Dark Phoenix
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Single films \n
    \n
  • \n Howard the Duck
    • \n
  • \n Man - Thing
    • \n
  • \n Doctor Strange
    • \n
  • \n Black Panther
    • \n
  • \n Venom
    • \n
  • \n Captain Marvel
    • \n
  • \n The New Mutants
    • \n
\n
\n Franchises from Marvel Comics imprints \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Kick - Ass \n
    \n
  • \n Kick - Ass
    • \n
  • \n Kick - Ass 2
    • \n
\n
\n Kingsman \n
    \n
  • \n Kingsman : The Secret Service
    • \n
  • \n Kingsman : The Golden Circle
    • \n
\n
\n Men in Black \n
    \n
  • \n Men in Black
    • \n
  • \n Men in Black II
    • \n
  • \n Men in Black 3
    • \n
\n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n Marvel Studios
    • \n
  • \n Marvel Cinematic Universe
      \n
    • \n films
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Marvel One - Shots
      \n
    • \n Item 47
      • \n
    • \n Agent Carter
      • \n
    • \n All Hail the King
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n No Good Deed
    • \n
  • \n Team Thor
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deadpool_2&oldid=838535646 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "when is the next deadpool movie being released", "long_answers": ["Deadpool 2 is scheduled to be released in the United States on May 18 , 2018 . A sequel , Deadpool 3 , is in development .\n"], "short_answers": ["May 18 , 2018\n", "May 18 , 2018\n", "May 18 , 2018\n", "May 18 , 2018\n", "May 18 , 2018\n"]} {"text": "Vinson Massif - wikipedia

\n Vinson Massif

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Vinson Massif
\n Mount Vinson from NW at Vinson Plateau
\n Highest point
\n Elevation \n 4,892 m ( 16,050 ft )
\n Prominence \n 4,892 m ( 16,050 ft ) Ranked 8th
\n Isolation \n 4,911 kilometres ( 3,052 mi )
\n Listing \n Seven summits Ultra
\n Coordinates \n 78 \u00b0 31 \u2032 31.74 '' S 85 \u00b0 37 \u2032 1.73 '' W \ufeff / \ufeff 78.5254833 \u00b0 S 85.6171472 \u00b0 W \ufeff / - 78.5254833 ; - 85.6171472 Coordinates : 78 \u00b0 31 \u2032 31.74 '' S 85 \u00b0 37 \u2032 1.73 '' W \ufeff / \ufeff 78.5254833 \u00b0 S 85.6171472 \u00b0 W \ufeff / - 78.5254833 ; - 85.6171472
\n Geography
\n Vinson Massif Antarctica
\n Parent range \n Sentinel Range
\n Climbing
\n First ascent \n 1966 by Nicholas Clinch and party
\n Easiest route \n snow / ice climb
\n NASA image of Vinson Massif from space Map of central and southern Sentinel Range , Ellsworth Mountains with Vinson Massif .

\n Vinson Massif ( / \u02c8v\u026ans\u0259n m\u00e6\u02c8si\u02d0f / ) is a large mountain massif in Antarctica that is 21 km ( 13 mi ) long and 13 km ( 8.1 mi ) wide and lies within the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains . It overlooks the Ronne Ice Shelf near the base of the Antarctic Peninsula . The massif is located about 1,200 kilometres ( 750 mi ) from the South Pole . Vinson Massif was discovered in January 1958 by U.S. Navy aircraft . In 1961 , the Vinson Massif was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names ( US - ACAN ) , for Carl G. Vinson , United States congressman from the state of Georgia , for his support for Antarctic exploration . On Nov. 1 , 2006 , US - ACAN declared Mount Vinson and Vinson Massif to be separate entities .

\n

\n Mount Vinson is the highest peak in Antarctica , at 4,892 metres ( 16,050 ft ) . It lies in the north part of Vinson Massif 's summit plateau in the south portion of the main ridge of the Sentinel Range about 2 kilometres ( 1.2 mi ) north of Hollister Peak . It was first climbed in 1966 by an American team led by Nicholas Clinch . An expedition in 2001 was the first to climb via the Eastern route , and also took GPS measurements of the height of the peak . As of February 2010 , 1,400 climbers have attempted to reach the top of Mount Vinson .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Geography ( edit )

\n

\n The Vinson Massif extends between Goodge Col and Branscomb Glacier to the northwest , Nimitz Glacier and Gildea Glacier to the southwest and south , and Dater Glacier and its tributary Hinkley Glacier to the east . The southeastern part of the massif ends at Hammer Col , which joins it to the Craddock Massif , of which the highest point is Mount Rutford ( 4,477 metres ( 14,688 ft ) ) . The massif comprises both the high central Vinson Plateau with its few peaks rising to over 4,700 metres ( 15,400 ft ) , and several side ridges mostly trending southwest or northeast from the plateau .

\n

\n The current height ( 4,892 metres ( 16,050 ft ) ) of Mount Vinson was measured by a GPS survey that was conducted by the 2004 Omega Foundation team comprising Damien Gildea of Australia ( leader ) and Rodrigo Fica and Camilo Rada of Chile . Since 1998 and continuing through 2007 , the Omega Foundation has placed a GPS receiver on the summit for a suitable period of time to obtain accurate satellite readings .

\n

\n Climate and glaciers ( edit )

\n

\n The climate on Mount Vinson is generally controlled by the polar ice cap 's high - pressure system , creating predominantly stable conditions but , as in any polar climate , high winds and snowfall are a possibility . Though the annual snowfall on Mount Vinson is low , high winds can cause base camp accumulations up to 46 centimetres ( 18 in ) in a year . During the summer season , November through January , there are 24 hours of sunlight . While the average temperature during these months is \u2212 30 \u00b0 C ( \u2212 20 \u00b0 F ) , the intense sun will melt snow on dark objects .

\n

\n Over successive years , the limited amount of snow that falls on Vinson Massif compacts and is transformed into ice , forming glaciers . These glaciers follow the topography and flow down the mountain 's valleys . The uppermost glacier occupies Jacobsen Valley on the north face of Mount Vinson , and flows either into Branscomb Glacier to the west or Crosswell Glacier to the east . The Crosswell Glacier flows into the Rutford Ice Stream via Ellen Glacier . The south face of Mount Vinson is drained by Roch\u00e9 Glacier , which flows westwards into Branscomb Glacier , with the latter leaving Vinson Massif to join Nimitz Glacier .

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n A high mountain , provisionally known as ' Vinson ' , was long suspected to be in this part of West Antarctica , but it was not actually seen until January 1958 , when it was spotted by US Navy aircraft from Byrd Station . It was named after Carl Vinson , United States Representative from Georgia who was a key supporter of funding for Antarctic research . The first measurement of the Vinson Massif was established in 1959 at the elevation of 5,140 m ( 16,864 ft ) .

\n

\n First ascent ( edit )

\n

\n In 1963 , two groups within the American Alpine Club , one led by Charles D. Hollister and Samuel C. Silverstein , M.D. , then in New York , and the other led by Peter Schoening of Seattle , Washington , began lobbying the National Science Foundation to support an expedition to climb Mount Vinson . The two groups merged in spring 1966 at the urging of the National Science Foundation and the American Alpine Club , and Nicholas Clinch was recruited by the American Alpine Club to lead the merged expeditions . Officially named the American Antarctic Mountaineering Expedition 1966 / 67 , the expedition was sponsored by the American Alpine Club and the National Geographic Society , and supported in the field by the U.S. Navy and the National Science Foundation Office of Antarctic Programs . Ten scientists and mountaineers participated in AAME 1966 / 67 . In addition to Clinch they were Barry Corbet , John Evans ( University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN ) , Eiichi Fukushima ( University of Washington , Seattle , WA ) , Charles Hollister , Ph. D. ( Columbia University , New York , NY ) , William Long , Ph. D. ( Alaska Methodist University , Anchorage , AK ) , Brian Marts , Peter Schoening , Samuel Silverstein , M.D. ( Rockefeller University , New York , NY ) and Richard Wahlstrom .

\n

\n In the months prior to its departure for Antarctica the expedition received considerable press attention , primarily because of the reports that Woodrow Wilson Sayre was planning to fly in a Piper Apache piloted by Max Conrad , the `` flying Grandfather '' , with four companions into the Sentinel Range to climb the Mount Vinson . Sayre had a reputation for problematic trips as a result of his unauthorized , unsuccessful , and nearly fatal attempt to climb Mount Everest from the North in 1962 . His unauthorized incursion into Tibet led China to file an official protest with the U.S. State Department . In the end , the purported race did not materialize as Conrad had difficulties with his plane . According to press reports , he and Sayre were still in Buenos Aires on the day the first four members of AAME 1966 / 67 reached Mount Vinson 's summit .

\n

\n In December 1966 the Navy transported the expedition and its supplies from Christchurch , New Zealand to the U.S. base at McMurdo Sound , Antarctica , and from there in a ski - equipped C - 130 Hercules to the Sentinel Range . All members of the expedition reached the summit of Mount Vinson . The first group of four climbers summited on December 18 , 1966 , four more on December 19 , and the last three on December 20 .

\n

\n On August 17 , 2006 , from nomination by Damien Gildea of the Omega Foundation , US - ACAN approved naming the subsidiary peaks south of Mount Vinson for the AAME 1966 / 67 members Nicholas Clinch , Barry Corbet , Eiichi Fukushima , Charles Hollister , Brian Marts , Samuel Silverstein , Peter Schoening and Richard Wahlstrom . Other peaks in the Sentinel Range had previously been named for John Evans and William Long .

\n

\n Later ascents ( edit )

\n Gavin Bate ascending Mount Vinson in 2000

\n The climb of Vinson offers little technical difficulty beyond the usual hazards of travel in Antarctica , and as one of the Seven Summits , it has received much attention from well - funded climbers in recent years . Multiple guide companies offer guided expeditions to Mount Vinson , at a typical cost of around $30,000 per person , including transportation to Antarctica from Chile .

\n

\n First ascent from east side ( edit )

\n

\n While the vast majority of prior climbs to the summit have used the western side of the massif from the Branscomb Glacier , the first ascent from the east side was successfully completed by an eight - person team sponsored by NOVA in January 2001 . The team consisted of :

\n \n

\n The team not only made the first ascent from the east side but also performed scientific research into snow accumulation at different elevations as well as taking the first ground based GPS reading from the summit . The GPS reading gave the elevation of the highest point in Antarctica as 16,077 ft ( 4,900 m ) , eclipsing the earlier established heights recorded in 1959 and 1979 .

\n

\n Another first was the successful aircraft landing of a Twin Otter on the Upper Dater Glacier on the eastern slopes of Mount Vinson .

\n

\n NOVA named the production `` Mountain of Ice '' , which first aired on PBS in February 2003 .

\n

\n Maps ( edit )

\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Vinson Massif '' Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Antarctica -- Ultra Prominences '' peaklist.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 26 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` GPS waypoints for the Vinson Massif '' . 7 Summits . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 29 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Vinson Massif '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Stewart , J. ( 2011 ) Antarctic An Encyclopedia McFarland & Company Inc , New York . 1776 pp. ISBN 9780786435906 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : NOVA . `` Mountain of Ice '' . WGBH . Retrieved 2004 - 12 - 28 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Vinson , the summit of Antarctica '' . 7 Summits. 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Gildea , Damien ; Splettstoesser , John ( 2007 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Craddock Massif and Vinson Massif remeasured '' . 10th International Symposium on Antarctic Earth Sciences ( ISAES ) , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Vinson Massif '' . United States Geological Survey .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ ExplorersWeb Inc . `` Vinson Massif & The Sentinel Range : New map -- new names '' . The Poles . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 20 .
    11. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n Find more aboutVinson Massifat Wikipedia 's sister projects \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Seven Summits
\n Asia \n
    \n
  • \n Everest ( 8,848 m or 29,029 ft )
    • \n
\n
\n South America \n
    \n
  • \n Aconcagua ( 6,962 m or 22,841 ft )
    • \n
\n
\n North America \n
    \n
  • \n Denali ( 6,198 m or 20,335 ft )
    • \n
\n
\n Africa \n
    \n
  • \n Kilimanjaro ( 5,893 m or 19,334 ft )
    • \n
\n
\n Europe \n
    \n
  • \n Elbrus ( 5,642 m or 18,510 ft )
    • \n
  • \n or Mont Blanc ( 4,810 m or 15,781 ft )
    • \n
\n
\n Antarctica \n
    \n
  • \n Vinson Massif ( 4,892 m or 16,050 ft )
    • \n
\n
\n Oceania \n
    \n
  • \n Puncak Jaya ( 4,884 m or 16,024 ft )
    • \n
  • \n or Mount Wilhelm ( 4,509 m or 14,793 ft )
    • \n
\n
\n Oceania ( Australia ) \n
    \n
  • \n Mount Kosciuszko ( 2,228 m or 7,310 ft )
    • \n
\n
\n

\n The Vinson Massif .

\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinson_Massif&oldid=836064305 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what is the lowest recorded temperature on mount vinson", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Tangled : the series - wikipedia

\n Tangled : the series

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Tangled : The Series
\n
\n Genre \n Animation
\n Based on \n Tangled
\n Developed by \n Chris Sonnenburg & Shane Pigmore
\n Written by \n
    \n
  • \n Jase Ricci
    • \n
  • \n Dave Schiff
    • \n
  • \n Katie Mattila
    • \n
  • \n Ricky Roxburgh
    • \n
  • \n Han - Yee Ling
    • \n
  • \n Kelly Hannon
    • \n
\n
\n Story by \n
    \n
  • \n Dave Schiff
    • \n
  • \n Noelle Stevenson
    • \n
  • \n Ricky Roxburgh
    • \n
  • \n Suzanne Weber
    • \n
  • \n Katie Mattila
    • \n
  • \n Jase Ricci
    • \n
\n
\n Directed by \n
    \n
  • \n Tom Caulfield
    • \n
  • \n Stephen Sandoval
    • \n
  • \n Joe Oh
    • \n
\n
\n Voices of \n
    \n
  • \n Zachary Levi
    • \n
  • \n Mandy Moore
    • \n
  • \n Eden Espinosa
    • \n
  • \n Clancy Brown
    • \n
  • \n Julie Bowen
    • \n
\n
\n Theme music composer \n Gabe Moffat
\n Opening theme \n `` Wind in My Hair '' by Mandy Moore
\n Ending theme \n `` More of Me '' by Natasha Bedingfield
\n Composer ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Alan Menken
    • \n
  • \n Kevin Kliesch
    • \n
\n
\n Country of origin \n United States
\n Original language ( s ) \n English
\n No. of seasons \n
\n No. of episodes \n 22 ( list of episodes )
\n Production
\n Executive producer ( s ) \n Chris Sonnenburg
\n Running time \n 22 minutes
\n Production company ( s ) \n Disney Television Animation
\n Release
\n Original network \n Disney Channel
\n Original release \n March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) -- present
\n Chronology
\n Preceded by \n Tangled Ever After ( 2012 )
\n External links
\n Website
\n Production website
\n

\n Tangled : The Series is an American animated television series developed by Chris Sonnenburg and Shane Pigmore and produced by Disney Television Animation that premiered on Disney Channel as a Disney Channel Original Movie titled Tangled : Before Ever After on March 10 , 2017 , with regular episodes premiering on March 24 , 2017 . The series is based on the 2010 film Tangled and features the returning voices of Zachary Levi and Mandy Moore , alongside Eden Espinosa , Clancy Brown , and Julie Bowen . In February 2017 , the series was renewed for a second season ahead of the series premiere .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Plot ( edit )

\n

\n Since being freed from Gothel and reunited with her birth parents , King Frederic and Queen Arianna of Corona , Rapunzel adjusts to her life as their daughter and continues to have different misadventures with her boyfriend Eugene Fitzherbert , Pascal the Chameleon , Maximus the Horse , and her new handmaiden Cassandra , to uncover the mystery of her new 70 feet - long blonde hair 's return .

\n

\n Characters ( edit )

\n

\n Main ( edit )

\n \n

\n Recurring ( edit )

\n \n

\n Supporting ( edit )

\n \n

\n Production ( edit )

\n

\n On June 3 , 2015 , Disney Channel announced that the series was in development . On February 15 , 2017 , it was announced that the series had been renewed for a second season ahead of the series premiere . The series features new songs from Alan Menken , who wrote and scored the songs for the original movie , and Glenn Slater .

\n

\n Episodes ( edit )

\n

\n Series overview ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Season \n Episodes \n Originally aired
\n First aired \n Last aired
\n \n Film \n March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 )
\n \n \n 21 \n March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) \n January 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 13 )
\n

\n Film ( 2017 ) ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n Title \n Directed by \n Written by \n Original air date \n U.S. viewers ( millions )
\n \n Tangled : Before Ever After \n Tom Caulfield and Stephen Sandoval \n Jase Ricci \n March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) \n 2.87
\n

\n Six months after the events of Tangled , Rapunzel is settling into life in the kingdom of Corona , but is unable to enjoy her life with the constant protection of her father 's guards . When she and her lady - in - waiting , Cassandra , sneak out of the castle , they come upon some magical black rock spikes that magically bring back her long blonde hair ( which is now indestructable , so Rapunzel has to hide it from everyone , especially her parents ) . Eventually , Eugene , Maximus and Pascal find out about the hair as well , but Rapunzel decides not to tell Eugene about how she got her hair back ( because Cassandra does n't trust him ) , a decision which he hardly agrees with . Rapunzel manages to hide her hair from her parents , but becomes very nervous because of her coronation day . To complicate matters , a female rogue , Lady Caine , appears at Rapunzel 's coronation with a hatred of King Frederic who had taken away her father a long time ago . With no other choice , Rapunzel reveals her new 70 - feet long hair and , with her friends ' help , defeats the thugs . Later , that night , Rapunzel admits to her father that she had snuck out of the castle ( but does n't mention anything about Cassandra helping her ) , so King Fredric has no other choice , but to forbid Rapunzel from leaving the walls of Corona . Rapunzel feels trapped again ( just like in her old tower ) , but with her mother 's encouragement , she decides to take her relationship and role in Corona one day at a time .

\n A little while later , a mysterious individual comes across the site of the magical flower that cured Rapunzel 's mother and was the original source of her magical long blonde hair . We see now there is nothing left , but even more mysterious black rock spikes covering the area .
\n

\n Season 1 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Directed by \n Written by \n Original air date \n Prod . code \n U.S. viewers ( millions )
\n \n \n `` What the Hair ! ? '' \n Tom Caulfield \n Dave Schiff \n March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) \n 101 \n 1.30
\n Rapunzel and Cassandra seek out an alchemist in their first attempt of solving the mystery as to how and why Rapunzel 's golden 70 - feet hair grew back . Eugene follows them but things do n't go quite as planned : they find Varian , a 14 years old alchemist who agrees to help uncover the mystery of Rapunzel 's hair . However , Varian had built some underground machines which get out of control and destroy the village . Luckily , no one gets hurt and the test shows some important facts about Rapunzel 's hair : it 's completely indestructable and does n't have any healing powers anymore , but now can completely cover somebody and protect him ( shown when the hair became a giant ball around Rapunzel and Eugene which protected them from the rubble ) . As they leave , Rapunzel begins telling Eugene about the events of the night when her hair grew back ( which Eugene promises to keep secret ) and the black rocks slowly start growing back and multiply themselves .
\n \n \n `` Rapunzel 's Enemy '' \n Stephen Sandoval \n Story by : Dave Schiff and Noelle Stevenson Written by : Katie Mattila \n March 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 31 ) \n 102 \n 1.05
\n During the annual Gopher Festival , Rapunzel is booed by a man in the crowd when she shows her new emblem to the people of Corona . After finding out that the person who booed her is an eldery shopkeeper who everyone loves , Rapunzel is determined to uncover Uncle Monty 's disapproval of her , even if it means disguising herself . Eventually she inspires Monty to participate at the Gopher Festival Tournament , but during the race she has to rescue him from a waterfall , resulting in blowing her disguise . Monty tells her that he boooed her because he does n't like all these new changes in the kingdom that occurred due to her return as a princess and the two remain enemies , but respect each other . Monty wins the race and Rapunzel booos him as a sign of their `` special relationship '' . At his sweets shop , Monty looks very proud at his trophy , realising he would n't have won if it had n't been Rapunzel to help him follow his dream .
\n \n \n `` Fitzherbert P.I. '' \n Joe Oh \n Story by : Ricky Roxburgh and Suzanne Weber Written by : Jase Ricci \n April 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 07 ) \n 103 \n 1.02
\n After successfully catching a criminal , Eugene trains to be a royal guard . Unfortunately , the Captain of the Guard , who happens to be Cassandra 's father , shares Cassandra 's loathing of him . Meanwhile , Rapunzel prepares for her royal portrait to be painted by the revered Italian painter Giovanni . Eugene realizes that Giovanni is a fraud and manages to catch the imposter . The Captain of the Guards then gives Eugene a job of his own : Teaching the guards to `` think like a thief '' in order to catch one .
\n 5 \n \n `` Challenge of the Brave '' \n Tom Caulfield \n Ricky Roxburgh \n April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) \n 104 \n 0.96
\n Cassandra trains hard to enter the Challenge of the Brave , but when Rapunzel learns of the competition , she wants to enter as well . Cassandra lies to Rapunzel to keep her out of the competition , but Rapunzel later learns through Eugene that anyone can enter . They both make it to the final battle , and Rapunzel wins because Cassandra accidentally steps out of the ring . Cassandra happily agrees with this and introduces the audience to the winner , but , realizing her friend 's true feelings , Rapunzel gives the trophy to Cassandra .
\n 6 \n 5 \n `` Cassandra v. Eugene '' \n Joe Oh \n Katie Mattila \n April 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) \n 105 \n 0.97
\n Cassandra and Eugene have been arguing a lot . In order to coerce them to get along , Rapunzel tricks them into entering a dungeon cell and locks them up so that they can settle their differences by solving a series of quizes in order to get out . Of course Rapunzel 's plan does n't go well when the Stabbington Brothers plan to take advantage of this and , after Cassandra and Eugene fail because they kept fighting each other , they manage to get out . Now stuck with no way out , Eugene and Cass put their diffrences aside and get to know each other better . But they get intrerupted by the Stabbington Brothers who take the two prisoners . The guards arrive and attempt to catch them from behind , but without any results . Cassandra and Eugene work togheter and manage to take down the brothers and , with Rapunzel 's help get out the secret passages beneath Corona . Everything is now back to normal and Cassandra and Eugene are on better terms ... until Eugene makes Cassie mad again and they start another fight , which Rapunzel decides to not take part in anymore .
\n 7 \n 6 \n `` The Return of Strongbow '' \n Tom Caulfield \n Dave Schiff \n April 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 28 ) \n 106 \n 1.01
\n An old childhood friend and fellow partner - in - crime of Eugene 's , Lance Strongbow , comes to Corona to ask him for help . Cassandra , naturally , does not trust Strongbow . Eugene reluctantly decides to aid his childhood partner - in - crime , but learns that they have broken into the basement of the Baron himself , their old enemy . They manage to escape with the treasure , but find a ring with Corona 's crest , Eugene suddenly recalls that the ring he had stolen eight years ago belonged to Queen Ariana . Rapunzel and Cassandra find out and Lance apologises for all the things he has done to Eugene and promises to change . Eugene admits all of his past actions to his now mother - in - law , who forgives him . Outside , Eugene gives Rapunzel a jeweled flower and apologizes for having lied to her . King Fredric sees the ring on Ariana 's finger , to which she replies that Eugene had `` found it that morning . '' Lance keeps his promise and donates the treasure to the Corona Orphange .
\n 8 \n 7 \n `` In Like Flynn '' \n Stephen Sandoval \n Han - Yee Ling \n July 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 23 ) \n 107 \n 0.94
\n When Corona is pranked by a rival kingdom , King Fredric sets off to prank it back , accompanied by Eugene who wants to prove is father - in - law that he deserves to be respected . The two sneak inside King Trevor 's castle , but Eugene discovers that Fredric was planning to steal Trevor 's seal pet and the two get captured and locked up . While inside the cell , Fredric tells Eugene that he saved his daughter and there is no one whom he could be respecting more than him . They get out and prank King Trevor by making him fall in one of his own trapdoors , and take the seal with them which they release into the sea . Meanwhile , Rapunzel tries to master the art of pranking , which is a new concept to her . In the end , King Trevor is tied up on one of his statues with a sign reading `` Corona Rules '' and the seal is swimming free in the sea .
\n 9 \n 8 \n `` Great Expotations '' \n Joe Oh \n Ricky Roxburgh \n July 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 30 ) \n 108 \n 0.99
\n A science exposition is held in Corona , and Cassandra has a chance to be on guard duty , but she must finish her Lady - in - waiting obligations first . Varian makes a deal with Cass that he will help finish her chores if she agrees to assist him in his demonstration . However , Cass accepts the assignment to guard the famous scientist who is judging the contest and thus unavailable to help . When things go wrong , though , she chooses her friend over duty . Meanwhile , Rapunzel tries to make an entry for the science fair . After the science fair is over , Varian shows Cassandra and Rapunzel the strange black rocks spikes outside his village , much like the ones that made Rapunzel 's hair grow back . Varian decides to help Rapunzel and Cass in discovering the mystery of these rock spikes and the connection between them and the newfound magical abilities of Rapunzel 's regrown hair .
\n 10 \n 9 \n `` Under Raps '' \n Tom Caulfield \n Kelly Hannon \n August 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 06 ) \n 109 \n 0.87
\n During a love festival , Corona displays a book full of signatures of lovers in honor of an old ruler falling in love with the leader of a rival kingdom . Cassandra suddenly gets very secretive , and Rapunzel learns it 's because she 's been seeing a guy . Cassandra does n't want Rapunzel meddling , but the princess suggests a double date and they all go off in a hot air balloon . The guy turns out to be part of an old faction that did n't like the unification of Corona and wants to steal the book , but Cassandra suspected that all along . With Rapunzel 's and Eugene 's help , she manages to defeat him and recover the book . In the end , Cassandra receives a medal for her actions .
\n 11 \n 10 \n `` One Angry Princess '' \n Stephen Sandoval \n Story by : Katie Mattila and Jase Ricci Written by : Jase Ricci \n August 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 13 ) \n 110 \n 1.13
\n Attila is finally opening up his own bakery , but people generally do n't want to stop by because of his scary helmet . The next day , Monty 's Sweet Shoppe is destroyed , and Attila is arrested . He is about to be banished from the kingdom , but Rapunzel makes an appeal to investigate the matter further . She fails to learn the truth within the 24 hour time limit , but does figure it out just as the boat is leaving . It turns out it was actually the goat who trashed the store , being trapped inside when the store 's bell rang , which sent it into a rampage . Attila , unguilty , teams up with Monty and open a sweet shop togheter while Lance takes up Attila 's former job as the chef of the Snuggly Duckling .
\n 12 \n 11 \n `` Pascal 's Story '' \n Tom Caulfield \n Ricky Roxburgh \n August 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 20 ) \n 114 \n 0.93
\n Pascal wants to spend time with Rapunzel like their days in the tower , but her princess duties and new friends keep pushing him aside . Being so rejected , he runs away to return to the tower . An old predator looks to get revenge on the small lizard now that he 's all alone again . Rapunzel realizes that Pascal went missing and cancels every royal activity planned in order to look for him . She realizes where he went and Rapunzel , Eugene and Cassandra had to `` where everything happened '' . Rapunzel enters the tower alone and helps Pascal throw the predator away . The two reconcile and Rapunzel promises to spend more time together with her old friend .
\n 13 \n 12 \n `` Big Brothers of Corona '' \n Joe Oh \n Han - Yee Ling \n October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) \n 115 \n 1.06
\n Eugene and Lance are told to stop a crime spree that is spreading across Corona . Eugene finds a pattern , and is able to set a trap for the thief . It turns out it was actually a pair of two young girls committing the crimes . Feeling sympathy for the girls , Eugene and Lance spend time with them both , trying to convince them to change their ways from stealing . It 's revealed that the girls are actually running from the Baron 's men and steal Rapunzel 's crown in order to have enough money to run away and never come back . Eugene and Lance hand themselves over to the Baron 's men , allowing the girls to run away . But , after they realize that the two were the only ones who had ever helped them , they return and all four escape . In the meantime , Cassandra accidentally breaks her leg and needs to rest , but Rapunzel keeps intrerupting her to make sure that she has everything she needs , but learns that sometimes people do n't need help . You just have to stay and support them until they will ask for it . In the end , the girls return everything they have stolen , proving that they have changed , much to Eugene 's and Lance 's happiness . The girls run from Corona , but will return ... when they `` will be prepared '' .
\n 14 \n 13 \n `` The Wrath of Ruthless Ruth '' \n Tom Caulfield \n Kelly Hannon \n October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) \n 117 \n 0.83
\n Rapunzel and the Captain of the Guard are trapped in the Snuggly Duckling by a fierce storm , and the building turns out to be haunted by its former owner , Ruthless Ruth . The Captain and the thugs attempt to escape , but the pub is surrounded by magic and there is no escape until they give Ruth what she wants . Rapunzel follows the clues and finds that despite Ruth 's reputation as the `` worst thug that ever lived '' , she did also have a dream : to hear her song being sung by someone else . Eveyone , including the Captain , sing Ruth 's song and are now free . Rapunzel and the Captain of the Guard return to the castle where Rapunzel understand how worried her father is and avoids any confrontation for sending the whole royal guard to look after her .
\n 15 \n 14 \n `` Max 's Enemy '' \n Joe Oh \n Story by : Katie Mattila Written by : Dave Schiff \n October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) \n 118 \n 0.85
\n A new horse , Axel , shows up in Corona and quickly shows up Max in every way . However , only Max sees the true devious nature of Axel 's behavior . Axel even joins the royal guard , and beats all of Max 's former records . However , Axel 's true intention was to rescue Lady Caine from the dungeon , along with the gold transfer already planned . Max finds out , but falls into a trap set by Axel . While he , Lady Caine and the gold escape without any suspicion , Rapunzel comes to apologize for everyone 's behavior of ignoring him over Axel . But finds the trap and discovers the plan as well . Rapunzel and Max chase after the two and , after Lady Caine is recaptured , Max races Axel . Eventually he defeats him just as Rapunzel , Eugene , Lance and the guards arive . Max is seen as a hero by everyone again .
\n 16 \n 15 \n `` The Way of the Willow '' \n Stephen Sandoval \n Katie Mattila \n October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) \n 119 \n 0.94
\n It 's Queen Arianna 's birthday , and she receives an unexpected guest : her estranged sister , Willow . Willow and Rapunzel quickly bond , sharing a lot of the same personality traits , and Arianna feels a bit left out . To add to her aggravation , Willow gave her a pet with an annoying rattle . Eventually , Arianna explodes at her sister , letting her know her irritation with her and throws away the rattle . The pet starts to multiply and rampage over the countryside . The sisters make up and retrieve the rattle , which calms the beast and removes all the other critters . Willow disappears , promising to be more responsible , but forgets the pet she promised to look after .
\n 17 \n 16 \n `` Queen for a Day '' \n Joe Oh \n Jase Ricci \n November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) \n 111 \n 1.22
\n The black rocks keep spreading in Old Corona and begin approaching the castle , resulting in Varian and his father , Quirin go and talk to king Frederic . But Quirin does n't say anything about the rocks , so Varian talks to Rapunzel who promises to help him with this problem . The following day , Rapunzel takes over the kingdom while her parents go away for their anniversary . Unfortunately , every royal decision she makes to help the people of Corona backfires badly . Meanwhile , Varian starts testing the mystical rocks , but his father tells him to stay away and refuses to tell him anything . As if anything could n't go worse at the castle , a blizzard strikes Corona , resulting in everyone looking inside their houses , as well as an accident in the mountains , trapping Frederic and Arianna . With her parents in danger , Rapunzel takes one of the hardest decision and sends Eugene and the other thugs to rescue them . In the meantime , one of Varian 's experiments result in the rocks trapping Quirin inside them and Varian rushing to the castle to ask for Rapunzel 's help . On the way there he sings about hoping to make his father proud , but when he gets there Rapunzel makes another hard decision and tells him that she ca n't help him right now , resulting in Varian returning home , feeling betrayed . Left with no other choice , Rapunzel orders the evacuation of the island , but then remembers about the legend told earlier by Xavier about an underground machine built by the wizard Lord Demanitus , with the power to change the way of the blizzard . Rapunzel , Cassandra , Xavier and Pascal find the machine and Pascal almost gets killed in order to turn it on . With the machine activated , the blizzard disappears , the evacuation is canceled , Frederic and Arianna are saved and everything is back to normal . Back at the castle , Rapunzel confesses to Eugene that it was the hardest day of her life due to all the hard decisions she had to made , but Eugene cheers her up saying that there is still much time until she will become queen and enjoy her life until then . In a final scene , Quirin is completely trapped inside the rocks , holding a message for Varian who , saddened , swears to release his father at any costs and get revenge on everyone who stands in his way .
\n 18 \n 17 \n `` Painter 's Block '' \n Stephen Sandoval \n Dave Schiff \n November 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 25 ) \n TBA \n 0.99
\n Feeling traumatized after the events of the storm , Rapunzel is feeling a bit out of sorts , even having trouble painting again . She starts taking a new class with a mysterious new art instructor . The other members of the class disappear one by one to a mysterious location by the sea , apparently painting an old , withered tree . The instructor is revealed to actually be an old witch serving Zamfiri ( the monster who released the blizzard ) who has been released after using the weather machine and now wants to release her master as well . Eugene and Cassandra head over to rescue Rapunzel , but after they get captured , Rapunzel must finish the painting and release Zamfiri in order to rescue them . However , now that she understood that `` difficult decisions are what make us who we are '' , she destroys the painting , trapping Zamfiri and the witch forever , and saves Eugene and Cassandra . Now , Rapunzel has completely recovered her happy , positive attitude and decided to not let herself affected that easy anymore .
\n 19 \n 18 \n `` Not in the Mood '' \n Stephen Sandoval \n Kelly Hannon \n December 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 02 ) \n TBA \n 0.95
\n Thanks to Max and Pascal 's intervention , Rapunzel , Eugene , and Cassandra magically exchange personalities in the midst of an important royal visit . They turn to Xavier for his help in reversing their personalities to normal . Unfortunately , the elixir switches everyone 's character , making a mess of the royal visit . Rapunzel later throws the half - filled potion into the river , surprised that something so small could have such an effect . However , instead of sinking , it floats down to Old Corona village and is found by Varian .
\n 20 \n 19 \n `` The Quest for Varian '' \n Tom Caulfield \n Ricky Roxburgh \n December 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 09 ) \n TBA \n 1.06
\n Rapunzel , Eugene and Cassandra go to Old Corona in search of Varian , who has left behind important clues for them to follow , as well as a warning that a mysterious group of knights will be pursuing them .
\n 21 \n 20 \n `` The Alchemist Returns '' \n Joe Oh \n Dave Schiff \n December 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 16 ) \n TBA \n 0.96
\n Varian comes to Rapunzel for help in finding the remnants of the mystical golden flower , which may hold the key to stopping the Black Rocks . Working together , they venture through the old tunnels beneath Corona . However , as they reach their prize , Varian betrays Rapunzel and steals the flower so he can use it to free his father . Unfortunately , his attempt fails , only for him to realize that the flower 's actual magic now exists within Rapunzel .
\n 22 \n 21 \n `` Secret of the Sundrop '' \n Stephen Sandoval \n Story by : Jase Ricci Written by : Kelly Hannon , Jase Ricci , Ricky Roxburgh , Dave Schiff , and Jeremy Shipp \n January 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 13 ) \n 122 \n 0.96
\n On Rapunzel 's 19th birthday , Corona is beset by an automaton attack from Varian , which causes Frederic to lock Rapunzel in her room to keep her safe from further danger . Eugene and Cassandra help break her out to go after Varian , but the alchemist uses his pet raccoon , mutated as a wild beast , to assault the kingdom , incapacitating many of the Royal Guards and using the chaos to kidnap Arianna , whom he uses as leverage to lure Rapunzel to Old Corona . Led by Cassandra , Eugene , Rapunzel , and Frederic , the Royal Guards lay siege to Varian 's house , who uses automatons to keep them at bay . Varian attempts to use Rapunzel 's hair to free his father , but it is of no use . Angry and with nothing left to lose , he uses a giant automaton to attack , threatening to kill Cassandra and Arianna . Rapunzel , however , uses her connection to the black rocks to defeat Varian , who is arrested for his crimes and vows vengeance . Rapunzel notices that the rocks are now pointing away from Corona and towards an unknown destination beyond the border wall , a path which Rapunzel is encouraged to follow . In a post-credits scene , a mysterious warrior arrives and uses a special sword to slice through the seemingly impenetrable black rocks .
\n

\n Tangled : short Cuts ( 2017 ) ( edit )

\n

\n Four mini-episodes were released weekly in May 2017 : `` Check Mate '' on May 5 , `` Prison Bake '' on May 12 , `` Make Me Smile '' on May 19 , and `` Hare Peace '' on May 26 .

\n

\n Ratings ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Season \n Episodes \n First aired \n Last aired \n Avg . viewers ( millions )
\n Date \n Viewers ( millions ) \n Date \n Viewers ( millions )
\n \n 21 \n March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) \n 1.30 \n January 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 13 ) \n 0.96 \n 1.00
\n

\n Home media ( edit )

\n

\n Tangled : Before Ever After and the four Tangled : Short Cuts were released on DVD on April 11 , 2017 . Tangled : The Series -- Queen for a Day was released on DVD on December 12 , 2017 .

\n

\n Awards and nominations ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Award \n Category \n Nominee \n Result \n Ref .
\n 2018 \n Annie Award \n Best Animated Television / Broadcast Production for Children \n Episode : `` Queen for a Day '' \n Nominated \n
\n Annie Award \n Outstanding Achievement for Character Design in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production \n Shane Prigmore , Bobby Pontillas , Taylor Krahenbuhl , Mayumi Nose \n Nominated \n
\n Annie Award \n Outstanding Achievement for Directing in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production \n Tom Caulfield , Stephen Sandoval \n Nominated \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` Tangled Animated TV Series Based on Film Coming to Disney Channel '' . Variety . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Liz Calvario ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Tangled : The Series Gets Early Season 2 Renewal at Disney Channel '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Max Evry ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Tangled : Before Ever After Adds Ashley Judd , Jeffrey Tambor & More '' . Coming Soon . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Tangled : The Series Episode Listings '' . The Futon Critic .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Tangled : The Series '' . Zap2it .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 3.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Tangled : The Series Episodes '' . Disney ABC Press .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( March 27 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 3.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 3.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 4.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 4.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 4.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 4.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 7.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 7.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 8.6. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Cable Originals & Network Originals : 8.13. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 8.20. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 10.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 8 , 2017 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 10.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 10.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 10.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 11.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 11.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 12.2. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 12.9. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 12.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    28. \n
  28. \n ^ Jump up to : Mitch Metcalf ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Originals : 1.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Mercedes Milligan ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Tangled Before Ever After Arrives on DVD April 11 '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` Tangled : The Series : Queen for a Day '' . Entertainment One : The Planner . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` Nominees : Best Animated Television / Broadcast Production for Children '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` Nominees : Outstanding Achievement for Character Design in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Achievement for Directing in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    34. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Disney Channel original programming
\n Former \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 1990s debuts \n
    \n
  • \n Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 )
    • \n
  • \n The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 )
    • \n
\n
\n 2000s debuts \n
    \n
  • \n Totally Circus ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 )
    • \n
  • \n In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 )
    • \n
  • \n Totally Hoops ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 )
    • \n
  • \n The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 )
    • \n
  • \n Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 )
    • \n
  • \n Totally in Tune ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 )
    • \n
  • \n Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 )
    • \n
  • \n Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 )
    • \n
  • \n Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 )
    • \n
  • \n Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 )
    • \n
  • \n American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 )
    • \n
  • \n The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 )
    • \n
  • \n The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 )
    • \n
  • \n The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 )
    • \n
  • \n Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 )
    • \n
  • \n Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 )
    • \n
  • \n The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 )
    • \n
  • \n Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 )
    • \n
  • \n Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 )
    • \n
  • \n As the Bell Rings ( 2007 -- 09 )
    • \n
  • \n Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 )
    • \n
  • \n Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 )
    • \n
  • \n The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 )
    • \n
  • \n Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 )
    • \n
  • \n Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 )
    • \n
  • \n Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 )
    • \n
\n
\n 2010s debuts \n
    \n
  • \n Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 )
    • \n
  • \n Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 )
    • \n
  • \n Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 )
    • \n
  • \n Take Two with Phineas and Ferb ( 2010 -- 11 )
    • \n
  • \n A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 )
    • \n
  • \n So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 )
    • \n
  • \n PrankStars ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 )
    • \n
  • \n Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 )
    • \n
  • \n Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 )
    • \n
  • \n Code : 9 ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 )
    • \n
  • \n Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 )
    • \n
  • \n Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 )
    • \n
  • \n Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 )
    • \n
  • \n Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 )
    • \n
  • \n K.C. Undercover ( 2015 -- 18 )
    • \n
  • \n Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 )
    • \n
  • \n Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form )
    • \n
  • \n Descendants : Wicked World ( 2015 -- 17 , short - form )
    • \n
  • \n Walk the Prank ( 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Mech - X4 ( 2016 )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Current \n
    \n
  • \n Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form )
    • \n
  • \n Bunk 'd ( since 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Bizaardvark ( since 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Andi Mack ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Raven 's Home ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Big Hero 6 : The Series ( since 2017 )
    • \n
\n
\n Upcoming \n
    \n
  • \n Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 )
    • \n
  • \n DuckTales ( 2018 )
    • \n
  • \n Milo Murphy 's Law ( 2018 )
    • \n
  • \n Go Away , Unicorn ! ( 2018 )
    • \n
  • \n Amphibia ( 2019 )
    • \n
  • \n The Owl House ( 2019 )
    • \n
  • \n Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( TBA )
    • \n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n It 's a Laugh Productions
    • \n
  • \n Disney Television Animation
    • \n
  • \n Brookwell McNamara Entertainment
    • \n
  • \n Crossovers
    • \n
  • \n Disney Channel Storytellers
    • \n
  • \n 25 Days of Christmas
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Disney 's Tangled
\n Films \n
    \n
  • \n Tangled ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n Tangled Ever After ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 )
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Characters \n
    \n
  • \n Rapunzel
    • \n
  • \n Flynn Rider
    • \n
  • \n Pascal and Maximus
    • \n
  • \n Mother Gothel
    • \n
\n
\n Video games \n
    \n
  • \n Tangled : The Video Game
    • \n
  • \n Kingdom Hearts III
    • \n
\n
\n Music \n
    \n
  • \n `` When Will My Life Begin ? ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Mother Knows Best ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I 've Got a Dream ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I See the Light ''
    • \n
\n
\n TV series \n
    \n
  • \n Tangled : The Series
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Disney Princess
\n
    \n
  • \n Snow White
    • \n
  • \n Cinderella
    • \n
  • \n Aurora
    • \n
  • \n Ariel
    • \n
  • \n Belle
    • \n
  • \n Jasmine
    • \n
  • \n Pocahontas
    • \n
  • \n Mulan
    • \n
  • \n Tiana
    • \n
  • \n Rapunzel
    • \n
  • \n Merida
    • \n
\n
\n Films \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Featured \n
    \n
  • \n Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
    • \n
  • \n Cinderella
    • \n
  • \n Sleeping Beauty
    • \n
  • \n The Little Mermaid
    • \n
  • \n Beauty and the Beast
    • \n
  • \n Aladdin
    • \n
  • \n Pocahontas
    • \n
  • \n Mulan
    • \n
  • \n The Princess and the Frog
    • \n
  • \n Tangled
    • \n
  • \n Brave
    • \n
\n
\n Sequels \n
    \n
  • \n The Return of Jafar
    • \n
  • \n Aladdin and the King of Thieves
    • \n
  • \n Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas
    • \n
  • \n Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World
    • \n
  • \n The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea
    • \n
  • \n Cinderella II : Dreams Come True
    • \n
  • \n Cinderella III : A Twist in Time
    • \n
  • \n Mulan II
    • \n
  • \n Tangled : Before Ever After
    • \n
\n
\n Prequels \n
    \n
  • \n Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World
    • \n
  • \n The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning
    • \n
\n
\n Shorts \n
    \n
  • \n Tangled Ever After
    • \n
  • \n The Legend of Mor'du
    • \n
  • \n Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts )
    • \n
\n
\n Live - action \n
    \n
  • \n Maleficent
    • \n
  • \n Cinderella
    • \n
  • \n Beauty and the Beast
    • \n
  • \n Aladdin
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Television \n
    \n
  • \n The Little Mermaid
    • \n
  • \n Aladdin
    • \n
  • \n Sing Me a Story with Belle
    • \n
  • \n Tangled : The Series
    • \n
\n
\n Albums \n
    \n
  • \n Disney 's Princess Favorites
    • \n
  • \n Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection
    • \n
  • \n Disney Princess Tea Party
    • \n
  • \n Ultimate Disney Princess
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n If You Can Dream
    • \n
  • \n Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party
    • \n
  • \n Sofia the First
    • \n
  • \n Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey
    • \n
  • \n Kingdom Hearts
    • \n
  • \n Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure
    • \n
  • \n Disney 's Descendants
    • \n
  • \n Descendants 2
    • \n
  • \n Descendants : Wicked World
    • \n
  • \n Descendants : School of Secrets
    • \n
  • \n The 7D
    • \n
  • \n Elena of Avalor
    • \n
  • \n Elena and the Secret of Avalor
    • \n
  • \n List of Disney Princess firsts
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n `` Rapunzel '' by the Brothers Grimm
\n Literature \n
    \n
  • \n Grimms ' Fairy Tales ( 1812 )
    • \n
  • \n Rapunzel ( 1998 )
    • \n
\n
\n Related myths and tales \n
    \n
  • \n Dana\u00eb
    • \n
  • \n Rudaba
    • \n
  • \n Petrosinella
    • \n
\n
\n Adaptations \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Film \n
    \n
  • \n Barbie as Rapunzel ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Tangled ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n Tangled Ever After ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Tangled : Before Ever After ( 2017 )
    • \n
\n
\n Literary adaptations \n
    \n
  • \n Rapunzel ( 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Cress ( 2014 )
    • \n
\n
\n Television \n
    \n
  • \n The Mind Robber ( 1968 )
    • \n
  • \n `` The Tower '' ( 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n Tangled : The Series ( 2017 )
    • \n
\n
\n Video games \n
    \n
  • \n Tangled : The Video Game
    • \n
  • \n Kingdom Hearts III
    • \n
\n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n M\u00e4rchenbilder
    • \n
  • \n Golem in the Gears
    • \n
  • \n Rapunzel ( Disney )
    • \n
  • \n Rapunzel syndrome
    • \n
  • \n Into the Woods ( stage )
    • \n
  • \n Into the Woods ( film )
    • \n
\n
\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tangled:_The_Series&oldid=837916932 '' Categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "when is the next tangled the series episode coming out", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Fortnite - wikipedia

\n Fortnite

\n Jump to : navigation , search For the battle royale version of the game , see Fortnite Battle Royale . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Fortnite
\n European box art
\n Developer ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Epic Games
    • \n
  • \n People Can Fly
    • \n
\n
\n Publisher ( s ) \n Epic Games
\n Director ( s ) \n Darren Sugg
\n Artist ( s ) \n Pete Ellis
\n Composer ( s ) \n Rom Di Prisco
\n Engine \n Unreal Engine 4
\n Platform ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Microsoft Windows
    • \n
  • \n macOS
    • \n
  • \n PlayStation 4
    • \n
  • \n Xbox One
    • \n
  • \n iOS
    • \n
\n
\n Release \n 2018
\n Genre ( s ) \n Survival
\n Mode ( s ) \n Single - player , multiplayer
\n

\n Fortnite is a co-op sandbox survival game developed by Epic Games and People Can Fly and published by Epic Games . The game was released as a paid - for early access title for Microsoft Windows , macOS , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on July 25 , 2017 , with a full free - to - play release expected in 2018 . The retail versions of the game were published by Gearbox Publishing , while online distribution of the PC versions is handled by Epic 's launcher .

\n

\n Fortnite is set in contemporary Earth , where the sudden appearance of a worldwide storm causes 98 % of the world 's population to disappear , and zombie - like creatures rise to attack the remainder . Considered by Epic as a cross between Minecraft and Left 4 Dead , Fortnite has up to four players cooperating on various missions on randomly - generated maps to collect resources , build fortifications around defensive objectives that are meant to help fight the storm and protect survivors , and construct weapons and traps to engage in combat with waves of these creatures that attempt to destroy the objectives . Players gain rewards through these missions to improve their hero characters , support teams , and arsenal of weapon and trap schematics to be able to take on more difficult missions . The game is supported through microtransactions to purchase in - game currency that can be used towards these upgrades .

\n

\n A standalone mode , Fortnite Battle Royale , based on the battle royale game genre but based on the core Fortnite gameplay , was released for the same platforms in September 2017 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Synopsis

\n

\n One day , 98 % of Earth 's population suddenly disappeared , and the remaining population found the skies covered in dense clouds , creating chaotic storms that dropped husks , humanoid zombie - like creatures , that attacked the living . The survivors found ways to construct `` storm shields '' , a field that cleared the storm clouds from immediately overhead and reduced the attacks from husks , and used these to set up survivor bases across the globe . The player is a commander of one of these bases , charged with going out of the storm shield to find resources , survivors , and other allies to help expand their storm shield and find a way to return Earth to its normal state .

\n

\n Gameplay

\n

\n Currently , the paid - for product Fortnite provides two distinct modes : access to Fortnite Battle Royale , ( which is also available as a separate free - to - play title ) and the cooperative player - versus - environment `` Save the World '' , which is unique to the main Fortnite game .

\n

\n The `` Save the World '' mode is described as a co-op sandbox survival game and is about exploration , scavenging items , crafting weapons , building fortified structures , and fighting waves of encroaching monsters . Tim Sweeney , Epic 's founder , described the game as `` Minecraft meets Left 4 Dead '' . The game cycles between managing one 's resources at a safe home base , and then going out on missions to complete quests as to collect resources and obtain rewards to advance the game 's story .

\n

\n In the meta - game , the player has an inventory of weapon and trap schematics , hero characters , defender characters , and support characters , along with collected resources . Schematics are used to construct weapons and traps when on the field . Hero characters represent characters from one of four classes that the player can use while on a mission , as well as used to undertake resource - gathering missions making them unavailable to use until they return from the mission . Defender characters can be summoned to help with defense but only if there are less than four players on a mission . Support characters are used to form various non-playable squads that provide passive bonuses to the player 's attack strength , building speed , armor , and health , with additional benefits if the player can match certain characterization attributes within a squad . The player can spend different types of experience points and resources earned as mission rewards , from loot boxes ( represented as llama pinatas ) , or other sources to level up and evolve schematics and characters . For weapons and traps , this generally boosts their effectiveness as well as unlocking additional attribute bonuses , while leveling up hero characters will unlock special skills the character has while in the field . Schematics and characters are generally assigned a rarity , which determines how much they can be leveled and evolved . A player 's inventory of schematics and characters is limited , but players can opt to slot anyone they do not need into a collection book to gain rewards when certain collection sets are completed ; use one or more of these schematics or characters to transform them into a new random item , or simply retire them to gain back experience points and other resources to free up the inventory slots .

\n

\n The player also can spend skill points , earned by completing missions , and technology points , earned over time , to unlock new skills and technologies in the game 's skill and technologies trees . These can improve a player 's base attributes , attributes that are shared with the other players while on missions , unlock higher levels of evolution for schematics and characters , open up new squad positions , or unlock general skills that players can use in the field . Collectively , the player 's progress on these skill and technology trees , their squad composition , and their selected hero character make up the player 's current `` power level '' which relates to what difficulty of missions the player should take and the game 's matchmaking services . Also , players can review their current story progress and quests , which can include daily , side , and event quests , which when completed provide in - game currency or resources .

\n

\n Mission is currently divided between four world locations , some available only after progressing far enough in the story , and special locations for timed events and for the Survive the Storm mode . Within a location are several possible mission areas that show the type of mission , the terrain it takes place on , its difficulty rating relative to the player 's current power level , and whether the mission is currently under special `` storm '' conditions that throw random effects , like buffed husks or mini-bosses , into the mission but have potentially better rewards if completed . The player optionally can select a special site that automatically matches them with players at a similar power level and story progression on a random mission for added rewards .

\n

\n Most missions take place on procedurally - generated landscapes . Most missions are based on locating site ( s ) representing the objectives on the map , build up fortifications around those locations , and then face off against several waves of husks that will try to destroy the objectives . During completion of these missions , players are generally given a `` storm forecast '' to know where husks will spawn in as to enhance fortification in that direction , though this direction can change in more difficult missions . Other missions are time - limited , requiring the players to locate and help a number of survivors , build out several radar towers , or clear out various encampment of husks scattered around the map before time runs out . These missions encourage the players to explore the map and farm for resources ( either by searching objects or destroying them with an axe ) used to build the fortifications , weapons , ammunition , and traps needed to defend or attack the husks . Players also frequently need to seek out bluglo , a special resource that does not carry over between maps to activate certain mission objectives . Some missions are considered a loss if the objective is destroyed or time runs out , while other missions allow the players to rework their fortifications and start their defense again if the objective is destroyed . Maps will frequently have optional objectives that are discovered through exploration , such as human survivors that need help . Completing these successfully earn immediate in - game rewards such as resources , weapons , and traps . Missions themselves may provide bonus objectives , such as by completing the mission within a certain in - game period , using a limited number of fortification pieces , or saving more survivors than the minimum necessary , which affects the qualify of rewards the players receive after the successful completion of the main mission .

\n

\n During missions , players can make their fortifications from one of three base materials ( wood , brick , and metal ) , and in a number of configurations , including floors / ceilings , walls , stairs , and ramps ; players have the ability to edit these for more configurations , such as adding a door or window to a wall . Each fortification part can be upgraded with more resources of the same type to improve their durability , and when they are damaged , can be repaired by spending additional resources . Traps , which have a limited number of activation before they fall apart , can be placed on floors , walls , and ceilings , and arranged in means to make them more lethal or effective against husks . Traps may also include beneficial resources for players , such as healing pads , defender posts , and launch pads . Similarly , players can use a range of weapons but these have limited durability that drops as they are used or as a penalty if the player should be downed by husks and need to respawn without the help of allies . Players can construct new weapons , ammo , and traps from gathered resources , or find these from searching containers across the map . During missions , the game progresses through an accelerated day - night cycle ; during the day , the husks are more passive and do not generally pose immediate threats , while during the night , bands of husks may spawn in and will aggressively seek out players .

\n

\n One unique mission type is Storm Shield Defense missions . In each of the four world locations , the player is allocated a map that remains persistent , representing the site where their base 's storm shield generator is placed , and in the storm mode , the player must return to this map to expand the storm shield , requiring them to add a new objective to defend successfully to continue the story . At any time , the player can enter this map without starting the defense mission , and use their carried - over resources to build out the fortification and traps , or add resources to a special storage area for this map .

\n

\n Fortnite is also able to offer themed - events with a unique progression line , new locations , and rewards based on those themes . The first such event was its Halloween event , `` Fortnitemares '' , that offered Halloween - themed heroes , characters , weapons , and traps ( usable outside of the event ) by completing numerous objectives .

\n

\n Development

\n

\n History

\n

\n Fortnite was first revealed at the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards ( VGA ) , with Epic 's former design director Cliff Bleszinski introducing a trailer for the game . Donald Mustard , creative lead at Epic , said in 2017 that this announcement was `` three weeks after we came up with the idea , before we even made the game '' . The title , which started out as an internal game jam project , represents a departure from the company 's previous work . As Bleszinski explained during the Spike event , Epic wanted to `` switch things up a little bit and do something different and fun '' with Fortnite , describing it as `` a world where you explore , you scavenge , you build and ultimately you survive . '' In an interview with Engadget , he also echoed these statements , claiming that the game would be different from the Gears of War series : `` There 's no dudebros in it ... Not that there 's anything wrong with that , right ? But creatively for the team , Gears has been amazing for us . But it 's fun to kind of stretch our wings and do something that 's a little different from the usual . '' Epic Games Vice President of Publishing Mike Fischer said in 2015 that Epic recognized that they `` announced this game too soon '' , and that its lengthy development period was due to `` very good reasons . ''

\n

\n As the game was at its very preliminary stages at the VGA reveal , the goal of this reveal was to seek public interest in the title and potential publishing partners as to decide on the game 's release platforms and timeframe . During the July 2012 San Diego Comic Con , Epic announced that Fortnite would be an exclusive personal computer title , and the first one to be developed by Epic using their new Unreal 4 game engine , with a planned release in 2013 . The game 's development was originally started in the Unreal 3 engine , but as they progressed , they had seen the opportunity to work in several of the new feature sets and scripting language offered by Unreal 4 for Fortnite , while still running on most personal computers at that time . They further opted for personal computer exclusivity to avoid the difficulty of having to go through console certification , and as they planned to be constantly monitoring and tweaking the game , acting as a dungeon master , the personal computer approach would allow them to do this without restrictions normally set by console manfuctures . Bleszinski later clarified that they would not rule out release on other platforms as they developed the title .

\n Fortnite cosplayers at Gamescom 2017

\n Fortnite 's development was spread among several of Epic 's satellite studios , and was also co-developed by the Polish studio People Can Fly , which had worked with Epic previously on earlier games , and had been fully acquired by Epic sometime in 2012 . People Can Fly were briefly renamed Epic Games Poland in 2013 as to align with Epic 's other studios . By March 2014 , there were about 90 developers working on the game . People Can Fly later returned to being an independent studio and their own name in 2015 , but continued to help Epic with Fortnite 's development .

\n

\n During Fortnite 's development , Epic had seen the game industry shifting to games as a service model . To help with this transition , the company brought in Tencent who had several games operating under this model . As part of this agreement , Tencent bought a significant share of ownership in Epic Games through stock acquisition around June 2012 . The shifting of Epic 's approach through Tencent led to the departure of some high - level staff later that year , including Bleszinski . Fortnite was seen as the spearhead for Epic 's games - as - a-service model as they collaborated with Tencent . This caused some road bumps in the development of Fortnite , according to Mustard . Fortnite 's development was also slowed as it was used as the testing ground for the new features of the Unreal 4 engine .

\n

\n By November 2013 , Epic confirmed that Fortnite would not release that year , nor offered a target released date , though affirmed the game was still in development by several of its studios . Fortnite was a feature in the May 2014 issue of Game Informer , revealing that the title would be released as a free - to - play game .

\n

\n By 2014 , Fortnite was at a `` pretty functional prototype '' with most of the Unreal 4 engine elements smoothed out , according to Mustard . Epic anticipated it would still take about three more years to complete , not only in polishing and balancing the game , but setting in place the necessary backend elements for the games - as - a-service model . To help support development and get player feedback , Epic used a series of closed alpha test periods . The game 's first closed alpha , called Online Test 1 , ran from December 2 to 19 , 2014 , while Online Test 2 ran from March 24 to April 14 , 2015 . Epic said the first alpha was designed to help it `` make sure all of our basic systems are working '' and establish `` a baseline for how people play in order to make Fortnite better . '' After being demoed at WWDC 2015 on Mac , Fortnite entered closed beta testing in the fall of 2015 . Approximately 50,000 players participated in these periods .

\n

\n Fortnite was being developed alongside Paragon , which Epic announced on November 2015 . As Paragon seemed to take Epic 's focus , leaving little news about Fortnite , CEO Tim Sweeney said in March 2016 that they were still committed to Fortnite once Paragon was launched and established , given that much of the work on Fortnite would take time to get the right balance for gameplay . `` We figure we should start with one major successful launch and do one at a time . Fortnite will be next . ''

\n

\n By June 2017 , Epic Games announced that Fortnite was now set for a 2018 release across Windows , macOS , and the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles . Leading up to this free - to - play release , the game was offered as a paid early access period starting on July 25 , 2017 for all platforms ; players who pre-ordered Founder 's Packs were granted access to the game on July 21 . The lengthy period since the game 's alpha phases was ascribed to developing Fortnite as a games - as - a-service model , according to creative lead Donald Mustard . While the game had been in a playable state for the two years before this , Epic wanted to be able to develop ongoing content to players to keep them interested in the title , such as planning timed events with unique rewards , following in the approach used by games like League of Legends and Warframe . Since the game had already been announced earlier in 2014 through Game Informer , Epic opted not to use their Electronic Entertainment Expo time or space in June 2017 to re-announce the game , fearing that coverage of it would be lost in the deluge of other gaming news coming out of the event . Instead , the Epic marketing team worked with Twitch and other game streamers to provide them early copies of the game to play and promote on their channels in the weeks leading up to their target release date of July 25 , 2017 . However , a few weeks before this date , Epic recognized that the game was still not ready for release ; it was playable but not content complete . Rather than prolonging it further , Epic decided to release the game into paid early access on July 25 , 2017 , which would also allow them to get active feedback on the game as they progressed in development . At the time of the start of early access , Gearbox Software helped distribute the game on physical media .

\n

\n With the popularity of Fortnite Battle Royale , which was first released in early access around September 2017 and gained considerable attention by early 2018 , Epic split off a separate development team to focus on improvements for this mode . Epic said that their attention to Fortnite was causing some of their other games to see lower player populations , leading them to reduce development efforts on these games , particularly Paragon . By the end of January 2018 , Epic announced it was shutting down Paragon by April of that year , providing refunds to all players . Players on a Fortnite - dedicated Reddit forum had expressed concerns that a similar fate could befall the Save the World mode of Fortnite , as externally , the Save the World mode has not received the same attention in providing updates and improvements compared to the Battle Royale mode since that mode 's release . Epic 's Ed Zobrist said that as of March 2018 that the retention rates for `` Save the World '' have been high , and have grown since the release of Fortnite Battle Royale , and the company has since improved communications with the player base , such as providing development road maps and known bug lists .

\n

\n Art and design

\n

\n In their initial prototypes of the game , Epic had used creepier and darker designs for the husks and other enemies . Bleszinski said that they found this to create an `` exhaustive environment '' that was too grim , and designed to take the design in a more cartoonish approach , while still remaining creepy , so that players would enjoy spending time in the game 's world , without competing with games like DayZ . They used works from Pixar , Tim Burton , and Looney Tunes as inspiration for the designs .

\n

\n Fortnite uses procedural generation to build out the maps for each mission . The game also includes an `` AI director '' that monitors how players are progressing , and alters the challenges of the monsters it sends out to the players based on that progression , easing off if players are having greater difficulty in surviving . At one point , the game had a team - based player versus player mode , where each side attempted to build up a base around a central target while trying to attack the opponent 's target after breaking through their base . This did not make it into the final game .

\n

\n Epic currently has cross-platform play between PC and PS4 and has stated plans to allow separate Fortnite cross-platform support for Xbox One and personal computer users , but cross-platform play between all three platforms has not been announced . However , for a few hours during one day in September 2017 , players found they could cross-play between all three platforms . Epic later corrected this , calling it a `` configuration error '' .

\n

\n Reception

\n

\n Sales

\n

\n On July 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Fortnite had sold over 500,000 digital pre-order copies . On August 18 , 2017 , Epic confirmed that Fortnite had surpassed over a million players .

\n

\n Accolades

\n

\n Eurogamer ranked the game 32nd on their list of the `` Top 50 Games of 2017 '' . It was also nominated for `` Best Co-op Game '' in PC Gamer 's 2017 Game of the Year Awards , and for `` Best Spectator Game '' in IGN 's Best of 2017 Awards .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Award \n \n Result \n Ref .
\n 2017 \n The Game Awards 2017 \n Best Multiplayer \n Nominated \n
\n 2018 \n 16th Visual Effects Society Awards \n Outstanding Visual Effects in a Real - Time Project ( A Hard Day 's Night ) \n Nominated \n
\n D.I.C.E. Awards \n Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay \n Nominated \n
\n SXSW Gaming Awards \n Excellence in Multiplayer \n Nominated \n
\n Excellence in Gameplay \n Nominated
\n 14th British Academy Games Awards \n Best Evolving Game \n Nominated \n
\n Best Multiplayer \n Nominated
\n 22nd Annual Webby Awards \n People 's Voice Award for Best Multiplayer / Competitive Game \n Won \n
\n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Gilyadov , Alex ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite Hits 500,000 Digital Pre-Orders '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Brown , Fraser ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Epic pulls back the curtain ( and flesh ) on Fortnite 's monster design '' . PCGamesN . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Greening , Chris ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game Releases Calendar : 2016 Edition '' . Game Music Online . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Epic Games ' ' Fortnite ' will be the developer 's first Unreal Engine 4 game '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Epic : Fortnite is `` Minecraft meets Left 4 Dead '' `` . GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Lahit , Evan ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Hands - on with Fortnite co-op '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Wallace , Kimberly ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Fortnite : Building A Fort To Withstand Chaos '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Jones , Ali ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Things are getting spooky in Fortnite 's Halloween update '' . PCGamesN . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Gaudiosi , John ( December 10 , 2011 ) . `` Epic Games ' New Franchise FORTnITE Blends Survival Horror With Tower Defense Strategy '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Markovech , Sam ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite 's years of delays end with not - free - to - play version coming in July '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` What 's the future of games at Epic Games ? '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Schramm , Mike ( December 11 , 2011 ) . `` Cliff B talks Fortnite : ' There 's no dudebros in it ' '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Orland , Kyle ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Hands - on : Fortnite is an overwhelming zombie defense experience '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Yin - Pool , Wesley ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Epic reveals Minecraft inspiration for Fortnite '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Rigney , Ryan ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` First Screens : Epic 's Fortnite Is the First Unreal Engine 4 Game '' . Wired . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Hafer , T.J. ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Fortnite will be a PC exclusive and Epic 's first Unreal Engine 4 game '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ McGee , Maxwell ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Epic 's Cliff Bleszinski and Tanya Jessen Talk Up Fortnite '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 .
    18. \n
  18. \n ^ Jump up to : Purchase , Robert ( September 1 , 2012 ) . `` Fortnite detailed at PAX Prime ; Minecraft meets DayZ '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Sheridan , Connor ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` People Can Fly working on Fortnite , renamed Epic Games Poland '' . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( August 12 , 2012 ) . `` Epic Games Buys Gears of War : Judgment Dev '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` People Can Fly now known as Epic Games Poland '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bulletstorm dev People Can Fly regains independence '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 .
    23. \n
  23. \n ^ Jump up to : Peel , Jeremy ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Why has Fortnite taken so long ? '' . PCGamesN . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` The big Cliff Bleszinski interview '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Epic on Fortnite release -- `` It wo n't be this year '' `` . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Gears of War dev 's PC - exclusive Fortnite has Diablo - like looting '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 .
    27. \n
  27. \n ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Epic Games kicks off Fortnite alpha on Dec. 2 '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ S. Good , Owen ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Fortnite kicks off second closed alpha with a livestream this afternoon '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Tach , Dave ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Epic 's Fortnite coming to Mac , beta hits this fall '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Epic 's Fortnite Still in Development , But Paragon Comes First '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 .
    31. \n
  31. \n ^ Jump up to : Hall , Charlie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite announces early access release , hands - on the unfinished game '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite Early Access has started for those who pre-ordered Founder 's Packs '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 .
    33. \n
  33. \n ^ Jump up to : Valdes , Giancarlo ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` The Story Behind ' Fortnite 's ' Less Popular Mode '' . Glixel . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Gearbox to publish Epic 's Fortnite on disc '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fortnite : Battle Royale ' : The Evolution of World 's Largest Battle Royale Game '' . Glixel . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite 's Huge Success Means Its Studio 's Other Game Might Not Live On '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` After Fortnite 's Massive Success , Epic Shuts Down Paragon '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Hastings , Dan ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Could Fortnite 's Save The World mode be next on Epic 's kill list ? '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Winkie , Luke ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` How Fortnite PvE fans feel about Battle Royale taking over the game they love '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Arini , Tini ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Evolution Of Fortnite To Something Less Creepy '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 .
    41. \n
  41. \n ^ Jump up to : Good , Owen ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Epic 's free - to - play Fortnite delivers a suspense - filled finish '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Orland , Kyle ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite devs inadvertently prove cross-console play is possible '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Boyd , Jordan ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite Celebrates One Million Players ; New Survival Mode Announced '' . Dualshockers . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Eurogamer staff ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` Eurogamer 's Top 50 Games of 2017 : 40 -- 31 '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Games of the Year 2017 : The nominees '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Spectator Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards 2017 Winners Headlined By Zelda : Breath Of The Wild 's Game Of The Year '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Wins Big '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Game Of The Year Nominees Announced For DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild Wins Game Of The Year At DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ McNeill , Andrew ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Here Are Your 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Finalists ! '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Winners Revealed '' . IGN . March 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ deAlessandri , Marie ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA names What Remains of Edith Finch its best game of 2017 '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` JAY - Z , RuPaul , Lady Gaga , Katy Perry & Kourtney Kardashian Among 2018 Webby Award Winners : See the Full List '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 .
    57. \n
\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Retail versions published by Gearbox Publishing
    2. \n
\n

\n External links

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Epic Games
\n Games \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Jazz Jackrabbit series \n
    \n
  • \n Jazz Jackrabbit
    • \n
  • \n Jazz Jackrabbit 2
    • \n
\n
\n Unreal series \n
    \n
  • \n Unreal
    • \n
  • \n Tournament ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Tournament 2003
    • \n
  • \n Championship
    • \n
  • \n Tournament 2004
    • \n
  • \n Championship 2 : The Liandri Conflict
    • \n
  • \n Tournament 3
    • \n
  • \n Tournament ( upcoming )
    • \n
\n
\n Gears of War series \n
    \n
  • \n Gears of War
    • \n
  • \n Gears of War 2
    • \n
  • \n Gears of War 3
    • \n
  • \n Gears of War : Judgment
    • \n
\n
\n Infinity Blade series \n
    \n
  • \n Infinity Blade
    • \n
  • \n Infinity Blade II
    • \n
  • \n Infinity Blade III
    • \n
\n
\n Other games \n
    \n
  • \n ZZT
    • \n
  • \n Jill of the Jungle
    • \n
  • \n Kiloblaster
    • \n
  • \n Silverball
    • \n
  • \n Xargon
    • \n
  • \n Extreme Pinball
    • \n
  • \n 7th Legion
    • \n
  • \n Age of Wonders
    • \n
  • \n Shadow Complex
    • \n
  • \n Bulletstorm
    • \n
  • \n Robo Recall
    • \n
  • \n Paragon
    • \n
  • \n Fortnite ( Battle Royale )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Subsidiaries \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Current \n
    \n
  • \n Chair Entertainment
    • \n
\n
\n Former \n
    \n
  • \n Safari Software
    • \n
  • \n Impossible Studios
    • \n
  • \n Titan Studios
    • \n
  • \n Pitbull Studio
    • \n
  • \n People Can Fly
    • \n
\n
\n
\n People \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Current \n
    \n
  • \n Tim Sweeney
    • \n
  • \n Mark Rein
    • \n
  • \n Steve Polge
    • \n
  • \n Sjoerd De Jong
    • \n
\n
\n Former \n
    \n
  • \n Rod Fergusson
    • \n
  • \n Cliff Bleszinski
    • \n
  • \n Mike Capps
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Technology \n
    \n
  • \n Unreal Engine
    • \n
  • \n Epic Citadel
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n List of Unreal Engine games
    • \n
  • \n Make Something Unreal
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortnite&oldid=838517375 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where did the idea of fortnite come from", "long_answers": ["Fortnite is set in contemporary Earth , where the sudden appearance of a worldwide storm causes 98 % of the world 's population to disappear , and zombie - like creatures rise to attack the remainder . Considered by Epic as a cross between Minecraft and Left 4 Dead , Fortnite has up to four players cooperating on various missions on randomly - generated maps to collect resources , build fortifications around defensive objectives that are meant to help fight the storm and protect survivors , and construct weapons and traps to engage in combat with waves of these creatures that attempt to destroy the objectives . Players gain rewards through these missions to improve their hero characters , support teams , and arsenal of weapon and trap schematics to be able to take on more difficult missions . The game is supported through microtransactions to purchase in - game currency that can be used towards these upgrades .\n", "Fortnite was first revealed at the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards ( VGA ) , with Epic 's former design director Cliff Bleszinski introducing a trailer for the game . Donald Mustard , creative lead at Epic , said in 2017 that this announcement was `` three weeks after we came up with the idea , before we even made the game '' . The title , which started out as an internal game jam project , represents a departure from the company 's previous work . As Bleszinski explained during the Spike event , Epic wanted to `` switch things up a little bit and do something different and fun '' with Fortnite , describing it as `` a world where you explore , you scavenge , you build and ultimately you survive . '' In an interview with Engadget , he also echoed these statements , claiming that the game would be different from the Gears of War series : `` There 's no dudebros in it ... Not that there 's anything wrong with that , right ? But creatively for the team , Gears has been amazing for us . But it 's fun to kind of stretch our wings and do something that 's a little different from the usual . '' Epic Games Vice President of Publishing Mike Fischer said in 2015 that Epic recognized that they `` announced this game too soon '' , and that its lengthy development period was due to `` very good reasons . ''\n"], "short_answers": ["as a cross between Minecraft and Left 4 Dead\n"]} {"text": "Texas Flip N Move - Wikipedia

\n Texas Flip N Move

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Texas Flip N Move
\n
\n Genre \n Reality television
\n Country of origin \n United States
\n Original language ( s ) \n English
\n Production
\n Running time \n 40 minutes
\n Release
\n Original network \n DIY Network
\n Original release \n November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) -- present
\n External links
\n Website \n texasflipnmove. build
\n

\n Texas Flip N Move is a show featured on DIY Network .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Premise ( edit )

\n

\n The show features professional home renovators who purchase older houses to flip for profit .

\n

\n However , unlike Property Brothers or other similar shows , the show features a twist : at the auction , only the houses are sold ( not the underlying land ) . The bidders can only view the home from the outside and must also factor in costs of moving the house from the original lot to the renovation site ( another facility where the houses are renovated and later sold at auction to purchasers wanting houses to move to existing property ) .

\n

\n Cast ( edit )

\n \n
\n
\n From Season 1 to Season 3 , Casey was Cody 's cousin and moved houses for the Young Guns . From Season 3 he moves and flips house with the Young Guns at season 3 and with Catrina from Season 4 . Casey and Catrina are not married to each other .
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Gary Snow is the brother of Donna and Toni ; his four daughters ( Donna and Toni 's nieces ) were featured in a Season 3 episode where they and the Snow Sisters each renovated a shipping contain
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Daddy Snow is the father of Donna , Gary , and Toni , and the grandfather of Gary 's four daughters . In his 80 's , he is still active in the house - moving business . He inherited a company created by his father C.A. Snow .
\n
\n

\n Series overview ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Texas Flip N Move episodes \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Season \n Episodes \n Originally aired
\n Season premiere \n Season finale
\n \n \n 9 \n November 11 , 2014 \n March 6 , 2015
\n \n \n 13 \n September 18 , 2015 \n December 11 , 2015
\n \n \n 13 \n January 8 , 2016 \n April 1 , 2016
\n \n \n 13 \n July 15 , 2016 \n October 7 , 2016
\n \n 5 \n 13 \n November 25 , 2016 \n March 3 , 2017
\n \n 6 \n 13 \n April 7 , 2017 \n June 30 , 2017
\n \n 7 \n 13 \n October 6 , 2017 \n
\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Texas Flip and Move '' .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Texas Flip N Move '' . Zap2it .
    3. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texas_Flip_N_Move&oldid=815134751 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "texas flip and move how does it work", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Economy of the Ming dynasty - wikipedia

\n Economy of the Ming dynasty

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n The Ming Empire around 1580

\n The economy of the Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) of China was the largest in the world during that period . It is regarded as one of China 's three golden ages ( the other two being the Han and Song periods ) . The period was marked by the increasing political influence of the merchants , the gradual weakening of imperial rule , and technological advances .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Currency ( edit )

\n Further information : Ming dynasty coinage

\n The early Ming dynasty attempted to use paper currency , with outflows of bullion limited by its ban on private foreign commerce . Like its forebears , the currency experienced massive counterfeiting and hyperinflation . ( In 1425 , Ming notes were trading at about 0.014 % of its original value under the Hongwu Emperor . ) The notes remained in circulation as late as 1573 but their printing was ended in 1450 . Minor coins were minted in base metals , but trade mostly occurred using silver ingots . As their purity and exact weight varied , they were treated as bullion and measured in tael . These privately made `` sycee '' first came into use in Guangdong , spreading to the lower Yangtze sometime before 1423 , the year it became acceptable for payment of tax obligations . In the mid-15th century , the paucity of circulating silver caused a monetary contraction and extensive reversion to barter . The problem was met through smuggled , then legal , importation of Japanese silver ( mostly through the Portuguese and Dutch ) and Spanish silver from Potos\u00ed carried on the Manila galleons . Provincial taxes were required to be paid in silver in 1465 ; the salt tax , in 1475 ; and corv\u00e9e exemptions , in 1485 . By the late Ming , the amount of silver being used was extraordinary : at a time when English traders considered tens of thousands of pounds an exceptional fortune , the Zheng clan of merchants regularly engaged in transactions valued at millions of taels . However , a second silver contraction occurred in the mid-17th century when King Philip IV began enforcing laws limiting direct trade between Spanish South America and China at about the same time the new Tokugawa shogunate in Japan restricted most of its foreign exports , cutting off Dutch and Portuguese access to its silver . The dramatic spike in silver 's value in China made payment of taxes nearly impossible for most provinces . In extremis , the government even resumed use of paper currency amid Li Zicheng 's rebellion .

\n

\n Manufactures ( edit )

\n

\n Privatization ( edit )

\n

\n Another key feature of the Ming manufacturing industry was privatization . Unlike the Song , in which state - owned enterprises played a large role , the Ming reverted to the old laissez faire policies of the Han by privatizing the salt and tea industries . By the middle of the Ming dynasty , powerful groups of wealthy merchants had replaced the state as the dominant movers behind Chinese industry .

\n

\n Emergence of wage labor ( edit )

\n

\n The Ming government abolished the mandatory forced labor by peasants used in early dynasties and replaced it with wage labor . A new class of wage laborers sprung up where none had existed before . In Jingde alone , it was reported that there were no less than 300 pottery factories , all operated by wage laborers .

\n

\n Early encouragement of agriculture under Hongwu ( edit )

\n

\n In order to recover from rule of the Mongols and the wars that followed them , the Hongwu Emperor enacted pro-agricultural policies . The state invested extensively in agricultural canals , reduced taxes on agriculture to 1 / 30 of the output , and later to 1.5 % of agricultural output . Ming farmers also introduced many innovations such as water - powered plows , and new agricultural methods such as crop rotation . This led to a massive agricultural surplus that became the basis of a market economy .

\n

\n Emergence of commercial plantations ( edit )

\n

\n The Ming saw the rise of commercial plantations who produced crops suitable to their regions . Tea , fruits , paint and other goods were produced on a massive scale by these agricultural plantations . Regional patterns of production established during this period continued into the Qing dynasty . The Columbian exchange brought crops such as corn with these foreign crops . During the Ming , specialized areas also popped up planting large numbers of cash crops that could be sold at markets . Large numbers of peasants abandoned the land to become artisans . The population of the Ming boomed ; estimates for the population of the Ming range from 160 to 200 million .

\n

\n Rural markets during the Ming ( edit )

\n

\n Ming agriculture was much changed from the earlier areas ; firstly , gigantic areas , devoting and specializing in cash crops , sprung up to demand from the new market economy . Secondly , agricultural tools and carts , some water - powered , help to create a gigantic agricultural surplus which formed the basis of the rural economy . Besides rice , other crops were grown on a large scale .

\n

\n Although images of autarkic farmers who had no connection to the rest of China may have some merit for the earlier Han and T'ang dynasties , this was certainly not the case for the Ming dynasty . During the Ming dynasty , the increase in population and the decrease in quality land made it necessary that farmers make a living off cash crops . Many of these markets appeared in the rural countryside , where goods were exchanged and bartered .

\n

\n A second type of market that developed in China was the urban - rural type , in which rural goods were sold to urban dwellers . This was particular the case when landlords decided to reside in the cities , and use income coming from rural land holding to facilitate exchange in the cities . Another way this type of market was used was professional merchants who bought rural goods in large quantities .

\n

\n The third type of market was the `` national market '' which was developed during the Song dynasty but particularly enhanced during the Ming . This market involved not only the exchange described above , but also products produced directly for the market . Unlike earlier dynasties , many Ming peasants were no longer producing only products they needed ; many of them produced products for the market , which then they sold at a profit .

\n

\n Trade and investment ( edit )

\n Main article : Haijin

\n In the early Ming , after the devastation of the war which expelled the Mongols , the Hongwu Emperor imposed severe restrictions on trade ( the `` haijin '' ) . Believing that agriculture was the basis of the economy , Hongwu favored that industry over all else , including that of merchants . After his death , most of his policies were reversed by his successors . By the late Ming , the state was losing power to the very merchants which Hongwu had wanted to restrict .

\n

\n The Ming dynasty also engaged in a thriving trade with both Europe and Japan . The amount of silver flowing into the Ming dynasty was estimated by Joseph Needham at 300 million taels , which is equivalent to more than 190 billion dollars in today 's money . In addition to silver , the Ming also imported many European firearms , in order to ensure the modernness of their weapons .

\n

\n Trade and commerce thrived in this liberalized economy , and was aided by the construction of canals , roads , and bridges by the Ming government . The Ming saw the rise of several merchant clans such as the Huai and Jin clans , who disposed of large amounts of wealth . The gentry and merchant classes started to fuse , and the merchants gained power at the expense of the state . Some merchants were reputed to have a treasure of 30 million taels .

\n

\n Taxation ( edit )

\n

\n Ming taxation was light . Taxes on agriculture were only 1 / 30 of agricultural produce , and were later reduced to 1 / 50 of produce . Taxes on commerce amounted to 1 / 30 of commerce also , but was later reduced to 1.5 % . These low taxes spurred trade , but severely weakened the state . Salt , as in earlier dynasties , was an important source of state revenue , but required constant and competent management . With the coming of the Little Ice Age in the 17th century , the state 's low revenues and its inability to raise taxes caused massive deficits , and large numbers of Ming troops defected or rebelled because they had not been paid .

\n

\n Weakening of the state ( edit )

\n

\n During the Ming , the controls imposed on the economy were gradually relaxed . State monopolies on salt and iron ended as these and other industries were privatized . Taxes were reduced from the high levels under the Mongol Yuan , and the Ming had one of the lowest tax rates ( per person ) in the world . The entire foreign trade , which was estimated at up to 300 million taels , provided the Ming with a tax of only about 40,000 taels a year . When the Wanli Emperor sought to increase the salt tax , his measures were opposed by violence and the eunuchs he sent to collect the tax were beheaded by local officials .

\n

\n Sprouts of capitalism ( edit )

\n

\n Investment and capital moved off the land and were poured into ventures . Continuing the trend from the Song , Ming investors poured large amounts of capital into ventures and reaped high profits . Many Chinese scholars believe the Ming was the dynasty in which the `` sprouts of capitalism '' emerged in China , only to be suppressed by the Qing Dynastry . This theory was widely promoted by Communist scholars during the Maoist period , and suffers from that period 's general condemnation of the Manchu Qing , who were accused of mis - managing the Chinese state in the face of foreign encroachment .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Von Glahn , Richard ( 1996 ) , Fountain of Fortune : Money and Monetary Policy in China , 1000 -- 1700 , Berkeley : University of California Press , pp. 90 -- 1 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 20408 - 5 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Fairbank , John K. ; et al. ( 2006 ) , China : A New History ( 2nd ed . ) , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , p. 134 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 01828 - 1 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Atwell , William S. ( 1998 ) , `` Ming China and the Emerging World Economy , c. 1470 -- 1650 '' , The Cambridge History of China , Vol. 8 : The Ming Dynasty : 1368 -- 1644 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , p. 387 , ISBN 0521243335 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Brook , Timothy ( 1998 ) , The Confusions of Pleasure : Commerce and Culture in Ming China , Berkeley : University of California Press , p. 208 , ISBN 0 - 520 - 22154 - 0 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Li Bo , Zheng Yin , `` 5000 years of Chinese history '' , Inner Mongolian People 's publishing corp , 2001 , ISBN 7 - 204 - 04420 - 7 , pp. 994 -- 997 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Twitchett , Denis ; John K. Fairbank . the Ming dynasty part 2 ( May 1987 ) , The Cambridge History of China , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24327 - 8 , pp. 497 -- 498 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Huang , Ray ( 1998 ) , `` The Ming fiscal administration '' , in Twitchett , Denis and Fairbank , John K. ( eds . ) , The Ming Dynasty , 1 398 -- 1644 , Part 2 , The Cambridge History of China , 8 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp. 106 -- 172 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 24333 - 9 CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link )
    8. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Ming dynasty topics
\n History \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Early ( 1368 -- 1435 ) \n
    \n
  • \n Red Turban Rebellion
    • \n
  • \n Ming conquest of Yunnan
    • \n
  • \n Ming - Mong Mao War
    • \n
  • \n Ming campaign against the Uriankhai
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Buir Lake
    • \n
  • \n Ming -- Mong Mao Intervention
    • \n
  • \n Jingnan Campaign
    • \n
  • \n Ming treasure voyages
    • \n
  • \n Ming -- Turpan conflict
    • \n
  • \n Ming -- H\u1ed3 War
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Kherlen
    • \n
  • \n Ming -- Kotte War
    • \n
  • \n Lam S\u01a1n uprising
    • \n
  • \n Yongle Emperor 's campaigns against the Mongols
    • \n
  • \n Rule of Ren and Xuan
    • \n
\n
\n Middle ( 1435 -- 1572 ) \n
    \n
  • \n Luchuan -- Pingmian campaigns
    • \n
  • \n Tumu Crisis
    • \n
  • \n Rebellion of Cao Qin
    • \n
  • \n Miao Rebellions
    • \n
  • \n Prince of Anhua rebellion
    • \n
  • \n Prince of Ning rebellion
    • \n
  • \n Malayan -- Portuguese war
    • \n
  • \n Japanese missions to Ming China
    • \n
  • \n Ningbo Incident
    • \n
  • \n Great Rites Controversy
    • \n
  • \n Renyin Plot
    • \n
  • \n Jiajing wokou raids
    • \n
  • \n Single whip law
    • \n
\n
\n Late ( 1572 -- 1683 ) \n
    \n
  • \n Bozhou rebellion
    • \n
  • \n Ordos Campaign
    • \n
  • \n Japanese invasions of Korea
    • \n
  • \n Donglin movement
    • \n
  • \n Sino - Dutch conflicts
    • \n
  • \n She - An Rebellion
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Beijing
    • \n
  • \n Qing conquest of the Ming
      \n
    • \n Battle of Shanhai Pass
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Southern Ming
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Government \n
    \n
  • \n Emperor
      \n
    • \n List
      • \n
    • \n Family tree
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Grand Secretariat
    • \n
  • \n Eastern Depot
    • \n
  • \n Imperial Clan Court
    • \n
  • \n Imperial Commissioner
    • \n
  • \n Grand coordinator
    • \n
  • \n Jinyiwei
    • \n
  • \n Tusi
    • \n
\n
\n Military \n
    \n
  • \n Military conquests of the Ming dynasty
    • \n
  • \n Nine Garrisons of the Ming dynasty
    • \n
  • \n Shenjiying
    • \n
  • \n Gunpowder weapons in the Ming dynasty
    • \n
  • \n Army of the Ming dynasty
    • \n
\n
\n Special regions \n
    \n
  • \n Yunnan under Ming rule
    • \n
  • \n Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam
    • \n
  • \n Manchuria under Ming rule
    • \n
\n
\n Compilations & Documents \n
    \n
  • \n History of Yuan
    • \n
  • \n The Hundred - word Eulogy
    • \n
  • \n Huang - Ming Zuxun
    • \n
  • \n Yongle Encyclopedia
    • \n
  • \n Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty
    • \n
  • \n Ming Shilu
    • \n
  • \n Luso - Chinese agreement ( 1554 )
    • \n
\n
\n Palaces and Mausoleums \n
    \n
  • \n Forbidden City
    • \n
  • \n Chaotian Palace
    • \n
  • \n Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum
    • \n
  • \n Ming Ancestors Mausoleum
    • \n
  • \n Ming tombs
    • \n
  • \n Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
    • \n
\n
\n Society & Culture \n
    \n
  • \n Ming poetry
    • \n
  • \n Ming dynasty painting
    • \n
  • \n Four Masters of the Ming dynasty
    • \n
  • \n Wu School
    • \n
  • \n Zhe school
    • \n
  • \n Chinese lacquerware table
    • \n
  • \n Ming presentation porcelain
    • \n
  • \n Covered jar with carp design
    • \n
  • \n Yongning Temple Stele
    • \n
  • \n Economy of the Ming dynasty
    • \n
  • \n Ming dynasty Tai history
    • \n
  • \n Islam during the Ming dynasty
    • \n
\n
\n Other topics \n
    \n
  • \n House of Zhu
    • \n
  • \n History of Ming
    • \n
  • \n Ming official headwear
    • \n
  • \n Ming Great Wall
    • \n
  • \n Sino - Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty
    • \n
  • \n Wokou
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Economic history of China
\n Imperial China ( pre-1912 ) \n
    \n
  • \n Han dynasty
    • \n
  • \n Song dynasty
    • \n
  • \n Ming dynasty
    • \n
\n
\n Modern China ( 1912 -- present ) \n
    \n
  • \n 1912 - 1949
    • \n
  • \n 1949 -- present
      \n
    • \n Industrialization
      • \n
    • \n Economic Reform
      • \n
    • \n Technological and industrial history
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Contemporary economy \n
    \n
  • \n Hong Kong
    • \n
  • \n Macau
    • \n
  • \n Taiwan
    • \n
\n
\n Financial innovations \n
    \n
  • \n Paper money
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty&oldid=819567392 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "global trade during the ming dynasty of china", "long_answers": ["The Ming dynasty also engaged in a thriving trade with both Europe and Japan . The amount of silver flowing into the Ming dynasty was estimated by Joseph Needham at 300 million taels , which is equivalent to more than 190 billion dollars in today 's money . In addition to silver , the Ming also imported many European firearms , in order to ensure the modernness of their weapons .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Shortwave radio - wikipedia

\n Shortwave radio

\n Jump to : navigation , search `` Shortwave '' redirects here . For other uses , see Shortwave ( disambiguation ) . Grundig Satellit 400 solid - state , digital shortwave receiver , circa 1986

\n Shortwave radio is radio transmission using shortwave radio frequencies . There is no official definition of the band , but the range always includes all of the high frequency band ( HF ) , and generally extends from 1.7 -- 30 MHz ( 176.3 -- 10.0 m ) ; from the high end of the medium frequency band ( MF ) just above the mediumwave AM broadcast band , to the end of the HF band .

\n

\n Radio waves in the shortwave band can be reflected or refracted from a layer of electrically charged atoms in the atmosphere called the ionosphere . Therefore , short waves directed at an angle into the sky can be reflected back to Earth at great distances , beyond the horizon . This is called skywave or `` skip '' propagation . Thus shortwave radio can be used for very long distance communication , in contrast to radio waves of higher frequency which travel in straight lines ( line - of - sight propagation ) and are limited by the visual horizon , about 40 miles ( 64 km ) . Shortwave radio is used for broadcasting of voice and music to shortwave listeners over very large areas ; sometimes entire continents or beyond . It is also used for military over-the - horizon radar , diplomatic communication , and two - way international communication by amateur radio enthusiasts for hobby , educational and emergency purposes , as well as for long distance aviation and marine communications .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Frequency classifications ( edit )

\n

\n The widest popular definition of the shortwave frequency interval is the ITU Region 1 ( EU + Africa + Russia ... ) definition , and is the span 1.6 -- 30 MHz , just above the medium wave band , which ends approximately at 1.6 MHz .

\n

\n There are also other definitions of the shortwave frequency interval :

\n \n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n Development ( edit )

\n Radio amateurs carried out the first shortwave transmissions over a long distance before Guglielmo Marconi

\n The name `` shortwave '' originated during the early days of radio in the early 20th century , when the radio spectrum was considered divided into long wave ( LW ) , medium wave ( MW ) and short wave bands based on the wavelength of the radio waves . Shortwave radio received its name because the wavelengths in this band are relatively shorter than 200 m ( 1,500 kHz ) which marked the original upper limit of the medium frequency band first used for radio communications . The broadcast medium wave band now extends above the 200 m / 1,500 kHz limit , and the amateur radio 1.8 MHz -- 2.0 MHz band ( known as the `` top band '' ) is the lowest - frequency band considered to be ' shortwave ' .

\n

\n Early long distance radio telegraphy used long waves , below 300 kilohertz ( kHz ) . The drawbacks to this system included a very limited spectrum available for long distance communication , and the very expensive transmitters , receivers and gigantic antennas that were required . It was also difficult to beam the radio wave directionally with long wave , resulting in a major loss of power over long distances . Prior to the 1920s , the shortwave frequencies above 1.5 MHz were regarded as useless for long distance communication and were designated in many countries for amateur use .

\n

\n Guglielmo Marconi , pioneer of radio , commissioned his assistant Charles Samuel Franklin to carry out a large scale study into the transmission characteristics of short wavelength waves and to determine their suitability for long distance transmissions . Franklin rigged up a large antenna at Poldhu Wireless Station , Cornwall , running on 25 kW of power . In June and July 1923 , wireless transmissions were completed during nights on 97 meters from Poldhu to Marconi 's yacht Elettra in the Cape Verde Islands .

\n

\n In September 1924 , Marconi transmitted daytime and nighttime on 32 meters from Poldhu to his yacht in Beirut . Franklin went on to refine the directional transmission , by inventing the curtain array aerial system . In July 1924 , Marconi entered into contracts with the British General Post Office ( GPO ) to install high speed shortwave telegraphy circuits from London to Australia , India , South Africa and Canada as the main element of the Imperial Wireless Chain . The UK - to - Canada shortwave `` Beam Wireless Service '' went into commercial operation on 25 October 1926 . Beam Wireless Services from the UK to Australia , South Africa and India went into service in 1927 .

\n

\n Shortwave communications began to grow rapidly in the 1920s , similar to the internet in the late 20th century . By 1928 , more than half of long distance communications had moved from transoceanic cables and longwave wireless services to shortwave and the overall volume of transoceanic shortwave communications had vastly increased . Shortwave stations had cost and efficiency advantages over massive longwave wireless installations , however some commercial longwave communications stations remained in use until the 1960s . Long distance radio circuits also reduced the load on the existing transoceanic telegraph cables and hence the need for new cables , although the cables maintained their advantages of high security and a much more reliable and better quality signal than shortwave .

\n

\n The cable companies began to lose large sums of money in 1927 , and a serious financial crisis threatened the viability of cable companies that were vital to strategic British interests . The British government convened the Imperial Wireless and Cable Conference in 1928 `` to examine the situation that had arisen as a result of the competition of Beam Wireless with the Cable Services '' . It recommended and received Government approval for all overseas cable and wireless resources of the Empire to be merged into one system controlled by a newly formed company in 1929 , Imperial and International Communications Ltd . The name of the company was changed to Cable and Wireless Ltd. in 1934 .

\n

\n Long - distance cables had a resurgence beginning in 1956 with the laying of TAT - 1 across the Atlantic Ocean , the first voice frequency cable on this route . This provided 36 high quality telephone channels and was soon followed by even higher capacity cables all around the world . These sounded the death knell of shortwave radio for commercial communications .

\n

\n Amateur use of shortwave propagation ( edit )

\n Hallicrafters SX - 28 shortwave receiver analog tuning dial , circa 1944

\n Amateur radio operators also discovered that long - distance communication was possible on shortwave bands . Early long - distance services used surface wave propagation at very low frequencies , which are attenuated along the path at wavelengths shorter than 1,000 meters . Longer distances and higher frequencies using this method meant more signal loss . This , and the difficulties of generating and detecting higher frequencies , made discovery of shortwave propagation difficult for commercial services .

\n

\n Radio amateurs may have conducted the first successful transatlantic tests in December 1921 , operating in the 200 meter mediumwave band ( near 1,500 kHz in the modern AM broadcast band ) -- the shortest wavelength then available to amateurs . In 1922 hundreds of North American amateurs were heard in Europe on 200 meters and at least 20 North American amateurs heard amateur signals from Europe . The first two - way communications between North American and Hawaiian amateurs began in 1922 at 200 meters . Although operation on wavelengths shorter than 200 meters was technically illegal ( but tolerated as the authorities mistakenly believed at first that such frequencies were useless for commercial or military use ) , amateurs began to experiment with those wavelengths using newly available vacuum tubes shortly after World War I .

\n

\n Extreme interference at the longer edge of the 150 -- 200 meter band -- the official wavelengths allocated to amateurs by the Second National Radio Conference in 1923 -- forced amateurs to shift to shorter and shorter wavelengths ; however , amateurs were limited by regulation to wavelengths longer than 150 meters ( 2 MHz ) . A few fortunate amateurs who obtained special permission for experimental communications at wavelengths shorter than 150 meters completed hundreds of long distance two way contacts on 100 meters ( 3 MHz ) in 1923 including the first transatlantic two way contacts .

\n

\n By 1924 many additional specially licensed amateurs were routinely making transoceanic contacts at distances of 6,000 miles ( 9,600 km ) and more . On 21 September 1924 several amateurs in California completed two - way contacts with an amateur in New Zealand . On 19 October amateurs in New Zealand and England completed a 90 minute two - way contact nearly halfway around the world . On 10 October the Third National Radio Conference made three shortwave bands available to U.S. amateurs at 80 meters ( 3.75 MHz ) , 40 meters ( 7 MHz ) and 20 meters ( 14 MHz ) . These were allocated worldwide , while the 10 meter band ( 28 MHz ) was created by the Washington International Radiotelegraph Conference on 25 November 1927 . The 15 meter band ( 21 MHz ) was opened to amateurs in the United States on 1 May 1952 .

\n

\n Propagation characteristics ( edit )

\n Formation of a skip zone

\n Shortwave radio frequency energy is capable of reaching any location on the Earth as it is influenced by ionospheric reflection back to the earth by the ionosphere , ( a phenomenon known as `` skywave propagation '' ) . A typical phenomenon of shortwave propagation is the occurrence of a skip zone where reception fails . With a fixed working frequency , large changes in ionospheric conditions may create skip zones at night .

\n

\n As a result of the multi-layer structure of the ionosphere , propagation often simultaneously occurs on different paths , scattered by the E or F region and with different numbers of hops , a phenomenon that may be disturbed for certain techniques . Particularly for lower frequencies of the shortwave band , absorption of radio frequency energy in the lowest ionospheric layer , the D layer , may impose a serious limit . This is due to collisions of electrons with neutral molecules , absorbing some of a radio frequency 's energy and converting it to heat . Predictions of skywave propagation depend on :

\n \n

\n Types of modulation ( edit )

\n Further information : Modulation National Panasonic R3000 analog shortwave receiver , circa 1965

\n Several different types of modulation are used to impress information on a short - wave transmission .

\n

\n Amplitude modulation is the simplest type and the most commonly used for shortwave broadcasting . The instantaneous amplitude of the carrier is controlled by the amplitude of the signal ( speech , or music , for example ) . At the receiver , a simple detector recovers the desired modulation signal from the carrier .

\n

\n Single sideband transmission is a form of amplitude modulation but in effect filters the result of modulation . An amplitude - modulated signal has frequency components both above and below the carrier frequency . If one set of these components is eliminated as well as the residual carrier , only the remaining set is transmitted . This reduces power in the transmission , as roughly 2 / 3 of the energy sent by an AM signal is unnecessary to recover the information contained on it . It also reduces `` bandwidth '' , enabling about one - half the carrier frequency spectrum width to be used . The drawback is the receiver is more complicated , since it must re-create the carrier to recover the signal . Small errors in the detection process greatly affect the pitch of the received signal . As a result , single sideband is not used for music or general broadcast . Single sideband is used for long - range voice communications by ships and aircraft , Citizen 's Band , and amateur radio operators . Lower sideband ( LSB ) is generally used below 9 MHz and USB ( upper sideband ) above 9 MHz .

\n

\n Vestigal sideband transmits the carrier and one complete sideband , but filters out the other sideband . It is a compromise between AM and SSB , enabing simple receivers to be used , but requires almost as much transmitter power as AM . One advantage is only half the bandwidth of an AM signal is used . It can be heard in the transmission of certain radio time signal stations . Vestigial sideband is used for over the air Television Broadcasts both analog and digital .

\n

\n Continuous wave ( CW ) is on - and - off keying of a carrier , used for Morse code communications and Hellschreiber facsimile - based teleprinter transmissions .

\n

\n Narrow - band frequency modulation ( NBFM ) is used typically above 20 MHz . Because of the larger bandwidth required , NBFM is commonly used for VHF communication . Regulations limit the bandwidth of a signal transmitted in the HF bands , and the advantages of frequency modulation are greatest if the FM signal has a wide bandwidth . NBFM is limited to short - range transmissions due to the multiphasic distortions created by the ionosphere .

\n

\n Digital Radio Mondiale ( DRM ) is a digital modulation for use on bands below 30 MHz .

\n

\n Radioteletype , fax , digital , slow - scan television and other systems use forms of frequency - shift keying or audio subcarriers on a shortwave carrier . These generally require special equipment to decode , such as software on a computer equipped with a sound card .

\n

\n Users ( edit )

\n Portable shortwave receiver 's digital display tuned to the 75 meter band

\n Some established users of the shortwave radio bands may include :

\n \n

\n Sporadic or non-traditional users of the shortwave bands may include :

\n \n

\n Shortwave broadcasting ( edit )

\n

\n See International broadcasting for details on the history and practice of broadcasting to foreign audiences .

\n

\n See Shortwave relay station for the actual kinds of integrated technologies used to bring high power signals to listeners .

\n

\n Frequency allocations ( edit )

\n Main article : Shortwave bands

\n The World Radiocommunication Conference ( WRC ) , organized under the auspices of the International Telecommunication Union , allocates bands for various services in conferences every few years . The last WRC took place in 2007 .

\n

\n At WRC - 97 in 1997 , the following bands were allocated for international broadcasting . AM shortwave broadcasting channels are allocated with a 5 kHz separation for traditional analog audio broadcasting .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Metre Band \n Frequency Range \n Remarks
\n 120 m \n 2.3 -- 2.495 MHz \n tropical band
\n 90 m \n 3.2 -- 3.4 MHz \n tropical band
\n 75 m \n 3.9 -- 4 MHz \n shared with the North American amateur radio 80m band
\n 60 m \n 4.75 -- 5.06 MHz \n tropical band
\n 49 m \n 5.9 -- 6.2 MHz \n
\n 41 m \n 7.2 -- 7.6 MHz \n shared with the amateur radio 40m band
\n 31 m \n 9.4 -- 9.9 MHz \n currently the most heavily used band
\n 25 m \n 11.6 -- 12.2 MHz \n
\n 22 m \n 13.57 -- 13.87 MHz \n
\n 19 m \n 15.1 -- 15.8 MHz \n
\n 16 m \n 17.48 -- 17.9 MHz \n
\n 15 m \n 18.9 -- 19.02 MHz \n almost unused , could become a DRM band
\n 13 m \n 21.45 -- 21.85 MHz \n
\n 11 m \n 25.6 -- 26.1 MHz \n may be used for local DRM broadcasting
\n

\n Although countries generally follow the table above , there may be small differences between countries or regions . For example , in the official bandplan of the Netherlands , the 49 m band starts at 5.95 MHz , the 41 m band ends at 7.45 MHz , the 11 m band starts at 25.67 MHz , and the 120 , 90 and 60 m bands are absent altogether . Additionally , international broadcasters sometimes operate outside the normal WRC - allocated bands or use off - channel frequencies . This is done for practical reasons , or to attract attention in crowded bands ( 60m , 49m , 40m , 41m , 31m , 25m ) .

\n

\n The new digital audio broadcasting format for shortwave DRM operates 10 kHz or 20 kHz channels . There are some ongoing discussions with respect to specific band allocation for DRM , as it mainly transmitted in 10 kHz format .

\n

\n The power used by shortwave transmitters ranges from less than one watt for some experimental and amateur radio transmissions to 500 kilowatts and higher for intercontinental broadcasters and over-the - horizon radar . Shortwave transmitting centers often use specialized antenna designs ( like the ALLISS antenna technology ) to concentrate radio energy at the target area .

\n

\n Advantages ( edit )

\n Soviet shortwave listener in Borisoglebsk , 1941

\n Shortwave does possess a number of advantages over newer technologies , including the following :

\n \n

\n Disadvantages ( edit )

\n

\n Shortwave radio 's benefits are sometimes regarded as being outweighed by its drawbacks , including :

\n \n

\n Shortwave listening ( edit )

\n A pennant sent to overseas listeners by Radio Budapest in the late 1980s Main article : Shortwave listening

\n The Asia - Pacific Telecommunity estimates that there are approximately 600 million shortwave broadcast - radio receivers in use in 2002 . WWCR claims that there are 1.5 billion shortwave receivers worldwide .

\n

\n Many hobbyists listen to shortwave broadcasters . In some cases , the goal is to hear as many stations from as many countries as possible ( DXing ) ; others listen to specialized shortwave utility , or `` ute '' , transmissions such as maritime , naval , aviation , or military signals . Others focus on intelligence signals from numbers stations , stations which transmit strange broadcast usually for intelligence operations , or the two way communications by amateur radio operators . Some short wave listeners behave analogously to `` lurkers '' on the Internet , in that they listen only and never make any attempt to send out their own signals . Other listeners participate in clubs , or actively send and receive QSL cards , or become involved with amateur radio and start transmitting on their own .

\n

\n Many listeners tune the shortwave bands for the programmes of stations broadcasting to a general audience ( such as Radio Taiwan International , China Radio International , Voice of America , Radio France Internationale , BBC World Service , Voice of Korea , Radio Free Sarawak etc . ) . Today , through the evolution of the Internet , the hobbyist can listen to shortwave signals via remotely controlled or web controlled shortwave receivers around the world , even without owning a shortwave radio . Many international broadcasters offer live streaming audio on their websites and a number have closed their shortwave service entirely , or severely curtailed it , in favour of internet transmission .

\n

\n Shortwave listeners , or SWLs , can obtain QSL cards from broadcasters , utility stations or amateur radio operators as trophies of the hobby . Some stations even give out special certificates , pennants , stickers and other tokens and promotional materials to shortwave listeners .

\n

\n Shortwave broadcasts and music ( edit )

\n Composer Karlheinz Stockhausen

\n Some musicians have been attracted to the unique aural characteristics of shortwave radio which -- due to the nature of amplitude modulation , varying propagation conditions , and the presence of interference -- generally has lower fidelity than local broadcasts ( particularly via FM stations ) . Shortwave transmissions often have bursts of distortion , and `` hollow '' sounding loss of clarity at certain aural frequencies , altering the harmonics of natural sound and creating at times a strange `` spacey '' quality due to echoes and phase distortion . Evocations of shortwave reception distortions have been incorporated into rock and classical compositions , by means of delays or feedback loops , equalizers , or even playing shortwave radios as live instruments . Snippets of broadcasts have been mixed into electronic sound collages and live musical instruments , by means of analogue tape loops or digital samples . Sometimes the sounds of instruments and existing musical recordings are altered by remixing or equalizing , with various distortions added , to replicate the garbled effects of shortwave radio reception .

\n

\n The first attempts by serious composers to incorporate radio effects into music may be those of the Russian physicist and musician L\u00e9on Theremin , who perfected a form of radio oscillator as a musical instrument in 1928 ( regenerative circuits in radios of the time were prone to breaking into oscillation , adding various tonal harmonics to music and speech ) ; and in the same year , the development of a French instrument called the Ondes Martenot by its inventor Maurice Martenot , a French cellist and former wireless telegrapher . Karlheinz Stockhausen used shortwave radio and effects in works including Hymnen ( 1966 -- 67 ) , Kurzwellen ( 1968 ) -- adapted for the Beethoven Bicentennial in Opus 1970 with filtered and distorted snippets of Beethoven pieces -- Spiral ( 1968 ) , Pole , Expo ( both 1969 -- 70 ) , and Michaelion ( 1997 ) .

\n

\n Cypriot composer Yannis Kyriakides incorporated shortwave numbers station transmissions in his 1999 ConSPIracy cantata .

\n

\n Holger Czukay , a student of Stockhausen , was one of the first to use shortwave in a rock music context . In 1975 , German electronic music band Kraftwerk recorded a full length concept album around simulated radiowave and shortwave sounds , entitled Radio - Activity . The The 's Radio Cineola monthly broadcasts drew heavily on shortwave radio sound .

\n

\n Shortwave 's future ( edit )

\n PC spectrum display of a modern software defined shortwave receiver Further information : Shortwave listening \u00a7 Future of shortwave listening

\n The development of direct broadcasts from satellites has reduced the demand for shortwave receiver hardware , but there are still a great number of shortwave broadcasters . A new digital radio technology , Digital Radio Mondiale ( DRM ) , is expected to improve the quality of shortwave audio from very poor to standards comparable to the FM broadcast band . The future of shortwave radio is threatened by the rise of power line communication ( PLC ) , also known as Broadband over Power Lines ( BPL ) , which uses a data stream transmitted over unshielded power lines . As the BPL frequencies used overlap with shortwave bands , severe distortions can make listening to analog shortwave radio signals near power lines difficult or impossible .

\n

\n Experts disagree on the future of shortwave . According to Andy Sennitt , former editor of the World Radio TV Handbook , `` shortwave is a legacy technology , which is expensive and environmentally unfriendly . A few countries are hanging on to it , but most have faced up to the fact that the glory days of shortwave have gone . Religious broadcasters will still use it because they are not too concerned with listening figures '' .

\n

\n However Thomas Witherspoon , editor of shortwave news site SWLingPost.com wrote that `` shortwave remains the most accessible international communications medium that still provides listeners with the protection of complete anonymity '' . According to Nigel Fry , head of Distribution for the BBC World Service Group , `` I still see a place for shortwave in the 21st century , especially for reaching areas of the world that are prone to natural disasters that destroy local broadcasting and Internet infrastructure '' .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Grundig Satellit 400 international / professional ShortWaveRadio.ch
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Inconsistent article : itwissen.info : KW ( Kurzwelle ) SW ( short wave ) Quote : `` ... Der KW - Frequenzbereich ( SW ) liegt zwischen 3 MHz und 30 MHz ( < - 1 . definition ) ... Kurzwelle ist auch eine sendetechnische Bezeichnung f\u00fcr Rundfunk im Frequenzbereich zwischen 2 , 3 MHz und 26 , 1 MHz ( < - 2 . definition ) ... ''
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ oldtimeradio.de : Kleines Radio - Lexikon Quote : `` ... Kurzwellen , Kurzwellenbereich ... Wellenbereich , der von den Rundfunksendern ( je nach geographischer Lage ) von 11 bis 120 m = 26.100 bis 2.300 kHz ... ''
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ darc.de : Amateurfunk Frequenzen Quote : `` ... Grenzwelle ( Kurzwelle ) ... '' , de : Grenzwelle Quote : `` ... Als Grenzwelle wird der Frequenzbereich zwischen 1605 kHz und 3800 kHz bezeichnet , weil er auf der `` Grenze '' zwischen Mittelwelle und Kurzwelle liegt ... ''
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Grundig Satellit 1000 TR6002 , schematic See at the bottom of the schematic , just below the transformer . In the schematic it is written that the first shortwave band starts at 1.6 MHz ( just after the band end of MW / AM ) : `` KW1 - SW1 - OC1 1 , 6 ... 5 , 0 MHz ''
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Nebeker , Frederik ( 6 May 2009 ) . Dawn of the Electronic Age : Electrical Technologies in the Shaping of the Modern World , 1914 to 1945 . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 157 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 40974 - 9 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Bray , John ( 2002 ) . Innovation and the Communications Revolution : From the Victorian Pioneers to Broadband Internet . IET . pp. 73 -- 75 . ISBN 9780852962183 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Beauchamp , K.G. ( 2001 ) . History of Telegraphy . IET . p. 234 . ISBN 0 - 85296 - 792 - 6 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 23 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Burns , R.W. ( 1986 ) . British Television : The Formative Years . IET . p. 315 . ISBN 0 - 86341 - 079 - 0 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 23 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Full text of `` Beyond the ionosphere : fifty years of satellite communication '' `` . Archive.org . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 31 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Peter J. Hugill ( 4 March 1999 ) . Global Communications Since 1844 : Geopolitics and Technology . JHU Press . pp. 129 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6074 - 4 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Cable and Wireless Plc History Archived 2015 - 03 - 20 at the Wayback Machine .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Stormfax . Marconi Wireless on Cape Cod
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` 1921 -- Club Station 1BCG and the Transatlantic Tests '' . Radio Club of America . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 05 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Radio Service Bulletin No. 72 , pp. 9 -- 13 '' . Bureau of Navigation , Department of Commerce . 1923 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 05 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Recommendations for Regulation of Radio : October 6 -- 10 , 1924 '' . Earlyradiohistory.us . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 31 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ http://www.twiar.org/aaarchives/WB008.txt
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Karl Rawer : `` Wave Propagation in the Ionosphere '' . Kluwer , Dordrecht 1993 ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0775 - 5
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Panasonic / National ShortwaveRadio.ch
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Feld Hell Club '' . Google Sites . Google . Retrieved 9 January 2017 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Ian Robertson Sinclair , Audio and Hi - Fi Handbook , Newnes , 2000 ISBN 0 - 7506 - 4975 - 5 pp. 195 -- 196
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Christopher H. Sterling ( March 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Radio 3 - Volume Set . Routledge . pp. 538 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 45649 - 8 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Hearst Magazines ( January 1940 ) . Popular Mechanics . Hearst Magazines . pp. 62 -- .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` IARU Monitoring System '' . iaru.org . International Amateur Radio Union ( IARU ) . Retrieved 28 November 2017 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Andrew R. Yoder ( 2002 ) . Pirate Radio Stations : Tuning in to Underground Broadcasts in the Air and Online . McGraw Hill Professional . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 137563 - 4 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Vladimir Bychkov ; Gennady Golubkov ; Anatoly Nikitin ( 17 July 2010 ) . The Atmosphere and Ionosphere : Dynamics , Processes and Monitoring . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 104 -- . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 3212 - 6 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Nationaal Frequentieplan
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ http://www.w4uvh.net/dxld7078.txt
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Habrat , Marek . `` Odbiornik `` Roksana '' ( Radio constructor 's recollections ) `` . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 05 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived February 10 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Arlyn T. Anderson . `` Changes at the BBC World Service : Documenting the World Service 's Move From Shortwave to Web Radio in North America , Australia , and New Zealand '' , Journal of Radio Studies 2005 , Vol. 12 , No. 2 , Pages 286 -- 304 doi : 10.1207 / s15506843jrs1202_8 mentioned in ( 3 ) WWCR FAQ
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Web - Controlled Radios DXing.com
    34. \n
  34. \n ^ Jump up to : Karl Heinrich W\u00f6rner ( 1973 ) . Stockhausen ; Life and Work . University of California Press . pp. 76 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 02143 - 3 .
    35. \n
  35. \n ^ Jump up to : David Sheppard ( 1 May 2009 ) . On Some Faraway Beach : The Life and Times of Brian Eno . Chicago Review Press . pp. 275 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 107 - 2 .
    36. \n
  36. \n ^ Jump up to : The Wire. C. Parker . 2000 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Laura Dolp ( 13 July 2017 ) . Arvo P\u00e4rt 's White Light . Cambridge University Press . pp. 83 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 18289 - 9 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Tim Barr ( 31 August 2013 ) . Kraftwerk : from Dusseldorf to the Future With Love . Ebury Publishing . pp. 98 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4481 - 7776 - 9 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Radio Cineola www.thethe.com Archived December 18 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine .
    40. \n
  40. \n ^ Jump up to : Careless , James . `` The Evolution of Shortwave Radio '' . Radio World . NewBay Media . Retrieved 16 February 2018 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Halid Hrasnica ; Abdelfatteh Haidine ; Ralf Lehnert ( 14 January 2005 ) . Broadband Powerline Communications : Network Design . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 34 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 85742 - 7 .
    42. \n
\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Time signal stations
\n Longwave \n
    \n
  • \n BPC
    • \n
  • \n BPL
    • \n
  • \n BSF
    • \n
  • \n DCF77
    • \n
  • \n JJY
    • \n
  • \n RBU
    • \n
  • \n RJH66 ( Beta )
    • \n
  • \n RTZ
    • \n
  • \n MSF
    • \n
  • \n TDF
    • \n
  • \n WWVB
    • \n
\n
\n Shortwave \n
    \n
  • \n BPM
    • \n
  • \n BSF
    • \n
  • \n CHU
    • \n
  • \n HD2IOA
    • \n
  • \n HLA
    • \n
  • \n JN53DV
    • \n
  • \n RWM
    • \n
  • \n ROA
    • \n
  • \n WWV
    • \n
  • \n WWVH ( Hawaii , USA )
    • \n
  • \n YVTO
    • \n
\n
\n VHF / FM / UHF \n
    \n
  • \n RDS CT
    • \n
\n
\n Satellite \n
    \n
  • \n GPS
    • \n
  • \n BeiDou
    • \n
  • \n Galileo
    • \n
  • \n GLONASS
    • \n
  • \n IRNSS
    • \n
  • \n QZSS
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct \n
    \n
  • \n HBG
    • \n
  • \n NAA
    • \n
  • \n WWVL
    • \n
  • \n OMA
    • \n
  • \n OLB5
    • \n
  • \n VNG
    • \n
  • \n Y3S
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Analog and digital audio broadcasting
\n Terrestrial \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Radio modulation \n
    \n
  • \n AM
    • \n
  • \n FM
    • \n
  • \n COFDM
    • \n
\n
\n Frequency allocations \n
    \n
  • \n LW ( LF )
    • \n
  • \n MW ( MF )
    • \n
  • \n SW ( HF )
    • \n
  • \n VHF ( low / mid / high )
    • \n
  • \n L band ( UHF )
    • \n
\n
\n Digital systems \n
    \n
  • \n CAM - D
    • \n
  • \n DAB / DAB+
    • \n
  • \n DRM / DRM+
    • \n
  • \n FMeXtra
    • \n
  • \n HD Radio
    • \n
  • \n CDR
    • \n
  • \n DVB - T2 Lite
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Satellite \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Frequency allocations \n
    \n
  • \n C band
    • \n
  • \n K band
    • \n
  • \n L band
    • \n
  • \n S band
    • \n
\n
\n Digital systems \n
    \n
  • \n ADR
    • \n
  • \n DAB - S
    • \n
  • \n DVB - SH
    • \n
  • \n S - DMB
    • \n
  • \n SDR
    • \n
\n
\n Commercial radio providers \n
    \n
  • \n 1worldspace
    • \n
  • \n Sirius XM Holdings
    • \n
  • \n SiriusXM Canada
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Codecs \n
    \n
  • \n AAC
    • \n
  • \n AMR - WB+
    • \n
  • \n HDC
    • \n
  • \n HE - AAC
    • \n
  • \n MPEG - 1 Audio Layer II
    • \n
\n
\n Subcarrier signals \n
    \n
  • \n AMSS
    • \n
  • \n DirectBand
    • \n
  • \n PAD
    • \n
  • \n RDS / RBDS
    • \n
  • \n SCA / SCMO
    • \n
  • \n DARC
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Related topics
\n Technical ( audio ) \n
    \n
  • \n Audio data compression
    • \n
  • \n Audio signal processing
    • \n
\n
\n Technical ( AM stereo formats ) \n
    \n
  • \n Belar
    • \n
  • \n C - QUAM
    • \n
  • \n Harris
    • \n
  • \n Kahn - Hazeltine
    • \n
  • \n Magnavox
    • \n
\n
\n Technical ( emission ) \n
    \n
  • \n AM broadcasting
    • \n
  • \n AM expanded band
    • \n
  • \n Cable radio
    • \n
  • \n Digital radio
    • \n
  • \n Error detection and correction
    • \n
  • \n FM broadcast band
    • \n
  • \n FM broadcasting
    • \n
  • \n Multipath propagation
    • \n
  • \n Shortwave relay station
    • \n
\n
\n Cultural \n
    \n
  • \n History of radio
    • \n
  • \n International broadcasting
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Comparison of radio systems
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Radio spectrum ( ITU )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n ELF 3 Hz / 100 Mm 30 Hz / 10 Mm

\n 		\n

\n SLF 30 Hz / 10 Mm 300 Hz / 1 Mm

\n 		\n

\n ULF 300 Hz / 1 Mm 3 kHz / 100 km

\n 		\n

\n VLF 3 kHz / 100 km 30 kHz / 10 km

\n 		\n

\n LF 30 kHz / 10 km 300 kHz / 1 km

\n 		\n

\n MF 300 kHz / 1 km 3 MHz / 100 m

\n 		\n

\n HF 3 MHz / 100 m 30 MHz / 10 m

\n 		\n

\n VHF 30 MHz / 10 m 300 MHz / 1 m

\n 		\n

\n UHF 300 MHz / 1 m 3 GHz / 100 mm

\n 		\n

\n SHF 3 GHz / 100 mm 30 GHz / 10 mm

\n 		\n

\n EHF 30 GHz / 10 mm 300 GHz / 1 mm

\n 		\n

\n THF 300 GHz / 1 mm 3 THz / 0.1 mm

\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Electromagnetic spectrum
\n
    \n
  • \n Gamma rays
    • \n
  • \n X-rays
    • \n
  • \n Ultraviolet
    • \n
  • \n Visible
    • \n
  • \n Infrared
    • \n
  • \n Terahertz radiation
    • \n
  • \n Microwave
    • \n
  • \n Radio \u2190 higher frequencies longer wavelengths \u2192
    • \n
\n
\n Visible ( optical ) \n
    \n
  • \n Violet
    • \n
  • \n Blue
    • \n
  • \n Green
    • \n
  • \n Yellow
    • \n
  • \n Orange
    • \n
  • \n Red
    • \n
\n
\n Microwaves \n
    \n
  • \n W band
    • \n
  • \n V band
    • \n
  • \n Q band
    • \n
  • \n K band
    • \n
  • \n K band
    • \n
  • \n K band
    • \n
  • \n X band
    • \n
  • \n S band
    • \n
  • \n C band
    • \n
  • \n L band
    • \n
\n
\n Radio \n
    \n
  • \n EHF
    • \n
  • \n SHF
    • \n
  • \n UHF
    • \n
  • \n VHF
    • \n
  • \n HF
    • \n
  • \n MF
    • \n
  • \n LF
    • \n
  • \n VLF
    • \n
  • \n ULF
    • \n
  • \n SLF
    • \n
  • \n ELF
    • \n
\n
\n Wavelength types \n
    \n
  • \n Microwave
    • \n
  • \n Shortwave
    • \n
  • \n Medium wave
    • \n
  • \n Longwave
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Telecommunications
\n History \n
    \n
  • \n Beacon
    • \n
  • \n Broadcasting
    • \n
  • \n Cable protection system
    • \n
  • \n Cable TV
    • \n
  • \n Communications satellite
    • \n
  • \n Computer network
    • \n
  • \n Drums
    • \n
  • \n Electrical telegraph
    • \n
  • \n Fax
    • \n
  • \n Heliographs
    • \n
  • \n Hydraulic telegraph
    • \n
  • \n Internet
    • \n
  • \n Mass media
    • \n
  • \n Mobile phone
    • \n
  • \n Optical telecommunication
    • \n
  • \n Optical telegraphy
    • \n
  • \n Pager
    • \n
  • \n Photophone
    • \n
  • \n Prepay mobile phone
    • \n
  • \n Radio
    • \n
  • \n Radiotelephone
    • \n
  • \n Satellite communications
    • \n
  • \n Semaphore
    • \n
  • \n Smartphone
    • \n
  • \n Smoke signals
    • \n
  • \n Telecommunications history
    • \n
  • \n Telautograph
    • \n
  • \n Telegraphy
    • \n
  • \n Teleprinter ( teletype )
    • \n
  • \n Telephone
    • \n
  • \n The Telephone Cases
    • \n
  • \n Television
    • \n
  • \n Timeline of communication technology
    • \n
  • \n Undersea telegraph line
    • \n
  • \n Videoconferencing
    • \n
  • \n Videophone
    • \n
  • \n Videotelephony
    • \n
  • \n Whistled language
    • \n
\n
\n Pioneers \n
    \n
  • \n Edwin Howard Armstrong
    • \n
  • \n John Logie Baird
    • \n
  • \n Paul Baran
    • \n
  • \n Alexander Graham Bell
    • \n
  • \n Tim Berners - Lee
    • \n
  • \n Jagadish Chandra Bose
    • \n
  • \n Vint Cerf
    • \n
  • \n Claude Chappe
    • \n
  • \n Donald Davies
    • \n
  • \n Lee de Forest
    • \n
  • \n Philo Farnsworth
    • \n
  • \n Reginald Fessenden
    • \n
  • \n Elisha Gray
    • \n
  • \n Erna Schneider Hoover
    • \n
  • \n Charles K. Kao
    • \n
  • \n Hedy Lamarr
    • \n
  • \n Innocenzo Manzetti
    • \n
  • \n Guglielmo Marconi
    • \n
  • \n Antonio Meucci
    • \n
  • \n Radia Perlman
    • \n
  • \n Alexander Stepanovich Popov
    • \n
  • \n Johann Philipp Reis
    • \n
  • \n Nikola Tesla
    • \n
  • \n Camille Tissot
    • \n
  • \n Alfred Vail
    • \n
  • \n Charles Wheatstone
    • \n
  • \n Vladimir K. Zworykin
    • \n
\n
\n Transmission media \n
    \n
  • \n Coaxial cable
    • \n
  • \n Fiber - optic communication
      \n
    • \n Optical fiber
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Free - space optical communication
    • \n
  • \n Molecular communication
    • \n
  • \n Radio waves
    • \n
  • \n Transmission line
    • \n
\n
\n Network topology and switching \n
    \n
  • \n Links
    • \n
  • \n Nodes
    • \n
  • \n Terminal node
    • \n
  • \n Network switching ( circuit
    • \n
  • \n packet )
    • \n
  • \n Telephone exchange
    • \n
\n
\n Multiplexing \n
    \n
  • \n Space - division
    • \n
  • \n Frequency - division
    • \n
  • \n Time - division
    • \n
  • \n Polarization - division
    • \n
  • \n Orbital angular - momentum
    • \n
  • \n Code - division
    • \n
\n
\n Networks \n
    \n
  • \n ARPANET
    • \n
  • \n BITNET
    • \n
  • \n Cellular network
    • \n
  • \n Computer
    • \n
  • \n CYCLADES
    • \n
  • \n Ethernet
    • \n
  • \n FidoNet
    • \n
  • \n Internet
    • \n
  • \n ISDN
    • \n
  • \n LAN
    • \n
  • \n Mobile
    • \n
  • \n NGN
    • \n
  • \n NPL network
    • \n
  • \n Public Switched Telephone
    • \n
  • \n Radio
    • \n
  • \n Telecommunications equipment
    • \n
  • \n Television
    • \n
  • \n Telex
    • \n
  • \n WAN
    • \n
  • \n Wireless
    • \n
  • \n World Wide Web
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shortwave_radio&oldid=838127903 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "which mode is used for short wave broadcast service", "long_answers": ["Shortwave radio is radio transmission using shortwave radio frequencies . There is no official definition of the band , but the range always includes all of the high frequency band ( HF ) , and generally extends from 1.7 -- 30 MHz ( 176.3 -- 10.0 m ) ; from the high end of the medium frequency band ( MF ) just above the mediumwave AM broadcast band , to the end of the HF band .\n", "Very little infrastructure is required for long - distance two - way communications using shortwave radio . All one needs is a pair of transceivers , each with an antenna , and a source of energy ( such as a battery , a portable generator , or the electrical grid ) . This makes shortwave radio one of the most robust means of communications , which can be disrupted only by interference or bad ionospheric conditions . Modern digital transmission modes such as MFSK and Olivia are even more robust , allowing successful reception of signals well below the noise floor of a conventional receiver .\n"], "short_answers": ["MFSK\n", "Olivia\n"]} {"text": "National Senior certificate - wikipedia

\n National Senior certificate

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n The National Senior Certificate or NSC is a high school diploma and is the main school - leaving certificate in South Africa . This certificate is commonly known as the matriculation ( matric ) certificate , as grade 12 is the matriculation grade . The NSC , previously known as the Further Education and Training Certificate or FETC , replaced the Senior Certificate with effect from 2008 and was phased in starting with grade 10 in 2006 .

\n

\n Pupils study at least seven subjects , including two compulsory official South African languages , either Mathematics or Mathematical Literacy , Life Orientation and three elective subjects .

\n

\n Subjects are all taken on the same level - there is no higher or standard grade as in the past . There are three pass levels , each with different pass requirements. First is a pass with Higher certificate , one must obtain 40 % in home language , 40 % in two other subjects and must obtain 30 % in three other subjects . A learner who passed matric with higher certificate level , can not enroll for a University Degree nor a Diploma at an institute of higher learning . The mean mark in any subject is usually about 55 . Only a small proportion of candidates score an ' A ' in any subject ( from as little as 2 % to a maximum of about 10 % in subjects taken by highly select groups . ) A further 8 -- 15 % are likely to gain a ' B ' and about 20 -- 25 % achieve a ' C ' grade . The National Senior Certificate is a group certificate and records an aggregate mark .

\n

\n The Department of Basic Education has responsibility for general educational policy to be implemented by nine provincial education departments and private providers such as the Independent Examinations Board ( IEB ) . There are nine provincial examination boards and three independent boards , of which the IEB is the biggest . The IEB operates on a national level catering primarily for independent schools .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Subject requirements. ( edit )

\n

\n Learners study at least 7 subjects - 4 compulsory and at least 3 electives . All subjects are written on one grade only and are no longer written on Higher or Standard Grade . Not all schools offer the full range of Elective subjects listed here . Each school may offer subjects specific to its academic orientation . For example , Agriculture Schools offer the agriculture - orientated subjects whereas technical Schools offer the practical and mechanical - orientated subjects. V

\n

\n Group a : fundamentals ( compulsory ) ( edit )

\n

\n Learners must study 4 compulsory subjects ,

\n \n

\n Group B : electives ( edit )

\n

\n At least 3 subjects from the following :

\n \n

\n Life Orientation ( edit )

\n

\n Life Orientation ( colloquially abbreviated as `` LO '' ) has been introduced into the senior high school phase as an examination subject . Life Orientation is a broad - learning subject that covers non-academic skills needed in everyday life . Life Orientation is examined , marked and moderated internally and comprises the following sections :

\n \n

\n Assessment ( edit )

\n

\n There are three types of subjects :

\n \n

\n Continuous Assessment ( CASS ) includes all the tests , examinations , tasks , activities , orals and projects done throughout the year . Matric results are usually out of 400 marks .

\n

\n Level system ( 1 to 7 ) ( edit )

\n \n

\n The 5 % language compensation ( edit )

\n

\n Language compensation is described by several sources :

\n

\n `` To the final mark is added the language compensation , which is 5 % of the mark attained by the candidate for all non-language subjects , for candidates whose mother tongue is not English or Afrikaans . The 5 % compensates learners for the disadvantage suffered by these candidates being instructed in a language that is not their mother tongue . '' ( Written reply to parliamentary question in 2011 )

\n

\n `` The compensation applies to learners whose first language is neither English nor Afrikaans and who offer an African language as their first language . They receive an additional 5 % on their non-language subjects . The measure was first introduced in 1999 by the South African Certification Council . '' ( Written reply to parliamentary question in 2007 , )

\n

\n Dr Sizwe Mabizela , Chairperson of Council , Umalusi has provided further explanation : `` This is the most misunderstood concept in this country . In terms of the policy on language compensation , learners who offer an African language as Home Language and do not offer Afrikaans or English as Home language qualify for a 5 % language compensation on the mark they have obtained in a non-language subject . For example a learner who obtains a mark of zero ( 0 ) out of 300 will obtain 5 % of zero ( which is zero ) for language compensation ; a learner who obtains 10 out of 300 will receive 5 % of 10 , which is 0 , 5 marks , for language compensation ; a learner who obtains 100 out of 300 marks will obtain an additional 5 marks for language compensation . ''

\n

\n This kind of compensation has some impact on pass rates , but does provide significant impact at the upper end of the scale , affecting those applying for admission to university . For example , a qualifying learner obtaining 95 % would receive 95 x 1.05 = 99.75 % ( which rounds to 100 % ) . A learner obtaining 40 % would receive 40 x 1.05 = 42.0 % .

\n

\n University entrance ( edit )

\n

\n In addition to minimum grades required in each subject , universities either set their own entrance tests and / or use the National Benchmark Tests ( NBT ) . To study for a bachelor 's degree at a South African university requires that the applicant has at least an NSC endorsed by Umalusi , with a pass of 30 % in the chosen university 's language of learning and teaching , as well as a level 4 or higher in the following list of designated , 19 - credit subjects :

\n \n

\n

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY : QUESTION 757 , DATE OF PUBLICATION OF INTERNAL QUESTION PAPER : 11 / 03 / 2011 ( INTERNAL QUESTION PAPER : 06 / 2011 )
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY : WRITTEN REPLY TO QUESTION 469 , DATE OF PUBLICATION IN INTERNAL QUESTION PAPER : 26 - 03 - 2007 ( INTERNAL QUESTION PAPER NO. : 10 - 2007 )
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Politicsweb , 3 January 2011 , `` Umalusi explains matric mark adjustments '' , Dr Sizwe Mabizela , 03 January 2011
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ http://nbt.ac.za/ About NBT Retrieved 21 March 2011
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ http://wced.pgwc.gov.za/circulars/circulars08/e33_08.html
    6. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Senior_Certificate&oldid=837110357 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "what are the requirements of passing national senior certificate", "long_answers": ["Subjects are all taken on the same level - there is no higher or standard grade as in the past . There are three pass levels , each with different pass requirements. First is a pass with Higher certificate , one must obtain 40 % in home language , 40 % in two other subjects and must obtain 30 % in three other subjects . A learner who passed matric with higher certificate level , can not enroll for a University Degree nor a Diploma at an institute of higher learning . The mean mark in any subject is usually about 55 . Only a small proportion of candidates score an ' A ' in any subject ( from as little as 2 % to a maximum of about 10 % in subjects taken by highly select groups . ) A further 8 -- 15 % are likely to gain a ' B ' and about 20 -- 25 % achieve a ' C ' grade . The National Senior Certificate is a group certificate and records an aggregate mark .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Geography of Nigeria - wikipedia

\n Geography of Nigeria

\n Jump to : navigation , search Location of Nigeria Nigeria map of K\u00f6ppen climate classification . Satellite image of Nigeria

\n Nigeria is a country in West Africa . Nigeria shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west , Chad and Cameroon in the east , and Niger in the north . Its coast lies on the Gulf of Guinea in the south and it borders Lake Chad to the northeast . Noted geographical features in Nigeria include the Adamawa highlands , Mambilla Plateau , Jos Plateau , Obudu Plateau , the Niger River , River Benue and Niger Delta .

\n

\n Nigeria is found in the Tropics , where the climate is seasonally damp and very humid . Nigeria is affected by four climate types ; these climate types are distinguishable , as one moves from the southern part of Nigeria to the northern part of Nigeria through Nigeria 's middle belt .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Climate types found in Nigeria ( edit )

\n

\n The tropical monsoon climate , designated by the K\u00f6ppen climate classification as `` Am '' , is found in the southern part of the country . This climate is influenced by the monsoons originating from the South Atlantic ocean , which is brought into the country by the ( maritime tropical ) MT airmass , a warm moist sea to land seasonal wind . Its warmth and high humidity gives it a strong tendency to ascend and produce copious rainfall , which is a result of the condensation of water vapour in the rapidly rising air .

\n

\n The Tropical monsoon climate has a very small temperature range . Then temperature ranges are almost constant throughout the year , for example , Warri town in the southern part of Nigeria , records a maximum of 28 \u00b0 C ( 82.4 \u00b0 F ) for its hottest month while its lowest temperature is 26 \u00b0 C ( 78.8 \u00b0 F ) in its coldest month . The temperature difference of Warri town is not more than 2 \u00b0 C ( 5 \u00b0 F ) .

\n

\n The southern part of Nigeria experiences heavy and abundant rainfall . These storms are usually convectional in nature due to the regions proximity , to the equatorial belt . The annual rainfall received in this region is very high , usually above the 2,000 mm ( 78.7 in ) rainfall totals giving for tropical rainforest climates worldwide . Over 4,000 mm ( 157.5 in ) of rainfall is received in the coastal region of Nigeria around the Niger delta area . Bonny town found in the coastal region of the Niger delta area in southern Nigeria receives well over 4,000 mm ( 157.5 in ) of rainfall annually . The rest of the southeast receives between 2,000 and 3,000 mm ( 118.1 in ) of rain per year .

\n

\n The southern region of Nigeria experiences a double rainfall maxima characterised by two high rainfall peaks , with a short dry season and a longer dry season falling between and after each peaks . The first rainy season begins around March and last to the end of July with a peak in June , this rainy season is followed by a short dry break in August known as the August break which is a short dry season lasting for two to three weeks in August . This break is broken by the short rainy season starting around early September and lasting to Mid October with a peak period at the end of September . The ending of the short rainy season in October is followed by long dry season . This period starts from late October and lasts till early March with peak dry conditions between early December and late February .

\n

\n The tropical savanna climate or tropical wet and dry climate , is extensive in area and covers most of Western Nigeria to central Nigeria beginning from the Tropical rainforest climate boundary in southern Nigeria to the central part of Nigeria , where it exerts enormous influence on the region .

\n

\n This climate , the tropical savanna climate exhibits a well marked rainy season and a dry season with a single peak known as the summer maximum due to its distance from the equator . Temperatures are above 18 \u00b0 C ( 64 \u00b0 F ) throughout the year . Abuja , Nigeria 's capital city found in central Nigeria , has a temperature range of 18.45 \u00b0 C ( 65.21 \u00b0 F ) to 36.9 \u00b0 C ( 98.4 \u00b0 F ) , and an annual rainfall of about 1,500 mm ( 59.1 in ) with a single rainfall maxima in September .

\n

\n The single Dry season experienced in this climate , the tropical savanna climate in central Nigeria beginning from December to march , is hot and dry with the Harmattan wind , a continental tropical ( CT ) airmass laden with dust from the Sahara Desert prevailing throughout this period .

\n

\n With the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) swinging northward over West Africa from the Southern Hemisphere in April , heavy showers coming from pre-monsoonal convective clouds mainly in the form of squall lines also known as the north easterlies formed mainly as a result of the interactions of the two dominant airmasses in Nigeria known as the Maritime tropical ( south westerlies ) and the Continental tropical ( north easterlies ) , begins in central Nigeria while the Monsoons from the south atlantic ocean arrives in central Nigeria in July bringing with it high humidity , heavy cloud cover and heavy rainfall which can be daily occurrence lasting till September when the monsoons gradually begin retreating southward to the southern part of Nigeria. Rainfall totals in central Nigeria varies from 1,100 mm ( 43.3 in ) in the lowlands of the river Niger Benue trough to over 2,000 mm ( 78.7 in ) along the south western escarpment of the Jos Plateau .

\n

\n The Sahel climate or tropical dry climate , is the predominant climate type in the northern part of Nigeria . Annual rainfall totals are lower compared to the southern and central part of Nigeria . The rainy season in the northern part of Nigeria last for only three to four months ( June -- September ) . The rest of the year is hot and dry with temperatures climbing as high as 40 \u00b0 C ( 104.0 \u00b0 F ) .

\n

\n Alpine climate or highland climate or mountain climate are found on highlands regions in Nigeria . Highlands with the alpine climate in Nigeria , are well over 1,520 metres ( 4,987 ft ) above sea level . Due to their location in the tropics , this elevation is high enough to reach the temperate climate line in the tropics thereby giving the highlands , mountains and the plateau regions standing above this height , a cool mountain climate .

\n

\n Seasons ( edit )

\n

\n Nigeria , like the rest of West Africa and other tropical lands , has only two seasons . These are the dry season and the rainy season . The dry season is accompanied by a dust laden airmass from the Sahara Desert , locally known as Harmattan , or by its main name , The Tropical Continental ( CT ) airmass , while the rainy season is heavily influenced by an airmass originating from the south atlantic ocean , locally known as the south west wind , or by its main name , The Tropical Maritime ( MT ) airmass . These two major wind systems in Nigeria are known as the trade winds .

\n

\n Trade winds ( edit )

\n

\n Tropical Maritime airmass ( edit )

\n

\n The tropical maritime airmass ( MT ) is responsible for Nigeria 's rainy season . This wind ( the tropical maritime airmass ) invades the country from February in the southern part of Nigeria while it takes longer for the wind to fully cover the whole of the country , reaching the northern part of Nigeria in June . Its invasion is as a result of the northward retreat , of the tropical continental airmass ( CT ) known as the harmattan . The northward retreat of the tropical continental airmass ( CT ) , is caused by the sun 's northward shift from the tropic of capricorn in the southern hemisphere to the tropic of cancer in the northern hemisphere . This shift begins from February and ends in June , when the sun is fully overhead , at the tropic of cancer in the northern hemisphere .

\n

\n During this northward migration of the sun as a result of the earth tilting along its axis , the sun crosses the equator ( around March ) , moving over west Africa at this time on its journey to the northern hemisphere . West Africa comes directly under the sun at this time . The sun is overhead throughout west Africa and over Nigeria during this period of the sun 's northward migration to the tropic of cancer in the northern hemisphere .

\n

\n The whole of West Africa is heated intensely as result of the increased insolation received from the sun being overhead over west Africa . Temperatures can climb as high as 35 \u00b0 C ( 95.0 \u00b0 F ) over west Africa during this time . Temperatures in the northern part of Nigeria can go as high as 48 \u00b0 C ( 118.4 \u00b0 F ) in cities like Maiduguri .

\n

\n The high temperatures coupled with an increase in insolation causes a region of low pressure to develop over west Africa and Nigeria ( between March to May ) . The Tropical continental airmass ( CT ) from the Sahara Desert in the northern part of West Africa , is weakened due to the overheating of the land surface in west Africa and Nigeria at this time . The Tropical continental airmass ( CT ) begins to retreat northwards to the Sahara Desert due to massive heating of the land which transfers heat in the form of convection into the Tropical continental airmass ( CT ) which constitutes the main layer of air above the land . This transfer of heat in the Tropical continental airmass ( CT ) in turn , causes the wind to expand and become lighter as this is the normal behaviour for winds moving above intensely heated grounds . The Tropical continental airmass ( CT ) loses its strength as a major airmass in the region of west Africa and over Nigeria at this time ( around February in the southern part of Nigeria to June in northern Nigeria ) and begins to retreat coupled with the rising of air in form of convection within this airmass ( Tropical continental airmass ( CT ) ) , further weakening the dominance of the wind over west Africa and Nigeria . The Tropical continental airmass ( CT ) finally retreats from most part of Nigeria , and the West African atmosphere around April to May , leaving an empty atmosphere over Nigeria . The sun 's rays enters into the atmosphere of Nigeria more intense than it does during the presence of the Tropical continental airmass , which contained dust ( in form of haze ) that reduced the intensity of the sun . The overheating of the west Africa land mass and Nigeria in particular creates a low pressure region over west Africa and Nigeria . This low pressure zone attracts the Tropical Maritime Airmass ( MT ) from the south Atlantic Ocean since areas of low pressures experiences inward blowing winds because winds are moving air blowing outwards from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure .

\n

\n The Tropical Maritime Airmass is a warm humid and unstable trade wind due to its warmth . Convectional currents are easily set up within the airmass whenever there is little instability in the airmass as a result of a slight to a very high orographic uplift in mountainous regions like the obudu plateau or the heating of the land which can trigger the formation of cumulonimbus cloud leading to thunderstorms within the airmass .

\n

\n During the dominance of the Tropical Maritime Airmass ( MT ) in the rainy season of Nigeria , mornings are bright and sunny , the sun 's heating of the land in the mornings and afternoons sets up convectional currents , these currents rise vertically and cumulonimbus clouds are formed , by afternoons to evenings , torrential downpour follows .

\n

\n The Easterly wave or the African easterly waves is another major contributor of rainfall during the summer monsoons months of May to September in Nigeria .

\n

\n The nature of this waves changes at about the 15 degrees line . The waves that pass south of this line carry moisture and create convection that leads to rain clouds . Nigeria 's northern end is south of the 15 degrees line at about 14 degrees . Nigeria 's location in the wetter part of the easterly waves south of the 15 degree line creates wetter climatic conditions for Nigeria especially during the monsoons .

\n

\n Tropical continental airmass ( edit )

\n

\n The Tropical Continental Airmass ( CT ) locally known as the harmattan , is a wind originating from North Africa which crosses the Sahara Desert into west Africa to Nigeria . This airmass dominates Nigeria 's climate during the dry season from December to March . The Tropical continental airmass is dusty and creates a haze within the atmosphere of west Africa and Nigeria when it predominates . The haze is as a result of the dust within the airmass limiting visibility and blocking much of the sun 's rays from reaching the earth .

\n Effects of the tropical continental airmass ( edit )

\n The mass has no ability of forming rain due to low humidity within the airmass , since it crosses the Sahara Desert , it picks up dust instead of water thereby creating little chances for rainfall .

\n

\n The airmass makes life difficult as a result of low visibility which hampers transportation . The dust haze creates an almost desert conditions in the country during the dominance of the Tropical continental airmass ( the harmattan ) . But its coming brings some relief to farmers since the low humidity present in the air quickens the drying of their crops .

\n

\n Temperature ( edit )

\n

\n Nigeria 's location in the tropics has given her a tropical hot climate . Temperatures in Nigeria vary according to the seasons of the year as with other lands found in the tropics . Nigeria 's seasons are determined by rainfall with rainy season and dry season being the major seasons in Nigeria .

\n

\n The rainy season of Nigeria brings in cooler weather to the country as a result of an increased cloud cover that acts as a blockage to the intense sunshine of the tropics by blocking much of the suns rays in the rainy season ; this in turn cools the land , and the winds above the ground remains cool thereby making for cooler temperatures during the rainy season . But afternoons in the rainy season can be hot and humid , a feature of tropical climates . In the rainy season it is damp , and the rainfalls are usually abundant .

\n

\n The dry season of Nigeria is a period of little cloud cover in the southern part of Nigeria to virtually no cloud cover in the northern part of Nigeria . The sun shines through the atmosphere with little obstructions from the clear skies making the dry season in Nigeria a period of warm weather conditions.In the middle of the dry season around December , a dusty wind from the Sahara Desert called the harmattan enters Nigeria from the northeastern part of the country blocking sun rays partially from shining and also creating haze in the atmosphere , this activities of the wind lowers temperatures considerably saving inhabitants for sometime , from the scorching heat that would have occurred as a result of clearer skies during the dry season . But with the withdrawal of this wind around March to April following the onset of the rainy season , temperatures can go as high as 44 \u00b0 C ( 111.2 \u00b0 F ) in some parts of Nigeria .

\n

\n Semi temperate weather conditions prevail on the highlands in central Nigeria above 1,200 metres ( 3,937 ft ) above sea level , namely the Jos Plateau . Temperatures on the Jos plateau ranges between 21 \u00b0 C to 25 \u00b0 C which are cool all year round .

\n

\n Temperate weather conditions occur on the highlands along the Nigeria Cameroon border , in the eastern part of Nigeria . Highlands in these region attain an average height of more than 1,524 m ( 5,000 ft ) to some standing above 2,000 metres ( 6,562 ft ) above sea level . The climate on these highlands is temperate all year round . The major highlands in this region are the Obudu Plateau above 1,584 m ( 5,197 ft ) , Mambilla Plateau above 1,524 m ( 5,000 ft ) and Mt Chappal Waddi above 2,000 m ( 6,562 ft ) .

\n

\n Topography ( edit )

\n Topography of Nigeria

\n Nigeria 's most expansive topographical region is that of the valleys of the Niger and Benue River valleys ( which merge into each other and form a `` y '' shaped confluence at Lokoja ) . Plains rise to the north of the valleys . To the southwest of the Niger there is `` rugged '' highland , and to the southeast of the Benue hills and mountains are found all the way to the border with Cameroon . Coastal plains are found in both the southwest and the southeast .

\n

\n Niger Delta ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2011 )
\n

\n The Niger Delta is located in the southern part of Nigeria . It is one of the world 's largest arcuate fan - shaped river deltas .

\n

\n The riverine area of the Niger Delta is a coastal belt of swamps bordering the Atlantic ocean . The swamps are vegetated tidal flats formed by a reticulate pattern of interconnected meandering creeks and distributaries of the River Niger .

\n

\n Vegetation of the Niger Delta ( edit )

\n

\n The vegetation of the Niger Delta consist mainly of forest swamps . The forest are of two types , nearest the sea is a belt of saline / brackish Mangrove swamp separated from the sea by sand beach ridges within the mangrove swamp . Numerous sandy islands occur with fresh water vegetation . Fresh water swamps gradually supersede the mangrove on the landward side . About 70 % of Nigeria 's crude oil and gas production is from the area .

\n

\n Human population in the Niger Delta ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2011 )
\n

\n The riverine area is home to a large population of people living mainly in small villages scattered along the banks of rivers and creeks .

\n

\n Rainfall in Niger Delta ( edit )

\n

\n Rainfall in the coastal belt of the Niger Delta is heavy due to the closeness of the Delta region to the equator . Annual rainfall totals vary from 2400 to over 4000 millimeters .

\n

\n Niger Delta cities and their annually rainfall totals in millimeters :

\n \n

\n Vegetation ( edit )

\n Vegetation map of Nigeria .

\n Nigeria is covered by three types of vegetation : forests ( where there is significant tree cover ) , savannahs ( insignificant tree cover , with grasses and flowers located between trees ) , and montane land . ( The latter is the least common , and is mainly found in the mountains near the Cameroon border . ) Both the forest zone and the savannah zone are divided into three parts .

\n

\n Some of the forest zone 's most southerly portion , especially around the Niger River and Cross River deltas , is mangrove swamp ( see Central African mangroves ) . North of this is fresh water swamp , containing different vegetation from the salt water mangrove swamps , and north of that is rain forest .

\n

\n The savannah zone 's three categories are divided into mm ' Guinean forest - savanna mosaic , made up of plains of tall grass which are interrupted by trees , the most common across the country ; Sudan savannah , similar but with shorter grasses and shorter trees ; and Sahel savannah patches of grass and sand , found in the northeast .

\n

\n Natural resources and land Use ( edit )

\n

\n Nigeria 's natural resources include but are not limited to petroleum ( see petroleum in Nigeria ) , tin , columbite , iron ore , coal , limestone , lead , zinc , natural gas , hydropower , and arable land .

\n

\n Extreme points ( edit )

\n

\n This is a list of the extreme points of Nigeria , the points that are farther north , south , east or west than any other location .

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/390302/monsoon
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 27 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ http://iahs.info/redbooks/a281/iahs_281_277.pdf
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Adedoyin J.A. ( 1989 ) . `` Initiation of West African squall lines '' . Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics. 41 : 99 -- 103 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01043455 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Jos Plateau forest - grassland mosaic '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3565:maiduguri-residents-how-we-cope-under-harsh-48-degree-celsius&catid=41:latest-news&Itemid=26 Archived 2011 - 08 - 30 at the Wayback Machine .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ http://desertification.wordpress.com/2010/03/25/late-dust-storm-covers-nigeria-google-ap/
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ College Park MD ( SPX ) ( Jun 11 , 2004 ) . `` EARTH OBSERVATION Researchers Seeing Double On African Monsoons '' . SPACE MEDIA NETWORK PROMOTIONS . Retrieved 27 May 2011 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` About the Country Nigeria '' . CANUK. 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 March 2011 . Retrieved 27 May 2011 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ http://www.nigeria-weather.com/
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Nigeria '' . Encarta . Microsoft . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Human and Physical Characteristics of Nigeria '' . Geographical Alliance of Iowa . University of Northern Iowa . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 13 .
    13. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Nigeria articles
\n History \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Kingdoms
    • \n
  • \n Empires
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Aro
    • \n
  • \n Benin
    • \n
  • \n Fulani
    • \n
  • \n Kanem - Bornu
    • \n
  • \n Nri
    • \n
  • \n Oyo
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Timeline
    • \n
  • \n Northern Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Southern Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Civil War
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Geography \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Adamawa Plateau
    • \n
  • \n Cities
    • \n
  • \n Ecoregions
    • \n
  • \n Environmental issues
    • \n
  • \n Islands
    • \n
  • \n Jos Plateau
    • \n
  • \n Mountains
    • \n
  • \n National parks
    • \n
  • \n Niger Delta
    • \n
  • \n Rivers
      \n
    • \n Niger
      • \n
    • \n Benue
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Wildlife
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Politics \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Administrative divisions
    • \n
  • \n Cabinet
    • \n
  • \n Constitution
    • \n
  • \n Elections
    • \n
  • \n Federal Executive Council
    • \n
  • \n Foreign relations
    • \n
  • \n Human rights
    • \n
  • \n Law enforcement
    • \n
  • \n LGBT history
    • \n
  • \n Military
    • \n
  • \n National Assembly
      \n
    • \n House of Representatives
      • \n
    • \n Senate
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Political parties
      \n
    • \n PDP
      • \n
    • \n APC
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n President
      \n
    • \n Vice-President
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Supreme Court
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Economy \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Agriculture
    • \n
  • \n Central Bank
    • \n
  • \n Economic history
    • \n
  • \n Energy
    • \n
  • \n Mining
    • \n
  • \n Naira ( currency )
    • \n
  • \n Petroleum
    • \n
  • \n Stock Exchange
    • \n
  • \n Telecommunications
    • \n
  • \n Tourism
    • \n
  • \n Transport
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Society \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Capital punishment
    • \n
  • \n Corruption
    • \n
  • \n Demographics
    • \n
  • \n Diaspora
    • \n
  • \n Education
    • \n
  • \n Ethnic groups
      \n
    • \n MASSOB
      • \n
    • \n MOSOP
      • \n
    • \n Oodua Peoples Congress
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Health
    • \n
  • \n Languages
    • \n
  • \n Organized crime
    • \n
  • \n Poverty
    • \n
  • \n Rankings
    • \n
  • \n Refugees
    • \n
  • \n Water supply and sanitation
    • \n
\n

\n

\n
    \n
  • \n Islamist insurgency
    • \n
  • \n Communal conflicts in Nigeria , Herder -- farmer conflicts in Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Niger Delta conflict
    • \n
  • \n 2016 Biafra conflict
    • \n
\n
\n Culture \n
    \n
  • \n Anthem
    • \n
  • \n Cinema
      \n
    • \n Nollywood
      • \n
    • \n Colonial era
      • \n
    • \n Golden Age
      • \n
    • \n Video film era
      • \n
    • \n New Wave
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Coat of arms
    • \n
  • \n Cuisine
    • \n
  • \n Demonyms
    • \n
  • \n Flag
    • \n
  • \n List of Nigerians
    • \n
  • \n Literature
    • \n
  • \n Media
      \n
    • \n Newspapers
      • \n
    • \n Radio
      • \n
    • \n TV
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Music
    • \n
  • \n Public holidays
    • \n
  • \n Religion
    • \n
  • \n Smoking
    • \n
  • \n Sport
    • \n
  • \n Video gaming
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Outline
    • \n
  • \n Index
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Geography of Africa
\n Sovereign states \n
    \n
  • \n Algeria
    • \n
  • \n Angola
    • \n
  • \n Benin
    • \n
  • \n Botswana
    • \n
  • \n Burkina Faso
    • \n
  • \n Burundi
    • \n
  • \n Cameroon
    • \n
  • \n Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde )
    • \n
  • \n Central African Republic
    • \n
  • \n Chad
    • \n
  • \n Comoros
    • \n
  • \n Democratic Republic of the Congo
    • \n
  • \n Republic of the Congo
    • \n
  • \n Djibouti
    • \n
  • \n Egypt
    • \n
  • \n Equatorial Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Eritrea
    • \n
  • \n Ethiopia
    • \n
  • \n Gabon
    • \n
  • \n The Gambia
    • \n
  • \n Ghana
    • \n
  • \n Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Guinea - Bissau
    • \n
  • \n Ivory Coast ( C\u00f4te d'Ivoire )
    • \n
  • \n Kenya
    • \n
  • \n Lesotho
    • \n
  • \n Liberia
    • \n
  • \n Libya
    • \n
  • \n Madagascar
    • \n
  • \n Malawi
    • \n
  • \n Mali
    • \n
  • \n Mauritania
    • \n
  • \n Mauritius
    • \n
  • \n Morocco
    • \n
  • \n Mozambique
    • \n
  • \n Namibia
    • \n
  • \n Niger
    • \n
  • \n Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Rwanda
    • \n
  • \n S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe
    • \n
  • \n Senegal
    • \n
  • \n Seychelles
    • \n
  • \n Sierra Leone
    • \n
  • \n Somalia
    • \n
  • \n South Africa
    • \n
  • \n South Sudan
    • \n
  • \n Sudan
    • \n
  • \n Swaziland
    • \n
  • \n Tanzania
    • \n
  • \n Togo
    • \n
  • \n Tunisia
    • \n
  • \n Uganda
    • \n
  • \n Zambia
    • \n
  • \n Zimbabwe
    • \n
\n
\n States with limited recognition \n
    \n
  • \n Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
    • \n
  • \n Somaliland
    • \n
\n
\n Dependencies and other territories \n
    \n
  • \n Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain )
    • \n
  • \n Madeira ( Portugal )
    • \n
  • \n Mayotte / R\u00e9union ( France )
    • \n
  • \n Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom )
    • \n
  • \n Western Sahara
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Climate of Africa
\n Sovereign states \n
    \n
  • \n Algeria
    • \n
  • \n Angola
    • \n
  • \n Benin
    • \n
  • \n Botswana
    • \n
  • \n Burkina Faso
    • \n
  • \n Burundi
    • \n
  • \n Cameroon
    • \n
  • \n Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde )
    • \n
  • \n Central African Republic
    • \n
  • \n Chad
    • \n
  • \n Comoros
    • \n
  • \n Democratic Republic of the Congo
    • \n
  • \n Republic of the Congo
    • \n
  • \n Djibouti
    • \n
  • \n Egypt
    • \n
  • \n Equatorial Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Eritrea
    • \n
  • \n Ethiopia
    • \n
  • \n Gabon
    • \n
  • \n The Gambia
    • \n
  • \n Ghana
    • \n
  • \n Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Guinea - Bissau
    • \n
  • \n Ivory Coast ( C\u00f4te d'Ivoire )
    • \n
  • \n Kenya
    • \n
  • \n Lesotho
    • \n
  • \n Liberia
    • \n
  • \n Libya
    • \n
  • \n Madagascar
    • \n
  • \n Malawi
    • \n
  • \n Mali
    • \n
  • \n Mauritania
    • \n
  • \n Mauritius
    • \n
  • \n Morocco
    • \n
  • \n Mozambique
    • \n
  • \n Namibia
    • \n
  • \n Niger
    • \n
  • \n Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Rwanda
    • \n
  • \n S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe
    • \n
  • \n Senegal
    • \n
  • \n Seychelles
    • \n
  • \n Sierra Leone
    • \n
  • \n Somalia
    • \n
  • \n South Africa
    • \n
  • \n South Sudan
    • \n
  • \n Sudan
    • \n
  • \n Swaziland
    • \n
  • \n Tanzania
    • \n
  • \n Togo
    • \n
  • \n Tunisia
    • \n
  • \n Uganda
    • \n
  • \n Zambia
    • \n
  • \n Zimbabwe
    • \n
\n
\n States with limited recognition \n
    \n
  • \n Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
    • \n
  • \n Somaliland
    • \n
\n
\n Dependencies and other territories \n
    \n
  • \n Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain )
    • \n
  • \n Madeira ( Portugal )
    • \n
  • \n Mayotte / R\u00e9union ( France )
    • \n
  • \n Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom )
    • \n
  • \n Western Sahara
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Coordinates : 10 \u00b0 00 \u2032 N 8 \u00b0 00 \u2032 E \ufeff / \ufeff 10.00 \u00b0 N 8.00 \u00b0 E \ufeff / 10.00 ; 8.00

\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Nigeria&oldid=831059315 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n Languages

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "the south west wind blows across nigeria between", "long_answers": ["With the Intertropical Convergence Zone ( ITCZ ) swinging northward over West Africa from the Southern Hemisphere in April , heavy showers coming from pre-monsoonal convective clouds mainly in the form of squall lines also known as the north easterlies formed mainly as a result of the interactions of the two dominant airmasses in Nigeria known as the Maritime tropical ( south westerlies ) and the Continental tropical ( north easterlies ) , begins in central Nigeria while the Monsoons from the south atlantic ocean arrives in central Nigeria in July bringing with it high humidity , heavy cloud cover and heavy rainfall which can be daily occurrence lasting till September when the monsoons gradually begin retreating southward to the southern part of Nigeria. Rainfall totals in central Nigeria varies from 1,100 mm ( 43.3 in ) in the lowlands of the river Niger Benue trough to over 2,000 mm ( 78.7 in ) along the south western escarpment of the Jos Plateau .\n"], "short_answers": ["arrives in central Nigeria in July\n", "till September\n"]} {"text": "Health ( Gaming ) - wikipedia

\n Health ( Gaming )

\n Jump to : navigation , search A health bar , a possible representation of the health of a character .

\n Health or vitality is an attribute assigned to entities , such as the player character , enemies and objects within a role - playing or video game , that indicates its state in combat . Health is usually measured in hit points or health points , shortened to HP . When the HP of a player character reaches zero , the player may lose a life or their character might become incapacitated or die . When the HP of an enemy reaches zero , it may be defeated or die and the player is usually rewarded in some way .

\n

\n Any entity within a game could have a health value , including the player character , non-player characters and objects . Indestructible entities have no diminishable health value .

\n

\n Health might be displayed as a numeric value , such as `` 50 / 100 '' . Here , the first number indicates the current amount of HP an entity has and the second number indicates the entity 's maximum HP . In video games , health can also be displayed graphically , such as with a bar that empties itself when an entity loses health ( a health bar , typically red ) , icons that are `` chipped away '' , or in more novel ways .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n Dungeons & Dragons co-creator Dave Arneson described the origin of hit points in a 2002 interview . When Arneson was adapting the medieval wargame Chainmail ( 1971 ) to a fantasy setting , a process that with Gary Gygax would lead to Dungeons & Dragons , he saw that the emphasis of the gameplay was moving from large armies to small groups of heroes and eventually to the identification of one player and one character that is essential to role - playing as it was originally conceived . Players became attached to their heroes and did not want them to die every time they lost a die roll . Players were thus given multiple hit points which were incrementally decreased as they took damage . Arneson took the concept , along with armor class , from a set of a naval American Civil War game 's rules .

\n

\n US Navy used similar concept in their tactical war games already in 1920s and 1930s . In their simulation each ship had Life parameter . The unit of Life of the ship was a number of `` equivalent penetrative 14 - inch shell hits '' . The Navy considered ie. that Kong\u014d - class battlecruiser had 12 Life points and Nagato - class battleship had 18.8 .

\n

\n A visual power meter representing stamina was used in Nintendo 's 1983 arcade game Punch - Out ! ! and Data East 's 1981 DECO Cassette System arcade game Flash Boy .

\n

\n Usage ( edit )

\n

\n In action video games as well as in role - playing games , health points can usually be depleted by attacking the entity . A defense attribute might reduce the amount of HP that is lost when a character is damaged . It is common in role - playing games for a character 's maximum health and defense attributes to be gradually raised as the character levels up . In game design , it is deemed important that a player is aware of it when they are losing health , each hit playing a clear sound effect . Author Scott Rogers states that `` health should deplete in an obvious manner , because with every hit , a player is closer to losing their life . '' The display of health also helps to dramatize the near - loss of a life .

\n

\n Regeneration ( edit )

\n

\n Player characters can often restore their health points by consuming certain items , such as health potions , food or first - aid kits . Staying a night at an inn fully restores a character 's health in many role - playing video games . In general , the different methods of regenerating health has its uses in a particular genre . In action games , this method is very quick , whereas role - playing games feature slower paced methods to match the gameplay and realism .

\n

\n Some video games feature automatically regenerating health , where lost health points are regained over time . This can be useful to not `` cripple '' the player , making them still able to continue even after losing lots of health . However , automatically regenerating health may also cause a player to `` power through '' sections they might otherwise have had to approach cautiously , simply because there are no lasting consequences to losing a large amount of health .

\n

\n This mechanic initially appeared in action role - playing games , with early examples including the Hydlide series , the Ys series , and Woody Poco . In Woody Poco , the rate at which health recharges is based on food level . In Hydlide and Ys , the player character has to stand still for their health to automatically regenerate . This system was popularized in first - person shooters by Halo : Combat Evolved ( 2001 ) , though regenerating health in The Getaway ( 2002 ) has been cited to be more comparable to later use of the mechanic in first - person shooters .

\n

\n Display ( edit )

\n Heart - shaped icons can indicate the amount of health a player has left .

\n The way health is displayed on the screen has an effect on the player . Many games only show the health of the player character , while keeping the health of enemies hidden . This is done in the Legend of Zelda series , Minecraft and Monster Hunter series to keep the player 's progress in defeating their enemy unclear and therefore exciting . In these games , the fact that the enemies are being damaged is indicated by their behavior . On the other hand , many fighting games , such as the Street Fighter series , use easy - to - read health bars to clearly indicate the progress the player is making with each hit .

\n

\n It is common in first - person shooters to indicate low health of the player character by blood spatters or by a distorted red hue on the screen , attempting to mimic the effects of wounding and trauma . These visual effects fade as health regenerates .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Moore , Michael ( 2011 - 03 - 23 ) . Basics of Game Design . CRC Press . pp. 151 , 194 . ISBN 1439867763 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 09 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Chris Antista . `` The 10 most creative life bars '' . GamesRadar. 2010 - 08 - 17 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 28 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Scott ( 2010 - 09 - 29 ) . Level Up ! : The Guide to Great Video Game Design . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 276 -- 277 . ISBN 0470970928 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Allen Rausch ( 2004 - 08 - 19 ) . `` Dave Arneson Interview '' . GameSpy . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ American Calculations of Battleline Strength , 1941 - 2 , Alan D. Zimm , The Northern Mariner / le marin du nord , XIX No. 3 , ( July 2009 ) , 291 - 317
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Glass Joe Boxes Clever '' . Computer + Video Games . Future Publishing : 47 . August 1984 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 02 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ John Szczepaniak , History of Japanese Video Games , Kinephanos , ISSN 1916 - 985X
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Nickogibson ( 2012 - 09 - 12 ) . `` What is an RPG - Intro to RPG Games '' . Slideshare . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Fullerton , Tracy ( 2008 - 02 - 08 ) . Game Design Workshop : A Playcentric Approach to Creating Innovative Games . CRC Press . pp. 72 , 73 . ISBN 0240809742 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Duggan , Michael ( 2011 ) . RPG Maker for Teens . Cengage Learning . pp. 109 , 141 . ISBN 1435459679 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 09 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Jonathan Moriarty ( 2010 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Video Game Basics : The Health Bar '' . Baltimoregamer.com . Archived from the original on 28 April 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : Dunn , Jeff ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) . `` Stop , Drop , and Heal : The history of regenerating health '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 08 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Sulliven , Lucas . `` Top 7 ... Games you did n't know did it first '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 08 .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : John Szczepaniak ( 2016 ) . `` dB - SOFT Gaming 101 '' . The Untold History of Japanese Game Developers . 2 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Szczepaniak , John ( 7 July 2011 ) . `` Falcom : Legacy of Ys '' . Games ( 111 ) : 152 -- 159 ( 153 ) . ( cf . Szczepaniak , John ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` History of Ys interviews '' . Hardcore Gaming 101 . Retrieved 6 September 2011. )
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Jon Martindale ( 2012 - 10 - 03 ) . `` Let 's Kill off Health Bars '' . Kit Guru Gaming . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2015 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Novak , Jeannie ( 2013 - 04 - 11 ) . The Official GameSalad Guide to Game Development . Cengage Learning . p. 31 . ISBN 1133605648 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Voorhees , Gerald A. ; Call , Joshua ; Whitlock , Katie ( 2012 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Disposable Bodies : Cyborg Regeneration and FPS Mechanics '' . Guns , Grenades , and Grunts : First - Person Shooter Games ( Google eBook ) . Bloomsbury Publishing USA . ISBN 1441191445 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 .
    19. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Concepts of video games
\n Glossary of video game terms
\n Attributes \n
    \n
  • \n Health
    • \n
  • \n Life
    • \n
  • \n Experience point
    • \n
  • \n Magic
    • \n
\n
\n Mechanics \n
    \n
  • \n Item
    • \n
  • \n Power - up
    • \n
  • \n HUD
    • \n
  • \n Warp
    • \n
  • \n Fog of war
    • \n
  • \n Invisible wall
    • \n
  • \n Cutscene
    • \n
  • \n Mini-map
    • \n
  • \n Paper doll
    • \n
  • \n Destructible environment
    • \n
  • \n Loading screen
    • \n
  • \n Replay value
    • \n
  • \n Scripted sequence
    • \n
  • \n Password
    • \n
  • \n Line of sight
    • \n
  • \n Critical hit
    • \n
  • \n Level
    • \n
  • \n Permadeath
    • \n
  • \n Status effect
    • \n
  • \n Hitbox
    • \n
\n
\n Movement techniques \n
    \n
  • \n Rocket jumping
    • \n
  • \n Strafe - jumping
    • \n
  • \n Strafing
    • \n
  • \n Trickjump
    • \n
\n
\n Modes \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Player type \n
    \n
  • \n Single - player
    • \n
  • \n Multiplayer
    • \n
  • \n Cooperative
    • \n
\n
\n Competitive gameplay \n
    \n
  • \n eSports
    • \n
  • \n Speedrun
    • \n
\n
\n Gameplay type \n
    \n
  • \n Capture the flag ( CTF )
    • \n
  • \n Deathmatch
    • \n
  • \n Last man standing
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Health_(gaming)&oldid=819315199 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what does hp mean in war and order", "long_answers": ["Health or vitality is an attribute assigned to entities , such as the player character , enemies and objects within a role - playing or video game , that indicates its state in combat . Health is usually measured in hit points or health points , shortened to HP . When the HP of a player character reaches zero , the player may lose a life or their character might become incapacitated or die . When the HP of an enemy reaches zero , it may be defeated or die and the player is usually rewarded in some way .\n"], "short_answers": ["hit points or health points\n"]} {"text": "Cyrus Cylinder - wikipedia

\n Cyrus Cylinder

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Cyrus Cylinder
\n The Cyrus Cylinder , obverse and reverse sides
\n Material \n Baked clay
\n Size \n 22.5 centimetres ( 8.9 in ) x 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) ( maximum )
\n Writing \n Akkadian cuneiform script
\n Created \n About 539 -- 538 BC
\n Period / culture \n Achaemenid Empire
\n Discovered \n Babylon , Mesopotamia by Hormuzd Rassam in March 1879
\n Present location \n Room 52 , British Museum , London
\n Identification \n BM 90920
\n Registration \n 1880 , 0617.1941
\n

\n The Cyrus Cylinder ( Persian : \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0634 \u200e , translit . Ostovane - ye K\u016brosh ) or Cyrus Charter ( \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u06a9\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0634 Mansh\u016bre K\u016brosh ) is an ancient clay cylinder , now broken into several pieces , on which is written a declaration in Akkadian cuneiform script in the name of Persia 's Achaemenid king Cyrus the Great . It dates from the 6th century BC and was discovered in the ruins of Babylon in Mesopotamia ( modern Iraq ) in 1879 . It is currently in the possession of the British Museum , which sponsored the expedition that discovered the cylinder . It was created and used as a foundation deposit following the Persian conquest of Babylon in 539 BC , when the Neo-Babylonian Empire was invaded by Cyrus and incorporated into his Persian Empire .

\n

\n The text on the Cylinder praises Cyrus , sets out his genealogy and portrays him as a king from a line of kings . The Babylonian king Nabonidus , who was defeated and deposed by Cyrus , is denounced as an impious oppressor of the people of Babylonia and his low - born origins are implicitly contrasted to Cyrus ' kingly heritage . The victorious Cyrus is portrayed as having been chosen by the chief Babylonian god Marduk to restore peace and order to the Babylonians . The text states that Cyrus was welcomed by the people of Babylon as their new ruler and entered the city in peace . It appeals to Marduk to protect and help Cyrus and his son Cambyses . It extols Cyrus as a benefactor of the citizens of Babylonia who improved their lives , repatriated displaced people and restored temples and cult sanctuaries across Mesopotamia and elsewhere in the region . It concludes with a description of how Cyrus repaired the city wall of Babylon and found a similar inscription placed there by an earlier king .

\n

\n The Cylinder 's text has traditionally been seen by biblical scholars as corroborative evidence of Cyrus ' policy of the repatriation of the Jewish people following their Babylonian captivity ( an act that the Book of Ezra attributes to Cyrus ) , as the text refers to the restoration of cult sanctuaries and repatriation of deported peoples . This interpretation has been disputed , as the text identifies only Mesopotamian sanctuaries , and makes no mention of Jews , Jerusalem , or Judea . The Cylinder has also been referred to by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , the last Shah of Iran as the first declaration of universal human rights , a view rejected by some historians as anachronistic and a misunderstanding of the Cylinder 's generic nature as a typical statement made by a new monarch at the beginning of his reign . Neil MacGregor , Director of the British Museum , has stated that the cylinder was `` the first attempt we know about running a society , a state with different nationalities and faiths -- a new kind of statecraft . '' It was adopted as a national symbol of Iran by the Imperial State which put it on display in Tehran in 1971 to commemorate 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire . On October 14 , the Mohammad Reza Shah 's sister , Princess Ashraf Pahlavi , presented the United Nations Secretary General U Thant with a replica of the Cylinder . The princess asserted that `` the heritage of Cyrus was the heritage of human understanding , tolerance , courage , compassion and , above all , human liberty '' .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Discovery ( edit )

\n Hormuzd Rassam in Mosul circa 1854 . The Cyrus Cylinder was discovered during Rassam 's excavations in Babylon in February -- March 1879 .

\n The Assyro - British archaeologist Hormuzd Rassam discovered the Cyrus Cylinder in March 1879 during a lengthy programme of excavations in Mesopotamia carried out for the British Museum . It had been placed as a foundation deposit in the foundations of the \u00c9sagila , the city 's main temple . Rassam 's expedition followed on from an earlier dig carried out in 1850 by the British archaeologist Austen Henry Layard , who excavated three mounds in the same area but found little of importance . In 1877 , Layard became Britain 's ambassador to the Ottoman Empire , which ruled Mesopotamia at the time . He helped Rassam , who had been his assistant in the 1850 dig , to obtain a firman ( decree ) from the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II to continue the earlier excavations . The firman was only valid for a year but a second firman , with much more liberal terms , was issued in 1878 . It was granted for two years ( through to 15 October 1880 ) with the promise of an extension to 1882 if required . The Sultan 's decree authorised Rassam to `` pack and dispatch to England any antiquities ( he ) found ... provided , however , there were no duplicates . '' A representative of the Sultan was instructed to be present at the dig to examine the objects as they were uncovered .

\n

\n With permission secured , Rassam initiated a large - scale excavation at Babylon and other sites on behalf of the Trustees of the British Museum . He undertook the excavations in four distinct phases . In between each phase , he returned to England to bring back his finds and raise more funds for further work . The Cyrus Cylinder was found on the second of his four expeditions to Mesopotamia , which began with his departure from London on 8 October 1878 . He arrived in his home town of Mosul on 16 November and travelled down the Tigris to Baghdad , which he reached on 30 January 1879 . During February and March , he supervised excavations on a number of Babylonian sites , including Babylon itself .

\n Map of the site of Babylon in 1829 . Hormuzd Rassam 's diggers found the Cyrus Cylinder in the mound of Tell Amran - ibn - Ali ( marked with an `` E '' at the centre of the map ) under which lay the ruined Esagila temple .

\n He soon uncovered a number of important buildings including the \u00c9sagila temple . This was a major shrine to the chief Babylonian god Marduk , although its identity was not fully confirmed until the German archaeologist Robert Koldewey 's excavation of 1900 . The excavators found a large number of business documents written on clay tablets buried in the temple 's foundations where they discovered the Cyrus Cylinder . Rassam gave conflicting accounts of where his discoveries were made . He wrote in his memoirs , Asshur and the land of Nimrod , that the Cylinder had been found in a mound at the southern end of Babylon near the village of Jumjuma or Jimjima . However , in a letter sent on 20 November 1879 to Samuel Birch , the Keeper of Oriental Antiquities at the British Museum , he wrote , `` The Cylinder of Cyrus was found at Omran ( Tell Amran - ibn - Ali ) with about six hundred pieces of inscribed terracottas before I left Baghdad . '' He left Baghdad on 2 April , returning to Mosul and departing from there on 2 May for a journey to London which lasted until 19 June .

\n

\n The discovery was announced to the public by Sir Henry Rawlinson , the President of the Royal Asiatic Society , at a meeting of the Society on 17 November 1879 . He described it as `` one of the most interesting historical records in the cuneiform character that has yet been brought to light , '' though he erroneously described it as coming from the ancient city of Borsippa rather than Babylon . Rawlinson 's `` Notes on a newly - discovered Clay Cylinder of Cyrus the Great '' were published in the society 's journal the following year , including the first partial translation of the text .

\n

\n Description ( edit )

\n

\n The Cyrus Cylinder is a barrel - shaped cylinder of baked clay measuring 22.5 centimetres ( 8.9 in ) by 10 centimetres ( 3.9 in ) at its maximum diameter . It was created in several stages around a cone - shaped core of clay within which there are large grey stone inclusions . It was built up with extra layers of clay to give it a cylindrical shape before a fine surface slip of clay was added to the outer layer , on which the text is inscribed . It was excavated in several fragments , having apparently broken apart in antiquity . Today it exists in two main fragments , known as `` A '' and `` B '' , which were reunited in 1972 .

\n

\n The main body of the Cylinder , discovered by Rassam in 1879 , is fragment `` A '' . It underwent restoration in 1961 , when it was re-fired and plaster filling was added . The smaller fragment , `` B '' , is a section measuring 8.6 centimetres ( 3.4 in ) by 5.6 centimetres ( 2.2 in ) . The latter fragment was acquired by J.B. Nies of Yale University from an antiquities dealer . Nies published the text in 1920 . The fragment was apparently broken off the main body of the Cylinder during the original excavations in 1879 and was either removed from the excavations or was retrieved from one of Rassam 's waste dumps . It was not confirmed as part of the Cylinder until Paul - Richard Berger of the University of M\u00fcnster definitively identified it in 1970 . Yale University lent the fragment to the British Museum temporarily ( but , in practice , indefinitely ) in exchange for `` a suitable cuneiform tablet '' from the British Museum collection .

\n

\n Although the Cylinder clearly post-dates Cyrus the Great 's conquest of Babylon in 539 BC , the date of its creation is unclear . It is commonly said to date to the early part of Cyrus 's reign over Babylon , some time after 539 BC . The British Museum puts the Cylinder 's date of origin at between 539 -- 530 BC .

\n

\n Text ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikisource has original text related to this article : Cyrus cylinder
\n

\n The surviving inscription on the Cyrus Cylinder consists of 45 lines of text written in Akkadian cuneiform script . The first 35 lines are on fragment `` A '' and the remainder are on fragment `` B . '' A number of lines at the start and end of the text are too badly damaged for more than a few words to be legible .

\n

\n The text is written in an extremely formulaic style that can be divided into six distinct parts :

\n Extract from the Cyrus Cylinder ( lines 15 -- 21 ) , giving the genealogy of Cyrus and an account of his capture of Babylon in 539 BC . \n Sample detail image showing cuneiform script .

\n The beginning of the text is partly broken ; the surviving content reprimands the character of the deposed Babylonian king Nabonidus . It lists his alleged crimes , charging him with the desecration of the temples of the gods and the imposition of forced labor upon the populace . According to the proclamation , as a result of these offenses , the god Marduk abandoned Babylon and sought a more righteous king . Marduk called forth Cyrus to enter Babylon and become its new ruler .

\n

\n In ( Nabonidus 's ) mind , reverential fear of Marduk , king of the gods , came to an end . He did yet more evil to his city every day ; ... his ( people ... ... ) , he brought ruin on them all by a yoke without relief ... ( Marduk ) inspected and checked all the countries , seeking for the upright king of his choice . He took the hand of Cyrus , king of the city of Anshan , and called him by his name , proclaiming him aloud for the kingship over all of everything .

\n

\n Midway through the text , the writer switches to a first - person narrative in the voice of Cyrus , addressing the reader directly . A list of his titles is given ( in a Mesopotamian rather than Persian style ) : `` I am Cyrus , king of the world , great king , powerful king , king of Babylon , king of Sumer and Akkad , king of the four quarters ( of the earth ) , son of Cambyses , great king , king of Anshan , descendent of Teispes , great king , king of Anshan , the perpetual seed of kingship , whose reign Bel ( Marduk ) and Nebo love , and with whose kingship , to their joy , they concern themselves . '' He describes the pious deeds he performed after his conquest : he restored peace to Babylon and the other cities sacred to Marduk , freeing their inhabitants from their `` yoke , '' and he `` brought relief to their dilapidated housing ( thus ) putting an end to their ( main ) complaints . '' He repaired the ruined temples in the cities he conquered , restored their cults , and returned their sacred images as well as their former inhabitants which Nabonidus had taken to Babylon . Near the end of the inscription Cyrus highlights his restoration of Babylon 's city wall , saying : `` I saw within it an inscription of Ashurbanipal , a king who preceded me . '' The remainder is missing but presumably describes Cyrus 's rededication of the gateway mentioned .

\n

\n A partial transcription by F.H. Weissbach in 1911 was supplanted by a much more complete transcription after the identification of the `` B '' fragment ; this is now available in German and in English . Several editions of the full text of the Cyrus Cylinder are available online , incorporating both `` A '' and `` B '' fragments .

\n

\n A false translation of the text -- affirming , among other things , the abolition of slavery and the right to self - determination , a minimum wage and asylum -- has been promoted on the Internet and elsewhere . As well as making claims that are not found on the real cylinder , it refers to the Zoroastrian divinity Ahura Mazda rather than the Mesopotamian god Marduk . The false translation has been widely circulated ; alluding to its claim that Cyrus supposedly has stated that `` Every country shall decide for itself whether or not it wants my leadership . '' Iranian Nobel Peace Prize winner Shirin Ebadi in her acceptance speech described Cyrus as `` the very emperor who proclaimed at the pinnacle of power 2,500 years ago that ... he would not reign over the people if they did not wish it '' . Similarly , in a 2006 speech , United States President George W. Bush referred to Cyrus , declaring that his people had `` the right to worship God in freedom '' -- a statement made nowhere in the text of the Cylinder .

\n

\n Associated fragments ( edit )

\n

\n The British Museum announced in January 2010 that two inscribed clay fragments , which had been in the Museum 's collection since 1881 , had been identified as part of a cuneiform tablet that was inscribed with the same text as the Cyrus Cylinder . The fragments had come from the small site of Dailem near Babylon and the identification was made by Professor Wilfred Lambert , formerly of the University of Birmingham , and Irving Finkel , curator in charge of the Museum 's Department of the Middle East .

\n

\n Relation to a Chinese bone inscription ( edit )

\n

\n In 1983 two fossilized horse bones inscribed with cuneiform signs surfaced in China which Professor Oliver Gurney at Oxford later identified as coming from the Cyrus Cylinder . The discovery of these objects aroused much discussion about possible connections between ancient Mesopotamia and China , although their authenticity was doubted by many scholars from the beginning and they are now generally regarded as forgeries .

\n

\n The history of the putative artifact goes back almost a century . The earliest record goes back to a Chinese doctor named Xue Shenwei , who sometime prior to 1928 was shown a photo of a rubbing of one of the bones by an antiquities dealer named Zhang Yi'an . Although not able to view the bones at that time , Xue Shenwei later acquired one of them from another antiquities dealer named Wang Dongting in 1935 and then the second via a personal connection named Ke Yanling around 1940 . While Xue did not recognize the script on the bones he guessed at its antiquity and buried the bones for safekeeping during the Cultural Revolution . Then , in 1983 Xue presented the bones to the Palace Museum in Beijing where Liu Jiuan and Wang Nanfang of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage undertook their study . These officials identified the script as cuneiform and asked the Assyriologists Chi Yang and Wu Yuhong to work on the inscriptions . Identification of the source text proceeded slowly until 1985 , when Wu Yuhong along with Oxford Assyriologist Stephanie Dalley and Oliver Gurney recognized the text in one bone as coming from the Cyrus Cylinder . One year later Wu Yuhong presented his findings at the 33rd Rencontre Assyriologique and published them in a journal article .

\n

\n After that the second bone inscription remained undeciphered until 2010 , when Irving Finkel worked on it . In that same year the British Museum held a conference dedicated to the artifacts . Based on the serious textual errors in the inscription , including the omission of a large number of signs from the Cyrus Cylinder , Wu Yuhong argued the inscriptions were most likely copied from the cylinder while housed in the British Museum or from an early modern publication based upon it . However he acknowledged the remote possibility it was copied in late antiquity . Irving Finkel disputed this conclusion based on the relative obscurity of the Cyrus Cylinder until recent decades and the mismatch in paleography between the bone inscriptions and the hand copies found in early editions from the 1880 's .

\n

\n Finally , after the workshop concluded , an 1884 edition of the Cyrus Cylinder by E.A. Wallis Budge came to Irving Finkel 's attention . This publication used an idiosyncratic typeface and featured a handcopy for only a section of the whole cylinder . However the typeface in that edition matched the paleography on the bone inscriptions and the extract of the cylinder published in the book matched that of the bone as well . This convinced Finkel that the bone inscriptions were early modern forgeries and that has remained the majority opinion since then .

\n

\n Interpretations ( edit )

\n

\n Mesopotamian and Persian tradition and propaganda ( edit )

\n

\n According to the British Museum , the Cyrus Cylinder reflects a long tradition in Mesopotamia where , from as early as the third millennium BC , kings began their reigns with declarations of reforms . Cyrus 's declaration stresses his legitimacy as the king , and is a conspicuous statement of his respect for the religious and political traditions of Babylon . The British Museum and scholars of the period describe it as an instrument of ancient Mesopotamian propaganda .

\n

\n The text is a royal building inscription , a genre which had no equivalent in Old Persian literature . It illustrates how Cyrus co-opted local traditions and symbols to legitimize his conquest and control of Babylon . Many elements of the text were drawn from long - standing Mesopotamian themes of legitimizing rule in Babylonia : the preceding king is reprimanded and he is proclaimed to have been abandoned by the gods for his wickedness ; the new king has gained power through the divine will of the gods ; the new king rights the wrongs of his predecessor , addressing the welfare of the people ; the sanctuaries of the gods are rebuilt or restored , offerings to the gods are made or increased and the blessings of the gods are sought ; and repairs are made to the whole city , in the manner of earlier rightful kings .

\n

\n Both continuity and discontinuity are emphasized in the text of the Cylinder . It asserts the virtue of Cyrus as a gods - fearing king of a traditional Mesopotamian type . On the other hand , it constantly discredits Nabonidus , reviling the deposed king 's deeds and even his ancestry and portraying him as an impious destroyer of his own people . As Fowler and Hekster note , this `` creates a problem for a monarch who chooses to buttress his claim to legitimacy by appropriating the ' symbolic capital ' of his predecessors . '' The Cylinder 's reprimand of Nabonidus also discredits Babylonian royal authority by association . It is perhaps for this reason that the Achaemenid rulers made greater use of Assyrian rather than Babylonian royal iconography and tradition in their declarations ; the Cylinder refers to the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal as `` my predecessor '' , rather than any native Babylonian ruler .

\n

\n The Cylinder itself is part of a continuous Mesopotamian tradition of depositing a wide variety of symbolic items , including animal sacrifices , stone tablets , terracotta cones , cylinders and figures . Newly crowned kings of Babylon would make public declarations of their own righteousness when beginning their reigns , often in the form of declarations that were deposited in the foundations of public buildings . Some contained messages , while others did not , and they had a number of purposes : elaboration of a building 's value , commemoration of the ruler or builder and the magical sanctification of the building , through the invocation of divine protection .

\n

\n The cylinder was not intended to be seen again after its burial , but the text inscribed on it would have been used for public purposes . Archive copies were kept of important inscriptions and the Cylinder 's text may likewise have been copied . In January 2010 , the British Museum announced that two cuneiform tablets in its collection had been found to be inscribed with the same text as that on the Cyrus Cylinder , which , according to the Museum , `` show that the text of the Cylinder was probably a proclamation that was widely distributed across the Persian Empire . '' A statue of the cylinder is now on exhibit in Los Angeles on avenue of the stars as a gift from the Persian people to the city of Los Angeles

\n Similarities with other royal inscriptions ( edit ) The Nabonidus Cylinder

\n The Cyrus Cylinder bears striking similarities to older Mesopotamian royal inscriptions . Two notable examples are the Cylinder of Marduk - apla - iddina II , who seized the Babylonian throne in 722 / 1 BC , and the annals of Sargon II of Assyria , who conquered Babylon twelve years later . As a conqueror , Marduk - apla - iddina faced many of the same problems of legitimacy that Cyrus did when he conquered Babylon . He declares himself to have been chosen personally by Marduk , who ensured his victory . When he took power , he performed the sacred rites and restored the sacred shrines . He states that he found a royal inscription placed in the temple foundations by an earlier Babylonian king , which he left undisturbed and honored . All of these claims also appear in Cyrus 's Cylinder . Twelve years later , the Assyrian king Sargon II defeated and exiled Marduk - apla - iddina , taking up the kingship of Babylonia . Sargon 's annals describe how he took on the duties of a Babylonian sovereign , honouring the gods , maintaining their temples and respecting and upholding the privileges of the urban elite . Again , Cyrus 's Cylinder makes exactly the same points . Nabonidus , Cyrus 's deposed predecessor as king of Babylon , commissioned foundation texts on clay cylinders -- such as the Cylinder of Nabonidus , also in the British Museum -- that follows the same basic formula .

\n

\n The text of the Cylinder thus indicates a strong continuity with centuries of Babylonian tradition , as part of an established rhetoric advanced by conquerors . As Kuhrt puts it :

\n

\n ( The Cylinder ) reflects the pressure that Babylonian citizens were able to bring to bear on the new royal claimant ... In this context , the reign of the defeated predecessor was automatically described as bad and against the divine will -- how else could he have been defeated ? By implication , of course , all his acts became , inevitably and retrospectively , tainted .

\n

\n The familiarity with long - established Babylonian tropes suggests that the Cylinder was authored by the Babylonian priests of Marduk , working at the behest of Cyrus . It can be compared with another work of around the same time , the Verse Account of Nabonidus , in which the former Babylonian ruler is excoriated as the enemy of the priests of Marduk and Cyrus is presented as the liberator of Babylon . Both works make a point of stressing Cyrus 's qualifications as a king from a line of kings , in contrast to the non-royal ancestry of Nabonidus , who is described by the Cylinder as merely ma\u0163\u00fb , `` insignificant '' .

\n

\n The Verse Account is so similar to the Cyrus Cylinder inscription that the two texts have been dubbed an example of `` literary dependence '' -- not the direct dependence of one upon the other , but mutual dependence upon a common source . This is characterised by the historian Morton Smith as `` the propaganda put out in Babylonia by Cyrus 's agents , shortly before Cyrus 's conquest , to prepare the way of their lord . '' This viewpoint has been disputed ; as Simon J. Sherwin of the University of Cambridge puts it , the Cyrus Cylinder and the Verse Account are `` after the event '' compositions which reuse existing Mesopotamian literary themes and do not need to be explained as the product of pre-conquest Persian propaganda .

\n

\n The German historian Hanspeter Schaudig has identified a line on the Cylinder ( `` He ( i.e. Marduk ) saved his city Babylon from its oppression '' ) with a line from tablet VI of the Babylonian `` Epic of Creation '' , En\u00fbma Eli\u0161 , in which Marduk builds Babylon . Johannes Haubold suggests that reference represents Cyrus 's takeover as a moment of ultimate restoration not just of political and religious institutions , but of the cosmic order underpinning the universe .

\n Analysis of the Cylinder 's claims ( edit ) Stele depicting Nabonidus praying to the moon , sun and the planet Venus . The Babylonian king 's religious practices were harshly condemned by the Cyrus Cylinder 's inscription .

\n The Cyrus Cylinder 's vilification of Nabonidus is consistent with other Persian propaganda regarding the deposed king 's rule . In contrast to the Cylinder 's depiction of Nabonidus as an illegitimate ruler who ruined his country , the reign of Nabonidus was largely peaceful , he was recognised as a legitimate king and he undertook a variety of building projects and military campaigns commensurate with his claim to be `` the king of Babylon , the universe , and the four corners ( of the Earth ) . ''

\n

\n The Assyriologist Paul - Alain Beaulieu has interpreted Nabonidus 's exaltation of the moon god Sin as `` an outright usurpation of Marduk 's prerogatives by the moon god . '' Although the Babylonian king continued to make rich offerings to Marduk , his greater devotion to Sin was unacceptable to the Babylonian priestly elite . Nabonidus came from the unfashionable north of Babylonia , introduced foreign gods and went into a lengthy self - imposed exile which was said to have prevented the celebration of the vital New Year festival . Cyrus 's conquest of Babylonia was resisted by Nabonidus and his supporters , as the Battle of Opis demonstrated . Iranologist Pierre Briant comments that `` it is doubtful that even before the fall of ( Babylon ) Cyrus was impatiently awaited by a population desperate for a ' liberator ' . '' However , Cyrus 's takeover as king does appear to have been welcomed by some of the Babylonian population . The Judaic historian Lisbeth S. Fried says that there is little evidence that the high - ranking priests of Babylonia during the Achaemenid period were Persians and characterises them as Babylonian collaborators .

\n

\n The inscription goes on to describe Cyrus returning to their original sanctuaries the statues of the gods that Nabonidus had brought to the city before the Persian invasion . This restored the normal cultic order to the satisfaction of the priesthood . It alludes to temples being restored and deported groups being returned to their homelands but does not imply an empire - wide programme of restoration . Instead , it refers to specific areas in the border region between Babylonia and Persia , including sites that had been devastated by earlier Babylonian military campaigns . The Cylinder indicates that Cyrus sought to acquire the loyalty of the ravaged regions by funding reconstruction , the return of temple properties and the repatriation of the displaced populations . However , it is unclear how much actually changed on the ground ; there is no archaeological evidence for any rebuilding or repairing of Mesopotamian temples during Cyrus 's reign .

\n

\n The text presents Cyrus as entering Babylon peacefully and being welcomed by the population as a liberator . This presents an implicit contrast with previous conquerors , notably the Assyrian rulers Tukulti - Ninurta I , who invaded and plundered Babylon in the 12th century BC , and Sennacherib , who did the same thing 150 years before Cyrus conquered the region . The massacre and enslavement of conquered people was common practice and was explicitly highlighted by conquerors in victory statements . The Cyrus Cylinder presents a very different message ; Johannes Haubold notes that it portrays Cyrus 's takeover as a harmonious moment of convergence between Babylonian and Persian history , not a natural disaster but the salvation of Babylonia .

\n

\n However , the Cylinder 's account of Cyrus 's conquest clearly does not tell the whole story , as it suppresses any mention of the earlier conflict between the Persians and the Babylonians ; Max Mallowan describes it as a `` skilled work of tendentious history '' . The text omits the Battle of Opis , in which Cyrus 's forces defeated and apparently massacred Nabonidus 's army . Nor does it explain a two - week gap reported by the Nabonidus Chronicle between the Persian entry into Babylon and the surrender of the Esagila temple . Lisbeth S. Fried suggests that there may have been a siege or stand - off between the Persians and the temple 's defenders and priests , about whose fate the Cylinder and Chronicle makes no mention . She speculates that they were killed or expelled by the Persians and replaced by more pro-Persian members of the Babylonian priestly elite . As Walton and Hill put it , the claim of a wholly peaceful takeover acclaimed by the people is `` standard conqueror 's rhetoric and may obscure other facts . '' Describing the claim of one 's own armies being welcomed as liberators as `` one of the great imperial fantasies '' , Bruce Lincoln , Professor of Divinity at the University of Chicago , notes that the Babylonian population repeatedly revolted against Persian rule in 522 BC , 521 BC , 484 BC and 482 BC ( though not against Cyrus or his son Cambeses ) . The rebels sought to restore national independence and the line of native Babylonian kings -- perhaps an indication that they were not as favourably disposed towards the Persians as the Cylinder suggests .

\n

\n The Persians ' policy towards their subject people , as described by the Cylinder , was traditionally viewed as an expression of tolerance , moderation and generosity `` on a scale previously unknown . '' The policies of Cyrus toward subjugated nations have been contrasted to those of the Assyrians and Babylonians , who had treated subject peoples harshly ; he permitted the resettling of those who had been previously deported and sponsored the reconstruction of religious buildings . Cyrus was often depicted positively in Western tradition by sources such as the Old Testament of the Bible and the Greek writers Herodotus and Xenophon . The Cyropaedia of Xenophon was particularly influential during the Renaissance when Cyrus was romanticised as an exemplary model of a virtuous and successful ruler .

\n

\n Modern historians argue that while Cyrus 's behavior was indeed conciliatory , it was driven by the needs of the Persian Empire , and was not an expression of personal tolerance per se . The empire was too large to be centrally directed ; Cyrus followed a policy of using existing territorial units to implement a decentralized system of government . The magnanimity shown by Cyrus won him praise and gratitude from those he spared . The policy of toleration described by the Cylinder was thus , as biblical historian Rainer Albertz puts it , `` an expression of conservative support for local regions to serve the political interests of the whole ( empire ) . '' Another biblical historian , Alberto Soggin , comments that it was more `` a matter of practicality and economy ... ( as ) it was simpler , and indeed cost less , to obtain the spontaneous collaboration of their subjects at a local level than to have to impose their sovereignty by force . ''

\n

\n Biblical interpretations ( edit )

\n Main article : Cyrus in the Judeo - Christian tradition Further information : The Return to Zion Places in Mesopotamia mentioned by the Cyrus Cylinder . Most of the localities it mentions in connection with the restoration of temples were in eastern and northern Mesopotamia , in territories that had been ruled by the deposed Babylonian king Nabonidus ( excepting Susa ) .

\n The Bible records that some Jews ( who were exiled by the Babylonians ) , returned to their homeland from Babylon , where they had been settled by Nebuchadnezzar , to rebuild the temple following an edict from Cyrus . The Book of Ezra ( 1 -- 4 : 5 ) provides a narrative account of the rebuilding project . Scholars have linked one particular passage from the Cylinder to the Old Testament account :

\n

\n From ( ? ) to A\u0161\u0161ur and ( from ) Susa , Agade , E\u0161nunna , Zabban , Me - Turnu , Der , as far as the region of Gutium , the sacred centers on the other side of the Tigris , whose sanctuaries had been abandoned for a long time , I returned the images of the gods , who had resided there ( i.e. , in Babylon ) , to their places and I let them dwell in eternal abodes . I gathered all their inhabitants and returned to them their dwellings .

\n

\n This passage has often been interpreted as a reference to the benign policy instituted by Cyrus of allowing exiled peoples , such as the Jews , to return to their original homelands . The Cylinder 's inscription has been linked with the reproduction in the Book of Ezra of two texts that are claimed to be edicts issued by Cyrus concerning the repatriation of the Jews and the reconstruction of the Temple in Jerusalem . The two edicts ( one in Hebrew and one in Aramaic ) are substantially different in content and tone , leading some historians to argue that one or both may be a post hoc fabrication . The question of their authenticity remains unresolved , though it is widely believed that they do reflect some sort of Persian royal policy , albeit perhaps not one that was couched in the terms given in the text of the biblical edicts .

\n

\n The dispute over the authenticity of the biblical edicts has prompted interest in this passage from the Cyrus Cylinder , specifically concerning the question of whether it indicates that Cyrus had a general policy of repatriating subject peoples and restoring their sanctuaries . The text of the Cylinder is very specific , listing places in Mesopotamia and the neighboring regions . It does not describe any general release or return of exiled communities but focuses on the return of Babylonian deities to their own home cities . It emphasises the re-establishment of local religious norms , reversing the alleged neglect of Nabonidus -- a theme that Am\u00e9lie Kuhrt describes as `` a literary device used to underline the piety of Cyrus as opposed to the blasphemy of Nabonidus . '' She suggests that Cyrus had simply adopted a policy used by earlier Assyrian rulers of giving privileges to cities in key strategic or politically sensitive regions and that there was no general policy as such . Lester L. Grabbe , a historian of early Judaism , has written that `` the religious policy of the Persians was not that different from the basic practice of the Assyrians and Babylonians before them '' in tolerating -- but not promoting -- local cults , other than their own gods .

\n

\n Cyrus may have seen Jerusalem , situated in a strategic location between Mesopotamia and Egypt , as worth patronising for political reasons . His Achaemenid successors generally supported indigenous cults in subject territories as an expression of their legitimacy as rulers , thereby currying favour with the cults ' devotees . Conversely , the Persian kings could , and did , destroy the shrines of peoples who had rebelled against them , as happened at Miletos in 494 BC following the Ionian Revolt . Historian Ernst Badian has noted regarding the Ionian revolt `` ( that ) Harpagus ' devastated ' all of lower Asia ( 1.177 ) is obviously an exaggeration , for the Ionians soon returned to their trading activities . '' The Persians evidently did give permission for its reconstruction , which would have been required given the circumstances of its destruction . However , the Cylinder 's text does not describe any general policy of a return of exiles or mention any sanctuary outside Babylonia ; the biblical historian Bob Becking concludes that `` it has nothing to do with Judeans , Jews or Jerusalem . '' Peter Ross Bedford argues that the Cylinder `` is thus not a manifesto for a general policy regarding indigenous cults and their worshippers throughout the empire . '' Kuhrt comments that `` the purely Babylonian context of the Cylinder provides no proof '' of the historicity of Cyrus 's return of the Jewish exiles and the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem , though Becking links this with the lack of any references to the Jews in surviving Achaemenid texts -- an indication that the Persians seem not to have regarded them as being of any great importance .

\n

\n The German scholar Josef Wieseh\u00f6fer summarizes the widely held traditional view by noting that `` Many scholars have read into ( ... ) sentences ( from the text of Cylinder ) a confirmation of the Old Testament passages about the steps taken by Cyrus towards the erection of the Jerusalem temple and the repatriation of the Judaeans '' and this interpretation was , according to Wieseh\u00f6fer , for some scholars a strict belief `` that the instructions to this effect were actually provided in these very formulations of the Cyrus Cylinder . ''

\n

\n Human rights ( edit )

\n

\n The Cylinder gained new prominence in the late 1960s when the last Shah of Iran called it `` the world 's first charter of human rights '' . The cylinder was a key symbol of the Shah 's political ideology and is still regarded by some commentators as a charter of human rights , despite the disagreement of some historians and scholars .

\n Pahlavi Iranian government 's view ( edit ) Cyrus Cylinder at the center of the official emblem of 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire at Pahlavi Iranian imperial era

\n The Cyrus Cylinder was dubbed the `` first declaration of human rights '' by the pre-Revolution Iranian government , a reading prominently advanced by Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi , in a 1967 book , The White Revolution of Iran . The Shah identified Cyrus as a key figure in government ideology and associated his government with the Achaemenids . He wrote that `` the history of our empire began with the famous declaration of Cyrus , which , for its advocacy of humane principles , justice and liberty , must be considered one of the most remarkable documents in the history of mankind . '' The Shah described Cyrus as the first ruler in history to give his subjects `` freedom of opinion and other basic rights '' . In 1968 , the Shah opened the first United Nations Conference on Human Rights in Tehran by saying that the Cyrus Cylinder was the precursor to the modern Universal Declaration of Human Rights .

\n

\n In his 1971 Nowruz ( New Year ) speech , the Shah declared that 1971 would be Cyrus the Great Year , during which a grand commemoration would be held to celebrate 2,500 years of Persian monarchy . It would serve as a showcase for a modern Iran in which the contributions that Iran had made to world civilization would be recognized . The main theme of the commemoration was the centrality of the monarchy within Iran 's political system , associating the Shah of Iran with the famous monarchs of Persia 's past , and with Cyrus in particular . The Shah looked to the Achaemenid period as `` a moment from the national past that could best serve as a model and a slogan for the imperial society he hoped to create . ''

\n

\n The Cyrus Cylinder was adopted as the symbol for the commemoration , and Iranian magazines and journals published numerous articles about ancient Persian history . The British Museum loaned the original Cylinder to the Iranian government for the duration of the festivities ; it was put on display at the Shahyad Monument ( now the Azadi Tower ) in Tehran . The 2,500 year celebrations commenced on October 12 , 1971 and culminated a week later with a spectacular parade at the tomb of Cyrus in Pasargadae . On October 14 , the shah 's sister , Princess Ashraf Pahlavi , presented the United Nations Secretary General U Thant with a replica of the Cylinder . The princess asserted that `` the heritage of Cyrus was the heritage of human understanding , tolerance , courage , compassion and , above all , human liberty '' . The Secretary General accepted the gift , linking the Cylinder with the efforts of the United Nations General Assembly to address `` the question of Respect for Human Rights in Armed Conflict '' . Since then the replica Cylinder has been kept at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City on the second floor hallway . The United Nations continues to promote the cylinder as `` an ancient declaration of human rights . ''

\n Reception in the Islamic Republic ( edit )

\n In September 2010 , former Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad officially opened the Cyrus Cylinder exhibition at the National Museum of Iran . After the Pahlavi era , it was the second time the cylinder was brought to Iran . It was also its longest - running exhibition inside the country . Ahmadinejad considers the Cyrus Cylinder as the incarnation of human values and a cultural heritage for all humanity , and called it the `` First Charter of Human Rights '' . The British Museum had loaned the Cyrus Cylinder to the National Museum of Iran for four months .

\n

\n The Cylinder reads that everyone is entitled to freedom of thought and choice and all individuals should pay respect to one another . The historical charter also underscores the necessity of fighting oppression , defending the oppressed , respecting human dignity , and recognizing human rights . The Cyrus Cylinder bears testimony to the fact that the Iranian nation has always been the flag - bearer of justice , devotion and human values throughout history .

\n -- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad during Cyrus Cylinder exhibition at National Museum of Iran ,

\n Some Iranian extremists , Islamists and rightist politicians such as MP Ali Motahari criticized Ahmadinejad for bringing the Cyrus Cylinder to Iran , although Tehran daily Kayhan , viewed as an ultra-conservative newspaper , had opined that the Islamic Republic should never have returned the Cyrus Cylinder to Britain :

\n

\n There is an important question : Does n't the cylinder belong to Iran ? And has n't the British government stolen ancient artifacts from our country ? If the answers to these questions are positive , then why should we return this stolen historical and valuable work to the thieves ?

\n -- Kayhan newspaper during Cyrus Cylinder exhibition in Iran ,

\n At the time , the Curator of the National Museum of Iran , Azadeh Ardakani , reported approximately 48,000 visitors to the Cylinder exhibition , amongst whom over 2000 were foreigners , including foreign ambassadors .

\n Scholarly views ( edit ) Monument to the Cyrus Cylinder in Balboa Park , San Diego , California erected by an Iranian \u00e9migr\u00e9 organisation , presenting a widely circulated false translation of the text that portrays Cyrus as a champion of human rights

\n The interpretation of the Cylinder as a `` charter of human rights '' has been described by some historians as `` rather anachronistic '' and tendentious . It has been dismissed as a `` misunderstanding '' and characterized as political propaganda devised by the Pahlavi regime . The German historian Josef Wieseh\u00f6fer comments that the portrayal of Cyrus as a champion of human rights is as illusory as the image of the `` humane and enlightened Shah of Persia . '' D. Fairchild Ruggles and Helaine Silverman describe the Shah 's aim as being to legitimise the Iranian nation and his own regime , and to counter the growing influence of Islamic fundamentalism by creating an alternative narrative rooted in the ancient Persian past .

\n

\n Writing in the immediate aftermath of the Shah 's anniversary commemorations , the British Museum 's C.B.F. Walker comments that the `` essential character of the Cyrus Cylinder ( is not ) a general declaration of human rights or religious toleration but simply a building inscription , in the Babylonian and Assyrian tradition , commemorating Cyrus 's restoration of the city of Babylon and the worship of Marduk previously neglected by Nabonidus . '' Two professors specialising in the history of the ancient Near East , Bill T. Arnold and Piotr Michalowski , comment : `` Generically , it belongs with other foundation deposit inscriptions ; it is not an edict of any kind , nor does it provide any unusual human rights declaration as is sometimes claimed . '' Lloyd Llewellyn - Jones of the University of Edinburgh notes that `` there is nothing in the text '' that suggests the concept of human rights . Neil MacGregor comments :

\n

\n Comparison by scholars in the British Museum with other similar texts , however , showed that rulers in ancient Iraq had been making comparable declarations upon succeeding to the ( Babylonian ) throne for two millennia before Cyrus ( ... ) it is one of the museum 's tasks to resist the narrowing of the object 's meaning and its appropriation to one political agenda .

\n

\n He cautions that while the Cylinder is `` clearly linked with the history of Iran , '' it is `` in no real sense an Iranian document : it is part of a much larger history of the ancient Near East , of Mesopotamian kingship , and of the Jewish diaspora . ''

\n

\n Some historians , as well as writers on human rights , have supported the interpretation of the Cyrus Cylinder as a human rights charter . W.J. Talbott , an American philosopher , believes the concept of human rights is a 20th - century concept but describes Cyrus as `` perhaps the earliest known advocate of religious tolerance '' and suggests that `` ideas that led to the development of human rights are not limited to one cultural tradition . '' The Iranian lawyer Hirad Abtahi argues that viewing the Cylinder as merely `` an instrument of legitimizing royal rule '' is unjustified , as Cyrus issued the document and granted those rights when he was at the height of his power , with neither popular opposition nor visible external threat to force his hand . A former Iranian prime minister , Hassan Pirnia , writing in the early 20th century , characterizes the Cylinder as `` discuss ( ing ) human rights in a way unique for the era , dealing with ways to protect the honor , prestige , and religious beliefs of all the nations dependent to Iran in those days . ''

\n

\n Exhibition history ( edit )

\n The Cyrus Cylinder in Room 55 of the British Museum in London

\n The Cyrus Cylinder has been displayed in the British Museum since its formal acquisition in 1880 . It has been loaned four times -- twice to Iran , between 7 -- 22 October 1971 in conjunction with the 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire and again from September -- December 2010 , once to Spain from March -- June 2006 , and once to the United States in a traveling exhibition from March -- October 2013 . Many replicas have been made . Some were distributed by the Shah following the 1971 commemorations , while the British Museum and National Museum of Iran have sold them commercially .

\n

\n The British Museum 's ownership of the Cyrus Cylinder has been the cause of some controversy in Iran , although the artifact was obtained legally and was not excavated on Iranian soil but on former Ottoman territory ( modern Iraq ) . When it was loaned in 1971 , the Iranian press campaigned for its transfer to Iranian ownership . The Cylinder was brought back to London without difficulty , but the British Museum 's Board of Trustees subsequently decided that it would be `` undesirable to make a further loan of the Cylinder to Iran . ''

\n

\n In 2005 -- 2006 the British Museum mounted a major exhibition on the Persian Empire , Forgotten Empire : the World of Ancient Persia . It was held in collaboration with the Iranian government , which loaned the British Museum a number of iconic artefacts in exchange for an undertaking that the Cyrus Cylinder would be loaned to the National Museum of Iran in return .

\n

\n The planned loan of the Cylinder was postponed in October 2009 following the June 2009 Iranian presidential election so that the British Museum could be `` assured that the situation in the country was suitable . '' In response , the Iranian government threatened to end cooperation with the British Museum if the Cylinder was not loaned within the following two months . This deadline was postponed despite appeals by the Iranian government but the Cylinder did eventually go on display in Tehran in September 2010 for a four - month period . The exhibition was very popular , attracting 48,000 people within the first ten days and about 500,000 people by the time it closed in January 2011 . However , at its opening , Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad mingled Islamic Republican and ancient Persian symbology which commentators inside and outside Iran criticised as an overt appeal to religious nationalism .

\n

\n On November 28 , 2012 , the BBC announced the first United States tour of the Cylinder . Under the headline `` British Museum lends ancient ' bill of rights ' cylinder to US '' , Museum director Neil MacGregor declared that `` The cylinder , often referred to as the first bill of human rights , ' must be shared as widely as possible ' '' . The British Museum itself announced the news in its press release , saying `` First declaration of human rights ' to tour five cities in the United States '' . According to the British Museum 's website for the Cylinder 's US exhibition `` CyrusCylinder2013.com '' , the tour started in March 2013 and included Washington DC 's Smithsonian 's Arthur M. Sackler Gallery , the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston , the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York , the Asian Art Museum in San Francisco and culminated at the J. Paul Getty Museum in Los Angeles , in October 2013 .

\n

\n The cylinder , along with thirty two other associated objects from the British Museum collection , including a pair of gold armlets from the Oxus Treasure and the Darius Seal , were part of an exhibition titled ' The Cyrus Cylinder and Ancient Persia -- A New Beginning ' at the Prince of Wales Museum in Mumbai , India , from December 21 , 2013 to February 25 , 2014 . It was organised by the British Museum and the Prince of Wales Museum in partnership with Sir Dorabji Tata Trust , Sir Ratan Tata Trust and Navajbai Ratan Tata Trust , all set up by luminaries from the Parsi community , who are descendants of Persian Zoroastrians , who hold Cyrus in great regard , as many scholars consider him as a follower of Zoroastrianism .

\n

\n Freedom Sculpture ( edit )

\n Main article : Freedom Sculpture The freedom sculpture

\n The Freedom Sculpture ( Persian : \u062a\u0646\u062f\u06cc\u0633 \u0622\u0632\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u200e ) is a gold and silver statue located on Santa Monica Boulevard in the Beverly Hills , California .

\n

\n The design of the Freedom Sculpture was created by artist and architect Cecil Balmond . It is themed on the Cyrus Cylinder from 2,500 years ago , which is sometimes considered the first declaration of human rights . It commemorates the declaration of Cyrus the Great , King of ancient Iran , granting individual and religious freedoms to those within his empire .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Cyrus Cylinder ( British Museum database ) '' . Retrieved 19 June 2010 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Dandamayev , ( 2010 - 01 - 26 )
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Kuhrt ( 2007 ) , p. 70 , 72
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : British Museum : The Cyrus Cylinder
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Free & Vos ( 1992 ) , p. 204
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Becking , p. 8
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Janzen , p. 157
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Daniel , p. 39
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , p. 83
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : Arnold , pp. 426 -- 430
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` The Cyrus Cylinder travels to the US '' . British Museum . 2012 . Retrieved 21 September 2013 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Associated Press ( 10 September 2010 ) . `` Cyrus cylinder , world 's oldest human rights charter , returns to Iran on loan '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 September 2013 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Oldest Known Charter of Human Rights Comes to San Francisco '' . 13 August 2013 . Retrieved 21 September 2013 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Barbara Slavin ( 6 March 2013 ) . `` Cyrus Cylinder a Reminder of Persian Legacy of Tolerance '' . Al - Monitor . Retrieved 21 September 2013 .
    15. \n
  15. \n ^ Jump up to : Ansari , pp. 218 -- 19 .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : United Nations Press Release 14 October 1971 ( SG / SM / 1553 / HQ263 )
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Finkel ( 2009 ) , p. 172
    18. \n
  18. \n ^ Jump up to : Vos ( 1995 ) , p. 267
    19. \n
  19. \n ^ Jump up to : Hilprecht ( 1903 ) , pp. 204 -- 05
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Rassam ( 1897 ) , p. 223
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Koldewey , p. vi
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Rassam , p. 267
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Hilprecht ( 1903 ) , p. 264
    24. \n
  24. \n ^ Jump up to : Walker , pp. 158 -- 159
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ The Times ( 18 November 1879 )
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ The Oriental Journal ( January 1880 )
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Rawlinson ( 1880 ) , pp. 70 -- 97
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Curtis , Tallis & Andr\u00e9 - Salvini , p. 59
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Nies & Keiser ( 1920 )
    30. \n
  30. \n ^ Jump up to : Berger , pp. 155 -- 159
    31. \n
  31. \n ^ Jump up to : Wieseh\u00f6fer ( 2001 ) , pp. 44 -- 45 .
    32. \n
  32. \n ^ Jump up to : Translation of the text on the Cyrus Cylinder . Finkel , Irving .
    33. \n
  33. \n ^ Jump up to : Pritchard
    34. \n
  34. \n ^ Jump up to : Kutsko , p. 123
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Weissbach , p. 2
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Schaudig , pp. 550 -- 556
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Hallo , p. 315
    38. \n
  38. \n ^ Jump up to : Schulz ( 2008 - 07 - 15 )
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ compare `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 12 . with the British Museum translation at ( 1 )
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Foucart ( 2007 - 08 - 19 )
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Shirin Ebadi 's 2003 Nobel Peace Prize lecture '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 19 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ The White House Archives ; https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/06/20060619-1.html
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ British Museum . `` Irving Finkel '' . Retrieved 14 December 2010 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Cyrus Cylinder ( press release ) . British Museum , 20 January 2010
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Yang , Zhi ( 1987 ) . `` Brief Note on the Bone Cuneiform Inscriptions '' . Journal of Ancient Civilizations. 2 : 30 -- 33 .
    46. \n
  46. \n ^ Jump up to : Finkel , Irving , ed. ( 2013 ) . The Cyrus Cylinder : The King of Persia 's Proclamation from Ancient Babylon . I.B. Tauris . pp. 28 -- 34 . ISBN 1780760639 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Wu , Yuhong ( 1986 ) . `` A Horse - Bone Inscription copied from the Cyrus Cylinder ( Line 18 - 21 ) in the Palace Museum in Beijing '' . Journal of Ancient Civilizations. 1 : 15 -- 20 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Inscription in the British Museum , Room 55
    49. \n
  49. \n ^ Jump up to : Kuhrt ( 1982 ) , p. 124
    50. \n
  50. \n ^ Jump up to : Winn Leith , p. 285
    51. \n
  51. \n ^ Jump up to : Fowler & Hekster , p. 33
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ British Museum : The Cyrus Cylinder ; Kuhrt ( 1983 ) , pp. 83 -- 97 ; Dandamaev , pp. 52 -- 53 ; Beaulieu , p. 243 ; van der Spek , pp. 273 -- 285 ; Wieseh\u00f6fer ( 2001 ) , p. 82 ; Briant , p. 43
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Haubold , p. 52 fn. 24
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ British Museum e-mail ( 2010 - 01 - 11 )
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ British Museum statement ( 2010 - 01 - 20 )
    56. \n
  56. \n ^ Jump up to : Kuhrt ( 2007 ) , pp. 174 -- 175 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Dyck , pp. 91 -- 94 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Grabbe ( 2004 ) , p. 267
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Dick , p. 10
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Smith , p. 78
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Sherwin , p. 122 .
    62. \n
  62. \n ^ Jump up to : Haubold , p. 51
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Haubold , p. 52
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Bidmead , p. 137
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Bidmead , p. 134
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ Bidmead , p. 135
    67. \n
  67. \n ^ Jump up to : Mallowan , pp. 409 -- 411
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Briant , p. 43
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Buchanan , pp. 12 -- 13
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Fried , p. 30
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Oppenheim , A. Leo , in Pritchard , James B. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament . Princeton University Press , 1950
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Briant , p. 41
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ Fried , p. 29
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ Walton & Hill , p. 172
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ Lincoln , p. 40
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Masroori , p. 13 - 15
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Dandamaev , pp. 52 -- 53
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Brown , pp. 7 -- 8
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ Arberry , p. 8
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ Stillman , p. 225
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Min , p. 94
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Evans , pp. 12 -- 13
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ Albertz , pp. 115 -- 116
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ Soggin , p. 295
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ Hurowitz , pp. 581 -- 591
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Older translations used to give `` Nineveh . '' The relevant passage is fragmentary , but I. Finkel has recently concluded that it is impossible to interpret it as `` Nineveh '' . ( I. Finkel , `` No Nineveh in the Cyrus Cylinder '' , in NABU 1997 / 23 ( 2 ) )
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ Cyrus Cylinder translation , adapted from Schaudig 2001 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Dandamaev ( 2010 - 01 - 26 )
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ Bedford , p. 113
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ Bedford , p. 134
    91. \n
  91. \n ^ Jump up to : Kuhrt ( 1983 ) , pp. 83 -- 97
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ Grabbe ( 2006 ) , p. 542
    93. \n
  93. \n ^ Jump up to : Bedford , pp. 138 -- 139
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ Greaves , Alan M. Miletos : A History , p. 84 . Routledge , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 23846 - 5
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ electricpulp.com . `` IONIAN REVOLT -- Encyclopaedia Iranica '' . iranicaonline.org . Retrieved 22 August 2016 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ Bedford , p. 137
    97. \n
  97. \n ^ Jump up to : MacGregor
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ United Nations Note to Correspondents no . 3699 , 13 October 1971
    99. \n
  99. \n ^ Jump up to : Wieseh\u00f6fer ( 1999 ) , pp. 55 -- 68
    100. \n
  100. \n ^ Jump up to : Pahlavi , p. 9
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ Robertson , p. 7
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ Lincoln , p. 32 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ Housego ( 1971 - 10 - 15 )
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` President opens Cyrus Cylinder exhibit . '' Mehr News Agency ( MNA ) . 2010 . HighBeam Research . ( August 22 , 2016 ) . https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-237021695.html
    105. \n
  105. \n ^ Jump up to : `` PRESIDENT HAILS CYRUS CYLINDER . '' States News Service . 2010 . HighBeam Research . ( August 22 , 2016 ) . https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-236988632.html
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ `` MP criticizes Ahmadinejad for praising Cyrus . '' Mehr News Agency ( MNA ) . 2010 . HighBeam Research . ( August 22 , 2016 ) . https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-269449085.html
    107. \n
  107. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Kayhan says : ' do n't return cylinder ' : prez offends right by nuzzling up to Cyrus. ( Culture : From then to now ) . '' Iran Times International ( Washington , DC ) . 2010 . HighBeam Research . ( August 22 , 2016 ) . https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-238653891.html
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ `` Cyrus Cylinder warmly welcomed at home . '' Mehr News Agency ( MNA ) . 2010 . HighBeam Research . ( August 22 , 2016 ) . https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-238049830.html
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ Briant , p. 47
    110. \n
  110. \n ^ Jump up to : Llewellyn - Jones , p. 104
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ Curtis , Tallis & Andre - Salvini , p. 59
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ Silverman , Helaine ; Ruggles , D. Fairchild ( 2008 ) . Cultural Heritage and Human Rights . Springer . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 76579 - 2 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ Craig A. Lockard , Societies , Networks , and Transitions : A Global History : To 1500 ( 2007 ) p. 147 ; Yunus Jaffery , editor , History of Persian literature ( 1981 ) , p. 121 ( author unknown ) ;
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ Damien Kingsbury , Human Rights in Asia : A Reassessment of the Asian Values Debate ( Macmillan , 2008 ) page 21 ; Sabine C. Carey , The Politics of Human Rights : The Quest for Dignity ( 2010 ) p 19 ; Paul Gordon Lauren , The Evolution of International Human Rights ( 2003 ) Page 11 ; Willem Adriaan Veenhoven , Case Studies on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms : A World Survey : Volume 1 ( 1975 ) Page 244
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ Decolonisation , Globalisation : Language - in - Education Policy and Practice , Peter W. Martin , p. 99
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ Talbott , W.J. Which Rights Should be Universal ? , p. 40 . Oxford University Press US , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517347 - 5
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ Abtahi , pp. 1 -- 38 .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ Cited in Shabani , p. 21
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ Jeffries ( 2005 - 10 - 22 )
    120. \n
  120. \n ^ Jump up to : Sheikholeslami ( 2009 - 10 - 12 )
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ Wilson ( 2010 - 01 - 24 )
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ `` Iran severs cultural ties with British Museum over Persian treasure ( 2010 - 02 - 07 ) ''
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ Cyrus Cylinder , world 's oldest human rights charter , returns to Iran on loan , The Guardian ( 2010 - 09 - 10 )
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ `` Cyrus Cylinder warmly welcomed at home '' . Tehran Times , September 26 , 2010
    125. \n
  125. \n Jump up ^ https://www.economist.com/news/books-and-arts/21573955-show-tests-limits-cultural-politics-diplomatic-whirl The Cyrus cylinder : Diplomatic whirl
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ Esfandiari , Golnaz . Historic Cyrus Cylinder Called ' A Stranger In Its Own Home ' . `` Persian Letters '' , Radio Free Europe . September 14 , 2010
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ BBC - `` British Museum lends ancient ' bill of rights ' cylinder to US '' , 28 November 2012 , http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-20508195
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ The British Museum Press Release - `` The Cyrus Cylinder travels to the US , ' First declaration of human rights ' to tour five cities in the United States ' '' , https://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/news_and_press/press_releases/2012/cyrus_cylinder_travels_to_us.aspx
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ Cyrus Cylinder US Tour 2013 , Tour Venues and Dates , http://cyruscylinder2013.com/venues/
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ ' The Cyrus Cylinder and Ancient Persia -- A New Beginning ' , an exhibition in partnership with three Tata trusts , http://www.tata.co.in/company/releasesinside/The-Cyrus-Cylinder-and-Ancient-Persia-A-New-Beginning-an-exhibition-in-partnership-with-three-Tata-trusts
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ https://la.curbed.com/2017/7/5/15923494/la-freedom-sculpture-century-city-cylinder
    132. \n
  132. \n Jump up ^ http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-freedom-sculpture-20170704-story.html
    133. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n

\n Books and journals ( edit )

\n \n

\n Media articles ( edit )

\n \n

\n Other sources ( edit )

\n \n

\n Editions and translations ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cyrus cylinder .
\n

\n The latest edition of the Akkadian language text is :

\n \n

\n Older translations and transliterations :

\n \n
\n
\n This article is about an item held in the British Museum . The object reference is 1880 , 0617.1941 .
\n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Cyrus the Great
\n Teispids , Achaemenid Empire
\n Family \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Cambyses I
    • \n
  • \n Mandane of Media
    • \n
  • \n Cassandane
    • \n
  • \n Amitis
    • \n
\n
\n Children \n
    \n
  • \n Cambyses II
    • \n
  • \n Bardiya
    • \n
  • \n Atossa
    • \n
  • \n Artystone
    • \n
\n
\n 		\n
\n Battles \n
    \n
  • \n Persian Revolt
    • \n
  • \n Hyrba
    • \n
  • \n Persian Border
    • \n
  • \n Pasargadae
    • \n
  • \n Pteria
    • \n
  • \n Thymbra
    • \n
  • \n Sardis
    • \n
  • \n Opis
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n `` Cyrus '' ( name )
    • \n
  • \n Pasargadae
    • \n
  • \n Cyrus Cylinder
    • \n
  • \n Cyropaedia
    • \n
  • \n Tomb
    • \n
  • \n Cyrus in the Bible
      \n
    • \n Cyrus 's edict
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Cyrus in the Quran
      \n
    • \n Dhul - Qarnayn
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Kay Bahman
    • \n
  • \n Cyrus the Great Day
    • \n
  • \n Cyrus the Great ( screenplay )
    • \n
  • \n Ciro riconosciuto
    • \n
\n
\n Category
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n The British Museum
\n Building \n
    \n
  • \n Great Court
    • \n
  • \n King 's Library
    • \n
  • \n Round Reading Room
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Departments and objects \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Africa , Oceania and Americas \n
    \n
  • \n Akan Drum
    • \n
  • \n Aubin Codex
    • \n
  • \n Benin Bronzes
    • \n
  • \n Briggs Enigma
    • \n
  • \n Codex Kingsborough
    • \n
  • \n Double - headed serpent
    • \n
  • \n Hoa Hakananai'a
    • \n
  • \n Throne of Weapons
    • \n
  • \n Kayung totem pole
    • \n
  • \n Tree of Life
    • \n
  • \n Yaxchilan Lintel 24
    • \n
\n
\n Ancient Egypt and Sudan \n
    \n
  • \n Colossal head of Amenhotep III
    • \n
  • \n Gebelein predynastic mummies
    • \n
  • \n Hunters Palette
    • \n
  • \n Rhind Mathematical Papyrus
    • \n
  • \n Rosetta Stone
    • \n
  • \n Sphinx of Taharqo
    • \n
  • \n Younger Memnon
    • \n
\n
\n Asia \n
    \n
  • \n Admonitions Scroll
    • \n
  • \n Bimaran casket
    • \n
  • \n Kanishka casket
    • \n
  • \n Mathura lion capital
    • \n
  • \n Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art
    • \n
  • \n Seated Buddha from Gandhara
    • \n
  • \n Statue of Tara
    • \n
  • \n The Great Wave off Kanagawa
    • \n
\n
\n Greece and Rome \n
    \n
  • \n Bassae Frieze
    • \n
  • \n Elgin Marbles
    • \n
  • \n Esquiline Treasure
    • \n
  • \n Farnese Diadumenos
    • \n
  • \n Harpy Tomb
    • \n
  • \n Jennings Dog
    • \n
  • \n Lion of Knidos
    • \n
  • \n Minoan Bull - leaper
    • \n
  • \n Nereid Monument
    • \n
  • \n Portland Vase
    • \n
  • \n Warren Cup
    • \n
\n
\n Middle East \n
    \n
  • \n Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III
    • \n
  • \n Burney Relief
    • \n
  • \n Cylinder of Nabonidus
    • \n
  • \n Cyrus Cylinder
    • \n
  • \n Flood tablet ( Gilgamesh )
    • \n
  • \n Library of Ashurbanipal
    • \n
  • \n Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal
    • \n
  • \n Oxus Treasure
    • \n
  • \n Taylor Prism
    • \n
  • \n Lachish reliefs
    • \n
  • \n Babylonian Chronicles
    • \n
  • \n Kurkh Monoliths
    • \n
\n
\n Prehistory and Europe \n
    \n
  • \n Franks Casket
    • \n
  • \n Holy Thorn Reliquary
    • \n
  • \n Hoxne Hoard
    • \n
  • \n Lewis chessmen
    • \n
  • \n Lindow Man
    • \n
  • \n Mildenhall Treasure
    • \n
  • \n Ringlemere Cup
    • \n
  • \n Royal Gold Cup
    • \n
  • \n Sutton Hoo
    • \n
  • \n Sutton Hoo helmet
    • \n
  • \n Sutton Hoo purse - lid
    • \n
  • \n Swimming Reindeer
    • \n
  • \n Vindolanda Tablets
    • \n
\n
\n Prints and Drawings \n
    \n
  • \n D\u00fcrer 's Rhinoceros
    • \n
  • \n Epifania
    • \n
  • \n I Modi
    • \n
  • \n Isabella Brant
    • \n
  • \n The Ancient of Days
    • \n
  • \n The Disasters of War
    • \n
  • \n The Tale of the Flopsy Bunnies
    • \n
  • \n Triumphal Arch
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Coins and Medals
    • \n
  • \n Conservation and Scientific Research
    • \n
  • \n Libraries and Archives
    • \n
  • \n Portable Antiquities and Treasure
    • \n
  • \n A History of the World in 100 Objects
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n British Museum Act 1902
    • \n
  • \n British Museum Act 1963
    • \n
  • \n Directors
    • \n
  • \n Films shot at the British Museum
    • \n
  • \n Friends
    • \n
  • \n Royal Commission on the British Museum
    • \n
  • \n Trustees
    • \n
  • \n Secretum
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
  • \n Commons
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyrus_Cylinder&oldid=836606627 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who wrote the first declaration of human rights", "long_answers": ["The Cylinder 's text has traditionally been seen by biblical scholars as corroborative evidence of Cyrus ' policy of the repatriation of the Jewish people following their Babylonian captivity ( an act that the Book of Ezra attributes to Cyrus ) , as the text refers to the restoration of cult sanctuaries and repatriation of deported peoples . This interpretation has been disputed , as the text identifies only Mesopotamian sanctuaries , and makes no mention of Jews , Jerusalem , or Judea . The Cylinder has also been referred to by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , the last Shah of Iran as the first declaration of universal human rights , a view rejected by some historians as anachronistic and a misunderstanding of the Cylinder 's generic nature as a typical statement made by a new monarch at the beginning of his reign . Neil MacGregor , Director of the British Museum , has stated that the cylinder was `` the first attempt we know about running a society , a state with different nationalities and faiths -- a new kind of statecraft . '' It was adopted as a national symbol of Iran by the Imperial State which put it on display in Tehran in 1971 to commemorate 2,500 year celebration of the Persian Empire . On October 14 , the Mohammad Reza Shah 's sister , Princess Ashraf Pahlavi , presented the United Nations Secretary General U Thant with a replica of the Cylinder . The princess asserted that `` the heritage of Cyrus was the heritage of human understanding , tolerance , courage , compassion and , above all , human liberty '' .\n"], "short_answers": ["Cyrus\n"]} {"text": "Sukiyaki ( song ) - wikipedia

\n Sukiyaki ( song )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Sukiyaki ''
\n
\n Single by Kyu Sakamoto
\n from the album Sukiyaki and Other Japanese Hits ( US )
\n B - side \n `` Anoko No Namaewa Nantenkana ''
\n Released \n 1961 ( Japan ) 1963 ( US , UK )
\n Format \n 7 '' vinyl
\n Genre \n Pop , Kay\u014dkyoku , Japanese pop
\n Length \n 3 : 05
\n Label \n Toshiba - EMI ( Japan ) Capitol / EMI Records ( US and Canada ) HMV / EMI Records ( UK )
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n Rokusuke Ei ( lyrics ) Hachidai Nakamura ( music )
\n
\n Audio sample
\n `` Kyu Sakamoto -- Sukiyaki ''
    \n
  • \n file
    • \n
  • \n help
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

\n `` Ue o Muite Aruk\u014d '' ( \u4e0a \u3092 \u5411\u3044 \u3066 \u6b69 \u3053\u3046 , `` I Look Up As I Walk '' ) is a Japanese - language song that was performed by Japanese crooner Kyu Sakamoto , and written by lyricist Rokusuke Ei and composer Hachidai Nakamura . Ei wrote the lyrics while walking home from a Japanese student demonstration protesting against a continued US Army presence , expressing his frustration at the failed efforts .

\n

\n In Anglophone countries , it is best known under the alternative title `` Sukiyaki '' , a term with no relevance to the song 's lyrics , as sukiyaki is a Japanese dish of cooked beef .

\n

\n The song reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 charts in the United States in 1963 , one of the few non-Indo - European languages ' songs to have done so .

\n

\n It is one of the best - selling singles of all time , having sold over 13 million copies worldwide . The original Kyu Sakamoto recording also went to number eighteen on the R&B chart . In addition , the single spent five weeks at number one on the Middle of the Road charts . The recording was originally released in Japan by Toshiba in 1961 . It topped the Popular Music Selling Record chart in the Japanese magazine Music Life ( Japanese link ) for three months , and was ranked as the number one song of 1961 in Japan .

\n

\n Well - known English - language cover versions with altogether different lyrics include `` My First Lonely Night '' by Jewel Akens in 1966 and `` Sukiyaki '' by A Taste of Honey in 1980 . The song has also been recorded in other languages .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Weekly charts ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 1961 -- 63 ) \n Peak position
\n Australia ( Kent Music Report ) \n
\n Canada ( RPM ) \n
\n Germany ( Official German Charts ) \n
\n Japan ( Music Life ) \n
\n Norway ( VG - lista ) \n
\n UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) \n 6
\n US Billboard Hot 100 \n
\n US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) \n
\n

\n Lyrics ( edit )

\n

\n The lyrics tell the story of a man who looks up and whistles while he is walking so that his tears will not fall . The verses of the song describe his memories and feelings . Rokusuke Ei wrote this song while coming back from a protest against the Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan and feeling dejected about the failure of the protest movement , but the lyrics were rendered purposefully generic so that they might refer to any lost love . The English - language lyrics of the version recorded by A Taste of Honey are not a translation of the original Japanese lyrics , but instead a completely different set of lyrics arranged to the same basic melody .

\n

\n The title `` Sukiyaki '' , a Japanese hot pot dish , does not appear in the song 's lyrics , nor does it have any connection to them ; it was used only because it was short , catchy , recognizably Japanese , and more familiar to English speakers . A Newsweek Magazine columnist noted that the re-titling was like issuing `` Moon River '' in Japan under the title `` Beef Stew '' .

\n

\n Covers and variations ( as `` Sukiyaki '' ) ( edit )

\n

\n A Taste of Honey version ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Sukiyaki ''
\n
\n Single by A Taste of Honey
\n from the album Twice As Sweet
\n B - side \n `` Do n't You Lead Me On ''
\n Released \n March 1981
\n Recorded \n 1980
\n Genre \n R&B Quiet Storm
\n Length \n 3 : 41
\n Label \n Capitol B - 4953
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n Hachidai Nakamura Janice -- Marie Johnson ( English lyrics )
\n Producer ( s ) \n George Duke
\n A Taste of Honey singles chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Rescue Me '' ( 1980 ) \n `` Sukiyaki '' ( 1981 ) \n `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1982 )
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Rescue Me '' ( 1980 ) \n `` Sukiyaki '' ( 1981 ) \n `` I 'll Try Something New '' ( 1982 )
\n
\n

\n The cover version by A Taste of Honey reached number three on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart . It also went to number one on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary chart and Soul chart .

\n

\n While driving around Los Angeles , Janice -- Marie Johnson of A Taste of Honey had heard Linda Ronstadt 's hit remake of Smokey Robinson and the Miracles ' `` Ooo Baby Baby '' play on the car radio with Johnson concluding that A Taste of Honey should remake a classic hit . Johnson focused on Kyu Sakamoto 's `` Sukiyaki '' which she first learned in the original Japanese . According to The Billboard Book of Number One R&B Hits by Fred Bronson , Johnson learned that the Japanese lyrics when translated to English had three possible interpretations -- as the mindset of a man facing execution ; as someone trying to be optimistic despite life 's trials ; or as the story of an ended love affair , with Johnson quoted as saying : `` Me being the hopeless romantic that I am , I decided to write about a love gone bad . '' Johnson was given permission by the original song 's copyright holders to write the English - language lyrics on the understanding that she receive neither official credit nor remuneration . This version used a koto played by Hazel Payne .

\n

\n A Taste of Honey 's version of `` Sukiyaki '' first appeared on their 1980 album , Twice As Sweet . It was released as a single in 1981 . It is the group 's single of greatest U.S. chart longevity at 24 weeks , surpassing their earlier hit , `` Boogie Oogie Oogie '' by one week .

\n Chart performance ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n
\n Weekly charts ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 1981 ) \n Peak position
\n Australia KMR \n 24
\n Canada RPM Top Singles \n
\n Canada RPM Adult Contemporary \n
\n New Zealand \n
\n U.S. Billboard Hot 100 \n
\n US Billboard Adult Contemporary \n
\n US Cash Box Top 100 \n
\n 		\n

\n Year - end charts ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 1981 ) \n Rank
\n Canada \n 46
\n New Zealand \n 31
\n U.S. Billboard Hot 100 \n 22
\n U.S. Cash Box \n 43
\n
\n

\n 4 P.M. Version ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Sukiyaki ''
\n
\n Single by 4 P.M.
\n from the album Now 's the Time
\n Released \n September 6 , 1994
\n Format \n CD and cassette single
\n Recorded \n
\n Length \n 2 : 42
\n Label \n London Records ( UK )
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n Hachidai Nakamura Janice Marie Johnson ( English lyrics )
\n 4 P.M. singles chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n `` Sukiyaki '' ( 1994 ) \n `` Lay Down Your Love '' ( 1995 )
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n `` Sukiyaki '' ( 1995 ) \n `` Lay Down Your Love '' ( 1995 )
\n
\n

\n 4 P.M. 's 1994 version reached number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The 4 P.M. version also uses the same English - language lyrics written by Janice Marie Johnson . The 4 P.M. version was a chart success in Australia , reaching number 3 , and in New Zealand , reaching number 5 .

\n Charts ( edit )
\n
\n Weekly charts
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 1994 -- 1995 ) \n Peak position
\n Australia ( ARIA ) \n
\n New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) \n 5
\n US Billboard Hot 100 \n 8
\n US Billboard Adult Contemporary \n 17
\n US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream \n 5
\n
\n
\n Year - end charts
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 1995 ) \n Position
\n Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) \n 55
\n New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) \n 43
\n

\n Selena version ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Sukiyaki ''
\n
\n Single by Selena
\n from the album Selena
\n Released \n September 13 , 1989
\n Format \n CD , 7 '' single
\n Recorded \n
\n Genre \n Latin
\n Length \n 3 : 01
\n Label \n EMI
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n Hachidai Nakamura
\n Producer ( s ) \n A.B. Quintanilla III
\n Selena singles chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Contigo Quiero Estar '' ( 1989 ) \n `` Sukiyaki '' ( 1989 ) \n `` Mentiras '' ( 1989 )
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Contigo Quiero Estar '' ( 1989 ) \n `` Sukiyaki '' ( 1989 ) \n `` Mentiras '' ( 1989 )
\n
\n
\n Audio sample
\n
    \n
  • \n file
    • \n
  • \n help
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

\n `` Sukiyaki '' ( English : I Shall Walk Looking Up , Spanish : Caminar\u00e9 Mirando Arriba ) , was a single released by Selena in 1990 , which was released as the fourth single from the 1989 self - titled album Selena . The song received much airplay at the time of release . It was a Spanish - language version of the song , featuring the lyrics written by Janice Marie Johnson translated into Spanish .

\n

\n It was released as a single in the United States and Japan . It was included in several of Selena 's greatest hits packages before and after her death .

\n

\n Other versions ( edit )

\n

\n In 1963 , the British record label Pye Records released an instrumental cover version of the song by Kenny Ball and his Jazzmen . They were concerned that English - speaking audiences might find the original title too difficult to remember / pronounce , so they gave it the new title of `` Sukiyaki '' . This title was retained when Capitol Records in the United States , and His Master 's Voice ( HMV ) in the UK , released Kyu Sakamoto 's original version a few months later . Sakamoto 's follow - up to `` Sukiyaki '' , `` China Nights ( Shina no Yoru ) '' , charted in 1963 at number 58 . That was the last song by an artist from Japan to reach the U.S. pop charts for 16 years , until the female duo Pink Lady had a top - 40 hit in 1979 with its English - language song `` Kiss in the Dark '' .

\n

\n Several other artists have recorded cover versions of the song , while others have written and / or performed songs based on the melody :

\n \n

\n Soundtrack appearances ( edit )

\n \n

\n Legacy ( edit )

\n

\n An instrumental version of the song was played by NASA over the radio for the Gemini VII astronauts as mood music and became one of the first pieces of music sent to humans in space

\n

\n On March 16 , 1999 , Japan Post issued a stamp that commemorated the song . The stamp is listed in the Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue as Japan number 2666 with a face value of 50 yen .

\n

\n Sakamoto died on August 12 , 1985 , in the crash of Japan Airlines Flight 123 , the deadliest single - aircraft accident in history .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of `` I Look Up as I Walk '' in Anime atelier emily `` . Formeinfullbloom.wordpress.com. 2014 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Bittersweet At No. 1 : How A Japanese Song Topped The Charts In 1963 '' . npr.org. 2013 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ \u5742\u672c \u4e5d \u3055\u3093 \u301c \u5fc3 \u306e \u3075\u308b\u3055\u3068 \u30fb \u7b20\u9593 \u301c . Kasama Tourist Association ( in Japanese ) . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 20 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( )
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ ( 85 \u5e74 8 \u6708 12 \u65e5 ) \u65e5\u822a \u30b8\u30e3\u30f3\u30dc\u6a5f \u589c\u843d \u4e8b\u6545 ... \u5742\u672c \u4e5d \u3055\u3093 \u6b7b\u53bb ( in Japanese ) . Sports Nippon . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 27 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 509 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 213 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( doc ) format = requires url = ( help ) . Australian Chart Book , St Ives , N.S.W. ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Kyu Sakamoto Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Kyu Sakamoto -- Sukiyaki '' . VG - lista .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Kyu Sakamoto '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 5 October 2014 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Kyu Sakamoto Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Kyu Sakamoto Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ \u7b39\u672c \u6052\u5b50 \u300c \u6052\u5b50 \u306e \u662d\u548c : \u65e5\u672c \u521d \u306e \u5973\u6027 \u5831\u9053 \u5199\u771f \u5bb6 \u304c \u64ae\u5f71 \u3057\u305f \u4eba \u3068 \u51fa\u6765\u4e8b \u300d ISBN 4096820660
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Fred Bronson ( 2003 ) . `` Sukiyaki '' . The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits . Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7677 - 6 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 - June 20 , 1981 '' . Billboard.com. 2011 - 11 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 24 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 566 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Sukiyaki '' . Billboard . Vol. 107 no . 3 . 21 January 1995 . p. 86 . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Sukiyaki by A Taste of Honey on Soul Train '' . Youtube . Retrieved 4 March 2012 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.0360&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.0360.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.0360
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ http://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/item.aspx?IdNumber=6078&
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=2955
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 236 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ http://tropicalglen.com/Archives/80s_files/19810620.html
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.4689&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=mhe12pta2k83e08udtq66ot062
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/?chart=3870
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Musicoutfitters.com
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 19 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- 4 P.M. -- Sukiyaki '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- 4 P.M. -- Sukiyaki '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 21 .
    31. \n
  31. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 23 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1995 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1995 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Josef Z\u00edma cover of Kyu Sakamoto 's ' Ue O Muite Aruk\u014d ' '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` Peter Metro & Captain Sinbad With Little John - Sinbad & The Metric System ( Vinyl , LP ) '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` \u300e \u4e0a \u3092 \u5411\u3044 \u3066 \u6b69 \u3053\u3046 \u300f \u3001 \u300e \u898b\u4e0a\u3052 \u3066 \u3054\u3089\u3093 \u591c \u306e \u661f \u3092 \u300f \u7bc7 \u306e \u516c\u958b \u306f \u7d42\u4e86 \u3057\u307e \u3057\u305f . \u30b5\u30f3\u30c8\u30ea\u30fc \u30c1\u30e3\u30f3\u30cd\u30eb \u30b5\u30f3\u30c8\u30ea\u30fc CM \u30fb \u52d5\u753b \u30dd\u30fc\u30bf\u30eb \u30b5\u30a4\u30c8 '' . Suntory.co.jp . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 24 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Sharaya J 's Banji sample of A Taste of Honey 's Sukiyaki '' . WhoSampled . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` UK \u30dd\u30c3\u30d7 \u30b9\u30bf\u30fc < \u30aa\u30ea\u30fc \u30fb \u30de\u30fc\u30ba > \u3068 \u30aa\u30ce \u30fb \u30e8\u30fc\u30b3 \u304c \u65b0\u305f \u306a \u547d \u3092 \u5439\u304d\u8fbc\u3093 \u3060 \u3001 \u300c \u4e0a \u3092 \u5411\u3044 \u3066 \u6b69 \u3053\u3046 \u300d \u306e \u65b0\u3057\u3044 \u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30c0\u30fc\u30c9 \u3001 \u300c Look At The Sky ( \u30eb\u30c3\u30af \u30fb \u30a2\u30c3\u30c8 \u30fb \u30b6 \u30fb \u30b9\u30ab\u30a4 ) \u300d \u304c \u4e16\u754c \u521d \u62ab\u9732 ! '' . Sony Music Japan . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` Deuce Bigalow : Male Gigolo ( 1999 ) : Soundtracks '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` Warkop DKI - Pintar Pintar Bodoh `` Nyanyian KODE Kasino '' `` . YouTube . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Wii Music 's Licensed Songs '' . WIRED. 2008 - 10 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Japan : A Story of Love and Hate ( 2008 ) '' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 27 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ https://archive.org/details/Gemini7-6/2042.mp3 ( Song plays from 1 : 19 : 55 )
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` \u308f\u305f\u3057 \u306e \u611b \u5531\u6b4c \u30b7\u30ea\u30fc\u30ba \u7b2c 9 \u96c6 \u90f5\u4fbf \u5207\u624b '' . Japan Post . 1999 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 03 .
    45. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Preceded by `` It 's My Party '' by Lesley Gore \n Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Kyu Sakamoto version ) June 15 , 1963 ( 3 weeks ) \n Succeeded by `` Easier Said Than Done '' by The Essex
\n Preceded by `` I Love Because '' by Al Martino \n Billboard Middle - Road number - one single ( Kyu Sakamoto version ) June 8 , 1963 ( 5 weeks ) \n Succeeded by `` Tie Me Kangaroo Down Sport '' by Rolf Harris
\n Preceded by `` Being with You '' by Smokey Robinson \n Billboard Hot Soul Singles number - one single ( A Taste of Honey version ) May 9 , 1981 \n Succeeded by `` A Woman Needs Love ( Just Like You Do ) '' by Ray Parker , Jr . & Raydio
\n Preceded by `` 9 to 5 '' by Sheena Easton \n Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one single ( A Taste of Honey version ) May 16 , 1981 ( 2 weeks ) \n Succeeded by `` How ' Bout Us '' by Champaign
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n A Taste of Honey
\n Studio albums \n
    \n
  • \n A Taste of Honey
    • \n
  • \n Another Taste
    • \n
  • \n Twice As Sweet
    • \n
  • \n Ladies of the Eighties
    • \n
  • \n One Taste of Honey ( Janice - Marie Johnson )
    • \n
\n
\n Singles \n
    \n
  • \n `` Boogie Oogie Oogie ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Sukiyaki ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I 'll Try Something New ''
    • \n
\n
\n Related articles \n
    \n
  • \n Divas of Disco
    • \n
  • \n Get Down Tonight : The Disco Explosion
    • \n
\n
\n Book : A Taste of Honey
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Selena songs
\n
    \n
  • \n Albums discography
    • \n
  • \n Singles discography
    • \n
\n
\n Selena \n
    \n
  • \n `` Contigo Quiero Estar ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Sukiyaki ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Mentiras ''
    • \n
\n
\n Ven Conmigo \n
    \n
  • \n `` Ya Ves ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Baila Esta Cumbia ''
    • \n
  • \n `` La Tracalera ''
    • \n
\n
\n Entre a Mi Mundo \n
    \n
  • \n `` Como la Flor ''
    • \n
  • \n `` \u00bf Qu\u00e9 Cre\u00edas ? ''
    • \n
  • \n `` La Carcacha ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Amame ''
    • \n
\n
\n Selena Live ! \n
    \n
  • \n `` No Debes Jugar ''
    • \n
  • \n `` La Llamada ''
    • \n
\n
\n Amor Prohibido \n
    \n
  • \n `` Amor Prohibido ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Bidi Bidi Bom Bom ''
    • \n
  • \n `` No Me Queda M\u00e1s ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Fotos y Recuerdos ''
    • \n
\n
\n Dreaming of You \n
    \n
  • \n `` I Could Fall in Love ''
    • \n
  • \n `` T\u00fa S\u00f3lo T\u00fa ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Dreaming of You ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I 'm Getting Used to You ''
    • \n
\n
\n Siempre Selena \n
    \n
  • \n `` Siempre Hace Frio ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Costumbres ''
    • \n
\n
\n Collaborations \n
    \n
  • \n `` Buenos Amigos ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Donde Quiera Que Est\u00e9s ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Puede Ser ''
    • \n
\n
\n Other songs \n
    \n
  • \n `` Dame Tu Amor ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Quiero ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Enamorada de Ti ''
    • \n
  • \n `` No Quiero Saber ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Missing My Baby ''
    • \n
  • \n `` El Chico del Apartamento 512 ''
    • \n
  • \n `` El Toro Relajo ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Techno Cumbia ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Si Una Vez ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Where Did the Feeling Go ? ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Disco Medley ''
    • \n
  • \n `` A Boy Like That ''
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
  • \n Template
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sukiyaki_(song)&oldid=838347990 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "my first love was a castle in the sky", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Warsaw , Missouri - wikipedia

\n Warsaw , Missouri

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Warsaw , Missouri
\n City
\n Location of Warsaw , Missouri
\n Coordinates : 38 \u00b0 14 \u2032 43 '' N 93 \u00b0 22 \u2032 38 '' W \ufeff / \ufeff 38.24528 \u00b0 N 93.37722 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 38.24528 ; - 93.37722 Coordinates : 38 \u00b0 14 \u2032 43 '' N 93 \u00b0 22 \u2032 38 '' W \ufeff / \ufeff 38.24528 \u00b0 N 93.37722 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 38.24528 ; - 93.37722
\n Country \n United States
\n State \n Missouri
\n County \n Benton
\n Area
\n Total \n 2.62 sq mi ( 6.79 km )
\n Land \n 2.41 sq mi ( 6.24 km )
\n Water \n 0.21 sq mi ( 0.54 km )
\n Elevation \n 715 ft ( 218 m )
\n Population ( 2010 )
\n Total \n 2,127
\n Estimate ( 2016 ) \n 2,120
\n Density \n 810 / sq mi ( 310 / km )
\n Time zone \n Central ( CST ) ( UTC - 6 )
\n Summer ( DST ) \n CDT ( UTC - 5 )
\n ZIP code \n 65355
\n Area code ( s ) \n 660
\n FIPS code \n 29 - 77146
\n GNIS feature ID \n 0728365
\n Website \n www.welcometowarsaw.com
\n

\n Warsaw is a city located in Benton County , Missouri . The population was 2,127 at the 2010 census . It is the county seat of Benton County .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n The original inhabitants of the area were the Delaware , Shawnee , Sac , Kickapoo , and Osage ( namesake of the Osage River which passed by the city ) . French settlers visited the area as early as 1719 .

\n

\n Warsaw was platted in 1837 . The city was incorporated in 1843 and designated as the county seat of Benton County . The city was named after Warsaw , the capital city of Poland , in honor of the Revolutionary War hero Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko , who was Polish and had also fought for independence in his homeland . Warsaw was a steamboat port , the furthest point up the Osage River they could navigate .

\n

\n Permanent immigrants to the area were Germans , Scotch - Irish , and English , as well as transplant farmers from Kentucky , Tennessee , and the Carolinas , first arriving around 1820 .

\n

\n The Upper Bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 .

\n

\n Geography ( edit )

\n

\n Warsaw is located at 38 \u00b0 14'43 '' North , 93 \u00b0 22'38 '' West ( 38.245195 , - 93.377227 ) . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 2.62 square miles ( 6.79 km ) , of which , 2.41 square miles ( 6.24 km ) is land and 0.21 square miles ( 0.54 km ) is water . The total area is 7.6 % water , due in part to the construction of the Harry S Truman Reservoir and Dam .

\n

\n Climate ( edit )

\n

\n On July 14 , 1954 , the temperature in Warsaw rose to 118 \u00b0 F ( 48 \u00b0 C ) . This remains the hottest temperature ever recorded in the state of Missouri . On February 13 , 1905 , the temperature at Warsaw fell to - 40 \u00b0 F ( - 40 \u00b0 C ) , the coldest temperature ever recorded in Missouri .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide ) Climate data for Warsaw , Missouri
\n Month \n Jan \n Feb \n Mar \n Apr \n May \n Jun \n Jul \n Aug \n Sep \n Oct \n Nov \n Dec \n Year
\n Record high \u00b0 F ( \u00b0 C ) \n 74 ( 23 ) \n 81 ( 27 ) \n 88 ( 31 ) \n 92 ( 33 ) \n 96 ( 36 ) \n 104 ( 40 ) \n 118 ( 48 ) \n 109 ( 43 ) \n 105 ( 41 ) \n 94 ( 34 ) \n 86 ( 30 ) \n 78 ( 26 ) \n 118 ( 48 )
\n Average high \u00b0 F ( \u00b0 C ) \n 41 ( 5 ) \n 46 ( 8 ) \n 56 ( 13 ) \n 66 ( 19 ) \n 75 ( 24 ) \n 84 ( 29 ) \n 89 ( 32 ) \n 89 ( 32 ) \n 80 ( 27 ) \n 69 ( 21 ) \n 57 ( 14 ) \n 45 ( 7 ) \n 66.4 ( 19.3 )
\n Average low \u00b0 F ( \u00b0 C ) \n 20 ( \u2212 7 ) \n 23 ( \u2212 5 ) \n 33 ( 1 ) \n 42 ( 6 ) \n 54 ( 12 ) \n 64 ( 18 ) \n 69 ( 21 ) \n 67 ( 19 ) \n 57 ( 14 ) \n 45 ( 7 ) \n 35 ( 2 ) \n 24 ( \u2212 4 ) \n 44.4 ( 7 )
\n Record low \u00b0 F ( \u00b0 C ) \n \u2212 32 ( \u2212 36 ) \n \u2212 40 ( \u2212 40 ) \n \u2212 3 ( \u2212 19 ) \n 10 ( \u2212 12 ) \n 25 ( \u2212 4 ) \n 38 ( 3 ) \n 53 ( 12 ) \n 44 ( 7 ) \n 29 ( \u2212 2 ) \n 21 ( \u2212 6 ) \n 5 ( \u2212 15 ) \n \u2212 20 ( \u2212 29 ) \n \u2212 40 ( \u2212 40 )
\n Average precipitation inches ( mm ) \n 1.8 ( 45.72 ) \n 2.24 ( 56.9 ) \n 2.95 ( 74.9 ) \n 4.37 ( 111 ) \n 5.41 ( 137.4 ) \n 4.99 ( 126.7 ) \n 4.25 ( 108 ) \n 3.84 ( 97.5 ) \n 4.06 ( 103.1 ) \n 3.56 ( 90.4 ) \n 3.51 ( 89.2 ) \n 2.16 ( 54.9 ) \n 43.14 ( 1,095.72 )
\n
\n

\n Demographics ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Historical population
\n Census \n Pop . \n \n % \u00b1
\n 1880 \n 515 \n \n --
\n 1890 \n 700 \n \n 35.9 %
\n 1900 \n 743 \n \n 6.1 %
\n 1910 \n 824 \n \n 10.9 %
\n 1920 \n 925 \n \n 12.3 %
\n 1930 \n 1,102 \n \n 19.1 %
\n 1940 \n 957 \n \n \u2212 13.2 %
\n 1950 \n 936 \n \n \u2212 2.2 %
\n 1960 \n 1,054 \n \n 12.6 %
\n 1970 \n 1,423 \n \n 35.0 %
\n 1980 \n 1,494 \n \n 5.0 %
\n \n 1,696 \n \n 13.5 %
\n 2000 \n 2,070 \n \n 22.1 %
\n \n 2,127 \n \n 2.8 %
\n Est. 2016 \n 2,120 \n \n \u2212 0.3 %
\n U.S. Decennial Census
\n

\n 2010 Census ( edit )

\n

\n As of the census of 2010 , there were 2,127 people , 914 households , and 523 families residing in the city . The population density was 882.6 inhabitants per square mile ( 340.8 / km ) . There were 1,085 housing units at an average density of 450.2 per square mile ( 173.8 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 96.3 % White , 1.0 % African American , 1.1 % Native American , 0.2 % Asian , 0.4 % from other races , and 0.9 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.2 % of the population .

\n

\n There were 914 households of which 27.4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 41.6 % were married couples living together , 12.1 % had a female householder with no husband present , 3.5 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 42.8 % were non-families. 37.7 % of all households were made up of individuals and 21 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.20 and the average family size was 2.88 .

\n

\n The median age in the city was 45 years . 22.7 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 6 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 21.2 % were from 25 to 44 ; 25.1 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 25 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 46.7 % male and 53.3 % female .

\n

\n 2000 Census ( edit )

\n

\n As of the census of 2000 , there were 2,070 people , 923 households , and 539 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,045.5 people per square mile ( 403.7 / km2 ) . There were 1,027 housing units at an average density of 518.7 per square mile ( 200.3 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 98.36 % White , 0.14 % African American , 0.43 % Native American , 0.05 % Asian , 0.05 % Pacific Islander , 0.10 % from other races , and 0.87 % from two or more races. 1.26 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race .

\n

\n There were 923 households out of which 24.2 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 44.7 % were married couples living together , 10.7 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 41.6 % were non-families. 38.6 % of all households were made up of individuals and 21.5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.78 .

\n

\n In the city , the population was spread out with 21.7 % under the age of 18 , 7.1 % from 18 to 24 , 22.9 % from 25 to 44 , 21.2 % from 45 to 64 , and 27.1 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 44 years . For every 100 females there were 79.7 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 77.7 males .

\n

\n The median income for a household in the city was $23,583 , and the median income for a family was $33,068 . Males had a median income of $24,464 versus $19,301 for females . The per capita income for the city was $15,262. 18.5 % of the population and 9.5 % of families were below the poverty line . 24.7 % of those under the age of 18 and 14.2 % of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 08 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 08 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Eaton , David Wolfe ( 1916 ) . How Missouri Counties , Towns and Streams Were Named . The State Historical Society of Missouri . p. 209 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Warsaw , Missouri History '' . Warsaw City Government . Retrieved 6 July 2013 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2010 - 07 - 09 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` US Gazetteer files : 2010 , 2000 , and 1990 '' . United States Census Bureau . 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 23 .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/mo_geography.htm
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Census.gov . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 .
    13. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Municipalities and communities of Benton County , Missouri , United States
\n County seat : Warsaw
\n Cities \n
    \n
  • \n Cole Camp
    • \n
  • \n Lincoln
    • \n
  • \n Warsaw
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Village \n
    \n
  • \n Ionia \u2021
    • \n
\n
\n Townships \n
    \n
  • \n Alexander
    • \n
  • \n Cole
    • \n
  • \n Fristoe
    • \n
  • \n North Lindsey
    • \n
  • \n South Lindsey
    • \n
  • \n Tom
    • \n
  • \n Union
    • \n
  • \n White
    • \n
  • \n Williams
    • \n
\n
\n Unincorporated communities \n
    \n
  • \n Avery \u2021
    • \n
  • \n Bentonville
    • \n
  • \n Blue Branch
    • \n
  • \n Brandon
    • \n
  • \n Cold Springs
    • \n
  • \n Cole Camp Junction
    • \n
  • \n Crest
    • \n
  • \n Crockerville
    • \n
  • \n Dell
    • \n
  • \n Dell Junction
    • \n
  • \n Edmonson
    • \n
  • \n Edwards
    • \n
  • \n Fristoe
    • \n
  • \n Gabriels Mills
    • \n
  • \n Hastain
    • \n
  • \n Hilda
    • \n
  • \n Knobby
    • \n
  • \n Lake Creek
    • \n
  • \n Lakeview Heights
    • \n
  • \n Lively
    • \n
  • \n Macks Camp
    • \n
  • \n Majorville
    • \n
  • \n Mora
    • \n
  • \n Mount Hulda
    • \n
  • \n Opportunity Farms
    • \n
  • \n Palo Pinto
    • \n
  • \n Pom - o - sa Heights
    • \n
  • \n Racket
    • \n
  • \n Santiago
    • \n
  • \n Tackner
    • \n
  • \n Teal Bend
    • \n
  • \n Valley View
    • \n
  • \n Walkers Corner
    • \n
  • \n Whitakerville
    • \n
  • \n White Branch
    • \n
  • \n Windsor Junction
    • \n
  • \n Wisdom
    • \n
  • \n Zora
    • \n
\n
\n Former settlements \n
    \n
  • \n Fairfield
    • \n
  • \n Lakeside Estate
    • \n
  • \n Passo
    • \n
\n
\n Footnotes \n \u2021 This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n County seats in Missouri
\n
    \n
  • \n Albany
    • \n
  • \n Alton
    • \n
  • \n Ava
    • \n
  • \n Benton
    • \n
  • \n Bethany
    • \n
  • \n Bloomfield
    • \n
  • \n Bolivar
    • \n
  • \n Boonville
    • \n
  • \n Bowling Green
    • \n
  • \n Buffalo
    • \n
  • \n Butler
    • \n
  • \n California
    • \n
  • \n Camdenton
    • \n
  • \n Carrollton
    • \n
  • \n Carthage
    • \n
  • \n Caruthersville
    • \n
  • \n Cassville
    • \n
  • \n Centerville
    • \n
  • \n Charleston
    • \n
  • \n Chillicothe
    • \n
  • \n Clayton
    • \n
  • \n Clinton
    • \n
  • \n Columbia
    • \n
  • \n Doniphan
    • \n
  • \n Edina
    • \n
  • \n Eminence
    • \n
  • \n Farmington
    • \n
  • \n Fayette
    • \n
  • \n Forsyth
    • \n
  • \n Fredericktown
    • \n
  • \n Fulton
    • \n
  • \n Gainesville
    • \n
  • \n Galena
    • \n
  • \n Gallatin
    • \n
  • \n Grant City
    • \n
  • \n Greenfield
    • \n
  • \n Greenville
    • \n
  • \n Harrisonville
    • \n
  • \n Hartville
    • \n
  • \n Hermann
    • \n
  • \n Hermitage
    • \n
  • \n Hillsboro
    • \n
  • \n Houston
    • \n
  • \n Huntsville
    • \n
  • \n Independence
    • \n
  • \n Ironton
    • \n
  • \n Jackson
    • \n
  • \n Jefferson City
    • \n
  • \n Kahoka
    • \n
  • \n Kennett
    • \n
  • \n Keytesville
    • \n
  • \n Kingston
    • \n
  • \n Kirksville
    • \n
  • \n Lamar
    • \n
  • \n Lancaster
    • \n
  • \n Lebanon
    • \n
  • \n Lexington
    • \n
  • \n Liberty
    • \n
  • \n Linn
    • \n
  • \n Linneus
    • \n
  • \n Macon
    • \n
  • \n Marble Hill
    • \n
  • \n Marshall
    • \n
  • \n Marshfield
    • \n
  • \n Maryville
    • \n
  • \n Maysville
    • \n
  • \n Memphis
    • \n
  • \n Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Milan
    • \n
  • \n Montgomery City
    • \n
  • \n Monticello
    • \n
  • \n Mount Vernon
    • \n
  • \n Neosho
    • \n
  • \n Nevada
    • \n
  • \n New London
    • \n
  • \n New Madrid
    • \n
  • \n Oregon
    • \n
  • \n Osceola
    • \n
  • \n Ozark
    • \n
  • \n Palmyra
    • \n
  • \n Paris
    • \n
  • \n Perryville
    • \n
  • \n Pineville
    • \n
  • \n Platte City
    • \n
  • \n Plattsburg
    • \n
  • \n Poplar Bluff
    • \n
  • \n Potosi
    • \n
  • \n Princeton
    • \n
  • \n Richmond
    • \n
  • \n Rock Port
    • \n
  • \n Rolla
    • \n
  • \n St. Charles
    • \n
  • \n St. Joseph
    • \n
  • \n Salem
    • \n
  • \n Savannah
    • \n
  • \n Sedalia
    • \n
  • \n Shelbyville
    • \n
  • \n Springfield
    • \n
  • \n Ste . Genevieve
    • \n
  • \n Steelville
    • \n
  • \n Stockton
    • \n
  • \n Trenton
    • \n
  • \n Troy
    • \n
  • \n Tuscumbia
    • \n
  • \n Union
    • \n
  • \n Unionville
    • \n
  • \n Van Buren
    • \n
  • \n Versailles
    • \n
  • \n Vienna
    • \n
  • \n Warrensburg
    • \n
  • \n Warrenton
    • \n
  • \n Warsaw
    • \n
  • \n Waynesville
    • \n
  • \n West Plains
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warsaw,_Missouri&oldid=819953599 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "how do i get to warsaw missouri from here", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Governor - General of India - Wikipedia

\n Governor - General of India

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the position of Governor - General of India . For individual Governor - Generals , see List of governors - general of India . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Viceroy and Governor - General of India
\n Standard of the Governor - General
\n Louis Mountbatten , the last Viceroy of India & the first Governor - General during the dominion period
\n Style \n His Excellency
\n Residence \n Viceroy 's House
\n Appointer \n
    \n
  • \n East India Company ( to 1858 )
    • \n
  • \n Monarch of India ( from 1858 )
    • \n
\n
\n Formation \n 20 October 1774
\n First holder \n Warren Hastings
\n Final holder \n Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari
\n Abolished \n 26 January 1950
\n

\n The Governor - General of India ( or , from 1858 to 1947 , officially the Viceroy and Governor - General of India , commonly shortened to Viceroy of India ) was originally the head of the British administration in India and , later , after Indian independence in 1947 , the representative of the Indian head of state . The office was created in 1773 , with the title of Governor - General of the Presidency of Fort William . The officer had direct control only over Fort William , but supervised other British East India Company officials in India . Complete authority over all of British India was granted in 1833 , and the official came to be known as the `` Governor - General of India '' .

\n

\n In 1858 , the territories of the East India Company came under the direct control of the British government ; see British Raj . The governor - general ( now also the viceroy ) headed the central government of India , which administered the provinces of British India , including the Punjab , Bengal , Bombay , Madras , the United Provinces , and others . However , much of India was not ruled directly by the British government ; outside the provinces of British India , there were hundreds of nominally sovereign princely states or `` native states '' , whose relationship was not with the British government , but directly with the monarch . To reflect the governor - general 's role as the representative of the monarch to the feudal rulers of the princely states , from 1858 the term Viceroy and Governor - General of India ( known in short as the Viceroy of India ) was applied to him .

\n

\n The title of viceroy was abandoned when British India split into the two independent dominions of India and Pakistan , but the office of governor - general continued to exist in each country separately -- until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956 , respectively .

\n

\n Until 1858 , the governor - general was selected by the Court of Directors of the East India Company , to whom he was responsible . Thereafter , he was appointed by the sovereign on the advice of the British government ; the Secretary of State for India , a member of the UK Cabinet , was responsible for instructing him on the exercise of his powers . After 1947 , the sovereign continued to appoint the governor - general , but did so on the advice of the Indian government .

\n

\n Governors - General served at the pleasure of the sovereign , though the practice was to have them serve five - year terms . Governors - General could have their commission rescinded ; and if one was removed , or left , a provisional governor - general was sometimes appointed until a new holder of the office could be chosen . The first Governor - General of British India was Warren Hastings , and the first Governor - General of independent India was Louis Mountbatten .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n Warren Hastings , the first Governor - General of Fort William from 1773 to 1785 .

\n Many parts of the Indian subcontinent were governed by the East India Company , which nominally acted as the agent of the Mughal Emperor . In 1773 , motivated by corruption in the Company , the British government assumed partial control over the governance of India with the passage of the Regulating Act of 1773 . A Governor - General and Supreme Council of Bengal were appointed to rule over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal . The first Governor - General and Council were named in the Act .

\n

\n The Charter Act 1833 replaced the Governor - General and Council of Fort William with the Governor - General and Council of India . The power to elect the Governor - General was retained by the Court of Directors , but the choice became subject to the Sovereign 's approval .

\n

\n After the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the East India Company 's territories in India were put under the direct control of the Sovereign . The Government of India Act 1858 vested the power to appoint the Governor - General in the Sovereign . The Governor - General , in turn , had the power to appoint all lieutenant governors in India , subject to the Sovereign 's approval .

\n

\n India and Pakistan acquired independence in 1947 , but Governors - General continued to be appointed over each nation until republican constitutions were written . Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma remained Governor - General of India for some time after independence , but the two nations were otherwise headed by native Governors - General . India became a secular republic in 1950 ; Pakistan became an Islamic one in 1956 .

\n

\n Functions ( edit )

\n Lord Curzon in his robes as Viceroy of India , a post he held from 1899 to 1905 . Lord Mountbatten addressing the Chamber of Princes as Crown Representative in the 1940s

\n The Governor - General originally had power only over the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal . The Regulating Act , however , granted them additional powers relating to foreign affairs and defence . The other Presidencies of the East India Company ( Madras , Bombay and Bencoolen ) were not allowed to declare war on or make peace with an Indian prince without receiving the prior approval of the Governor - General and Council of Fort William .

\n

\n The powers of the Governor - General , in respect of foreign affairs , were increased by the India Act 1784 . The Act provided that the other Governors under the East India Company could not declare war , make peace or conclude a treaty with an Indian prince unless expressly directed to do so by the Governor - General or by the Company 's Court of Directors .

\n

\n While the Governor - General thus became the controller of foreign policy in India , he was not the explicit head of British India . That status came only with the Charter Act 1833 , which granted him `` superintendence , direction and control of the whole civil and military Government '' of all of British India . The Act also granted legislative powers to the Governor - General and Council .

\n

\n After 1858 , the Governor - General ( now usually known as the Viceroy ) functioned as the chief administrator of India and as the Sovereign 's representative . India was divided into numerous provinces , each under the head of a Governor , Lieutenant Governor or Chief Commissioner or Administrator . Governors were appointed by the British Government , to whom they were directly responsible ; Lieutenant Governors , Chief Commissioners , and Administrators , however , were appointed by and were subordinate to the Viceroy . The Viceroy also oversaw the most powerful princely rulers : the Nizam of Hyderabad , the Maharaja of Mysore , the Maharaja ( Scindia ) of Gwalior , the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir and the Gaekwad ( Gaekwar ) Maharaja of Baroda . The remaining princely rulers were overseen either by the Rajputana Agency and Central India Agency , which were headed by representatives of the Viceroy , or by provincial authorities .

\n

\n The Chamber of Princes was an institution established in 1920 by a Royal Proclamation of King - Emperor George V to provide a forum in which the princely rulers could voice their needs and aspirations to the government . The chamber usually met only once a year , with the Viceroy presiding , but it appointed a Standing Committee , which met more often .

\n

\n Upon independence in August 1947 , the title of Viceroy was abolished . The representative of the British Sovereign became known once again as the Governor - General . C. Rajagopalachari became the only Indian Governor - General . However , once India acquired independence , the Governor - General 's role became almost entirely ceremonial , with power being exercised on a day - to - day basis by the Indian cabinet . After the nation became a republic in 1950 , the President of India continued to perform the same functions .

\n

\n Council ( edit )

\n Main articles : Council of India and Viceroy 's Executive Council The Viceregal Lodge in Simla , built in 1888 , was the summer residence of the Viceroy of India Viceregal Lodge , Delhi , where Viceroy Lord Hardinge stayed ( 1912 -- 31 ) , now the main building of the University of Delhi

\n The Governor - General was always advised by a Council on the exercise of his legislative and executive powers . The Governor - General , while exercising many functions , was referred to as the `` Governor - General in Council . ''

\n

\n The Regulating Act 1773 provided for the election of four counsellors by the East India Company 's Court of Directors . The Governor - General had a vote along with the counsellors , but he also had an additional vote to break ties . The decision of the Council was binding on the Governor - General .

\n

\n In 1784 , the Council was reduced to three members ; the Governor - General continued to have both an ordinary vote and a casting vote . In 1786 , the power of the Governor - General was increased even further , as Council decisions ceased to be binding .

\n

\n The Charter Act 1833 made further changes to the structure of the Council . The Act was the first law to distinguish between the executive and legislative responsibilities of the Governor - General . As provided under the Act , there were to be four members of the Council elected by the Court of Directors . The first three members were permitted to participate on all occasions , but the fourth member was only allowed to sit and vote when legislation was being debated .

\n

\n In 1858 , the Court of Directors ceased to have the power to elect members of the Council . Instead , the one member who had a vote only on legislative questions came to be appointed by the Sovereign , and the other three members by the Secretary of State for India .

\n

\n The Indian Councils Act 1861 made several changes to the Council 's composition . Three members were to be appointed by the Secretary of State for India , and two by the Sovereign . ( The power to appoint all five members passed to the Crown in 1869 ) . The Viceroy was empowered to appoint an additional six to twelve members ( changed to ten to sixteen in 1892 , and to sixty in 1909 ) . The five individuals appointed by the Sovereign or the Indian Secretary headed the executive departments , while those appointed by the Viceroy debated and voted on legislation .

\n

\n In 1919 , an Indian legislature , consisting of a Council of State and a Legislative Assembly , took over the legislative functions of the Viceroy 's Council . The Viceroy nonetheless retained significant power over legislation . He could authorise the expenditure of money without the Legislature 's consent for `` ecclesiastical , political ( and ) defense '' purposes , and for any purpose during `` emergencies . '' He was permitted to veto , or even stop debate on , any bill . If he recommended the passage of a bill , but only one chamber cooperated , he could declare the bill passed over the objections of the other chamber . The Legislature had no authority over foreign affairs and defence . The President of the Council of State was appointed by the Viceroy ; the Legislative Assembly elected its President , but the election required the Viceroy 's approval .

\n

\n Style and title ( edit )

\n

\n Until 1833 , the title of the position was `` Governor - General of Bengal '' . The Government of India Act 1833 converted the title into `` Governor - General of India . '' The title `` Viceroy and Governor - General '' was first used in the queen 's proclamation appointing Viscount Canning in 1858 . It was never conferred by an act of parliament , but was used in warrants of precedence and in the statutes of knightly orders . In usage , `` viceroy '' is employed where the governor - general 's position as the monarch 's representative is in view . The viceregal title was not used when the sovereign was present in India . It was meant to indicate new responsibilities , especially ritualistic ones , but it conferred no new statutory authority . The governor - general regularly used the title in communications with the Imperial Legislative Council , but all legislation was made only in the name of the Governor - General - in - Council ( or the Government of India ) .

\n

\n The Governor - General was styled Excellency and enjoyed precedence over all other government officials in India . He was referred to as ' His Excellency ' and addressed as ' Your Excellency ' . From 1858 to 1947 , the Governor - General was known as the Viceroy of India ( from the French roi , meaning ' king ' ) , and wives of Viceroys were known as Vicereines ( from the French reine , meaning ' queen ' ) . The Vicereine was referred to as ' Her Excellency ' and was also addressed as ' Your Excellency ' . Neither title was employed while the Sovereign was in India . However , the only reigning British Sovereign to visit India during the period of British rule was King George V , who accompanied by his consort Queen Mary attended the Delhi Durbar in 1911 .

\n

\n When the Order of the Star of India was founded in 1861 , the Viceroy was made its Grand Master ex officio . The Viceroy was also made the ex officio Grand Master of the Order of the Indian Empire upon its foundation in 1877 .

\n

\n Most Governors - General and Viceroys were peers . Frequently , a Viceroy who was already a peer would be granted a peerage of higher rank , as with the granting of a marquessate to Lord Reading and an earldom and later a marquessate to Freeman Freeman - Thomas . Of those Viceroys who were not peers , Sir John Shore was a baronet , and Lord William Bentinck was entitled to the courtesy title ' Lord ' because he was the son of a Duke . Only the first and last Governors - General -- Warren Hastings and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari -- as well as some provisional Governors - General , had no honorific titles at all .

\n

\n Flag ( edit )

\n Flag of the Governor General of India ( 1947 -- 50 )

\n From around 1885 , the Viceroy of India was allowed to fly a Union Flag augmented in the centre with the ' Star of India ' surmounted by a Crown . This flag was not the Viceroy 's personal flag ; it was also used by Governors , Lieutenant Governors , Chief Commissioners and other British officers in India . When at sea , only the Viceroy flew the flag from the mainmast , while other officials flew it from the foremast .

\n

\n From 1947 to 1950 , the Governor - General of India used a dark blue flag bearing the royal crest ( a lion standing on the Crown ) , beneath which was the word ' India ' in gold majuscules . The same design is still used by many other Commonwealth Realm Governors - General . This last flag was the personal flag of the Governor - General only .

\n

\n Residence ( edit )

\n Government House served as the Governor - General 's residence during most of the nineteenth century .

\n The Governor - General of Fort William resided in Belvedere House , Calcutta , until the early nineteenth century , when Government House was constructed . In 1854 , the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal took up residence there . Now , the Belvedere Estate houses the National Library of India .

\n

\n Lord Wellesley , who is reputed to have said that ' India should be governed from a palace , not from a country house ' , constructed a grand mansion , known as Government House , between 1799 and 1803 . The mansion remained in use until the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi in 1912 . Thereafter , the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal , who had hitherto resided in Belvedere House , was upgraded to a full Governor and transferred to Government House . Now , it serves as the residence of the Governor of the Indian state of West Bengal , and is referred to by its Bengali name Raj Bhavan .

\n

\n After the capital moved from Calcutta to Delhi , the Viceroy occupied the newly built Viceroy 's House , designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens . Though construction began in 1912 , it did not conclude until 1929 ; the palace was not formally inaugurated until 1931 . The final cost exceeded \u00a3 877,000 ( over \u00a3 35,000,000 in modern terms ) -- more than twice the figure originally allocated . Today the residence , now known by the Hindi name of ' Rashtrapati Bhavan ' , is used by the President of India .

\n

\n Throughout the British administration , Governors - General retreated to the Viceregal Lodge ( Rashtrapati Niwas ) at Shimla each summer to escape the heat , and the government of India moved with them . The Viceregal Lodge now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study .

\n

\n Insignia ( edit )

\n See also : Star of India ( flag ) \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ The term British India is mistakenly used to mean the same as the British Indian Empire , which included both the provinces and the Native States .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Imperial Impressions '' . Hindustan Times . 20 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2012 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Queen Victoria 's Proclamation
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ H. Verney Lovett , `` The Indian Governments , 1858 -- 1918 '' , The Cambridge History of the British Empire , Volume V : The Indian Empire , 1858 -- 1918 ( Cambridge University Press , 1932 ) , p. 226 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Arnold P. Kaminsky , The India Office , 1880 -- 1910 ( Greenwood Press , 1986 ) , p. 126 .
    6. \n
\n \n

\n Further Reading ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors - General of India .
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Governors - General of India
\n Governors of the Presidency of Fort William ( 1774 -- 1833 ) \n
    \n
  • \n Hastings
    • \n
  • \n Macpherson
    • \n
  • \n Cornwallis
    • \n
  • \n Shore
    • \n
  • \n Clarke
    • \n
  • \n Mornington
    • \n
  • \n Cornwallis
    • \n
  • \n Barlow
    • \n
  • \n Minto
    • \n
  • \n Moira
    • \n
  • \n Adam
    • \n
  • \n Amherst
    • \n
  • \n Bayley
    • \n
  • \n Bentinck
    • \n
\n 		\n ...
\n Governors - General of India ( 1833 -- 1858 ) \n
    \n
  • \n Bentinck
    • \n
  • \n Metcalfe
    • \n
  • \n Auckland
    • \n
  • \n Ellenborough
    • \n
  • \n Bird
    • \n
  • \n Hardinge
    • \n
  • \n Dalhousie
    • \n
  • \n Canning
    • \n
\n
\n Governors - General and Viceroys of India ( 1858 -- 1947 ) \n
    \n
  • \n Canning
    • \n
  • \n Elgin
    • \n
  • \n Napier
    • \n
  • \n Denison
    • \n
  • \n Lawrence
    • \n
  • \n Mayo
    • \n
  • \n Strachey
    • \n
  • \n Napier
    • \n
  • \n Northbrook
    • \n
  • \n Lytton
    • \n
  • \n Ripon
    • \n
  • \n Dufferin
    • \n
  • \n Lansdowne
    • \n
  • \n Elgin
    • \n
  • \n Curzon
    • \n
  • \n Minto
    • \n
  • \n Penshurst
    • \n
  • \n Chelmsford
    • \n
  • \n Reading
    • \n
  • \n Irwin
    • \n
  • \n Willingdon
    • \n
  • \n Wavell
    • \n
  • \n Mountbatten
    • \n
\n
\n Governors - General of the Union of India ( 1947 -- 1950 ) \n
    \n
  • \n Mountbatten
    • \n
  • \n Rajagopalachari
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions
\n National \n
    \n
  • \n Counsellors of State
      \n
    • \n United Kingdom
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Governors - general
      \n
    • \n Antigua and Barbuda
      • \n
    • \n Australia
      • \n
    • \n Bahamas
      • \n
    • \n Barbados
      • \n
    • \n Belize
      • \n
    • \n Canada
      • \n
    • \n Grenada
      • \n
    • \n Jamaica
      • \n
    • \n New Zealand
      • \n
    • \n Papua New Guinea
      • \n
    • \n Saint Kitts and Nevis
      • \n
    • \n Saint Lucia
      • \n
    • \n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
      • \n
    • \n Solomon Islands
      • \n
    • \n Tuvalu
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Sub-national \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Australia \n
    \n
  • \n Governors
      \n
    • \n New South Wales
      • \n
    • \n Queensland
      • \n
    • \n South Australia
      • \n
    • \n Tasmania
      • \n
    • \n Victoria
      • \n
    • \n Western Australia
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Administrator
      \n
    • \n Northern Territory
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Canada \n
    \n
  • \n Lieutenant governors
      \n
    • \n Alberta
      • \n
    • \n British Columbia
      • \n
    • \n Manitoba
      • \n
    • \n New Brunswick
      • \n
    • \n Newfoundland
      • \n
    • \n Nova Scotia
      • \n
    • \n Ontario
      • \n
    • \n Prince Edward Island
      • \n
    • \n Quebec
      • \n
    • \n Saskatchewan
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Realm of New Zealand \n
    \n
  • \n Governor - general
      \n
    • \n Niue , New Zealand
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Queen 's Representative
      \n
    • \n Cook Islands
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Administrator
      \n
    • \n Tokelau
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n United Kingdom \n
    \n
  • \n Lords lieutenant
      \n
    • \n England , Wales , Scotland , Northern Ireland ( list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Former \n
    \n
  • \n Governors general
      \n
    • \n Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka )
      • \n
    • \n Fiji
      • \n
    • \n The Gambia
      • \n
    • \n Ghana
      • \n
    • \n Guyana
      • \n
    • \n India
      • \n
    • \n Irish Free State ( now Ireland )
      • \n
    • \n Kenya
      • \n
    • \n Malawi
      • \n
    • \n Malta
      • \n
    • \n Mauritius
      • \n
    • \n Nigeria
      • \n
    • \n Pakistan
      • \n
    • \n Sierra Leone
      • \n
    • \n Union of South Africa
      • \n
    • \n Tanganyika
      • \n
    • \n Trinidad and Tobago
      • \n
    • \n Uganda
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Governor-General_of_India&oldid=833230854 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who was the governor general of india when country became independent", "long_answers": ["India and Pakistan acquired independence in 1947 , but Governors - General continued to be appointed over each nation until republican constitutions were written . Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma remained Governor - General of India for some time after independence , but the two nations were otherwise headed by native Governors - General . India became a secular republic in 1950 ; Pakistan became an Islamic one in 1956 .\n"], "short_answers": ["Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma\n", "Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma\n", "Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma\n"]} {"text": "Reading FC - Wikipedia

\n Reading FC

\n Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Reading F.C. Women . \n Reading \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Full name \n Reading Football Club
\n Nickname ( s ) \n The Royals
\n Founded \n 1871 ; 147 years ago ( 1871 )
\n Ground \n Madejski Stadium
\n Ground Capacity \n 24,161
\n Owner \n Dai Yongge and Dai Xiuli ( majority )
\n Chairman \n Sir John Madejski
\n Manager \n Jaap Stam
\n League \n Championship
\n 2016 -- 17 \n Championship , 3rd
\n Website \n Club website
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Home colours \n Away colours
\n
\n
\n Current season
\n

\n Reading Football Club ( / \u02c8r\u025bd\u026a\u014b / ( listen ) RED - ing ) is a professional association football club based in Reading , Berkshire , England . The team play in the Championship , the second tier of English football .

\n

\n Reading are nicknamed The Royals , due to Reading 's location in the Royal County of Berkshire , though they were previously known as The Biscuitmen , due to the town 's association with Huntley and Palmers . Established in 1871 , the club is one of the oldest teams in England , but did not join The Football League until 1920 , and had never played in the top tier of English football league system before the 2006 -- 07 season . The club competed in the 2012 -- 13 Premier League season , having gained promotion at the end of the 2011 -- 12 season after winning the Championship , but were relegated after just one season back in the top flight .

\n

\n The club played at Elm Park for 102 years between 1896 and 1998 . In 1998 the club moved to the new Madejski Stadium , which is named after the club 's co-chairman Sir John Madejski .

\n

\n The club holds the record for the number of successive league wins at the start of a season , with a total of 13 wins at the start of the 1985 -- 86 Third Division campaign and also the record for the number of points gained in the professional league season with 106 points in the 2005 -- 06 Football League Championship campaign . Reading then finished eighth in the 2006 -- 07 Premier League , their first ever season as a top flight club .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n Main article : History of Reading F.C. See also : Thames Valley Royals proposal

\n Reading were formed on 25 December 1871 , following a public meeting at the Bridge Street Rooms organised by the future club secretary Joseph Edward Sydenham . The early matches were played at Reading Recreation Ground , and later the club held fixtures at Reading Cricket Ground , Coley Park and Caversham Cricket Ground . The switch to professionalism in 1895 resulted in the need for a bigger ground and , to this end , the club moved again , to the purpose - built Elm Park on 5 September 1896 . In 1913 , Reading had a successful tour of Italy , prompting the leading sports newspaper Corriere della Sera to write `` without doubt , Reading FC are the finest foreign team seen in Italy '' .

\n The team from the 1926 -- 27 season

\n Reading were elected to the Football League Third Division South of the Football League in 1920 . Reading 's best performance in the FA Cup came in 1926 -- 27 when they lost to eventual winners Cardiff City at Wolverhampton in the semi-final , a placement the club would not match again until 2015 , when they lost to holders Arsenal in the semi-final . Reading lost their place in Division Two in May 1931 , and remained in Third Division South until the outbreak of World War II . The club won the Southern Section Cup , beating Bristol City in the two - legged final in 1938 , and when taking part in the regional London War League and Cup competitions , gained another honour by beating Brentford in the London War Cup Final of 1941 by 3 -- 2 at Stamford Bridge .

\n

\n When League football resumed after the war , Reading quickly came to prominence once again . The club 's record victory , 10 -- 2 versus Crystal Palace , was recorded in September 1946 , and Reading twice finished runners - up in the Third ( South ) , in 1948 -- 49 and 1951 -- 52 , but they were denied a return to Division Two as only the champions were promoted . The side 's moment of cup glory came in 1988 when they won the Simod Cup , beating a number of top flight sides en route to their Wembley win over Luton Town . Reading were promoted to the Second Division as champions in 1986 under the management of Ian Branfoot , but were relegated back to the Third Division in 1988 .

\n

\n The appointment of Mark McGhee as player - manager , shortly after the takeover by John Madejski , in 1991 saw Reading move forward . They were crowned champions of the new Division Two in 1994 . Thirty - five - year - old striker Jimmy Quinn was put in charge of the first team alongside midfielder Mick Gooding and guided Reading to runners - up in the final Division One table -- only to be denied automatic promotion because of the streamlining of the Premier League , from 22 teams to 20 . In 1995 , Reading had eased past Tranmere Rovers in the play - off semi-finals and looked to have booked their place in the Premier League only to lose against Bolton Wanderers in the final . Quinn and Gooding 's contracts were not renewed two years later after Reading had slid into the bottom half of Division One . Their successor , Terry Bullivant , lasted less than one season before being sacked in March 1998 .

\n The last ever competitive match played at Elm Park between Reading and Norwich City in May 1998

\n The year 1998 also saw Reading move into the new 24,200 all - seater Madejski Stadium , named after Chairman John Madejski . Tommy Burns had taken over from Terry Bullivant but lasted just 18 months before being replaced by Alan Pardew , who had previously been reserve team manager before being released . The club finished third in 2000 -- 01 qualifying for the play - offs , losing 2 -- 3 in the final against Walsall at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff . Reading returned to Division One for 2002 -- 03 after finishing runners - up in Division Two . The following season , they finished fourth in Division One and qualified for the play - offs , where they lost in the semi-final to Wolverhampton Wanderers . Alan Pardew moved to West Ham United the following October and was replaced by Steve Coppell .

\n

\n Reading won the 2005 -- 06 Championship with a league record 106 points , scoring 99 goals and losing only twice . Reading were promoted to English football 's top division for the first time in their history . The 2006 -- 07 season saw Reading make their first appearance in the top flight of English football . Reading defied pre-season predictions of relegation to finish the season in eighth place with 55 points . Reading turned down the chance to play in the UEFA Intertoto Cup . In the run up to their second season in the Premier League , Reading took part in the 2007 Peace Cup in South Korea . This second season was less successful , however , and Reading were relegated back to the Championship .

\n

\n Reading started the 2008 -- 09 season with a 15 match unbeaten home run . They finished fourth and qualify for the play - offs , where they lost to Burnley in the semi-final . Manager Steve Coppell resigned just hours after the game , replaced by Brendan Rodgers . Rodgers left the club by mutual consent on 16 December 2009 and Brian McDermott made caretaker manager the same day . In the 2010 -- 11 FA Cup , Reading reached the quarter - final , where they lost 1 -- 0 to Manchester City at Etihad Stadium , Reading eventually finished fifth in the Championship to qualify for the division 's play - offs . After beating Cardiff City in the semi-finals , they lost 4 -- 2 to Swansea City in the final at Wembley . In the 2011 -- 12 season , a streak of good form in the second half of the season , ensured promotion to the Premier League on 17 April 2012 with 1 -- 0 home win against Nottingham Forest .

\n

\n McDermott led Reading to their first Premier League win of the 2012 -- 13 season on 17 November 2012 at their 11th attempt , defeating Everton 2 -- 1 at home . On 11 March 2013 , however , he left his position at Reading . Nigel Adkins was then appointed as manager , though he was unable to save them from relegation after drawing Queens Park Rangers 0 -- 0 on 28 April 2013 at Loftus Road . The following season back in the Championship saw Reading make two high - profile signings in Wayne Bridge and Royston Drenthe in hope of an immediate return to the Premier League . Reading , however , missed out on the playoffs because of a last minute winner from Brighton & Hove Albion 's Leonardo Ulloa , which meant they made the playoffs at Reading 's expense .

\n

\n The summer before the 2014 -- 15 season saw further arrivals of Jamie Mackie on loan , Oliver Norwood and the return of Simon Cox . The club was under a high threat of administration , causing departures of Sean Morrison and Adam le Fondre and a Thai consortium taking over the club . A good start to Nigel Adkins ' second season in charge was followed by a poor run of results that ended with his sacking after the 6 -- 1 away defeat to Birmingham City with Steve Clarke taking over the next day in the hope of a promotion push . However , a lack of goals and some poor form in the league meant the club faced some fears of relegation to League One , but luckily safety was secured with few games to spare . Nonetheless during that time , the club embarked on a successful FA Cup journey , reaching the semi-final where they were unlucky to lose to 2 -- 1 to Arsenal at Wembley .

\n

\n The 2015 -- 16 season saw the departures of long - serving players Adam Federici to AFC Bournemouth , Alex Pearce to Derby County and Jem Karacan to Galatasaray , but the arrivals Stephen Quinn and Paul McShane from Hull City , Orlando S\u00e1 from Legia Warsaw and Jonathan Bond from newly promoted Premier League side Watford . The summer spending continued , with goalkeeper Ali Al Habsi joining from recently relegated League 1 side Wigan Athletic , Paolo Hurtado from Pa\u00e7os de Ferreira and Andrew Taylor and \u00c1lex Fern\u00e1ndez in on loan . The club then signed Lucas Piazon on a season - long loan deal from Chelsea just before the deadline day , as well as the signings of winger Ola John from Benfica and striker Mat\u011bj Vydra from Watford , both likewise season - long loan deals . The club would finish 17th that season .

\n

\n In the summer leading up to the 2016 -- 17 season the club announced the departure of Brian McDermott and eventually he was to be replaced by former Manchester United defender Jaap Stam . Under Stam , Reading achieved their highest finish since relegation back to the Championship by finishing third and reaching the play - offs , where they beat Fulham on aggregate before facing Huddersfield Town in the final at Wembley where they lost on penalties following 0 -- 0 draw after extra time .

\n

\n Crest and colours ( edit )

\n Reading F.C. crest ( 1987 -- 96 ) A change from 1965 to 1969 saw Reading run out in sky blue

\n The first crest to appear on a Reading kit was in 1953 , it featured just the letter `` R '' . There was no crest seen again until 1981 when there was a crest featuring three trees and the rivers Thames and Kennet , this only lasted two seasons . From 1987 -- 96 the crest used the new kit colours of yellow , sky blue , royal blue and white . In 1995 chairman Sir John Madejski said , `` I know some traditionalists will say we should keep the old badge but they should bear in mind the need to move forward . '' This crest only lasted from 1996 -- 98 when the club moved to the new Madejski Stadium . The current crest was first seen on the kits for the 1998 -- 99 season . It is based on the club colours , blue and white , and includes a crown to represent the County of Berkshire and a Maiwand Lion to represent Reading .

\n

\n Stadium ( edit )

\n Main articles : Elm Park and Madejski Stadium

\n The club played at Reading Recreation Ground until 1878 , before moving on to Reading Cricket Ground ( 1878 -- 1882 ) , Coley Park ( 1882 -- 1889 ) and Caversham Cricket Ground ( 1889 -- 1896 ) .

\n Elm Park was Reading 's stadium for 102 years , pictured in 1981

\n In 1889 , Reading were unable to continue playing at Coley Park as WB Monck ( the local squire ) no longer allowed football due to `` rowdyism ( by ) the rougher elements '' . With club membership exceeding 300 by the time the club went professional in 1895 , Reading required a proper ground . A meeting the following year determined that funding would be difficult . \u00a3 20 was donated by JC Fidler , on the proviso that `` no liquors were to be sold '' on site . The rest of the cost was financed through donations by wealthy supporters , as well as one large individual donation . A former gravel pit in West Reading was identified as the site . The first game at Elm Park was held on 5 September 1896 between Reading and A Roston Bourke 's XI . The visitors were a scratch team from Holloway College . \u00a3 44 was taken on the gate , with an attendance of approximately 2,500 .

\n

\n In 1908 , the club 's annual general meeting proposed moving to a new ground near Reading railway station . A board meeting the following year decided that the move would not be possible , as `` there was no chance of a move to the ground near to the GWR railway stations due to the actions of the Great Western Railway '' .

\n The Madejski Stadium has been Reading 's home ground since 1998

\n In 1994 , the Taylor Report made an all - seater stadium compulsory in the top two divisions ( the Premier League and the first division ) . Reading were champions of the second division in 1994 , and were promoted to the first division . Reading became subject to the Taylor requirements , though converting Elm Park to an all - seater stadium would have been impractical . Instead , a location in Smallmead ( to the south of the town ) was identified as the site for a new stadium . The former council landfill site was bought for \u00a3 1 , with further conditions that the development of the stadium would include part - funding of the A33 relief road . Expansion of the club 's home would also allow alternative commercial ventures ( particularly leisure facilities ) and shared use with other teams ( such as rugby union clubs Richmond and London Irish ) . The last competitive match at Elm Park took place on 3 May 1998 against Norwich City , with Reading losing 1 -- 0 . Reading began the 1998 -- 99 season at the Madejski Stadium . It was opened on 22 August 1998 when Luton Town were beaten 3 -- 0 . The stadium cost more than \u00a3 50 million to build . For the first time in its history , Reading Football Club participated in the Premier League in the 2006 -- 07 season . As a result of the sell - out crowds for their first few fixtures of the season , the club announced their intention , in October 2006 , to make a planning application to extend the ground to between 37,000 and 38,000 seats . The application was made on 24 January 2007 , proposing initially the extension of the East Stand with a further 6,000 seats ( raising capacity to around 30,000 ) and subsequently extension of the North and South Stands to reach the full proposed capacity . On 24 May 2007 , it was announced that planning permission had been granted to extend the stadium to a capacity of 36,900 . Reading have made plans for a new training ground at Bearwood Golf Club to replace Hogwood park their current training facility .

\n

\n On 5 July 2016 , at the end of Eamonn Dolan 's funeral , Reading announced that the North Stand would be renamed the `` Eamonn Dolan Stand '' .

\n

\n Support ( edit )

\n See also : Supporters ' Trust at Reading Supporters at a Reading match at Elm Park in 1913

\n In 2001 , Reading became the first football club to register their fans as an official member of their squad , giving the `` player '' registered with squad number 13 as ' Reading Fans ' .

\n

\n Rivalries ( edit )

\n

\n Before going out of business in 1992 , Aldershot were Reading 's biggest rivals . There was a strong rift between the two sets of fans , with fighting between fans occurring on several occasions . Strong feelings remain between fans of Reading and fans of Aldershot Town , the refounded club in Aldershot . With Aldershot Town rejoining the league in 2008 , it remains to be seen whether this traditional rivalry will be re-established . Since Aldershot 's exile , Reading 's main local rivalries have been with Oxford United and Swindon Town . When the three teams had shared a division , their rivalry was referred to as the `` Didcot Triangle '' . However , the rivalry between Oxford and Swindon is stronger than between either of the two and Reading , largely due to them both spending their recent history in lower divisions than Reading , and spending their previous history in higher divisions than Reading . In 2012 , a small survey showed that Reading 's main rivals were Aldershot Town , followed by Swindon Town and Oxford United .

\n

\n Sponsorship ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Period \n Kit manufacturer \n Shirt sponsor
\n 1976 -- 77 \n Umbro \n --
\n 1977 -- 81 \n Bukta
\n 1981 -- 82 \n --
\n 1982 -- 83 \n Reading Chronicle
\n 1983 -- 84 \n Umbro \n Radio 210
\n 1984 -- 89 \n Patrick \n Courage
\n 1989 -- 90 \n Matchwinner
\n 1990 -- 92 \n HAT Painting
\n 1992 -- 93 \n Brooks \n Auto Trader
\n 1993 -- 96 \n Pelada
\n 1996 -- 99 \n Mizuno
\n 1999 -- 2001 \n Westcoast
\n 2001 -- 04 \n Kit @
\n 2004 -- 05 \n Puma
\n 2005 -- 08 \n Kyocera
\n 2008 -- 15 \n Waitrose
\n 2015 -- 16 \n Carabao Daeng ( home ) Thai Airways ( away )
\n 2016 -- 19 \n Carabao Daeng
\n

\n Additional kit sponsors ( edit )

\n

\n During the 2013 -- 14 season and 2014 -- 15 season the Marussia F1 logo was on the back of the shirts as part of a sponsorship deal between former Russian owner Anton Zingarevich and Russian owned Marussia F1 . This deal continued until the team entered administration in October 2014 . The sponsorship deal ended despite the team surviving and racing in the 2015 Formula One season . During the 2015 -- 16 season , Waitrose was on the back of the home shirt whilst Euro Cake was on the back of the away shirt , meanwhile Legend Alliance sponsored the shorts for the season . Waitrose and Euro Cake sponsored the home and away kits respectively again for the 2016 -- 17 season . Cherwell Software took sponsorship of the back of the home shirt for the 2017 -- 18 season while Euro Cake sponsored the back of the away shirt again for the third consecutive season .

\n

\n Ownership and finances ( edit )

\n

\n Reading Football Club ownership structure : 75 % Owned by Renhe Sports Management Ltd , 100 % owned by Xiu Li Dai and Yongge Dai . 25 % Owned by Narin Niruttinanon

\n

\n Reading F.C. Directors : Xiu Li Dai , Yongge Dai , Ronald Gourlay , Narin Niruttinanon , Nigel Howe

\n

\n Players ( edit )

\n
\n
\n As of 8 January 2018
\n
\n

\n First - team squad ( edit )

\n

\n Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n \n Position \n Player
\n \n \n GK \n Vito Mannone
\n \n \n DF \n Chris Gunter
\n \n \n MF \n Joey van den Berg
\n 5 \n \n DF \n Paul McShane ( captain )
\n 6 \n \n DF \n Liam Moore
\n 7 \n \n MF \n Roy Beerens
\n 8 \n \n MF \n George Evans
\n 9 \n \n FW \n Joseph Mendes
\n 10 \n \n MF \n John Swift
\n 11 \n \n DF \n Jordan Obita
\n 12 \n \n MF \n Garath McCleary
\n 14 \n \n FW \n Sone Aluko
\n 15 \n \n MF \n Callum Harriott
\n 16 \n \n MF \n David Edwards
\n 17 \n \n FW \n Modou Barrow
\n 18 \n \n FW \n Yann Kermorgant
\n 19 \n \n MF \n Leandro Bacuna
\n 		\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n \n Position \n Player
\n 20 \n \n DF \n Tiago Ilori
\n 21 \n \n MF \n Stephen Quinn
\n 22 \n \n MF \n Pelle Clement
\n 23 \n \n FW \n J\u00f3n Da\u00f0i B\u00f6\u00f0varsson
\n 24 \n \n DF \n Tyler Blackett
\n 25 \n \n MF \n Adrian Popa
\n 30 \n \n DF \n Tennai Watson
\n 31 \n \n GK \n Anssi Jaakkola
\n 37 \n \n DF \n Axel Andr\u00e9sson
\n 38 \n \n MF \n Liam Kelly
\n 41 \n \n MF \n Ryan East
\n 42 \n \n MF \n Andy Rinomhota
\n 43 \n \n GK \n George Legg
\n 50 \n \n DF \n Omar Richards
\n 51 \n \n MF \n Tyler Frost
\n 55 \n \n FW \n Sam Smith
\n 56 \n \n FW \n Danny Loader
\n
\n

\n Under - 23 squad ( edit )

\n Main article : Reading F.C. Under - 23s and Academy

\n Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n \n Position \n Player
\n 40 \n \n GK \n Liam Driscoll
\n 45 \n \n FW \n Ben House
\n 46 \n \n DF \n Teddy Howe
\n 48 \n \n DF \n Ramarni Medford - Smith
\n 49 \n \n DF \n Gabriel Osho
\n 52 \n \n MF \n Joel Rollinson
\n 54 \n \n MF \n Ade Shokunbi
\n 57 \n \n DF \n Tom Holmes
\n 58 \n \n MF \n Jordan Holsgrove
\n 60 \n \n MF \n Andre Burley
\n 		\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n \n Position \n Player
\n 61 \n \n MF \n Cameron Green
\n 62 \n \n MF \n Jack Nolan
\n 64 \n \n MF \n Jack Buchanan
\n 65 \n \n GK \n Gabe Rosario
\n 67 \n \n DF \n Akinwale Odimayo
\n -- \n \n DF \n Harry Philby
\n -- \n \n DF \n Thomas McIntyre
\n -- \n \n MF \n Ethan Coleman
\n -- \n \n MF \n Samuel Faniyan
\n
\n

\n Under - 18 squad ( edit )

\n Main article : Reading F.C. Under - 18s and Academy

\n Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n \n Position \n Player
\n -- \n \n GK \n James Hilson
\n -- \n \n GK \n Adam Desbois
\n -- \n \n DF \n Jamal Balogun
\n -- \n \n DF \n Marcel Elva - Fountaine
\n -- \n \n DF \n Emmanuel Obamakinwa
\n -- \n \n DF \n Joseph Wilson
\n -- \n \n DF \n Roberto Nditi
\n -- \n \n MF \n Oli Pendlebury
\n -- \n \n MF \n Khalid Simmo
\n 		\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n \n Position \n Player
\n -- \n \n MF \n Thierry Nevers
\n -- \n \n MF \n Kosta Sparta
\n -- \n \n MF \n Charlie Lawrence
\n -- \n \n MF \n Jacob Pemberton
\n -- \n \n MF \n Terrance Saydee
\n -- \n \n MF \n Jazz Wallace
\n -- \n \n FW \n Josh Obioma
\n -- \n \n FW \n Leon Okuboyejo
\n
\n

\n Out on loan ( edit )

\n

\n Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n \n Position \n Player
\n 28 \n \n DF \n Danzell Gravenberch ( at Roeselare on a season long loan )
\n 35 \n \n DF \n Jake Sheppard ( at Guiseley on a season long loan )
\n 39 \n \n MF \n Josh Barrett ( at Coventry City on a season long loan )
\n 59 \n \n FW \n Conor Davis ( at Gosport Borough )
\n -- \n \n GK \n Jonathan Bond ( at Peterborough United until end of 2017 / 18 season )
\n -- \n \n GK \n Luke Southwood ( at Bath City until end of 2017 / 18 season )
\n 		\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n \n Position \n Player
\n -- \n \n GK \n Lewis Ward ( at Aldershot Town until 4th March 2018 )
\n -- \n \n MF \n Sandro Wieser ( at Roeselare on a season long loan )
\n -- \n \n FW \n Yakou M\u00e9\u00efte ( at Sochaux on a season long loan )
\n -- \n \n FW \n Deniss Rakels ( at Lech Pozna\u0144 on a season long loan )
\n -- \n \n FW \n Andrija Novakovich ( at Telstar on a season long loan )
\n
\n

\n Records and statistics ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Reading F.C. records and statistics Reading 's progress through the English football league system from 1920 to present .

\n Reading hold the record for the number of successive league wins at the start of a season , with a total of 13 wins at the start of the 1985 -- 86 Third Division campaign and also the record for the number of points gained in a professional league season with 106 points in the 2005 -- 06 Football League Championship campaign . Reading finished champions of their division on both of these occasions .

\n

\n The club 's largest win was a 10 -- 2 victory over Crystal Palace on 4 September 1946 in the Football League Third Division South . Reading 's heaviest loss was an 18 -- 0 defeat against Preston North End in the FA Cup 1st round on 27 January 1894 . Reading have lost the two highest - scoring matches in the history of the Premier League ; Portsmouth 7 -- 4 Reading on 29 September 2007 , and Tottenham Hotspur 6 -- 4 Reading on 29 December 2007 , as well as losing the highest - scoring League Cup game , Reading 5 -- 7 Arsenal on 30 October 2012 .

\n

\n The player with the most league appearances is Martin Hicks , with 500 from 1978 to 1991 . The most capped player is Kevin Doyle , who earned 26 for the Republic of Ireland whilst at the club . The most league goals in total and in a season are held by Ronnie Blackman with 158 from 1947 to 1954 and 39 in 1951 -- 52 respectively . The player with the most league goals in a game is Arthur Bacon with six against Stoke City in 1930 -- 31 . The first Reading - based player to play in the FIFA World Cup was Bobby Convey in 2006 with the United States . The record time for a goalkeeper not conceding a goal is held by Steve Death at 1,103 minutes in 1978 -- 79 , which is a former English league record in itself .

\n

\n Reading 's highest attendance at Elm Park was in 1927 , when 33,042 spectators watched Reading defeat Brentford 1 -- 0 . The highest attendance at the Madejski Stadium is 24,184 for the Premier League game with Everton on 17 November 2012 .

\n

\n The highest transfer fee received for a Reading player is the \u00a3 6.6 million 1899 Hoffenheim paid for Gylfi Sigur\u00f0sson on 31 August 2010 . The most expensive player Reading have ever bought was Sone Aluko , who cost \u00a3 7.5 million from Fulham on 29 August 2017 .

\n

\n Gylfi Sigur\u00f0sson will become the first player from the Reading FC academy to feature in a World Cup by being expected to participate with Iceland in the 2018 Russia World Cup .

\n

\n Notable players ( edit )

\n

\n In 1999 , Reading commissioned a poll of the supporters ' `` Player of the Millennium '' to determine the club 's best ever player .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Pos . \n Player
\n \n Robin Friday
\n \n Trevor Senior
\n \n Steve Death
\n Shaka Hislop
\n 5 \n Phil Parkinson
\n 6 \n Alf Messer
\n 7 \n Jimmy Quinn
\n 8 \n Michael Gilkes
\n 9 \n Ronnie Blackman
\n 10 \n Martin Hicks
\n

\n Player of the season ( edit )

\n Main article : Reading F.C. Player of the Season

\n International players ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Reading F.C. internationals

\n Former players ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Reading F.C. players

\n Club officials ( edit )

\n

\n Board of Directors & Senior Club Staff

\n \n

\n Management team

\n \n

\n Managers ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Reading F.C. managers

\n Women 's team ( edit )

\n Main article : Reading F.C. Women

\n In May 2006 , Reading launched the Reading FC Women 's team . They used to play in the FA Premier League Southern Division . From 2014 , Reading FC Women played in the FA Women 's Super League 2 until they won promotion to the FA Women 's Super League 1 in 2015 after winning the league .

\n

\n Honours ( edit )

\n For more details on this topic , see List of Reading F.C. records and statistics . \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Winners : ( 2 ) 2006 , 2012
\n
\n Runners Up : ( 1 ) 1995
\n
\n
\n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Winners : ( 3 ) 1926 , 1986 , 1994
\n
\n Runners Up : ( 5 ) 1932 , 1935 , 1949 , 1952 , 2002
\n
\n
\n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Winners : ( 1 ) 1979
\n
\n
\n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Winners : ( 1 ) 1988
\n
\n
\n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Winners : ( 1 ) 1941
\n
\n
\n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Winners : ( 1 ) 1938
\n
\n
\n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Semi-finalists : 1927 , 2015
\n
\n Quarter Finalists : 1901 , 2010 , 2011 , 2016
\n
\n
\n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Quarter - finalists : 1996 , 1998
\n
\n
\n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Winners : ( 1 ) 2013 -- 14
\n
\n
\n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Premier League 2007 , 8th Place
\n
\n
\n
\n

\n Managerial ( edit )

\n \n

\n Affiliated clubs ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Madejski Stadium information '' . readingfc.co.uk . Retrieved 14 April 2011 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Reading Football Club '' . readingfc.co.uk. 2 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2010 . Retrieved 29 November 2010 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Discover gems of our heritage Archived 7 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Reading Chronicle , 10 September 2009 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Elm Park Reading '' . Old Football Grounds . Archived from the original on 30 June 2009 . Retrieved 24 January 2012 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` The Reading FC Tour of Italy 1913 '' . November 2002 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2006 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Season 1991 -- 92 '' . Royals ' Record . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Walsall break Reading hearts '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 27 May 2001 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Pardew free to join Hammers '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 18 September 2003 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Coppell seals Reading deal '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 9 October 2003 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Championship Table 2005 - 06 '' . football365. 11 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 25 June 2007 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 07 Barclays Premier League Table '' . ESPNsoccernet . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Royals need at least a draw on Sunday to have any chance of a European spot '' . Reading Football Club . 13 May 2007 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Peace Cup diary '' . BBC Berkshire . 19 July 2007 . Retrieved 24 July 2007 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Ive , Ive ( 16 May 2008 ) . `` Murty 's big game is hit by relegation '' . Reading Post . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Football League Championship 2008 -- 2009 '' . football365 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2009 . Retrieved 28 February 2010 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Burnley 1 -- 0 Reading '' . BBC Sport. 9 May 2009 . Retrieved 9 May 2009 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Ley , John ( 4 June 2009 ) . `` Brendan Rodgers new Reading manager '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 10 August 2009 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` McDermott as Caretaker '' . readingfc.co.uk. 16 December 2009 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` Man City 1 -- 0 Reading '' . BBC News . 13 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` League Tables '' . The Football League . Retrieved 28 May 2011 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Cardiff 0 -- 3 Reading ( agg 0 -- 3 ) '' . BBC News . 17 May 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2011 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Wembley tickets sold , season ticket update '' . readingfc.co.uk . Retrieved 28 May 2011 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Reading 1 -- 0 Nottingham Forest '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 25 April 2012 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Reading 2 -- 1 Everton '' . BBC Sport. 17 November 2012 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` Brian McDermott leaves position as Reading manager '' . BBC Sport. 11 March 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2013 .
    26. \n
  26. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Old Reading colours '' . Historical Football Kits . Retrieved 14 January 2010 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Vote to choose the new Royals badge '' . Reading Evening Post . 27 November 1995 . Retrieved 23 January 2015 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` New crest design '' . onlysport.co.uk . Retrieved 23 January 2015 .
    29. \n
  29. \n ^ Jump up to : Yeo ( 1976 , p. 192 )
    30. \n
  30. \n ^ Jump up to : Yeo ( 1976 , p. 193 )
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Royals Record ( 2011a ) . `` Reading 's Grounds '' . Royals Record . Retrieved 3 June 2011 .
    32. \n
  32. \n ^ Jump up to : 1871 ( 2003 ) . `` The Home Grounds of Reading FC '' . 1871 -- The Ultimate Reading FC Website . Archived from the original on 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2011 .
    33. \n
  33. \n ^ Jump up to : Digby ( 2001 , p. 46 )
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Loader , Graham ( 1998 ) . `` READING 0 Norwich City 1 '' . Hob Nob Anyone ? . Retrieved 2 June 2011 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Loader , Graham ( 1998 ) . `` Reading 3 Luton Town 0 ( 22 August 1998 , Madejski Stadium ) '' . Hob Nob Anyone ? . Retrieved 13 August 2015 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Stadium pitch has been lengthened '' . readingfc.co.uk. 2 July 2007 . Retrieved 2 July 2007 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Royals ready to extend Madejski '' . BBC Sport. 21 September 2006 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` Plans for stadium expansion will be submitted to the Council later this week '' ( Press release ) . Reading F.C. 22 January 2007 . Retrieved 28 January 2007 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` Committee Report by the Director of Environment Culture & Sport '' ( PDF ) . Reading Borough Council Planning Applications Committee . 23 May 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 April 2008 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` The Eamonn Dolan Stand '' . readingfc.co.uk . Reading F.C. 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 5 July 2016 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Loyal Royals ' number is up ! '' . readingfc.co.uk. 6 August 2001 . Retrieved 26 January 2007 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Fans given thumbs up for Number 13 '' . readingfc.co.uk. 9 August 2001 . Retrieved 26 January 2007 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` No 6 . Reading '' . The Guardian . London . 21 February 2001 . Retrieved 22 May 2010 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Reading FC vs Aldershot 14 / 07 / 01 . Royals.org ( 14 July 2001 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 17 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` Didcot Triangle / Wallingford Quadrangle '' . Archived from the original on 24 October 2012 . Retrieved 22 February 2007 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` Didcot Triangle '' . Retrieved 19 June 2011 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Rivalry Uncovered '' ( PDF ) . The Football Fans Census . p. 6 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2009 . Retrieved 11 April 2007 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Waitrose announces two - year extension of Reading FC sponsorship '' . waitrose.presscentre.com . Retrieved 18 April 2011 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` '' \u0e40\u0e23\u0e14\u0e14\u0e34 \u0e07 '' \u0e40\u0e0b\u0e47\u0e19 `` \u0e04\u0e32\u0e23\u0e32 \u0e1a\u0e32 \u0e27 \u0e41\u0e14\u0e07 '' \u0e2a \u0e1b\u0e2d\u0e19 \u0e40\u0e0b\u0e2d\u0e23\u0e4c \u0e04\u0e32 \u0e14\u0e2d\u0e01 \u0e40\u0e2a\u0e37\u0e49\u0e2d `` . manager.co.th . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Thai : \u0e20\u0e32\u0e29\u0e32 \u0e44\u0e17\u0e22
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` Royals welcome Thai Airways on board '' . http://www.readingfc.co.uk/ . Reading FC. 29 June 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . External link in website = ( help )
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Reading FC sign Carabao as Principal Partner until 2019 '' . readingfc.co.uk . Reading FC. 17 June 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 .
    52. \n
  52. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Club Honours and Records '' . Reading F.C. 11 July 2012 . Retrieved 15 September 2012 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` Points record '' . The Football League . Archived from the original on 10 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ `` Reading 2 -- 1 QPR '' . BBC Sport. 30 April 2006 . Retrieved 4 May 2006 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ `` Reading Internationals '' . Royals ' Record . Retrieved 6 May 2012 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` United stretch lead after Van der Sar record '' . CNN world sport . Cable News Network . 31 January 2009 . Retrieved 19 April 2012 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ van Eijden , Han ( 2011 ) . `` Elm Park Reading '' . Old Football Grounds . Archived from the original on 30 June 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` Sigurdsson leaving in Club record deal '' . Reading Football Club . 31 August 2010 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` Fae joins for club record fee '' . 2 August 2007 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2007 . Retrieved 3 August 2007 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` Player of the Millennium vote '' . Reading F.C. 5 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 18 September 2009 . Retrieved 18 August 2009 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` Russian tycoon Anton Zingarevich completes Reading takeover '' . BBC News . 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 29 May 2012 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` Reading F.C. `` The Management '' `` . Reading F.C . Retrieved 20 February 2012 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` RFC Academy staff list '' . Reading F.C. 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` More first team staff profiles '' . Reading F.C. 20 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 February 2012 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` Reading : Royals to add four new staff '' . Reading FC Official Website. 25 June 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2015 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` Jaap Stam appointed as manager '' . readingfc.co.uk . Reading F.C. 13 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2016 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ http://www.readingfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10306~2772976,00.html
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ https://secure.albionhurricanes.org/index.cfm?pg=ReadingFC
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Partnership with Reading FC `` BWFC . * Borehamwoodfootballclub.co.uk . Retrieved on 17 July 2013
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ `` Charlotte United F.C '' . charlotteunited.com .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Ernakulam Eagles sign MoU with Reading -- Times Of India . Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com ( 29 April 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 17 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Turkish partnership . Readingfc.co.uk ( 27 February 2013 ) . Retrieved on 17 July 2013
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ unveils new name : Nor'easters Archived 26 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... Ocean City FC . Retrieved on 17 July 2013 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ HOW SOUTH GEORGIA UNITED BECAME A READING FC AFFILIATE CLUB . South Georgia United . Retrieved on 5 June 2014 .
    75. \n
\n

\n Bibliography ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Reading F.C. .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Reading Football Club
\n
    \n
  • \n Current season
    • \n
  • \n Under - 21s & Academy
    • \n
  • \n Records & Statistics
    • \n
  • \n Honours
    • \n
\n
\n History \n
    \n
  • \n History
    • \n
  • \n Seasons
    • \n
  • \n Thames Valley Royals proposal
    • \n
\n
\n Grounds \n
    \n
  • \n Elm Park ( 1896 -- 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Madejski Stadium ( 1998 -- present )
    • \n
\n
\n People \n
    \n
  • \n Managers
    • \n
  • \n Players with 1 -- 24 appearances
    • \n
  • \n 25 -- 99 appearances
    • \n
  • \n 100 + appearances
    • \n
  • \n Internationals
    • \n
  • \n Player of the Season
    • \n
\n
\n Notable matches \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Level 2 play - off finals \n
    \n
  • \n 1995
    • \n
  • \n 2011
    • \n
  • \n 2017
    • \n
\n
\n Level 3 play - off finals \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Full Members ' Cup finals \n
    \n
  • \n 1988
    • \n
\n
\n Other matches \n
    \n
  • \n Portsmouth 7 -- 4 Reading
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Related articles \n
    \n
  • \n Hob Nob Anyone ?
    • \n
  • \n Supporters ' Trust At Reading
    • \n
  • \n Reading Women
    • \n
  • \n Marussia F1
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book : Reading F.C.
    • \n
  • \n Category : Reading F.C.
    • \n
  • \n Portal : Association football
    • \n
  • \n Commons : Reading F.C.
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Reading F.C. seasons
\n
    \n
  • \n 1940 -- 41
    • \n
  • \n 1941 -- 42
    • \n
  • \n 1942 -- 43
    • \n
  • \n 1943 -- 44
    • \n
  • \n 1944 -- 45
    • \n
  • \n 1945 -- 46
    • \n
  • \n 1946 -- 47
    • \n
  • \n 1947 -- 48
    • \n
  • \n 1948 -- 49
    • \n
  • \n 1949 -- 50
    • \n
  • \n 1950 -- 51
    • \n
  • \n 1951 -- 52
    • \n
  • \n 1952 -- 53
    • \n
  • \n 1953 -- 54
    • \n
  • \n 1954 -- 55
    • \n
  • \n 1955 -- 56
    • \n
  • \n 1956 -- 57
    • \n
  • \n 1957 -- 58
    • \n
  • \n 1958 -- 59
    • \n
  • \n 1959 -- 60
    • \n
  • \n 1960 -- 61
    • \n
  • \n 1961 -- 62
    • \n
  • \n 1962 -- 63
    • \n
  • \n 1963 -- 64
    • \n
  • \n 1964 -- 65
    • \n
  • \n 1965 -- 66
    • \n
  • \n 1966 -- 67
    • \n
  • \n 1967 -- 68
    • \n
  • \n 1968 -- 69
    • \n
  • \n 1969 -- 70
    • \n
  • \n 1970 -- 71
    • \n
  • \n 1971 -- 72
    • \n
  • \n 1972 -- 73
    • \n
  • \n 1973 -- 74
    • \n
  • \n 1974 -- 75
    • \n
  • \n 1975 -- 76
    • \n
  • \n 1976 -- 77
    • \n
  • \n 1977 -- 78
    • \n
  • \n 1978 -- 79
    • \n
  • \n 1979 -- 80
    • \n
  • \n 1980 -- 81
    • \n
  • \n 1981 -- 82
    • \n
  • \n 1982 -- 83
    • \n
  • \n 1983 -- 84
    • \n
  • \n 1984 -- 85
    • \n
  • \n 1985 -- 86
    • \n
  • \n 1986 -- 87
    • \n
  • \n 1987 -- 88
    • \n
  • \n 1988 -- 89
    • \n
  • \n 1989 -- 90
    • \n
  • \n 1990 -- 91
    • \n
  • \n 1991 -- 92
    • \n
  • \n 1992 -- 93
    • \n
  • \n 1993 -- 94
    • \n
  • \n 1994 -- 95
    • \n
  • \n 1995 -- 96
    • \n
  • \n 1996 -- 97
    • \n
  • \n 1997 -- 98
    • \n
  • \n 1998 -- 99
    • \n
  • \n 1999 -- 2000
    • \n
  • \n 2000 -- 01
    • \n
  • \n 2001 -- 02
    • \n
  • \n 2002 -- 03
    • \n
  • \n 2003 -- 04
    • \n
  • \n 2004 -- 05
    • \n
  • \n 2005 -- 06
    • \n
  • \n 2006 -- 07
    • \n
  • \n 2007 -- 08
    • \n
  • \n 2008 -- 09
    • \n
  • \n 2009 -- 10
    • \n
  • \n 2010 -- 11
    • \n
  • \n 2011 -- 12
    • \n
  • \n 2012 -- 13
    • \n
  • \n 2013 -- 14
    • \n
  • \n 2014 -- 15
    • \n
  • \n 2015 -- 16
    • \n
  • \n 2016 -- 17
    • \n
  • \n 2017 -- 18
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n EFL Championship
\n 2017 -- 18 teams \n
    \n
  • \n Aston Villa
    • \n
  • \n Barnsley
    • \n
  • \n Birmingham City
    • \n
  • \n Bolton Wanderers
    • \n
  • \n Brentford
    • \n
  • \n Bristol City
    • \n
  • \n Burton Albion
    • \n
  • \n Cardiff City
    • \n
  • \n Derby County
    • \n
  • \n Fulham
    • \n
  • \n Hull City
    • \n
  • \n Ipswich Town
    • \n
  • \n Leeds United
    • \n
  • \n Middlesbrough
    • \n
  • \n Millwall
    • \n
  • \n Norwich City
    • \n
  • \n Nottingham Forest
    • \n
  • \n Preston North End
    • \n
  • \n Queens Park Rangers
    • \n
  • \n Reading
    • \n
  • \n Sheffield United
    • \n
  • \n Sheffield Wednesday
    • \n
  • \n Sunderland
    • \n
  • \n Wolverhampton Wanderers
    • \n
\n
\n Former clubs \n
    \n
  • \n AFC Bournemouth
    • \n
  • \n Blackburn Rovers
    • \n
  • \n Blackpool
    • \n
  • \n Brighton & Hove Albion
    • \n
  • \n Burnley
    • \n
  • \n Charlton Athletic
    • \n
  • \n Colchester United
    • \n
  • \n Coventry City
    • \n
  • \n Crewe Alexandra
    • \n
  • \n Crystal Palace
    • \n
  • \n Doncaster Rovers
    • \n
  • \n Gillingham
    • \n
  • \n Huddersfield Town
    • \n
  • \n Leicester City
    • \n
  • \n Luton Town
    • \n
  • \n Milton Keynes Dons
    • \n
  • \n Newcastle United
    • \n
  • \n Oldham Athletic
    • \n
  • \n Peterborough United
    • \n
  • \n Plymouth Argyle
    • \n
  • \n Portsmouth
    • \n
  • \n Rotherham United
    • \n
  • \n Scunthorpe United
    • \n
  • \n Southampton
    • \n
  • \n Southend United
    • \n
  • \n Stoke City
    • \n
  • \n Swansea City
    • \n
  • \n Swindon Town
    • \n
  • \n Watford
    • \n
  • \n West Bromwich Albion
    • \n
  • \n West Ham United
    • \n
  • \n Wigan Athletic
    • \n
  • \n Yeovil Town
    • \n
\n
\n Competition \n
    \n
  • \n Seasons
    • \n
  • \n Teams ( winners )
    • \n
  • \n Players ( foreign ) ( International Caps )
    • \n
  • \n Managers ( current )
    • \n
  • \n Stadia
    • \n
  • \n Referees
    • \n
\n
\n Statistics and awards \n
    \n
  • \n Record
    • \n
  • \n EFL Awards
    • \n
  • \n Golden Boot
    • \n
  • \n Golden Glove
    • \n
  • \n Manager of the Month
    • \n
  • \n Player of the Month
    • \n
  • \n Hat - tricks
    • \n
  • \n Young Player of the Month
    • \n
\n
\n Finances \n
    \n
  • \n Club Owners
    • \n
  • \n Premier League -- Football League gulf
    • \n
\n
\n Sponsors \n
    \n
  • \n Coca - Cola ( 2004 -- 10 )
    • \n
  • \n Npower ( 2010 -- 13 )
    • \n
  • \n Sky Bet ( 2013 -- 18 )
    • \n
\n
\n Associated competitions \n
    \n
  • \n FA Cup
    • \n
  • \n EFL Cup
    • \n
  • \n Play - offs
    • \n
\n
\n Seasons \n
    \n
  • \n 2004 -- 05
    • \n
  • \n 2005 -- 06
    • \n
  • \n 2006 -- 07
    • \n
  • \n 2007 -- 08
    • \n
  • \n 2008 -- 09
    • \n
  • \n 2009 -- 10
    • \n
  • \n 2010 -- 11
    • \n
  • \n 2011 -- 12
    • \n
  • \n 2012 -- 13
    • \n
  • \n 2013 -- 14
    • \n
  • \n 2014 -- 15
    • \n
  • \n 2015 -- 16
    • \n
  • \n 2016 -- 17
    • \n
  • \n 2017 -- 18
    • \n
\n
\n Prospects \n Promotion to Premier League ; Relegation to EFL League One
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Premier League
\n Seasons \n
    \n
  • \n 1992 -- 93
    • \n
  • \n 1993 -- 94
    • \n
  • \n 1994 -- 95
    • \n
  • \n 1995 -- 96
    • \n
  • \n 1996 -- 97
    • \n
  • \n 1997 -- 98
    • \n
  • \n 1998 -- 99
    • \n
  • \n 1999 -- 2000
    • \n
  • \n 2000 -- 01
    • \n
  • \n 2001 -- 02
    • \n
  • \n 2002 -- 03
    • \n
  • \n 2003 -- 04
    • \n
  • \n 2004 -- 05
    • \n
  • \n 2005 -- 06
    • \n
  • \n 2006 -- 07
    • \n
  • \n 2007 -- 08
    • \n
  • \n 2008 -- 09
    • \n
  • \n 2009 -- 10
    • \n
  • \n 2010 -- 11
    • \n
  • \n 2011 -- 12
    • \n
  • \n 2012 -- 13
    • \n
  • \n 2013 -- 14
    • \n
  • \n 2014 -- 15
    • \n
  • \n 2015 -- 16
    • \n
  • \n 2016 -- 17
    • \n
  • \n 2017 -- 18
    • \n
\n
\n Clubs \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 2017 -- 18 \n
    \n
  • \n AFC Bournemouth
    • \n
  • \n Arsenal
    • \n
  • \n Brighton & Hove Albion
    • \n
  • \n Burnley
    • \n
  • \n Chelsea
    • \n
  • \n Crystal Palace
    • \n
  • \n Everton
    • \n
  • \n Huddersfield Town
    • \n
  • \n Leicester City
    • \n
  • \n Liverpool
    • \n
  • \n Manchester City
    • \n
  • \n Manchester United
    • \n
  • \n Newcastle United
    • \n
  • \n Southampton
    • \n
  • \n Stoke City
    • \n
  • \n Swansea City
    • \n
  • \n Tottenham Hotspur
    • \n
  • \n Watford
    • \n
  • \n West Bromwich Albion
    • \n
  • \n West Ham United
    • \n
\n
\n Former \n
    \n
  • \n Aston Villa
    • \n
  • \n Barnsley
    • \n
  • \n Birmingham City
    • \n
  • \n Blackburn Rovers
    • \n
  • \n Blackpool
    • \n
  • \n Bolton Wanderers
    • \n
  • \n Bradford City
    • \n
  • \n Cardiff City
    • \n
  • \n Charlton Athletic
    • \n
  • \n Coventry City
    • \n
  • \n Derby County
    • \n
  • \n Fulham
    • \n
  • \n Hull City
    • \n
  • \n Ipswich Town
    • \n
  • \n Leeds United
    • \n
  • \n Middlesbrough
    • \n
  • \n Norwich City
    • \n
  • \n Nottingham Forest
    • \n
  • \n Oldham Athletic
    • \n
  • \n Portsmouth
    • \n
  • \n Queens Park Rangers
    • \n
  • \n Reading
    • \n
  • \n Sheffield United
    • \n
  • \n Sheffield Wednesday
    • \n
  • \n Sunderland
    • \n
  • \n Swindon Town
    • \n
  • \n Wigan Athletic
    • \n
  • \n Wimbledon
    • \n
  • \n Wolverhampton Wanderers
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Competition \n
    \n
  • \n Teams
      \n
    • \n winners
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Players
      \n
    • \n foreign
      • \n
    • \n foreign scorers
      • \n
    • \n winners
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Managers
      \n
    • \n current
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Stadia
    • \n
  • \n Founding
    • \n
  • \n Broadcasting foundation
    • \n
  • \n Broadcasters
    • \n
  • \n Referees
    • \n
\n
\n Statistics and awards \n
    \n
  • \n Records
    • \n
  • \n All - time table
    • \n
  • \n Hat - tricks
    • \n
  • \n Highest scores
    • \n
  • \n Golden Boot
    • \n
  • \n Golden Glove
    • \n
  • \n Manager of the Season
    • \n
  • \n Player of the Season
    • \n
  • \n Manager of the Month
    • \n
  • \n Player of the Month
    • \n
  • \n Goal of the Month
    • \n
  • \n Players with 500 + appearances
    • \n
  • \n Players with 100 + goals
    • \n
  • \n Top scorers by season
    • \n
  • \n Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets
    • \n
  • \n 10 Seasons Awards
    • \n
  • \n 20 Seasons Awards
    • \n
\n
\n Finances \n
    \n
  • \n Richest clubs :
      \n
    • \n Deloitte list
      • \n
    • \n Forbes ' list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Team owners
    • \n
  • \n Transfer records
    • \n
  • \n Game 39
    • \n
  • \n Premier League -- Football League gulf
    • \n
\n
\n Associated competitions \n
    \n
  • \n Asia Trophy
    • \n
  • \n FA Community Shield
    • \n
  • \n FA Cup
    • \n
  • \n EFL Cup
    • \n
  • \n UEFA Champions League
    • \n
  • \n UEFA Europa League
    • \n
  • \n Premier League 2
    • \n
  • \n U18 Premier League
    • \n
  • \n Premier League International Cup
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reading_F.C.&oldid=819311942 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who is the owner of reading football club", "long_answers": ["Reading Football Club ownership structure : 75 % Owned by Renhe Sports Management Ltd , 100 % owned by Xiu Li Dai and Yongge Dai . 25 % Owned by Narin Niruttinanon\n", "Reading Full name Reading Football Club Nickname ( s ) The Royals Founded 1871 ; 147 years ago ( 1871 ) Ground Madejski Stadium Ground Capacity 24,161 Owner Dai Yongge and Dai Xiuli ( majority ) Chairman Sir John Madejski Manager Jaap Stam League Championship 2016 -- 17 Championship , 3rd Website Club website Home colours Away colours Current season\n"], "short_answers": ["Dai Yongge\n", "Dai Xiuli\n", "Dai Yongge and Dai Xiuli ( majority )\n", "Xiu Li Dai\n", "Yongge Dai\n", "Dai Yongge and Dai Xiuli ( majority )\n", "Xiu Li Dai\n", "Yongge Dai\n"]} {"text": "Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction - wikipedia

\n Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n An acute hemolytic transfusion reaction ( AHTR ) is a type of transfusion reaction that is associated with hemolysis . It occurs very soon after the transfusion , and within 24 hrs post-transfusion . It can occur quickly upon transfusing a few milliliters , or up to 1 -- 2 hours post-transfusion .

\n

\n It is also known as an `` immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction '' . This is a medical emergency as it results from rapid destruction of the donor red blood cells by host antibodies ( IgG , IgM ) . It is usually related to ABO blood group incompatibility - the most severe of which often involves group A red cells being given to a patient with group O type blood . Properdin then binds to complement C3 in the donor blood , facilitating the reaction through the alternate pathway cascade . The donor cells also become coated with IgG and are subsequently removed by macrophages in the reticuloendothelial system ( RES ) . Jaundice and disseminated intravascular coagulation ( DIC ) may also occur . The most common cause is clerical error ( i.e. the wrong unit of blood being given to the patient ) .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Epidemiology ( edit )

\n

\n In the USA in 2011 there were 48 episodes of acute hemolysis due to a mismatch in ABO blood type ( 1 in 495,207 blood components transfused ) and 168 episodes of hemolysis due to other causes ( 1 in 124,525 blood components transfused ) . In the UK in 2014 there were 18 episodes of hemolysis due to other causes ( 1 in 147,972 blood components transfused ) .

\n

\n Types ( edit )

\n

\n Acute hemolytic transfusion reactions are divided into two types .

\n

\n Intravascular haemolysis ( edit )

\n

\n The most common cause of this reaction is ABO blood groups incompatibility , secondary to human errors . In this process , the donor 's red blood cells are destroyed by recipient 's preformed antibodies through the activation of complement system . Thus , the donor 's red blood cells break open and releases haemoglobin into the blood . The haemoglobin is then excreted into urine , causes haemoglobinuria . Meanwhile , haemoglobin can also pass through the liver system and process into bilirubin , which accumulates under the skin , causing jaundice . The release of red blood cell debris and the activation of complement system causes uncontrolled clotting ( disseminated intravascular coagulation ) and circulatory shock .

\n

\n Extravascular haemolysis ( edit )

\n

\n In this case , the donor 's red blood cells are recognised and bound to IgG antibodies . Macrophages then recognise these IgG antibodies and engulf these red blood cells , removing the red blood cells from the blood circulation into liver and spleen . These red blood cells are then destroyed by macrophages in these organs . Anti-Rh antibodies most commonly directed this type of reaction . This process is much more controlled when compared with intravascular haemolysis . Liver has adequate capacity in processing the bilirubin . Therefore , jaundice rarely occurs .

\n

\n Signs and symptoms ( edit )

\n

\n Early signs are fever , low blood pressure , anxiety , and red - colored urine .

\n

\n Late signs are generalized bleeding , caused by disseminated intravascular coagulation , and low blood pressure .

\n

\n Laboratory assessment is based on a positive Direct Antiglobulin Test ( DAT ) , a decrease in serum haptoglobin , and an increase in blood levels of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase and indirect bilirubin levels .

\n

\n Pathophysiology ( edit )

\n

\n Immune mediated ( edit )

\n

\n This may be caused by preformed IgM anti-A , anti-B or both . It may also be caused by other non-ABO IgG antibodies such as Rh , Kell , or Duffy . The former results in a severe intravascular hemolysis and the latter typically causes extravascular hemolysis . The reactions are mediated by cytokines like TNF , IL - 8 , monocyte chemoattractant protein , IL - 1 etc .

\n

\n Non-immune mediated ( edit )

\n

\n These occur when RBCs are damaged before transfusion , resulting in hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria . Clinical symptoms are nil or milder .

\n

\n Diagnosis ( edit )

\n

\n Differential diagnoses ( edit )

\n \n

\n Management ( edit )

\n \n

\n Prognosis ( edit )

\n

\n The major complication is that the hemoglobin , released by the destruction of red blood cells , may cause acute kidney failure ( also known as the `` oliguric phase '' ) . About 20 deaths occur annually in the US due to AHTR .

\n

\n Epidemiology ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Covin RB , Evans KS , Olshock R , Thompson HW ( 2001 ) . `` Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by anti-Coa '' . Immunohematology. 17 ( 2 ) : 45 -- 9 . PMID 15373591 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Hoffbrand , A.V. ; P.A.H. Moss ; J.E. Pettit ( 2006 ) . Essential Haematology : 5th Edition . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3649 - 9 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Molthan L , Matulewicz TJ , Bansal - Carver B , Benz EJ ( 1984 ) . `` An immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti-C and a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti-Ce + e : hemoglobinemia , hemoglobinuria and transient impaired renal function '' . Vox Sang. 47 ( 5 ) : 348 -- 53 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1423 - 0410.1984. tb04138. x . PMID 6438912 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` The 2011 National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey Report '' ( PDF ) . Department of Health and Human Services . Retrieved 21 January 2016 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Bolton - Maggs , PHB ; Poles , D ; et al . ( The Serious Hazards of Transfusion ( SHOT ) Steering Group ) ( 2015 ) . The 2014 Annual SHOT Report ( 2015 ) ( PDF ) . SHOT . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558648 - 7 - 2 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Laura , Dean ( 2005 ) . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens . Bethesda , United States : National Center for Biotechnology Information . Retrieved 4 October 2017 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Harrison 's Principles of Internal Medicine ( 18th ed . ) . p. 954 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Transfusion Reactions '' . Retrieved 19 November 2012 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Complications of Transfusion : Transfusion Medicine : Merck Manual Professional '' .
    10. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Complications of surgical and medical care ( T80 -- T88 , 996 -- 999 )
\n Transfusion reactions \n
    \n
  • \n Transfusion hemosiderosis
    • \n
  • \n TRALI
    • \n
  • \n TACO
    • \n
  • \n TA - GvHD
    • \n
  • \n FNHTR
    • \n
  • \n Acute / Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction
    • \n
\n
\n Vaccine injury \n
    \n
  • \n Eczema vaccinatum
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Serum sickness
    • \n
  • \n Malignant hyperthermia
    • \n
  • \n Herxheimer reaction
    • \n
  • \n Graft - versus - host disease
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acute_hemolytic_transfusion_reaction&oldid=821817747 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "what happens to the rbc in acute hemolytic reaction", "long_answers": ["It is also known as an `` immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction '' . This is a medical emergency as it results from rapid destruction of the donor red blood cells by host antibodies ( IgG , IgM ) . It is usually related to ABO blood group incompatibility - the most severe of which often involves group A red cells being given to a patient with group O type blood . Properdin then binds to complement C3 in the donor blood , facilitating the reaction through the alternate pathway cascade . The donor cells also become coated with IgG and are subsequently removed by macrophages in the reticuloendothelial system ( RES ) . Jaundice and disseminated intravascular coagulation ( DIC ) may also occur . The most common cause is clerical error ( i.e. the wrong unit of blood being given to the patient ) .\n"], "short_answers": ["rapid destruction of the donor red blood cells by host antibodies\n"]} {"text": "National flood insurance program - wikipedia

\n National flood insurance program

\n Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with National Fire Protection Association . `` NFIP '' redirects here . For the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis , see March of Dimes .

\n The National Flood Insurance Program ( NFIP ) is a program created by the Congress of the United States in 1968 through the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 ( P.L. 90 - 448 ) . The program enables property owners in participating communities to purchase insurance protection , administered by the government , against losses from flooding , and requires flood insurance for all loans or lines of credit that are secured by existing buildings , manufactured homes , or buildings under construction , that are located in a community that participates in the NFIP .

\n

\n This NFIP is designed to provide an insurance alternative to disaster assistance to meet the escalating costs of repairing damage to buildings and their contents caused by floods . As of August 2017 , the program insured about 5 million homes ( down from about 5.5 million homes in April 2010 ) , the majority of which are in Texas and Florida . The cost of the insurance program was fully covered by its premiums until the end of 2004 , but has had to steadily borrow funds since ( primarily due to Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Sandy ) , accumulating $25 billion of debt by August 2017 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Implementation ( edit )

\n

\n Participation in the NFIP is based on an agreement between local communities and the federal government that states that if a community will adopt and enforce a floodplain management ordinance to reduce future flood risks to new construction in Special Flood Hazard Areas ( SFHA ) , the federal government will make flood insurance available within the community as a financial protection against flood losses . The SFHAs and other risk premium zones applicable to each participating community are depicted on Flood Insurance Rate Maps ( FIRMs ) . The Mitigation Division within the Federal Emergency Management Agency manages the NFIP and oversees the floodplain management and mapping components of the Program .

\n

\n The intent was to reduce future flood damage through community floodplain management ordinances and provide protection for property owners against potential losses through an insurance mechanism that requires a premium to be paid for the protection . In 2003 , the GAO found that repetitive - loss properties cost the program about $200 million annually . Congress originally intended that operating expenses and flood insurance claims be paid for through the premiums collected for flood insurance policies . NFIP borrows from the U.S. Treasury for times when losses are heavy , and these loans are paid back with interest .

\n

\n Between 1978 and year - end 2014 , the U.S. Federal Government has paid more than $51 billion in claims under the National Flood Insurance Program .

\n

\n Amendments ( edit )

\n

\n The program was first amended by the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973 , which made the purchase of flood insurance mandatory for the protection of property within SFHAs . In 1982 , the Act was amended by the Coastal Barrier Resources Act ( CBRA ) . The CBRA enacted a set of maps depicting the John H. Chafee Coastal Barrier Resources System ( CBRS ) in which federal flood insurance is unavailable for new or significantly improved structures . The National Flood Insurance Reform Act of 1994 codified the Community Rating System ( an incentive program that encourages communities to exceed the minimal federal requirements for development within floodplains ) within the NFIP . The program was further amended by the Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004 , with the goal of reducing `` losses to properties for which repetitive flood insurance claim payments have been made . ''

\n

\n The Biggert -- Waters Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2012 ( Biggert - Waters ) modified the NFIP . At the conclusion of 2011 , as Congress passed Biggert - Waters , the NFIP cumulative debt was over $17 billion . A core principle of Biggert - Waters was to change the NFIP premiums to match actuarial risk - based premiums that better reflected the expected losses and real risk of flooding . These changes included removing discounts to many policies which were being sold below actual actuarial risk targets and eliminating `` grandfathering '' of older rates .

\n

\n In January 2014 , the United States Senate passed the Homeowner Flood Insurance Affordability Act of 2014 ( S. 1926 ; 113th Congress ) . This bill changed the process used to alter subsidized premiums and reinstated grandfathering of lower rates ; effectively delaying the increases in flood insurance premiums to obtain risk - based premiums under Biggert - Waters and spreading the cost of the lost premiums over all of the remaining policy holders .

\n

\n The National Flood Insurance Program was $24 billion in debt at the beginning of 2014 as a result of Hurricanes Katrina , Rita and Sandy . The passage of the HFIAA described above has concerned insurance and environmental observers that the delay in implementation of actuarial rates will leave taxpayers exposed to additional losses .

\n

\n Floodplain status determination appeals and changes ( edit )

\n

\n Letter of Map Amendment ( edit )

\n

\n Insufficient map topographic detail or accuracy can result in the unwarranted determination of Special Flood Hazard Area ( SFHA ) . An application for a Letter of Map Amendment ( LOMA ) uses an Elevation Certificate ( prepared by a Registered Land Surveyor or Registered Professional Engineer ) to ask FEMA to remove the flood insurance requirement on individual properties .

\n

\n Letter of Map Revision ( edit )

\n

\n For multiple properties or a larger area , an application for a Letter of Map Revision can be submitted when the landscape topography is different from that shown on the floodplain boundary and / or flood heights shown on the FIRM and the Flood Insurance Study . A Letter of Map Revision based on Fill ( LOMR - F ) is used when landscape topography is altered by humans , usually to increase the land elevation and remove land from the floodplain . A Conditional Letter of Map Revision ( CLOMR ) and Conditional Letter of Map Revision Based on Fill ( CLOMR - F ) are strongly advised as a mechanism to obtain FEMA feedback on the project before site changes are made , especially in light of the increasing attention on the nexus between the NFIP and the Endangered Species Act .

\n

\n Criticisms ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n Before 1950 flood insurance was part of the standard homeowners ' insurance policy . During the 1950s increasingly high correlation of losses by holders of flood policies of the same company caused many insurance companies to begin excluding flood coverage from standard insurance policies , selling flood insurance separately . Over time , insurance premiums collected were insufficient in covering payouts after major flooding events . In 1968 , the National Flood Insurance Act established the National Flood Insurance Program ( NFIP ) , which allows property owners to purchase insurance from the U.S. government that covers certain losses from flooding . This insurance is not set by the market risk valuation . It is less expensive than the private insurance company rate would be . This is accomplished either by the program running a deficit and borrowing money or by subsidies from the national government . Either way , the property owners with NFIP policies are receiving government subsidies to live in areas with high flood risk .

\n

\n Property losses stemming from flood damage were largely the responsibility of the property owner , although the consequences were sometimes mitigated through provisions for disaster aid . Today , owners of property in flood plains frequently receive disaster aid and payment for insured losses , which in many ways negates the original intent of the NFIP . Consequently , these policy decisions have escalated losses stemming from floods in recent years , both in terms of property and life .

\n

\n Moreover , certain provisions within the NFIP increase the likelihood that flood - prone properties will be occupied by the people least likely to be in a position to recover from flood disasters , which further increases demand for aid . This is an example of adverse selection . Some factors contributing to increased demand for aid are :

\n \n

\n According to critics of the program , the government 's subsidized insurance plan `` encouraged building , and rebuilding , in vulnerable coastal areas and floodplains . '' Stephen Ellis , of the group Taxpayers for Common Sense , points to `` properties that flooded 17 or 18 times that were still covered under the federal insurance program '' without premiums going up .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency ( March 1986 ) . `` A Unified National Program for Floodplain Management '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 08 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Witkowski , Rachel ; Scism , Leslie ( 2017 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Hurricane Harvey Threatens Largest Flood Insurer : The Government '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 28 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Holladay JS , Schwartz JA . ( 2010 ) . Flooding the Market : The Distributional Consequences of the NFIP . Institute for Policy Integrity .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` How government policy exacerbates hurricanes like Harvey '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ U.S. Government Accountability Office . ( 2003 ) . Challenges Facing the National Flood Insurance Program
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Wright , James M. , The Nation 's Response to Flood Disasters : A Historical Account . 1 Apr 2000 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Fema.gov ( retrieved Apr. 13 , 2016 ) http://www.fema.gov/loss-dollars-paid-calendar-year#
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : National Research Council of the National Academies ( 2015 ) . `` Affordability of National Flood Insurance Program Premiums Report 1 '' . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Uhlenbrock , Kristan ( 31 January 2014 ) . `` Despite Hazard of Sea Level Rise , Senate Halts Flood Insurance Reforms '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved 31 January 2014 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Ferraro , Thomas ( 30 January 2014 ) . `` U.S. Senate passes bill to delay hikes in flood insurance rates '' . Reuters . Retrieved 31 January 2014 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` S. 1926 -- Summary '' . United States Congress . Retrieved 31 January 2014 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ < https://www.fema.gov/floodplain-management/letter-map-amendment-loma
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Letter of Map Revision -- FEMA.gov '' . www.fema.gov .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` National Flood Insurance Program & the Endangered Species Act -- FEMA.gov '' . www.fema.gov .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Overwhelming risk : Rethinking flood insurance in a world of rising seas '' ( PDF ) . Union of Concerned Scientists . February 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2016 .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : hanscom , Greg ( 13 January 2014 ) . `` Flood pressure : Climate disasters drown FEMA 's insurance plans '' . Grist . Retrieved 31 January 2014 .
    17. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Flood_Insurance_Program&oldid=816287584 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "in us national flood insurance is available for which of the following", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Tuskegee Airmen - Wikipedia

\n Tuskegee Airmen

\n Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Tuskegee Airmen ( disambiguation ) . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Tuskegee Airmen ( unofficial )
\n

\n

\n Emblems of wing
\n Active \n 1940 -- 1948
\n Country \n United States
\n Branch \n United States Army Air Corps United States Army Air Forces United States Air Force
\n Role \n trained for aerial combat
\n Part of \n graduates assigned to the 332nd Fighter Group ( 99th Fighter Squadron , 100th Fighter Squadron , 301st Fighter Squadron , 302d Fighter Squadron ) , 477th Medium Bombardment Group ( 616th Bombardment Squadron , 617th Bombardment Squadron , 618th Bombardment Squadron , 619th Bombardment Squadron )
\n Nickname ( s ) \n Red Tails Red - Tail Angels
\n Motto ( s ) \n Spit Fire
\n Engagements \n World War II
\n

\n The Tuskegee Airmen / t\u028cs\u02c8ki\u02d0\u0261i\u02d0 / is the popular name of a group of African - American military pilots ( fighter and bomber ) who fought in World War II . They formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group of the United States Army Air Forces . The name also applies to the navigators , bombardiers , mechanics , instructors , crew chiefs , nurses , cooks and other support personnel .

\n

\n All black military pilots who trained in the United States trained at Moton Field , the Tuskegee Army Air Field , and were educated at Tuskegee University , located near Tuskegee , Alabama . The group included five Haitians from the Haitian Air Force , and one pilot from Trinidad. . It also included a Hispanic or Latino airman born in the Dominican Republic .

\n

\n Although the 477th Bombardment Group trained with North American B - 25 Mitchell bombers , they never served in combat . The 99th Pursuit Squadron ( later , 99th Fighter Squadron ) was the first black flying squadron , and the first to deploy overseas ( to North Africa in April 1943 , and later to Sicily and Italy ) . The 332nd Fighter Group , which originally included the 100th , 301st , and 302nd Fighter Squadrons , was the first black flying group . It deployed to Italy in early 1944 . In June 1944 , the 332nd Fighter Group began flying heavy bomber escort missions , and in July 1944 , with the addition of the 99th Fighter Squadron , it had four fighter squadrons .

\n

\n The 99th Fighter Squadron was initially equipped with Curtiss P - 40 Warhawk fighter - bomber aircraft . The 332nd Fighter Group and its 100th , 301st and 302nd Fighter Squadrons were equipped for initial combat missions with Bell P - 39 Airacobras ( March 1944 ) , later with Republic P - 47 Thunderbolts ( June -- July 1944 ) , and finally with the aircraft with which they became most commonly associated , the North American P - 51 Mustang ( July 1944 ) . When the pilots of the 332nd Fighter Group painted the tails of their P - 47s red , the nickname `` Red Tails '' was coined . The red markings that distinguished the Tuskegee Airmen included red bands on the noses of P - 51s as well as a red rudder ; the P - 51B and D Mustangs flew with similar color schemes , with red propeller spinners , yellow wing bands and all - red tail surfaces .

\n

\n The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African - American military aviators in the United States Armed Forces . During World War II , black Americans in many U.S. states were still subject to the Jim Crow laws and the American military was racially segregated , as was much of the federal government . The Tuskegee Airmen were subjected to discrimination , both within and outside the army .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Origins ( edit )

\n See also : Civilian Pilot Training Program

\n Background ( edit )

\n The P - 51C Mustang flown by Commemorative Air Force in the colors and markings of Lieutenant Colonel Lee Archer Tuskegee Airman P - 51 Mustang taken at Airventure . This particular P - 51C is part of the Red Tail Project The Stearman Kaydet training aircraft used by the Tuskegee Airmen , bearing the name Spirit of Tuskegee Portrait of Tuskegee airman Edward M. Thomas by photographer Toni Frissell , March 1945

\n Before the Tuskegee Airmen , no African - American had been a U.S. military pilot . In 1917 , African - American men had tried to become aerial observers , but were rejected . African - American Eugene Bullard served in the French air service during World War I , because he was not allowed to serve in an American unit . Instead , Bullard returned to infantry duty with the French .

\n

\n The racially motivated rejections of World War I African - American recruits sparked more than two decades of advocacy by African - Americans who wished to enlist and train as military aviators . The effort was led by such prominent civil rights leaders as Walter White of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People , labor union leader A. Philip Randolph , and Judge William H. Hastie . Finally , on 3 April 1939 , Appropriations Bill Public Law 18 was passed by Congress containing an amendment by Senator Harry H. Schwartz , designating funds for training African - American pilots . The War Department managed to put the money into funds of civilian flight schools willing to train black Americans .

\n

\n War Department tradition and policy mandated the segregation of African - Americans into separate military units staffed by white officers , as had been done previously with the 9th Cavalry , 10th Cavalry , 24th Infantry Regiment and 25th Infantry Regiment . When the appropriation of funds for aviation training created opportunities for pilot cadets , their numbers diminished the rosters of these older units . In 1941 , the War Department and the Army Air Corps , under pressure -- three months before its transformation into the USAAF -- constituted the first all - black flying unit , the 99th Pursuit Squadron .

\n

\n Due to the restrictive nature of selection policies , the situation did not seem promising for African - Americans since , in 1940 , the U.S. Census Bureau reported there were only 124 African - American pilots in the nation . The exclusionary policies failed dramatically when the Air Corps received an abundance of applications from men who qualified , even under the restrictive requirements . Many of the applicants already had participated in the Civilian Pilot Training Program , unveiled in late December 1938 ( CPTP ) . Tuskegee University had participated since 1939 .

\n

\n Testing ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n The U.S. Army Air Corps had established the Psychological Research Unit 1 at Maxwell Army Air Field , Montgomery , Alabama , and other units around the country for aviation cadet training , which included the identification , selection , education , and training of pilots , navigators , and bombardiers . Psychologists employed in these research studies and training programs used some of the first standardized tests to quantify IQ , dexterity and leadership qualities to select and train the best - suited personnel for the roles of bombardier , navigator , and pilot . The Air Corps determined that the existing programs would be used for all units , including all - black units . At Tuskegee , this effort continued with the selection and training of the Tuskegee Airmen . The War Department set up a system to accept only those with a level of flight experience or higher education which ensured that only the most able and intelligent African - American applicants were able to join .

\n

\n The first Lady 's flight ( edit )

\n

\n The budding flight program at Tuskegee received a publicity boost when First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt inspected it in March 1941 , and flew with African - American chief civilian instructor C. Alfred `` Chief '' Anderson . Anderson , who had been flying since 1929 , and was responsible for training thousands of rookie pilots , took his prestigious passenger on a half - hour flight in a Piper J - 3 Cub . After landing , she cheerfully announced , `` Well , you can fly all right . ''

\n

\n The subsequent brouhaha over the First Lady 's flight had such an impact it is often mistakenly cited as the start of the CPTP at Tuskegee , even though the program was already five months old . Eleanor Roosevelt used her position as a trustee of the Julius Rosenwald Fund to arrange a loan of $175,000 to help finance the building of Moton Field .

\n

\n Formation ( edit )

\n Major James A. Ellison returns the salute of Mac Ross , as he reviews the first class of Tuskegee cadets ; flight line at U.S. Army Air Corps basic and advanced flying school , with Vultee BT - 13 trainers in the background , Tuskegee , Alabama , 1941

\n On 11 September 1941 , the 99th Pursuit Squadron was activated at Chanute Field in Rantoul , Illinois .

\n

\n A cadre of 271 enlisted men was trained in aircraft ground support trades at Chanute , beginning in July 1941 ; the skills being taught were so technical that setting up segregated classes was deemed impossible . This small number of enlisted men became the core of other black squadrons forming at Tuskegee and Maxwell Fields in Alabama .

\n

\n The Tuskegee program officially began June 1941 with the 99th Pursuit Squadron at Tuskegee University . The unit consisted of 47 officers and 429 enlisted men , and was backed by an entire service arm . After primary training at Moton Field , they were moved to the nearby Tuskegee Army Air Field , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the west for conversion training onto operational types . Consequently , Tuskegee Army Air Field became the only Army installation performing three phases of pilot training ( basic , advanced , and transition ) at a single location . Initial planning called for 500 personnel in residence at a time .

\n

\n By mid-1942 , over six times that many were stationed at Tuskegee , even though only two squadrons were training there .

\n War poster featuring a Tuskegee Airman

\n Tuskegee Army Airfield was similar to already - existing airfields reserved for training white pilots , such as Maxwell Field , only 40 miles ( 64 km ) distant . African - American contractor McKissack and McKissack , Inc. was in charge of the contract . The company 's 2,000 workmen , the Alabama Works Progress Administration , and the U.S. Army built the airfield in only six months . The construction was budgeted at $1,663,057 . The airmen were placed under the command of Captain Benjamin O. Davis , Jr. , one of only two black line officers then serving .

\n

\n During training , Tuskegee Army Air Field was commanded first by Major James Ellison . Ellison made great progress in organizing the construction of the facilities needed for the military program at Tuskegee . However , he was transferred on 12 January 1942 , reputedly because of his insistence that his African - American sentries and Military Police had police authority over local Caucasian civilians .

\n

\n His successor , Colonel Frederick von Kimble , then oversaw operations at the Tuskegee airfield . Contrary to new Army regulations , Kimble maintained segregation on the field in deference to local customs in the state of Alabama , a policy that was resented by the airmen . Later that year , the Air Corps replaced Kimble . His replacement had been the director of instruction at Tuskegee Army Airfield , Major Noel F. Parrish . Counter to the prevalent racism of the day , Parrish was fair and open - minded and petitioned Washington to allow the Tuskegee Airmen to serve in combat .

\n Instrument certificate for Tuskegee Airman Robert M. Glass , signed by Parrish

\n The strict racial segregation the U.S. Army required gave way in the face of the requirements for complex training in technical vocations . Typical of the process was the development of separate African - American flight surgeons to support the operations and training of the Tuskegee Airmen . Before the development of this unit , no U.S. Army flight surgeons had been black .

\n

\n Training of African - American men as aviation medical examiners was conducted through correspondence courses until 1943 , when two black physicians were admitted to the U.S. Army School of Aviation Medicine at Randolph Field , Texas . This was one of the earliest racially integrated courses in the U.S. Army . Seventeen flight surgeons served with the Tuskegee Airmen from 1941 - 49 . At that time , the typical tour of duty for a U.S. Army flight surgeon was four years . Six of these physicians lived under field conditions during operations in North Africa , Sicily , and Italy . The chief flight surgeon to the Tuskegee Airmen was Dr. Vance H. Marchbanks , Jr. , MD , a childhood friend of Benjamin Davis .

\n

\n The accumulation of washed - out cadets at Tuskegee and the propensity of other commands to `` dump '' African - American personnel on the post exacerbated the difficulties of administering Tuskegee . A shortage of jobs for them made these enlisted men a drag on Tuskegee 's housing and culinary departments .

\n

\n Trained officers were also left idle , as the plan to shift African - American officers into command slots stalled , and white officers not only continued to hold command , but were joined by additional white officers assigned to the post . One rationale behind the non-assignment of trained African - American officers was stated by the commanding officer of the Army Air Forces , General Henry `` Hap '' Arnold : `` Negro pilots can not be used in our present Air Corps units since this would result in Negro officers serving over white enlisted men creating an impossible social situation . ''

\n

\n Combat assignment ( edit )

\n Eight Tuskegee Airmen in front of a P - 40 fighter aircraft

\n The 99th was finally considered ready for combat duty by April 1943 . It shipped out of Tuskegee on 2 April , bound for North Africa , where it would join the 33rd Fighter Group and its commander , Colonel William W. Momyer . Given little guidance from battle - experienced pilots , the 99th 's first combat mission was to attack the small strategic volcanic island of Pantelleria in the Mediterranean Sea to clear the sea lanes for the Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943 . The air assault on the island began 30 May 1943 . The 99th flew its first combat mission on 2 June . The surrender of the garrison of 11,121 Italians and 78 Germans due to air attack was the first of its kind .

\n

\n The 99th then moved on to Sicily and received a Distinguished Unit Citation for its performance in combat .

\n Col. Benjamin O. Davis , Jr. , commander of the Tuskegee Airmen 332nd Fighter Group , in front of his P - 47 Thunderbolt in Sicily

\n By the end of February 1944 , more graduates were ready for combat , and the all - black 332nd Fighter Group had been sent overseas with three fighter squadrons : The 100th , 301st and 302nd .

\n

\n Under the command of Colonel Davis , the squadrons were moved to mainland Italy , where the 99th Fighter Squadron , assigned to the group on May 1 , 1944 , joined them on June 6 at Ramitelli Airfield , in the small city of Campomarino , on the Adriatic coast . From Ramitelli , the 332nd Fighter Group escorted Fifteenth Air Force heavy strategic bombing raids into Czechoslovakia , Austria , Hungary , Poland and Germany .

\n

\n Flying escort for heavy bombers , the 332nd earned an impressive combat record . The Allies called these airmen `` Red Tails '' or `` Red - Tail Angels , '' because of the distinctive crimson unit identification marking predominantly applied on the tail section of the unit 's aircraft .

\n

\n A B - 25 bomb group , the 477th Bombardment Group , was forming in the U.S. , but was not able to complete its training in time to see action . The 99th Fighter Squadron after its return to the United States became part of the 477th , redesignated the 477th Composite Group .

\n

\n Active Air units ( edit )

\n Pilots of the 332nd Fighter Group at Ramitelli Airfield , Italy ; from left to right , Lt. Dempsey W. Morgan , Lt. Carroll S. Woods , Lt. Robert H. Nelron , Jr. , Captain Andrew D. Turner , and Lt. Clarence P. Lester

\n The only black air units that saw combat during the war were the 99th Pursuit Squadron and the 332nd Fighter Group . The dive - bombing and strafing missions under Lieutenant Colonel Davis , Jr. were considered to be highly successful .

\n

\n In May 1942 , the 99th Pursuit Squadron was renamed the 99th Fighter Squadron . It earned three Distinguished Unit Citations ( DUC ) during World War II . The DUCs were for operations over Sicily from 30 May -- 11 June 1943 , Monastery Hill near Cassino from 12 -- 14 May 1944 , and for successfully fighting off German jet aircraft on 24 March 1945 . The mission was the longest bomber escort mission of the Fifteenth Air Force throughout the war . The 332nd flew missions in Sicily , Anzio , Normandy , the Rhineland , the Po Valley and Rome - Arno and others . Pilots of the 99th once set a record for destroying five enemy aircraft in under four minutes .

\n

\n The Tuskegee Airmen shot down three German jets in a single day . On 24 March 1945 , 43 P - 51 Mustangs led by Colonel Benjamin O. Davis escorted B - 17 bombers over 1,600 miles ( 2,600 km ) into Germany and back . The bombers ' target , a massive Daimler - Benz tank factory in Berlin , was heavily defended by Luftwaffe aircraft , including propeller - driven Fw 190s , Me 163 `` Komet '' rocket - powered fighters , and 25 of the much more formidable Me 262s , history 's first operational jet fighter . Pilots Charles Brantley , Earl Lane and Roscoe Brown all shot down German jets over Berlin that day . For the mission , the 332nd Fighter Group earned a Distinguished Unit Citation .

\n

\n Pilots of the 332nd Fighter Group earned 96 Distinguished Flying Crosses . Their missions took them over Italy and enemy occupied parts of central and southern Europe . Their operational aircraft were , in succession : Curtiss P - 40 Warhawk , Bell P - 39 Airacobra , Republic P - 47 Thunderbolt and North American P - 51 Mustang fighter aircraft .

\n

\n Tuskegee Airmen bomber units ( edit )

\n

\n Formation ( edit )

\n

\n With African - American fighter pilots being trained successfully , the Army Air Force now came under political pressure from the NAACP and other civil rights organizations to organize a bomber unit . There could be no defensible argument that the quota of 100 African - American pilots in training at one time , or 200 per year out of a total of 60,000 American aviation cadets in annual training , represented the service potential of 13 million African - Americans .

\n

\n On 13 May 1943 , the 616th Bombardment Squadron was established as the initial subordinate squadron of the 477th Bombardment Group . The squadron was activated on 1 July 1943 , only to be inactivated on 15 August 1943 . By September 1943 , the number of washed - out cadets on base had surged to 286 , with few of them working . In January 1944 , the 477th Bombardment Group was reactivated . At the time , the usual training cycle for a bombardment group took three to four months .

\n

\n The 477th would eventually contain four medium bomber squadrons . Slated to comprise 1,200 officers and enlisted men , the unit would operate 60 North American B - 25 Mitchell bombers . The 477th would go on to encompass three more bomber squadrons -- the 617th Bombardment Squadron , the 618th Bombardment Squadron , and the 619th Bombardment Squadron . The 477th was anticipated to be ready for action in November 1944 .

\n

\n The home field for the 477th was Selfridge Field , located outside Detroit , however , other bases would be used for various types of training courses . Twin - engine pilot training began at Tuskegee while transition to multi-engine pilot training was at Mather Field , California . Some ground crews trained at Mather before rotating to Inglewood . Gunners learned to shoot at Eglin Field , Florida . Bombers - navigators learned their trades at Hondo Army Air Field and Midland Air Field , Texas or at Roswell , New Mexico . Training of the new African - American crewmen also took place at Sioux Falls , South Dakota , Lincoln , Nebraska , and Scott Field , Belleville , Illinois . Once trained , the air and ground crews would be spliced into a working unit at Selfridge .

\n

\n Command difficulties ( edit )

\n

\n The new group 's first commanding officer was Colonel Robert Selway , who had also commanded the 332nd Fighter Group before it deployed for combat overseas . Like his ranking officer , Major General Frank O'Driscoll Hunter from Georgia , Selway was a racial segregationist . Hunter was blunt about it , saying such things as , `` ... racial friction will occur if colored and white pilots are trained together . '' He backed Selway 's violations of Army Regulation 210 - 10 , which forbade segregation of air base facilities . They segregated base facilities so thoroughly they even drew a line in the base theater and ordered separate seating by races . When the audience sat in random patterns as part of `` Operation Checkerboard '' , the movie was halted to make men return to segregated seating . African - American officers petitioned base Commanding Officer William Boyd for access to the only officer 's club on base . Lieutenant Milton Henry entered the club and personally demanded his club rights ; he was court - martialed for this , and discharged .

\n

\n Subsequently , Colonel Boyd denied club rights to African - Americans although General Hunter stepped in and promised a separate but equal club would be built for black airmen . The 477th was transferred to Godman Field , Kentucky before the club was built . They had spent five months at Selfridge but found themselves on a base a fraction of Selfridge 's size , with no air - to - ground gunnery range , and deteriorating runways that were too short for B - 25 landings . Colonel Selway took on the second role of commanding officer of Godman Field . In that capacity , he ceded Godman Field 's officer club to African - American airmen . Caucasian officers used the whites - only clubs at nearby Fort Knox , much to the displeasure of African - American officers .

\n

\n Another irritant was a professional one for African - American officers . They observed a steady flow of white officers through the command positions of the group and squadrons ; these officers stayed just long enough to be `` promotable '' before transferring out at their new rank . This seemed to take about four months . In an extreme example , 22 - year - old Robert Mattern was promoted to captain , transferred into squadron command in the 477th days later , and left a month later as a major . He was replaced by another Caucasian officer . Meanwhile , no Tuskegee Airmen held command .

\n

\n On 15 March 1945 , the 477th was transferred to Freeman Field , near Seymour , Indiana . The white population of Freeman Field was 250 officers and 600 enlisted men . Superimposed on it were 400 African - American officers and 2,500 enlisted men of the 477th and its associated units . Freeman Field had a firing range , usable runways , and other amenities useful for training . African - American airmen would work in proximity with white ones ; both would live in a public housing project adjacent to the base .

\n

\n Colonel Selway turned the non-commissioned officers out of their club and turned it into a second officers club . He then classified all white personnel as cadre , and all African - Americans as trainees . One officers club became the cadre 's club . The old Non-Commissioned Officers Club , promptly sarcastically dubbed `` Uncle Tom 's Cabin '' , became the trainee 's officers club . At least four of the trainees had flown combat in Europe as fighter pilots , and had about four years in service . Four others had completed training as pilots , bombardiers and navigators , and may have been the only triply qualified officers in the entire Air Corps . Several of the Tuskegee Airmen had logged over 900 flight hours by this time . Nevertheless , by Colonel Selway 's fiat , they were trainees .

\n

\n Off - base was no better ; many businesses in Seymour would not serve African - Americans . A local laundry would not wash their clothes , yet willingly laundered those of captured German soldiers .

\n

\n In early April 1945 , the 118th Base Unit transferred in from Godman Field ; its African - American personnel held orders that specified they were base cadre , not trainees . On 5 April , officers of the 477th peaceably tried to enter the whites - only Officer 's Club . Selway had been tipped off by a phone call , and had the assistant provost marshal and base billeting manager stationed at the door to refuse the 477th officers entry . The latter , a major , ordered them to leave , and took their names as a means of arresting them when they refused . It was the beginning of the Freeman Field Mutiny .

\n

\n In the wake of the Freeman Field Mutiny , the 616th and 619th were disbanded and the returned 99th Fighter Squadron assigned to the 477th on 22 June 1945 ; it was re-designated the 477th Composite Group as a result . On 1 July 1945 , Colonel Robert Selway was relieved of the Group 's command ; he was replaced by Colonel Benjamin O. Davis , Jr . A complete sweep of Selway 's white staff followed , with all vacated jobs filled by African - American officers . The war ended before the 477th Composite Group could get into action . The 618th Bombardment Squadron was disbanded on October 8 , 1945 . On 13 March 1946 , the two - squadron group , supported by the 602nd Engineer Squadron ( later renamed 602nd Air Engineer Squadron ) , the 118th Base Unit , and a band , moved to its final station , Lockbourne Field . The 617th Bombardment Squadron and the 99th Fighter Squadron disbanded on July 1 , 1947 , ending the 477th Composite Group . It would be reorganized as the 332nd Fighter Wing .

\n

\n War accomplishments ( edit )

\n Office of War Information poster

\n In all , 992 pilots were trained in Tuskegee from 1941 - 46 . 355 were deployed overseas , and 84 lost their lives in accidents or combat . The toll included 68 pilots killed in action or accidents , 12 killed in training and non-combat missions and 32 captured as prisoners of war .

\n

\n The Tuskegee Airmen were credited by higher commands with the following accomplishments :

\n \n

\n Awards and decorations included :

\n \n

\n Controversy over escort record ( edit )

\n Men of the 332nd Fighter Group attend a briefing in Italy in 1945

\n On 24 March 1945 , during the war , the Chicago Defender said that no bomber escorted by the Tuskegee Airmen had ever been lost to enemy fire , under the headline : `` 332nd Flies Its 200th Mission Without Loss '' ; the article was based on information supplied by the 15th Air Force .

\n

\n This statement was repeated for many years , and not publicly challenged , partly because the mission reports were classified for a number of years after the war . In 2004 , William Holton , who was serving as the historian of the Tuskegee Airmen Incorporated , conducted research into wartime action reports .

\n

\n Alan Gropman , a professor at the National Defense University , disputed the initial refutations of the no - loss myth , and said he researched more than 200 Tuskegee Airmen mission reports and found no bombers were lost to enemy fighters . Dr. Daniel Haulman of the Air Force Historical Research Agency conducted a reassessment of the history of the unit in 2006 and early 2007 . His subsequent report , based on after - mission reports filed by both the bomber units and Tuskegee fighter groups , as well as missing air crew records and witness testimony , documented 25 bombers shot down by enemy fighter aircraft while being escorted by the Tuskegee Airmen .

\n

\n In a subsequent article , `` The Tuskegee Airmen and the Never Lost a Bomber Myth , '' published in the Alabama Review and also by New South Books as an e-book , and included in a more comprehensive study regarding misconceptions about the Tuskegee Airmen released by AFHRA in July 2013 , Haulman documented 27 bombers shot down by enemy aircraft while those bombers were being escorted by the 332nd Fighter Group . This total included 15 B - 17s of the 483rd Bombardment Group shot down during a particularly savage air battle with an estimated 300 German fighters on 18 July 1944 that also resulted in nine kill credits and the award of five Distinguished Flying Crosses to members of the 332nd .

\n

\n Of the 179 bomber escort missions the 332nd Fighter Group flew for the Fifteenth Air Force , the group encountered enemy aircraft on 35 of those missions and lost bombers to enemy aircraft on only seven , and the total number of bombers lost was 27 . By comparison , the average number of bombers lost by the other P - 51 fighter groups of the Fifteenth Air Force during the same period was 46 .

\n Tuskegee Airmen gathered at a U.S. base after a mission in the Mediterranean theater

\n A number of examples of the fighter group 's losses exist in the historical record . A mission report states that on 26 July 1944 : `` 1 B - 24 seen spiraling out of formation in T / A ( target area ) after attack by E / A ( enemy aircraft ) . No chutes seen to open . '' The Distinguished Flying Cross citation awarded to Colonel Benjamin O. Davis for the mission on 9 June 1944 noted that he `` so skillfully disposed his squadrons that in spite of the large number of enemy fighters , the bomber formation suffered only a few losses . ''

\n

\n William Holloman was reported by the Times as saying his review of records confirmed bombers had been lost . Holloman was a member of Tuskegee Airmen Inc. , a group of surviving Tuskegee pilots and their supporters , who also taught Black Studies at the University of Washington and chaired the Airmen 's history committee . According to the 28 March 2007 Air Force report , some bombers under 332nd Fighter Group escort protection were even shot down on the day the Chicago Defender article was published . The mission reports , however , do credit the group for not losing a bomber on an escort mission for a six - month period between September 1944 and March 1945 , albeit when Luftwaffe contacts were far fewer than earlier .

\n

\n Postwar ( edit )

\n Several Tuskegee Airmen at Ramitelli , Italy , March 1945

\n Contrary to negative predictions from some quarters , Tuskegee Airmen were some of the best pilots in the U.S. Army Air Forces due to a combination of pre-war experience and the personal drive of those accepted for training . Nevertheless , the Tuskegee Airmen continued to have to fight racism . Their combat record did much to quiet those directly involved with the group , notably bomber crews who often requested them for escort , but other units continued to harass these airmen . In 1949 , the 332nd entered the annual U.S. Continental Gunnery Meet in Las Vegas , Nevada . The competition included shooting aerial targets , shooting targets on the ground and dropping bombs on targets . Flying the long range Republic P - 47N Thunderbolt ( built for the long range escort mission in the Pacific theatre of World War II ) , the 332nd Fighter Wing took first place in the conventional fighter class . The pilots were Capt . Alva Temple , Lts . Harry Stewart , James Harvey III and Herbert Alexander . Lt. Harvey said , `` We had a perfect score . Three missions , two bombs per plane . We did n't guess at anything , we were good . '' They received congratulations from the Governor of Ohio , and Air Force commanders across the nation .

\n

\n After segregation in the military was ended in 1948 by President Harry S. Truman with Executive Order 9981 , the veteran Tuskegee Airmen now found themselves in high demand throughout the newly formed United States Air Force . Some taught in civilian flight schools , such as the black - owned Columbia Air Center in Maryland . On 11 May 1949 , Air Force Letter 35.3 was published , which mandated that black Airmen be screened for reassignment to formerly all - white units according to qualifications .

\n

\n Tuskegee Airmen were instrumental in postwar developments in aviation . Edward A. Gibbs was a civilian flight instructor in the U.S. Aviation Cadet Program at Tuskegee during its inception . He later became the founder of Negro Airmen International , an association joined by many airmen . USAF General Daniel `` Chappie '' James Jr. ( then Lt . ) was an instructor of the 99th Pursuit Squadron , later a fighter pilot in Europe . In 1975 , he became the first African - American to reach the rank of four - star general . Post-war commander of the 99th Squadron Marion Rodgers went on to work in communications for NORAD and as a program developer for the Apollo 13 project .

\n

\n In 2005 , seven Tuskegee Airmen , including Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Carter , Colonel Charles McGee , group historian Ted Johnson , and Lieutenant Colonel Lee Archer , flew to Balad , Iraq , to speak to active duty airmen serving in the current incarnation of the 332nd , which was reactivated as the 332nd Air Expeditionary Group in 1998 and made part of the 332nd Air Expeditionary Wing . `` This group represents the linkage between the ' greatest generation ' of airmen and the ' latest generation ' of airmen , '' said Lt. Gen. Walter E. Buchanan III , commander of the Ninth Air Force and US Central Command Air Forces .

\n

\n No one knows how many of the original 996 pilots and about 16,000 ground personnel are still alive . Surviving members of the Tuskegee Airmen participate annually in the Tuskegee Airmen Convention , which is hosted by Tuskegee Airmen , Inc .

\n

\n Willie Rogers , the last surviving member of the original Tuskegee Airmen , died at the age of 101 on 18 November 2016 in St. Petersburg , Florida following a stroke . Rogers was drafted into the Army in 1942 and was part of the 100th Air Engineer Squad. Rogers also served with the Red Tail Angels . He was wounded in action , shot in the stomach and leg by German soldiers , during a mission in Italy in January 1943 . In 2007 , President George W. Bush awarded him the Congressional Gold Medal. Rev. Irby said Rogers was a `` passionate oral historian . ''

\n

\n Legacy and honors ( edit )

\n A tail signed by surviving Tuskegee Airmen located at the Palm Springs Air Museum , Palm Springs , California . The Hangar One Museum at the Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site at Moton Field , Tuskegee , Alabama . The Congressional Gold Medal was collectively presented to approximately 300 Tuskegee Airmen or their widows , at the U.S. Capitol rotunda in Washington , D.C. by President George W. Bush on 29 March 2007 Red Tails continue to fly in the 99th Flying Training Squadron at Randolph Air Force Base in honor of the Tuskegee Airmen The restored P - 51 Mustang associated with the Tuskegee Airmen , now flown by Red Tail Project as described in Red Tail Reborn The new redesigned Tuskegee Airmen Depot sticker .

\n On 29 March 2007 , the Tuskegee Airmen were collectively awarded a Congressional Gold Medal at a ceremony in the U.S. Capitol rotunda . The medal is currently on display at the Smithsonian Institution . The airfield where the airmen trained is now the Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site .

\n

\n Thurgood Marshall , the future Supreme Court justice , got his start defending Tuskegee bomber trainees . The 477th Bombardment Group was formed in 1944 to extend the so - called `` Tuskegee experiment '' by allowing black aviators to serve on bomber crews . The aim was to send pilots -- many of them veterans of the original Tuskegee fighter group -- back to the States for training on B - 25 bombers . While in Indiana , some of the African - American officers were arrested and charged with mutiny after entering an all - white officers ' club . Marshall , then a young lawyer , represented the 100 black officers who had landed in jail as a result of the confrontation . The men were soon released ( although one was later convicted of violent conduct and fined ) .

\n

\n Other members of the Tuskegee Airmen have made contributions in the world of business . Eugene Winslow founded Afro - Am Publishing in Chicago , Illinois , which published Great Negroes Past and Present in 1963 .

\n

\n Daniel `` Chappie '' James Jr. started his career in the early 1940s at Tuskegee , joining the Army Air Corps in July 1943 . After the war ended , James stayed in what became the Air Force and flew missions in both Korea and Vietnam . In 1969 , James was put in command of Wheelus Air Base outside of Tripoli .

\n

\n Three Tuskegee airmen went on to become generals . For keeping his cool in the face of Qaddafi 's troops , James was appointed a brigadier general by President Nixon . However , he was not the only graduate of the `` Tuskegee experiment '' to make flag rank . James followed in the footsteps of Benjamin O. Davis Jr. , the original commander of the 332nd Fighter Group and the first black general in the U.S. Air Force . Another Tuskegee aviator , Lucius Theus , retired a major general after dedicating most of his 36 - year career in the Air Force to improving the military 's bureaucracy , helping to implement a direct deposit system for service members .

\n

\n In 2006 , California Congressman Adam Schiff and Missouri Congressman William Lacy Clay , Jr. , led the initiative to create a commemorative postage stamp to honor the Tuskegee Airmen .

\n

\n The 99th Flying Training Squadron flies T - 1A Jayhawks and , in honor of the Tuskegee Airmen , painted the tops of the tails of their aircraft red . On August 1 , 2008 , Camp Creek Parkway , a portion of State Route 6 in south Fulton County and in the City of East Point near Atlanta , Georgia , was officially renamed in honor of the Tuskegee Airmen . The road is a highway that serves as the main artery into Hartsfield - Jackson International Airport .

\n

\n The Heinz History Center in Pittsburgh presented an award to several Western Pennsylvania Tuskegee veterans , as well as suburban Sewickley , Pennsylvania dedicated a memorial to the seven from that municipality . An exhibit was established at Pittsburgh International Airport in Concourse A .

\n

\n On 9 December 2008 , the Tuskegee Airmen were invited to attend the inauguration of Barack Obama , the first African - American elected as President . Retired Lt. William Broadwater , 82 , of Upper Marlboro , Maryland , a Tuskegee Airman , summed up the feeling . `` The culmination of our efforts and others was this great prize we were given on Nov. 4 . Now we feel like we 've completed our mission . '' More than 180 airmen attended the 20 January 2009 inauguration .

\n

\n The Tuskegee Airmen Memorial was erected at Walterboro Army Airfield , South Carolina , in honor of the Tuskegee Airmen , their instructors , and ground support personnel who trained at the Walterboro Army Airfield during World War II . In the 2010 Rose Parade , the city of West Covina , California paid tribute to the `` service and commitment of the Tuskegee Airmen '' with a float , entitled `` Tuskegee Airmen -- A Cut Above '' , which featured a large bald eagle , two replica World War II `` Redtail '' fighter aircraft and historical images of some of the airmen who served . The float won the mayor 's trophy as the most outstanding city entry -- national or international .

\n

\n In June 1998 , the Ohio Army and Air National guard opened a jointly operated dining hall . They dedicated the new dining facility called the `` Red Tail Dining Facility '' to the Tuskegee Airmen . The facility is operated at the Rickenbacker ANG base outside of Columbus Ohio .

\n

\n In January 2012 , MTA Regional Bus Operations officially changed the name of its 100th Street depot in New York City to the Tuskegee Airmen Depot . In 2012 , George Lucas produced Red Tails , a film based on the experiences of the Tuskegee Airmen .

\n

\n In 2012 , Aldine Independent School District in Harris County , Texas named Benjamin O. Davis High School in honor of Benjamin O. Davis Jr .

\n

\n Artistic depictions of the Tuskegee Airmen ( edit )

\n \n

\n There is a mural depicting the Tuskegee Airmen and their contributions at 39th and Chestnut Streets in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .

\n

\n In popular culture ( edit )

\n Play media Tuskegee Airmen were featured in Wings for This Man ( 1945 ) \n

\n Squadron images ( edit )

\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ U.S. state and local laws enacted between 1876 and 1965 that mandated de jure racial segregation in all public activities were collectively known as the `` Jim Crow laws '' ; the name derivation from a contemporary pejorative for Black Americans .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Pursuit '' being the U.S. term for `` fighter '' to May 1942 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ It may have been a lawsuit from a rejected candidate , that caused the USAAC to accept black applicants . Yancey Williams , an African American otherwise qualified for military pilot 's training , filed suit in the District Court in Washington , DC for admittance to training . He was backed by the National Association of for the Advancement of Colored People .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ The Coffey School of Aeronautics in Chicago was also considered . Tuskegee 's already existent CPTP , ground school training facilities , availability of nearby Montgomery Field , and better flying weather certainly offered some advantages .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ The physical requirements that made it possible to fit in a fighter 's cockpit with a height less than 70 inches , weight under 170 pounds , precluded many larger African - American men from eligibility .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Each B - 25 bomber cost $175,000 . Overall cost of the entire group was estimated at $20,000,000 .
    7. \n
\n

\n Citations ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ See `` Pronunciation of Tuskegee '' , thefreedictionary.com ; retrieved October 3 , 2010 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Tuskegee Airmen Pilot Listing '' Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , tuskegee.edu ; retrieved 13 May 2014 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ An Unknown Latino Tuskegee Airman Has Been Discovered
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Woodward and McFeely ( 2001 ) , p. 6 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Francis and Caso 1997 , pp. 38 -- 39 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Lloyd 2000 , p. 176 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , p. 19 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` The Tuskegee Airmen '' .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , p. 25 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Benton 1999 , p. 43 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Mrs. Roosevelt Goes for a Ride - Red Tail Squadron '' . Red Tail Squadron .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : Moye 2010 , pp. 52 -- 54 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 15 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 26 -- 37 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , p. 57 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Thole 2002 , p. 48 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly 2001 , pp. 36 -- 37 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Lambertson , Gilles . `` History of Flight : The Other Harlem . '' Air & Space Magazine , 1 March 2010 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` Fact sheet : Tuskegee Airmen '' Archived 19 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , National Museum of the United States Air Force website ; retrieved 22 October 2010 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 93 -- 94 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly , p. 68 .
    22. \n
  22. \n ^ Jump up to : Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 233 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly 2001 , pp. 31 -- 32 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 56 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Smith , Gene . `` Colonel Parrish 's Orders . '' American History , Volume 46 , Issue 3 , May / June 1995 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 258 .
    27. \n
  27. \n ^ Jump up to : Jones , D.R. , L.P. Gross and R. Marchbanks - Robinson . `` United States Army Aeromedical Support to African Fliers , 1941 -- 1949 : The Tuskegee Flight Surgeons '' , SAM - FE - BR - TR - 2007 - 0001 : US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine ( 2007 ) ; retrieved 20 March 2010 .
    28. \n
  28. \n ^ Jump up to : Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 214 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 93 -- 95 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` Davis Leads the 99th into Combat '' Archived 5 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , The National Museum of the United States Air Force ; retrieved 27 July 2012 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Wolk , Herman S. `` Pantelleria , 1943 '' Archived 20 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , airforce-magazine.com , June 2002 ; retrieved 12 February 2012 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Molony et al. 2004 , p. 49 .
    33. \n
  33. \n ^ Jump up to : `` 99th Flying Training Squadron History . '' United States Air Force ; retrieved 12 June 2011 .
    34. \n
  34. \n ^ Jump up to : `` 332d Fighter Squadron '' , everworld.com ; retrieved 9 July 2012 .
    35. \n
  35. \n ^ Jump up to : Rice , Markus . `` The Men and Their Airplanes : The Fighters '' , Tuskegee Airmen via logicalthinker2.tripod.com , 1 March 2000 .
    36. \n
  36. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Black Americans in Defense of Our Nation . '' Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Sam Houston State University ; retrieved 11 June 2011 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Celebrating African Americans in Aviation '' , San Diego Air & Space Museum ; retrieved 12 June 2011 .
    38. \n
  38. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Escort Excellence '' Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , nationalmuseum.af.mil ; retrieved 12 June 2011 .
    39. \n
  39. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Escort Excellence '' Archived 9 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , nationalmuseum.af.mil ; retrieved 27 July 2012 .
    40. \n
  40. \n ^ Jump up to : Moye 2010 , p. 123 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 219 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 94 , 124 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly 2001 , p. 177 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 457 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly 2001 , p. 186 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 207 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly , pp. 180 -- 82 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly 2001 , pp. 185 -- 86 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 126 -- 27 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 128 -- 29 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 131 -- 32 .
    52. \n
  52. \n ^ Jump up to : Homan and Reilly 2001 , p. 187 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , pp. 132 -- 33 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , p. 133 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Homan and Reilly 2001 , pp. 206 -- 08 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Francis and Caso. 1997 , p. 263 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ `` Escort Excellence . '' Archived 9 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . National Museum of the United States Air Force ; retrieved 12 August 2013 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Tillman 2012 , p. 24 .
    59. \n
  59. \n ^ Jump up to : Francis and Caso 1997 , p. 394 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , pp. 405 -- 13 ( Tuskegee Honor Roll ) , books.google.com ; accessed 5 January 2017 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Haulman , Dr. Daniel L. Misconceptions About the Tuskegee Airmen Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , AFHRA.af.mil , 24 July 2013 ; retrieved 26 October 2013 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Haulman , Dr. Daniel L. `` Nine Myths about the Tuskegee Airmen '' Archived 31 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , tuskegee.edu , 21 October 2011 ; retrieved 5 February 2012 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` The Freeman Field Mutiny : A Study In Leadership '' , Air University , Maxwell - Gunter Air Force Base , Montgomery , Alabama ; retrieved 12 June 2011 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Haulman 2012 , p. 52 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Haulman , Dr. Daniel L. `` Chronological Table of Tuskegee Airmen Who Earned the Distinguished Flying Cross '' ; retrieved 28 July 2012 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` Air Force Historical Study 82 '' ( 1969 ) Archived 30 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , afhra.maxwell.af.mil ; retrieved 16 February 2007 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Johnson , Bob . `` Ex-Pilot Confirms Bomber Loss , Flier Shot down in 1944 was Escorted by Tuskegee Airmen '' , p . A18 , WashingtonPost.com , 17 December 2006 ; retrieved 20 March 2010 .
    68. \n
  68. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Report : Tuskegee Airmen lost 25 bombers . '' USA Today ; retrieved 1 April 2007 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Moye 2010 , p. 122 .
    70. \n
  70. \n ^ Jump up to : Levesque , William R. `` An uneasy question for the Tuskegee Airmen : The heroism of the Tuskegee Airmen is legendary , but some wonder if they really never lost a bomber . And that does n't sit well . '' St. Petersburg Times , 26 January 2008 ; retrieved 10 October 2010 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` Report : Tuskegee Airmen lost 25 bombers '' , aimpoints.hq.af.mil , 2 April 2007 ; retrieved 10 April 2007 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Haulman , Dr. Daniel L. ( 2010 ) . Tuskegee Airmen Chronology `` , p. 29 , afnews.af.mil ; retrieved 31 October 2013 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ Haulman , Dr. Daniel L. ( 2013 ) . `` Misconceptions About the Tuskegee Airmen '' Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , afhra.af.mil ; retrieved 26 October 2013 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ Banerji , Shilpa . `` Historians Question Record of Tuskegee Airmen '' Archived 20 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , diverseeducation.com , 19 June 2008 ; retrieved 20 March 2010 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ Haulman , `` Tuskegee Airmen Chronology '' , p. 55
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ `` Tuskegee Airmen History '' Archived 30 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , tuskegeeairmen.org ; retrieved 11 October 2010 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Aviation History Magazine , March 2012 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Francis and Caso 1997 , pp. 402 -- 04 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ Zieminski , Andy . `` County 's first black - owned airport becomes training ground . '' Gazette.net : Maryland Community Newspapers Online , 7 February 2008 ; retrieved 20 March 2010 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ Gubert et al. 2002 , p. 130 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` General Daniel James Jr . '' Official United States Air Force ( 1978 ) ; retrieved 20 November 2015 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Jeremy Bloom . `` Wishes for Our Warriors '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 5 January 2017 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` Tuskegee Airmen suit up , head to Iraq . '' USA Today , 22 October 2005 ; retrieved 20 March 2010 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. `` Inauguration Is a Culmination for Black Airmen . '' The New York Times via nytimes.com , 12 October 2008 ; retrieved 20 March 2010 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ `` Latest Tuskegee Airmen News '' , tuskegeeairmen.org ; retrieved 20 March 2010 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Times , Air Force . `` Willie Rogers , Tuskegee Airman , dies at 101 after stroke '' . Air Force Times . Retrieved 27 November 2016 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ `` Willie Rogers , Tuskegee Airman , dies at 101 in Florida '' . Fox News . 21 November 2016 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Library of Congress . Resolved by the Senate ( the House of Representatives concurring ) , That the Rotunda of the Capitol is authorized to be used on 29 March 2007 , for a ceremony to award a Congressional ... ( Engrossed as Agreed to or Passed by Senate ) , 7 March 2007 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ Price , Deb . `` Nation to honor Tuskegee Airmen . '' The Detroit News , 29 March 2007 ; retrieved 5 January 2017 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` Tuskegee Airmen Gold Medal Bill Signed Into Law . '' Office of Congressman Charles B. Rangel ; retrieved 26 October 2006 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ Evans , Ben . `` Tuskegee Airmen awarded Congressional Gold Medal . '' , thetandd.com , 30 March 2007 ; retrieved 30 April 2007 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ `` Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site '' , nps.gov ; retrieved 20 March 2010 .
    93. \n
  93. \n ^ Jump up to : `` History in the Headlines : The Tuskegee Airmen : 5 Fascinating Facts '' , History.com , 20 January 2012 ; retrieved 9 July 2012 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ `` Eugene Winslow , 81 : Tuskegee Airman , Pioneering Designer '' , Chicago Tribune , 11 July 2001 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ Oblack , Sean . `` Schiff Votes to Honor Tuskegee Airmen '' Archived 26 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , schiff.house.gov ; , retrieved 20 March 2010 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ `` Georgia General Assembly ( 2008 ) House Resolution 1023 Act 745 '' ( pdf ) . Georgia General Assembly Legislation . Georgia General Assembly . 14 May 2008 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Majors , Dan . `` Real Tuskegee airman approves of new film about their service in WW II : One good tale '' , Pittsburgh Post-Gazette , 21 January 2012 ; retrieved 5 February 2012 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Ove , Torsten . `` Tuskegee Airmen exhibit opens at airport '' , post-gazette.com , 13 September 2013 ; accessed 5 January 2017 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. `` Tuskegee Airmen Invited to Obama Inauguration . '' The New York Times , 9 December 2008 ; retrieved 20 March 2010 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ We 've Completed Our Mission . Washington Post , 13 December 2008 , p . B01 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ Longoria , R. Michael ( 20 January 2009 ) . `` Inauguration Brings Tuskegee Airmen to Bolling '' , U.S. Air Force website ; retrieved 5 April 2016 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ della Cava , Marco R. `` George Lucas ' ' Red Tails ' salutes Tuskegee Airmen '' , USA Today , 5 January 2012 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ `` First day comes with grade - school glitches '' . Houston Chronicle. 2012 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 16 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ Pritzker Military Library Dedicates Oral History Room With Painting Unveiling and Program About the Tuskegee Airmen , prweb.com ; accessed 5 January 2017 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ https://www.muralarts.org/artworks/tuskegee-airmen-they-met-the-challenge/
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ Wings for This Man on IMDb
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ `` '' 12 O'Clock High '' Graveyard ( TV Episode 1966 ) `` . IMDb .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ The Tuskegee Airmen on IMDb
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ `` 1997 G.I. Joe Classic Collection '' , mastercollector.com ; retrieved 20 March 2010 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ Ambrose 2001 , p. 27
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ Silver Wings & Civil Rights : The Fight to Fly on IMDb
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ Silver Wings & Civil Rights : The Flight to Fly Archived 20 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine. , fight2fly.com ; retrieved 20 March 2010 .
    113. \n
\n

\n Bibliography ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tuskegee Airmen .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Tuskegee Airmen
\n Units \n
    \n
  • \n 99th Fighter Squadron
    • \n
  • \n 100th Fighter Squadron
    • \n
  • \n 301st Fighter Squadron
    • \n
  • \n 302nd Fighter Squadron
    • \n
  • \n 332nd Fighter Group
    • \n
  • \n 477th Fighter Group
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Air fields \n
    \n
  • \n Chanute Field
    • \n
  • \n Moton Army Air Field
    • \n
  • \n Tuskegee Army Air Field
    • \n
\n
\n Pilots and crew \n
    \n
  • \n Benjamin O. Davis Jr. ( C / O )
    • \n
  • \n Lee Archer
    • \n
  • \n Henry Cabot Lodge Bohler
    • \n
  • \n George L. Brown
    • \n
  • \n Roscoe Brown
    • \n
  • \n William A. Campbell
    • \n
  • \n Herbert Carter
    • \n
  • \n Eugene Calvin Cheatham Jr .
    • \n
  • \n Milton Crenchaw
    • \n
  • \n Clarence Dart
    • \n
  • \n Alfonza W. Davis
    • \n
  • \n Gene Derricotte
    • \n
  • \n Charles Dryden
    • \n
  • \n Julius Freeman
    • \n
  • \n Joseph Gomer
    • \n
  • \n Oliver Goodall
    • \n
  • \n Arthur C. Harmon
    • \n
  • \n Raymond V. Haysbert
    • \n
  • \n Percy Heath
    • \n
  • \n Mitchell Higginbotham
    • \n
  • \n Daniel `` Chappie '' James Jr .
    • \n
  • \n Alexander Jefferson
    • \n
  • \n Herman A. Johnson
    • \n
  • \n James B. Knighten
    • \n
  • \n Charles William Ledbetter
    • \n
  • \n Hiram Mann
    • \n
  • \n Charles McGee
    • \n
  • \n John Mosley
    • \n
  • \n Fitzroy Newsum
    • \n
  • \n Wendell O. Pruitt
    • \n
  • \n Louis R. Purnell Sr .
    • \n
  • \n Lawrence E. Roberts
    • \n
  • \n Isaiah Edward Robinson Jr .
    • \n
  • \n Robert Searcy
    • \n
  • \n David Showell
    • \n
  • \n Wilmeth Sidat - Singh
    • \n
  • \n Eugene Smith
    • \n
  • \n Vernon Sport
    • \n
  • \n Lowell Steward
    • \n
  • \n Charles `` Chuck '' Stone Jr .
    • \n
  • \n Percy Sutton
    • \n
  • \n Roger Terry
    • \n
  • \n Robert B. Tresville
    • \n
  • \n Spann Watson
    • \n
  • \n Malvin `` Mal '' Whitfield
    • \n
  • \n Henry Wise Jr .
    • \n
  • \n Coleman Young
    • \n
\n
\n Incidents \n Freeman Field Mutiny
\n Aircraft \n
    \n
  • \n Bell P - 39 Airacobra
    • \n
  • \n Curtiss P - 40 Warhawk
    • \n
  • \n North American P - 51 Mustang
    • \n
  • \n Republic P - 47 Thunderbolt
    • \n
\n
\n Media \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Fictional films \n
    \n
  • \n The Tuskegee Airmen ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n Hart 's War ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Red Tails ( 2012 )
    • \n
\n
\n Documentaries \n
    \n
  • \n Red Tail Reborn ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Flight of the Red Tail ( 2009 )
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Henry Browne , Farmer
    • \n
  • \n Wings for This Man
    • \n
  • \n `` Wingmen ''
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Legacy \n
    \n
  • \n Red Tail Squadron
    • \n
  • \n Tuskegee Airmen , Inc
    • \n
  • \n Tuskegee University
    • \n
  • \n Tuskegee Airmen National Historic Site
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Maycie Herrington
    • \n
  • \n Buford A. Johnson
    • \n
  • \n Noel F. Parrish
    • \n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n African American military history
    • \n
  • \n Buffalo Soldier
    • \n
  • \n Golden Thirteen
    • \n
  • \n 366th Infantry Regiment
    • \n
  • \n U.S. Army Black Panthers
    • \n
  • \n United States Colored Troops
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n USAAF Fifteenth Air Force in World War II
\n Stations \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Tunisia \n
    \n
  • \n Bizerte
    • \n
  • \n Depienne
    • \n
  • \n Enfidaville
    • \n
  • \n Massicault
    • \n
  • \n Oudna
    • \n
  • \n Pont du Fahs
    • \n
  • \n Sainte Marie du Zit
    • \n
  • \n Soliman
    • \n
\n
\n Italy \n
    \n
  • \n Amendola
    • \n
  • \n Bari
    • \n
  • \n Castelltuccio
    • \n
  • \n Cattolica
    • \n
  • \n Celone
    • \n
  • \n Cerignola
    • \n
  • \n Fano
    • \n
  • \n Foggia
    • \n
  • \n Gioia del Colle
    • \n
  • \n Grottaglie
    • \n
  • \n Giulia
    • \n
  • \n Lesina
    • \n
  • \n Lucera
    • \n
  • \n Madna
    • \n
  • \n Manduria
    • \n
  • \n Marcianise
    • \n
  • \n Mondolfo
    • \n
  • \n Pantanella
    • \n
  • \n Piagiolino
    • \n
  • \n Pisa
    • \n
  • \n Rimini
    • \n
  • \n Salsosa
    • \n
  • \n San Giovanni
    • \n
  • \n San Pancrazio
    • \n
  • \n San Severo
    • \n
  • \n Spinazzola
    • \n
  • \n Sterparone
    • \n
  • \n Tortorella
    • \n
  • \n Torremaggiore
    • \n
  • \n Torretto
    • \n
  • \n Triolo
    • \n
  • \n Venosa
    • \n
  • \n Vincenzo
    • \n
\n
\n 		\n
\n Units \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Wings \n
    \n
  • \n 5th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 47th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 49th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 55th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 304th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 305th Fighter ( P )
    • \n
  • \n 306th Fighter
    • \n
\n
\n Groups \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Bombardment \n
    \n
  • \n 2nd Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 97th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 98th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 99th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 301st Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 376th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 449th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 450th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 451st Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 454th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 455th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 456th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 459th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 460th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 461st Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 463rd Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 464th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 465th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 483rd Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 484th Bombardment
    • \n
  • \n 485th Bombardment
    • \n
\n
\n Fighter \n
    \n
  • \n 1st Fighter
    • \n
  • \n 14th Fighter
    • \n
  • \n 31st Fighter
    • \n
  • \n 52nd Fighter
    • \n
  • \n 82nd Fighter
    • \n
  • \n 325th Fighter
    • \n
  • \n 332nd Fighter
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n United States Army Air Forces
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n First
    • \n
  • \n Second
    • \n
  • \n Third
    • \n
  • \n Fourth
    • \n
  • \n Fifth
    • \n
  • \n Sixth
    • \n
  • \n Seventh
    • \n
  • \n Eighth
    • \n
  • \n Ninth
    • \n
  • \n Tenth
    • \n
  • \n Eleventh
    • \n
  • \n Twelfth
    • \n
  • \n Thirteenth
    • \n
  • \n Fourteenth
    • \n
  • \n Fifteenth
    • \n
  • \n Twentieth
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n United States in World War II
\n Home front \n
    \n
  • \n American music during World War II
    • \n
  • \n United States aircraft production during World War II
    • \n
  • \n Arizona during World War II
    • \n
  • \n Nevada during World War II
    • \n
  • \n New Mexico during World War II
    • \n
  • \n Greatest Generation
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n American women \n
    \n
  • \n Women Airforce Service Pilots
    • \n
  • \n Women 's Army Corps
    • \n
  • \n Woman 's Land Army of America
    • \n
  • \n Rosie the Riveter
    • \n
\n
\n Minorities \n
    \n
  • \n Hispanic Americans in World War II
    • \n
  • \n Native Americans and World War II
    • \n
  • \n Puerto Ricans in World War II
    • \n
\n
\n 		\n
\n Military participation \n
    \n
  • \n Army ( Uniforms )
    • \n
  • \n Army Air Force
    • \n
  • \n Marine Corps
    • \n
  • \n Navy
    • \n
  • \n Service medals ( Medal of Honor recipients )
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Events \n
    \n
  • \n List of battles
    • \n
  • \n Attack on Pearl Harbor
    • \n
  • \n Normandy landings
    • \n
  • \n Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
    • \n
\n
\n Minorities \n
    \n
  • \n African Americans ( Tuskegee Airmen )
    • \n
  • \n Asian Americans ( Japanese Americans )
    • \n
  • \n Jewish Americans
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Diplomatic participation \n
    \n
  • \n Lend - Lease
    • \n
  • \n Destroyers for Bases Agreement
    • \n
  • \n Project Hula
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Eleanor Roosevelt
\n
    \n
  • \n Chairwoman , Presidential Commission on the Status of Women ( 1961 -- 1962 )
    • \n
  • \n 34th First Lady of the United States ( 1933 -- 1945 )
    • \n
\n
\n United Nations \n
    \n
  • \n United States delegate , United Nations General Assembly ( 1946 -- 1952 )
    • \n
  • \n United Nations Commission on Human Rights ( 1947 -- 1953 , Chairperson 1946 -- 1951 )
    • \n
  • \n Universal Declaration of Human Rights
    • \n
  • \n Human Rights Day
    • \n
\n
\n First Lady of the United States \n
    \n
  • \n `` My Day '' daily newspaper column , 1935 -- 1962
    • \n
  • \n Co-Chair , Office of Civilian Defense
    • \n
  • \n Marian Anderson Lincoln Memorial Concert
    • \n
  • \n Tuskegee Airmen flight
    • \n
  • \n Arthurdale and Eleanor , West Virginia
    • \n
  • \n American Youth Congress
      \n
    • \n National Youth Administration
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Black Cabinet
    • \n
  • \n 1940 Democratic National Convention speech
    • \n
  • \n Women in Defense
    • \n
  • \n Freedom House
    • \n
\n
\n Other events \n
    \n
  • \n First Lady of New York
    • \n
  • \n Presidential Commission on the Status of Women
      \n
    • \n National Organization for Women
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Encampment for Citizenship
    • \n
\n
\n Life and homes \n
    \n
  • \n Val - Kill National Historic Site
      \n
    • \n Val - Kill Industries
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Campobello home
      \n
    • \n Franklin D. Roosevelt 's paralytic illness
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Hyde Park home and gravesite
    • \n
\n
\n Legacy \n
    \n
  • \n Roosevelt Institute
      \n
    • \n Roosevelt Institute Campus Network
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Roosevelt Study Center
    • \n
  • \n Eleanor Roosevelt Monument
    • \n
  • \n Eleanor Roosevelt Award for Human Rights
    • \n
  • \n Statue at the Franklin Roosevelt Memorial
    • \n
  • \n Eleanor Roosevelt College
    • \n
  • \n Marian Anderson : the Lincoln Memorial Concert ( 1939 film )
    • \n
  • \n Sunrise at Campobello ( 1958 play , 1960 film )
    • \n
  • \n The Eleanor Roosevelt Story ( 1965 film )
    • \n
  • \n Eleanor and Franklin ( 1976 film )
    • \n
  • \n Eleanor and Franklin : The White House Years ( 1977 film )
    • \n
  • \n The Roosevelts ( 2014 documentary )
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights
    • \n
  • \n International Bill of Human Rights
      \n
    • \n International Covenant on Economic , Social and Cultural Rights
      • \n
    • \n International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Morgenthau Plan
    • \n
\n
\n Roosevelt family \n
    \n
  • \n Franklin D. Roosevelt ( husband
    • \n
  • \n presidency )
    • \n
  • \n Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( daughter )
    • \n
  • \n James Roosevelt II ( son )
    • \n
  • \n Elliott Roosevelt ( son )
    • \n
  • \n Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr. ( son )
    • \n
  • \n John Roosevelt II ( son )
    • \n
  • \n Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves ( granddaughter )
    • \n
  • \n Curtis Roosevelt ( grandson )
    • \n
  • \n Sara Delano Roosevelt ( granddaughter )
    • \n
  • \n Franklin Delano Roosevelt III ( grandson )
    • \n
  • \n John Roosevelt Boettiger ( grandson )
    • \n
  • \n James Roosevelt III ( grandson )
    • \n
  • \n Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt ( father )
    • \n
  • \n Anna Hall Roosevelt ( mother )
    • \n
  • \n Hall Roosevelt ( brother )
    • \n
  • \n Theodore Roosevelt Sr. ( grandfather )
    • \n
  • \n Martha Stewart Bulloch ( grandmother )
    • \n
  • \n Theodore Roosevelt ( uncle
    • \n
  • \n presidency )
    • \n
  • \n Bamie Roosevelt ( aunt )
    • \n
  • \n Fala ( family dog )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuskegee_Airmen&oldid=838231620 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where did the first african american air force unit train", "long_answers": ["All black military pilots who trained in the United States trained at Moton Field , the Tuskegee Army Air Field , and were educated at Tuskegee University , located near Tuskegee , Alabama . The group included five Haitians from the Haitian Air Force , and one pilot from Trinidad. . It also included a Hispanic or Latino airman born in the Dominican Republic .\n"], "short_answers": ["Moton Field , the Tuskegee Army Air Field\n"]} {"text": "Seedless fruit - wikipedia

\n Seedless fruit

\n Jump to : navigation , search Seedless watermelon

\n A seedless fruit is a fruit developed to possess no mature seeds . As consumption of seedless fruits is generally easier and more convenient , they are considered commercially valuable .

\n

\n Most commercially produced seedless fruits have been developed from plants whose fruits normally contain numerous relatively large hard seeds distributed throughout the flesh of the fruit .

\n

\n Varieties ( edit )

\n

\n Common varieties of seedless fruits include watermelons , tomatoes , grapes ( such as Termarina rossa ) , and bananas . Additionally , there are numerous seedless citrus fruits , such as oranges , lemons and limes .

\n

\n The term `` seedless fruit '' is biologically somewhat contradictory , since fruits are usually defined botanically as mature ovaries containing seeds .

\n

\n Seedless fruits can develop in one of two ways : either the fruit develops without fertilization ( parthenocarpy ) , or pollination triggers fruit development , but the ovules or embryos abort without producing mature seeds ( stenospermocarpy ) . Seedless banana and watermelon fruits are produced on triploid plants , whose three sets of chromosomes make it very unlikely for meiosis to produce fertile gametes . This is because one of the three copies of each chromosome ca n't pair with another appropriate chromosome before separating into daughter cells , so these extra third copies end up randomly distributed between the two daughter cells from meiosis 1 , resulting in the ( usually ) swiftly lethal aneuploidy condition . Such plants can arise by spontaneous mutation or by hybridization between diploid and tetraploid individuals of the same or different species . Some species , such as tomato , pineapple , and cucumber , produce seedless fruit if not pollinated , but will produce seeded fruit if pollination occurs .

\n

\n Lacking seeds , and thus the capacity to propagate via the fruit , the plants are generally propagated vegetatively from cuttings , by grafting , or in the case of bananas , from `` pups '' ( offsets ) . In such cases the resulting plants are genetically identical clones . By contrast , seedless watermelons are grown from seeds . These seeds are produced by crossing diploid and tetraploid lines of watermelon , with the resulting seeds producing sterile triploid plants . Fruit development is triggered by pollination , so these plants must be grown alongside a diploid strain to provide pollen . Triploid plants with seedless fruits can also be produced using endosperm culture for the regeneration of triploid plantlets from endosperm tissue via somatic embryogenesis .

\n

\n One disadvantage of most seedless crops is a significant reduction in the amount of genetic diversity in the species . As genetically identical clones , a pest or disease that affects one individual is likely capable of affecting each of its clones . For example , the vast majority of commercially produced bananas are cloned from a single source , the Cavendish cultivar , and those plants are currently threatened worldwide by a newly discovered fungal disease to which they are highly susceptible .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Frost , H.B. , Soost , R.K. ( 1968 ) `` Seed reproduction : development of gametes and embryos '' . In : Reuther , W. Webber , H.J. , Batchelor , L.D. ( eds ) The Citrus Industry , vol. II : 290 - 324 University of California Press , Berkeley , California .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Gmitter , F.G. , Jr. , Ling , X . ( 1991 ) Embryogenesis in vitro and nonchimeric tetraploid plant recovery from undeveloped Citrus ovules treated with colchicine . J. Amer . Soc . Hort. Sci 116 : 317 - 321
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Soost , R.K. , Cameron , J.W. ( 1985 ) `` ' Melogold ' a triploid Pummelo - grapefruit hybrid . HortScience 20 : 1134 - 1135
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Nowicki , Marcin ; et al. ( 26 October 2013 ) , More than meets the eye : A multi-year expressivity analyses of tomato sterility in ps and ps - 2 lines ( PDF ) , Australian Journal of Crop Science , 7 ( 13 ) : 2154 - 2161 ; Southern Cross Publishing , retrieved 2013 - 10 - 29
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ J. Robinson , J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties , including their origins and flavours pg 1047 Allen Lane 2012 ISBN 978 - 1 - 846 - 14446 - 2
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ KOEPPEL , DAN ( Dec 27 , 2007 ) . Banana , THE FATE OF THE FRUIT THAT CHANGED THE WORLD . Plume . ISBN 9781101213919 .
    7. \n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seedless_fruit&oldid=796934080 '' Categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what is the only fruit that does not have seeds", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "List of Scandal episodes - wikipedia

\n List of Scandal episodes

\n Jump to : navigation , search

\n Scandal is an American political thriller television series created by Shonda Rhimes , which premiered on ABC on April 5 , 2012 .

\n

\n Kerry Washington stars as Olivia Pope , a former White House Communications Director who leaves to start her own crisis management firm , Pope and Associates , where she works to keep the secrets and protect the public images of the country 's most powerful and elite . On staff at the new firm are fresh - faced lawyer Quinn Perkins ( Katie Lowes ) ; smooth talking litigator Harrison Wright ( Columbus Short ) ; investigator Abby Whelan ( Darby Stanchfield ) ; and computer hacker with a CIA past Huck ( Guillermo Diaz ) . The show also focuses on President of the United States Fitzgerald Grant ( Tony Goldwyn ) ; First Lady Mellie Grant ( Bellamy Young ) ; White House Chief of Staff Cyrus Beene ( Jeff Perry ) ; Vice President and eventual presidential candidate Sally Langston ( Kate Burton ) ; U.S. Attorney David Rosen ( Joshua Malina ) ; Head of NSA , Jake Ballard ( Scott Foley ) ; chairwoman Elizabeth North ( Portia de Rossi ) ; activist Marcus Walker ( Cornelius Smith Jr . ) ; and head of B613 Eli Pope ( Joe Morton ) .

\n

\n As of January 18 , 2018 , 114 episodes of Scandal have aired , including one special . On February 10 , 2017 , the show was renewed for a seventh season consisting of 18 episodes . It was later announced it will be the final season .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Series overview ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Season \n Episodes \n Originally aired \n Nielsen ratings
\n First aired \n Last aired \n Rank \n Viewers ( in millions )
\n \n \n 7 \n April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) \n May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) \n 62 \n 8.21
\n \n \n 22 \n September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) \n May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) \n 47 \n 8.46
\n \n \n 18 \n October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) \n April 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) \n 13 \n 12.00
\n \n \n 22 \n September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) \n May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) \n 8 \n 12.66
\n \n 5 \n 21 \n September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) \n May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) \n 16 \n 10.68
\n \n 6 \n 16 \n January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) \n May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) \n 30 \n 8.16
\n \n 7 \n 18 \n October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) \n April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) \n N / A \n N / A
\n

\n Episodes ( edit )

\n

\n Season 1 ( 2012 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : Scandal ( season 1 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Directed by \n Written by \n Original air date \n Prod . code \n U.S. viewers ( millions )
\n \n \n `` Sweet Baby '' \n Paul McGuigan \n Shonda Rhimes \n April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) \n 101 \n 7.33
\n \n \n `` Dirty Little Secrets '' \n Roxann Dawson \n Heather Mitchell \n April 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 12 ) \n 102 \n 7.28
\n \n \n `` Hell Hath No Fury '' \n Allison Liddi - Brown \n Matt Byrne \n April 19 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 19 ) \n 103 \n 7.21
\n \n \n `` Enemy of the State '' \n Michael Katleman \n Richard E. Robbins \n April 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 26 ) \n 104 \n 6.86
\n 5 \n 5 \n `` Crash and Burn '' \n Steve Robin \n Mark Wilding \n May 3 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 03 ) \n 105 \n 6.69
\n 6 \n 6 \n `` The Trail '' \n Tom Verica \n Jenna Bans \n May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) \n 106 \n 6.43
\n 7 \n 7 \n `` Grant : For the People '' \n Roxann Dawson \n Shonda Rhimes \n May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 ) \n 107 \n 7.33
\n

\n Season 2 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : Scandal ( season 2 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Directed by \n Written by \n Original air date \n Prod . code \n U.S. viewers ( millions )
\n 8 \n \n `` White Hat 's Off '' \n Tom Verica \n Jenna Bans \n September 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 27 ) \n 201 \n 6.74
\n 9 \n \n `` The Other Woman '' \n Stephen Cragg \n Heather Mitchell \n October 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 04 ) \n 202 \n 6.56
\n 10 \n \n `` Hunting Season '' \n Ron Underwood \n Matt Byrne \n October 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 18 ) \n 203 \n 6.17
\n 11 \n \n `` Beltway Unbuckled '' \n Mark Tinker \n Mark Fish \n October 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 25 ) \n 204 \n 6.11
\n 12 \n 5 \n `` All Roads Lead to Fitz '' \n Steve Robin \n Raamla Mohamed \n November 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 08 ) \n 205 \n 6.06
\n 13 \n 6 \n `` Spies Like Us '' \n Bethany Rooney \n Chris Van Dusen \n November 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 15 ) \n 206 \n 6.02
\n 14 \n 7 \n `` Defiance '' \n Tom Verica \n Peter Noah \n November 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 29 ) \n 207 \n 6.64
\n 15 \n 8 \n `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' \n Oliver Bokelberg \n Shonda Rhimes \n December 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) \n 208 \n 7.39
\n 16 \n 9 \n `` Blown Away '' \n Jessica Yu \n Mark Wilding \n December 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 13 ) \n 209 \n 7.14
\n 17 \n 10 \n `` One for the Dog '' \n Steve Robin \n Heather Mitchell \n January 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 10 ) \n 210 \n 8.37
\n 18 \n 11 \n `` A Criminal , a Whore , an Idiot and a Liar '' \n Stephen Cragg \n Mark Fish \n January 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 17 ) \n 211 \n 7.93
\n 19 \n 12 \n `` Truth or Consequences '' \n Jeannot Szwarc \n Peter Noah \n January 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 31 ) \n 212 \n 8.09
\n 20 \n 13 \n `` Nobody Likes Babies '' \n Tom Verica \n Mark Wilding \n February 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) \n 213 \n 8.14
\n 21 \n 14 \n `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot '' \n Mark Tinker \n Matt Byrne \n February 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) \n 214 \n 8.02
\n 22 \n 15 \n `` Boom Goes the Dynamite '' \n Randy Zisk \n Jenna Bans \n February 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 21 ) \n 215 \n 7.68
\n 23 \n 16 \n `` Top of the Hour '' \n Steve Robin \n Heather Mitchell \n March 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 21 ) \n 216 \n 8.51
\n 24 \n 17 \n `` Snake in the Garden '' \n Ron Underwood \n Raamla Mohamed \n March 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 28 ) \n 217 \n 7.97
\n 25 \n 18 \n `` Molly , You in Danger , Girl '' \n Tom Verica \n Chris Van Dusen \n April 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 04 ) \n 218 \n 8.04
\n 26 \n 19 \n `` Seven Fifty - Two '' \n Allison Liddi - Brown \n Mark Fish \n April 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 25 ) \n 219 \n 7.90
\n 27 \n 20 \n `` A Woman Scorned '' \n Tony Goldwyn \n Zahir McGhee \n May 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 02 ) \n 220 \n 8.07
\n 28 \n 21 \n `` Any Questions ? '' \n Mark Tinker \n Matt Byrne \n May 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 09 ) \n 221 \n 8.87
\n 29 \n 22 \n `` White Hat 's Back On '' \n Tom Verica \n Shonda Rhimes \n May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) \n 222 \n 9.12
\n

\n Season 3 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : Scandal ( season 3 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Directed by \n Written by \n Original air date \n Prod . code \n U.S. viewers ( millions )
\n 30 \n \n `` It 's Handled '' \n Tom Verica \n Shonda Rhimes \n October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) \n 301 \n 10.52
\n 31 \n \n `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' \n Allison Liddi - Brown \n Heather Mitchell \n October 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 10 ) \n 302 \n 9.01
\n 32 \n \n `` Mrs. Smith Goes to Washington '' \n Jeannot Szwarc \n Matt Byrne \n October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) \n 303 \n 9.51
\n 33 \n \n `` Say Hello to My Little Friend '' \n Oliver Bokelberg \n Mark Fish \n October 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) \n 304 \n 8.62
\n 34 \n 5 \n `` More Cattle , Less Bull '' \n Randy Zisk \n Jenna Bans \n October 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) \n 305 \n 9.18
\n 35 \n 6 \n `` Icarus '' \n Julie Anne Robinson \n Peter Noah \n November 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) \n 306 \n 8.66
\n 36 \n 7 \n `` Everything 's Coming Up Mellie '' \n Michael Katleman \n Peter Nowalk \n November 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) \n 307 \n 9.04
\n 37 \n 8 \n `` Vermont is for Lovers , Too '' \n Ava DuVernay \n Mark Wilding \n November 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) \n 308 \n 8.93
\n 38 \n 9 \n `` YOLO '' \n Oliver Bokelberg \n Chris Van Dusen \n December 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) \n 309 \n 8.27
\n 39 \n 10 \n `` A Door Marked Exit '' \n Tom Verica \n Zahir McGhee \n December 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) \n 310 \n 9.22
\n 40 \n 11 \n `` Ride , Sally , Ride '' \n Tom Verica \n Raamla Mohamed \n February 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 27 ) \n 311 \n 9.32
\n 41 \n 12 \n `` We Do Not Touch the First Ladies '' \n Oliver Bokelberg \n Heather Mitchell \n March 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 06 ) \n 312 \n 8.53
\n 42 \n 13 \n `` No Sun on the Horizon '' \n Randy Zisk \n Matt Byrne \n March 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 13 ) \n 313 \n 8.22
\n 43 \n 14 \n `` Kiss Kiss Bang Bang '' \n Paul McCrane \n Mark Fish \n March 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 20 ) \n 314 \n 9.08
\n 44 \n 15 \n `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' \n Tony Goldwyn \n Zahir McGhee \n March 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 27 ) \n 315 \n 9.01
\n 45 \n 16 \n `` The Fluffer '' \n Jeannot Szwarc \n Chris Van Dusen & Raamla Mohamed \n April 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) \n 316 \n 9.13
\n 46 \n 17 \n `` Flesh and Blood '' \n Debbie Allen \n Severiano Canales & Miguel Nolla \n April 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 10 ) \n 317 \n 9.23
\n 47 \n 18 \n `` The Price of Free and Fair Elections '' \n Tom Verica \n Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding \n April 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 17 ) \n 318 \n 10.57
\n

\n Season 4 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : Scandal ( season 4 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Directed by \n Written by \n Original air date \n Prod . code \n U.S. viewers ( millions )
\n 48 \n \n `` Randy , Red , Superfreak and Julia '' \n Tom Verica \n Shonda Rhimes \n September 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 25 ) \n 401 \n 11.96
\n 49 \n \n `` The State of the Union '' \n Allison Liddi - Brown \n Heather Mitchell \n October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) \n 402 \n 10.34
\n 50 \n \n `` Inside the Bubble '' \n Randy Zisk \n Matt Byrne \n October 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 09 ) \n 403 \n 9.52
\n 51 \n \n `` Like Father , Like Daughter '' \n Paul McCrane \n Mark Fish \n October 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 16 ) \n 404A \n 9.90
\n 52 \n 5 \n `` The Key '' \n Paul McCrane \n Chris Van Dusen \n October 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 23 ) \n 404B \n 9.98
\n 53 \n 6 \n `` An Innocent Man '' \n Jeannot Szwarc \n Zahir McGhee \n October 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 30 ) \n 405 \n 9.32
\n 54 \n 7 \n `` Baby Made a Mess '' \n Oliver Bokelberg \n Jenna Bans \n November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) \n 406 \n 9.82
\n 55 \n 8 \n `` The Last Supper '' \n Julie Anne Robinson \n Allan Heinberg \n November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) \n 407 \n 10.05
\n 56 \n 9 \n `` Where the Sun Do n't Shine '' \n Tony Goldwyn \n Mark Wilding \n November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) \n 408 \n 10.14
\n 57 \n 10 \n `` Run '' \n Tom Verica \n Shonda Rhimes \n January 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 29 ) \n 409 \n 10.48
\n 58 \n 11 \n `` Where 's the Black Lady ? '' \n Debbie Allen \n Raamla Mohamed \n February 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 05 ) \n 410 \n 9.58
\n 59 \n 12 \n `` Gladiators Do n't Run '' \n Randy Zisk \n Paul Willam Davies \n February 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 12 ) \n 411A \n 9.32
\n 60 \n 13 \n `` No More Blood '' \n Randy Zisk \n Heather Mitchell \n February 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 19 ) \n 411B \n 9.62
\n 61 \n 14 \n `` The Lawn Chair '' \n Tom Verica \n Zahir McGhee \n March 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 05 ) \n 412 \n 9.57
\n 62 \n 15 \n `` The Testimony of Diego Mu\u00f1oz '' \n Allison Liddi - Brown \n Mark Fish \n March 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 12 ) \n 413 \n 8.24
\n 63 \n 16 \n `` It 's Good to Be Kink '' \n Paul McCrane \n Matt Byrne \n March 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 19 ) \n 414 \n 7.79
\n 64 \n 17 \n `` Put a Ring on It '' \n Regina King \n Chris Van Dusen \n March 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 26 ) \n 415 \n 8.06
\n 65 \n 18 \n `` Honor Thy Father '' \n Jeannot Szwarc \n Severiano Canales \n April 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 02 ) \n 416 \n 7.27
\n 66 \n 19 \n `` I 'm Just a Bill '' \n Debbie Allen \n Raamla Mohamed \n April 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 16 ) \n 417 \n 7.86
\n 67 \n 20 \n `` First Lady Sings the Blues '' \n David Rodriguez \n Paul William Davies \n April 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 23 ) \n 418 \n 7.79
\n 68 \n 21 \n `` A Few Good Women '' \n Oliver Bokelberg \n Severiano Canales & Jess Brownell \n May 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 07 ) \n 419 \n 7.44
\n 69 \n 22 \n `` You Ca n't Take Command '' \n Tom Verica \n Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding \n May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) \n 420 \n 8.08
\n

\n Season 5 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : Scandal ( season 5 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Directed by \n Written by \n Original air date \n Prod . code \n U.S. viewers ( millions )
\n 70 \n \n `` Heavy Is the Head '' \n Tom Verica \n Shonda Rhimes \n September 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 24 ) \n 501 \n 10.25
\n 71 \n \n `` Yes '' \n Tony Goldwyn \n Heather Mitchell \n October 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 01 ) \n 502 \n 9.12
\n 72 \n \n `` Paris is Burning '' \n Jann Turner \n Matt Byrne \n October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) \n 503 \n 8.76
\n 73 \n \n `` Dog - Whistle Politics '' \n Zetna Fuentes \n Mark Fish \n October 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 15 ) \n 504 \n 8.06
\n 74 \n 5 \n `` You Got Served '' \n Kevin Bray \n Zahir McGhee \n October 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 22 ) \n 505 \n 8.28
\n 75 \n 6 \n `` Get Out of Jail , Free '' \n Chandra Wilson \n Chris Van Dusen \n October 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 29 ) \n 506 \n 7.80
\n 76 \n 7 \n `` Even the Devil Deserves a Second Chance '' \n Oliver Bokelberg \n Raamla Mohamed \n November 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 05 ) \n 507 \n 8.03
\n 77 \n 8 \n `` Rasputin '' \n John Terlesky \n Paul William Davies \n November 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 12 ) \n 508 \n 7.70
\n 78 \n 9 \n `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' \n Tom Verica \n Mark Wilding \n November 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 19 ) \n 509 \n 8.13
\n 79 \n 10 \n `` It 's Hard Out Here for a General '' \n Tom Verica \n Severiano Canales \n February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) \n 510 \n 6.96
\n 80 \n 11 \n `` The Candidate '' \n Allison Liddi - Brown \n Alison Schapker \n February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) \n 511A \n 6.09
\n 81 \n 12 \n `` Wild Card '' \n Allison Liddi - Brown & Tom Verica \n Mark Fish \n February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) \n 511B \n 5.85
\n 82 \n 13 \n `` The Fish Rots from the Head '' \n Sharat Raju \n Heather Mitchell \n March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) \n 512 \n 5.97
\n 83 \n 14 \n `` I See You '' \n Paris Barclay \n Matt Byrne \n March 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 17 ) \n 513 \n 6.31
\n 84 \n 15 \n `` Pencils Down '' \n Regina King \n Chris Van Dusen \n March 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 24 ) \n 514 \n 6.15
\n 85 \n 16 \n `` The Miseducation of Susan Ross '' \n Scott Foley \n Raamla Mohamed \n March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) \n 516 \n 6.44
\n 86 \n 17 \n `` Thwack ! '' \n Tony Goldwyn \n Zahir McGhee \n April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) \n 517 \n 5.88
\n 87 \n 18 \n `` Till Death Do Us Part '' \n Steph Green \n Paul William Davies \n April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) \n 518 \n 6.00
\n 88 \n 19 \n `` Buckle Up '' \n Oliver Bokelberg \n Michelle Lirtzman \n April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) \n 519 \n 6.25
\n 89 \n 20 \n `` Trump Card '' \n Jann Turner \n Severiano Canales & Jess Brownell \n May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) \n 520 \n 6.06
\n 90 \n 21 \n `` That 's My Girl '' \n Tom Verica \n Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding \n May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) \n 521 \n 6.65
\n

\n Season 6 ( 2017 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : Scandal ( season 6 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Directed by \n Written by \n Original air date \n Prod . code \n U.S. viewers ( millions )
\n 91 \n \n `` Survival of the Fittest '' \n Tom Verica \n Shonda Rhimes \n January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) \n 601 \n 7.62
\n 92 \n \n `` Hardball '' \n Allison Liddi - Brown \n Matt Byrne \n February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) \n 602 \n 6.54
\n 93 \n \n `` Fates Worse Than Death '' \n Scott Foley \n Mark Fish \n February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) \n 603 \n 6.22
\n 94 \n \n `` The Belt '' \n Tom Verica \n Paul William Davies \n February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) \n 606 \n 6.06
\n 95 \n 5 \n `` They All Bow Down '' \n Millicent Shelton \n Zahir McGhee \n March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) \n 604 \n 5.26
\n 96 \n 6 \n `` Extinction '' \n Tony Goldwyn \n Chris Van Dusen \n March 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 16 ) \n 605 \n 5.63
\n 97 \n 7 \n `` A Traitor Among Us '' \n Tom Verica \n Alison Schapker \n March 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 23 ) \n 607 \n 5.40
\n 98 \n 8 \n `` A Stomach for Blood '' \n Oliver Bokelberg \n Severiano Canales \n March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) \n 608 \n 6.57
\n 99 \n 9 \n `` Dead in the Water '' \n Nicole Rubio \n Michelle Lirtzman \n April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) \n 609 \n 5.10
\n 100 \n 10 \n `` The Decision '' \n Sharat Raju \n Johanna Lee \n April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) \n 610 \n 5.35
\n 101 \n 11 \n `` Trojan Horse '' \n Jann Turner \n Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini \n April 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 20 ) \n 611 \n 5.11
\n 102 \n 12 \n `` Mercy '' \n Nzingha Stewart \n Severiano Canales & Ameni Rozsa \n April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) \n 612 \n 5.29
\n 103 \n 13 \n `` The Box '' \n Steph Green \n Raamla Mohamed & Austin Guzman \n May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) \n 613 \n 5.15
\n 104 \n 14 \n `` Head Games '' \n Zetna Fuentes \n Chris Van Dusen & Juan Carlos Fernandez \n May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) \n 614 \n 5.10
\n 105 \n 15 \n `` Tick Tock '' \n Salli Richardson - Whitfield \n Zahir McGhee & Michelle Lirtzman \n May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) \n 615 \n 5.23
\n 106 \n 16 \n `` Transfer of Power '' \n Tony Goldwyn \n Matt Byrne & Mark Fish \n May 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 18 ) \n 616 \n 5.23
\n

\n Season 7 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : Scandal ( season 7 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Directed by \n Written by \n Original air date \n Prod . code \n U.S. viewers ( millions )
\n 107 \n \n `` Watch Me '' \n Jann Turner \n Shonda Rhimes \n October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) \n 701 \n 5.52
\n 108 \n \n `` Pressing the Flesh '' \n Tony Goldwyn \n Matt Byrne \n October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) \n 702 \n 5.00
\n 109 \n \n `` Day 101 '' \n Scott Foley \n Zahir McGhee \n October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) \n 703 \n 4.70
\n 110 \n \n `` Lost Girls '' \n Nicole Rubio \n Ameni Rozsa & Austin Guzman \n October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) \n 704 \n 4.88
\n 111 \n 5 \n `` Adventures in Babysitting '' \n Oliver Bokelberg \n Serveriano Canales & Tia Napolitano \n November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) \n 705 \n 4.89
\n 112 \n 6 \n `` Vampires and Bloodsuckers '' \n Jann Turner \n Chris Van Dusen & Tia Napolitano \n November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) \n 706 \n 5.00
\n 113 \n 7 \n `` Something Borrowed '' \n Sharat Raju \n Mark Fish \n November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) \n 707 \n 4.97
\n 114 \n 8 \n `` Robin '' \n Daryn Okada \n Juan Carlos Fernandez \n January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) \n 709 \n 5.17
\n 115 \n 9 \n `` Good People '' \n Nzingha Stewart \n Shonda Rhimes , Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini \n January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) \n 708 \n TBD
\n 116 \n 10 \n `` The People v. Olivia Pope '' \n TBA \n TBA \n February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) \n 710 \n TBD
\n 117 \n 11 \n `` Army of One '' \n TBA \n TBA \n February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) \n 711 \n TBD
\n 118 \n 12 \n TBA \n TBA \n TBA \n March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) \n TBA \n TBD
\n

\n Specials ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n Title \n Narrator \n Aired between \n Original air date \n U.S. viewers ( millions )
\n \n `` The Secret is Out '' \n Joshua Malina as David Rosen \n `` White Hat 's Back On '' ( season two ) `` It 's Handled '' ( season three ) \n October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) \n 5.75
\n

\n Webisodes ( edit )

\n

\n Gladiator wanted ( edit )

\n

\n A web series debuted prior to the sixth - season premiere and features Guillermo Diaz as Huck , Katie Lowes as Quinn , Cornelius Smith Jr. as Marcus and George Newbern as Charlie . All of the episodes were directed by Darby Stanchfield , who portrays Abby in the show .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Directed by \n Written by \n Original release date
\n \n \n `` So You Want to Be a Gladiator in a Suit '' \n Darby Stanchfield \n Juan Carlos Fernandez \n January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 )
\n \n \n `` A Job to Kill For '' \n Darby Stanchfield \n Juan Carlos Fernandez \n January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 )
\n \n \n `` Induction '' \n Darby Stanchfield \n Juan Carlos Fernandez \n January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 )
\n \n \n `` Governments Fall '' \n Darby Stanchfield \n Juan Carlos Fernandez \n January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 )
\n 5 \n 5 \n `` By Dawn 's Early Light '' \n Darby Stanchfield \n Juan Carlos Fernandez \n January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 )
\n 6 \n 6 \n `` Exit Interview '' \n Darby Stanchfield \n Juan Carlos Fernandez \n January 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 )
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Scandal , ' ' Apartment 23 ' Get Premiere Dates , ' Cougar Town ' Does n't '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Renews ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How To Get Away With Murder ' for New Seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 - 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . ZAP2it . Retrieved May 30 , 2013 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 - 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 - 2016 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Scandal Farewell Update : Final Season Episode Count Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Quantico Season 3 and Shondaland 's For the People Get ABC Premiere Dates '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Missing ' , ' Up All Night ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Office ' and ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Awake ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' Parks and Recreation ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Mentalist ' & ' Missing ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Secret Circle ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2012 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' SNL : Weekend Update ' , ' The Office ' , ' Glee ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 5 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Last Resort ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Elementary ' ' Rock Center ' & ' The Next ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Ofifice ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Up All Night ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down Plus Final Baseball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 26 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Up All Night ' , ' Rock Center ' , ' 30 Rock ' , ' Person of Interest ' & ' Beauty & the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up , ' The Office ' , ' Parks & Rec ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 16 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Office ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' and ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Person of Interest ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 14 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' Last Resort ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Person of Interest ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' 30 Rock ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 18 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Rock Center ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment for ' American Idol ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2013 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' or ' Do No Harm ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Person of Interest ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Zero Hour ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Community ' , ' Idol ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' 1600 Penn ' Adjusted Up ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2013 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 29 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Raising Hope ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The Office ' , & ' Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scandal ' & ' The Mindy Project ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2013 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 3 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Glee ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Hannibal ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Wipeout ' , & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hannibal ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' Office ' Retrospective Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2013 .
    40. \n
  40. \n ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Originals ' Adjusted Up ; ' Parks And Recreation ' , ' Welcome to the Family ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Michael J. Fox Show ' , & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The X Factor ' & ' Glee ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Crazy Ones ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' and ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : The Vampire Diaries , The Millers & Elementary Adjusted Up ; Sean Saves the World & Parenthood Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Elementary ' , ' Scandal ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' , & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Voice ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Parenthood ' , & ' The Michael J Fox Show ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The X Factor ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Sean Saves the World ' , ' Glee ' , ' The Michael J. Fox Show ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2013 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy Adjusted Up ; ' The X Factor ' , ' Reign ' & ' Glee ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Millers ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2013 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Sing - Off ' , ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' , ' The Millers ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Parks & Recreation ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Once Upon A Time in Wonderland ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Two and a Half Men ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2014 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' and ' The Millers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Parenthood ' Adjusted Up Plus Final NCAA Tournament Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Hell 's Kitchen ' , ' Once Upon a Time in Wonderland ' , ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy Adjusted Up + Final NCAA Basketball Ratings '' . Retrieved 30 March 2014 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Scandal ' & ' Hell 's Kitchen ' Adjusted Up ; ' American Idol ' , ' The Millers ' , ' The Crazy Ones ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2014 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Community ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Shark Tank ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Millers ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2014 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Gotham ' & ' Red Band Society ' Top Percentage Gains & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending September 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 - 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Parenthood ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : No Adjustement for ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' Gracepoint ' or ' Reign ' + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' & ' Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' The McCarthys ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' A to Z ' , ' Elementary ' , ' Parenthood ' & ' The Biggest Loser ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' , ' The McCarthys ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Gracepoint ' , ' Reign ' , ' Parenthood ' , ' Bad Judge ' , ' Mom ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' ' The Biggest Loser ' & ' A to Z ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Backstrom ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment to ' The Blacklist ' , ' Scandal ' or ' The Vampire Diaries ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' , ' Two and a Half Men ' & ' How To Get Away With Murder ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' American Idol ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Scandal ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' , ' Mom ' & ' Elementary ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Reign ' Adjusted Down & Final Basketball Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2015 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Crime ' Adjusted Up + Final Basketball Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Amanda ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Backstrom ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Odd Couple ' & ' Reign ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Heroes Reborn ' & ' Scandal ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Bones ' & ' The Player ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusted up , low CW premieres hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Scandal ' adjusted up , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjusts up , ' Grey 's ' and others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Vampire Diaries ' adjusts up , all others hold , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Elementary ' and ' Mom ' adjust down considerably thanks to NFL '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' and CBS take NFL hit , ' Elementary ' below 1.0 , ' Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' up even after adjusting down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Scandal ' adjusts up , 4 CBS shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : NCAA tourney has a soft start on CBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , plus final NCAA numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Scandal , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' adjust up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Odd Couple , ' ' Mom ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' and ' Rush Hour ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blacklist : Redemption ' and ' The Catch ' adjust down , final NCAA numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` NCAA Sweet 16 up a little vs. last year : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal , ' ' Superstore ' and all others hold : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 .
    115. \n
  115. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' finales , ' Amazing Race ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ `` ( # 708 ) `` Good People '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 .
    125. \n
  125. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - scandal on abc '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 .
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Scandal ' Sets Darby Stanchfield - Directed Web Series Ahead of Season 6 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 18 , 2017 .
    127. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Scandal
\n Episodes \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Season 1 \n
    \n
  • \n `` Sweet Baby ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 2 \n
    \n
  • \n `` Nobody Likes Babies ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Whiskey Tango Foxtrot ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Boom Goes the Dynamite ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Top of the Hour ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Snake in the Garden ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Molly , You in Danger , Girl ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Seven Fifty - Two ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 3 \n
    \n
  • \n `` It 's Handled ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Mrs. Smith Goes to Washington ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Say Hello to My Little Friend ''
    • \n
  • \n `` More Cattle , Less Bull ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Icarus ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Everything 's Coming Up Mellie ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Vermont is for Lovers , Too ''
    • \n
  • \n `` YOLO ''
    • \n
  • \n `` A Door Marked Exit ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Price of Free and Fair Elections ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 4 \n
    \n
  • \n `` Randy , Red , Superfreak and Julia ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Where the Sun Do n't Shine ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Run ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Where 's the Black Lady ? ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Gladiators Do n't Run ''
    • \n
  • \n `` No More Blood ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 5 \n
    \n
  • \n `` Heavy is the Head ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Dog - Whistle Politics ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 6 \n
    \n
  • \n `` Transfer of Power ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 7 \n
    \n
  • \n `` Watch Me ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Day 101 ''
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Characters \n
    \n
  • \n Olivia Pope
    • \n
  • \n Abby Whelan
    • \n
  • \n Quinn Perkins
    • \n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n Judy Smith
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Scandal_episodes&oldid=821580194 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "when is the next scandal episode coming out", "long_answers": ["116 10 `` The People v. Olivia Pope '' TBA TBA February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 710 TBD\n", "No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 107 `` Watch Me '' Jann Turner Shonda Rhimes October 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) 701 5.52 108 `` Pressing the Flesh '' Tony Goldwyn Matt Byrne October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) 702 5.00 109 `` Day 101 '' Scott Foley Zahir McGhee October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) 703 4.70 110 `` Lost Girls '' Nicole Rubio Ameni Rozsa & Austin Guzman October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) 704 4.88 111 5 `` Adventures in Babysitting '' Oliver Bokelberg Serveriano Canales & Tia Napolitano November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) 705 4.89 112 6 `` Vampires and Bloodsuckers '' Jann Turner Chris Van Dusen & Tia Napolitano November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) 706 5.00 113 7 `` Something Borrowed '' Sharat Raju Mark Fish November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) 707 4.97 114 8 `` Robin '' Daryn Okada Juan Carlos Fernandez January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) 709 5.17 115 9 `` Good People '' Nzingha Stewart Shonda Rhimes , Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) 708 TBD 116 10 `` The People v. Olivia Pope '' TBA TBA February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) 710 TBD 117 11 `` Army of One '' TBA TBA February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) 711 TBD 118 12 TBA TBA TBA March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) TBA TBD\n"], "short_answers": ["February 1 , 2018\n", "February 1 , 2018\n", "February 1 , 2018\n"]} {"text": "Philadelphia Eagles - Wikipedia

\n Philadelphia Eagles

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Philadelphia Eagles
\n Current season
\n Established July 8 , 1933 ; 84 years ago ( July 8 , 1933 ) First season : 1933 Play in Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Headquartered in the NovaCare Complex Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
\n Logo \n Wordmark
\n
\n League / conference affiliations
\n

\n National Football League ( 1933 -- present )

\n
    \n
  • \n Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 )
    • \n
  • \n American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 )
    • \n
  • \n Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 )
      \n
    • \n Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 )
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present )
      \n
    • \n NFC East ( 1970 -- present )
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Current uniform
\n
\n Team colors \n

\n Midnight green , Silver , Black , White

\n
\n Fight song \n Fly , Eagles Fly
\n Mascot \n Swoop
\n Personnel
\n Owner ( s ) \n Jeffrey Lurie Christina Weiss Lurie
\n Chairman \n Jeffrey Lurie
\n CEO \n Jeffrey Lurie
\n President \n Don Smolenski
\n General manager \n Howie Roseman
\n Head coach \n Doug Pederson
\n Team history
\n
    \n
  • \n Philadelphia Eagles ( 1933 -- 1942 ; 1944 -- present )
    • \n
  • \n Phil - Pitt `` Steagles '' ( 1943 )
    • \n
\n
\n Team nicknames
\n
    \n
  • \n The Birds
    • \n
\n
\n Championships
\n

\n League championships ( 4 )

\n
    \n
  • \n NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 3 ) 1948 , 1949 , 1960
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 2017 ( LII )
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Conference championships ( 4 )

\n
    \n
  • \n NFL Eastern : 1960
    • \n
  • \n NFC : 1980 , 2004 , 2017
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Division championships ( 13 )

\n
    \n
  • \n NFL East : 1947 , 1948 , 1949
    • \n
  • \n NFC East : 1980 , 1988 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017
    • \n
\n
\n Playoff appearances ( 25 )
\n
    \n
  • \n NFL : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1960 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017
    • \n
\n
\n Home fields
\n
    \n
  • \n Baker Bowl ( 1933 -- 1935 )
    • \n
  • \n Philadelphia Municipal Stadium ( 1936 -- 1939 , 1941 )
    • \n
  • \n Connie Mack Stadium ( 1940 , 1942 -- 1957 )
    • \n
  • \n Franklin Field ( 1958 -- 1970 )
    • \n
  • \n Veterans Stadium ( 1971 -- 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Lincoln Financial Field ( 2003 -- present )
    • \n
\n
\n

\n The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . They are Super Bowl champions , having won Super Bowl LII , their fourth NFL title , after winning in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 .

\n

\n The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets , when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia . Bell , Chuck Bednarik , Bob Brown , Brian Dawkins , Reggie White , Steve Van Buren , Tommy McDonald , Greasy Neale , Pete Pihos , Sonny Jurgensen , and Norm Van Brocklin have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame .

\n

\n The team has an intense rivalry with the New York Giants . This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL . It was ranked by NFL Network as the number one rivalry of all - time and Sports Illustrated ranks it amongst the Top 10 NFL rivalries of all - time at number four , and according to ESPN , it is one of the fiercest and most well - known rivalries in the American football community . They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys , which has become more high - profile since the 1960s , as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins . Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry , roughly dating back to 1933 , that mostly arises from the two teams ' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state .

\n

\n The team consistently ranks in the top three in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season . In a Sports Illustrated poll of 321 NFL players , Eagles fans were selected the most intimidating fans in the NFL .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Franchise history

\n Main article : History of the Philadelphia Eagles

\n 1931 -- 1960

\n `` Concrete Charlie ''

\n Midway through the 1931 season , the Frankford Yellow Jackets went bankrupt and ceased operations . After more than a year of searching for a suitable replacement , the NFL granted an expansion franchise to a syndicate headed by Bert Bell and Lud Wray and awarded them the franchise rights of the failed Yellow Jackets organization . The Bell - Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500 ( equal to $40,230 today ) and assumed a total debt of $11,000 that was owed to three other NFL franchises . Drawing inspiration from the Blue Eagle insignia of the National Recovery Administration -- the centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal -- Bell and Wray named the new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles . Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same , citing the aforementioned period of dormancy . Furthermore , almost no Yellow Jackets players were on the Eagles ' first roster . The Eagles , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the now - defunct Cincinnati Reds , joined the NFL as expansion teams .

\n

\n In 1937 , the Eagles moved to Shibe Park ( renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1954 ) and played their home games at the stadium through 1957 , except for the 1941 season , which was played at Municipal Stadium , where they had played from 1936 to 1939 .

\n

\n To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter , management set up stands in right field , parallel to 20th Street . Some 20 feet high , these `` east stands '' had 22 rows of seats . The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field . The uncovered east stands enlarged capacity of Shibe Park to over 39,000 , but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25 to 30,000 .

\n

\n The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade , enduring repeated losing seasons . In December 1940 , Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney sold his franchise to Alexis Thompson for $160,000 and then used half of the proceeds to buy a half interest in the Eagles from Bell , his longtime friend . Soon after , Bell and Rooney traded the Eagles franchise to Thompson and moved it to Pittsburgh ( as the `` Steelers '' ) , while Thompson moved the Steelers franchise to Philadelphia ( as the `` Eagles '' ) .

\n

\n In 1943 , when manpower shortages stemming from World War II made it impossible to fill the roster , the team merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers forming the `` Phil - Pitt Eagles '' and were known as the `` Steagles . '' ( The merger , never intended as a permanent arrangement , was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season . ) By the late 1940s , head coach Earle `` Greasy '' Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games , winning two of them in 1948 and 1949 . Those two championships mark the Eagles as the only NFL team ever to win back - to - back championships by shutouts , defeating the Chicago Cardinals , 7 -- 0 , in 1948 -- in a blizzard -- and the Los Angeles Rams , 14 -- 0 , in 1949 .

\n

\n After the 1957 season , the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania . Franklin Field would seat over 60,000 for the Eagles , whereas Connie Mack had a capacity of 39,000 . The stadium switched from grass to AstroTurf in 1969 . It was the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf .

\n

\n In 1960 , the Eagles won their third NFL championship , under the leadership of future Pro Football Hall of Famers Norm Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik ; the head coach was Buck Shaw . The 1960 Eagles , by a score of 17 -- 13 , became the only team to defeat Vince Lombardi and his Green Bay Packers in the playoffs .

\n Dick Vermeil , Eagles head coach from 1976 to 1982

\n 1961 -- 1975

\n

\n The Eagles had a decent 1961 season and then fell on hard times in 1962 . Jerry Wolman , after consulting his longtime friend Brandon Sturrock , bought the franchise in 1963 from the `` Happy Hundred '' , a group of investors who owned the team from 1949 -- 1963 , for $5,505,000 ( equal to $44,004,098 today ) .

\n

\n In 1969 , Leonard Tose bought the Eagles from Wolman for $16,155,000 ( equal to $107,807,505 today ) , then a record for a professional sports franchise . Tose 's first official act was to fire Coach Joe Kuharich after a disappointing 24 -- 41 -- 1 record during his five - year reign . He followed this by naming former Eagles receiving great Pete Retzlaff as General Manager and Jerry Williams as coach .

\n The Eagles defeated the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game and earned their first Super Bowl appearance .

\n With the merger of the NFL and AFL in 1970 , the Eagles were placed in the NFC East Division with their archrivals the New York Giants , the Washington Redskins , and the Dallas Cowboys . Their heated rivalry with the Giants is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries , dating all the way back to 1933 and is often named as one of the best rivalries in the NFL .

\n

\n 1976 -- 1984

\n

\n In 1976 , Dick Vermeil was hired from UCLA to coach the Eagles , who had only one winning season from 1962 -- 1975 . Starting in 1978 , head coach Dick Vermeil and quarterback Ron Jaworski led the team to four consecutive playoff appearances .

\n

\n Vermeil 's 1980 team won their first NFC East title . They were matched up against their hated rival the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC Championship game , which they won 20 -- 7 . However , the Eagles lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . The following year , the Eagles were eliminated in the wildcard round at home against the New York Giants . In the aftermath of the disappointing and strike - shortened season of 1982 , head coach Dick Vermeil resigned , claiming that he was `` burned out '' . Vermeil was replaced by defensive coordinator Marion Campbell .

\n

\n In January 1983 , Tose announced that his daughter , Susan Fletcher , the Eagles ' vice president and legal counsel , would eventually succeed him as primary owner of the Eagles . Then in 1984 , rumors were circulating that Leonard Tose was thinking about moving the team to Phoenix , Arizona due to financial reasons .

\n

\n 1985 -- 1993

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n In 1985 , Tose was forced to sell the Eagles to Norman Braman and Ed Leibowitz , highly successful automobile dealers from Florida , for a reported $65 million ( equal to $147,899,134 today ) to pay off his more than $25 million ( equal to $56,884,282 today ) in gambling debts at Atlantic City casinos .

\n

\n Philadelphia football struggled through the Marion Campbell years of the mid-1980s and was marked by a malaise in fan participation . However , in the 1985 Supplemental draft , the Eagles acquired the rights to Memphis Showboats ' elite pass rusher Reggie White . In 1986 , the arrival of head coach Buddy Ryan and his fiery attitude rejuvenated team performance and ignited the fan base , but the Eagles failed to win a playoff game during Ryan 's tenure . Possibly the worst of these losses was the so - called Fog Bowl in 1988 against the Chicago Bears , which happened to be Ryan 's former team that he helped lead to a Super Bowl XX victory as defensive coordinator . Ryan was fired on January 7 , 1991 , after an upset home playoff loss to the Redskins . Offensive coordinator Rich Kotite was promoted to head coach three days later .

\n

\n After All Pro defensive tackle Jerome Brown was killed in an automobile accident , the team and fanbase became dedicated to `` bring it home for Jerome '' in the 1992 season . Kotite did lead the Eagles to a playoff victory against the New Orleans Saints during the 1992 season , but they lost all - time sacks leader Reggie White to free agency in the offseason . Kotie 's contract was not renewed after a disappointing 1994 season in which the Eagles went 7 -- 9 , losing their last seven games after starting the season 7 -- 2 . From 1988 to 1996 , the Eagles qualified for the playoffs during six out of those nine seasons , but they won the NFC East only once , in 1988 . Among the team 's offensive stars during that period were quarterback Randall Cunningham , tight end Keith Jackson , and running back Herschel Walker . But the `` Gang Green '' defense is possibly what defined the team , led by Reggie White , Jerome Brown , Clyde Simmons , Seth Joyner , Wes Hopkins , Mike Golic , Byron Evans , Eric Allen , Andre Waters and Mark McMillian .

\n

\n Lurie era ( 1994 -- present )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n Andy Reid speaks with Jeff Garcia in a game against the Redskins .

\n Jeffrey Lurie bought the Eagles on May 6 , 1994 from then - owner Norman Braman for an estimated $185 million . The club is now estimated to be the 17th most valuable sports team , worth $1.314 billion , as valuated in 2014 by Forbes .

\n

\n In Lurie 's first season as owner , the team only had 7 wins , but that was followed by a 10 win season in 1995 . Besides the 10 wins and a playoff berth , 1996 was an eventful year . The uniforms changed from the classic shade of Kelly Green to a darker midnight green , quarterback Randall Cunningham left after 11 seasons , and future fan favorite 13 - year starter Brian Dawkins was drafted in the 2nd round . After slipping to 6 -- 9 -- 1 , and then to 3 -- 13 , head coach Ray Rhodes was fired after four seasons .

\n Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Jeffrey Lurie has been owner since 1994 .

\n In 1999 , the Eagles hired head coach Andy Reid and drafted quarterback Donovan McNabb . From 1999 until 2004 , the team continually improved , going from 5 -- 11 in 1999 , returning to the playoffs in with an 11 -- 5 record in 2000 , surpassing the Buccaneers in the Wild Card round before losing in the divisional . Moreover , the Eagles played in four straight NFC Championship Games between 2001 and 2004 . In 2001 , the Eagles stayed at 11 -- 5 , beating the Buccaneers and Bears to advance to the NFC championship , where they lost to the St. Louis Rams . In 2002 , the Eagles drafted running back Brian Westbrook , got the 1st round bye with the 2nd seed in the NFC with a 12 -- 4 record , but the Tampa Bay Buccaneers got their revenge in the Championship and eliminated the Eagles . In 2003 , they won the NFC first seed , but Westbrook went down in Week 17 , culminating in a loss to the Carolina Panthers in their 3rd straight NFC Championship .

\n 2004 season and Super Bowl XXXIX

\n In 2004 , the Philadelphia Eagles had their best season since 1960 , going 13 -- 1 before resting their starters and losing their next 2 , clinching the 1st seed for the second year in a row . McNabb set career highs , completing 64 % of his passes for 3,875 yards , though he did n't play all 16 games . McNabb became the first quarterback ever to throw more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . His success could be attributed to the fact that he had a reliable receiver , Terrell Owens , who got 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns in 14 games . After beating the Vikings and Falcons the Eagles advanced to Super Bowl XXXIX , where they dueled the New England Patriots . Although McNabb threw 3 touchdown passes and 357 yards in the game , and the score was tied 14 -- 14 going into the fourth quarter , the Patriots outscored the Eagles and scored ten straight points . McNabb completed a 30 - yard touchdown pass , and the Eagles defense held the Patriots to a 3 and out , but a crucial interception with 46 seconds left on the clock secured their fate .

\n 2005 - 2012 Brian Dawkins was one of the premier safeties in the NFL , and earned him the role of Eagles ' defensive captain , and a mainstay on the Eagles .

\n The team took a step back in 2005 with a 6 -- 10 record . McNabb had played with a sports hernia and a broken thumb , starting 4 -- 2 but losing three in a row , before McNabb finally succumbs to injury and is out for the rest of the season . For obnoxious behavior and a feud with McNabb , Owens was suspended after 7 games , eventually being cut . In 2006 , the team lost McNabb 10 games in and went into turmoil , but Westbrook stepped up , and the Eagles earned their fifth NFC East title under Coach Reid , with a 10 -- 6 record and a win in the wild card round , but they had an 8 -- 8 2007 season . In 2008 , the team won their 500th game , and they also drafted DeSean Jackson , a receiving threat when paired with McNabb .

\n

\n On January 11 , 2009 , the team defeated the defending Super Bowl champion and 1st seed New York Giants 23 -- 11 en route to their 5th NFC Championship Game in 8 years and 5th in the 10 years the Eagles have been coached by Andy Reid . In the 2008 NFC Championship Game , the Eagles made a rally , going from 24 -- 6 at halftime to 25 -- 24 with three minutes left in the 4th , but they lost to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 32 -- 25 after quarterback Kurt Warner scored a last minute touchdown . As of the conclusion of the 2016 season , during the Lurie era , the Eagles are 1 -- 4 in conference championship games and 0 -- 1 in Super Bowls .

\n

\n On August 13 , 2009 , the Eagles signed quarterback Michael Vick . On December 6 , 2009 , Andy Reid became only the 5th coach in NFL history to win 100 or more games with a single team in a single decade . The other four are Tom Landry , Don Shula , Tony Dungy , and Bill Belichick , all Super Bowl winners . McNabb finally had a complete receiving corps , between first round draft pick Jeremy Maclin , DeSean Jackson 's 1,000 yard season , and Brent Celek ranking among the top 5 tight ends in the league . Without Brian Dawkins , defensive end Trent Cole stepped up and became the dominant force on defense with 12 sacks , earning him his second trip to the Pro Bowl and All - Pro honors . In 2009 , the Eagles started 5 -- 4 , but moved up to 11 -- 4 , and could clinch the NFC 2nd seed if they won their next game . After a shutout at the hands of the Dallas Cowboys in week 17 , the Eagles missed the 1st round bye. but with a record of 11 -- 5 , but they were the NFC 6th seed and they narrowly made the playoffs . In the 2009 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles played against the Cowboys for the second consecutive week and lost 34 -- 14 . Despite many errors from many players , and a great season before the breakdown in Dallas , McNabb took the brunt of the blow and was heavily criticized . Coach Andy Reid said up until April 1 , 2010 , that McNabb would remain the starter .

\n

\n On March 5 , 2010 , Brian Westbrook was cut from the Eagles after eight seasons with the team . On April 4 , 2010 , the team traded long - time starting quarterback Donovan McNabb to the Washington Redskins in exchange for a second round draft pick . Kevin Kolb was immediately named the starter , but after suffering a concussion in week 1 against the Packers , Vick took over as the starter . Vick led the Eagles to its sixth NFC East division title in ten seasons . With a record of 10 -- 6 the Eagles clinched the 3rd seed and had to play a Wild Card Playoff Game . During the 2010 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles faced off against the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers and lost 21 -- 16 .

\n

\n The 2011 season for the Eagles was a major disappointment , as they only managed to finish 8 -- 8 and did not qualify for the playoffs , although they did win the last 4 games of the season . Because of several free agent acquisitions , Vince Young , a back up quarterback , stated that the Eagles were a Dream Team . The Philadelphia fan base and faithful never did concur with the comment as some national outlets may comment . Many Eagles fans believe that Vince Young saying that the Eagles were a ' Dream Team ' is the reason that the Eagles had such a horrible season .

\n

\n Eagles fans had high expectations going into the 2012 season . The Eagles started off winning three out of their four first games , but that changed when they lost the next eight games , and were eliminated from the playoff hunt . They only won one out of their last four games . After a loss to the New York Giants on December 30 , 2012 , longtime head coach Andy Reid was fired after fourteen seasons with the team .

\n Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 )

\n On January 16 , 2013 , the Eagles brought in University of Oregon head coach Chip Kelly to succeed Reid as head coach after a 4 -- 12 season . The Philadelphia Eagles named Michael Vick starting quarterback going into the 2013 season with much promise running Chip Kelly 's fast - paced spread offense .

\n

\n The 2013 season proved to be more successful for the Eagles . A hamstring injury took Michael Vick out after a 1 -- 3 start , but his backup , Nick Foles , led the team to a 10 -- 6 regular season record , and its seventh NFC East title in 13 seasons . Before throwing his first interception in Week 14 , Foles threw 19 touchdowns , which was just one shy of the all - time NFL record of consecutive touchdowns without an interception to start a season , set earlier in the season by Peyton Manning . Foles also tied Manning for most touchdown passes in a single - game with seven against the Oakland Raiders which also made him the youngest player in NFL history to throw that many touchdowns in a game . Foles finished the regular season with 27 touchdown passes and only 2 interceptions , giving him the then - best TD - INT ratio in NFL history . ( That record was later broken by Tom Brady , in the 2016 season . ) He also finished with a 119.0 passer rating , third highest in league history behind only Aaron Rodgers in 2011 and Peyton Manning in 2004 . He was also only the second quarterback in NFL history to have a game in which he topped 400 passing yards and a perfect passer rating . LeSean McCoy finished his Pro Bowl season as the league 's top rusher with 1,607 rushing yards ( also a franchise record ) and 2,146 total yards from scrimmage , also best in the NFL . As a whole , the Eagles offense scored 51 touchdowns , most in franchise history passing the previous season high set back in 1948 .

\n

\n The Eagles opened the 2014 season winning their first three games and making NFL history as the only team ever to trail by ten or more points in their first three games and come back to win . Nick Foles struggled with turnovers , but ultimately did well and led the Eagles to a 6 -- 2 record , before breaking his collarbone , resulting in his job getting taken over by Mark Sanchez , who outplayed Foles despite facing more playoff teams . The Eagles held the divisional title from week one to week 15 against the Cowboys . After going 9 -- 3 with their crucial win over the Cowboys , the Eagles lost their next 3 , and a week after losing the NFC East title , they lost an upset against the 3 -- 11 Redskins and were eliminated from playoff contention with the Cowboys ' win over the Colts .

\n

\n Following the 2014 season , Chip Kelly was given total control and made some controversial moves . He traded LeSean McCoy , who had become the team 's all - time leading rusher after the 2014 season , for linebacker Kiko Alonso , a player Kelly coached at Oregon who had missed the entire 2014 season . He also cut ten - year veteran and starter , Trent Cole , who was still a consistent threat on defense and was second only to legend Reggie White on the Eagles all - time sack list . He also made a trade where the highly successful Nick Foles was traded for Sam Bradford , who had missed the entire 2014 season with an ACL tear . Kelly tried to re-sign Jeremy Maclin , who had stepped up as the team 's leading wide receiver , but he signed with the Kansas City Chiefs instead . However , the Eagles also acquired league leading rusher DeMarco Murray , which not only helped the Eagles , but hurt their rivals , the Dallas Cowboys . They also obtained Super Bowl champion Byron Maxwell , who left the Seattle Seahawks in free agency to sign a six - year , $63 million contract . The first two games of the season were disastrous , as they started 0 -- 2 . Bradford had a 2 -- 4 TD - INT ratio , Maxwell was constantly beaten by Falcons receiver Julio Jones , and Murray was held to 11 yards on 21 carries . After Murray was injured , Ryan Mathews rushed for over 100 yards in a Week 3 win against the New York Jets . Kelly made Murray the unquestioned starter and although Murray 's play improved over the season , he never regained his dominant form and was held to a career low 3.6 yards per carry average .

\n

\n On December 29 , 2015 , with one game left in the season , head coach Chip Kelly was released by the Eagles . Offensive Coordinator Pat Shurmur was named Interim Coach for the final game against the rival New York Giants , which Shurmur won 35 -- 30 . Former player and current running backs coach Duce Staley was the first coach to be interviewed for the opening head coaching job on January 2 , 2016 .

\n Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) 2016 Carson Wentz made his debut in the 2016 season

\n The Eagles hired Chiefs offensive coordinator Doug Pederson as their next head coach . The team made the official announcement on January 18 , 2016 . Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie said in a statement :

\n

\n `` Doug is a strategic thinker , a compelling leader and communicator , and someone who truly knows how to get the best out of his players . All of these factors were what initially attracted us to Doug and we believe that he is the right man to help us achieve our ultimate goal . ''

\n

\n Pederson had been with the Chiefs for the preceding three years after spending the four seasons previous to those with the Eagles . He served as a quality control assistant for the Eagles in 2009 and 2010 before being promoted to quarterbacks coach for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . He was praised for his work with Chiefs quarterback Alex Smith over the preceding few seasons , particularly 2015 , as the Chiefs moved into the top 10 in scoring offense .

\n

\n At the end of the 2015 season , the Eagles had the 13th pick in the 2016 NFL Draft . They traded Byron Maxwell , Kiko Alonso , and their pick to the Miami Dolphins for the # 8 pick . Later , they traded the # 8 pick , their third - round pick , their fourth - round pick , a 2017 first - round pick , and a 2018 second - round pick to the Cleveland Browns for the # 2 pick and a 2017 fourth - round pick . They used the # 2 pick to draft North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz . On September 3 , 2016 , the Eagles traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford to the Minnesota Vikings , who had lost Teddy Bridgewater for the season , for a 2017 first - round pick and a 2018 fourth - round pick . Following the trade , the Eagles named Wentz the starting quarterback for Week 1 of the 2016 season . First - time head coach Pederson led the Eagles to a 3 -- 0 start to the season . His rookie quarterback started with 5 touchdowns , no interceptions and over 255 yards per game . The Week 4 bye took a toll on the Eagles , and they lost four out of the next five games , including a loss to every rival team in their division . They also lost right tackle Lane Johnson to a 10 - game suspension following the Week 5 loss againist the Lions which damaged Carson Wentz 's hot start . In those four games , their average margin of loss was just under 5 points . Pederson and the Eagles won just 3 of their last 7 games . Those included gruesome road losses against the Seattle Seahawks , the Cincinnati Bengals , and the Baltimore Ravens . Although Wentz started off the season well , the 6 -- 5 quarterback finished with a TD -- INT ratio of 16 : 14 . The rookie head coach and rookie quarterback tandem led the Eagles to a disappointing year , finishing with a 7 -- 9 record and coming in last in the division .

\n 2017 : first Super Bowl Championship

\n During the following offseason , the team made several acquisitions on the offensive side of the ball . The Eagles either traded or released notable players from the Chip Kelly era like Ryan Mathews , Matt Tobin , Allen Barbre , Jordan Matthews and Marcus Smith II . They signed more notable players to improve its wide receiver corps that have struggled the last two seasons like Alshon Jeffery , and Torrey Smith as well as 2016 Super Bowl champion , Legarrette Blount . They also added veterans on defense such as Patrick Robinson , Chris Long , Corey Graham , Tim Jernigan and Ronald Darby . The team addressed its defense mostly in the draft , using its top three picks on defensive players . The Eagles drafted Derek Barnett with the 14th overall pick . The Eagles had completely revamped their offense and strengthened their defense heading into the 2017 season . They opened the season on the road versus the Washington Redskins and won the game 30 -- 17 . The team lost to the Kansas City Chiefs the following week , 27 -- 20 , in Pederson 's return to face Andy Reid . The Eagles then won six consecutive games , including signature wins at the Carolina Panthers , 28 -- 23 , and versus the Washington Redskins , 34 -- 24 , in a Monday Night contest . On the morning of October 31 , 2017 , just before the NFL trade deadline , the Eagles made a blockbuster move sending a fourth - round pick to the Miami Dolphins for star running back Jay Ajayi . The move immediately paid dividends for the Eagles heading into their next game versus the Denver Broncos as Ajayi rushed for 77 yards on just eight attempts including a 46 - yard TD near the end of the second quarter . Ajayi and Wentz led the Eagles to a 51 -- 23 rout of the top defense in the NFL .

\n Foles in the Huddle before leaving the field before Super Bowl LII .

\n The Eagles headed into their bye week with the best record in the NFL ( 8 -- 1 ) , and with Wentz leading the NFL MVP discussion with an NFL - leading 23 touchdowns to 5 interceptions . During their bye , the Eagles signed former Giants offensive tackle Will Beatty and former Saints linebacker Dannell Ellerbe to not only add depth but also players with Super Bowl experiences . Coming off of the bye week , the Philadelphia Eagles entered a Sunday night showdown with the defending NFC East champion Dallas Cowboys . The Eagles came out sluggish and trailed 9 -- 7 at the half . The team exploded in the second half though , rattling off 30 unanswered points to soundly defeat their rival by a final score of 37 -- 9 . The Eagles were rolling on a nine - game winning streak after a huge blowout win over the Chicago Bears . The Eagles traveled to Seattle in Week 13 in a huge Sunday Night showdown against Russell Wilson and the Seattle Seahawks . The Eagles struggled throughout the whole game , blowing many scoring opportunities and allowing Wilson to throw 3 touchdowns . The Eagles lost 24 -- 10 , ending their win streak . However , the Eagles bounced back in Week 14 win over the Los Angeles Rams in a tough 43 -- 35 win . However , Carson Wentz left the game in the third quarter with a knee injury . It was later found out that Wentz tore his ACL , ending his MVP caliber season . Backup Nick Foles would once again take over as starting quarterback . In Foles 's first start against the New York Giants , he would lead them back from a 20 -- 7 deficit and score 4 touchdowns and win the game 34 -- 29 . Foles struggled in the last two games of the season against the Oakland Raiders and the Dallas Cowboys , and threw a touchdown and 2 interceptions in that span . Despite this , the Eagles finished 13 -- 3 and secured the top seed in the NFC . The Eagles opened as the underdogs , the first time in history that a No. 1 seed has opened up the postseason as an underdog . Despite this , Foles would lead the Eagles past the Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round 15 -- 10 . In the next game Foles and the Eagles annihilated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship nicknamed the Minneapolis Massacre , mocking the Minneapolis Miracle from their previous playoff victory . Foles had his best game since week 15 and threw for 352 passing yards and 3 touchdowns including an impressive flea flicker touchdown pass . This win marked the franchise 's third Super Bowl appearance and a berth in Super Bowl LII for a 2005 rematch against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots .

\n

\n With Foles at the helm , the Eagles started off the game strong , leading the Patriots 22 -- 12 at halftime . In the second half the Patriots gained momentum and for the first time took the lead in the 4th quarter 33 -- 32 . The Eagles rallied back and scored an 11 - yard Touchdown to tight end Zach Ertz . Later the Eagles converted on a 46 - yard field goal by Jake Elliott to lead 41 -- 33 . On the final play of the game with 9 seconds left , Brady threw a hail - mary pass directed toward tight end Rob Gronkowski which was bobbled by Patrick Robinson before being dropped in the end - zone as time expired , securing the win for the Eagles 41 -- 33 , and ending the 58 - year long championship drought . This would be Philadelphia 's first Super Bowl win and their fourth league championship ( their first championship since 1960 ) . Foles won Super Bowl MVP going 28 -- 43 with 373 passing yards , 3 touchdowns , and an interception . Nick Foles became the first backup quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl since his opponent Tom Brady won as the backup for Drew Bledsoe in 2001 .

\n

\n Season records

\n Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons \n

\n Rivalries

\n

\n New York Giants

\n Main article : Eagles -- Giants rivalry

\n One of the NFL 's oldest , this rivalry began on October 15 , 1933 when the Giants defeated the newly founded Eagles 56 -- 0 . The Giants lead the all - time series 84 -- 82 -- 2 . Three of the best known comebacks against the Giants are labeled as `` Miracle In The Meadowlands -- Herm Edwards '' , `` Miracle In The Meadowlands II -- Brian Westbrook '' and `` Miracle In The New Meadowlands -- DeSean Jackson '' .

\n

\n Dallas Cowboys

\n Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry

\n The Cowboys have been one of the Eagles ' biggest rivals . The Eagles won the first game in this rivalry 27 -- 25 on September 30 , 1960 . Dallas leads the all - time series 63 -- 51 -- 0 . They have been close in recent years , with Dallas winning 12 games from 2006 to the present while the Eagles have also won 12 . There is much hostility between the two teams ' fan bases , with incidents such as the 1989 Bounty Bowl .

\n

\n Washington Redskins

\n Main article : Eagles -- Redskins rivalry

\n Not as big as the rivalries between the Giants and Cowboys , that with division rivals Washington Redskins is still fierce . It started in 1934 when the Washington Redskins were first known as the Boston Redskin ; the Redskins defeated the Eagles 6 -- 0 , and lead the all - time series 85 -- 76 -- 6 . The rivalry has been very even since 2010 overall . However , the Eagles swept the Redskins during the 2017 season for the first time since the 2013 season .

\n

\n Pittsburgh Steelers

\n Main article : Eagles -- Steelers rivalry

\n The Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers are both located in Pennsylvania and began play in 1933 . From that season , through 1966 , this was a major rivalry for both teams as both were part of the same division . In 1967 , they were placed in separate divisions but remained in the same conference for three years . Finally , in 1970 , the Steelers ( along with the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Colts ) moved to the American Football Conference while the Eagles stayed with the rest of the old - line NFL teams in the National Football Conference . As a result , the Eagles and Steelers no longer played each other every year . Currently they are scheduled to meet once every four years in the regular season , the most recent meeting being in 2016 at Philadelphia , with the Eagles winning 34 - 3 . The Steelers have lost nine straight games on the road against the Eagles dating back to 1966 , which was also the start of the Super Bowl era . The Eagles lead the all - time series 47 -- 28 -- 3 .

\n

\n Logo and uniforms

\n
\n
\n See also : Uniform ( American football ) and footnote about Eagles ' uniform numbers .
\n
\n

\n For several decades , the Eagles ' colors were kelly green , silver , and white . In 1954 , the Eagles , along with the Baltimore Colts , became the second team ever in the NFL to put a logo on their helmets , with silver wings on a kelly green helmet . In 1969 , the team wore two helmet versions : Kelly green with white wings in road games , and white with kelly green wings at home . From 1970 to ' 73 , they wore the white helmets with Kelly green wings exclusively before switching back to Kelly green helmets with silver wings . By 1974 , Joseph A. Scirrotto Jr. designed the silver wings took on a white outline , and this style on a kelly green helmet became standard for over two decades .

\n

\n From 1948 -- 95 , the team logo was an eagle in flight carrying a football in its claws , although from ' 69 -- 72 , the eagle took on a more stylized look . As the design was similar to the Apollo 11 emblem , and its moon - landing craft was dubbed Eagle , players wore the flight 's mission patch on their jerseys during 1969 .

\n

\n In 1973 , the team 's name was added below the eagle , which returned to its pre - ' 69 look .

\n

\n However , both the logo and uniforms were radically altered in 1996 . The primary kelly green color was changed to a darker shade , officially described as `` midnight green . '' Silver was practically abandoned , as uniform pants moved to either white or midnight green . The traditional helmet wings were changed to a primarily white color , with silver and black accents . The team 's logo combination ( the eagle and club name lettering ) also changed in 1996 , with the eagle itself limited to a white ( bald eagle ) head , drawn in a less realistic , more cartoon - based style , and the lettering changing from calligraphic to block letters .

\n

\n Since the 1996 alterations , the team has made only minor alterations , mostly relating to jersey / pant combinations worn during specific games . For example , in 1997 , against the San Francisco 49ers , the team wore midnight green jerseys and pants for the first of only two occasions in team history . The second occasion was in 2002 , during the final regular season game at Veterans Stadium , a win over the division - rival Washington Redskins . A year later , in the first two games of the 2003 season ( both home losses to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots ) , the Eagles wore white jerseys with white pants . Since 2003 , the white jerseys along with white pants have been worn during preseason games .

\n

\n The 2003 season also saw the first ( though only subtle ) change to the 1996 - style uniform . On both white and green jerseys , black shadows and silver trim were added to both the green and white numbering . The stripe on the pants changed from black - green - black to black - silver - green on the white pants , and from a solid black stripe to one stripe of black , another of silver , with one small white stripe in between for the midnight blue pants . The 2003 season also saw the team debut black alternate jerseys , with a green ( instead of black ) shadow on white numbers , and silver trim . These black jerseys have been worn for two selected home games each season ( usually the first home game after bye week and the season finale ) . In the 2003 and 2004 regular season home finales , the team wore the green road pants with the black alternate jerseys , but lost each game . Since then , the Eagles have only worn the black jerseys with the white pants . However , due to the special 75th anniversary uniforms serving as the `` alternates '' for one game in 2007 , the Eagles could not wear the alternate black jersey that season per league rules ( alternate uniforms are permitted twice per season but only one can be used ) . The black jerseys with white pants , however , re-appeared for the 2008 Thanksgiving night game against the Arizona Cardinals . The black jerseys were most recently used in a December 21 , 2016 game against the New York Giants , in which they won 24 - 19 . From 2006 -- 2013 , the Eagles have only worn the alternate black jerseys once a season and for the last November home game , but did not use them in 2007 , 2010 , and 2011 . For the 2007 and 2010 seasons , the Eagles used throwback uniforms in place of the black alternates for their anniversary to commemorate past teams . The team also started wearing black shoes exclusively in 2004 . Since 2014 , the Eagles have worn the black jersey twice per season . In 2016 , they wore the black jersey three times .

\n

\n To celebrate the team 's 75th anniversary , the 2007 uniforms featured a 75th - season logo patch on the left shoulder . In addition , the team wore `` throwback '' jerseys in a 2007 game against the Detroit Lions . The yellow and blue jerseys , the same colors found on Philadelphia 's city flag , are based on those worn by the Philadelphia Eagles in the team 's inaugural season , and were the same colors used by the former Frankford Yellow Jackets franchise prior to their suspension of operations in 1931 . The Eagles beat Detroit , 56 -- 21 .

\n

\n The Philadelphia Eagles wear their white jerseys at home for preseason games and daytime games in the first half of the regular season from September to mid-October when the temperature is warmer . In night contests in the first half of the regular season , the Eagles do not need to wear white at home since the temperature is cooler . However , there have been exceptions , such as the home opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2003 and the Washington Redskins in 2007 that were played at night . In late October or beginning in November , the Eagles start to wear their colors at home ( although they have done it earlier before ) , be it the midnight green jerseys or a third jersey . On one occasion the Eagles wore white at home after October in a meeting against the Dallas Cowboys on November 4 , 2007 to make the Cowboys wear their road blue jerseys . Since moving to Lincoln Financial Field in 2003 , the Eagles have worn white at home for at least their home opener , with the exceptions for the 2010 home opener ( see next paragraph ) , the 2011 home opener against the New York Giants , the 2016 home opener against the Cleveland Browns , and the 2017 home opener against the Giants .

\n

\n In the 2010 season against the Green Bay Packers , on September 12 , 2010 , the Eagles wore uniforms similar to the ones that were worn by the 1960 championship team in honor the 50th anniversary of that team . In weeks 4 and 6 of the 2010 season , the Eagles wore their white jerseys in a match - up against the Washington Redskins and Atlanta Falcons respectively before reverting to their midnight green jerseys for the rest of their home games . For the 2011 season , the Eagles did not wear white for any of their home games .

\n

\n For the 2012 season Nike took over from Reebok as the NFL 's official apparel licensee but the Eagles decided that they would not be adopting Nike 's `` Elite 51 '' uniform technology . Aside from the Nike logo replacing the Reebok logo , the only other change is the league - wide revision of the NFL shield on the uniform ( replacing the NFL Equipment logo ) , other than that the uniforms essentially remain unchanged . The Eagles also revived their black alternate jersey .

\n

\n For the 2013 season , the Eagles started to wear white pants , as an alternate to their green pants , with their white jerseys , in the regular season .

\n

\n For the 2014 season the Eagles have officially adopted the `` Elite 51 '' style uniform from Nike . Recently the team has discussed bringing back the `` Kelly Green '' uniforms similar to the uniforms worn in the 1960 NFL Championship season and which were last worn in the 2010 season opener vs. Green Bay . Traditionally kelly green , silver and white had been the official team color until 1996 season when it switched to the current `` Midnight Green '' uniforms . But due to the NFL rules and restrictions having a team go through a waiting period before any major uniform changes and alterations can be made , it would most likely be quite some time before any uniform changes are officially made .

\n

\n In Week 6 of 2014 against the New York Giants , the team introduced black pants to complement their black jerseys , giving them a blackout uniform set , the Eagles won the game 27 -- 0 . The victory was their first shutout in 18 years . The blackout uniform was most recently worn in a Week 16 victory , 19 - 10 , against the Raiders in 2017 . The Eagles are 6 -- 3 in their blackout uniforms : winning three times against the Giants and once against each of the Minnesota Vikings , Denver Broncos , and Oakland Raiders , and losing against the Seattle Seahawks , Arizona Cardinals , and Green Bay Packers .

\n

\n Training camp

\n

\n The Eagles previously held their preseason training camp from the end of July through mid-August each year at Lehigh University in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley . With the addition of new head coach Chip Kelly , the Eagles recently moved their training camp to the NovaCare Complex in Philadelphia . Training camps were previously held at Chestnut Hill Academy in 1935 , Saint Joseph 's University in 1939 and 1943 , Saranac Lake from 1946 -- 1948 , Hershey from 1951 -- 1967 , Albright College from 1968 -- 1972 , Widener University from 1973 -- 1979 , and West Chester University from 1980 -- 1995 .

\n

\n Fight song

\n Further information : Fly , Eagles Fly

\n This fight song is heard during Eagles ' home games after touchdowns and before the team is introduced prior to kickoff .

\n

\n Fans

\n Full house at `` The Linc '' for a playoff game in January 2011 An Eagles fan in attendance at U.S. Bank Stadium celebrates following the team 's victory at Super Bowl LII . Eagles fans celebrating along Benjamin Franklin Parkway at the Eagles victory parade

\n Devotion

\n

\n Although the method may vary , studies that attempt to rank the 32 fan bases in the NFL consistently place Eagles fans among the best in the league , noting their `` unmatched fervor . '' Eagles fans have numerous dedicated web communities , ranking the Eagles just behind the Phillies as the dominant Philadelphia sports presence on the web .

\n

\n The American City Business Journals , which conducts a regular study to determine the most loyal fans in the NFL , evaluates fans based primarily on attendance - related factors , and ranked Eagles fans third in both 1999 and 2006 . The 2006 study called the fans `` incredibly loyal '' , noting that they filled 99.8 % of the seats in the stadium over the previous decade . Forbes placed the Eagles fans first in its 2008 survey , which was based on the correlation between team performance and fan attendance . ESPN.com placed Eagles fans fourth in the league in its 2008 survey , citing the connection between the team 's performance and the mood of the city . The last home game which was blacked out on television in the Philadelphia market as a result of not being sold out was against the Arizona Cardinals on Sunday , September 12 , 1999 , which was Andy Reid 's first home game as new head coach of the Eagles .

\n

\n The studies note that -- win or lose -- Eagles fans can be counted on to pack their stadium . As of August 2008 , the team had sold out 71 consecutive games , and 70,000 were on the team 's waiting list for season tickets . Despite finishing with a 6 -- 10 record in the 2005 season , the Eagles ranked second in the NFL in merchandise sales , and single - game tickets for the next season were sold out minutes after phone and Internet lines opened .

\n

\n Eagles fans have also been known to chant the famous , `` E-A-G-L-E-S -- Eagles ! ! '' at Flyers , Phillies , and 76ers games when the team is getting blown out late in a game and a loss is inevitable , signifying their displeasure with the given team 's performance , and that they are instead putting their hope into the Eagles .

\n

\n Bad behavior

\n

\n Along with their fierce devotion , Eagles fans have a reputation for bad behavior and sports - related violence , especially when the team plays its rivals . In If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? , Jere\u00e9 Longman described the fans of the 700 Level of Veterans Stadium as having a reputation for `` hostile taunting , fighting , public urination and general strangeness . '' So many incidents occurred at a 1997 game against the 49ers that at the following home game , Judge Seamus McCaffery began presiding over a temporary courtroom at the stadium ; 20 suspects came before him that day . Fan behavior improved after the team 's move to Lincoln Financial Field , and `` Eagles Court '' ended in December 2003 .

\n

\n Eagles Cheerleaders

\n Eagles Cheerleaders doing a routine in 2008 . Main article : Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders

\n The team also has its own cheerleading squad , which performs a variety of dance moves for the fans and the Eagles on the sideline . The squad also releases a swimsuit calendar each year , and is the first squad in the league to release the calendar on the Android and iOS mobile systems .

\n

\n Current roster

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Philadelphia Eagles roster
    \n
  • \n view
    • \n
  • \n talk
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Quarterbacks
    \n
  • \n 9 Nick Foles
    • \n
  • \n 7 Nate Sudfeld
    • \n
  • \n 11 Carson Wentz
    • \n
\n

\n Running backs

\n
    \n
  • \n 26 Jay Ajayi
    • \n
  • \n 30 Corey Clement
    • \n
  • \n 34 Donnel Pumphrey
    • \n
  • \n 28 Wendell Smallwood
    • \n
\n

\n Wide receivers

\n
    \n
  • \n 13 Nelson Agholor
    • \n
  • \n 19 Rashard Davis
    • \n
  • \n 18 Shelton Gibson
    • \n
  • \n 10 Mack Hollins
    • \n
  • \n 17 Alshon Jeffery
    • \n
  • \n 16 Bryce Treggs
    • \n
  • \n 14 Mike Wallace
    • \n
  • \n 89 Greg Ward Jr .
    • \n
  • \n -- Dom Williams
    • \n
  • \n -- Marquess Wilson
    • \n
\n

\n Tight ends

\n
    \n
  • \n 85 Billy Brown
    • \n
  • \n 86 Zach Ertz
    • \n
  • \n -- Joshua Perkins
    • \n
  • \n -- Richard Rodgers
    • \n
  • \n -- Adam Zaruba
    • \n
\n 		\n \n Offensive linemen
    \n
  • \n 79 Brandon Brooks G
    • \n
  • \n 78 Darrell Greene G
    • \n
  • \n -- Taylor Hart T
    • \n
  • \n 65 Lane Johnson T
    • \n
  • \n 62 Jason Kelce C
    • \n
  • \n 71 Jason Peters T
    • \n
  • \n 73 Isaac Seumalo G
    • \n
  • \n -- Jon Toth C
    • \n
  • \n 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai T
    • \n
  • \n 67 Chance Warmack G
    • \n
  • \n 61 Stefen Wisniewski G
    • \n
\n

\n Defensive linemen

\n
    \n
  • \n 96 Derek Barnett DE
    • \n
  • \n 77 Michael Bennett DE
    • \n
  • \n 91 Fletcher Cox DT
    • \n
  • \n -- Winston Craig DT
    • \n
  • \n 55 Brandon Graham DE
    • \n
  • \n 93 Timmy Jernigan DT
    • \n
  • \n 56 Chris Long DE
    • \n
  • \n 51 Steven Means DE
    • \n
  • \n 94 Haloti Ngata DT
    • \n
  • \n 98 Elijah Qualls DT
    • \n
  • \n -- Aziz Shittu DT
    • \n
  • \n 97 Destiny Vaeao DT
    • \n
\n 		\n \n Linebackers
    \n
  • \n 53 Nigel Bradham OLB
    • \n
  • \n 47 Nathan Gerry OLB
    • \n
  • \n 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill OLB
    • \n
  • \n 58 Jordan Hicks MLB
    • \n
  • \n 95 Mychal Kendricks OLB
    • \n
  • \n -- Corey Nelson OLB
    • \n
  • \n 59 Joe Walker MLB
    • \n
  • \n -- Paul Worrilow OLB
    • \n
\n

\n Defensive backs

\n
    \n
  • \n -- De'Vante Bausby CB
    • \n
  • \n -- Elie Bouka CB
    • \n
  • \n 21 Ronald Darby CB
    • \n
  • \n 32 Rasul Douglas CB
    • \n
  • \n -- Randall Goforth CB
    • \n
  • \n 27 Malcolm Jenkins SS
    • \n
  • \n 22 Sidney Jones CB
    • \n
  • \n 35 D.J. Killings CB
    • \n
  • \n 23 Rodney McLeod FS
    • \n
  • \n 42 Chris Maragos FS
    • \n
  • \n 31 Jalen Mills CB
    • \n
  • \n 49 Tre Sullivan S
    • \n
\n

\n Special teams

\n
    \n
  • \n 4 Jake Elliott K
    • \n
  • \n -- Cameron Johnston P
    • \n
  • \n 45 Rick Lovato LS
    • \n
\n 		\n \n \n \n Reserve lists
    \n
  • \n Currently vacant
    • \n
\n

\n

\n Rookies in italics

\n Roster updated April 16 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 68 Active , Inactive

\n \u2192 AFC rosters \u2192 NFC rosters
\n
\n
\n AFC East
\n
\n BUF
\n
\n MIA
\n
\n NE
\n
\n NYJ
\n
\n North
\n
\n BAL
\n
\n CIN
\n
\n CLE
\n
\n PIT
\n
\n South
\n
\n HOU
\n
\n IND
\n
\n JAX
\n
\n TEN
\n
\n West
\n
\n DEN
\n
\n KC
\n
\n LAC
\n
\n OAK
\n
\n
\n
\n NFC East
\n
\n DAL
\n
\n NYG
\n
\n PHI
\n
\n WAS
\n
\n North
\n
\n CHI
\n
\n DET
\n
\n GB
\n
\n MIN
\n
\n South
\n
\n ATL
\n
\n CAR
\n
\n NO
\n
\n TB
\n
\n West
\n
\n ARI
\n
\n LAR
\n
\n SF
\n
\n SEA
\n
\n
\n

\n List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present )

\n Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles players

\n Awards and honors

\n

\n Retired numbers

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Philadelphia Eagles retired numbers
\n No . \n Player \n Position \n Years played
\n 5 \n Donovan McNabb \n QB \n 1999 -- 2009
\n 15 \n Steve Van Buren \n HB \n 1944 -- 1951
\n 20 \n Brian Dawkins \n \n 1996 -- 2008
\n 40 \n Tom Brookshier \n CB \n 1953 -- 1961
\n 44 \n Pete Retzlaff \n RB , WR , TE \n 1956 -- 1966
\n 60 \n Chuck Bednarik \n LB , C \n 1949 -- 1962
\n 70 \n Al Wistert \n OT \n 1943 -- 1951
\n 92 \n Reggie White \n DE \n 1985 -- 1992
\n 99 \n Jerome Brown \n DT \n 1987 -- 1991
\n

\n Notes :

\n \n

\n Pro Football Hall of Famers

\n Eagles legend Steve Van Buren Main article : List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Eagles in the Pro Football Hall of Fame
\n Players
\n No . \n Name \n Positions \n Seasons \n Inducted \n No . \n Name \n Positions \n Seasons \n Inducted
\n 60 \n Chuck Bednarik \n C -- LB \n 1949 -- 1962 \n 1967 \n 33 \n Ollie Matson \n RB \n 1964 -- 1966 \n 1972
\n 76 \n Bob Brown \n OT \n 1964 -- 1968 \n \n 25 \n Tommy McDonald \n WR \n 1957 -- 1963 \n 1998
\n 80 \n Cris Carter \n WR \n 1987 -- 1989 \n 2013 \n 85 \n James Arthur `` Art '' Monk \n WR \n 1995 \n 2008
\n 95 \n Richard Dent \n DE \n 1997 \n 2011 \n 35 \n Pete Pihos \n TE -- DE \n 1947 -- 1955 \n 1970
\n 89 \n Mike Ditka \n TE \n 1967 -- 1968 \n 1988 \n 54 \n Jim Ringo \n \n 1964 -- 1967 \n 1981
\n 86 \n Bud Grant \n WR -- DE \n 1951 -- 1952 \n 1994 \n 11 \n Norm Van Brocklin \n QB \n 1958 -- 1960 \n 1971
\n 56 \n Bill Hewitt \n End - FB \n 1937 -- 1939 , 1943 \n 1971 \n 15 \n Steve Van Buren \n HB \n 1944 -- 1951 \n 1965
\n 87 \n Claude Humphrey \n DE \n 1979 -- 1981 \n 2014 \n 92 \n Reggie White \n DE \n 1985 -- 1992 \n 2006
\n 9 \n Sonny Jurgensen \n QB \n 1957 -- 1963 \n \n 53 \n Alex Wojciechowicz \n C -- DT \n 1946 -- 1950 \n 1968
\n 80 \n James Lofton \n WR \n 1993 \n 2003 \n 20 \n Brian Dawkins \n \n 1996 - 2008 \n 2018
\n Coaches and Executives
\n Name \n Positions \n Seasons \n Inducted
\n Bert Bell \n Owner / Founder \n 1933 -- 1940 \n 1963
\n Wayne Millner \n Assistant Coach \n 1951 \n 1968
\n Earle `` Greasy '' Neale \n Head Coach \n 1941 -- 1950 \n 1969
\n Mike McCormack \n Head Coach \n 1973 -- 1975 \n 1984
\n

\n Eagles Hall of Fame

\n See also : Category : American football museums and halls of fame .

\n In 1987 , the Eagles Honor Roll was established . Every Eagles player who had by then been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame was among the inaugural induction class . By 2012 , the Honor Roll had been retitled as the Eagles Hall of Fame . Players are considered for induction three years after their retirement from the NFL , and there have been 41 inductees into the Eagles Hall of Fame as of 2015 .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Eagles Hall of Fame
\n Year \n No . \n Name \n Position ( s ) \n Tenure
\n \n 60 \n Chuck Bednarik \n C -- LB \n 1949 -- 1962
\n -- \n Bert Bell \n Founder - Owner \n 1933 -- 1940
\n 17 \n Harold Carmichael \n WR \n 1971 -- 1983
\n 56 \n Bill Hewitt \n TE -- DE \n 1936 -- 1939 , 1943
\n 9 \n Sonny Jurgensen \n QB \n 1957 -- 1963
\n 33 \n Ollie Matson \n RB \n 1964 -- 1966
\n 31 \n Wilbert Montgomery \n RB \n 1977 -- 1984
\n -- \n Earle `` Greasy '' Neale \n Head Coach \n 1941 -- 1950
\n 35 \n Pete Pihos \n TE -- DE \n 1947 -- 1955
\n 54 \n Jim Ringo \n \n 1964 -- 1967
\n 11 \n Norm Van Brocklin \n QB \n 1958 -- 1960
\n 15 \n Steve Van Buren \n HB \n 1944 -- 1951
\n 53 \n Alex Wojciechowicz \n C -- DT \n 1946 -- 1950
\n 1988 \n 66 \n Bill Bergey \n LB \n 1974 -- 1980
\n 25 \n Tommy McDonald \n WR \n 1957 -- 1963
\n 1989 \n 40 \n Tom Brookshier \n CB \n 1954 -- 1961
\n 44 \n Pete Retzlaff \n TE \n 1956 -- 1966
\n 1990 \n 22 \n Timmy Brown \n RB \n 1960 -- 1967
\n 1991 \n 76 \n Jerry Sisemore \n OT \n 1973 -- 1987
\n 75 \n Stan Walters \n OT \n 1975 -- 1983
\n 1992 \n 7 \n Ron Jaworski \n QB \n 1977 -- 1986
\n 1993 \n 28 \n Bill Bradley \n S -- P \n 1969 -- 1976
\n 1994 \n -- \n Dick Vermeil \n Head Coach \n 1976 -- 1982
\n 1995 \n -- \n Jim Gallagher \n Team Executive \n 1949 -- 1995
\n 82 \n Mike Quick \n WR \n 1982 -- 1990
\n \n 99 \n Jerome Brown \n DT \n 1987 -- 1991
\n 1999 \n -- \n Otho Davis \n Head Trainer \n 1973 -- 1995
\n 1948 NFL Championship team
\n 1949 NFL Championship team
\n \n 76 \n Bob Brown \n OT \n 1964 -- 1968
\n 2005 \n 92 \n Reggie White \n DE \n 1985 -- 1992
\n 2009 \n 70 \n Al Wistert \n OT \n 1943 -- 1951
\n 12 \n Randall Cunningham \n QB -- P \n 1985 -- 1995
\n 2011 \n 21 \n Eric Allen \n CB \n 1988 -- 1994
\n -- \n Jim Johnson \n Defensive Coordinator \n 1999 -- 2008
\n 2012 \n -- \n Leo Carlin \n Ticket Manager \n 1960 -- 2015
\n 20 \n Brian Dawkins \n \n 1996 -- 2008
\n 23 \n Troy Vincent \n CB \n 1996 -- 2003
\n 2013 \n 5 \n Donovan McNabb \n QB \n 1999 -- 2009
\n 2015 \n 36 \n Brian Westbrook \n RB \n 2002 -- 2009
\n 55 \n Maxie Baughan \n LB \n 1960 -- 1965
\n 2016 \n 54 \n Jeremiah Trotter \n LB \n 1998 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 , 2009
\n - \n Merrill Reese \n Radio Play by Play \n 1977 -- Present
\n 2017 \n \n David Akers \n \n 1999 - 2010
\n

\n 75th anniversary team

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Philadelphia Eagles 75th Anniversary Team ( 2007 )
\n
\n
\n Offense
\n
\n McNabb ( QB )
\n
\n Van Buren ( RB )
\n
\n Byars ( FB )
\n
\n Carmichael ( WR )
\n
\n McDonald ( WR )
\n
\n Pihos ( TE )
\n
\n Thomas ( LT )
\n
\n Key ( LG )
\n
\n Bednarik ( C )
\n
\n Andrews ( RG )
\n
\n Runyan ( RT )
\n
\n Defense
\n
\n Simmons ( DE )
\n
\n White ( DE )
\n
\n J. Brown ( DT )
\n
\n Johnson ( DT )
\n
\n Bednarik ( MLB )
\n
\n Joyner ( OLB )
\n
\n Wojciechowicz ( OLB )
\n
\n Allen ( CB )
\n
\n Vincent ( CB )
\n
\n Waters ( SS )
\n
\n Dawkins ( FS )
\n
\n Special teams
\n
\n T. Brown ( KR )
\n
\n Westbrook ( PR )
\n
\n Akers ( PK )
\n
\n Landeta ( P )
\n
\n Papale ( ST )
\n
\n Coach
\n
\n Andy Reid
\n
\n
\n

\n John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress )

\n
\n
\n See footnote
\n
\n

\n Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame

\n Main article : Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame

\n Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame

\n
\n
\n See : Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame # Football
\n
\n

\n Franchise records

\n

\n Source : pro-football-reference.com Eagles Franchise Page

\n

\n Passing

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Statistic \n Regular season \n Playoffs \n Rookie
\n Career \n Season \n Game \n Career \n Season \n Game \n Season \n Game
\n Completions \n 2801 Donovan McNabb \n 379 Carson Wentz 2016 \n 37 Mark Sanchez 2014 - 12 - 20 @ WAS Sam Bradford 2015 - 12 - 26 WAS \n 341 Donovan McNabb \n 73 Donovan McNabb 2008 \n 30 Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE \n 379 Carson Wentz 2016 \n 36 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN
\n Pass Attempts \n 4746 Donovan McNabb \n 607 Carson Wentz 2016 \n 62 Randall Cunningham 1989 - 10 - 02 @ CHI Nick Foles 2014 - 10 - 26 @ ARI \n 577 Donovan McNabb \n 121 Donovan McNabb 2008 \n 54 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI \n 607 Carson Wentz 2016 \n 60 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN
\n Passing Yards \n 32873 Donovan McNabb \n 3916 Donovan McNabb 2008 \n 464 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 12 - 05 GNB \n 3752 Donovan McNabb \n 892 Donovan McNabb 2008 \n 407 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI \n 3782 Carson Wentz 2016 \n 381 Nick Foles 2012 - 12 - 09 @ TAM
\n Passing TDs \n 216 Donovan McNabb \n 33 Carson Wentz 2017 \n 7 Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK \n 24 Donovan McNabb \n 7 Donovan McNabb \n Ron Jaworski 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI / > Nick Foles 2018 - 01 - 21 MIN 2018 - 02 - 04 NNWE \n 16 Carson Wentz 2016 \n Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Donovan McNabb 2000 - 01 - 02 STL
\n Intercepted \n 151 Ron Jaworski \n 26 Sonny Jurgensen 1962 \n 6 Bobby Thomason 1956 - 10 - 21 CRD Pete Liske 1971 - 09 - 26 DAL \n 17 Donovan McNabb \n 7 Ron Jaworski 1980 \n Ron Jaworski 1981 - 01 - 25 NOAK Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 18 CAR 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE \n 17 Davey O'Brien 1939 \n Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 15 RAM Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 18 @ GNB Brad Goebel 1991 - 10 - 13 NOR
\n Passer Rating \n 94.2 + Nick Foles \n 119.2 # Nick Foles 2013 \n 158.3 * Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 23 DET Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK \n 83.6 # Jeff Garcia \n 132.4 * Rodney Peete 1995 \n 143.3 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET \n 79.3 # Carson Wentz 2016 \n 131.7 * Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL
\n Sacked \n 422 Randall Cunningham \n 72 Randall Cunningham 1986 \n 12 Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 30 @ NYG \n 48 Donovan McNabb \n 12 Donovan McNabb 2003 \n 8 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 11 GNB \n 38 John Reaves 1972 \n 7 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 29 NYG
\n Yds / Pass Att \n 8.71 + Sonny Jurgensen \n 9.12 # Nick Foles 2013 \n 16.29 * Sonny Jurgensen 1962 - 11 - 25 DAL \n 6.5 # Donovan McNabb Randall Cunningham \n 10.2 * Norm Van Brocklin 1960 \n 10.8 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET \n 6.73 # John Reaves 1972 \n 12.47 * Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 22 @ WAS
\n Pass Yds / Game \n 266.1 + Sam Bradford \n 278.6 # Donovan McNabb 2005 \n - \n 234.5 # Donovan McNabb \n 407 * Randall Cunningham 1988 \n - \n 242.7 # Nick Foles 2012 \n -
\n

\n + = min . 500 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , \u2217 = minimum 15 attempts ,

\n

\n Rushing

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Statistic \n Regular season \n Playoffs \n Rookie
\n Career \n Season \n Game \n Career \n Season \n Game \n Season \n Game
\n Rush Attempts \n 1465 Wilbert Montgomery \n 353 Ricky Watters \n 35 Heath Sherman 1990 - 11 - 12 WAS \n 141 Wilbert Montgomery \n 68 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 \n 26 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL \n 182 Po James 1972 \n 28 Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 09 WAS
\n Rush Yards \n 6792 LeSean McCoy \n 1607 LeSean McCoy 2013 \n 217 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 12 - 08 DET \n 591 Brian Westbrook \n 312 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 \n 194 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL \n 637 LeSean McCoy 2009 \n 178 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR
\n Rush Yds / Att \n 6.62 Randall Cunningham \n 7.98 Randall Cunningham 1990 \n 11.63 Timmy Brown 1965 - 11 - 07 @ CLE \n 5.86 Donovan McNabb \n 7.79 Brian Westbrook 2006 \n 7.46 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL \n 4.9 Bryce Brown 2012 \n 9.37 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR
\n Rushing TDs \n 69 Steve Van Buren \n 17 LeSean McCoy 2011 \n Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS 1982 - 12 - 19 HOU LeSean McCoy 2010 - 09 - 19 @ DET \n 6 Wilbert Montgomery \n Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Brian Westbrook 2006 \n Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 12 - 27 NYG \n Ken Keller 1956 LeSean McCoy 2009 Bryce Brown 2012 \n Wilbert Montgomery 1977 - 12 - 18 NYJ James Joseph 1991 - 11 - 04 NYG Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 02 @ SFO Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR 2012 - 12 - 02 @ DAL
\n Rush Yds / Game \n 79 Ricky Watters \n 100.4 LeSean McCoy 2013 \n - \n 74 Wilbert Montgomery \n 128.5 Brian Westbrook 2006 \n - \n 70.1 Mike Hogan 1976 \n -
\n

\n \u2217 = minimum 15 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , + = min . 500 attempts

\n

\n Receiving

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Statistic \n Regular season \n Playoffs \n Rookie
\n Career \n Season \n Game \n Career \n Season \n Game \n Season \n Game
\n Receptions \n 589 Harold Carmichael \n 90 Brian Westbrook 2007 \n 13 Jeremy Maclin 2011 - 09 - 18 @ ATL Zach Ertz 2017 - 01 - 01 DAL \n 38 Chad Lewis \n 19 Brent Celek 2008 \n 10 Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI \n 81 Keith Jackson 1988 \n 11 Junior Tautalatasi 1986 - 11 - 09 NYG
\n Receiving Yds \n 8,978 Harold Carmichael \n 1409 Mike Quick \n 237 Tommy McDonald 1961 - 12 - 10 NYG \n 465 Harold Carmichael \n 211 Kevin Curtis 2008 \n 146 Jeremy Maclin 2010 - 01 - 09 @ DAL \n 912 DeSean Jackson 2008 \n 177 Hank Baskett 2006 - 12 - 31 ATL
\n Yds / Rec \n 19.16 + Tommy McDonald \n 21.44 # Ben Hawkins 1967 \n 52.5 * DeSean Jackson 2010 - 12 - 12 @ DAL \n 16.03 # Harold Carmichael \n 23.5 * Donte ' Stallworth 2006 \n 30.5 * Kevin Curtis 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI \n 21.09 # Hank Baskett 2006 \n 28.5 * Fred Barnett 1990 - 10 - 15 MIN
\n Receiving TDs \n 79 Harold Carmichael \n 14 Terrell Owens \n Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT \n 6 Harold Carmichael \n Harold Carmichael 1979 Brent Celek 2008 \n Harold Carmichael 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Fred Barnett 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Chad Lewis 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI \n 9 Calvin Williams 1990 \n ( 9 times )
\n Rec Yds / Game \n 70.3 + DeSean Jackson \n 90.4 # Ben Hawkins 1967 \n - \n 66.4 # Harold Carmichael \n 146 * Jeremy Maclin 2009 \n - \n 64.3 # Don Looney 1940 \n -
\n

\n \u2217 = minimum 4 receptions , # = min . 20 receptions , + = min . 200 receptions

\n

\n Other

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Statistic \n Regular season \n Playoffs \n Rookie
\n Career \n Season \n Game \n Career \n Season \n Game \n Season \n Game
\n Total TDs \n 79 Harold Carmichael \n 20 LeSean McCoy 2011 \n Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT Wilbert Montgomery 1978 - 09 - 10 @ WAS 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS Brian Westbrook 2008 - 11 - 27 ARI \n 6 Brian Westbrook Wilbert Montgomery Harold Carmichael \n Harold Carmichael 1979 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Duce Staley 2001 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brent Celek 2008 \n ( 8 times ) \n 9 Calvin Williams 1990 \n Corey Clement 2017 - 11 - 05 DEN
\n Yds from Scrimmage \n 9,785 Brian Westbrook \n 2146 LeSean McCoy 2013 \n 249 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL \n 925 Brian Westbrook \n 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 \n 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL \n 878 Charle Young 1973 \n 189 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR
\n All Purpose Yds \n 12,049 Timmy Brown \n 2428 Timmy Brown 1963 \n 341 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL \n 953 Brian Westbrook \n 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 \n 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL \n 940 Steve Van Buren 1944 \n 231 Kevin Bowman 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL
\n

\n Returning

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Statistic \n Regular season \n Playoffs
\n Career \n Season \n Game \n Career \n Season \n Game
\n Kick Returns \n 169 Timmy Brown \n 54 Allen Rossum 1999 \n 8 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI Allen Rossum 1999 - 11 - 21 IND Quintin Demps 2008 - 11 - 09 NYG \n 22 Brian Mitchell \n 11 Brian Mitchell 2001 \n 6 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL
\n Kick Ret Yds \n 4,483 Timmy Brown \n 1347 Allen Rossum 1999 \n 253 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI \n 522 Brian Mitchell \n 239 Brian Mitchell 2001 \n 128 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL
\n Yds / KR \n 27.74 Josh Huff \n 33.25 Steve Van Buren 1944 \n 61

\n Jake Elliott

\n

\n 2017 - 09 - 24

\n 		\n 25.29 J.R. Reed \n 26.8 Brian Mitchell 2002 \n 31.25 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM
\n Kick Ret TDs \n 5 Timmy Brown \n Timmy Brown 1966 Derrick Witherspoon \n Timmy Brown 1966 - 11 - 06 DAL \n 0
\n Punt Returns \n 148 Wally Henry \n 54 Wally Henry 1981 \n 9 Larry Marshall 1977 - 09 - 18 TAM \n 16 Brian Mitchell \n 8 Wally Henry 1979 John Sciarra 1980 \n 6 John Sciarra 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL
\n Punt Ret Yds \n 1369 Brian Mitchell \n 567 Brian Mitchell 2002 \n 140 Alvin Haymond 1968 - 10 - 06 @ WAS \n 174 DeSean Jackson \n 122 DeSean Jackson 2008 \n 109 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN
\n Yds / PR \n 14.71 Ernie Steele \n 20.44 Ernie Steele 1942 \n 33 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 11 - 25 @ SFO \n 15.82 DeSean Jackson \n 17.43 DeSean Jackson 2008 \n 21.8 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN
\n Punt Ret TDs \n DeSean Jackson Darren Sproles \n Brian Westbrook 2003 DeSean Jackson 2009 Darren Sproles 2014 , 2015 \n ( 8 times ) \n 0
\n Total Return Yds \n 4,997 Timmy Brown \n 1729 Brian Mitchell 2002 \n 234 Vai Sikahema 1992 - 11 - 22 @ NYG \n 657 Brian Mitchell \n 296 Brian Mitchell 2001 \n 159 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM
\n

\n Defense

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Statistic \n Regular season \n Playoffs
\n Career \n Season \n Game \n Career \n Season \n Game
\n Interceptions \n 34 Bill Bradley Brian Dawkins Eric Allen \n 11 Bill Bradley 1971 \n Don Burroughs 1961 - 12 - 03 @ PIT Nate Ramsey 1965 - 11 - 28 @ STL Jim Nettles 1965 - 12 - 12 @ PIT Joe Scarpati 1966 - 10 - 23 @ NYG \n 5 Herm Edwards \n Roynell Young 1980 Damon Moore 2001 \n Herm Edwards 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Roynell Young 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Eric Allen 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM
\n Int Ret Yds \n 536 Bill Bradley \n 248 Bill Bradley 1971 \n 114 Frank LeMaster 1975 - 12 - 21 @ WAS \n 77 Damon Moore \n 77 Damon Moore 2001 \n 59 Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM
\n Int Ret TDs \n 5 Eric Allen \n Eric Allen 1993 \n Eric Allen 1993 - 12 - 26 NOR \n ( 6 times )
\n Sacks ( since 1982 ) \n 124 Reggie White \n 21 Reggie White \n 4.5 Clyde Simmons 1991 - 09 - 15 @ DAL Hugh Douglas 1998 - 10 - 18 @ SDG \n Derrick Burgess Hugh Douglas Carl Hairston Reggie White \n Carl Hairston 1980 Derrick Burgess \n Carl Hairston 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Hugh Douglas 2000 - 12 - 31 TAM Derrick Burgess 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Darwin Walker 2007 - 01 - 13 @ NOR
\n

\n Exceptional performances

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Statistic \n Career \n Season \n Playoff Games \n Rookie Games
\n 300 + yard passing games \n 30 Donovan McNabb \n 6 Donovan McNabb \n Donovan McNabb \n Carson Wentz 2016
\n 100 + yard rushing games \n 26 Wilbert Montgomery \n 8 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 Brian Westbrook 2006 \n Brian Westbrook \n Don Johnson 1953 Mike Hogan 1976 Charlie Garner 1994 Bryce Brown 2012
\n 100 + yard receiving games \n 23 Pete Retzlaff \n 8 Terrell Owens \n Fred Barnett Keith Jackson \n Charle Young 1973
\n Games with 1 + TD scored \n 69 Harold Carmichael \n 13 LeSean McCoy 2011 \n 5 Harold Carmichael Duce Staley Brian Westbrook \n 9 Calvin Williams 1990
\n Games with 2 + TD scored \n 18 Brian Westbrook \n 6 LeSean McCoy 2011 \n Wilbert Montgomery \n Bryce Brown 2012 Jordan Matthews 2014
\n Games with 3 + TD scored \n 7 Brian Westbrook \n Pete Retzlaff 1965 Wilbert Montgomery 1982 Terrell Owens Brian Westbrook 2007 , 2008 \n - \n -
\n

\n Coaches of note

\n Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles head coaches

\n Current staff

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Philadelphia Eagles staff
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Front Office
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Chairman / CEO -- Jeffrey Lurie
    • \n
  • \n President -- Don Smolenski
    • \n
  • \n Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Howie Roseman
    • \n
  • \n Senior Football Advisor -- Tom Donahoe
    • \n
  • \n Vice President of Player Personnel -- Joe Douglas
    • \n
  • \n Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Andy Weidl
    • \n
  • \n Vice President of Football Operations and Strategy -- Alec Halaby
    • \n
  • \n Senior Director of College Scouting -- Anthony Patch
    • \n
  • \n Director of College Scouting -- Ian Cunningham
    • \n
  • \n Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Mike Bradway
    • \n
  • \n Director of Pro Scouting -- Dwayne Joseph
    • \n
  • \n Assistant Director of Pro Scouting -- Brandon Brown
    • \n
  • \n Director of Football Administration -- Jake Rosenberg
    • \n
  • \n Football Operations Executive -- Brian Dawkins
    • \n
  • \n Player Personnel Executive -- T.J. McCreight
    • \n
  • \n Player Personnel Executive College / Pro -- Trey Brown
    • \n
  • \n Assistant Director of Football Analytics -- Taylor Rajack
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Head Coaches
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Head Coach -- Doug Pederson
    • \n
  • \n Assistant Head Coach / Running Backs -- Duce Staley
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Offensive Coaches
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Offensive Coordinator -- Mike Groh
    • \n
  • \n Quarterbacks -- Press Taylor
    • \n
  • \n Wide Receivers -- Gunter Brewer
    • \n
  • \n Assistant Wide Receivers - Carson Walch
    • \n
  • \n Tight Ends -- Justin Peelle
    • \n
  • \n Offensive Line / Run Game Coordinator -- Jeff Stoutland
    • \n
  • \n Assistant Offensive Line / Tight Ends / Run Game -- Eugene Chung
    • \n
  • \n Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Quarterbacks -- Spencer Phillips
    • \n
  • \n Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Running Backs - Trent Miles
    • \n
  • \n Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Offensive Line -- T.J. Paganetti
    • \n
\n 		\n \n \n
\n
\n Defensive Coaches
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Defensive Coordinator -- Jim Schwartz
    • \n
  • \n Defensive Line -- Chris Wilson
    • \n
  • \n Linebackers -- Ken Flajole
    • \n
  • \n Secondary -- Cory Undlin
    • \n
  • \n Safeties -- Tim Hauck
    • \n
  • \n Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Defensive Line -- Phillip Daniels
    • \n
  • \n Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Linebackers - Ryan Paganetti
    • \n
  • \n Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Secondary -- Dino Vasso
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Special Teams Coaches
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Special Teams Coordinator -- Dave Fipp
    • \n
  • \n Assistant Special Teams -- Matthew Harper
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Strength and Conditioning
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Head Strength Coach -- Josh Hingst
    • \n
  • \n Assistant Strength Coach -- Keith Gray
    • \n
  • \n Perfomance Nutrition Coordinator / Assistant Strength Coach - Michael Minnis
    • \n
  • \n Strength Assistant -- Ben Wagner
    • \n
  • \n Director of High Performance -- Shaun Huls
    • \n
\n

\n \u2192 Coaching Staff \u2192 Management \u2192 More NFL staffs

\n
\n
\n
\n AFC East
\n
\n BUF
\n
\n MIA
\n
\n NE
\n
\n NYJ
\n
\n North
\n
\n BAL
\n
\n CIN
\n
\n CLE
\n
\n PIT
\n
\n South
\n
\n HOU
\n
\n IND
\n
\n JAX
\n
\n TEN
\n
\n West
\n
\n DEN
\n
\n KC
\n
\n LAC
\n
\n OAK
\n
\n
\n
\n NFC East
\n
\n DAL
\n
\n NYG
\n
\n PHI
\n
\n WAS
\n
\n North
\n
\n CHI
\n
\n DET
\n
\n GB
\n
\n MIN
\n
\n South
\n
\n ATL
\n
\n CAR
\n
\n NO
\n
\n TB
\n
\n West
\n
\n ARI
\n
\n LAR
\n
\n SF
\n
\n SEA
\n
\n
\n

\n Radio and television

\n Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles broadcasters

\n Eagles Radio affiliates

\n Map of radio affiliates . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n City \n Call Sign \n Frenquency
\n Atlantic City , New Jersey \n WPGG \n 1450 AM
\n Easton , Pennsylvania \n WCTO \n 96.1 FM
\n Levittown , Pennsylvania \n WBCB \n 1490 AM
\n Milford , Delaware \n WAFL \n 97.7 FM
\n Millville , New Jersey \n WENJ \n 97.3 FM
\n Philadelphia \n WTEL \n 610 AM
\n WIP - FM \n 94.1 FM
\n Pottsville , Pennsylvania \n WPPA \n 1360 AM
\n Reading , Pennsylvania \n WEEU \n 830 AM
\n Scranton , Pennsylvania \n WEJL \n 630 AM
\n Sunbury , Pennsylvania \n WEGH \n 107.3 FM
\n Williamsport , Pennsylvania \n WBZD - FM \n 93.3 FM
\n Wilmington , Delaware \n WDEL \n 1150 AM
\n York , Pennsylvania \n WSOX \n 96.1 FM
\n

\n From 2008 through 2010 , Eagles games were broadcast on both rock - formatted WYSP and sports - talk Sports Radio 610 WIP , as both stations are owned and operated by CBS Radio . In 2011 , CBS dropped the music on WYSP , renaming it WIP - FM and making it a full simulcast of WIP . Later , 610 AM became a CBS Sports Radio national broadcast , and 94 WIP was broadcast on WIP FM . The Eagles extended their broadcasting contract with WIP - FM through 2024 .

\n

\n Merrill Reese , who joined the Eagles in 1976 , is the play - by - play announcer , and former Eagles wide receiver Mike Quick , who replaced the offense lineman Stan Walters beginning in 1998 , is the color analyst . The post game show , which has consisted of many Philadelphia sports personalities , as of the 2014 season is hosted by Kevin Riley , a former Eagles linebacker and special - teamer , and Rob Ellis . Riley was the former post-game host for the show on 94 WYSP before the WIP change over ; Rob Ellis hosts a weekly show nightly from 6 -- 10 on 94.1 WIP - FM . No announcement was made prior to the start of preseason regarding who would be the host ( s ) for 2015 .

\n

\n In 2015 , the preseason games are being televised on WCAU , the local NBC owned and operated station . Television announcers for these preseason games were not announced prior to the start of preseason . During the regular season , games are governed by the NFL 's master broadcasting contract with FOX , CBS , NBC , and ESPN . Most games can be seen on FOX - owned WTXF - TV . When hosting an AFC team , those games can be seen on CBS - owned KYW - TV .

\n

\n Media and cultural reference

\n

\n In the book MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors , the character Captain Oliver Wendell `` Spearchucker '' Jones fictionally played for the Philadelphia Eagles , though in the movie this was changed to San Francisco .

\n

\n The 1976 draw was the subject of the movie Invincible . The movie stars Mark Wahlberg as Vince Papale , a 30 - year - old bartender and part - time school teacher , and also a diehard Eagles fan who became an Eagles player . The film differs slightly from true events as the selection process was invitation only , and Papale had at least some previous playing experience . The film Silver Linings Playbook highlights the 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season . The film was critically acclaimed and nominated for several awards including 8 Academy Awards .

\n

\n In the 1978 Academy Award - winning movie The Deer Hunter , the Eagles are referenced when Nick talks to Stan in the bar , saying : `` Hey , I got a hundred bucks says the Eagles never cross the fifty in the next half and Oakland wins by 20 ! '' Stan responds ; `` And I got an extra twenty says the Eagles ' quarterback wears a dress ! ''

\n

\n The award - winning comedy series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia starring Danny DeVito makes several references to the Philadelphia Eagles , most notably Season 3 , Episode 2 -- `` The Gang Gets Invincible , '' the title being a reference to the Wahlberg film .

\n

\n See also

\n \n \n

\n Notes and references

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Team Information '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Philadelphia Eagles Training Camp Media Guide . Philadelphia Eagles . September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Top 10 NFL Rivalries Of All Time : No. 4 Giants - Eagles '' . Sports Illustrated . December 15 , 2005 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Chadiha , Jeffri ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Ranking the NFL 's best rivalries : Where does Colts - Pats fit ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Bryan , Dave ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` After 8 Straight Losses , Steelers Looking For Philadelphia Freedom Sunday Against Eagles '' . SteelersDepot.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Fox , Ashley ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` Fans always have Eagles ' back '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Clark , Kevin ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Game Changer : NFL Scrambles to Fill Seats '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Smith , Howard ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` NFL Players Poll : Most Intimidating Fans '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Lyons , 2010 pg. 81
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : Lyons , 2010 pg. 82
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Kuklick , Bruce ( 1993 ) . To Every Thing a Season : Shibe Park and Urban Philadelphia , 1909 -- 1976 . Princeton University Press . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02104 - X . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : See : History of the Pittsburgh Steelers # 1940 -- 41 : A new name and a `` new '' team .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : Didinger , Ray ; Robert S. Lyons ( 2005 ) . The Eagles Encyclopedia . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 449 - 1 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Year - by - Year History '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 29 , 2006 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Birds ' Biggest Rival -- In a division of fierce foes , the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D1 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Eagles -- Giants among top rivalries '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D6 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Eagles search ends with Vermeil '' . St Petersburg Times . February 9 , 1976 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams No. 11 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Forbes.com . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Heath , John . `` Denver 's Brian Dawkins : An Ageless Wolverine '' . BroncoTalk . Retrieved 24 April 2012 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Dan Gelston ( Oct 26 , 2008 ) . `` Westbrook Helps Eagles Soar Above Falcons , Win 500th Game '' . NBC 10 Philadelphia . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Vick , Eagles agree to 2 - year deal '' . ESPN.com . August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Eagles sign Reid through 2013 '' . ESPN.com . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Maese , Rick ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Washington Redskins acquire quarterback Donovan McNabb from Philadelphia Eagles '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` Eagles fire Reid '' . USA Today . Philadelphia . December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Eagles hire Chip Kelly as coach '' . ESPN.com . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Sports . Rocky Mount Telegram . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 .
    28. \n
  28. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Eagles Acquire LB Alonso For RB McCoy '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 10 , 2015 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Indianapolis Colts to sign Trent Cole '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Rams trading Sam Bradford to Eagles for Nick Foles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : RB Murray Signs With Eagles '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` CB Byron Maxwell joins Eagles via FA '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` Eagles Release Head Coach Chip Kelly '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Duce Staley interviews for Philadelphia Eagles ' vacant coaching job . Espn.go.com ( January 2 , 2016 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Philadelphia Eagles hire Doug Pederson as coach '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Eagles Name Doug Pederson Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Eagles . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Reimer , Alex ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Carson Wentz will start for Eagles '' . sbnation.com .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Pennington , Tom ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Eagles Should Be Better Than 4 - 4 '' . fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Philadelphia Eagles Media Guide Archived February 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Legacy.philadelphiaeagles.com . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Berman , Zach ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` What 's in a number ? Eagles tell their stories : Some are chosen , some are random '' . Philadelphia Media Network ( Digital ) , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . See also : National Football League uniform numbers .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Eagles Unveil 75th Anniversary Plans '' . Philadelphia Eagles. April 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Eagles Announce Plans to Honor 1960 Title Team '' . Csnphilly.com . May 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Training Camp , '' . Philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Eagles move training camp from Lehigh . Foxnews.com ( March 15 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 .
    45. \n
  45. \n ^ Jump up to : Frank , Reuben ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles to keep training camp at Lehigh in 2013 '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` In Depth : America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Phillies Pass Eagles In Google Ranking . myfoxphilly.com ( July 2 , 2011 )
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Loyalty : Methodology '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ George , John ( February 5 , 1999 ) . `` Proven : Eagles ' fans are fanatics '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Philadelphia ; Pennsylvania . p. 3 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Full fan loyalty rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Support Rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans : Methodology '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 .
    54. \n
  54. \n ^ Jump up to : Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to Steelers barely '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Berman , Zack ( June 14 , 2006 ) . `` Single Game Tickets Sold Out ! '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 .
    56. \n
  56. \n ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave ( October 29 , 2002 ) . `` To Eagles , Shockey Is Public Enemy No. 1 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Longman , Jer\u00e9 ( 2006 ) . If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084373 - 1 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` Court at Eagles ' games is out of session Sunday '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 6 , 2003 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders -- Swimsuit Calendar '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` Eagles Cheerleaders Swimsuit -- Android - apps op Google Play '' . Play.google.com . November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Didinger , Ray ( July 21 , 2012 ) . `` Ray 's QB Notes 4 : Randall 's No. 12 retired ? '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Weinberg , David ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Leo Carlin , Troy Vincent headed to Eagles Hall of Fame '' . pressofatlanticcity.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` Eagles Hall of Fame Inductees '' ( PDF ) . philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ And The Winners Were ... See all the John Wanamaker Athletic Award - recipients since 1961 Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . webpage . Philadelphia Sports Congress website ( Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` Sportsradio WIP - Entercom Communications CEO David Field '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Invincible on IMDb
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Cimino , Michael . `` The Deer Hunter Final Screenplay '' ( PDF ) . drexel.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Savage , Fred ( 13 September 2007 ) . `` The Gang Gets Invincible '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 27 September 2016 .
    70. \n
\n

\n Sources

\n \n

\n External links

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philadelphia Eagles .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Philadelphia Eagles
\n
    \n
  • \n Founded in 1933
    • \n
  • \n Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania
    • \n
\n
\n Franchise \n
    \n
  • \n Franchise
    • \n
  • \n History
    • \n
  • \n Seasons
    • \n
  • \n Coaches
    • \n
  • \n Quarterbacks
    • \n
  • \n Players
    • \n
\n
\n Stadiums \n
    \n
  • \n Baker Bowl
    • \n
  • \n Philadelphia Municipal Stadium
    • \n
  • \n Connie Mack Stadium
    • \n
  • \n Franklin Field
    • \n
  • \n Veterans Stadium
    • \n
  • \n Lincoln Financial Field
    • \n
\n
\n Culture \n
    \n
  • \n Fly , Eagles Fly
    • \n
  • \n Swoop
    • \n
  • \n Curse of Billy Penn
    • \n
  • \n The Lombardi Curse
    • \n
  • \n Invincible
    • \n
  • \n Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame
    • \n
  • \n Matt Guokas Sr .
    • \n
  • \n Dan Baker
    • \n
  • \n Cheerleaders
    • \n
  • \n Silver Linings Playbook
    • \n
  • \n The Garbage Picking Field Goal Kicking Philadelphia Phenomenon
    • \n
\n
\n Lore \n
    \n
  • \n Frankford Yellow Jackets
    • \n
  • \n Pennsylvania Keystoners
    • \n
  • \n `` Pennsylvania Polka ''
    • \n
  • \n Steagles
    • \n
  • \n `` Happy Hundred ''
    • \n
  • \n Miracle at the Meadowlands
    • \n
  • \n Buddy Ball
    • \n
  • \n Fog Bowl
    • \n
  • \n Bounty Bowl series
    • \n
  • \n Body Bag Game
    • \n
  • \n 4th and 26
    • \n
  • \n Miracle at the New Meadowlands
    • \n
  • \n Philly Special
    • \n
\n
\n Rivalries \n
    \n
  • \n Dallas Cowboys
    • \n
  • \n New York Giants
    • \n
  • \n Washington Redskins
    • \n
  • \n Pittsburgh Steelers
    • \n
\n
\n Division championships ( 13 ) \n
    \n
  • \n 1947
    • \n
  • \n 1948
    • \n
  • \n 1949
    • \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n 1988
    • \n
  • \n 2001
    • \n
  • \n 2002
    • \n
  • \n 2003
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2006
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2013
    • \n
  • \n 2017
    • \n
\n
\n Conference championships ( 4 ) \n
    \n
  • \n 1960
    • \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2017
    • \n
\n
\n League championships ( 4 ) \n
    \n
  • \n 1948
    • \n
  • \n 1949
    • \n
  • \n 1960
    • \n
  • \n 2017 ( LII )
    • \n
\n
\n Retired numbers \n
    \n
  • \n 5
    • \n
  • \n 15
    • \n
  • \n 20
    • \n
  • \n 40
    • \n
  • \n 44
    • \n
  • \n 60
    • \n
  • \n 70
    • \n
  • \n 92
    • \n
  • \n 99
    • \n
\n
\n Media \n
    \n
  • \n Broadcasters
    • \n
  • \n WTEL
    • \n
  • \n WIP - FM
    • \n
  • \n Merrill Reese
    • \n
  • \n Mike Quick
    • \n
\n
\n Current league affiliations \n
    \n
  • \n League : National Football League
    • \n
  • \n Conference : National Football Conference
    • \n
  • \n Division : East Division
    • \n
\n
\n Seasons ( 86 ) \n
    \n
  • \n 1933
    • \n
  • \n 1934
    • \n
  • \n 1935
    • \n
  • \n 1936
    • \n
  • \n 1937
    • \n
  • \n 1938
    • \n
  • \n 1939
    • \n
  • \n 1940
    • \n
  • \n 1941
    • \n
  • \n 1942
    • \n
  • \n 1943
    • \n
  • \n 1944
    • \n
  • \n 1945
    • \n
  • \n 1946
    • \n
  • \n 1947
    • \n
  • \n 1948
    • \n
  • \n 1949
    • \n
  • \n 1950
    • \n
  • \n 1951
    • \n
  • \n 1952
    • \n
  • \n 1953
    • \n
  • \n 1954
    • \n
  • \n 1955
    • \n
  • \n 1956
    • \n
  • \n 1957
    • \n
  • \n 1958
    • \n
  • \n 1959
    • \n
  • \n 1960
    • \n
  • \n 1961
    • \n
  • \n 1962
    • \n
  • \n 1963
    • \n
  • \n 1964
    • \n
  • \n 1965
    • \n
  • \n 1966
    • \n
  • \n 1967
    • \n
  • \n 1968
    • \n
  • \n 1969
    • \n
  • \n 1970
    • \n
  • \n 1971
    • \n
  • \n 1972
    • \n
  • \n 1973
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1976
    • \n
  • \n 1977
    • \n
  • \n 1978
    • \n
  • \n 1979
    • \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n 1981
    • \n
  • \n 1982
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1984
    • \n
  • \n 1985
    • \n
  • \n 1986
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1988
    • \n
  • \n 1989
    • \n
  • \n 1990
    • \n
  • \n 1991
    • \n
  • \n 1992
    • \n
  • \n 1993
    • \n
  • \n 1994
    • \n
  • \n 1995
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1997
    • \n
  • \n 1998
    • \n
  • \n 1999
    • \n
  • \n 2000
    • \n
  • \n 2001
    • \n
  • \n 2002
    • \n
  • \n 2003
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2005
    • \n
  • \n 2006
    • \n
  • \n 2007
    • \n
  • \n 2008
    • \n
  • \n 2009
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2011
    • \n
  • \n 2012
    • \n
  • \n 2013
    • \n
  • \n 2014
    • \n
  • \n 2015
    • \n
  • \n 2016
    • \n
  • \n 2017
    • \n
  • \n 2018
    • \n
\n
\n Championship seasons in bold
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Links to related articles
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n National Football League ( 2018 )
\n AFC \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n East \n North \n South \n West
\n
    \n
  • \n Buffalo Bills
    • \n
  • \n Miami Dolphins
    • \n
  • \n New England Patriots
    • \n
  • \n New York Jets
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Baltimore Ravens
    • \n
  • \n Cincinnati Bengals
    • \n
  • \n Cleveland Browns
    • \n
  • \n Pittsburgh Steelers
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Houston Texans
    • \n
  • \n Indianapolis Colts
    • \n
  • \n Jacksonville Jaguars
    • \n
  • \n Tennessee Titans
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Denver Broncos
    • \n
  • \n Kansas City Chiefs
    • \n
  • \n Los Angeles Chargers
    • \n
  • \n Oakland Raiders
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n NFC \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n East \n North \n South \n West
\n
    \n
  • \n Dallas Cowboys
    • \n
  • \n New York Giants
    • \n
  • \n Philadelphia Eagles
    • \n
  • \n Washington Redskins
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Chicago Bears
    • \n
  • \n Detroit Lions
    • \n
  • \n Green Bay Packers
    • \n
  • \n Minnesota Vikings
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Atlanta Falcons
    • \n
  • \n Carolina Panthers
    • \n
  • \n New Orleans Saints
    • \n
  • \n Tampa Bay Buccaneers
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Arizona Cardinals
    • \n
  • \n Los Angeles Rams
    • \n
  • \n San Francisco 49ers
    • \n
  • \n Seattle Seahawks
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Seasons \n
    \n
  • \n Seasons ( by team )
    • \n
  • \n Preseason
      \n
    • \n Hall of Fame Game
      • \n
    • \n American Bowl
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Regular season
      \n
    • \n Kickoff game
      • \n
    • \n Monday Night Football
      • \n
    • \n International Series
        \n
      • \n London
        • \n
      • \n Toronto
        • \n
      • \n Bills Series
        • \n
      • \n List of games played outside the U.S.
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Thanksgiving games
      • \n
    • \n Christmas games
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Playoffs
      \n
    • \n Streaks
      • \n
    • \n Droughts
      • \n
    • \n AFC Championship
      • \n
    • \n NFC Championship
      • \n
    • \n Super Bowl
        \n
      • \n champions
        • \n
      • \n quarterbacks
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Pro Bowl
    • \n
\n
\n History \n
    \n
  • \n League history
      \n
    • \n Executive history
      • \n
    • \n Championship history
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Timeline
      \n
    • \n Defunct franchises
      • \n
    • \n Franchise moves and mergers
      • \n
    • \n Los Angeles team history
        \n
      • \n Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 )
      \n
    • \n Playoffs
      • \n
    • \n Merger
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 )
    • \n
  • \n Playoff Bowl
    • \n
  • \n Records
      \n
    • \n individual
      • \n
    • \n team
      • \n
    • \n Super Bowl
      • \n
    • \n All time win -- loss
      • \n
    • \n Last undefeated
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Tied games
    • \n
  • \n Canceled games
    • \n
  • \n Controversies
    • \n
\n
\n Business \n
    \n
  • \n Owners
    • \n
  • \n Properties
    • \n
  • \n Management Council
    • \n
  • \n Competition Committee
    • \n
  • \n Collective Bargaining Agreement
    • \n
  • \n National Football League Players Association
    • \n
  • \n Lockouts
    • \n
  • \n Media
      \n
    • \n TV
        \n
      • \n NFL Network
        • \n
      • \n NFL RedZone
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Radio
      • \n
    • \n NFL Films
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Officials
    • \n
  • \n Stadiums
      \n
    • \n Chronology
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Awards
      \n
    • \n All - Pro
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Hall of Fame
    • \n
  • \n Foreign players
    • \n
  • \n Player conduct
      \n
    • \n Suspensions
      • \n
    • \n Player misconduct
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Combine
    • \n
  • \n Draft
    • \n
  • \n Training camp
    • \n
  • \n Rivalries
    • \n
  • \n NFL Foundation
    • \n
  • \n Culture
      \n
    • \n Cheerleading
      • \n
    • \n Color Rush
      • \n
    • \n Mascots
      • \n
    • \n Lore
      • \n
    • \n Nicknames
      • \n
    • \n Numbers
        \n
      • \n Retired
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Sports teams based in Pennsylvania
\n Baseball \n
\n
\n MLB
\n
\n Philadelphia Phillies
\n
\n Pittsburgh Pirates
\n
\n IL
\n
\n Lehigh Valley IronPigs
\n
\n Scranton / Wilkes - Barre RailRiders
\n
\n EL
\n
\n Altoona Curve
\n
\n Erie SeaWolves
\n
\n Harrisburg Senators
\n
\n Reading Fightin Phils
\n
\n NYPL
\n
\n State College Spikes
\n
\n Williamsport Crosscutters
\n
\n ALPB
\n
\n Lancaster Barnstormers
\n
\n York Revolution
\n
\n FL
\n
\n Washington Wild Things
\n
\n
\n Basketball \n
\n
\n NBA
\n
\n Philadelphia 76ers
\n
\n G League
\n
\n Erie BayHawks
\n
\n
\n Cricket \n
    \n
  • \n Lehigh Valley Cricket Club
    • \n
  • \n Philadelphia Cricket Club
    • \n
\n
\n Football \n
\n
\n NFL
\n
\n Philadelphia Eagles
\n
\n Pittsburgh Steelers
\n
\n AFL
\n
\n Philadelphia Soul
\n
\n NAL
\n
\n Lehigh Valley Steelhawks
\n
\n WFA
\n
\n Keystone Assault
\n
\n Philadelphia Phantomz
\n
\n Pittsburgh Passion
\n
\n IWFL
\n
\n Philadelphia Firebirds
\n
\n WSFL
\n
\n Erie Illusion
\n
\n
\n Hockey \n
\n
\n NHL
\n
\n Philadelphia Flyers
\n
\n Pittsburgh Penguins
\n
\n AHL
\n
\n Hershey Bears
\n
\n Lehigh Valley Phantoms
\n
\n Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Penguins
\n
\n ECHL
\n
\n Reading Royals
\n
\n OHL
\n
\n Erie Otters
\n
\n NAHL
\n
\n Johnstown Tomahawks
\n
\n Philadelphia Rebels
\n
\n Wilkes - Barre / Scranton Knights
\n
\n EHL
\n
\n Central Penn Panthers
\n
\n Philadelphia Little Flyers
\n
\n Philadelphia Junior Flyers
\n
\n Philadelphia Revolution
\n
\n NA3HL
\n
\n Pittsburgh Vengeance
\n
\n
\n Inline hockey \n
\n
\n PIHA
\n
\n Harrisburg Lunatics
\n
\n Pennsylvania Typhoon
\n
\n AIHL
\n
\n Delco Demons
\n
\n Philadelphia Liberty
\n
\n Pittsburgh Bandits
\n
\n Pottstown Team Blue
\n
\n Scottdale Inferno
\n
\n
\n Lacrosse \n
\n
\n NLL
\n
\n Philadelphia Wings
\n
\n
\n Roller derby \n
\n
\n WFTDA
\n
\n Black Rose Rollers
\n
\n Brandywine Roller Derby
\n
\n Dutchland Rollers
\n
\n Harrisburg Area Roller Derby
\n
\n Lehigh Valley Rollergirls
\n
\n Philly Roller Derby
\n
\n Steel City Roller Derby
\n
\n Penn Jersey Roller Derby
\n
\n MRDA
\n
\n Penn Jersey Roller Derby
\n
\n RDCL
\n
\n Penn Jersey Roller Derby
\n
\n
\n Rugby league \n
\n
\n USARL
\n
\n Bucks County Sharks
\n
\n Philadelphia Fight
\n
\n Pittsburgh Sledgehammers
\n
\n
\n Soccer \n
\n
\n MLS
\n
\n Philadelphia Union
\n
\n USL
\n
\n Bethlehem Steel FC
\n
\n Penn FC
\n
\n Pittsburgh Riverhounds SC
\n
\n NPSL
\n
\n Buxmont Torch FC
\n
\n Electric City Shock SC
\n
\n Erie Commodores FC
\n
\n Fort Pitt Regiment
\n
\n Hershey FC
\n
\n Junior Lone Star FC
\n
\n West Chester United SC
\n
\n PDL
\n
\n Lehigh Valley United
\n
\n Reading United AC
\n
\n ASL
\n
\n AFC Lancaster Lions
\n
\n Philadelphia Fury
\n
\n WPSL
\n
\n Lancaster Torch FC
\n
\n FC Bucks
\n
\n Hershey FC
\n
\n Steel City FC
\n
\n UWS
\n
\n Lancaster Inferno
\n
\n
\n Indoor soccer \n
\n
\n MASL
\n
\n Harrisburg Heat
\n
\n
\n Softball \n
\n
\n NPF
\n
\n Pennsylvania Rebellion
\n
\n
\n Tennis \n
\n
\n WTT
\n
\n Philadelphia Freedoms
\n
\n
\n Ultimate \n
\n
\n AUDL
\n
\n Philadelphia Phoenix
\n
\n Pittsburgh Thunderbirds
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n Sports in Pennsylvania
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Sports teams based in and around Philadelphia
\n Baseball \n
\n
\n MLB
\n
\n Philadelphia Phillies
\n
\n IL
\n
\n Lehigh Valley IronPigs
\n
\n EL
\n
\n Reading Fightin Phils
\n
\n Trenton Thunder
\n
\n CL
\n
\n Wilmington Blue Rocks
\n
\n 		\n
\n Basketball \n
\n
\n NBA
\n
\n Philadelphia 76ers
\n
\n G League
\n
\n Delaware Blue Coats
\n
\n
\n Football \n
\n
\n NFL
\n
\n Philadelphia Eagles
\n
\n AFL
\n
\n Philadelphia Soul
\n
\n NAL
\n
\n Lehigh Valley Steelhawks
\n
\n WFA
\n
\n Philadelphia Phantomz
\n
\n IWFL
\n
\n Philadelphia Firebirds
\n
\n
\n Hockey \n
\n
\n NHL
\n
\n Philadelphia Flyers
\n
\n AHL
\n
\n Lehigh Valley Phantoms
\n
\n ECHL
\n
\n Reading Royals
\n
\n NAHL
\n
\n Philadelphia Rebels
\n
\n EHL
\n
\n Philadelphia Little Flyers
\n
\n Philadelphia Junior Flyers
\n
\n Philadelphia Revolution
\n
\n
\n Rugby league \n
\n
\n USARL
\n
\n Bucks County Sharks
\n
\n Delaware Black Foxes
\n
\n Philadelphia Fight
\n
\n
\n Roller derby \n
\n
\n WFTDA
\n
\n Diamond State Roller Girls
\n
\n Philly Roller Derby
\n
\n
\n Soccer \n
\n
\n MLS
\n
\n Philadelphia Union
\n
\n USL
\n
\n Bethlehem Steel FC
\n
\n NPSL
\n
\n Junior Lone Star FC
\n
\n PDL
\n
\n Lehigh Valley United Sonic
\n
\n Reading United A.C.
\n
\n ASL
\n
\n Philadelphia Fury
\n
\n
\n Tennis \n
\n
\n WTT
\n
\n Philadelphia Freedoms
\n
\n
\n Lacrosse \n
\n
\n NLL
\n
\n Philadelphia Wings
\n
\n
\n College athletics ( NCAA Div . I ) \n
    \n
  • \n Drexel University Dragons
    • \n
  • \n La Salle University Explorers
    • \n
  • \n Saint Joseph 's University Hawks
    • \n
  • \n Temple University Owls
    • \n
  • \n University of Pennsylvania Quakers
    • \n
  • \n Villanova University Wildcats
    • \n
  • \n Lafayette College Leopards
    • \n
  • \n Lehigh University Mountain Hawks
    • \n
  • \n Rider University Broncs
    • \n
  • \n University of Delaware Blue Hens
    • \n
  • \n Princeton University Tigers
    • \n
\n See also : Philadelphia Big 5 and City 6
\n College athletics ( NCAA Div. II ) \n
    \n
  • \n Philadelphia University Rams
    • \n
  • \n University of the Sciences Devils
    • \n
  • \n West Chester University Golden Rams
    • \n
  • \n Wilmington University Wildcats
    • \n
\n
\n Currently defunct teams \n Further information : Template : Defunct Philadelphia sports teams
\n Main article : Sports in Philadelphia
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n City of Philadelphia
\n Nickname ( s ) : City of Brotherly Love
\n Topics \n
    \n
  • \n History
      \n
    • \n Timeline
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Accent
    • \n
  • \n Architecture
    • \n
  • \n Bibliography
    • \n
  • \n Companies
    • \n
  • \n Cuisine
    • \n
  • \n Culture
    • \n
  • \n Demographics
    • \n
  • \n Economy
    • \n
  • \n Education
    • \n
  • \n Media
    • \n
  • \n Music
    • \n
  • \n Notable people
    • \n
  • \n Sites of interest
      \n
    • \n Historic Landmarks
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Skyscrapers
    • \n
  • \n Transit
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Government \n
    \n
  • \n City Hall
    • \n
  • \n Mayors
    • \n
  • \n City Council
    • \n
  • \n District Attorney
    • \n
  • \n Airport
    • \n
  • \n Fire Department
    • \n
  • \n Free Library
    • \n
  • \n Police Department
    • \n
  • \n School district
    • \n
  • \n Sister cities
    • \n
  • \n Federal : U.S. Mint
    • \n
  • \n U.S. District Court for the Eastern Dist. of Pa .
    • \n
  • \n U.S. Court of Appeals for the 3rd Circuit
    • \n
\n
\n Neighborhoods \n
    \n
  • \n Center City
    • \n
  • \n North Philadelphia
      \n
    • \n Lower North
      • \n
    • \n Upper North
      • \n
    • \n Northwest
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Northeast Philadelphia
    • \n
  • \n South Philadelphia
    • \n
  • \n Southwest Philadelphia
    • \n
  • \n West Philadelphia
    • \n
\n
\n Museums \n
    \n
  • \n Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University
    • \n
  • \n African American Museum in Philadelphia
    • \n
  • \n American Philosophical Society
    • \n
  • \n American Swedish Historical Museum
    • \n
  • \n Athenaeum of Philadelphia
    • \n
  • \n Barnes Foundation
    • \n
  • \n Bartram 's Garden
    • \n
  • \n Belmont Mansion
    • \n
  • \n Betsy Ross House
    • \n
  • \n Civil War Museum
    • \n
  • \n Cliveden
    • \n
  • \n Eastern State Penitentiary
    • \n
  • \n Ebenezer Maxwell Mansion
    • \n
  • \n Edgar Allan Poe National Historic Site
    • \n
  • \n Elfreth 's Alley
    • \n
  • \n Fabric Workshop and Museum
    • \n
  • \n Fairmount Water Works
    • \n
  • \n Fort Mifflin
    • \n
  • \n Franklin Institute
    • \n
  • \n Germantown White House
    • \n
  • \n Glen Foerd on the Delaware
    • \n
  • \n Grand Army of the Republic Civil War Museum and Library
    • \n
  • \n Grumblethorpe
    • \n
  • \n Hill - Physick - Keith House
    • \n
  • \n Historic Strawberry Mansion
    • \n
  • \n Historical Society of Frankford
    • \n
  • \n Historical Society of Pennsylvania
    • \n
  • \n Independence National Historical Park
    • \n
  • \n Independence Seaport Museum
    • \n
  • \n Insectarium
    • \n
  • \n Institute of Contemporary Art
    • \n
  • \n John Johnson House
    • \n
  • \n John Ruan House
    • \n
  • \n La Salle University Art Museum
    • \n
  • \n Lemon Hill
    • \n
  • \n Marian Anderson Residence Museum
    • \n
  • \n Masonic Temple , Library , and Museum
    • \n
  • \n Museum of the American Revolution
    • \n
  • \n M\u00fctter Museum
    • \n
  • \n National Constitution Center
    • \n
  • \n National Liberty Museum
    • \n
  • \n National Museum of American Jewish History
    • \n
  • \n Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts
    • \n
  • \n Philadelphia History Museum
    • \n
  • \n Philadelphia Museum of Art
    • \n
  • \n Philadelphia 's Magic Gardens
    • \n
  • \n Please Touch Museum
    • \n
  • \n Powel House
    • \n
  • \n RittenhouseTown
    • \n
  • \n Rodin Museum
    • \n
  • \n Rosenbach Museum and Library
    • \n
  • \n Ryerss Museum and Library
    • \n
  • \n Science History Institute
    • \n
  • \n Shofuso Japanese House and Garden
    • \n
  • \n Stenton
    • \n
  • \n Thaddeus Kosciuszko National Memorial
    • \n
  • \n University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
    • \n
  • \n Wagner Free Institute of Science
    • \n
  • \n Woodmere Art Museum
    • \n
  • \n Wyck House
    • \n
\n
\n Sports \n
    \n
  • \n 76ers
    • \n
  • \n Eagles
    • \n
  • \n Flyers
    • \n
  • \n Phillies
    • \n
  • \n Soul
    • \n
  • \n Union
    • \n
\n
\n Squares \n
    \n
  • \n Centre
    • \n
  • \n Franklin
    • \n
  • \n Logan
    • \n
  • \n Rittenhouse
    • \n
  • \n Washington
    • \n
\n
\n Wards \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 5
    • \n
  • \n 6
    • \n
  • \n 7
    • \n
  • \n 8
    • \n
  • \n 9
    • \n
  • \n 10
    • \n
  • \n 11
    • \n
  • \n 12
    • \n
  • \n 13
    • \n
  • \n 14
    • \n
  • \n 15
    • \n
  • \n 16
    • \n
  • \n 17
    • \n
  • \n 18
    • \n
  • \n 19
    • \n
  • \n 20
    • \n
  • \n 21
    • \n
  • \n 22
    • \n
  • \n 23
    • \n
  • \n 24
    • \n
  • \n 25
    • \n
  • \n 26
    • \n
  • \n 27
    • \n
  • \n 28
    • \n
  • \n 29
    • \n
  • \n 30
    • \n
  • \n 31
    • \n
  • \n 32
    • \n
  • \n 33
    • \n
  • \n 34
    • \n
  • \n 35
    • \n
  • \n 36
    • \n
  • \n 37
    • \n
  • \n 38
    • \n
  • \n 39
    • \n
  • \n 40
    • \n
  • \n 41
    • \n
  • \n 42
    • \n
  • \n 43
    • \n
  • \n 44
    • \n
  • \n 45
    • \n
  • \n 46
    • \n
  • \n 47
    • \n
  • \n 48
    • \n
  • \n 49
    • \n
  • \n 50
    • \n
  • \n 51
    • \n
  • \n 52
    • \n
  • \n 53
    • \n
  • \n 54
    • \n
  • \n 55
    • \n
  • \n 56
    • \n
  • \n 57
    • \n
  • \n 58
    • \n
  • \n 59
    • \n
  • \n 60
    • \n
  • \n 61
    • \n
  • \n 62
    • \n
  • \n 63
    • \n
  • \n 64
    • \n
  • \n 65
    • \n
  • \n 66
    • \n
\n
\n Related articles \n
    \n
  • \n Delaware Valley
    • \n
  • \n Independence Hall
    • \n
  • \n Liberty Bell
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Commons
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philadelphia_Eagles&oldid=837324291 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "when is the last time the philadelphia won the superbowl", "long_answers": ["The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . They are Super Bowl champions , having won Super Bowl LII , their fourth NFL title , after winning in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 .\n", "Philadelphia Eagles Current season Established July 8 , 1933 ; 84 years ago ( July 8 , 1933 ) First season : 1933 Play in Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Headquartered in the NovaCare Complex Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1933 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Midnight green , Silver , Black , White Fight song Fly , Eagles Fly Mascot Swoop Personnel Owner ( s ) Jeffrey Lurie Christina Weiss Lurie Chairman Jeffrey Lurie CEO Jeffrey Lurie President Don Smolenski General manager Howie Roseman Head coach Doug Pederson Team history Philadelphia Eagles ( 1933 -- 1942 ; 1944 -- present ) Phil - Pitt `` Steagles '' ( 1943 ) Team nicknames The Birds Championships League championships ( 4 ) NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 3 ) 1948 , 1949 , 1960 Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 2017 ( LII ) Conference championships ( 4 ) NFL Eastern : 1960 NFC : 1980 , 2004 , 2017 Division championships ( 13 ) NFL East : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 NFC East : 1980 , 1988 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Playoff appearances ( 25 ) NFL : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1960 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 Home fields Baker Bowl ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Philadelphia Municipal Stadium ( 1936 -- 1939 , 1941 ) Connie Mack Stadium ( 1940 , 1942 -- 1957 ) Franklin Field ( 1958 -- 1970 ) Veterans Stadium ( 1971 -- 2002 ) Lincoln Financial Field ( 2003 -- present )\n"], "short_answers": ["Super Bowl LII ,\n", "2017\n", "2017\n"]} {"text": "Like a Boss - wikipedia

\n Like a Boss

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( January 2015 )
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Like a Boss ''
\n Song by The Lonely Island featuring Seth Rogen
\n from the album Incredibad
\n Recorded \n 2008
\n Genre \n Comedy hip hop
\n Length \n 1 : 46
\n Label \n Universal Republic Records
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n Andy Samberg , Akiva Schaffer , Jorma Taccone , A. Banks
\n Producer ( s ) \n Rick tha Rular
\n Incredibad track listing
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Shrooms ( skit ) '' ( 9 ) \n `` Like a Boss '' ( 10 ) \n `` We Like Sportz '' ( 11 )
\n
\n

\n `` Like a Boss '' is a song written and recorded by comedy hip hop troupe The Lonely Island for their debut studio album Incredibad . The song is a parody of the first official single from Slim Thug 's first album Already Platinum , also named `` Like a Boss '' . The song had multiple versions , including an audio - only that did not have the celebrity interviewer and a clean version that was produced in both audio and video . In 2011 it was also subject to a lawsuit from the producers of the song who claimed they never received proper compensation for their work .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Song ( edit )

\n

\n `` Like a Boss '' premiered as a Saturday Night Live Digital Short on April 4 , 2009 . In the song , Andy Samberg is a businessman , evidently in middle management , having a performance review . The reviewer asks him to describe the things he does in an average day , and does so for the remainder of the song in his trademark aggressive style while repeating the lyric `` like a boss '' after every activity .

\n

\n He first lists activities which are fairly mundane , such as communicating to bigger bosses in corporate headquarters , approving memorandums , remembering birthdays , leading a workshop , and promoting synergy . However , the song takes a foul turn after he mentions his female subordinate Deborah , whom he repeatedly pursues , rejecting him , causing him to `` swallow sadness '' , face a sexual harassment lawsuit and be passed up for a promotion . The ensuing depression leads to him binge drinking vodka and defecating on Deborah 's desk . The activities Samberg 's character describes become more and more bizarre , such as calling a sex line , `` cry ( ing ) deeply '' , demanding a refund , attempting suicide with a gun only to back out in fear , vomiting on Deborah 's desk , jumping out of a window , `` suck ( ing ) a dude 's dick '' , purchasing cocaine , crashing his car , `` suck ( ing ) his own dick , '' eating chicken strips , castrating himself , blacking out in a sewer , meeting a giant fish which he evidently `` fucks its brains out '' , turning into a jet , `` bombing the Russians '' , crashing into the sun , and finally dying . Everything described is done `` like a boss . '' It ends with the reviewer trying to confirm some of the more bizarre events with Samberg , who confirms that he does daily chop off his testicles and die , but denies ever having said he fellates himself . While Samberg then keeps repeating the words `` I 'm the boss , '' the reviewer leaves the room , understandably annoyed and disgusted . The video ends with the giant fish delivering the final words `` like a boss . ''

\n

\n Video ( edit )

\n

\n The video features Seth Rogen , recording over the vocals done by Akiva Schaffer on the single. The video adds additional visuals not included with the words of the song . It ends with Samberg 's tombstone being shown ( which has the epitaph `` He was da Best '' ) , and a skeptical Rogen trying to confirm some of the more bizarre events with Samberg . The `` bomb the Russians '' part shows Samberg attacking St. Basil 's Cathedral .

\n

\n The video features brief cameo appearances from Saturday Night Live writer John Mulaney as the worker that Samberg micromanages , Casey Wilson as the woman giving Samberg the memo , Kristen Wiig as Samberg 's office crush Debra , Jason Sudeikis as Samberg 's boss and Bill Hader as the man on whom Samberg performs fellatio . It also features Jorma Taccone as the man giving him the lawsuit , and Akiva Schaffer selling him the gun . Abby Elliott and Bobby Moynihan can be seen in the video as background dancers .

\n

\n Popularity ( edit )

\n

\n Prior to the release of the video on Saturday Night Live , the term `` Like a Boss '' was not often searched for or used in social context . Though it was indeed searched for prior to the release of the video , the term clearly spiked at release and peaked on Google in April 2009 , hitting a 100 on the Google Trend chart . It has also become popular on social media sites such as Twitter Tumblr , and Facebook , where it is a popular hashtag to cite a task completed , goal achieved or successful action that someone is proud of doing . It has also led to parody videos such as `` Like a Bus '' , where a bus is shown flying through traffic and often bad weather conditions with no regard or slowing for the bad conditions . On 22 October 2012 , `` Like A Boss '' surpassed 100 million views . The video was featured by The Huffington Post , and TV Guide .

\n

\n Lawsuit ( edit )

\n

\n In November 2011 a production team from St. Louis filed charges against Andy Samberg and Co. , NBC Universal and Universal Republic Records . At the root of the suit was the claim that Monique `` Foxx StarStrukk '' Hines and Aleric `` Rick Tha Rular '' Banks submitted the audio track for `` Like a Boss '' along with the audio track that would become another hit for The Lonely Island , `` Shy Ronnie '' . The duo claimed that , through a mutual connection in 2008 , they knew Samberg and submitted their tracks for inclusion in the upcoming debut album , Incredibad . The Lonely Island then recorded their own lyrics on top of the audio track to create the songs . The duo from StarStrukk productions claimed that they were never compensated properly for their work , both in money and recognition / notoriety . Banks claimed that originally he signed an agreement giving him a 50 % ownership of the song , given his position as writer and producer . According to his lawsuit , he received a response from Universal Music Group that gave him only a 25 % interest in `` Like a Boss . '' Banks , however , claims that he has yet to see any sort of a royalty for the song . Another track from the duo was later featured on the band 's 2011 album Turtleneck & Chain in the song `` Shy Ronnie 2 : Ronnie & Clyde . ''

\n

\n Censorship ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n On the NBC version of this digital short , the part where Andy has a gun in his mouth and whines , `` Oh fuck , man , I ca n't fuckin ' do it . Shit ! '' had the shot of Andy with the gun in his mouth shortened and redubbed the line to , `` Oh crap , man , I ca n't effin ' do it . Ugh ! ! ''

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Van Dril , Eric ( 5 April 2009 ) . `` ' SNL ' Digital Short : ' Like A Boss ' ( With Video ) '' . The Ripcord . Archived from the original on 11 April 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 21 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Google Trends - websearch interest : like a boss - Worldwide , 2004 - present '' . Google Trends .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Twitter / search - # likeaboss '' . Twitter.com .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` like a boss on Tumblr '' . Tumblr.com .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` # likeaboss '' . Facebook.com .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Like a BUS ! Playlist '' . Youtube.com .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Like A Boss : SNL Digital Short ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . 6 May 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ DiNunno , Gina . `` Today 's News : Our Take - Seth Rogen and Andy Samberg in SNL Digital Short `` Like a Boss '' `` . TV Guide.com . Retrieved 23 June 2014 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gill . `` ' SNL , ' Andy Samberg Sued By Producers over ' Like A Boss ' - MTV '' . MTV News . Retrieved 11 July 2014 .
    10. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n The Lonely Island
\n
    \n
  • \n Andy Samberg
    • \n
  • \n Akiva Schaffer
    • \n
  • \n Jorma Taccone
    • \n
\n
\n Discography \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Studio albums \n
    \n
  • \n Incredibad
    • \n
  • \n Turtleneck & Chain
    • \n
  • \n The Wack Album
    • \n
  • \n Popstar : Never Stop Never Stopping
    • \n
\n
\n Singles \n
    \n
  • \n `` Dick in a Box ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Jizz in My Pants ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I 'm on a Boat ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Just Had Sex ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Creep ''
    • \n
  • \n `` We 're Back ! ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Jack Sparrow ''
    • \n
  • \n `` 3 - Way ( The Golden Rule ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` YOLO ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Spring Break Anthem ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Hugs ''
    • \n
\n
\n Other songs \n
    \n
  • \n `` Lazy Sunday ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Like a Boss ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Cool Guys Do n't Look at Explosions ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Everything Is Awesome ''
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Film \n
    \n
  • \n Hot Rod ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Popstar : Never Stop Never Stopping ( 2016 )
    • \n
\n
\n Television \n
    \n
  • \n SNL Digital Shorts
    • \n
  • \n Party Over Here
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Like_a_Boss&oldid=816720124 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where does the saying like a boss come from", "long_answers": ["`` Like a Boss '' is a song written and recorded by comedy hip hop troupe The Lonely Island for their debut studio album Incredibad . The song is a parody of the first official single from Slim Thug 's first album Already Platinum , also named `` Like a Boss '' . The song had multiple versions , including an audio - only that did not have the celebrity interviewer and a clean version that was produced in both audio and video . In 2011 it was also subject to a lawsuit from the producers of the song who claimed they never received proper compensation for their work .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Who lives , Who dies , Who tells your story - wikipedia

\n Who lives , Who dies , Who tells your story

\n Jump to : navigation , search For the Grey 's Anatomy episode , see Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story ( Grey 's Anatomy ) . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story ''
\n Song by Cast of Hamilton
\n from the album Hamilton
\n Language \n English
\n Released \n 2015
\n Genre \n Show tune
\n Length \n 3 : 38
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n Lin - Manuel Miranda
\n Hamilton track listing
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` The World Was Wide Enough '' ( 22 ) \n `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' ( 23 ) \n
\n
\n

\n `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' is the finale song of Act 2 of the musical Hamilton , based on the life of Alexander Hamilton , which premiered on Broadway in 2015 . Lin - Manuel Miranda wrote both the music and lyrics to the song .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Synopsis ( edit )

\n

\n After the death of Alexander Hamilton , the already deceased George Washington comes forward and repeats a line from his earlier song , `` History Has Its Eyes on You '' : `` Let me tell you what I wish I 'd known / When I was young and dreamed of glory / You have no control '' , then the rest of the cast joins in with this song 's title : `` Who lives , who dies , who tells your story . ''

\n

\n Aaron Burr individually reintroduces Thomas Jefferson and James Madison as `` President Jefferson '' and `` President Madison '' ( though Madison did n't become President until four years after Hamilton 's death ) . Both Presidents begrudgingly express respect for Hamilton and the financial system he created .

\n

\n Angelica points out to the audience that Hamilton was the only one of the Founding Fathers who did n't live long enough to have his story told . Burr raises the question of who tells one 's story after one is dead and gone .

\n

\n Hamilton 's wife Eliza , played by Phillipa Soo in the original Broadway cast , then comes forward and takes the largest part of the song , revealing that she lived for 50 years after her husband 's death , and all the efforts she made to tell her husband 's story , as well as the stories of his fellow American Revolutionary War veterans , and of George Washington . She sings of her proudest accomplishment , founding an orphanage , and how the orphans there remind her of her orphaned husband . Throughout her part of the song , the word `` Time '' is repeated and emphasized as a motif , representing how Hamilton always felt he was running out of time and contrasts that with the large amount of time Eliza had to tell his story and preserve his legacy . Finally , she expresses her longing to see Alexander again in the afterlife . `` It 's only a matter of time . '' The rest of the cast splits between singing the word `` Time '' and the song 's title , `` Who lives , who dies , who tells your story ? ''

\n

\n Vibe explains that `` Eliza Hamilton steers the song as she reflects on her life , her marriage to Hamilton and their legacy , which includes the opening of New York City 's first private orphanage '' .

\n

\n Analysis ( edit )

\n

\n The Atlantic 's review of the musical notes that Hamilton is n't remembered as fondly as other Founding Fathers ; Angelica sings `` Every other Founding Father story gets told . Every other Founding Father gets to grow old '' . The review also mentions that at the time of Hamilton 's extramarital - affair scandal , his political rival Thomas Jefferson was having a relationship with his slave which would have been a bigger scandal at the time , had it been known .

\n

\n During the entire musical , Hamilton sings about not wanting to throw away his shot and his wish to be placed firmly in the history books . Yet in his final moment , he decides to throw away his `` shot '' by aiming at the sky instead of at his duel opponent Aaron Burr . The final song speaks of his legacy that is in the end out of his control . The worth of a human being is decided after their death by people and events they have no agency over . So despite Hamilton 's best efforts to be remembered for certain things , history may see it a different way .

\n

\n Critical reception ( edit )

\n

\n The Village Voice argues that this song 's refrain `` suggest ( s ) that we might look differently at the Founding Fathers and their ideas of freedom and equality , depending on who 's depicting them '' . NewYorkCityTheatre wrote that `` Eliza Hamilton sums up the story and leads the company to a moving finale , when the lights drop as the weight and vision of the American Dream continues its tug of war , between the immigrants who once founded this country and those looking to make her home '' . Variety wrote that `` in the end , Miranda 's impassioned narrative of one man 's story becomes the collective narrative of a nation , a nation built by immigrants who occasionally need to be reminded where they came from . '' Newsday described the finale as `` focused '' , while Uloop said it `` gives the heaviest meaning to any show in recent memory '' . The Huffington Post wrote `` The show ends with a bang , then a whimper , then a harmony . '' Vibe said that the `` reflective yet dramatic instrumental '' backs the casts ' `` posing of a simple yet deep question '' . AmericanTheatre thought the titular refrain `` seems more of a contemporary hip - hop paradigm than it does a celebration of an unsung founding father '' .

\n

\n The A.V. Club wrote `` The musical 's oft - repeated question , ' Who lives , Who dies , Who tells your story ? ' is answered not with a self - congratulatory pat on the back about the Hamilton 's importance but with a salute to a woman whose face ca n't be found on any currency . It 's a breathtaking and unexpected finale -- the equivalent of ending Steve Jobs with a five - minute monologue from Kate Winslet 's character , Joanna Hoffman , about her own achievements . '' The New Yorker notes `` The last verse -- unexpectedly , and powerfully -- belongs to Eliza '' . CentreOnTheAisle said that `` Act two , while engaging , does n't reach the heights of its predecessor , until the show 's plaintive ' Finale ' in a hauntingly beautiful performance '' by Eliza Hamilton .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Going H.A.M. : A Track - By - Track Review Of The ' Hamilton ' Soundtrack '' . Vibe .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Alana Semuels . `` In Lin - Manuel Miranda 's Broadway Smash ' Hamilton , ' Thomas Jefferson Is the Bad Guy - The Atlantic '' . The Atlantic .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Tom Sellar . `` Lacking Only Heft , ' Hamilton ' Bowls Over Broadway '' . Village Voice .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Review of Hamilton at the Richard Rodgers Theater , New York by New York City Theater '' . New York City Theater .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Marilyn Stasio. `` ' Hamilton ' Review : Lin - Manuel Miranda 's Musical at the Public Theater - Variety '' . Variety .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ David Sheward ( 7 August 2015 ) . `` Review Roundup : ' Hamilton ' - August 7 , 2015 - NewYork.com '' . EVERYTHING NEW YORK .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Hamilton Album Review : Starting a Revolution Pt. 2 '' . Uloop .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` I Have an Opinion on Every Song in `` Hamilton '' `` . The Huffington Post . 1 October 2015 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Sure , ' Hamilton ' Is a Game - Changer , But Whose Game ? '' . AMERICAN THEATRE .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` George Takei and Lin - Manuel Miranda shift the historical lens on Broadway '' .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Michael Schulman ( 6 August 2015 ) . `` The Women of `` Hamilton '' `` . The New Yorker .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ # COTA . `` REVIEW : Lin - Manuel Miranda 's Genius Keeps Hamilton 's Flame Alive '' .
    13. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Hamilton : An American Musical
\n Songs \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Act 1 \n
    \n
  • \n `` Alexander Hamilton ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Aaron Burr , Sir ''
    • \n
  • \n `` My Shot ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Story of Tonight ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Schuyler Sisters ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Farmer Refuted ''
    • \n
  • \n `` You 'll Be Back ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Right Hand Man ''
    • \n
  • \n `` A Winter 's Ball ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Helpless ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Satisfied ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Story of Tonight ( Reprise ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Wait for It ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Stay Alive ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Ten Duel Commandments ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Meet Me Inside ''
    • \n
  • \n `` That Would Be Enough ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Guns and Ships ''
    • \n
  • \n `` History Has Its Eyes On You ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Yorktown ( The World Turned Upside Down ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` What Comes Next ? ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Dear Theodosia ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Non-Stop ''
    • \n
\n
\n Act 2 \n
    \n
  • \n `` What 'd I Miss ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Cabinet Battle # 1 ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Take a Break ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Say No to This ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Room Where It Happens ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Schuyler Defeated ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Cabinet Battle # 2 ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Washington on Your Side ''
    • \n
  • \n `` One Last Time ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Know Him ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Adams Administration ''
    • \n
  • \n `` We Know ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Hurricane ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Reynolds Pamphlet ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Burn ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Blow Us All Away ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Stay Alive ( Reprise ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` It 's Quiet Uptown ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Election of 1800 ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Your Obedient Servant ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Best of Wives and Best of Women ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The World Was Wide Enough ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story ''
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Alexander Hamilton
    • \n
  • \n Cast album
    • \n
  • \n The Hamilton Mixtape
    • \n
  • \n Lin - Manuel Miranda
    • \n
  • \n Ron Chernow
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Lives,_Who_Dies,_Who_Tells_Your_Story&oldid=837383101 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "who lives who dies who tells your atory lyrics", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Whistleblower Protection Act - Wikipedia

\n Whistleblower Protection Act

\n Jump to : navigation , search For the Act in India , see Whistle Blowers Protection Act , 2011 . \n Whistleblower Protection Act \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Long title \n An Act to amend title 5 , United States Code , to strengthen the protections available to Federal employees against prohibited personnel practices , and for other purposes .
\n Nicknames \n Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989
\n Enacted by \n the 101st United States Congress
\n Effective \n April 10 , 1989
\n Citations
\n Public law \n 101 - 12
\n Statutes at Large \n 103 Stat. 16
\n Codification
\n Titles amended \n 5 U.S.C. : Government Organization and Employees
\n U.S.C. sections amended \n 5 U.S.C. ch. 12 \u00a7 1201 et seq .
\n Legislative history
\n
    \n
  • \n Introduced in the Senate as S. 20 by Carl Levin ( D -- MI ) on January 25 , 1989
    • \n
  • \n Passed the Senate on March 16 , 1989 ( 97 - 0 , Roll call vote 24 , via Senate.gov )
    • \n
  • \n Passed the House on March 21 , 1989 ( Agreed voice vote )
    • \n
  • \n Signed into law by President George H.W. Bush on April 10 , 1989
    • \n
\n
\n

\n The Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 , Pub. L. 101 - 12 as amended , is a United States federal law that protects federal whistleblowers who work for the government and report agency misconduct . A federal agency violates the Whistleblower Protection Act if agency authorities take ( or threaten to take ) retaliatory personnel action against any employee or applicant because of disclosure of information by that employee or applicant . Whistleblowers may file complaints that they believe reasonably evidences a violation of a law , rule or regulation ; gross mismanagement ; gross waste of funds ; an abuse of authority ; or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Authorized federal agencies ( edit )

\n \n

\n Legal cases ( edit )

\n

\n The U.S. Supreme Court , in the case of Garcetti v. Ceballos , 04 - 473 , ruled in 2006 that government employees do not have protection from retaliation by their employers under the First Amendment of the Constitution when they speak pursuant to their official job duties . The U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board ( MSPB ) uses agency lawyers in the place of administrative law judges to decide federal employees ' whistleblower appeals . These lawyers , dubbed `` attorney examiners , '' deny 98 % of whistleblower appeals ; the Board and the Federal Circuit Court of Appeals give great deference to their initial decisions , resulting in affirmance rates of 97 % and 98 % , respectively . The most common characteristics for a court claim that are encompassed within the protection of the Act include : that the plaintiff is an employee or person covered under the specific statutory or common law relied upon for action , that the defendant is an employer or person covered under the specific statutory or common law relied upon for the action , that the plaintiff engaged in protected whistleblower activity , that the defendant knew or had knowledge that the plaintiff engaged in such activity , that there was retaliatory action taken against the one doing the whistleblowing and that the unfair treatment would not have occurred if the plaintiff had n't brought to attention the activities . Robert MacLean blew the whistle on the fact that the TSA had cut its funding for more air marshals . In 2009 MacLean , represented by the Government Accountability Project , challenged his dismissal at the Merit Systems Protection Board , on the grounds that `` his disclosure of the text message was protected under the Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 , because he ' reasonably believe ( d ) ' that the leaked information disclosed ' a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety ' . '' MacLean won the case in a ruling of 7 -- 2 in the Supreme Court in January 2015 .

\n

\n Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act and Presidential Policy Directive 19 ( edit )

\n

\n President Barack Obama issued Presidential Policy Directive 19 ( PPD - 19 ) , entitled `` Protecting Whistleblowers with Access to Classified Information '' . According to the law signed by Obama on October 10 , 2012 , it is written that `` this Presidential Policy Directive ensures that employees ( 1 ) serving in the Intelligence Community or ( 2 ) who are eligible for access to classified information can effectively report waste , fraud , and abuse while protecting classified national security information . It prohibits retaliation against employees for reporting waste , fraud , and abuse .

\n

\n However , according to a report that the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs submitted to accompany S. 743 , `` the federal whistleblowers have seen their protections diminish in recent years , largely as a result of a series of decisions by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit , which has exclusive jurisdiction over many cases brought under the Whistleblower Protection Act ( WPA ) . Specifically , the Federal Circuit has wrongly accorded a narrow definition to the type of disclosure that qualifies for whistleblower protection . Additionally , the lack of remedies under current law for most whistleblowers in the intelligence community and for whistleblowers who face retaliation in the form of withdrawal of the employee 's security clearance leaves unprotected those who are in a position to disclose wrongdoing that directly affects our national security . '' S. 743 would address these problems by restoring the original congressional intent of the WPA to adequately protect whistleblowers , by strengthening the WPA , and by creating new whistleblower protections for intelligence employees and new protections for employees whose security clearance is withdrawn in retaliation for having made legitimate whistleblower disclosures . S. 743 ultimately became Pub. L. 112 - 199 ( S. Rep. 112 - 155 ) .

\n

\n Related legislation ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2017 )
\n

\n On July 14 , 2014 , the United States House of Representatives voted to pass the All Circuit Review Extension Act ( H.R. 4197 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that gives authority to federal employees who want to appeal their judgment to any federal court , and which allows whistleblowers to appeal to any U.S. Court of Appeals that has jurisdiction . The bill would extend from three years after the effective date of the Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act of 2012 ( i.e. , December 27 , 2012 ) , the period allowed for : ( 1 ) filing a petition for judicial review of Merit Systems Protection Board decisions in whistleblower cases , and ( 2 ) any review of such a decision by the Director of the Office of Personnel Management ( OPM ) .

\n

\n There is also a bill in its early stages called the FBI Whistleblower Protection Enhancement Act . This bill was introduced by Senators Grassley and Leahy in 2015 . It would protect whistleblowers in the FBI more completely from reprisals by supervisors , by assigning administrative law judges to adjudicate the cases , and enabling FBI employees to appeal their decisions to the courts . This bill is still in the process of possibly getting passed and has individuals cosponsoring it in March 2016 .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Public Law 101 - 12 ( 1989 ) at gpo.gov
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Peter Eisler ( 2010 - 03 - 15 ) . `` Whistleblowers '' . USA TODAY .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ High Court Trims Whistleblower Rights
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ McCarthy , Robert J. `` Blowing in the Wind : Answers for Federal Whistleblowers '' . William & Mary Policy Review 3 : 184 ( 2012 ) .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Know Your Rights FAQ '' . National Whistleblowers Center . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Whistleblower protection case reaches US Supreme Court '' . Courage Foundation . November 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/image/ppd-19.pdf
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ WHISTLEBLOWER PROTECTION ENHANCEMENT ACT OF 2012 REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON HOMELAND SECURITY AND GOVERNMENTAL AFFAIRS , UNITED STATES SENATE TO ACCOMPANY S. 743 . April 19 , 2012
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-112srpt155/pdf/CRPT-112srpt155.pdf
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4197 - Summary '' . United States Congress . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` H.R. 4197 - All Actions '' . United States Congress . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Joe Davidson . How FBI blocks whistleblower fighting dismissal ; new bill could help others . Washington Post 2 Feb 2016 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Grassley - Leahy Bill Improves Disclosure & Review Process for FBI Whistleblowers . Website of Senator Grassley . Dec 10 , 2015
    14. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whistleblower_Protection_Act&oldid=838141336 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "the primary reason for the creation of federal whistleblower statutes was to", "long_answers": ["The Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 , Pub. L. 101 - 12 as amended , is a United States federal law that protects federal whistleblowers who work for the government and report agency misconduct . A federal agency violates the Whistleblower Protection Act if agency authorities take ( or threaten to take ) retaliatory personnel action against any employee or applicant because of disclosure of information by that employee or applicant . Whistleblowers may file complaints that they believe reasonably evidences a violation of a law , rule or regulation ; gross mismanagement ; gross waste of funds ; an abuse of authority ; or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Wade in the Water - wikipedia

\n Wade in the Water

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For the album by Ramsey Lewis , see Wade in the Water ( album ) . \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Wade in the Water ''
\n
\n American folk song
\n Native language ( s ) \n English
\n First publication \n New Jubilee Songs as Sung by the Fisk Jubilee Singers ( 1901 )
\n Catalogue ( s ) \n Roud 5439
\n Notable performer ( s ) \n The Staple Singers , Ramsey Lewis ; etc .
\n First released recording
\n Title of the recording \n `` Good News Chariot 's Coming and Wade in the Water ''
\n Released \n ca . 1925
\n Record label \n Paramount Records
\n Artist \n Sunset Four Jubilee Singers
\n Genre \n Negro spiritual
\n

\n `` Wade in the Water '' ( Roud 5439 ) is the name of a Negro spiritual first published in New Jubilee Songs as Sung by the Fisk Jubilee Singers ( 1901 ) by John Wesley Work II and his brother , Frederick J. Work ( see Fisk Jubilee Singers ) . It is associated with the songs of the Underground Railroad .

\n

\n Wade in the water Wade in the water , children Wade in the water God 's gon na trouble the water

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Meaning ( edit )

\n

\n The song relates to both the Old and New Testaments . The verses reflect the Israelites ' escape out of Egypt as found in Exodus 14 . The chorus refers to healing : see John 5 : 4 , `` For an angel went down at a certain season into the pool , and troubled the water : whosoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole of whatsoever disease he had . ''

\n

\n Many Internet sources and popular books claim that songs such as `` Wade in the Water '' contained explicit instructions to fugitive slaves on how to avoid capture and the route to take to successfully make their way to freedom .

\n

\n An example of this is cited in the book Pathways to Freedom : Maryland & the Underground Railroad . The book explains how Harriet Tubman used the song `` Wade in the Water '' to tell escaping slaves to get off the trail and into the water to make sure that the dogs employed by slavers lost their trail .

\n

\n In popular culture ( edit )

\n

\n One version of the song performed by The Staple Singers became a part of the civil rights movement in the US . `` Wade in the Water '' was a popular instrumental hit in 1966 for the Ramsey Lewis Trio , which prompted further instrumental recordings by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass , and Billy Preston ( both 1967 ) . The melody was used for the 1988 Tony ! Toni ! Ton\u00e9 ! hit `` Little Walter '' . The version by Golden Gate Quartet also appears on the compilation album Nick Cave - Roots & Collaborations ( 2009 ) , establishing the song as one of the musical sources that have inspired the Australian artist . The band Half Man Half Biscuit parody the song in `` Took Problem Chimp To Ideal Home Show '' on their 2008 album CSI : Ambleside , with the chorus `` wade in the watertube '' .

\n

\n Wade in the Water , Children is a 2008 American documentary film directed and produced by Elizabeth Wood and Gabriel Nussbaum . It was filmed by a group of 8th grade students at the first school to reopen in New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina . The film offers a shockingly intimate look into life as a child in the ruined city . The film was praised as `` scalding stuff '' by Newsday , and won the audience award at the New Orleans International Human Rights Film Festival .

\n

\n Wade in the Water is the title of a historical fiction novel by American author Michael Stephan Oates . The story follows the lives of three characters before , during , and after the great Johnstown Flood of 1889 .

\n

\n Selective list of recordings ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n The first commercially recorded version of the song was released by Paramount Records ( sung by Sunset Four Jubilee Singers in 1925 ) , as `` Good News Chariot 's Coming and Wade in the Water '' . Other recordings include :

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Steve Sullivan ( 17 May 2017 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 387 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 5449 - 7 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Wade in De Water '' . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 18 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Pathways to Freedom Secrets : Signs and Symbols Music '' . Pathways.thinkport.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Robert Pruter ( 1992 ) . Chicago Soul . University of Illinois Press . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06259 - 9 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Wade in the Water : A Must See Film : Boston Globe '' . Wadeinthewater.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Wade in the Water , Children ( DVD ) Elizabeth Wood , Gabriel Nussbaum '' . IndiePix Films . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ William Edward Burghardt Du Bois ( 1925 ) . Crisis . Crisis Publishing Company .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Robert M. Marovich ( 15 March 2015 ) . A City Called Heaven : Chicago and the Birth of Gospel Music . University of Illinois Press . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 09708 - 9 .
    10. \n
\n

\n Sources ( edit )

\n \n
\n
\n Further reading
\n
\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wade_in_the_Water&oldid=833167717 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "meaning of lyrics to wade in the water", "long_answers": ["The song relates to both the Old and New Testaments . The verses reflect the Israelites ' escape out of Egypt as found in Exodus 14 . The chorus refers to healing : see John 5 : 4 , `` For an angel went down at a certain season into the pool , and troubled the water : whosoever then first after the troubling of the water stepped in was made whole of whatsoever disease he had . ''\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha - wikipedia

\n List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha

\n Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Member of Parliament ( India ) .

\n As per the Fourth Schedule ( Articles 4 ( 1 ) and 80 ( 2 ) ) of the Constitution of India , 12 members are nominated by President for term of six years for their contributions to art , literature , science , and social services .

\n

\n Current nominated members of Rajya Sabha ( edit )

\n

\n This is a Current list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n Name \n Field \n Affiliation \n Date of Appointment \n Date of Retirement
\n \n Roopa Ganguly \n Art \n Bharatiya Janata Party \n 04 - Oct - 2016 \n 03 - Oct - 2022
\n \n Sambhaji Raje \n Social work \n Bharatiya Janata Party \n 07 - Jun - 2016 \n 03 - May - 2022
\n \n Suresh Gopi \n Art \n Bharatiya Janata Party \n 25 - Apr - 2016 \n 24 - Apr - 2022
\n \n Subramanian Swamy \n Economics \n Bharatiya Janata Party \n 25 - Apr - 2016 \n 24 - Apr - 2022
\n 5 \n Narendra Jadhav \n Economics \n Nominated \n 25 - Apr - 2016 \n 24 - Apr - 2022
\n 6 \n Mary Kom \n Sport \n Nominated \n 25 - Apr - 2016 \n 24 - Apr - 2022
\n 7 \n Swapan Dasgupta \n Journalism \n Nominated \n 25 - Apr - 2016 \n 24 - Apr - 2022
\n 8 \n K.T.S. Tulsi \n Law \n Nominated \n 25 - Feb - 2014 \n 24 - Feb - 2020
\n 9 \n K. Parasaran \n Law \n Nominated \n 09 - Jun - 2012 \n 28 - Jun - 2018
\n 10 \n Rekha \n Art \n Nominated \n 27 - Apr - 2012 \n 26 - Apr - 2018
\n 11 \n Sachin Tendulkar \n Social service \n Nominated \n 27 - Apr - 2012 \n 26 - Apr - 2018
\n 12 \n Anu Aga \n Business \n Nominated \n 27 - Apr - 2012 \n 26 - Apr - 2018
\n

\n Complete list of nominated members of Rajya Sabha ( edit )

\n

\n This is a Complete list of Members of the Rajya Sabha who have been nominated by the President .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Sr. No . \n Image \n Name \n Tenure
\n \n -- \n Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer \n 1952 -- 1953
\n \n \n Satyendranath Bose \n 1952 -- 1960
\n \n \n Prithviraj Kapoor \n 1952 -- 1960
\n \n -- \n Jagadisan Mohandas Kumarappa \n 1952 -- 1954
\n 5 \n -- \n Kalidas Nag \n 1952 -- 1954
\n 6 \n \n Rukmini Devi Arundale \n 1952 -- 1962
\n 7 \n -- \n N.R. Malkani \n 1952 -- 1962
\n 8 \n -- \n Sahib Singh Sokhey \n 1952 -- 1956
\n 9 \n -- \n Zakir Hussain \n 1952 -- 1962
\n 10 \n -- \n Maithili Sharan Gupt \n 1952 -- 1964
\n 11 \n -- \n Kakasaheb Kalelkar \n 1952 -- 1964
\n 12 \n -- \n Radha Kumud Mukherjee \n 1952 -- 1958
\n 13 \n \n P.V. Kane \n 1953 -- 1964
\n 14 \n -- \n Moturi Satyanarayana \n 1954 -- 1966
\n 15 \n -- \n Ardeshir Ruttonji Wadia \n 1954 -- 1966
\n 16 \n -- \n Bhargavram Vitthal Warerkar \n 1956 -- 1968
\n 17 \n -- \n Tara Chand \n 1956 -- 1968
\n 18 \n -- \n Ajudhia Nath Khosla \n 1958 -- 1964
\n 19 \n -- \n K.M. Panikkar \n 1959 -- 1966
\n 20 \n -- \n Jairamdas Daulatram \n 1959 -- 1976
\n 21 \n -- \n Mohanlal Saksena \n 1959 -- 1964
\n 22 \n -- \n Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay \n 1960 -- 1966
\n 23 \n -- \n V.T. Krishnamachari \n 1961 -- 1967
\n 24 \n -- \n R.R. Diwakar \n 1962 -- 1968
\n 25 \n -- \n Gopal Singh \n 1962 -- 1968
\n 26 \n -- \n M. Ajmal Khan \n 1964 -- 1972
\n 27 \n -- \n Satyavrata Siddhantalankar \n 1964 -- 1968
\n 28 \n \n Shakuntala Paranjpye \n 1964 -- 1970
\n 29 \n -- \n Badri Nath Prasad \n 1964 -- 1970
\n 30 \n -- \n G. Ramachandran \n 1964 -- 1970
\n 31 \n -- \n M.N. Kaul \n 1964 -- 1972
\n 32 \n -- \n Harivanshrai Bachchan \n 1966 -- 1972
\n 33 \n -- \n Dhananjay Ramchandra Gadgil \n 1966 -- 1972
\n 34 \n -- \n M.C. Setalvad \n 1966 -- 1972
\n 35 \n \n G. Sankara Kurup \n 1968 -- 1972
\n 36 \n \n Joachim Alva \n 1968 -- 1974
\n 37 \n \n S. Nurul Hasan \n 1968 -- 1974
\n 38 \n -- \n K. Ramiah \n 1968 -- 1974
\n 39 \n -- \n Ganga Sharan Sinha \n 1968 -- 1974
\n 40 \n -- \n Maragatham Chandrasekhar \n 1970 -- 1988
\n 41 \n -- \n Umashankar Joshi \n 1970 -- 1976
\n 42 \n -- \n Rasheeduddin Khan \n 1970 -- 1982
\n 43 \n -- \n Vidya Prakash Dutt \n 1971 -- 1980
\n 44 \n -- \n Abu Abraham \n 1972 -- 1978
\n 45 \n -- \n Pramathanath Bishi \n 1972 -- 1978
\n 46 \n -- \n C.K. Daphtary \n 1972 -- 1978
\n 47 \n -- \n Habib Tanvir \n 1972 -- 1978
\n 48 \n -- \n Krishna Kriplani \n 1974 -- 1980
\n 49 \n \n Lokesh Chandra \n 1974 -- 1986
\n 50 \n -- \n Scato Swu \n 1974 -- 1986
\n 51 \n -- \n B.N. Banerjee \n 1976 -- 1982
\n 52 \n -- \n Malcolm Adiseshiah \n 1978 -- 1984
\n 53 \n -- \n Fathema Ismail \n 1978 -- 1984
\n 54 \n -- \n Pandurang Dharmaji Jadhav \n 1978 -- 1984
\n 55 \n -- \n Bhagwati Charan Varma \n 1978 -- 1984
\n 56 \n \n Nargis Dutt \n 1980 -- 1986
\n 57 \n \n Khushwant Singh \n 1980 -- 1986
\n 58 \n -- \n Asima Chatterjee \n 1982 -- 1990
\n 59 \n \n Sivaji Ganesan \n 1982 -- 1986
\n 60 \n -- \n Hayatullah Ansari \n 1982 -- 1988
\n 61 \n -- \n Madan Bhatia \n 1982 -- 1994
\n 62 \n -- \n V.N. Tiwari \n 1982 -- 1984
\n 63 \n -- \n Ghulam Rasool Kar \n 1984 -- 1987
\n 64 \n -- \n Tindivanam K. Ramamurthy \n 1984 -- 1990
\n 65 \n -- \n H.L. Kapur \n 1985 -- 1988
\n 66 \n \n Salim Ali \n 1985 -- 1988
\n 67 \n -- \n Purushottam Kakodkar \n 1985 -- 1991
\n 68 \n \n Ela Bhatt \n 1986 -- 1988
\n 69 \n -- \n Amrita Pritam \n 1986 -- 1992
\n 70 \n \n M.F. Husain \n 1986 -- 1992
\n 71 \n \n R.K. Narayan \n 1986 -- 1992
\n 72 \n \n Ravi Shankar \n 1986 -- 1992
\n 73 \n -- \n Syeda Anwara Taimur \n 1988 -- 1990
\n 74 \n -- \n Sat Paul Mittal \n 1988 -- 1994
\n 75 \n -- \n Bishambhar Nath Pande \n 1988 -- 1994
\n 76 \n -- \n Mohammad Yunus \n 1989 -- 1995
\n 77 \n \n Prakash Ambedkar \n 1990 -- 1996
\n 78 \n \n Jagmohan \n 1990 -- 1996
\n 79 \n -- \n Bhupinder Singh Mann \n 1990 -- 1996
\n 80 \n -- \n Russi Karanjia \n 1991 -- 1997
\n 81 \n -- \n Mahendra Prasad \n 1993 -- 1994
\n 82 \n -- \n M. Aram \n 1993 -- 1999
\n 83 \n \n Vyjayantimala Bali \n 1993 -- 1999
\n 84 \n -- \n B.B. Dutta \n 1993 -- 1999
\n 85 \n -- \n Maulana Habibur Rahman Nomani \n 1993 -- 1999
\n 86 \n \n Nirmala Deshpande \n 1997 -- 1999 and 2004 -- 2010
\n 87 \n \n Shabana Azmi \n 1997 -- 2003
\n 88 \n -- \n P. Selvie Das \n 1997 -- 2003
\n 89 \n -- \n Kartar Singh Duggal \n 1997 -- 2003
\n 90 \n \n Kuldip Nayyar \n 1997 -- 2003
\n 91 \n -- \n Raja Ramanna \n 1997 -- 2003
\n 92 \n \n C. Narayana Reddy \n 1997 -- 2003
\n 93 \n \n Mrinal Sen \n 1997 -- 2003
\n 94 \n -- \n Chaudhary Harmohan Singh Yadav \n 1997 -- 2003
\n 95 \n -- \n Nanaji Deshmukh \n 1999 -- 2005
\n 96 \n \n Lata Mangeshkar \n 1999 -- 2005
\n 97 \n -- \n Fali Nariman \n 1999 -- 2005
\n 98 \n -- \n Cho Ramaswamy \n 1999 -- 2005
\n 99 \n \n Hema Malini \n 2003 -- 2009
\n 100 \n -- \n Bimal Jalan \n 2003 -- 2009
\n 101 \n \n K. Kasturirangan \n 2003 -- 2009
\n 102 \n -- \n Narayan Singh Manaklao \n 2003 -- 2009
\n 103 \n -- \n Vidya Niwas Misra \n 2003 -- 2009
\n 104 \n -- \n Chandan Mitra \n 2003 -- 2009
\n 105 \n \n Dara Singh \n 2003 -- 2009
\n 106 \n \n Kapila Vatsyayan \n 2006 -- 2012
\n 107 \n \n Ram Jethmalani \n 2006 -- 2009
\n 108 \n -- \n Shobhana Bhartia \n 2006 -- 2012
\n 109 \n \n Shyam Benegal \n 2006 -- 2012
\n 110 \n \n M.S. Swaminathan \n 2007 -- 2013
\n 111 \n -- \n C. Rangarajan \n 2008 -- 2010
\n 112 \n -- \n H.K. Dua \n 2009 -- 2015
\n 113 \n -- \n Ashok Sekhar Ganguly \n 2009 -- 2015
\n 114 \n -- \n Mani Shankar Aiyar \n 2010 -- 2016
\n 115 \n \n Javed Akhtar \n 2010 -- 2016
\n 116 \n \n B. Jayashree \n 2010 -- 2016
\n 117 \n \n Ram Dayal Munda \n 2010 -- 2011
\n 118 \n -- \n Bhalchandra Mungekar \n 2010 -- 2016
\n 119 \n -- \n Mrinal Miri \n 2012 -- 2016
\n 120 \n -- \n Anu Aga \n 2012 -- 2018
\n 121 \n -- \n K. Parasaran \n 2012 -- 2018
\n 122 \n \n Rekha \n 2012 -- 2018
\n 123 \n \n Sachin Tendulkar \n 2012 -- 2018
\n 124 \n -- \n K.T.S. Tulsi \n 2014 - 2020
\n 125 \n \n Subramanian Swamy \n 2016 - 2022
\n 126 \n \n MC Mary Kom \n 2016 - 2022
\n 127 \n \n Narendra Jadhav \n 2016 - 2022
\n 129 \n \n Suresh Gopi \n 2016 - 2022
\n 130 \n -- \n Swapan Dasgupta \n 2016 - 2022
\n 131 \n -- \n Sambhaji Raje \n 2016 - 2022
\n 132 \n -- \n Roopa Ganguly \n 2016 - 2022
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n \n
\n
\n Specific
\n
\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Statewise List '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/partymemberlist.aspx
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Statewise Retirement '' . 164.100. 47.5 . Retrieved 12 June 2016 .
    4. \n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_nominated_members_of_Rajya_Sabha&oldid=818220921 '' Categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who was the first lady nominated member of the rajya sabha", "long_answers": ["No . Name Field Affiliation Date of Appointment Date of Retirement Roopa Ganguly Art Bharatiya Janata Party 04 - Oct - 2016 03 - Oct - 2022 Sambhaji Raje Social work Bharatiya Janata Party 07 - Jun - 2016 03 - May - 2022 Suresh Gopi Art Bharatiya Janata Party 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 Subramanian Swamy Economics Bharatiya Janata Party 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 5 Narendra Jadhav Economics Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 6 Mary Kom Sport Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 7 Swapan Dasgupta Journalism Nominated 25 - Apr - 2016 24 - Apr - 2022 8 K.T.S. Tulsi Law Nominated 25 - Feb - 2014 24 - Feb - 2020 9 K. Parasaran Law Nominated 09 - Jun - 2012 28 - Jun - 2018 10 Rekha Art Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 11 Sachin Tendulkar Social service Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018 12 Anu Aga Business Nominated 27 - Apr - 2012 26 - Apr - 2018\n"], "short_answers": ["Mary Kom\n"]} {"text": "Game seven - wikipedia

\n Game seven

\n Jump to : navigation , search `` Game 7 '' redirects here . For the song by T.I. , see We Want Smoke .

\n A game seven is the final game of a best of seven series . This game can occur in the postseasons for Major League Baseball ( MLB ) ( League Championship Series and World Series ) , the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ( all rounds of the NBA playoffs ) , and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) ( all rounds of the Stanley Cup playoffs ) .

\n

\n The game is generally played at the site of the team holding the home advantage across the series .

\n

\n The nature of a best - of - seven series requires that the series be tied at three games apiece going into game seven , such that either team can take the series ( advancing further in the playoffs or winning the championship ) by winning the game . Because of this decisive nature , game sevens add an element of drama to their sports .

\n

\n Aside from North American sports leagues , game sevens are also a fixture in many other sports around the world , mostly in baseball , basketball , and ice hockey leagues . Most codes of football do not employ a best - of - seven series ( or any best - of - x series in general ) , hence game sevens are not played in those leagues .

\n

\n Some playoff rounds ( such as MLB 's current Division Series ) are played in a best of five format , such that game five has similar qualities to those described above , though the suspense and drama have less time to build in a shorter series . Furthermore , the World Series of 1903 , 1919 , 1920 , and 1921 were played in a best of nine format , though none of the four went to a decisive game nine .

\n

\n The game seven is comparable to a final or to a single game in a single - elimination tournament or to a one - game playoff . The game is equivalent to the Super Bowl game in the National Football League in that the game 's winner is the league 's champion for the season .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Examples ( edit )

\n

\n Major League Baseball ( edit )

\n

\n In the MLB Postseason , game seven can occur in the League Championship Series and the World Series ( the divisional series are best of five ) . In the World Series , there have been 39 decisive game sevens ( of the four World Series that were contested on a best - of - nine basis , none went to a game nine , though all four included a non-decisive game seven ) .

\n World Series ( edit )

\n World Series that were decided on a game seven : All extra inning game sevens involve three franchises each with two appearances , the New York / San Francisco Giants ( losing both ) , the Washington Senators / Minnesota Twins ( winning both ) and the Cleveland Indians ( losing both ) . Home teams are 19 -- 20 in game sevens .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Winning team \n Losing team \n Score \n Site \n Notes
\n 1909 \n Pittsburgh Pirates \n Detroit Tigers \n 8 -- 0 \n Bennett Park , Detroit \n Rookie Babe Adams tosses a six hit shutout for his third win of the series .
\n 1912 \n Boston Red Sox \n New York Giants \n 3 -- 2 F / 10 \n Fenway Park , Boston \n This decisive contest was actually game eight , as game two had ended in a tie .
\n 1924 \n Washington Senators \n New York Giants \n 4 -- 3 F / 12 \n Griffith Stadium , Washington , D.C. \n Longest game seven in innings . In the 12th , Muddy Ruel doubled after a dropped foul popfly by Giants catcher Hank Gowdy . Ruel scored on a game - winning RBI double by Earl McNeely .
\n 1925 \n Pittsburgh Pirates \n Washington Senators \n 9 -- 7 \n Forbes Field , Pittsburgh \n Pittsburgh became the first team in a best of seven to win the series when trailing three games to one .
\n 1926 \n St. Louis Cardinals \n New York Yankees \n 3 -- 2 \n Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City \n Grover Cleveland Alexander strikes out Tony Lazzeri with the bases loaded to end the seventh and preserve the Cardinals lead . Two innings later Babe Ruth is caught stealing to end the World Series .
\n 1931 \n St. Louis Cardinals \n Philadelphia Athletics \n 4 -- 2 \n St. Louis , Missouri \n Last postseason game for the Athletics while based in Philadelphia .
\n 1934 \n St. Louis Cardinals \n Detroit Tigers \n 11 -- 0 \n Navin Field , Detroit \n Dizzy Dean 's second win , a six - hit shutout on one day of rest , gives the Cardinals the title .
\n 1940 \n Cincinnati Reds \n Detroit Tigers \n 2 -- 1 \n Crosley Field , Cincinnati \n This game was over in a snappy 1 : 47 while a sacrifice bunt and sacrifice fly scored the winning runs .
\n 1945 \n Detroit Tigers \n Chicago Cubs \n 9 -- 3 \n Wrigley Field , Chicago \n Cubs last World Series appearance until 2016 . See also : Curse of the Billy Goat
\n 1946 \n St. Louis Cardinals \n Boston Red Sox \n 4 -- 3 \n Sportsman 's Park III , St. Louis , Missouri \n Enos Slaughter 's famous mad dash scored the deciding run to win the game and the series .
\n 1947 \n New York Yankees \n Brooklyn Dodgers \n 5 -- 2 \n Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City \n This was the Series that featured Cookie Lavagetto 's pinch - hit that spoiled Bill Bevens ' no - hit bid and Al Gionfriddo 's catch to rob Joe DiMaggio of a home run .
\n 1952 \n New York Yankees \n Brooklyn Dodgers \n 4 -- 2 \n Ebbets Field , Brooklyn , New York City \n Billy Martin 's game saving infield catch preserves the Yankees lead and helps win the game and the series .
\n 1955 \n Brooklyn Dodgers \n New York Yankees \n 2 -- 0 \n Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City \n Dodgers ' only championship in Brooklyn . The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven .
\n 1956 \n New York Yankees \n Brooklyn Dodgers \n 9 -- 0 \n Ebbets Field , Brooklyn , New York City \n Jackie Robinson 's final Major League game . Last postseason game at Ebbets Field and Dodgers ' last postseason game before moving to Los Angeles . The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven .
\n 1957 \n Milwaukee Braves \n New York Yankees \n 5 -- 0 \n Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City \n The Braves ' only championship in Milwaukee .
\n 1958 \n New York Yankees \n Milwaukee Braves \n 6 -- 2 \n County Stadium , Milwaukee \n The Yankees win their 18th World Series title after being down three games to one . This was the Braves ' last postseason game in Milwaukee .
\n 1960 \n Pittsburgh Pirates \n New York Yankees \n 10 -- 9 \n Forbes Field , Pittsburgh \n Bill Mazeroski hit the walk - off home run to win the Pirates the championship . Last postseason game in Forbes Field . Last postseason game for Yankees ' manager Casey Stengel . Highest scoring game seven .
\n 1962 \n New York Yankees \n San Francisco Giants \n 1 -- 0 \n Candlestick Park , San Francisco \n With runners on second and third and two outs , Willie McCovey 's line drive to Bobby Richardson ended the game . First game seven that ended with a 1 - 0 score .
\n 1964 \n St. Louis Cardinals \n New York Yankees \n 7 -- 5 \n Busch Stadium I , St. Louis , Missouri \n The Yankees ' last World Series appearance until 1976 . Last postseason game at Busch Stadium I .
\n 1965 \n Los Angeles Dodgers \n Minnesota Twins \n 2 -- 0 \n Metropolitan Stadium , Bloomington , Minnesota \n Pitching through immense pain and on two days rest , Sandy Koufax throws a 3 hit shutout to win the Series and World Series MVP . The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven .
\n 1967 \n St. Louis Cardinals \n Boston Red Sox \n 7 -- 2 \n Fenway Park , Boston \n Bob Gibson wins his third game of the Series and also homers .
\n 1968 \n Detroit Tigers \n St. Louis Cardinals \n 4 -- 1 \n Busch Stadium II , St. Louis , Missouri \n Mickey Lolich out - duels Bob Gibson . The Tigers rallied from a 3 - 1 deficit to win the series . First game seven loss by the Cardinals in the World Series .
\n 1971 \n Pittsburgh Pirates \n Baltimore Orioles \n 2 -- 1 \n Memorial Stadium , Baltimore \n The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven .
\n 1972 \n Oakland Athletics \n Cincinnati Reds \n 3 -- 2 \n Riverfront Stadium , Cincinnati \n The A 's first championship in Oakland . The A 's were the last American League team to win a World Series game seven on the road until 2017 .
\n 1973 \n Oakland Athletics \n New York Mets \n 5 -- 2 \n Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , California \n Bert Campaneris and Reggie Jackson hit the only Oakland home runs in this game to set the tone for victory and the series .
\n \n Cincinnati Reds \n Boston Red Sox \n 4 -- 3 \n Fenway Park , Boston \n One night after Carlton Fisk 's famous home run , the Reds rebound to take the Series .
\n 1979 \n Pittsburgh Pirates \n Baltimore Orioles \n 4 -- 1 \n Memorial Stadium , Baltimore \n The Pittsburgh Pirates , powered by NLCS and World Series MVP Willie Stargell , rally from a 3 - 1 deficit to win the series . The Pirates were the last team to win a road game seven until 2014 .
\n 1982 \n St. Louis Cardinals \n Milwaukee Brewers \n 6 -- 3 \n Busch Stadium II , St. Louis , Missouri \n Joaqu\u00edn And\u00fajar earns his second win of the Series and Bruce Sutter his second save .
\n 1985 \n Kansas City Royals \n St. Louis Cardinals \n 11 -- 0 \n Royals Stadium , Kansas City , Missouri \n Second World Series held entirely in the state of Missouri . The Royals also won the 1985 American League Championship Series in seven games . Royals became first team to win the World Series after losing the first two games at home . The Royals were the last team to come back from 3 -- 1 down to win a title , in any of the five major men 's professional sports leagues , until the Cleveland Cavaliers won the 2016 NBA Finals after trailing 3 -- 1 . The 1985 Royals were the last team to win a World Series after trailing 3 -- 1 until the Cubs did so in 2016 .
\n 1986 \n New York Mets \n Boston Red Sox \n 8 -- 5 \n Shea Stadium , Flushing , Queens , New York \n Mets become the first team to be one strike away from elimination and come back to win the series . They also become the second team to win the series after losing the first two at home .
\n \n Minnesota Twins \n St. Louis Cardinals \n 4 -- 2 \n Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , Minneapolis \n The home team won all seven games of the series for the first time in MLB history .
\n 1991 \n Minnesota Twins \n Atlanta Braves \n 1 -- 0 F / 10 \n Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , Minneapolis \n Like in 1987 , the home team won all games of the series . The Twins won in the bottom of the 10th on a walk - off single by Gene Larkin scoring Dan Gladden after \u200b 9 \u2044 scoreless innings of play . Jack Morris goes all ten innings for the Twins and is named the Series MVP . Twins Centerfielder Kirby Puckett hit a famous walk - off home run in the bottom of the eleventh inning of the previous night 's game to force this decisive game .
\n 1997 \n Florida Marlins \n Cleveland Indians \n 3 -- 2 F / 11 \n Pro Player Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida \n Florida becomes the first wild card team to win the World Series . The Marlins rallied for one run in the bottom of the ninth to tie and won in the eleventh on an \u00c9dgar Renter\u00eda RBI single off Charles Nagy .
\n 2001 \n Arizona Diamondbacks \n New York Yankees \n 3 -- 2 \n Bank One Ballpark , Phoenix , Arizona \n Arizona becomes the fastest expansion team to win the World Series , rallying for two runs in the bottom of the ninth for a come - from - behind win , capped off by Luis Gonzalez hitting the winning RBI single off closer Mariano Rivera . The home team won every game of the series .
\n 2002 \n Anaheim Angels \n San Francisco Giants \n 4 -- 1 \n Edison International Field , Anaheim , California \n Both World Series teams were wild card entrants into the playoffs . John Lackey became the second rookie pitcher to win a World Series game seven .
\n 2011 \n St. Louis Cardinals \n Texas Rangers \n 6 -- 2 \n Busch Stadium , St. Louis , Missouri \n Cardinals became the second team to be one strike away from elimination and come back to win the series , which they did twice . Just like the 1991 series , a walk - off home run in the bottom of the eleventh inning of game six , forced this decisive game with David Freese providing the fire power . Most recent game seven won by the home team .
\n 2014 \n San Francisco Giants \n Kansas City Royals \n 3 -- 2 \n Kauffman Stadium , Kansas City , Missouri \n Like in 2002 , both World Series teams were wild card entrants into the playoffs . The Giants became the first NL team to win a game seven on the road since 1979 . NLCS MVP and eventual World Series MVP Madison Bumgarner , normally a starter , pitched five scoreless innings of relief on two days rest to save the Giants ' third title in five years .
\n 2016 \n Chicago Cubs \n Cleveland Indians \n 8 -- 7 F / 10 \n Progressive Field , Cleveland , Ohio \n Chicago Cubs ' first World Series win since 1908 . Game played between the two teams ( Cleveland Indians and Chicago Cubs ) with the longest active championship droughts . The Cubs are the first Major League Baseball team to come back to win the World Series from a 3 -- 1 series deficit since the 1985 Royals . Most recent World Series game seven to be decided in extra innings . First extra innings game seven to be won by the road team .
\n 2017 \n Houston Astros \n Los Angeles Dodgers \n 5 -- 1 \n Dodger Stadium , Los Angeles \n First instance of back - to - back game sevens since 2001 -- 2002 . First World Series championship for the Astros , who became the first AL team to win a World Series game 7 on the road since 1972 . The Astros became the second team to win two winner - take - all game sevens in the same postseason since the Kansas City Royals in 1985 .
\n League Championship Series ( edit )

\n The League Championship Series were originally decided best of five from 1969 until 1984 . Since 1985 when both were expanded to best of seven contests , 16 series ( 7 American , 9 National ) were decided in game seven .

\n

\n League Championship Series that were decided on a game seven :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Series \n Winning team \n Losing team \n Score \n Site \n Notes
\n 1985 \n ALCS \n Kansas City Royals \n Toronto Blue Jays \n 6 -- 2 \n Exhibition Stadium , Toronto \n The Royals rallied from a 3 - 1 deficit , including taking the last two on the road to win the pennant . They would go on to win the 1985 World Series in seven games , becoming the first team in MLB history to win two game sevens in a single postseason .
\n 1986 \n ALCS \n Boston Red Sox \n California Angels \n 8 -- 1 \n Fenway Park , Boston , Massachusetts \n Dave Henderson 's famous home run off of Donnie Moore turned the tide as Boston rallied from a 3 - 1 deficit to win the series . Boston would lose the 1986 World Series in seven games .
\n \n NLCS \n St. Louis Cardinals \n San Francisco Giants \n 6 -- 0 \n Busch Stadium ( II ) , St. Louis , Missouri \n Although Jeffrey Leonard would homer in the first four games of the series it was not enough as back - to - back shutouts by the Cardinals in games six and seven gave St. Louis the NL Pennant . The Cardinals would lose the World Series as the Minnesota Twins give new meaning to the term home - field advantage in the World Series as only the decisive game seven is close .
\n 1988 \n NLCS \n Los Angeles Dodgers \n New York Mets \n 6 -- 0 \n Dodger Stadium , Los Angeles \n Orel Hershiser pitches a five - hit shutout to send the Dodgers to the World Series . Until 2017 , this was the only game seven of any postseason series to be played in Dodger Stadium .
\n 1991 \n NLCS \n Atlanta Braves \n Pittsburgh Pirates \n 4 -- 0 \n Three Rivers Stadium , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania \n Back - to - back shutouts in games six and seven helps the Braves win the pennant . The Braves would lose the series to Minnesota in seven games in what is regarded as the best World Series of all time .
\n 1992 \n NLCS \n Atlanta Braves \n Pittsburgh Pirates \n 3 -- 2 \n Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium , Atlanta \n Atlanta scored all three runs in the bottom of the ninth . Pinch hitter Francisco Cabrera drove in the two winning runs with a two - out single with the bases loaded . The winning run was scored by Sid Bream . Pirates ' last postseason game until 2013 . Atlanta would lose the World Series to the Toronto Blue Jays in six games .
\n \n NLCS \n Atlanta Braves \n St. Louis Cardinals \n 15 -- 0 \n Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium , Atlanta \n Highest run differential for a Game Seven . Final game for Cardinals ' Hall of Famer Ozzie Smith . Also , this was the third of a 5 - game winning streak as the Braves came back from a three games to one deficit to win the series . They would go on to win the first two games of the 1996 World Series only to lose the Series to the New York Yankees in six games .
\n 2003 \n ALCS \n New York Yankees \n Boston Red Sox \n 6 -- 5 F / 11 \n Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City \n Leading off for the Yankees in the bottom of the eleventh , Aaron Boone hit a walk - off home run to win the series and score a date with the Florida Marlins .
\n 2003 \n NLCS \n Florida Marlins \n Chicago Cubs \n 9 -- 6 \n Wrigley Field , Chicago \n One night after the Steve Bartman incident , the Marlins advance to the World Series , where they would win in six games , and the Cubs ' World Series drought continues .
\n \n ALCS \n Boston Red Sox \n New York Yankees \n 10 -- 3 \n Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City \n Boston rallied from an 0 -- 3 deficit to win the American League pennant , the only time in Major League Baseball history that this has happened in a best of seven series . Boston would go on to win the World Series for the first time since 1918 .
\n \n NLCS \n St. Louis Cardinals \n Houston Astros \n 5 -- 2 \n Busch Stadium ( II ) , St. Louis , Missouri \n The home team won all games of the series . Last time both LCS went to a game seven in the same year . Scott Rolen 's two - run homer off Roger Clemens in the sixth inning puts the Cardinals in front for good . This is the last win of the season for St. Louis as the Cardinals got steamrolled by Boston in four games .
\n 2006 \n NLCS \n St. Louis Cardinals \n New York Mets \n 3 -- 1 \n Shea Stadium , Flushing , Queens , New York \n Last postseason game at Shea Stadium . Yadier Molina hits a two - run homer in the top of the ninth and Adam Wainwright strikes out Carlos Beltr\u00e1n in the bottom of the ninth with the bases loaded to send the Cardinals to the World Series where they would beat Detroit in five games . Most recent game seven in either LCS to be won by the road team .
\n 2007 \n ALCS \n Boston Red Sox \n Cleveland Indians \n 11 -- 2 \n Fenway Park , Boston , Massachusetts \n Boston overcomes a 3 - games - to - 1 deficit to win the pennant and would win the second World Series championship in four years . Like four years ago , the result is a sweep , this time over the Colorado Rockies .
\n 2008 \n ALCS \n Tampa Bay Rays \n Boston Red Sox \n 3 -- 1 \n Tropicana Field , St. Petersburg , Florida \n Matt Garza pitches Tampa Bay to its first American League Championship . The Rays would end up losing to the Philadelphia Phillies in five games .
\n 2012 \n NLCS \n San Francisco Giants \n St. Louis Cardinals \n 9 -- 0 \n AT&T Park , San Francisco , California \n First Giants victory in a winner - take - all game seven . The Giants would go on to sweep the Detroit Tigers in the World Series .
\n 2017 \n ALCS \n Houston Astros \n New York Yankees \n 4 -- 0 \n Minute Maid Park , Houston , Texas \n The home team won all games of the series . Houston became the first franchise to win the pennant in both the National League and American League . The Astros would go on to win the World Series over the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games , becoming the second MLB team to win two game sevens in a single postseason .
\n

\n National Hockey League ( edit )

\n Main article : List of NHL game sevens

\n In the NHL playoffs , game seven can occur in all playoff series . In the Stanley Cup Final , the NHL gained complete control of the Cup in 1926 , and the league instituted the best - of - seven series starting in the 1938 -- 39 season . No Stanley Cup Final game seven has ever ended with a 1 -- 0 score .

\n

\n The game sevens where the Cup was awarded are :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Winning team \n Losing team \n Score \n Site \n Notes
\n 1942 \n Toronto Maple Leafs \n Detroit Red Wings \n 3 -- 1 \n Maple Leaf Gardens , Toronto , Ontario \n Toronto came back down 0 -- 3 in the series to win the Cup .
\n 1945 \n Toronto Maple Leafs \n Detroit Red Wings \n 2 -- 1 \n Olympia Stadium , Detroit \n Detroit was down 0 -- 3 in the series and rallied to force game seven before losing .
\n 1950 \n Detroit Red Wings \n New York Rangers \n 4 -- 3 ( 2OT ) \n Olympia Stadium , Detroit \n Longest game seven in a Stanley Cup Final .
\n 1954 \n Detroit Red Wings \n Montreal Canadiens \n 2 -- 1 ( OT ) \n Olympia Stadium , Detroit \n Most recent Stanley Cup Final game seven to be decided in overtime .
\n 1955 \n Detroit Red Wings \n Montreal Canadiens \n 3 -- 1 \n Olympia Stadium , Detroit \n Red Wings ' last Stanley Cup victory until 1997 . The home team won all games of the series .
\n 1964 \n Toronto Maple Leafs \n Detroit Red Wings \n 4 -- 0 \n Maple Leaf Gardens , Toronto , Ontario \n First game seven that ended in a shut out .
\n 1965 \n Montreal Canadiens \n Chicago Blackhawks \n 4 -- 0 \n Montreal Forum , Montreal \n The home team won all games of the series .
\n 1971 \n Montreal Canadiens \n Chicago Black Hawks \n 3 -- 2 \n Chicago Stadium , Chicago \n The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven . Chicago led 2 -- 0 in the deciding game at home before allowing three unanswered goals and losing the game .
\n \n Edmonton Oilers \n Philadelphia Flyers \n 3 -- 1 \n Northlands Coliseum , Edmonton , Alberta \n Flyers rallied from a 3 -- 1 series deficit to force a decisive game .
\n 1994 \n New York Rangers \n Vancouver Canucks \n 3 -- 2 \n Madison Square Garden , Manhattan , New York City \n Canucks represented Canada 's last Stanley Cup Final appearance until 2004 Calgary Flames . Rangers first Stanley Cup since 1940 . This was the last NHL game before a 100 - day lockout that reduced the 1994 -- 95 season to 48 games per team .
\n 2001 \n Colorado Avalanche \n New Jersey Devils \n 3 -- 1 \n Pepsi Center , Denver , Colorado \n Long - time Boston Bruins captain Ray Bourque won the Stanley Cup in the last of his 22 seasons in the NHL .
\n 2003 \n New Jersey Devils \n Mighty Ducks of Anaheim \n 3 -- 0 \n Continental Airlines Arena , East Rutherford , New Jersey \n The home team won all games of the series . This was Ken Daneyko 's final playing season with New Jersey , as he retired after the Devils ' Cup win . When Daneyko went on the ice for the last shift of Game 7 , that was considered to be his last ice shift in his 20 - year NHL career .
\n \n Tampa Bay Lightning \n Calgary Flames \n 2 -- 1 \n St. Pete Times Forum , Tampa , Florida \n Lightning captain Dave Andreychuk won his Stanley Cup after 22 seasons . This was the last NHL game before the lockout that cancelled the entire 2004 -- 05 season .
\n 2006 \n Carolina Hurricanes \n Edmonton Oilers \n 3 -- 1 \n RBC Center , Raleigh , North Carolina \n First Stanley Cup Final featuring two former World Hockey Association teams . The Hurricanes became the first Stanley Cup champion to miss the playoffs the subsequent season ( they also missed the playoffs the following season ) . Most recent game seven to be won by the home team . This was Rod Brind'Amour 's first and only Stanley Cup in his 21 - year playing career .
\n 2009 \n Pittsburgh Penguins \n Detroit Red Wings \n 2 -- 1 \n Joe Louis Arena , Detroit \n The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven . This was also the last sporting event to take place in the United States before the shutdown of analog broadcasting for full - power television stations . First time the road team won game seven of a championship round , in any major professional sport , since the 1979 World Series .
\n 2011 \n Boston Bruins \n Vancouver Canucks \n 4 -- 0 \n Rogers Arena , Vancouver \n The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven . Vancouver failed to be the third Canadian city to win the championship a year after hosting an Olympics . Boston became the first city to win all four major sports championships in the 21st century and third millennium .
\n

\n National Basketball Association ( edit )

\n Main article : List of NBA game sevens

\n All playoff rounds in the NBA are now in a best - of - seven series format so all rounds can have a maximum of seven games . The NBA Finals has been consistently played in a best - of - seven series format since its inception .

\n

\n The games seven where the champions were awarded are :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Winning team \n Losing team \n Score \n Site \n Notes
\n 1951 \n Rochester Royals \n New York Knicks \n 79 -- 75 \n Edgerton Park Arena , Rochester , New York \n New York forced a game seven after trailing 0 -- 3 in the series .
\n 1952 \n Minneapolis Lakers \n New York Knicks \n 82 -- 65 \n Minneapolis Auditorium , Minneapolis \n
\n 1954 \n Minneapolis Lakers \n Syracuse Nationals \n 87 -- 70 \n Minneapolis Auditorium , Minneapolis \n
\n 1955 \n Syracuse Nationals \n Fort Wayne Pistons \n 92 -- 91 \n Onondaga County War Memorial , Syracuse , New York \n The home team won every game of this series .
\n 1957 \n Boston Celtics \n St. Louis Hawks \n 125 -- 123 ( 2OT ) \n Boston Garden , Boston \n Only game seven in NBA history to go into double overtime .
\n 1960 \n Boston Celtics \n St. Louis Hawks \n 122 -- 103 \n Boston Garden , Boston \n
\n 1962 \n Boston Celtics \n Los Angeles Lakers \n 110 - 107 ( OT ) \n Boston Garden , Boston \n
\n 1966 \n Boston Celtics \n Los Angeles Lakers \n 95 -- 93 \n Boston Garden , Boston \n
\n 1969 \n Boston Celtics \n Los Angeles Lakers \n 108 -- 106 \n The Forum , Inglewood , California \n Final game for Celtics Bill Russell and Sam Jones
\n 1970 \n New York Knicks \n Los Angeles Lakers \n 113 -- 99 \n Madison Square Garden , Manhattan , New York City \n Notable for Willis Reed 's return from injury .
\n \n Boston Celtics \n Milwaukee Bucks \n 102 -- 87 \n MECCA Arena , Milwaukee \n
\n 1978 \n Washington Bullets \n Seattle SuperSonics \n 105 -- 99 \n Kingdome , Seattle \n Last NBA Finals game seven won by the road team until 2016 .
\n 1984 \n Boston Celtics \n Los Angeles Lakers \n 111 -- 102 \n Boston Garden , Boston \n
\n 1988 \n Los Angeles Lakers \n Detroit Pistons \n 108 -- 105 \n The Forum , Inglewood , California \n
\n 1994 \n Houston Rockets \n New York Knicks \n 90 -- 84 \n The Summit , Houston \n
\n 2005 \n San Antonio Spurs \n Detroit Pistons \n 81 -- 74 \n SBC Center , San Antonio \n
\n \n Los Angeles Lakers \n Boston Celtics \n 83 -- 79 \n Staples Center , Los Angeles \n Fifth time that Boston and L.A. met in a game seven . Kobe Bryant won his second consecutive Finals MVP award , scoring 10 of his game high 23 points in the fourth quarter , as well as grabbing 15 rebounds to clinch the victory for L.A.
\n 2013 \n Miami Heat \n San Antonio Spurs \n 95 -- 88 \n American Airlines Arena , Miami \n Last time the NBA finals was a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format .
\n 2016 \n Cleveland Cavaliers \n Golden State Warriors \n 93 -- 89 \n Oracle Arena , Oakland , California \n First time road team to win game seven of the NBA Finals since 1978 . Cavaliers became the first team to win the NBA Finals after trailing 3 -- 1 in the series . The Cavaliers also became the first team in the five major men 's professional sports leagues to come back from 3 -- 1 down in a championship round since the 1985 Kansas City Royals . This was the first major professional sports championship in Cleveland since 1964 .
\n

\n Chinese professional Baseball League ( edit )

\n

\n Taiwan Series that were decided on a game seven :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Winning team \n Losing team \n Score \n Site \n Notes
\n 1991 \n Uni-President Lions \n Wei Chuan Dragons \n 13 -- 5 \n Taipei City \n
\n 1998 \n Wei Chuan Dragons \n Sinon Bulls \n 5 -- 2 \n Taichung City \n Capacity audience .
\n 2000 \n Uni-President Lions \n Sinon Bulls \n 4 -- 1 \n Taichung City \n Capacity audience . Lo Min - ching homered the fifth time and then the sixth in the series .
\n 2001 \n Brother Elephants \n Uni-President Lions \n 7 -- 5 \n Tainan City \n Capacity audience . Yofu Tetsu saved the Elephants .
\n \n Sinon Bulls \n Uni-President Lions \n 8 -- 6 \n Tainan City \n Capacity audience . Chang Chia - hao hit the winning triple in the ninth inning .
\n 2007 \n Uni-President Lions \n La New Bears \n 4 -- 2 \n Kaohsiung County \n Capacity audience . Nelson Figueroa became the first player taking three starting wins in CPBL playoff history .
\n 2008 \n Uni-President 7 - Eleven Lions \n Brother Elephants \n 4 -- 0 \n Tainan City \n Capacity audience . Luther Hackman closed the game .
\n 2009 \n Uni-President 7 - Eleven Lions \n Brother Elephants \n 5 -- 2 \n Tainan City \n Capacity audience . Lions wins three streak champions .
\n

\n Comebacks ( edit )

\n

\n In only eight instances has a team been able to come back from being down 0 -- 3 to win a series :

\n \n

\n Mike Richards and Jeff Carter are the only players to have been a part of two comebacks from being down 0 - 3 , having played for both the 2010 Philadelphia Flyers and the 2014 Los Angeles Kings .

\n

\n Additionally , the following nine teams were able to force a seventh game in a series after being down 0 -- 3 , subsequently losing it :

\n \n

\n The Islanders are the only team to have forced two game sevens after falling behind 0 - 3 in a series in the same postseason .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Jaffe , Chris ( January 21 , 2008 ) . `` The 10 greatest Game Sevens in World Series history '' . The Hardball Times .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` A look at World Series Game 7s '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` 1909 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` 1912 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` 1924 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` 1925 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` 1926 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` 1931 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` 1934 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` 1940 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` 1945 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` 1946 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` 1947 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` 1947 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` 1955 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` 1956 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` 1957 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` 1958 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` 1960 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` 1962 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` 1964 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` 1965 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` 1967 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` 1968 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` 1971 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` 1972 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` 1973 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` 1975 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` 1979 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` 1982 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` 1985 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` 1986 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` 1987 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` 1991 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` 1997 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` 2001 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` 2002 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2009 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` 2011 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` 2014 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` 2016 World Series '' . MLB.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Bastian , Jordan ; Muskat , Carrie ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Cubs are heavy wait champions ! '' . Cleveland : Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ McTaggart , Brian ; Gurnick , Ken ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Houston Strongest ! Astros rule the World '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` October 16 , 1985 American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) Game 7 , Royals at Blue Jays '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` October 15 , 1986 American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) Game 7 , Angels at Red Sox '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` October 14 , 1987 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 7 , Giants at Cardinals '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` October 12 , 1988 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 7 , Mets at Dodgers '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` October 17 , 1991 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 7 , Braves at Pirates '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` October 14 , 1992 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 7 , Pirates at Braves '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` October 17 , 1996 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 7 , Pirates at Braves '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` October 16 , 2003 American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) Game 7 , Red Sox at Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` October 15 , 2003 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 7 , Marlins at Cubs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ `` October 20 , 2004 American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) Game 7 , Red Sox at Yankees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` October 21 , 2004 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 7 , Astros at Cardinals '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ `` October 19 , 2006 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 7 , Cardinals at Mets '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ `` October 21 , 2007 American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) Game 7 , Indians at Red Sox '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` October 19 , 2008 American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) Game 7 , Red Sox at Rays '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2012 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ `` October 22 , 2012 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 7 , Cardinals at Giants '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` October 21 , 2017 American league Championship Series ( ALCS ) Game 7 , Yankees at Astros '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Kreiser , John ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Game 7 of Final : The ultimate all - or - nothing contest '' . NHL.com . National Hockey League . Retrieved June 14 , 2011 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` 1942 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` 1945 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` 1950 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` 1954 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` 1955 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` 1964 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` 1965 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ `` 1971 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` 1987 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` 1994 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ `` 2001 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` 2003 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ `` 2004 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ `` 2006 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` 2009 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ `` 2011 NHL Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ `` Royals Reign , Despite Knicks ' Unlikely Comeback '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ `` Lakers Reclaim the NBA Crown '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ `` Minneapolis Makes One Last Title Run '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ `` Nats Win First Title of Shot - Clock Era '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ `` Celtics Officially Launch Their Dynasty '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawks Force Game 7 , But Celtics Repeat '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ `` Celtics , Lakers Work OT to Start Rivalry '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` Red Lights Cigar to Close Coaching Career '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` West 's Heroics Ca n't Deprive Russell of 11th Title '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ `` Gutsy Reed Rallies Knicks in Game 7 '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win First Title of Post-Russell Era '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Fat Lady ' Sings Victorious Tune for Bullets '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win First Bird - Magic Finals Showdown '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ `` Lakers Capture the Elusive Repeat '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` Houston 's Championship : Dream Come True '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ `` 2005 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ `` 2010 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ `` 2013 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 21 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ McCauley , Janie ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` James and Cavaliers win thrilling NBA Finals Game 7 , 93 -- 89 '' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ `` Championships by Season '' . Chinese Professional Baseball League . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 26 .
    96. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Links to related articles
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n World Series
\n No World Series was held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate ; no World Series was held in 1994 due to a players ' strike .
\n 1900s -- 1910s \n
    \n
  • \n 1900 1901 1902 1903
    • \n
  • \n 1904
    • \n
  • \n 1905
    • \n
  • \n 1906
    • \n
  • \n 1907
    • \n
  • \n 1908
    • \n
  • \n 1909
    • \n
  • \n 1910
    • \n
  • \n 1911
    • \n
  • \n 1912
    • \n
  • \n 1913
    • \n
  • \n 1914
    • \n
  • \n 1915
    • \n
  • \n 1916
    • \n
  • \n 1917
    • \n
  • \n 1918
    • \n
  • \n 1919
    • \n
\n
\n 1920s -- 1930s \n
    \n
  • \n 1920
    • \n
  • \n 1921
    • \n
  • \n 1922
    • \n
  • \n 1923
    • \n
  • \n 1924
    • \n
  • \n 1925
    • \n
  • \n 1926
    • \n
  • \n 1927
    • \n
  • \n 1928
    • \n
  • \n 1929
    • \n
  • \n 1930
    • \n
  • \n 1931
    • \n
  • \n 1932
    • \n
  • \n 1933
    • \n
  • \n 1934
    • \n
  • \n 1935
    • \n
  • \n 1936
    • \n
  • \n 1937
    • \n
  • \n 1938
    • \n
  • \n 1939
    • \n
\n
\n 1940s -- 1950s \n
    \n
  • \n 1940
    • \n
  • \n 1941
    • \n
  • \n 1942
    • \n
  • \n 1943
    • \n
  • \n 1944
    • \n
  • \n 1945
    • \n
  • \n 1946
    • \n
  • \n 1947
    • \n
  • \n 1948
    • \n
  • \n 1949
    • \n
  • \n 1950
    • \n
  • \n 1951
    • \n
  • \n 1952
    • \n
  • \n 1953
    • \n
  • \n 1954
    • \n
  • \n 1955
    • \n
  • \n 1956
    • \n
  • \n 1957
    • \n
  • \n 1958
    • \n
  • \n 1959
    • \n
\n
\n 1960s -- 1970s \n
    \n
  • \n 1960
    • \n
  • \n 1961
    • \n
  • \n 1962
    • \n
  • \n 1963
    • \n
  • \n 1964
    • \n
  • \n 1965
    • \n
  • \n 1966
    • \n
  • \n 1967
    • \n
  • \n 1968
    • \n
  • \n 1969
    • \n
  • \n 1970
    • \n
  • \n 1971
    • \n
  • \n 1972
    • \n
  • \n 1973
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1976
    • \n
  • \n 1977
    • \n
  • \n 1978
    • \n
  • \n 1979
    • \n
\n
\n 1980s -- 1990s \n
    \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n 1981
    • \n
  • \n 1982
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1984
    • \n
  • \n 1985
    • \n
  • \n 1986
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1988
    • \n
  • \n 1989
    • \n
  • \n 1990
    • \n
  • \n 1991
    • \n
  • \n 1992
    • \n
  • \n 1993
    • \n
  • \n 1994
    • \n
  • \n 1995
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1997
    • \n
  • \n 1998
    • \n
  • \n 1999
    • \n
\n
\n 2000s -- 2010s \n
    \n
  • \n 2000
    • \n
  • \n 2001
    • \n
  • \n 2002
    • \n
  • \n 2003
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2005
    • \n
  • \n 2006
    • \n
  • \n 2007
    • \n
  • \n 2008
    • \n
  • \n 2009
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2011
    • \n
  • \n 2012
    • \n
  • \n 2013
    • \n
  • \n 2014
    • \n
  • \n 2015
    • \n
  • \n 2016
    • \n
  • \n 2017
    • \n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n Pre-World Series champions
    • \n
  • \n World Series champions
    • \n
  • \n Most Valuable Players
    • \n
  • \n Starting pitchers
    • \n
  • \n Babe Ruth Award
    • \n
  • \n Commissioner 's Trophy
    • \n
  • \n World Series ring
    • \n
  • \n Appearances
    • \n
  • \n Streaks
    • \n
  • \n Droughts
    • \n
  • \n Series ( by franchise )
    • \n
  • \n Broadcasters
    • \n
  • \n TV ratings
    • \n
  • \n ALCS
    • \n
  • \n NLCS
    • \n
  • \n ALDS
    • \n
  • \n NLDS
    • \n
  • \n ALWC
    • \n
  • \n NLWC
    • \n
  • \n Game 7
    • \n
  • \n 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
    • \n
  • \n Dauvray Cup
    • \n
  • \n Temple Cup
    • \n
  • \n Chronicle - Telegraph Cup
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book : World Series
    • \n
  • \n Category : World Series
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Stanley Cup Finals
\n Stanley Cup awarded on challenge basis 1893 -- 1914 , by prearranged inter-league competitions 1915 -- 1926 , to NHL champion since 1927
\n 1890s -- 1900s \n
    \n
  • \n 1890 1891 1892 1893
    • \n
  • \n 1894
    • \n
  • \n 1895
    • \n
  • \n 1896
    • \n
  • \n 1897
    • \n
  • \n 1898
    • \n
  • \n 1899
    • \n
  • \n 1900
    • \n
  • \n 1901
    • \n
  • \n 1902
    • \n
  • \n 1903
    • \n
  • \n 1904
    • \n
  • \n 1905
    • \n
  • \n 1906
    • \n
  • \n 1907
    • \n
  • \n 1908
    • \n
  • \n 1909
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n 1910s -- 1920s \n
    \n
  • \n 1910
    • \n
  • \n 1911
    • \n
  • \n 1912
    • \n
  • \n 1913
    • \n
  • \n 1914
    • \n
  • \n 1915
    • \n
  • \n 1916
    • \n
  • \n 1917
    • \n
  • \n 1918
    • \n
  • \n 1919
    • \n
  • \n 1920
    • \n
  • \n 1921
    • \n
  • \n 1922
    • \n
  • \n 1923
    • \n
  • \n 1924
    • \n
  • \n 1925
    • \n
  • \n 1926
    • \n
  • \n 1927
    • \n
  • \n 1928
    • \n
  • \n 1929
    • \n
\n
\n 1930s -- 1940s \n
    \n
  • \n 1930
    • \n
  • \n 1931
    • \n
  • \n 1932
    • \n
  • \n 1933
    • \n
  • \n 1934
    • \n
  • \n 1935
    • \n
  • \n 1936
    • \n
  • \n 1937
    • \n
  • \n 1938
    • \n
  • \n 1939
    • \n
  • \n 1940
    • \n
  • \n 1941
    • \n
  • \n 1942
    • \n
  • \n 1943
    • \n
  • \n 1944
    • \n
  • \n 1945
    • \n
  • \n 1946
    • \n
  • \n 1947
    • \n
  • \n 1948
    • \n
  • \n 1949
    • \n
\n
\n 1950s -- 1960s \n
    \n
  • \n 1950
    • \n
  • \n 1951
    • \n
  • \n 1952
    • \n
  • \n 1953
    • \n
  • \n 1954
    • \n
  • \n 1955
    • \n
  • \n 1956
    • \n
  • \n 1957
    • \n
  • \n 1958
    • \n
  • \n 1959
    • \n
  • \n 1960
    • \n
  • \n 1961
    • \n
  • \n 1962
    • \n
  • \n 1963
    • \n
  • \n 1964
    • \n
  • \n 1965
    • \n
  • \n 1966
    • \n
  • \n 1967
    • \n
  • \n 1968
    • \n
  • \n 1969
    • \n
\n
\n 1970s -- 1980s \n
    \n
  • \n 1970
    • \n
  • \n 1971
    • \n
  • \n 1972
    • \n
  • \n 1973
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1976
    • \n
  • \n 1977
    • \n
  • \n 1978
    • \n
  • \n 1979
    • \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n 1981
    • \n
  • \n 1982
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1984
    • \n
  • \n 1985
    • \n
  • \n 1986
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1988
    • \n
  • \n 1989
    • \n
\n
\n 1990s -- 2000s \n
    \n
  • \n 1990
    • \n
  • \n 1991
    • \n
  • \n 1992
    • \n
  • \n 1993
    • \n
  • \n 1994
    • \n
  • \n 1995
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1997
    • \n
  • \n 1998
    • \n
  • \n 1999
    • \n
  • \n 2000
    • \n
  • \n 2001
    • \n
  • \n 2002
    • \n
  • \n 2003
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2005
    • \n
  • \n 2006
    • \n
  • \n 2007
    • \n
  • \n 2008
    • \n
  • \n 2009
    • \n
\n
\n 2010s -- 2020s \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2011
    • \n
  • \n 2012
    • \n
  • \n 2013
    • \n
  • \n 2014
    • \n
  • \n 2015
    • \n
  • \n 2016
    • \n
  • \n 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029
    • \n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n Stanley Cup
    • \n
  • \n Stanley Cup ring
    • \n
  • \n Champions
      \n
    • \n Players
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Challenge games
    • \n
  • \n Conference Finals
    • \n
  • \n Championship seasons
    • \n
  • \n Engravings
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Traditions and anecdotes
    • \n
  • \n Conn Smythe Trophy
    • \n
  • \n Broadcasters
    • \n
  • \n Television ratings
    • \n
  • \n Overtime winners
    • \n
  • \n Game seven
    • \n
  • \n Officials
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book : Stanley Cup Finals
    • \n
  • \n Category : Stanley Cup Finals
    • \n
  • \n Portal : Ice hockey
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n American League Championship Series
\n 1969 -- 1970s \n
    \n
  • \n 1969
    • \n
  • \n 1970
    • \n
  • \n 1971
    • \n
  • \n 1972
    • \n
  • \n 1973
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1976
    • \n
  • \n 1977
    • \n
  • \n 1978
    • \n
  • \n 1979
    • \n
\n
\n 1980s -- 1990s \n
    \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n 1981
    • \n
  • \n 1982
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1984
    • \n
  • \n 1985
    • \n
  • \n 1986
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1988
    • \n
  • \n 1989
    • \n
  • \n 1990
    • \n
  • \n 1991
    • \n
  • \n 1992
    • \n
  • \n 1993
    • \n
  • \n 1994
    • \n
  • \n 1995
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1997
    • \n
  • \n 1998
    • \n
  • \n 1999
    • \n
\n
\n 2000s -- 2010s \n
    \n
  • \n 2000
    • \n
  • \n 2001
    • \n
  • \n 2002
    • \n
  • \n 2003
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2005
    • \n
  • \n 2006
    • \n
  • \n 2007
    • \n
  • \n 2008
    • \n
  • \n 2009
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2011
    • \n
  • \n 2012
    • \n
  • \n 2013
    • \n
  • \n 2014
    • \n
  • \n 2015
    • \n
  • \n 2016
    • \n
  • \n 2017
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n AL pennant winners
    • \n
  • \n MVPs
    • \n
  • \n Broadcasters
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n National League Championship Series
\n 1969 -- 1970s \n
    \n
  • \n 1969
    • \n
  • \n 1970
    • \n
  • \n 1971
    • \n
  • \n 1972
    • \n
  • \n 1973
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1976
    • \n
  • \n 1977
    • \n
  • \n 1978
    • \n
  • \n 1979
    • \n
\n
\n 1980s -- 1990s \n
    \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n 1981
    • \n
  • \n 1982
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1984
    • \n
  • \n 1985
    • \n
  • \n 1986
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1988
    • \n
  • \n 1989
    • \n
  • \n 1990
    • \n
  • \n 1991
    • \n
  • \n 1992
    • \n
  • \n 1993
    • \n
  • \n 1994
    • \n
  • \n 1995
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1997
    • \n
  • \n 1998
    • \n
  • \n 1999
    • \n
\n
\n 2000s -- 2010s \n
    \n
  • \n 2000
    • \n
  • \n 2001
    • \n
  • \n 2002
    • \n
  • \n 2003
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2005
    • \n
  • \n 2006
    • \n
  • \n 2007
    • \n
  • \n 2008
    • \n
  • \n 2009
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2011
    • \n
  • \n 2012
    • \n
  • \n 2013
    • \n
  • \n 2014
    • \n
  • \n 2015
    • \n
  • \n 2016
    • \n
  • \n 2017
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n NL pennant winners
    • \n
  • \n MVPs
    • \n
  • \n Broadcasters
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n NBA playoffs
\n
    \n
  • \n List of playoff series
    • \n
  • \n Conference Finals
    • \n
  • \n Finals
    • \n
  • \n 60 Greatest Playoff Moments
    • \n
  • \n Game sevens
    • \n
  • \n Streaks
    • \n
  • \n Droughts
    • \n
  • \n Records
    • \n
  • \n Scoring Leaders
    • \n
  • \n Assists Leaders
    • \n
  • \n 3 Pt Leaders
    • \n
  • \n Rebound Leaders
    • \n
  • \n WNBA playoffs
    • \n
\n
\n 1940s \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1947 \n 1948 \n 1949
\n
\n 1950s \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 1950 \n 1951 \n 1952 \n 1953 \n 1954 \n 1955 \n 1956 \n 1957 \n 1958 \n 1959
\n
\n 1960s \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 1960 \n 1961 \n 1962 \n 1963 \n 1964 \n 1965 \n 1966 \n 1967 \n 1968 \n 1969
\n
\n 1970s \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 1970 \n 1971 \n 1972 \n 1973 \n \n \n 1976 \n 1977 \n 1978 \n 1979
\n
\n 1980s \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 1980 \n 1981 \n 1982 \n \n 1984 \n 1985 \n 1986 \n \n 1988 \n 1989
\n
\n 1990s \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 1990 \n 1991 \n 1992 \n 1993 \n 1994 \n 1995 \n \n 1997 \n 1998 \n 1999
\n
\n 2000s \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 2000 \n 2001 \n 2002 \n 2003 \n \n 2005 \n 2006 \n 2007 \n 2008 \n 2009
\n
\n 2010s \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n 2011 \n 2012 \n 2013 \n 2014 \n 2015 \n 2016 \n 2017 \n 2018 \n
\n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Game_seven&oldid=813197908 '' Categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "when was the last time the world series went less than 7 games", "long_answers": ["Year Winning team Losing team Score Site Notes 1909 Pittsburgh Pirates Detroit Tigers 8 -- 0 Bennett Park , Detroit Rookie Babe Adams tosses a six hit shutout for his third win of the series . 1912 Boston Red Sox New York Giants 3 -- 2 F / 10 Fenway Park , Boston This decisive contest was actually game eight , as game two had ended in a tie . 1924 Washington Senators New York Giants 4 -- 3 F / 12 Griffith Stadium , Washington , D.C. Longest game seven in innings . In the 12th , Muddy Ruel doubled after a dropped foul popfly by Giants catcher Hank Gowdy . Ruel scored on a game - winning RBI double by Earl McNeely . 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates Washington Senators 9 -- 7 Forbes Field , Pittsburgh Pittsburgh became the first team in a best of seven to win the series when trailing three games to one . 1926 St. Louis Cardinals New York Yankees 3 -- 2 Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City Grover Cleveland Alexander strikes out Tony Lazzeri with the bases loaded to end the seventh and preserve the Cardinals lead . Two innings later Babe Ruth is caught stealing to end the World Series . 1931 St. Louis Cardinals Philadelphia Athletics 4 -- 2 St. Louis , Missouri Last postseason game for the Athletics while based in Philadelphia . 1934 St. Louis Cardinals Detroit Tigers 11 -- 0 Navin Field , Detroit Dizzy Dean 's second win , a six - hit shutout on one day of rest , gives the Cardinals the title . 1940 Cincinnati Reds Detroit Tigers 2 -- 1 Crosley Field , Cincinnati This game was over in a snappy 1 : 47 while a sacrifice bunt and sacrifice fly scored the winning runs . 1945 Detroit Tigers Chicago Cubs 9 -- 3 Wrigley Field , Chicago Cubs last World Series appearance until 2016 . See also : Curse of the Billy Goat 1946 St. Louis Cardinals Boston Red Sox 4 -- 3 Sportsman 's Park III , St. Louis , Missouri Enos Slaughter 's famous mad dash scored the deciding run to win the game and the series . 1947 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 5 -- 2 Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City This was the Series that featured Cookie Lavagetto 's pinch - hit that spoiled Bill Bevens ' no - hit bid and Al Gionfriddo 's catch to rob Joe DiMaggio of a home run . 1952 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 4 -- 2 Ebbets Field , Brooklyn , New York City Billy Martin 's game saving infield catch preserves the Yankees lead and helps win the game and the series . 1955 Brooklyn Dodgers New York Yankees 2 -- 0 Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City Dodgers ' only championship in Brooklyn . The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven . 1956 New York Yankees Brooklyn Dodgers 9 -- 0 Ebbets Field , Brooklyn , New York City Jackie Robinson 's final Major League game . Last postseason game at Ebbets Field and Dodgers ' last postseason game before moving to Los Angeles . The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven . 1957 Milwaukee Braves New York Yankees 5 -- 0 Yankee Stadium , the Bronx , New York City The Braves ' only championship in Milwaukee . 1958 New York Yankees Milwaukee Braves 6 -- 2 County Stadium , Milwaukee The Yankees win their 18th World Series title after being down three games to one . This was the Braves ' last postseason game in Milwaukee . 1960 Pittsburgh Pirates New York Yankees 10 -- 9 Forbes Field , Pittsburgh Bill Mazeroski hit the walk - off home run to win the Pirates the championship . Last postseason game in Forbes Field . Last postseason game for Yankees ' manager Casey Stengel . Highest scoring game seven . 1962 New York Yankees San Francisco Giants 1 -- 0 Candlestick Park , San Francisco With runners on second and third and two outs , Willie McCovey 's line drive to Bobby Richardson ended the game . First game seven that ended with a 1 - 0 score . 1964 St. Louis Cardinals New York Yankees 7 -- 5 Busch Stadium I , St. Louis , Missouri The Yankees ' last World Series appearance until 1976 . Last postseason game at Busch Stadium I . 1965 Los Angeles Dodgers Minnesota Twins 2 -- 0 Metropolitan Stadium , Bloomington , Minnesota Pitching through immense pain and on two days rest , Sandy Koufax throws a 3 hit shutout to win the Series and World Series MVP . The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven . 1967 St. Louis Cardinals Boston Red Sox 7 -- 2 Fenway Park , Boston Bob Gibson wins his third game of the Series and also homers . 1968 Detroit Tigers St. Louis Cardinals 4 -- 1 Busch Stadium II , St. Louis , Missouri Mickey Lolich out - duels Bob Gibson . The Tigers rallied from a 3 - 1 deficit to win the series . First game seven loss by the Cardinals in the World Series . 1971 Pittsburgh Pirates Baltimore Orioles 2 -- 1 Memorial Stadium , Baltimore The home team won all games of the series , except for game seven . 1972 Oakland Athletics Cincinnati Reds 3 -- 2 Riverfront Stadium , Cincinnati The A 's first championship in Oakland . The A 's were the last American League team to win a World Series game seven on the road until 2017 . 1973 Oakland Athletics New York Mets 5 -- 2 Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum , Oakland , California Bert Campaneris and Reggie Jackson hit the only Oakland home runs in this game to set the tone for victory and the series . Cincinnati Reds Boston Red Sox 4 -- 3 Fenway Park , Boston One night after Carlton Fisk 's famous home run , the Reds rebound to take the Series . 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates Baltimore Orioles 4 -- 1 Memorial Stadium , Baltimore The Pittsburgh Pirates , powered by NLCS and World Series MVP Willie Stargell , rally from a 3 - 1 deficit to win the series . The Pirates were the last team to win a road game seven until 2014 . 1982 St. Louis Cardinals Milwaukee Brewers 6 -- 3 Busch Stadium II , St. Louis , Missouri Joaqu\u00edn And\u00fajar earns his second win of the Series and Bruce Sutter his second save . 1985 Kansas City Royals St. Louis Cardinals 11 -- 0 Royals Stadium , Kansas City , Missouri Second World Series held entirely in the state of Missouri . The Royals also won the 1985 American League Championship Series in seven games . Royals became first team to win the World Series after losing the first two games at home . The Royals were the last team to come back from 3 -- 1 down to win a title , in any of the five major men 's professional sports leagues , until the Cleveland Cavaliers won the 2016 NBA Finals after trailing 3 -- 1 . The 1985 Royals were the last team to win a World Series after trailing 3 -- 1 until the Cubs did so in 2016 . 1986 New York Mets Boston Red Sox 8 -- 5 Shea Stadium , Flushing , Queens , New York Mets become the first team to be one strike away from elimination and come back to win the series . They also become the second team to win the series after losing the first two at home . Minnesota Twins St. Louis Cardinals 4 -- 2 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , Minneapolis The home team won all seven games of the series for the first time in MLB history . 1991 Minnesota Twins Atlanta Braves 1 -- 0 F / 10 Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , Minneapolis Like in 1987 , the home team won all games of the series . The Twins won in the bottom of the 10th on a walk - off single by Gene Larkin scoring Dan Gladden after \u200b 9 \u2044 scoreless innings of play . Jack Morris goes all ten innings for the Twins and is named the Series MVP . Twins Centerfielder Kirby Puckett hit a famous walk - off home run in the bottom of the eleventh inning of the previous night 's game to force this decisive game . 1997 Florida Marlins Cleveland Indians 3 -- 2 F / 11 Pro Player Stadium , Miami Gardens , Florida Florida becomes the first wild card team to win the World Series . The Marlins rallied for one run in the bottom of the ninth to tie and won in the eleventh on an \u00c9dgar Renter\u00eda RBI single off Charles Nagy . 2001 Arizona Diamondbacks New York Yankees 3 -- 2 Bank One Ballpark , Phoenix , Arizona Arizona becomes the fastest expansion team to win the World Series , rallying for two runs in the bottom of the ninth for a come - from - behind win , capped off by Luis Gonzalez hitting the winning RBI single off closer Mariano Rivera . The home team won every game of the series . 2002 Anaheim Angels San Francisco Giants 4 -- 1 Edison International Field , Anaheim , California Both World Series teams were wild card entrants into the playoffs . John Lackey became the second rookie pitcher to win a World Series game seven . 2011 St. Louis Cardinals Texas Rangers 6 -- 2 Busch Stadium , St. Louis , Missouri Cardinals became the second team to be one strike away from elimination and come back to win the series , which they did twice . Just like the 1991 series , a walk - off home run in the bottom of the eleventh inning of game six , forced this decisive game with David Freese providing the fire power . Most recent game seven won by the home team . 2014 San Francisco Giants Kansas City Royals 3 -- 2 Kauffman Stadium , Kansas City , Missouri Like in 2002 , both World Series teams were wild card entrants into the playoffs . The Giants became the first NL team to win a game seven on the road since 1979 . NLCS MVP and eventual World Series MVP Madison Bumgarner , normally a starter , pitched five scoreless innings of relief on two days rest to save the Giants ' third title in five years . 2016 Chicago Cubs Cleveland Indians 8 -- 7 F / 10 Progressive Field , Cleveland , Ohio Chicago Cubs ' first World Series win since 1908 . Game played between the two teams ( Cleveland Indians and Chicago Cubs ) with the longest active championship droughts . The Cubs are the first Major League Baseball team to come back to win the World Series from a 3 -- 1 series deficit since the 1985 Royals . Most recent World Series game seven to be decided in extra innings . First extra innings game seven to be won by the road team . 2017 Houston Astros Los Angeles Dodgers 5 -- 1 Dodger Stadium , Los Angeles First instance of back - to - back game sevens since 2001 -- 2002 . First World Series championship for the Astros , who became the first AL team to win a World Series game 7 on the road since 1972 . The Astros became the second team to win two winner - take - all game sevens in the same postseason since the Kansas City Royals in 1985 .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "List of NBA players Who have spent their entire career with one franchise - wikipedia

\n List of NBA players Who have spent their entire career with one franchise

\n Jump to : navigation , search Kobe Bryant spent his entire 20 - year NBA career with the Los Angeles Lakers .

\n The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) is a men 's professional basketball league consisting of 30 teams in North America ( twenty - nine in the United States and one in Canada ) . The NBA was founded on June 6 , 1946 in New York City , as the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) . The league adopted its current name at the start of the 1949 -- 50 season when it merged with the National Basketball League ( NBL ) . The NBA is an active member of USA Basketball , which is recognized by the International Basketball Federation ( FIBA ) as the National Governing Body ( NGB ) for basketball in the country . The league is considered to be one of the four major professional sports leagues of North America .

\n

\n The players listed here have spent their entire NBA career with just one franchise . Kobe Bryant played his entire 20 - year career with the Los Angeles Lakers . Hall of Famer John Stockton spent his entire 19 - year playing career with the Utah Jazz , while Tim Duncan also played 19 seasons for the San Antonio Spurs .

\n

\n Key ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Pos . \n \n \n
\n Position \n Guard \n Forward \n Center
\n

\n Note : This list is correct through the start of the 2017 -- 18 season .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Denotes player who is still active in the NBA
\n * \n Denotes player who has been inducted to the Basketball Hall of Fame
\n \n NBA players who have spent their career at one franchise \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No. of seasons played \n Player \n Pos . \n Team \n Career \n Notes \n Ref .
\n 20 \n Bryant , Kobe Kobe Bryant \n \n Los Angeles Lakers \n 1996 -- 2016 \n Drafted by the Charlotte Hornets in 1996 and traded to the Lakers . \n
\n 20 \n Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki ^ \n \n Dallas Mavericks \n 1998 -- present \n Drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in 1998 and traded to the Mavericks \n
\n 19 \n Stockton , John John Stockton * \n \n Utah Jazz \n 1984 -- 2003 \n -- \n
\n 19 \n Duncan , Tim Tim Duncan \n F / C \n San Antonio Spurs \n 1997 -- 2016 \n -- \n
\n 18 \n Miller , Reggie Reggie Miller * \n \n Indiana Pacers \n 1987 -- 2005 \n -- \n
\n 16 \n Havlicek , John John Havlicek * \n F / G \n Boston Celtics \n 1962 -- 1978 \n -- \n
\n 16 \n Parker , Tony Tony Parker ^ \n \n San Antonio Spurs \n 2001 -- present \n -- \n
\n 16 \n Gin\u00f3bili , Manu Manu Gin\u00f3bili ^ \n \n San Antonio Spurs \n 2002 -- present \n Drafted by the Spurs in 1999 , but did not enter the NBA until 2002 \n
\n 15 \n Schayes , Dolph Dolph Schayes * \n F / C \n Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers \n 1949 -- 1964 \n Drafted by the New York Knicks in 1948 , but opted to play for the Nationals in the NBL before moving to the NBA with the Nationals in 1949 \n
\n 15 \n Greer , Hal Hal Greer * \n G / F \n Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers \n 1958 -- 1973 \n -- \n
\n 14 \n Baylor , Elgin Elgin Baylor * \n \n Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers \n 1958 -- 1971 \n Retired in November 1971 due to injury after only playing 9 games in the 1971 -- 72 season \n
\n 14 \n West , Jerry Jerry West * \n \n Los Angeles Lakers \n 1960 -- 1974 \n -- \n
\n 14 \n Dumars , Joe Joe Dumars * \n \n Detroit Pistons \n 1985 -- 1999 \n -- \n
\n 14 \n Haslem , Udonis Udonis Haslem ^ \n \n Miami Heat \n 2003 -- present \n Went undrafted in 2002 , but signed as a free agent with the Heat a year later \n
\n 14 \n Robinson , David David Robinson * \n \n San Antonio Spurs \n 1989 -- 2003 \n Drafted by the Spurs in 1987 , but did not enter the NBA until 1989 due to his commitment with the Navy \n
\n 13 \n Russell , Bill Bill Russell * \n \n Boston Celtics \n 1956 -- 1969 \n Drafted by the St. Louis Hawks in 1956 and traded to the Celtics \n
\n 13 \n Cousy , Bob Bob Cousy * \n \n Boston Celtics \n 1950 - 1963 \n Drafted by the Tri-Cities Blackhawks but traded to the Boston Celtics . Played seven games for the Cincinnati Royals while coaching in 1970 to support ticket sales . \n
\n 13 \n Sanders , Satch Satch Sanders * \n \n Boston Celtics \n 1960 -- 1973 \n -- \n
\n 13 \n Unseld , Wes Wes Unseld * \n C / F \n Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets \n 1968 -- 1981 \n -- \n
\n 13 \n Murphy , Calvin Calvin Murphy * \n \n San Diego / Houston Rockets \n 1970 -- 1983 \n -- \n
\n 13 \n Brown , Fred Fred Brown \n \n Seattle SuperSonics \n 1971 -- 1984 \n -- \n
\n 13 \n Adams , Alvan Alvan Adams \n C / F \n Phoenix Suns \n 1975 -- 1988 \n -- \n
\n 13 \n Bird , Larry Larry Bird * \n \n Boston Celtics \n 1979 -- 1992 \n Drafted by the Celtics in 1978 , but did not enter the NBA until 1979 , after his college graduation \n
\n 13 \n Collison , Nick Nick Collison ^ \n F / C \n Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder \n 2003 -- present \n Missed the 2003 -- 04 season due to injury \n
\n 13 \n Johnson , Magic Magic Johnson * \n \n Los Angeles Lakers \n 1979 -- 1991 ; 1996 \n Came out from retirement on January 1996 and played 32 games in the 1995 -- 96 season \n
\n 13 \n McHale , Kevin Kevin McHale * \n \n Boston Celtics \n 1980 -- 1993 \n -- \n
\n 13 \n Thomas , Isiah Isiah Thomas * \n \n Detroit Pistons \n 1981 -- 1994 \n -- \n
\n 13 \n Foster , Jeff Jeff Foster \n F / C \n Indiana Pacers \n 1999 -- 2012 \n Drafted by the Golden State Warriors in 1999 and traded to the Pacers \n
\n 12 \n Jones , Sam Sam Jones * \n G / F \n Boston Celtics \n 1957 -- 1969 \n -- \n
\n 12 \n Cooper , Michael Michael Cooper \n G / F \n Los Angeles Lakers \n 1978 -- 1990 \n -- \n
\n 12 \n Worthy , James James Worthy * \n \n Los Angeles Lakers \n 1982 -- 1994 \n -- \n
\n 12 \n McMillan , Nate Nate McMillan \n G / F \n Seattle SuperSonics \n 1986 -- 1998 \n -- \n
\n 12 \n Smits , Rik Rik Smits \n \n Indiana Pacers \n 1988 -- 2000 \n -- \n
\n 11 \n Conley , Mike Mike Conley ^ \n PG \n Memphis Grizzlies \n 2007 -- present \n -- \n
\n 11 \n Pettit , Bob Bob Pettit * \n F / C \n Milwaukee / St. Louis Hawks \n 1954 -- 1965 \n -- \n
\n 11 \n Twyman , Jack Jack Twyman * \n G / F \n Rochester / Cincinnati Royals \n 1955 -- 1966 \n -- \n
\n 11 \n Attles , Al Al Attles \n \n Philadelphia / San Francisco Warriors \n 1960 -- 1971 \n -- \n
\n 11 \n Tomjanovich , Rudy Rudy Tomjanovich \n \n San Diego / Houston Rockets \n 1970 -- 1981 \n -- \n
\n 11 \n Erving , Julius Julius Erving * \n \n Philadelphia 76ers \n 1976 -- 1987 \n Drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in 1972 , but opted to play in the ABA before joining the 76ers after the ABA -- NBA merger in 1976 \n
\n 11 \n Eaton , Mark Mark Eaton \n \n Utah Jazz \n 1982 -- 1993 \n -- \n
\n 10 \n Mikkelsen , Vern Vern Mikkelsen * \n F / C \n Minneapolis Lakers \n 1949 -- 1959 \n -- \n
\n 10 \n Arizin , Paul Paul Arizin * \n G / F \n Golden State Warriors \n 1950 -- 1962 \n Missed the 1953 -- 54 season and the 1954 -- 55 season due to military service \n
\n 10 \n Bianchi , Al Al Bianchi \n \n Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers \n 1956 -- 1966 \n Drafted by the Minneapolis Lakers in 1954 and traded to the Nationals , but did not enter the league until 1956 due to military service \n
\n 10 \n Hagan , Cliff Cliff Hagan * \n G / F \n St. Louis Hawks \n 1956 -- 1966 \n Drafted by the Boston Celtics in 1953 and traded to the Hawks , but did not enter the league until 1956 due to military service \n
\n 10 \n Reed , Willis Willis Reed * \n F / C \n New York Knicks \n 1964 -- 1974 \n -- \n
\n 10 \n Bradley , Bill Bill Bradley * \n G / F \n New York Knicks \n 1967 -- 1977 \n Drafted by the Knicks in 1965 , but did not enter the NBA until 1967 due to academic commitment in England \n
\n 10 \n Boerwinkle , Tom Tom Boerwinkle \n \n Chicago Bulls \n 1968 -- 1978 \n -- \n
\n 10 \n Leavell , Allen Allen Leavell \n \n Houston Rockets \n 1979 -- 1989 \n -- \n
\n 10 \n Griffith , Darrell Darrell Griffith \n \n Utah Jazz \n 1980 -- 1991 \n Missed the 1985 -- 86 season due to injury \n
\n 10 \n Wanzer , Bobby Bobby Wanzer \n \n Rochester Royals \n 1947 -- 1957 \n -- \n
\n 10 \n Ramsey , Frank Frank Ramsey \n \n Boston Celtics \n 1954 -- 1964 \n -- \n
\n 10 \n Issel , Dan Dan Issel \n \n Denver Nuggets \n 1975 -- 1985 \n -- \n
\n 10 \n Jordan , DeAndre DeAndre Jordan ^ \n \n Los Angeles Clippers \n 2008 -- present \n -- \n
\n 10 \n Westbrook , Russell Russell Westbrook ^ \n \n Oklahoma City Thunder \n 2008 -- present \n -- \n
\n 10 \n Gasol , Marc Marc Gasol ^ \n \n Memphis Grizzlies \n 2008 -- present \n Drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers in 2007 and traded to the Grizzlies \n
\n \n Active NBA players who have spent their career at one franchise \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No. of seasons played \n Player \n Pos . \n Team \n Career \n Notes \n Ref .
\n 20 \n Nowitzki , Dirk Dirk Nowitzki \n \n Dallas Mavericks \n 1998 -- present \n Drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in 1998 and traded to the Mavericks \n
\n 17 \n Parker , Tony Tony Parker \n \n San Antonio Spurs \n 2001 -- present \n -- \n
\n 16 \n Gin\u00f3bili , Manu Manu Gin\u00f3bili \n \n San Antonio Spurs \n 2002 -- present \n Drafted by the Spurs in 1999 , but did not enter the NBA until 2002 \n
\n 15 \n Haslem , Udonis Udonis Haslem \n \n Miami Heat \n 2003 -- present \n Went undrafted in 2002 , but signed as a free agent with the Heat a year later \n
\n 14 \n Collison , Nick Nick Collison \n F / C \n Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder \n 2003 -- present \n Drafted by the SuperSonics in 2003 , but missed the 2003 -- 04 season due to injury \n
\n 11 \n Mike Conley \n \n Memphis Grizzlies \n 2007 -- present \n -- \n
\n 10 \n DeAndre Jordan \n \n Los Angeles Clippers \n 2008 -- present \n -- \n
\n 10 \n Marc Gasol \n \n Memphis Grizzlies \n 2008 -- present \n Drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers in 2007 and traded to the Grizzlies \n
\n 10 \n Russell Westbrook \n \n Oklahoma City Thunder \n 2008 -- present \n -- \n
\n 9 \n DeMar DeRozan \n G / F \n Toronto Raptors \n 2009 -- present \n -- \n
\n 9 \n Stephen Curry \n \n Golden State Warriors \n 2009 -- present \n -- \n
\n 8 \n Blake Griffin \n \n Los Angeles Clippers \n 2009 -- present \n Drafted by the Los Angeles Clippers in 2009 , but missed the 2009 -- 10 season due to injury in the preseason \n
\n 8 \n John Wall \n \n Washington Wizards \n 2010 -- present \n -- \n
\n 7 \n Klay Thompson \n SG \n Golden State Warriors \n 2011 -- present \n -- \n
\n 7 \n Tristan Thompson \n PF \n Cleveland Cavaliers \n 2011 -- present \n -- \n
\n 7 \n Kemba Walker \n PG \n Charlotte Bobcats / Hornets \n 2011 -- present \n -- \n
\n 7 \n Alec Burks \n SG \n Utah Jazz \n 2011 -- present \n -- \n
\n 7 \n Kawhi Leonard \n SF \n San Antonio Spurs \n 2011 -- present \n Drafted by the Indiana Pacers in 2011 and traded to San Antonio \n
\n 7 \n Kenneth Faried \n PF \n Denver Nuggets \n 2011 -- present \n -- \n
\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n

\n General

\n \n

\n Specific

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Goldaper , Sam . `` The First Game '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` 1949 -- 50 Season Overview : Powerful Lakers Repeat '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Inside USA Basketball '' . USA Basketball . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Pennington , Bill ( April 4 , 2003 ) . `` Drugs ; Anti-Doping Executive Plans to Prod Pro Leagues '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 6 , 2009 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Dirk Nowitzki Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` John Stockton Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Tim Duncan Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Reggie Miller Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` John Havlicek Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Tony Parker Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Manu Ginobili Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Dolph Schayes Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` Dolph Schayes Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Hal Greer Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Elgin Baylor Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Jerry West Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Joe Dumars Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    19. \n
  19. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Udonis Haslem Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( May 18 , 1987 ) . `` Sports of the Times ; The Robinson Plot Thickens '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` David Robinson Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Bill Russell Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Tom Sanders Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Wes Unseld Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` Calvin Murphy Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Fred Brown Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Alvan Adams Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` Larry Bird Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Larry Bird Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    30. \n
  30. \n ^ Jump up to : `` First - rounder needs shoulder surgery '' . ESPN.com . October 4 , 2003 . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 .
    31. \n
  31. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Nick Collison Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` Magic Johnson Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` Kevin McHale Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Isiah Thomas Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` Jeff Foster Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Sam Jones Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Michael Cooper Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` James Worthy Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` Nate McMillan Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` Rik Smits Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Mike Conley Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Bob Pettit Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Jack Twyman Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` Al Attles Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` Rudy Tomjanovich Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` Julius Erving Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Julius Erving Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Mark Eaton Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` Vern Mikkelsen Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` Paul Arizin Bio '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Paul Arizin Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ `` Suns Add Al Bianchi to Coaching Staff '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . February 18 , 2002 . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` Al Bianchi Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ McCallum , Jack ( October 24 , 2008 ) . `` Wait over , Oden is ready to go '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Warner Company . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ `` Cliff Hagan Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` Willis Reed Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Mann , Jack ( February 7 , 1966 ) . `` Just A Guy At Oxford '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Warner Company . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` Bill Bradley Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` Tom Boerwinkle Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` Allen Leavell Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` 1985 -- 86 : `` The Mailman '' Delivers A Winning Season `` . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` Darrell Griffith Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` Bobby Wanzer Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` Frank Ramsey Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` Dan Issel Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` DeAndre Jordan Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ `` Russell Westbrook Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` Marc Gasol Statistics '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 .
    69. \n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NBA_players_who_have_spent_their_entire_career_with_one_franchise&oldid=806218522 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who has played for the most nba teams", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Hawaii - Wikipedia

\n Hawaii

\n Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Hawaiki or Kawaii . This article is about the U.S. state of Hawaii . For the island for which it is named , see Hawaii ( island ) . For other uses , see Hawaii ( disambiguation ) .

\n Coordinates : 21 \u00b0 18 \u2032 41 '' N 157 \u00b0 47 \u2032 47 '' W \ufeff / \ufeff 21.31139 \u00b0 N 157.79639 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 21.31139 ; - 157.79639

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n State of Hawaii Moku \u02bb\u0101ina o Hawai \u02bbi ( Hawaiian )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
\n Flag \n Seal
\n
\n Nickname ( s ) : The Aloha State ( official ) , Paradise of the Pacific , The Islands of Aloha
\n Motto ( s ) : Ua Mau ke Ea o ka \u02bb\u0100ina i ka Pono ( `` The Life of the Land is Perpetuated in Righteousness '' )
\n State song ( s ) : `` Hawai \u02bbi Pono \u02bb\u012b ( Hawai \u02bbi 's Own True Sons ) ''
\n
\n Official language \n English , Hawaiian
\n Demonym \n Hawaiian
\n Capital ( and largest city ) \n Honolulu
\n Largest metro \n Island of Oahu
\n Area \n Ranked 43rd
\n Total \n 10,931 sq mi ( 28,311 km )
\n Width \n n / a miles ( n / a km )
\n Length \n 1,522 miles ( 2,450 km )
\n % water \n 41.2
\n Latitude \n 18 \u00b0 55 \u2032 N to 28 \u00b0 27 \u2032 N
\n Longitude \n 154 \u00b0 48 \u2032 W to 178 \u00b0 22 \u2032 W
\n
\n Population \n Ranked 40th
\n Total \n 1,428,557 ( 2016 est . )
\n Density \n 214 / sq mi ( 82.6 / km ) Ranked 13th
\n Median household income \n $64,514 ( 12th )
\n
\n Elevation \n
\n Highest point \n Mauna Kea 13,796 ft ( 4205.0 m )
\n Mean \n 3,030 ft ( 920 m )
\n Lowest point \n Pacific Ocean sea level
\n
\n Before statehood \n Territory of Hawaii
\n Admission to Union \n August 21 , 1959 ( 50th )
\n Governor \n David Ige ( D )
\n Lieutenant Governor \n Shan Tsutsui ( D )
\n Legislature \n State Legislature
\n Upper house \n Senate
\n Lower house \n House of Representatives
\n
\n U.S. Senators \n Brian Schatz ( D ) Mazie Hirono ( D )
\n U.S. House delegation \n 1 : Colleen Hanabusa ( D ) 2 : Tulsi Gabbard ( D ) ( list )
\n Time zone \n Hawaii : UTC \u2212 10 ( no DST )
\n ISO 3166 \n US - HI
\n Abbreviations \n HI , H.I.
\n Website \n www.hawaii.gov
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( show ) Hawaii state symbols
\n The Flag of Hawaii
\n The Seal of Hawaii
\n Living insignia
\n Bird \n Nene
\n Fish \n Humuhumunukunuku\u0101pua\u02bba
\n Flower \n Pua aloalo
\n Insect \n Pulelehua
\n Tree \n Kukui tree
\n Inanimate insignia
\n Dance \n Hula
\n Food \n Kalo ( taro )
\n Gemstone \n \u02bb\u0112kaha k\u016b moana ( black coral )
\n Song \n `` Hawai\u02bbi Pono\u02bbi ''
\n Other \n He\u02bbe nalu ( surfing ) ( state individual sport )
\n State route marker
\n
\n State quarter
\n Released in 2008
\n Lists of United States state symbols
\n

\n Hawaii ( English : / h\u0259\u02c8wa\u026a. i , - ji , - \u0294i / ( listen ) h\u0259 - WY - ( y ) ee ; Hawaiian : Hawai \u02bbi ( h\u0259\u02c8v\u0250j\u0294i ) ) is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America , having received statehood on August 21 , 1959 . Hawaii is the only U.S. state located in Oceania and the only one composed entirely of islands . It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia , occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean . Hawaii is the only U.S. state located outside North America .

\n

\n The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago , which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) . At the southeastern end of the archipelago , the eight main islands are -- in order from northwest to southeast : Ni \u02bbihau , Kaua \u02bbi , O\u02bbahu , Moloka \u02bbi , L\u0101na \u02bbi , Kaho \u02bbolawe , Maui , and the Island of Hawai \u02bbi . The last is the largest island in the group ; it is often called the `` Big Island '' or `` Hawai \u02bbi Island '' to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago . The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania .

\n

\n Hawaii 's diverse natural scenery , warm tropical climate , abundance of public beaches , oceanic surroundings , and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists , surfers , biologists , and volcanologists . Because of its central location in the Pacific and 19th - century labor migration , Hawaii 's culture is strongly influenced by North American and Asian cultures , in addition to its indigenous Hawaiian culture . Hawaii has over a million permanent residents , along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel . Its capital is Honolulu on the island of O\u02bbahu .

\n

\n Hawaii is the 8th - smallest and the 11th - least populous , but the 13th-most densely populated of the 50 U.S. states . It is the only state with an Asian plurality . The state 's coastline is about 750 miles ( 1,210 km ) long , the fourth longest in the U.S. after the coastlines of Alaska , Florida , and California .

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n Etymology

\n

\n The state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island , Hawai \u02bbi . A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawai \u02bbi is that was named for Hawai \u02bbiloa , a legendary figure from Hawaiian myth . He is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled .

\n

\n The Hawaiian language word Hawai \u02bbi is very similar to Proto - Polynesian * Sawaiki , with the reconstructed meaning `` homeland '' . Cognates of Hawai \u02bbi are found in other Polynesian languages , including M\u0101ori ( Hawaiki ) , Rarotongan ( \u02bbAvaiki ) and Samoan ( Savai \u02bbi ) . According to linguists Pukui and Elbert , `` ( e ) lsewhere in Polynesia , Hawai \u02bbi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the ancestral home , but in Hawaii , the name has no meaning '' .

\n

\n Spelling of state name

\n

\n A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as a second official state language . The title of the state constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii . Article XV , Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii . Diacritics were not used because the document , drafted in 1949 , predates the use of the okina ( \u02bb ) and the kahak\u014d in modern Hawaiian orthography . The exact spelling of the state 's name in the Hawaiian language is Hawai \u02bbi . In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood , the federal government recognized Hawaii as the official state name . Official government publications , department and office titles , and the Seal of Hawaii use the traditional spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length . In contrast , the National and State Parks Services , the University of Hawai \u02bbi and some private enterprises implement these symbols . No precedent for changes to U.S. state names exists since the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1789 . However , the Constitution of Massachusetts formally changed the Province of Massachusetts Bay to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1780 , and in 1819 , the Territory of Arkansaw was created but was later admitted to statehood as the State of Arkansas .

\n

\n Geography and environment

\n Main article : Hawaiian Islands

\n There are eight main Hawaiian islands , seven of which are permanently inhabited . The island of Ni \u02bbihau is privately managed by brothers Bruce and Keith Robinson ; access is restricted to those who have permission from the island 's owners . Access to uninhabited Kaho\u02bbolawe island is also restricted .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Island \n Nickname \n Area \n Population ( as of 2010 ) \n Density \n Highest point \n Elevation \n Age ( Ma ) \n Location
\n Hawai \u02bbi \n The Big Island \n 1 4,028.0 sq mi ( 10,432.5 km ) \n 185,079 \n 4 45.948 / sq mi ( 17.7407 / km ) \n Mauna Kea \n 1 13,796 ft ( 4,205 m ) \n 0.4 \n 19 \u00b0 34 \u2032 N 155 \u00b0 30 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 19.567 \u00b0 N 155.500 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 19.567 ; - 155.500 \ufeff ( Hawaii )
\n Maui \n The Valley Isle \n 2 727.2 sq mi ( 1,883.4 km ) \n 144,444 \n 2 198.630 / sq mi ( 76.692 / km ) \n Haleakal\u0101 \n 2 10,023 ft ( 3,055 m ) \n 1.3 -- 0.8 \n 20 \u00b0 48 \u2032 N 156 \u00b0 20 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 20.800 \u00b0 N 156.333 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 20.800 ; - 156.333 \ufeff ( Maui )
\n O\u02bbahu \n The Gathering Place \n 3 596.7 sq mi ( 1,545.4 km ) \n 953,207 \n 1 1,597.46 / sq mi ( 616.78 / km ) \n Mount Ka \u02bbala \n 5 4,003 ft ( 1,220 m ) \n 3.7 -- 2.6 \n 21 \u00b0 28 \u2032 N 157 \u00b0 59 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 21.467 \u00b0 N 157.983 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 21.467 ; - 157.983 \ufeff ( Oahu )
\n Kaua \u02bbi \n The Garden Isle \n 4 552.3 sq mi ( 1,430.5 km ) \n 66,921 \n 3 121.168 / sq mi ( 46.783 / km ) \n Kawaikini \n 3 5,243 ft ( 1,598 m ) \n 5.1 \n 22 \u00b0 05 \u2032 N 159 \u00b0 30 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 22.083 \u00b0 N 159.500 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 22.083 ; - 159.500 \ufeff ( Kauai )
\n Moloka \u02bbi \n The Friendly Isle \n 5 260.0 sq mi ( 673.4 km ) \n 7,345 \n 5 28.250 / sq mi ( 10.9074 / km ) \n Kamakou \n 4 4,961 ft ( 1,512 m ) \n 1.9 -- 1.8 \n 21 \u00b0 08 \u2032 N 157 \u00b0 02 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 21.133 \u00b0 N 157.033 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 21.133 ; - 157.033 \ufeff ( Molokai )
\n L\u0101na \u02bbi \n The Pineapple Isle \n 6 140.5 sq mi ( 363.9 km ) \n 3,135 \n 6 22.313 / sq mi ( 8.615 / km ) \n L\u0101na \u02bbihale \n 6 3,366 ft ( 1,026 m ) \n 1.3 \n 20 \u00b0 50 \u2032 N 156 \u00b0 56 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 20.833 \u00b0 N 156.933 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 20.833 ; - 156.933 \ufeff ( Lanai )
\n Ni \u02bbihau \n The Forbidden Isle \n 7 69.5 sq mi ( 180.0 km ) \n 170 \n 7 2.45 / sq mi ( 0.944 / km ) \n Mount P\u0101n\u012b \u02bbau \n 8 1,250 ft ( 381 m ) \n 4.9 \n 21 \u00b0 54 \u2032 N 160 \u00b0 10 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 21.900 \u00b0 N 160.167 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 21.900 ; - 160.167 \ufeff ( Niihau )
\n Kaho \u02bbolawe \n The Target Isle \n 8 44.6 sq mi ( 115.5 km ) \n 0 \n 8 0 \n Pu \u02bbu Moaulanui \n 7 1,483 ft ( 452 m ) \n 1.0 \n 20 \u00b0 33 \u2032 N 156 \u00b0 36 \u2032 W \ufeff / \ufeff 20.550 \u00b0 N 156.600 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 20.550 ; - 156.600 \ufeff ( Kahoolawe )
\n

\n Topography

\n The Hawaiian Islands are located in the North Pacific Ocean

\n The Hawaiian archipelago is located 2,000 mi ( 3,200 km ) southwest of the contiguous United States . Hawaii is the southernmost U.S. state and the second westernmost after Alaska . Hawaii , along with Alaska , does not border any other U.S. state . It is the only U.S. state that is not geographically located in North America , the only state completely surrounded by water and that is entirely an archipelago , and the only state in which coffee is commercially cultivable .

\n

\n In addition to the eight main islands , the state has many smaller islands and islets . Ka \u02bbula is a small island near Ni \u02bbihau . The Northwest Hawaiian Islands is a group of nine small , older islands to the northwest of Kaua \u02bbi that extend from Nihoa to Kure Atoll ; these are remnants of once much larger volcanic mountains . Across the archipelago are around 130 small rocks and islets , such as Molokini , which are either volcanic , marine sedimentary or erosional in origin .

\n

\n Hawaii 's tallest mountain Mauna Kea is 13,796 ft ( 4,205 m ) above mean sea level ; it is taller than Mount Everest if measured from the base of the mountain , which lies on the floor of the Pacific Ocean and rises about 33,500 feet ( 10,200 m ) .

\n

\n Geology

\n Main article : Hawaii hotspot P\u0101hoehoe , or smooth lava , spills into the Pacific Ocean , forming new rock off the coast of the Island of Hawaii .

\n The Hawaiian islands were formed by volcanic activity initiated at an undersea magma source called the Hawaii hotspot . The process is continuing to build islands ; the tectonic plate beneath much of the Pacific Ocean continually moves northwest and the hot spot remains stationary , slowly creating new volcanoes . Because of the hotspot 's location , all currently active land volcanoes are located on the southern half of Hawaii Island . The newest volcano , L\u014d \u02bbihi Seamount , is located south of the coast of Hawaii Island .

\n

\n The last volcanic eruption outside Hawaii Island occurred at Haleakal\u0101 on Maui before the late 18th century , possibly hundreds of years earlier . In 1790 , K\u012blauea exploded ; it was the deadliest eruption known to have occurred in the modern era in what is now the United States . Up to 5,405 warriors and their families marching on K\u012blauea were killed by the eruption . Volcanic activity and subsequent erosion have created impressive geological features . Hawaii Island has the third - highest point among the world 's islands .

\n

\n On the flanks of the volcanoes , slope instability has generated damaging earthquakes and related tsunamis , particularly in 1868 and 1975 . Steep cliffs have been created by catastrophic debris avalanches on the submerged flanks of ocean island volcanoes .

\n

\n Flora and fauna

\n See also : Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands and List of invasive plant species in Hawaii Corvus hawaiiensis , the endemic Hawaiian crow ( \u02bbalal\u0101 ) , is extinct in the wild .

\n Because the islands of Hawaii are distant from other land habitats , life is thought to have arrived there by wind , waves ( i.e. by ocean currents ) and wings ( i.e. birds , insects , and any seeds they may have carried on their feathers ) . This isolation , in combination with the diverse environment ( including extreme altitudes , tropical climates , and arid shorelines ) , produced an array of endemic flora and fauna . Hawaii has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state . One endemic plant , Brighamia , now requires hand - pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct . The two species of Brighamia -- B. rockii and B. insignis -- are represented in the wild by around 120 individual plants . To ensure these plants set seed , biologists rappel down 3,000 - foot ( 910 m ) cliffs to brush pollen onto their stigmas .

\n

\n The extant main islands of the archipelago have been above the surface of the ocean for fewer than 10 million years ; a fraction of the time biological colonization and evolution have occurred there . The islands are well known for the environmental diversity that occurs on high mountains within a trade winds field . On a single island , the climate around the coasts can range from dry tropical ( less than 20 inches or 510 millimeters annual rainfall ) to wet tropical ; on the slopes , environments range from tropical rainforest ( more than 200 inches or 5,100 millimeters per year ) , through a temperate climate , to alpine conditions with a cold , dry climate . The rainy climate impacts soil development , which largely determines ground permeability , affecting the distribution of streams and wetlands .

\n

\n Protected areas

\n French Frigate Shoals , located in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands , is protected as part of the Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea Marine National Monument .

\n Several areas in Hawaii are under the protection of the National Park Service . Hawaii has two national parks : Haleakal\u0101 National Park located near Kula on the island of Maui , which features the dormant volcano Haleakal\u0101 that formed east Maui , and Hawaii Volcanoes National Park in the southeast region of the Hawai \u02bbi Island , which includes the active volcano K\u012blauea and its rift zones .

\n

\n There are three national historical parks ; Kalaupapa National Historical Park in Kalaupapa , Moloka \u02bbi , the site of a former leper colony ; Kaloko - Honok\u014dhau National Historical Park in Kailua - Kona on Hawai \u02bbi Island ; and Pu \u02bbuhonua o H\u014dnaunau National Historical Park , an ancient place of refuge on Hawai \u02bbi Island 's west coast . Other areas under the control of the National Park Service include Ala Kahakai National Historic Trail on Hawai \u02bbi Island and the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor on O\u02bbahu .

\n

\n The Papah\u0101naumoku\u0101kea Marine National Monument was proclaimed by President George W. Bush on June 15 , 2006 . The monument covers roughly 140,000 square miles ( 360,000 km ) of reefs , atolls , and shallow and deep sea out to 50 miles ( 80 km ) offshore in the Pacific Ocean -- an area larger than all of the national parks in the U.S. combined .

\n

\n Climate

\n See also : List of Hawaii tornadoes and Climate of Hawaii A true - color satellite view of Hawaii shows that most of the vegetation on the islands grows on the northeast sides which face the wind . The silver glow around the southwest of the islands is the result of calmer waters .

\n Hawaii 's climate is typical for the tropics , although temperatures and humidity tend to be less extreme because of near - constant trade winds from the east . Summer highs usually reach around 88 \u00b0 F ( 31 \u00b0 C ) during the day , with the temperature reaching a low of 75 \u00b0 F ( 24 \u00b0 C ) at night . Winter day temperatures are usually around 83 \u00b0 F ( 28 \u00b0 C ) ; at low elevation they seldom dip below 65 \u00b0 F ( 18 \u00b0 C ) at night . Snow , not usually associated with the tropics , falls at 13,800 feet ( 4,200 m ) on Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa on Hawaii Island in some winter months . Snow rarely falls on Haleakal\u0101 . Mount Wai \u02bbale\u02bbale on Kaua \u02bbi has the second - highest average annual rainfall on Earth , about 460 inches ( 12,000 mm ) per year . Most of Hawaii experiences only two seasons ; the dry season runs from May to October and the wet season is from October to April .

\n

\n The warmest temperature recorded in the state , in Pahala on April 27 , 1931 , is 100 \u00b0 F ( 38 \u00b0 C ) , making it tied with Alaska as the lowest record high temperature observed in a U.S. state . Hawaii 's record low temperature is 12 \u00b0 F ( \u2212 11 \u00b0 C ) observed in May 1979 , on the summit of Mauna Kea . Hawaii is the only state to have never recorded sub-zero Fahrenheit temperatures .

\n

\n Climates vary considerably on each island ; they can be divided into windward and leeward ( ko \u02bbolau and kona , respectively ) areas based upon location relative to the higher mountains . Windward sides face cloud cover .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Honolulu
\n Climate chart ( explanation )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n J \n \n \n \n \n J \n J \n \n \n O \n \n
\n 2.3 80 66 \n 80 66 \n 81 68 \n 0.6 83 69 \n 0.6 85 71 \n 0.3 87 73 \n 0.5 88 75 \n 0.6 89 75 \n 0.7 89 74 \n 1.8 87 73 \n 2.4 84 71 \n 3.2 81 68
\n Average max. and min . temperatures in \u00b0 F
\n Precipitation totals in inches
\n Source : National Climate Data Center
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( show ) Metric conversion
\n J \n \n \n \n \n J \n J \n \n \n O \n \n
\n 59 27 19 \n 51 27 19 \n 51 27 20 \n 16 28 21 \n 16 29 22 \n 6.6 31 23 \n 13 31 24 \n 14 32 24 \n 18 31 24 \n 47 30 23 \n 61 29 22 \n 82 27 20
\n Average max. and min . temperatures in \u00b0 C
\n Precipitation totals in mm
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Hilo
\n Climate chart ( explanation )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n J \n \n \n \n \n J \n J \n \n \n O \n \n
\n 9.3 79 64 \n 9.6 79 64 \n 13 79 65 \n 12 79 66 \n 8.1 81 67 \n 7.4 82 68 \n 11 83 69 \n 9.9 83 70 \n 9.9 83 69 \n 9.8 83 69 \n 16 81 67 \n 12 79 65
\n Average max. and min . temperatures in \u00b0 F
\n Precipitation totals in inches
\n Source : National Climate Data Center
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( show ) Metric conversion
\n J \n \n \n \n \n J \n J \n \n \n O \n \n
\n 235 26 18 \n 243 26 18 \n 341 26 18 \n 293 26 19 \n 206 27 19 \n 187 28 20 \n 275 28 21 \n 250 28 21 \n 252 29 21 \n 248 28 20 \n 394 27 20 \n 294 26 18
\n Average max. and min . temperatures in \u00b0 C
\n Precipitation totals in mm
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Kahului
\n Climate chart ( explanation )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n J \n \n \n \n \n J \n J \n \n \n O \n \n
\n 2.9 81 63 \n 1.9 81 63 \n 2.5 81 64 \n 1.6 82 66 \n 0.7 84 67 \n 0.2 86 70 \n 0.5 87 71 \n 0.5 88 71 \n 0.4 88 70 \n 87 70 \n 2.2 84 68 \n 3.4 82 65
\n Average max. and min . temperatures in \u00b0 F
\n Precipitation totals in inches
\n Source : National Climate Data Center
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( show ) Metric conversion
\n J \n \n \n \n \n J \n J \n \n \n O \n \n
\n 73 27 17 \n 48 27 17 \n 62 27 18 \n 39 28 19 \n 19 29 20 \n 5.1 30 21 \n 13 31 22 \n 13 31 22 \n 9.7 31 21 \n 30 30 21 \n 56 29 20 \n 85 28 18
\n Average max. and min . temperatures in \u00b0 C
\n Precipitation totals in mm
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Lihue
\n Climate chart ( explanation )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n J \n \n \n \n \n J \n J \n \n \n O \n \n
\n 3.8 78 66 \n 3.2 78 66 \n 4.6 78 67 \n 2.3 79 69 \n 2.1 81 70 \n 1.6 83 73 \n 1.9 84 74 \n 2.1 85 75 \n 2.1 85 74 \n 3.8 83 73 \n 4.5 81 71 \n 5.2 79 68
\n Average max. and min . temperatures in \u00b0 F
\n Precipitation totals in inches
\n Source : National Climate Data Center
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( show ) Metric conversion
\n J \n \n \n \n \n J \n J \n \n \n O \n \n
\n 95 26 19 \n 80 25 19 \n 117 26 19 \n 57 26 20 \n 53 27 21 \n 41 29 23 \n 47 29 23 \n 54 29 24 \n 54 29 23 \n 97 29 23 \n 113 27 22 \n 132 26 20
\n Average max. and min . temperatures in \u00b0 C
\n Precipitation totals in mm
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Lanai City
\n Climate chart ( explanation )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n J \n \n \n \n \n J \n J \n \n \n O \n \n
\n 2.5 76 60 \n 1.6 76 60 \n 1.6 77 61 \n 0.9 78 61 \n 0.5 80 63 \n 0.6 82 65 \n 0.4 83 66 \n 0.5 84 67 \n 0.9 83 67 \n 1.4 82 66 \n 2.4 79 64 \n 2.2 77 61
\n Average max. and min . temperatures in \u00b0 F
\n Precipitation totals in inches
\n Source : National Climate Data Center
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( show ) Metric conversion
\n J \n \n \n \n \n J \n J \n \n \n O \n \n
\n 63 24 15 \n 41 25 16 \n 41 25 16 \n 22 26 16 \n 13 26 17 \n 16 28 18 \n 11 28 19 \n 11 29 19 \n 24 28 19 \n 35 28 19 \n 61 26 18 \n 57 25 16
\n Average max. and min . temperatures in \u00b0 C
\n Precipitation totals in mm
\n
\n

\n History

\n Main article : History of Hawaii \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Part of a series on the
\n History of Hawaii
\n
\n Timeline
\n
    \n
  • \n Ancient
    • \n
  • \n Kingdom of Hawaii
    • \n
  • \n Provisional Government
    • \n
  • \n Republic of Hawaii
    • \n
\n
\n Modern - day Hawaii
\n
    \n
  • \n U.S. Territory
    • \n
  • \n State of Hawaii
    • \n
\n
\n Hawaii portal
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Hawaii is one of four U.S. states -- apart from the original thirteen , along with the Vermont Republic ( 1791 ) , the Republic of Texas ( 1845 ) , and the California Republic ( 1846 ) -- that were independent nations prior to statehood . Along with Texas , Hawaii had formal , international diplomatic recognition as a nation .

\n

\n The Kingdom of Hawai \u02bbi was sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by resident American and European capitalists and landholders . Hawaii was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12 , 1898 , when it officially became a territory of the United States . Hawaii was admitted as a U.S. state on August 21 , 1959 .

\n

\n First human settlement -- ancient Hawai \u02bbi ( 800 -- 1778 )

\n Main article : Ancient Hawaii

\n Based on archaeological evidence , the earliest habitation of the Hawaiian Islands dates to around 300 CE , probably by Polynesian settlers from the Marquesas Islands . A second wave of migration from Raiatea and Bora Bora took place in the 11th century . The date of the human discovery and habitation of the Hawaiian Islands is the subject of academic debate . Some archaeologists and historians think it was a later wave of immigrants from Tahiti around 1000 CE who introduced a new line of high chiefs , the kapu system , the practice of human sacrifice , and the building of heiau . This later immigration is detailed in Hawaiian mythology ( mo \u02bbolelo ) about Pa \u02bbao . Other authors say there is no archaeological or linguistic evidence for a later influx of Tahitian settlers and that Pa \u02bbao must be regarded as a myth .

\n

\n The history of the islands is marked by a slow , steady growth in population and the size of the chiefdoms , which grew to encompass whole islands . Local chiefs , called ali \u02bbi , ruled their settlements , and launched wars to extend their influence and defend their communities from predatory rivals . Ancient Hawaii was a caste - based society , much like that of Hindus in India .

\n

\n European arrival

\n Kalani\u02bb\u014dpu\u02bbu , King of Hawai \u02bbi , brings presents to Captain Cook .

\n It is possible that Spanish explorers arrived in the Hawaiian Islands in the 16th century -- 200 years before Captain James Cook 's first documented visit in 1778 . Ruy L\u00f3pez de Villalobos commanded a fleet of six ships that left Acapulco in 1542 bound for the Philippines with a Spanish sailor named Juan Gaetano aboard as pilot . Depending on the interpretation , Gaetano 's reports describe an encounter with either Hawai \u02bbi or the Marshall Islands . If de Villalobos ' crew spotted Hawai \u02bbi , Gaetano would be considered the first European to see the islands . Some scholars have dismissed these claims due to a lack of credibility .

\n

\n Spanish archives contain a chart that depicts islands at the same latitude as Hawai \u02bbi but with a longitude ten degrees east of the islands . In this manuscript , the island of Maui is named La Desgraciada ( The Unfortunate Island ) , and what appears to be Hawai \u02bbi Island is named La Mesa ( The Table ) . Islands resembling Kahoolawe , Lanai , and Molokai are named Los Monjes ( The Monks ) . For two - and - a-half centuries , Spanish galleons crossed the Pacific from Mexico along a route that passed south of Hawai \u02bbi on their way to Manila . The exact route was kept secret to protect the Spanish trade monopoly against competing powers .

\n

\n The 1778 arrival of British explorer James Cook was the first documented contact by a European explorer with Hawaii . Cook named the archipelago as the Sandwich Islands in honor of his sponsor John Montagu , 4th Earl of Sandwich . Cook published the islands ' location and rendered the native name as Owyhee . This spelling lives on in Owyhee County , Idaho . It was named after three native Hawaiian members of a trapping party who went missing in that area . The Owyhee Mountains were also named for them .

\n King Kamehameha receiving Otto von Kotzebue 's Russian naval expedition . Drawing by Louis Choris in 1816 .

\n Cook visited the Hawaiian Islands twice . As he prepared for departure after his second visit in 1779 , a quarrel ensued as Cook took temple idols and fencing as `` firewood '' , and a minor chief and his men took a ship 's boat . Cook abducted the King of Hawai \u02bbi Island , Kalani \u02bb\u014dpu\u02bbu , and held him for ransom aboard his ship in order to gain return of Cook 's boat . This tactic had worked in Tahiti and other islands . Instead , Kalani \u02bb\u014dpu\u02bbu 's supporters fought back , killing Cook and four marines as Cook 's party retreated along the beach to their ship . They departed without the ship 's boat .

\n

\n After Cook 's visit and the publication of several books relating his voyages , the Hawaiian islands attracted many European visitors : explorers , traders , and eventually whalers , who found the islands to be a convenient harbor and source of supplies . Early British influence can be seen in the design of the flag of Hawai \u02bbi , which bears the Union Jack in the top - left corner . These visitors introduced diseases to the once - isolated islands , causing the Hawaiian population to drop precipitously . Native Hawaiians had no resistance to Eurasian diseases , such as influenza , smallpox and measles . By 1820 , disease , famine and wars between the chiefs killed more than half of the Native Hawaiian population . During the 1850s , measles killed a fifth of Hawaii 's people .

\n

\n Historical records indicated the earliest Chinese immigrants to Hawaii originated from Guangdong Province ; a few sailors arrived in 1778 with Captain Cook 's journey and more arrived in 1789 with an American trader , who settled in Hawaii in the late 18th century . It appears that leprosy was introduced by Chinese workers by 1830 ; as with the other new infectious diseases , it proved damaging to the Hawaiians .

\n

\n Kingdom of Hawai \u02bbi

\n Main article : Kingdom of Hawaii House of Kamehameha Kamehameha I conquered the Hawaiian Islands and established a unified monarchy across the archipelago .

\n During the 1780s , and 1790s , chiefs often fought for power . After a series of battles that ended in 1795 , all inhabited islands were subjugated under a single ruler , who became known as King Kamehameha the Great . He established the House of Kamehameha , a dynasty that ruled the kingdom until 1872 .

\n

\n After Kamehameha II inherited the throne in 1819 , American Protestant missionaries to Hawaii converted many Hawaiians to Christianity . They used their influence to end many traditional practices of the people . During the reign of King Kamehameha III , Hawai'i turned into a Christian monarchy with the signing of the 1840 Constitution . Hiram Bingham I , a prominent Protestant missionary , was a trusted adviser to the monarchy during this period . Other missionaries and their descendants became active in commercial and political affairs , leading to conflicts between the monarchy and its restive American subjects . Catholic and Mormon missionaries were also active in the kingdom , but they converted a minority of the Native Hawaiian population . Missionaries from each major group administered to the leper colony at Kalaupapa on Moloka \u02bbi , which was established in 1866 and operated well into the 20th century . The best known were Father Damien and Mother Marianne Cope , both of whom were canonized in the early 21st century as Roman Catholic saints .

\n

\n The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha V -- who did not name an heir -- resulted in the popular election of Lunalilo over Kal\u0101kaua . Lunalilo died the next year , also without naming an heir . In 1874 , the election was contested within the legislature between Kal\u0101kaua and Emma , Queen Consort of Kamehameha IV . After riots broke out , the United States and Britain landed troops on the islands to restore order . King Kal\u0101kaua was chosen as monarch by the Legislative Assembly by a vote of 39 to 6 on February 12 , 1874 .

\n 1887 Constitution and overthrow preparations

\n In 1887 , Kal\u0101kaua was forced to sign the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii . Drafted by white businessmen and lawyers , the document stripped the king of much of his authority . It established a property qualification for voting that effectively disenfranchised most Hawaiians and immigrant laborers and favored the wealthier , white elite . Resident whites were allowed to vote but resident Asians were not . As the 1887 Constitution was signed under threat of violence , it is known as the Bayonet Constitution . King Kal\u0101kaua , reduced to a figurehead , reigned until his death in 1891 . His sister , Queen Lili \u02bbuokalani , succeeded him ; she was the last monarch of Hawai \u02bbi .

\n

\n In 1893 , Queen Lili \u02bbuokalani announced plans for a new constitution to proclaim herself an absolute monarch . On January 14 , 1893 , a group of mostly Euro - American business leaders and residents formed the Committee of Safety to stage a coup d'\u00e9tat against the kingdom and seek annexation by the United States . United States Government Minister John L. Stevens , responding to a request from the Committee of Safety , summoned a company of U.S. Marines . The Queen 's soldiers did not resist . According to historian William Russ , the monarchy was unable to protect itself .

\n

\n Overthrow of 1893 -- the Republic of Hawaii ( 1894 -- 1898 )

\n Main articles : Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii and Republic of Hawaii See also : List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups \u00a7 Historical -- Royalist Organizations ( from 1880s ) Queen Lili \u02bbuokalani , the last reigning monarch of the Hawaiian Kingdom . The \u02bbIolani Palace in Honolulu , formerly the residence of the Hawaiian monarch , was the capitol of the Republic of Hawaii .

\n In January 1893 , Queen Lili \u02bbuokalani was overthrown and replaced by a provisional government composed of members of the Committee of Safety . Lawyer Sanford B. Dole , a citizen of Hawaii , became President of the Republic when the Provisional Government of Hawaii ended on July 4 , 1894 . Controversy ensued in the following years as the Queen tried to regain her throne . The administration of President Grover Cleveland commissioned the Blount Report , which concluded that the removal of Lili \u02bbuokalani had been illegal . The U.S. government first demanded that Queen Lili \u02bbuokalani be reinstated , but the Provisional Government refused .

\n

\n Congress conducted an independent investigation , and on February 26 , 1894 , submitted the Morgan Report , which found all parties , including Minister Stevens -- with the exception of the Queen -- `` not guilty '' and not responsible for the coup . Partisans on both sides of the debate questioned the accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports over the events of 1893 .

\n

\n In 1993 , the US Congress passed a joint Apology Resolution regarding the overthrow ; it was signed by President Bill Clinton . The resolution did not apologize and did not say the overthrow was illegal . It `` acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands , either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum '' .

\n

\n Annexation -- the territory of Hawaii ( 1898 -- 1959 )

\n Main article : Territory of Hawaii In 1899 Uncle Sam balances his new possessions , which are depicted as savage children . The figures are Puerto Rico , Hawaii , Cuba , Philippines and `` Ladrones '' ( the Mariana Islands ) .

\n After William McKinley won the 1896 U.S. presidential election , advocates pressed to annex the Republic of Hawaii . The previous president , Grover Cleveland , was a friend of Queen Lili \u02bbuokalani . McKinley was open to persuasion by U.S. expansionists and by annexationists from Hawai \u02bbi . He met with three annexationists : Lorrin A. Thurston , Francis March Hatch and William Ansel Kinney . After negotiations in June 1897 , Secretary of State John Sherman agreed to a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawaii . The U.S. Senate never ratified the treaty . Despite the opposition of most native Hawaiians , the Newlands Resolution was used to annex the Republic to the U.S. ; it became the Territory of Hawaii . The Newlands Resolution was passed by the House on June 15 , 1898 , by 209 votes in favor to 91 against , and by the Senate on July 6 , 1898 , by a vote of 42 to 21 .

\n

\n In 1900 , Hawaii was granted self - governance and retained \u02bbIolani Palace as the territorial capitol building . Despite several attempts to become a state , Hawaii remained a territory for 60 years . Plantation owners and capitalists , who maintained control through financial institutions such as the Big Five , found territorial status convenient because they remained able to import cheap , foreign labor . Such immigration and labor practices were prohibited in many states .

\n The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 was the primary event that galvanized the United States into entering World War II .

\n Puerto Rican immigration to Hawaii began in 1899 , when Puerto Rico 's sugar industry was devastated by two hurricanes , causing a worldwide shortage of sugar and a huge demand for sugar from Hawaii . Hawaiian sugarcane plantation owners began to recruit experienced , unemployed laborers in Puerto Rico . Two waves of Korean immigration to Hawaii occurred in the 20th century . The first wave arrived between 1903 and 1924 ; the second wave began in 1965 after President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 , which removed racial and national barriers and resulted in significantly altering the demographic mix in the U.S.

\n

\n O\u02bbahu was the target of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Imperial Japan on December 7 , 1941 . The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations , carried out by aircraft and by midget submarines , brought the United States into World War II .

\n

\n Political changes of 1954 -- the state of Hawaii ( 1959 -- present )

\n Main article : Democratic Revolution of 1954 ( Hawaii ) See also : List of Hawaiian sovereignty movement groups \u00a7 Modern -- Sovereignty Organizations ( 1960s -- present ) Prior to the postwar labor movement , Hawaii was governed by plantation owners . Here , three young women pack pineapples into cans in 1928 .

\n In the 1950s , the power of the plantation owners was broken by the descendants of immigrant laborers , who were born in Hawaii and were U.S. citizens . They voted against the Hawaii Republican Party , strongly supported by plantation owners . The new majority voted for the Democratic Party of Hawaii , which dominated territorial and state politics for more than 40 years . Eager to gain full representation in Congress and the Electoral College , residents actively campaigned for statehood . In Washington there was talk that Hawaii would be a Republican Party stronghold so it was matched with the admission of Alaska , seen as a Democratic Party stronghold . These predictions turned out to be inaccurate ; today , Hawaii votes Democratic predominately , and Alaska votes Republican .

\n

\n In March 1959 , Congress passed the Hawaii Admission Act , which U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed into law . The act excluded Palmyra Atoll from statehood ; it had been part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawaii . On June 27 , 1959 , a referendum asked residents of Hawaii to vote on the statehood bill ; 94.3 % voted in favor of statehood and 5.7 % opposed it . The referendum asked voters to choose between accepting the Act and remaining a U.S. territory . The United Nations ' Special Committee on Decolonization later removed Hawaii from its list of non-self - governing territories .

\n

\n After attaining statehood , Hawaii quickly modernized through construction and a rapidly growing tourism economy . Later , state programs promoted Hawaiian culture . The Hawaii State Constitutional Convention of 1978 created institutions such as the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to promote indigenous language and culture .

\n

\n Demographics

\n

\n Population

\n Population density map of the Hawaiian islands See also : Hawaii statistical areas

\n After Europeans and mainland Americans first arrived during the Kingdom of Hawaii period , the overall population of Hawaii , until that time composed solely of indigenous Hawaiians , fell dramatically . The indigenous Hawaiian population succumbed to foreign diseases , declining from 300,000 in the 1770s , to 60,000 in the 1850s , to 24,000 in 1920 . The population of Hawaii began to finally increase after an influx of primarily Asian settlers that arrived as migrant laborers at the end of the 19th century .

\n

\n The unmixed indigenous Hawaiian population has still not restored itself to its 300,000 pre-contact level . As of 2010 , only 156,000 persons declared themselves to be of Native Hawaiian only ancestry , just over half of the pre-contact level Native Hawaiian population , although an additional 371,000 persons declared themselves to possess Native Hawaiian ancestry in combination with one or more other races ( including other Polynesian groups , but mostly Asian and / or Caucasian ) .

\n

\n The United States Census Bureau estimates the population of Hawaii was 1,431,603 on July 1 , 2015 ; an increase of 5.2 % since the 2010 United States Census .

\n

\n As of 2014 , Hawaii had an estimated population of 1,431,603 ; an increase of 12,042 from the previous year and an increase of 71,302 ( 5.2 % ) since 2010 . This includes a natural increase of 48,111 ( 96,028 births minus 47,917 deaths ) and an increase due to net migration of 16,956 people into the state . Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 30,068 ; migration within the country produced a net loss of 13,112 people .

\n

\n The center of population of Hawaii is located between the two islands of O'ahu and Moloka'i . Large numbers of Native Hawaiians have moved to Las Vegas , which has been called the `` ninth island '' of Hawaii .

\n

\n Hawaii has a de facto population of over 1.4 million , due in part to a large number of military personnel and tourist residents . O'ahu is the most populous island ; it has the highest population density with a resident population of just under one million in 597 square miles ( 1,546 km ) , approximately 1,650 people per square mile . Hawaii 's 1.4 million residents , spread across 6,000 square miles ( 15,500 km ) of land , result in an average population density of 188.6 persons per square mile . The state has a lower population density than Ohio and Illinois .

\n

\n The average projected lifespan of people born in Hawaii in 2000 is 79.8 years ; 77.1 years if male , 82.5 if female -- longer than the average lifespan of any other U.S. state . As of 2011 the U.S. military reported it had 42,371 personnel on the islands .

\n \n Historical population \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Population \n Notes
\n 1778 \n 300,000 \n
\n 1805 \n 264,160 \n
\n 1831 \n 130,313 \n Census
\n 1850 \n 82,000 \n
\n 1853 \n 73,134 \n 2,119 foreigners
\n 1872 \n 56,897 \n
\n 1876 \n 53,900 \n
\n 1884 \n 80,000 \n The native population continues to decline .
\n 1890 \n 40,000 native Hawaiians \n
\n 1900 \n 154,001 \n About 25 % Hawaiian / part - Hawaiian ; 40 % Japanese ; 16 % Chinese ; 12 % Portuguese ; and about 5 % other Caucasian
\n 1910 \n 191,874 \n 26,041 Hawaiians and 12,056 part - Hawaiians
\n 1920 \n 255,881 \n 43 % of the population is of Japanese descent .
\n 1930 \n 368,336 \n
\n 1940 \n 420,770 \n
\n 1950 \n 499,794 \n
\n 1960 \n 632,772 \n
\n 1970 \n 769,913 \n
\n 1980 \n 964,691 \n
\n 1990 \n 1,108,228 \n
\n 2000 \n 1,211,537 \n 239,655 native Hawaiians ; Japanese : 21 % ; Filipino : 18 % ; Chinese : 8 % ; German : 6 %
\n \n 1,360,301 \n 10 % Native Hawaiians or other Pacific Islanders ; Two or more races may include some of the remainder
\n

\n Ancestry

\n Further information : Native Hawaiians , White Americans in Hawaii , Africans in Hawaii , and Japanese in Hawaii Mixed Hawaiian / European - American family in Honolulu , 1860s \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Historical population
\n Census \n Pop . \n \n % \u00b1
\n 1900 \n 154,001 \n \n --
\n 1910 \n 191,874 \n \n 24.6 %
\n 1920 \n 255,881 \n \n 33.4 %
\n 1930 \n 368,300 \n \n 43.9 %
\n 1940 \n 422,770 \n \n 14.8 %
\n 1950 \n 499,794 \n \n 18.2 %
\n 1960 \n 632,772 \n \n 26.6 %
\n 1970 \n 769,913 \n \n 21.7 %
\n 1980 \n 964,691 \n \n 25.3 %
\n 1990 \n 1,108,229 \n \n 14.9 %
\n 2000 \n 1,211,537 \n \n 9.3 %
\n \n 1,360,301 \n \n 12.3 %
\n Est. 2017 \n 1,427,538 \n \n 4.9 %
\n Source : 1910 -- 2010 2015 estimate
\n

\n According to the 2010 United States Census , Hawaii had a population of 1,360,301 . The state 's population identified as 38.6 % Asian ; 24.7 % White ( 22.7 % Non-Hispanic White Alone ) ; 23.6 % from two or more races ; 10.0 % Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders ; 8.9 % Hispanics and Latinos of any race ; 1.6 % Black or African American ; 1.2 % from some other race ; and 0.3 % Native American and Alaska Native .

\n \n Hawaii racial breakdown of population \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide ) Racial composition \n 1970 \n 1990 \n 2000 \n \n est. 2015
\n White \n 38.8 % \n 33.4 % \n 24.3 % \n 24.7 % \n 26.7 %
\n Asian \n 57.7 % \n 61.8 % \n 41.6 % \n 38.6 % \n 37.3 %
\n Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander \n 9.4 % \n 10.0 % \n 9.9 %
\n Black \n 1.0 % \n 2.5 % \n 1.8 % \n 1.6 % \n 2.6 %
\n Native American and Alaskan native \n 0.1 % \n 0.5 % \n 0.3 % \n 0.3 % \n 0.5 %
\n Other race \n 2.4 % \n 1.9 % \n 1.2 % \n 1.2 % \n --
\n Two or more races \n -- \n -- \n 21.4 % \n 23.6 % \n 23.0 %
\n

\n Hawaii has the highest percentage of Asian Americans and multiracial Americans and the lowest percentage of White Americans of any state . It is the only state where Asian Americans identify as the largest ethnic group . In 2011 , 14.5 % of births were to white , non-Hispanic parents . Hawaii 's Asian population consists mainly of 198,000 ( 14.6 % ) Filipino Americans , 185,000 ( 13.6 % ) Japanese Americans , roughly 55,000 ( 4.0 % ) Chinese Americans , and 24,000 ( 1.8 % ) Korean Americans . There are over 80,000 Indigenous Hawaiians -- 5.9 % of the population . Including those with partial ancestry , Samoan Americans constitute 2.8 % of Hawaii 's population , and Tongan Americans constitute 0.6 % .

\n

\n Over 120,000 ( 8.8 % ) Hispanic and Latino Americans live in Hawaii . Mexican Americans number over 35,000 ( 2.6 % ) ; Puerto Ricans exceed 44,000 ( 3.2 % ) . Multiracial Americans constitute almost 25 % of Hawaii 's population , exceeding 320,000 people . Eurasian Americans are a prominent mixed - race group , numbering about 66,000 ( 4.9 % ) . The Non-Hispanic White population numbers around 310,000 -- just over 20 % of the population . The multi-racial population outnumbers the non-Hispanic white population by about 10,000 people . In 1970 , the Census Bureau reported Hawaii 's population was 38.8 % white and 57.7 % Asian and Pacific Islander .

\n

\n The five largest European ancestries in Hawaii are German ( 7.4 % ) , Irish ( 5.2 % ) , English ( 4.6 % ) , Portuguese ( 4.3 % ) and Italian ( 2.7 % ) . About 82.2 % of the state 's residents were born in the United States . Roughly 75 % of foreign - born residents originate in Asia . Hawaii is a majority - minority state . It was expected to be one of three states that will not have a non-Hispanic white plurality in 2014 ; the other two are California and New Mexico .

\n Japanese immigration to Hawaii was largely fueled by the high demand for plantation labor in Hawaii post-annexation . Many Portuguese immigrants were Azorean or Madeiran . They brought with them Roman Catholicism and Portuguese language and cuisine . Map of the largest racial / ethnic group by county . Red indicates Native Hawaiian , blue indicates non-Hispanic white , and green indicates Asian . Darker shades indicate a higher proportion of the population . \n Population of Hawaii \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Ancestry \n Percentage \n Main article :
\n Filipino \n 13.6 % \n See Filipinos in Hawaii
\n Japanese \n 12.6 % \n See Japanese in Hawaii
\n Polynesian \n 9.0 % \n See Native Hawaiians
\n Germans \n 7.4 % \n See German American
\n Irish \n 5.2 % \n See Irish American
\n English \n 4.6 % \n See English American
\n Portuguese \n 4.3 % \n See Portuguese American
\n Chinese \n 4.1 % \n See Chinese in Hawaii
\n Korean \n 3.1 % \n See Korean American
\n Mexican \n 2.9 % \n See Mexican American
\n Puerto Rican \n 2.8 % \n See Puerto Rican
\n Italian \n 2.7 % \n See Italian American
\n African \n 2.4 % \n See African American
\n French \n 1.7 % \n See French American
\n Samoan \n 1.3 % \n See Samoan American
\n Scottish \n 1.2 % \n See Scottish American
\n

\n The third group of foreigners to arrive in Hawaii were from China . Chinese workers on Western trading ships settled in Hawaii starting in 1789 . In 1820 , the first American missionaries arrived to preach Christianity and teach the Hawaiians Western ways . As of 2015 , a large proportion of Hawaii 's population have Asian ancestry -- especially Filipino , Japanese and Chinese . Many are descendants of immigrants brought to work on the sugarcane plantations in the mid-to - late 19th century . The first 153 Japanese immigrants arrived in Hawaii on June 19 , 1868 . They were not approved by the then - current Japanese government because the contract was between a broker and the Tokugawa shogunate -- by then replaced by the Meiji Restoration . The first Japanese current - government - approved immigrants arrived on February 9 , 1885 , after Kal\u0101kaua 's petition to Emperor Meiji when Kal\u0101kaua visited Japan in 1881 .

\n

\n Almost 13,000 Portuguese migrants had arrived by 1899 ; they also worked on the sugarcane plantations . By 1901 , over 5,000 Puerto Ricans were living in Hawaii .

\n

\n Languages

\n

\n English ( General American ) and Hawaiian are listed as Hawaii 's `` official languages '' in the state 's 1978 constitution . Article XV , Section 4 specifies that `` Hawaiian shall be required for public acts and transactions only as provided by law '' . Hawai \u02bbi Creole English , locally referred to as `` Pidgin '' , is the native language of many native residents and is a second language for many others .

\n

\n As of the 2000 Census , 73.4 % of Hawaii residents aged five and older exclusively speak English at home . According to the 2008 American Community Survey , 74.6 % of Hawaii 's residents over the age of five speak only English at home . In their homes , 21.0 % of state residents speak an additional Asian language , 2.6 % speak Spanish , 1.6 % speak other Indo - European languages and 0.2 % speak another language .

\n

\n After English , other languages popularly spoken in the state are Tagalog , Japanese and Ilocano . Significant numbers of European immigrants and their descendants also speak their native languages ; the most numerous are German , Portuguese , Italian and French . 5.4 % of residents speak Tagalog -- which includes non-native speakers of Filipino language , the national , co-official , Tagalog - based language ; 5.0 % speak Japanese and 4.0 % speak Ilocano ; 1.2 % speak Chinese , 1.7 % speak Hawaiian ; 1.7 % speak Spanish ; 1.6 % speak Korean ; and 1.0 % speak Samoan .

\n

\n The keyboard layout used for Hawaiian is QWERTY .

\n Hawaiian Main article : Hawaiian language

\n The Hawaiian language has about 2,000 native speakers , about 0.15 % of the total population . According to the United States Census , there were over 24,000 total speakers of the language in Hawaii in 2006 -- 2008 . Hawaiian is a Polynesian member of the Austronesian language family . It is closely related to other Polynesian languages , such as Marquesan , Tahitian , M\u0101ori , Rapa Nui ( the language of Easter Island ) , and less closely to Samoan and Tongan .

\n

\n According to Sch\u00fctz , the Marquesans colonized the archipelago in roughly 300 CE and were later followed by waves of seafarers from the Society Islands , Samoa and Tonga .

\n

\n These Polynesians remained in the islands ; they eventually became the Hawaiian people and their languages evolved into the Hawaiian language . Kimura and Wilson say , `` ( l ) inguists agree that Hawaiian is closely related to Eastern Polynesian , with a particularly strong link in the Southern Marquesas , and a secondary link in Tahiti , which may be explained by voyaging between the Hawaiian and Society Islands '' . Before the arrival of Captain James Cook , the Hawaiian language had no written form . That form was developed mainly by American Protestant missionaries between 1820 and 1826 . They assigned to the Hawaiian phonemes letters from the Latin alphabet .

\n

\n Interest in Hawaiian increased significantly in the late 20th century . With the help of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs , specially designated immersion schools in which all subjects would be taught in Hawaiian were established . The University of Hawaii developed a Hawaiian language graduate studies program . Municipal codes were altered to favor Hawaiian place and street names for new civic developments . Hawai'i Sign Language , a sign language for the deaf based on the Hawaiian language , has been in use in the islands since the early 1800s . It is dwindling in numbers due to American Sign Language supplanting HSL through schooling and various other domains .

\n

\n Hawaiian distinguishes between long and short vowel sounds . In modern practice , vowel length is indicated with a macron ( kahak\u014d ) . Hawaiian - language newspapers ( n\u016bpepa ) published from 1834 to 1948 and traditional native speakers of Hawaiian generally omit the marks in their own writing . The \u02bbokina and kahak\u014d are intended to help non-native speakers . The Hawaiian language uses the glottal stop ( \u02bbokina ) as a consonant . It is written as a symbol similar to the apostrophe or left - hanging ( opening ) single quotation mark .

\n Hawaiian pidgin Main article : Hawaiian Pidgin \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n Some residents of Hawaii speak Hawai \u02bbi Creole English ( HCE ) , endonymically called pidgin or pidgin English . The lexicon of HCE derives mainly from English but also uses words that have derived from Hawaiian , Chinese , Japanese , Portuguese , Ilocano and Tagalog . During the 19th century , the increase in immigration -- mainly from China , Japan , Portugal -- especially from the Azores and Madeira , and Spain -- catalyzed the development of a hybrid variant of English known to its speakers as pidgin . By the early 20th century , pidgin speakers had children who acquired it as their first language . HCE speakers use some Hawaiian words without those words being considered archaic . Most place names are retained from Hawaiian , as are some names for plants and animals . For example , tuna fish is often called by its Hawaiian name , ahi .

\n

\n HCE speakers have modified the meanings of some English words . For example , `` aunty '' and `` uncle '' may either refer to any adult who is a friend or be used to show respect to an elder . Syntax and grammar follow distinctive rules different from those of General American English . For example , instead of `` it is hot today , is n't it ? '' , an HCE speaker would say simply `` stay hot , eh ? '' The term da kine is used as a filler ; a substitute for virtually any word or phrase . During the surfing boom in Hawaii , HCE was influenced by surfer slang . Some HCE expressions , such as brah and da kine , have found their ways elsewhere through surfing communities .

\n

\n Religion

\n The Makiki Christian Church in Honolulu heavily draws upon Japanese architecture .

\n Christianity is the most widespread religion in Hawaii . It is mainly represented by various Protestants , Catholics and Mormons . Buddhism is the second most popular religion , especially among the archipelago 's Japanese community . Unaffilliated account for one - quarter of the population .

\n

\n The largest denominations by number of adherents were the Catholic Church with 249,619 adherents in 2010 and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints with 68,128 adherents in 2009 . The third - largest religious group includes all non-denominational churches , with 128 congregations and 32,000 members . The third - largest denominational group is the United Church of Christ , with 115 congregations and 20,000 members . The Southern Baptist Convention has 108 congregations and 18,000 members in Hawaii .

\n

\n According to data provided by religious establishments , religion in Hawaii in 2000 was distributed as follows :

\n \n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Other '' refers to religions other than Christianity , Buddhism , or Judaism ; this group includes Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith , Confucianism , Daoism , the Hawaiian religion , Hinduism , Islam , Sikhism , Shintoism , Zoroastrianism , and other religions .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Unaffiliated '' refers to people who do not belong to a congregation ; this group includes agnostics , atheists , humanists , deists and the irreligious .
    3. \n
\n

\n A Pew poll found that the religious composition was as follows :

\n \n Religious affiliation in Hawaii ( 2014 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Affiliation \n % of Hawai'i's population
\n Christian \n 63 \n 63
\n Protestant \n 38 \n 38
\n Evangelical Protestant \n 25 \n 25
\n Mainline Protestant \n 11 \n 11
\n Black church \n \n
\n Catholic \n 20 \n 20
\n Mormon \n \n
\n Jehovah 's Witnesses \n \n
\n Eastern Orthodox \n 0.5 \n 0.5
\n Other Christian \n \n
\n Unaffiliated \n 26 \n 26
\n Nothing in particular \n 20 \n 20
\n Agnostic \n 5 \n 5
\n Atheist \n \n
\n Non-Christian faiths \n 10 \n 10
\n Jewish \n 0.5 \n 0.5
\n Muslim \n 0.5 \n 0.5
\n Buddhist \n 8 \n 8
\n Hindu \n 0.5 \n 0.5
\n Other Non-Christian faiths \n 0.5 \n 0.5
\n Do n't know \n \n
\n Total \n 100 \n 100
\n

\n Birth Data

\n

\n Note : Births in table do n't add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number .

\n \n Live births by race / ethnicity of mother \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Race \n 2013 \n 2014 \n 2015
\n Asian \n 12,203 ( 64.3 % ) \n 11,535 ( 62.2 % ) \n 11,443 ( 62.1 % )
\n White : \n 6,045 ( 31.8 % ) \n 6,368 ( 34.3 % ) \n 6,322 ( 34.3 % )
\n > Non-Hispanic white \n 4,940 ( 26.0 % ) \n 4,881 ( 26.3 % ) \n 4,803 ( 26.1 % )
\n Black \n 671 ( 3.5 % ) \n 617 ( 3.3 % ) \n 620 ( 3.3 % )
\n Native \n 68 ( 0.3 % ) \n 30 ( 0.2 % ) \n 35 ( 0.2 % )
\n Hispanic ( of any race ) \n 3,003 ( 15.8 % ) \n 2,764 ( 14.9 % ) \n 2,775 ( 15.1 % )
\n Total Hawai'i \n 18,987 ( 100 % ) \n 18,550 ( 100 % ) \n 18,420 ( 100 % )
\n

\n LGBT

\n

\n Hawaii has had a long history of queer identities . M\u0101h\u016b people , who often traversed gender as defined by Western standards , were a respected group of pre-colonization people who were widely known in society as healers . Another Hawaiian word , aik\u0101ne , referred to same - sex relationships . According to journals written by Captain Cook 's crew , it is widely believed that many ali \u02bbi engaged in aik\u0101ne relationships . Hawaiian scholar Lilikal\u0101 Kame \u02bbeleihiwa said , `` If you did n't sleep with a man , how could you trust him when you went into battle ? How would you know if he was going to be the warrior that would protect you at all costs , if he was n't your lover ? ''

\n

\n A 2012 poll by Gallup found that Hawaii had the largest proportion of lesbian , gay , bisexual and transgender ( LGBT ) adults in the U.S. , at 5.1 % , comprising an estimated adult LGBT population of 53,966 individuals . The number of same - sex couple households in 2010 was 3,239 ; a 35.5 % increase of figures from a decade earlier . In 2013 , Hawaii became the fifteenth U.S. state to legalize same - sex marriage ; a University of Hawaii researcher said the law may boost tourism by $217 million .

\n

\n Economy

\n See also : Hawaii locations by per capita income Post-annexation , Hawaii 's economy and demographic changes were shaped mostly by the agricultural sector 's growth . From the end of World War II onwards , depictions and photographs , such as this , of Hawaii as a tropical , leisure paradise encouraged the growth of tourism in Hawaii , which eventually became the largest industry of the islands . The U.S. federal government 's spending on Hawaii - stationed personnel , installations and materiel , either directly or through military personnel spending , amounts to Hawaii 's second largest source of income , after tourism .

\n The history of Hawaii 's economy can be traced through a succession of dominant industries ; sandalwood , whaling , sugarcane , pineapple , the military , tourism and education . Since statehood in 1959 , tourism has been the largest industry , contributing 24.3 % of the gross state product ( GSP ) in 1997 , despite efforts to diversify . The state 's gross output for 2003 was US $47 billion ; per capita income for Hawaii residents in 2014 was US $54,516 . Hawaiian exports include food and clothing . These industries play a small role in the Hawaiian economy , due to the shipping distance to viable markets , such as the West Coast of the contiguous U.S. The state 's food exports include coffee , macadamia nuts , pineapple , livestock , sugarcane and honey .

\n

\n By weight , honey bees may be the state 's most valuable export . According to the Hawaii Agricultural Statistics Service , agricultural sales were US $370.9 million from diversified agriculture , US $100.6 million from pineapple , and US $64.3 million from sugarcane . Hawaii 's relatively consistent climate has attracted the seed industry , which is able to test three generations of crops per year on the islands , compared with one or two on the mainland . Seeds yielded US $264 million in 2012 , supporting 1,400 workers .

\n

\n As of December 2015 , the state 's unemployment rate was 3.2 % . In 2009 , the United States military spent US $12.2 billion in Hawaii , accounting for 18 % of spending in the state for that year . 75,000 United States Department of Defense personnel live in Hawaii . According to a 2013 study by Phoenix Marketing International , Hawaii had the fourth - largest number of millionaires per capita in the United States , with a ratio of 7.2 % .

\n

\n Taxation

\n

\n Hawaii residents pay the most per person in state taxes in the United States . Millions of tourists pay general excise tax and hotel room tax .

\n

\n The Hawaii Tax Foundation considers the state 's tax burden too high , which it says contributes to higher prices and the perception of an unfriendly business climate .

\n

\n State Senator Sam Slom says state taxes are comparatively higher than other states because the state government handles education , health care , and social services that are usually handled at a county or municipal level in most other states .

\n

\n Cost of living

\n

\n The cost of living in Hawaii , specifically Honolulu , is high compared to that of most major U.S. cities , although it is 6.7 % lower than in New York City and 3.6 % lower than in San Francisco . These numbers may not take into account some costs , such as increased travel costs for flights , additional shipping fees , and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers outside the contiguous U.S. While some online stores offer free shipping on orders to Hawaii , many merchants exclude Hawaii , Alaska , Puerto Rico and certain other U.S. territories .

\n

\n Hawaiian Electric Industries , a privately owned company , provides 95 % of the state 's population with electricity , mostly from fossil - fuel power stations . Average electricity prices in October 2014 ( 36.41 cents per kilowatt - hour ) were nearly three times the national average ( 12.58 cents per kilowatt - hour ) and 80 % higher than the second - highest state , Connecticut .

\n

\n The median home value in Hawaii in the 2000 U.S. Census was US $272,700 , while the national median home value was US $119,600 . Hawaii home values were the highest of all states , including California with a median home value of US $211,500 . Research from the National Association of Realtors places the 2010 median sale price of a single family home in Honolulu , Hawaii , at US $607,600 and the U.S. median sales price at US $173,200 . The sale price of single family homes in Hawaii was the highest of any U.S. city in 2010 , just above that of the Silicon Valley area of California ( US $602,000 ) .

\n

\n Hawaii 's very high cost of living is the result of several interwoven factors of the global economy in addition to domestic U.S. government trade policy . Like other regions with desirable weather throughout the year , such as areas of California , Arizona and Florida , Hawaii 's residents can be considered to be subject to a `` Sunshine tax '' . This situation is further exacerbated by the natural factors of geography and world distribution that lead to higher prices for goods due to increased shipping costs , a problem which many island states and territories suffer from as well . The situation is compounded even further by what could possibly be the single largest contributor to the high costs of living in Hawaii , a U.S. trade law known as the Jones Act , or the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 . This trade regulation prohibits any foreign - flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports -- a practice known as cabotage . Most consumer goods in the United States are manufactured by outsourced labor in East Asia , then transported by container ships to ports on the U.S. mainland , and Hawaii also receives the same goods . Being located in the central Pacific Ocean , right between major Pacific shipping lanes , it would be very economical to unload Hawaiian - bound goods in Honolulu , before continuing on to the mainland . However , this would effectively make the second leg of the voyage between Hawaii and the mainland a domestic route between two American ports . Because most large cargo ships operate under foreign `` flags of convenience '' such as Liberia , Vanuatu or Papua New Guinea , allowing them to avoid the more stringent , and thus more costly , regulations of developed nations ' ports , the domestic leg of the voyage would be disallowed by the Jones Act . Instead , those cargo ships must proceed directly to the West Coast , where distributors break bulk and transport the Hawaiian - bound , Asian - manufactured goods back across the ocean by U.S. - flagged ships and increasing the length of the voyage by more than 50 % . This highly inefficient system of shipping Hawaii 's consumer cargo comes at a very hefty price for the average Hawaiian citizen , and makes the cost of living in Hawaii much , much higher than it would otherwise be .

\n

\n Hawaiian consumers ultimately bear the expense of transporting goods imposed by the Jones Act . This law makes Hawaii less competitive than West Coast ports as a shopping destination for tourists from countries with much higher taxes like Japan , even though prices for Asian - manufactured goods should be cheaper because Hawaii is much closer than mainland states to Asia .

\n

\n Culture

\n Main article : Culture of the Native Hawaiians

\n The aboriginal culture of Hawaii is Polynesian . Hawaii represents the northernmost extension of the vast Polynesian Triangle of the south and central Pacific Ocean . While traditional Hawaiian culture remains as vestiges in modern Hawaiian society , there are re-enactments of the ceremonies and traditions throughout the islands . Some of these cultural influences , including the popularity ( in greatly modified form ) of l\u016b \u02bbau and hula , are strong enough to affect the wider United States .

\n

\n Cuisine

\n Main article : Cuisine of Hawaii Taro , or in Hawaiian kalo , was one of the primary staples in Ancient Hawaii and remains a central ingredient in Hawaiian gastronomy today .

\n The cuisine of Hawaii is a fusion of many foods brought by immigrants to the Hawaiian Islands , including the earliest Polynesians and Native Hawaiian cuisine , and American , Chinese , Filipino , Japanese , Korean , Polynesian and Portuguese origins . Plant and animal food sources are imported from around the world for agricultural use in Hawaii . Poi , a starch made by pounding taro , is one of the traditional foods of the islands . Many local restaurants serve the ubiquitous plate lunch , which features two scoops of rice , a simplified version of American macaroni salad and a variety of toppings including hamburger patties , a fried egg , and gravy of a loco moco , Japanese style tonkatsu or the traditional l\u016b \u02bbau favorites , including k\u0101lua pork and laulau . Spam musubi is an example of the fusion of ethnic cuisine that developed on the islands among the mix of immigrant groups and military personnel . In the 1990s , a group of chefs developed Hawaii regional cuisine as a contemporary fusion cuisine .

\n

\n Customs and etiquette

\n Main article : Customs and etiquette in Hawaii

\n Some key customs and etiquette in Hawaii are as follows : when visiting a home , it is considered good manners to bring a small gift for one 's host ( for example , a dessert ) . Thus , parties are usually in the form of potlucks . Most locals take their shoes off before entering a home . It is customary for Hawaiian families , regardless of ethnicity , to hold a luau to celebrate a child 's first birthday . It is also customary at Hawaiian weddings , especially at Filipino weddings , for the bride and groom to do a money dance ( also called the pandanggo ) . Print media and local residents recommend that one refer to non-Hawaiians as `` locals of Hawaii '' or `` people of Hawaii '' .

\n

\n Hawaiian mythology

\n A stone carving of a Hawaiian deity , housed at a German museum . Main article : Hawaiian mythology

\n Hawaiian mythology comprises the legends , historical tales , and sayings of the ancient Hawaiian people . It is considered a variant of a more general Polynesian mythology that developed a unique character for several centuries before circa 1800 . It is associated with the Hawaiian religion , which was officially suppressed in the 19th century but was kept alive by some practitioners to the modern day . Prominent figures and terms include Aumakua , the spirit of an ancestor or family god and K\u0101ne , the highest of the four major Hawaiian deities .

\n

\n Polynesian mythology

\n Main article : Polynesian mythology A sacred god figure wrapping for the war god ' Oro , made of woven dried coconut fibre ( sennit ) , which would have protected a Polynesian god effigy ( to'o ) , made of wood .

\n Polynesian mythology is the oral traditions of the people of Polynesia , a grouping of Central and South Pacific Ocean island archipelagos in the Polynesian triangle together with the scattered cultures known as the Polynesian outliers . Polynesians speak languages that descend from a language reconstructed as Proto - Polynesian that was probably spoken in the area around Tonga and Samoa in around 1000 BCE .

\n

\n Prior to the 15th century , Polynesian people migrated east to the Cook Islands , and from there to other island groups such as Tahiti and the Marquesas . Their descendants later discovered the islands Tahiti , Rapa Nui and later the Hawaiian Islands and New Zealand .

\n

\n The Polynesian languages are part of the Austronesian language family . Many are close enough in terms of vocabulary and grammar to be mutually intelligible . There are also substantial cultural similarities between the various groups , especially in terms of social organization , childrearing , horticulture , building and textile technologies . Their mythologies in particular demonstrate local reworkings of commonly shared tales . The Polynesian cultures each have distinct but related oral traditions ; legends or myths are traditionally considered to recount ancient history ( the time of `` p\u014d '' ) and the adventures of gods ( `` atua '' ) and deified ancestors .

\n

\n List of state parks

\n Main article : List of Hawaiian state parks

\n There are many Hawaiian state parks .

\n \n

\n Literature

\n Main article : Literature in Hawaii

\n The literature of Hawaii is diverse and includes authors Kiana Davenport , Lois - Ann Yamanaka , and Kaui Hart Hemmings . Hawaiian magazines include Hana Hou ! , Hawaii Business Magazine and Honolulu , among others .

\n

\n Music

\n Main article : Music of Hawaii Jack Johnson , folk rock musician , was born and raised on Oahu 's North Shore . A young Cape Verdean man plays the Portuguese cavaquinho , a four - stringed instrument from which the \u02bbukulele is descended .

\n The music of Hawaii includes traditional and popular styles , ranging from native Hawaiian folk music to modern rock and hip hop . Hawaii 's musical contributions to the music of the United States are out of proportion to the state 's small size . Styles such as slack - key guitar are well - known worldwide , while Hawaiian - tinged music is a frequent part of Hollywood soundtracks . Hawaii also made a major contribution to country music with the introduction of the steel guitar .

\n

\n Traditional Hawaiian folk music is a major part of the state 's musical heritage . The Hawaiian people have inhabited the islands for centuries and have retained much of their traditional musical knowledge . Their music is largely religious in nature , and includes chanting and dance music . Hawaiian music has had an enormous impact on the music of other Polynesian islands ; according to Peter Manuel , the influence of Hawaiian music a `` unifying factor in the development of modern Pacific musics '' . Native Hawaiian musician and Hawaiian sovereignty activist Israel Kamakawiwo\u02bbole , famous for his medley of `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' , was named `` The Voice of Hawaii '' by NPR in 2010 in its 50 great voices series .

\n

\n Sports

\n

\n Surfing has been a central part of Polynesian culture for centuries . Since the late 19th century , Hawaii has become a major site for surfists from around the world . Notable competitions include the Triple Crown of Surfing and The Eddie .

\n

\n The only NCAA Division I team in Hawaii is the Hawaii Rainbow Warriors and Rainbow Wahine , which competes at the Big West Conference ( major sports ) , Mountain West Conference ( football ) and Mountain Pacific Sports Federation ( minor sports ) . There are three teams in NCAA Division II : Chaminade Silverswords , Hawaii Pacific Sharks and Hawaii - Hilo Vulcans , all of which compete at the Pacific West Conference .

\n

\n Notable college sports events in Hawaii include the Maui Invitational Tournament , Diamond Head Classic ( basketball ) and Hawaii Bowl ( football ) .

\n

\n Notable professional teams include The Hawaiians , which played at the World Football League in 1974 and 1975 ; the Hawaii Islanders , a Triple - A minor league baseball team that played at the Pacific Coast League from 1961 to 1987 ; and Team Hawaii , a North American Soccer League team that played in 1977 .

\n

\n Hawaii has hosted the Sony Open in Hawaii golf tournament since 1965 , the Tournament of Champions golf tournament since 1999 , the Lotte Championship golf tournament since 2012 , the Honolulu Marathon since 1973 , the Ironman World Championship triathlon race since 1978 , the Ultraman triathlon since 1983 , the National Football League 's Pro Bowl from 1980 to 2016 , the 2000 FINA World Open Water Swimming Championships , and the 2008 Pan-Pacific Championship and 2012 Hawaiian Islands Invitational soccer tournaments .

\n

\n Tourism

\n Main article : Tourism in Hawaii Punalu'u Beach on the Big Island . Tourism is Hawaii 's leading employer .

\n Tourism is an important part of the Hawaiian economy . In 2003 , according to state government data , there were over 6.4 million visitors , with expenditures of over $10 billion , to the Hawaiian Islands . Due to the mild year - round weather , tourist travel is popular throughout the year . The major holidays are the most popular times for outsiders to visit , especially in the winter months . Substantial numbers of Japanese tourists still visit the islands but have now been surpassed by Chinese and Koreans due to the collapse of the value of the Yen and the weak Japanese economy . The average Japanese stays only 5 days while other Asians spend over 9.5 days and spend 25 % more .

\n

\n Hawaii hosts numerous cultural events . The annual Merrie Monarch Festival is an international Hula competition . The Hawaii International Film Festival is the premier film festival for Pacific rim cinema . Honolulu hosts the state 's long - running LGBT film festival , the Rainbow Film Festival .

\n

\n Health

\n Main article : Hawaii Prepaid Health Care Act

\n As of 2009 , Hawaii 's health care system insures 92 % of residents . Under the state 's plan , businesses are required to provide insurance to employees who work more than twenty hours per week . Heavy regulation of insurance companies helps reduce the cost to employers . Due in part to heavy emphasis on preventive care , Hawaiians require hospital treatment less frequently than the rest of the United States , while total health care expenses measured as a percentage of state GDP are substantially lower . Proponents of universal health care elsewhere in the U.S. sometimes use Hawaii as a model for proposed federal and state health care plans .

\n

\n Education

\n

\n Public schools

\n Main article : Hawai'i Department of Education See also : List of elementary schools in Hawaii , List of middle schools in Hawaii , and List of high schools in Hawaii Waianae High School , located in Wai \u02bbanae , houses an educational community media center .

\n Hawaii has the only school system within the U.S. that is unified statewide . Policy decisions are made by the fourteen - member state Board of Education , which sets policy and hires the superintendent of schools , who oversees the state Department of Education . The Department of Education is divided into seven districts ; four on O\u02bbahu and one for each of the other three counties . The main rationale for centralization is to combat inequalities between highly populated O\u02bbahu and the more rural Neighbor Islands , and between lower - income and more affluent areas .

\n

\n Public elementary , middle and high school test scores in Hawaii are below national averages on tests mandated under the No Child Left Behind Act . The Hawaii Board of Education requires all eligible students to take these tests and report all student test scores . This may have unbalanced the results that reported in August 2005 that of 282 schools across the state , 185 failed to reach federal minimum performance standards in mathematics and reading . The ACT college placement tests show that in 2005 , seniors scored slightly above the national average ( 21.9 compared with 20.9 ) , but in the widely accepted SAT examinations , Hawaii 's college - bound seniors tend to score below the national average in all categories except mathematics .

\n

\n Private schools

\n

\n Hawaii has the highest rates of private school attendance in the nation . During the 2011 -- 2012 school year , Hawaii public and charter schools had an enrollment of 181,213 , while private schools had 37,695 . Private schools educated over 17 % of students in Hawaii that school year , nearly three times the approximate national average of 6 % . It has four of the largest independent schools ; \u02bbIolani School , Kamehameha Schools , Mid-Pacific Institute and Punahou School . Pacific Buddhist Academy , the second Buddhist high school in the U.S. and first such school in Hawaii , was founded in 2003 . The first native controlled public charter school was the Kanu O Ka Aina New Century Charter School .

\n

\n Independent and charter schools can select their students , while the public schools are open to all students in their district . The Kamehameha Schools are the only schools in the U.S. that openly grant admission to students based on ancestry ; collectively , they are one of the wealthiest schools in the United States , if not the world , having over eleven billion US dollars in estate assets . In 2005 , Kamehameha enrolled 5,398 students , 8.4 % of the Native Hawaiian children in the state .

\n

\n Colleges and universities

\n See also : List of colleges and universities in Hawaii Main Entrance of the University of Hawaii at Hilo

\n Graduates of secondary schools in Hawaii often enter directly into the workforce . Some attend colleges and universities on the mainland or other countries , and the rest attend an institution of higher learning in Hawaii . The largest is the University of Hawaii System , which consists of : the research university at M\u0101noa , two comprehensive campuses at Hilo and West O\u02bbahu , and seven community colleges . Private universities include Brigham Young University -- Hawaii , Chaminade University of Honolulu , Hawaii Pacific University , and Wayland Baptist University . Saint Stephen Diocesan Center is a seminary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu . Kona hosts the University of the Nations , which is not an accredited university .

\n

\n P\u016bnana Leo

\n Main article : P\u016bnana Leo

\n First opened in 1984 illegally in Kekaha , Kaua'i , the P\u016bnana Leo or `` Language Nest '' ( lit . `` Nest of Voices '' ) were the first indigenous language immersion schools in the United States . Modelled after the M\u0101ori language K\u014dhanga reo of New Zealand , they provide preschool aged children the opportunity to engage in early education through a Hawaiian language medium , generally taught by elders . Graduates from the P\u016bnana Leo schools have achieved several measures of academic success in later life . As of 2006 , there were a total of eleven P\u016bnana Leo preschools , with locations on five of the islands .

\n

\n Transportation

\n See also : Hawaii Department of Transportation , List of airports in Hawaii , and Aviation in Hawaii The main welcome sign for Honolulu Airport .

\n A system of state highways encircles each main island . Only O\u02bbahu has federal highways , and is the only area outside the contiguous 48 states to have signed Interstate highways . Narrow , winding roads and congestion in populated places can slow traffic . Each major island has a public bus system .

\n

\n Honolulu International Airport ( IATA : HNL ) , which shares runways with the adjacent Hickam Field ( IATA : HIK ) , is the major commercial aviation hub of Hawaii . The commercial aviation airport offers intercontinental service to North America , Asia , Australia and Oceania . Hawaiian Airlines , Mokulele Airlines and go ! use jets to provide services between the large airports in Honolulu , L\u012bhu \u02bbe , Kahului , Kona and Hilo . Island Air and Pacific Wings serve smaller airports . These airlines also provide air freight services between the islands . On May 30 , 2017 , the airport was officially renamed as the Daniel K. Inouye International Airport ( HNL ) , after U.S. Senator Daniel K. Inouye .

\n

\n Until air passenger services began in the 1920s , private boats were the sole means of traveling between the islands . Seaflite operated hydrofoils between the major islands in the mid-1970s .

\n

\n The Hawaii Superferry operated between O\u02bbahu and Maui between December 2007 and March 2009 , with additional routes planned for other islands . Protests and legal problems over environmental impact statements ended the service , though the company operating Superferry has expressed a wish to recommence ferry services in the future . Currently there are passenger ferry services in Maui County between Moloka \u02bbi and Maui , and between Lana \u02bbi and Maui , though neither of these take vehicles . Currently Norwegian Cruise Lines and Princess Cruises provide passenger cruise ship services between the larger islands .

\n

\n Rail

\n

\n At one time Hawaii had a network of railroads on each of the larger islands that transported farm commodities and passengers . Most were 3 ft ( 914 mm ) narrow gauge systems but there were some 2 ft 6 in ( 762 mm ) gauge on some of the smaller islands . The standard gauge in the U.S. is 4 ft 8 \u2044 in ( 1,435 mm ) . By far the largest railroad was the Oahu Railway and Land Company ( OR&L ) that ran lines from Honolulu across the western and northern part of Oahu .

\n

\n The OR&L was important for moving troops and goods during World War II . Traffic on this line was busy enough for signals to be used to facilitate movement of trains and to require wigwag signals at some railroad crossings for the protection of motorists . The main line was officially abandoned in 1947 , although part of it was bought by the U.S. Navy and operated until 1970 . Thirteen miles ( 21 km ) of track remain ; preservationists occasionally run trains over a portion of this line . The Honolulu High - Capacity Transit Corridor Project aims to add elevated passenger rail on Oahu to relieve highway congestion .

\n

\n Governance

\n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n The Hawaii State Legislature convenes at the Hawaii State Capitol .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n The Supreme Court of Hawaii is housed within Ali \u02bbi\u014dlani Hale .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n The Governor of Hawaii officially resides at Washington Place .
\n
\n The \u02bbIolani Palace in Honolulu , formerly the residence of the Hawaiian monarch , was the capitol of the Republic of Hawaii .

\n Political subdivisions and local government

\n See also : List of counties in Hawaii

\n The movement of the Hawaiian royal family from Hawai \u02bbi Island to Maui , and subsequently to O\u02bbahu , explains the modern - day distribution of population centers . Kamehameha III chose the largest city , Honolulu , as his capital because of its natural harbor -- the present - day Honolulu Harbor . Now the state capital , Honolulu is located along the southeast coast of O\u02bbahu . The previous capital was Lahaina , Maui , and before that Kailua - Kona , Hawai \u02bbi . Some major towns are Hilo ; K\u0101ne \u02bbohe ; Kailua ; Pearl City ; Waipahu ; Kahului ; Kailua - Kona . K\u012bhei ; and L\u012bhu \u02bbe .

\n

\n Hawaii comprises five counties : the City and County of Honolulu , Hawaii County , Maui County , Kauai County , and Kalawao County .

\n

\n Hawaii has the fewest local governments among U.S. states . Unique to this state is the lack of municipal governments . All local governments are generally administered at the county level . The only incorporated area in the state is Honolulu County , a consolidated city -- county that governs the entire island of Oahu . County executives are referred to as mayors ; these are the Mayor of Hawaii County , Mayor of Honolulu , Mayor of Kaua \u02bbi , and the Mayor of Maui . The mayors are all elected in nonpartisan elections . Kalawao County has no elected government , and as mentioned above there are no local school districts and instead all local public education is administered at the state level by the Hawaii Department of Education . The remaining local governments are special districts .

\n

\n State government

\n

\n The state government of Hawaii is modeled after the federal government with adaptations originating from the kingdom era of Hawaiian history . As codified in the Constitution of Hawaii , there are three branches of government : executive , legislative and judicial . The executive branch is led by the Governor of Hawaii , who is assisted by the Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii , both of whom are elected on the same ticket . The governor is the only state public official elected statewide ; all others are appointed by the governor . The lieutenant governor acts as the Secretary of State . The governor and lieutenant governor oversee twenty agencies and departments from offices in the State Capitol . The official residence of the governor is Washington Place .

\n Further information : Category : State agencies of Hawaii

\n The legislative branch consists of the bicameral Hawaii State Legislature , which is composed of the 51 - member Hawaii House of Representatives led by the Speaker of the House , and the 25 - member Hawaii Senate led by the President of the Senate . The Legislature meets at the State Capitol . The unified judicial branch of Hawaii is the Hawaii State Judiciary . The state 's highest court is the Supreme Court of Hawaii , which uses Ali \u02bbi\u014dlani Hale as its chambers .

\n

\n Federal government

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Hawaii 's congressional delegation
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Senator Brian Schatz
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Senator Mazie Hirono
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Representative Colleen Hanabusa ( HI - 1 )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Representative Tulsi Gabbard ( HI - 2 )
\n
\n 115th United States Congress
\n

\n Hawaii is represented in the United States Congress by two senators and two representatives . As of 2016 , all four seats are held by Democrats . Colleen Hanabusa won a special election for the 1st congressional district representing southeastern Oahu , including central Honolulu , on November 8 , 2016 to finish the term of Rep. Mark Takai who died July 20 , 2016 . Tulsi Gabbard represents the 2nd congressional district , representing the rest of the state , which is largely rural and semi-rural .

\n

\n Brian Schatz is the senior United States Senator from Hawaii . He was appointed to the office on December 26 , 2012 , by Governor Neil Abercrombie , following the death of former senator Daniel Inouye . The state 's junior senator is Mazie Hirono , the former representative from the second congressional district . Hirono is the first female Asian American senator and the first Buddhist senator . Hawaii incurred the biggest seniority shift between the 112th and 113th Congresses . The state went from a delegation consisting of senators who were first and twenty - first in seniority to their respective replacements , relative newcomers Schatz and Hirono .

\n

\n Federal officials in Hawaii are based at the Prince K\u016bhi\u014d Federal Building near the Aloha Tower and Honolulu Harbor . The Federal Bureau of Investigation , Internal Revenue Service and the Secret Service maintain their offices there ; the building is also the site of the federal District Court for the District of Hawaii and the United States Attorney for the District of Hawaii .

\n

\n Politics

\n See also : Politics of Hawaii , Political party strength in Hawaii , and Hawaiian sovereignty movement \n Gubernatorial election results \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Democratic \n Republican
\n 1959 \n 48.7 % 82,074 \n 51.1 % 86,213
\n 1962 \n 58.3 % 114,308 \n 41.7 % 81,707
\n 1966 \n 51.1 % 108,840 \n 48.9 % 104,324
\n 1970 \n 57.7 % 137,812 \n 42.4 % 101,249
\n \n 54.6 % 136,262 \n 45.4 % 113,388
\n 1978 \n 54.5 % 153,394 \n 44.3 % 124,610
\n 1982 \n 45.2 % 141,043 \n 26.1 % 81,507
\n 1986 \n 52.0 % 173,655 \n 48.0 % 160,460
\n 1990 \n 59.8 % 203,491 \n 38.6 % 131,310
\n \n 36.6 % 134,978 \n 29.2 % 107,908
\n 1998 \n 50.1 % 204,206 \n 48.8 % 198,952
\n 2002 \n 47.0 % 179,647 \n 51.6 % 197,009
\n 2006 \n 35.4 % 121,717 \n 62.5 % 215,313
\n \n 57.8 % 222,724 \n 40.8 % 157,311
\n 2014 \n 49.0 % 181,106 \n 36.7 % 135,775
\n \n Presidential election results \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Democratic \n Republican
\n 1960 \n 50.0 % 92,410 \n 50.0 % 92,295
\n 1964 \n 78.8 % 163,249 \n 21.2 % 44,022
\n 1968 \n 59.8 % 141,324 \n 38.7 % 91,425
\n 1972 \n 37.5 % 101,409 \n 62.4 % 168,865
\n 1976 \n 50.6 % 147,375 \n 48.1 % 140,003
\n 1980 \n 44.8 % 135,879 \n 42.9 % 130,112
\n 1984 \n 43.8 % 147,154 \n 55.1 % 185,050
\n \n 54.3 % 192,364 \n 44.8 % 158,625
\n \n 48.1 % 179,310 \n 36.7 % 136,822
\n \n 56.9 % 205,012 \n 31.6 % 113,943
\n 2000 \n 55.8 % 205,286 \n 37.5 % 137,845
\n \n 54.0 % 231,708 \n 45.3 % 194,191
\n 2008 \n 71.9 % 325,871 \n 26.6 % 120,566
\n 2012 \n 70.6 % 306,658 \n 27.8 % 121,015
\n 2016 \n 61.0 % 266,891 \n 29.4 % 128,847
\n Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election .

\n Since gaining statehood and participating in its first election in 1960 , Hawaii has supported Democrats in all but two presidential elections ; 1972 and 1984 , both of which were landslide victories for Republicans Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan respectively . In Hawaii 's statehood tenure , only Minnesota has supported Republican candidates fewer times in presidential elections .

\n

\n Hawaii has n't elected a Republican to represent the state in the U.S. Senate since Hiram Fong in 1970 ; since 1977 , both of the state 's U.S. Senators have been Democrats .

\n

\n In 2004 , John Kerry won the state 's four electoral votes by a margin of nine percentage points with 54 % of the vote . Every county supported the Democratic candidate . In 1964 , favorite son candidate senator Hiram Fong of Hawaii sought the Republican presidential nomination , while Patsy Mink ran in the Oregon primary in 1972 .

\n

\n Honolulu - born Barack Obama , then serving as United States Senator from Illinois , was elected the 44th President of the United States on November 4 , 2008 and was re-elected for a second term on November 6 , 2012 . Obama had won the Hawaii Democratic caucus on February 19 , 2008 , with 76 % of the vote . He was the third Hawaii - born candidate to seek the nomination of a major party and the first presidential nominee from Hawaii .

\n

\n Legal status of Hawaii

\n Main article : Legal status of Hawaii

\n While Hawaii is internationally recognized as a state of the United States while also being broadly accepted as such in mainstream understanding , the legality of this status has been raised in U.S. District Court , the U.N. , and other international forums . Domestically , the debate is a topic covered in the Kamehameha Schools curriculum , and in classes at the University of Hawai\u02bbi at M\u0101noa . On September 29 , 2015 the Department of the Interior announced a procedure to recognize a Native Hawaiian government .

\n

\n Hawaiian sovereignty movement

\n Main article : Hawaiian sovereignty movement

\n Political organizations seeking some form of sovereignty for Hawaii have been active since the 1880s . Generally , their focus is on self - determination and self - governance , either for Hawaii as an independent nation ( in many proposals , for `` Hawaiian nationals '' descended from subjects of the Hawaiian Kingdom or declaring themselves as such by choice ) , or for people of whole or part native Hawaiian ancestry in an indigenous `` nation to nation '' relationship akin to tribal sovereignty with US federal recognition of Native Hawaiians . A 2005 Grassroot Institute poll found the majority of Hawaiian residents opposed the Akaka Bill .

\n

\n The Hawaiian sovereignty movement generally views the overthrow of Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893 and its subsequent annexation by the United States as illegal , and seeks some form of greater autonomy for Hawaii , such as free association or independence from the United States .

\n

\n Some groups also advocate some form of redress from the United States for the 1893 overthrow of Queen Lili \u02bbuokalani , and for what is described as a prolonged military occupation beginning with the 1898 annexation . The Apology Resolution passed by US Congress in 1993 is cited as a major impetus by the movement for Hawaiian sovereignty . The sovereignty movement considers Hawaii to be an illegally occupied nation .

\n

\n Gallery of satellite views and landmarks

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Islands of Hawai \u02bbi
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Hawai \u02bbi -- 4,028.2 square miles ( 10,433 km )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Maui -- 727.3 square miles ( 1,884 km )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Kaho \u02bbolawe -- 44.6 square miles ( 116 km )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n L\u0101na \u02bbi -- 140.5 square miles ( 364 km )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Moloka \u02bbi -- 260 square miles ( 670 km )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n O\u02bbahu -- 598 square miles ( 1,550 km )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Kaua \u02bbi -- 552.3 square miles ( 1,430 km )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Ni \u02bbihau -- 70 square miles ( 180 km )
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Landmarks
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n \u02bbIolani Palace . Honolulu , O\u02bbahu .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n The Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum . Honolulu , O\u02bbahu .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n The U.S.S. Arizona Memorial . Pearl Harbor , O\u02bbahu .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Hana Belt Road . Between Haik\u016b and K\u012bpahulu , Maui .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n M\u0101noa Falls Trail . M\u0101noa , O\u02bbahu .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Statue of Kamehameha I , Ali \u02bbiolani Hale . Honolulu , O\u02bbahu .
\n
\n

\n See also

\n \n \n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Brodie , Carolyn S ; Goodrich , Debra ; Montgomery , Paula Kay ( 1996 ) . ( Hawaii , p. 81 , at Google Books The Bookmark Book ) Check url = value ( help ) . Englewood , Colo. : Libraries Unlimited . ISBN 9781563083006 . OCLC 34164045 . Retrieved August 5 , 2015 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Hawaii State Legislature . `` Haw. Rev. Stat. \u00a7 5 -- 9 ( State motto ) '' . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Hawaii State Legislature . `` Haw. Rev. Stat. \u00a7 5 -- 10 ( State song ) '' . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2003 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Summit USGS 1977 '' . NGS data sheet . U.S. National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ The summit of Mauna Kea is the highest point in Oceania . Mauna Kea is also the tallest mountain on Earth when measured from base to summit . The shield volcano sits on the floor of the Pacific Ocean at a depth of 5,998 meters ( 19,678 ft ) for a total height of 10,205.3 meters ( 33,482 ft )
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` 48 USC 3 Hawaii '' .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : Boeing , G. ( 2016 ) . `` Honolulu Rail Transit : International Lessons in Linking Form , Design , and Transportation '' . Planext. 2 : 28 -- 47 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ The legend of Hawaiiloa by Bruce Cartwright Archived July 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Origins of Hawaii 's Names '' . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2006 . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Pollex -- a reconstruction of the Proto - Polynesian lexicon , Biggs and Clark , 1994 . The asterisk preceding the word signifies that it is a reconstructed word form .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Pukui , Mary Kawena ; Elbert , Samuel H. ( 1986 ) . Hawaiian Dictionary . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 0703 - 0 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Pukui , Elbert , and Mookini 1974 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Article XV , Section 4 '' . The Constitution of the State of Hawaii . Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Article XV , Section 1 '' . The Constitution of the State of Hawaii . Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the State of Hawaii '' . The Constitution of the State of Hawaii . Hawaii Legislative Reference Bureau . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian language '' . Wow Polynesia . December 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaii : Image of the Day '' .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Blay , Chuck , and Siemers , Robert . Kauai ' 's Geologic History : A Simplified Guide . Kaua'i : TEOK Investigations , 2004 . ISBN 9780974472300 . ( Cited in `` Hawaiian Encyclopedia : The Islands '' . Retrieved June 20 , 2012. )
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Island of Hawai \u02bbi
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Maui Island
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : O\u02bbahu Island
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Kaua \u02bbi Island
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Moloka \u02bbi Island
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : L\u0101na \u02bbi Island
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Ni \u02bbihau Island
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System : Kaho \u02bbolawe Island
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` What constitutes the United States , what are the official definitions ? '' . United States Geological Survey . Retrieved July 3 , 2007 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Rubin , Ken . `` General Information about Hawaiian Shield Volcanoes '' . Retrieved 1 December 2009 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` Mauna Kea Volcano , Hawaii '' . Hvo.wr.usgs.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Unke , Beata ( 2001 ) . `` Height of the Tallest Mountain on Earth '' . The Physics Factbook .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` Youngest lava flows on East Maui probably older than A.D. 1790 '' . United States Geological Survey . September 9 , 1999 . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Living on Acive Volcanoes -- The Island of Hawaii , U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 074 - 97 '' . Pubs.usgs.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Swanson , D.A. ; Rausch , J ( 2008 ) . `` Human Footprints in Relation to the 1790 Eruption of K\u012blauea '' . American Geophysical Union . American Geophysical Union . 11 : 2022 . Bibcode : 2008AGUFM. V11B2022S .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` Largest islands of the world '' . Worldatlas.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Pacific Tsunami Warning Center ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` Tsunami Safety & Preparedness in Hawaii '' . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2009 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Le Bas , T.P. ( 2007 ) . `` Slope Failures on the Flanks of Southern Cape Verde Islands '' . In Lykousis , Vasilios . Submarine mass movements and their consequences : 3rd international symposium . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 6511 - 8 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Mitchell , N. ( 2003 ) . `` Susceptibility of mid-ocean ridge volcanic islands and seamounts to large scale landsliding '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 108 : 1 -- 23 . Bibcode : 2003JGRB ... 108.2397 M . doi : 10.1029 / 2002jb001997 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Howard Youth . `` Hawaii 's Forest Birds Sing the Blues '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2007 . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian Native Plant Propagation Database '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Stephen Buchmann ; Gary Paul Nabhan ( June 22 , 2012 ) . The Forgotten Pollinators . ISBN 9781597269087 . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaii '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Joshua Reichert and Theodore Roosevelt IV ( June 15 , 2006 ) . `` Treasure Islands '' . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2006 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian Islands : Image of the Day '' . Earthobservatory.nasa.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2010 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Climate of Hawaii '' . Prh.noaa.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 .
    49. \n
  49. \n ^ Jump up to : `` State Climate Extremes Committee ( SCEC ) '' . US National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , National Centers for Environmental Information . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` United States Code : Title 20 , 7512 . Findings LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaii State Government '' . Netstate.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Kirch , Patrick Vinton ( 1989 ) . The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms . Cambridge University Press . pp. 77 -- 79 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 27316 - 1 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ West , Barbara A. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania . Infobase Publishing . p. 270 . ISBN 1438119135 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Kane , Herb Kawainui ( 1996 ) . `` The Manila Galleons '' . In Bob Dye . Hawaii Chronicles : Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine . I. Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . pp. 25 -- 32 . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1829 - 6 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ `` Ruy L\u00f3pez de Villalobos ( descubridor de Hawai ) '' . heroesdehispania.blogspot.se ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ By Oliver , Douglas L. ( 1989 ) . The Pacific Islands . University of Hawaii Press . p. 45 . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1233 - 6
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Coulter , John Wesley ( 1964 ) . `` Great Britain in Hawaii : The Captain Cook Monument '' . The Geographical Journal . 130 ( 2 ) : 256 . doi : 10.2307 / 1794586 . JSTOR 1794586 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawai\u02bbi Nature Notes '' . Hawaii National Park . June 1959 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` The Name Owyhee '' ( PDF ) . Idaho State Historical Society . August 1964 . Retrieved January 1 , 2015 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Stanley D. Porteus , Calabashes and Kings : An Introduction to Hawaii . Kessinger Publishing , 2005 ; p. 17
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Kuykendall . The Hawaiian Kingdom Volume I : Foundation and Transformation . p. 18 . Cook 's plan was to get the king on board the Resolution and keep him there until the stolen boat was returned -- a plan that had been effective under similar circumstances in the south Pacific .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Hawaii at Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ United States Congress Senate United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs ( 1993 -- ) U.S.G.P.O. , 2000 ( 2000 ) . To express the policy of the United States regarding the United States ' relationship with Native Hawaiians , and for other purposes : report ( to accompany S. 2899 ) . Washington , D.C. p. 7 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` Migration and Disease '' . Digital History . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2007 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Fry , Kathie . `` Kamehameha Dynasty '' . Hawaii for Visitors . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ MacDonald , Margaret Read ( 2013 - 12 - 16 ) . Traditional Storytelling Today : An International Sourcebook . Routledge . p. 165 . ISBN 9781135917142 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Diamond , Heather A. ( 200 8 - 01 - 01 ) . American Aloha : Cultural Tourism and the Negotiation of Tradition . University of Hawaii Press . p. 15 . ISBN 9780824831714 . Check date values in : date = ( help )
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` Ho'oilina Legacy Collection '' . hooilina.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Goucher , Candice ; Walton , Linda ( 2013 - 03 - 12 ) . World History : Journeys from Past to Present . Routledge . p. 572 . ISBN 9781135088293 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Schmitt , Robert C. `` Religious Statistics of Hawaii , 1825 -- 1972 '' ( PDF ) ( Typographical error in `` 1950 '' , meant to be `` 1850 '' ) . p. 43 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Education , University of Michigan School of ( 1947 - 01 - 01 ) . Studies in the History of American Education . UM Libraries . p. 5 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Martin , Dr Kathleen J. ( 2013 - 06 - 28 ) . Indigenous Symbols and Practices in the Catholic Church : Visual Culture , Missionization and Appropriation . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 89 . ISBN 9781409480655 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ `` Ulukau : The Hawaiian kingdom , vol. 3 , 1874 -- 1893 , The Kalakaua dynasty '' . www.ulukau.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` Ulukau : The Hawaiian kingdom , vol. 3 , 1874 -- 1893 , The Kalakaua dynasty '' . www.ulukau.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 .
    75. \n
  75. \n ^ Jump up to : Russ , William Adam ( 1992 ) . The Hawaiian Revolution ( 1893 -- 94 ) . Associated University Presses . p. 350 . ISBN 0 - 945636 - 43 - 1 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Kuykendall , R.S. ( 1967 ) . The Hawaiian Kingdom , 1874 -- 1893 . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . p. 648 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Kinzer , Stephen ( 2006 ) . Overthrow : America 's Century of Regime Change From Hawaii to Iraq . Times Books . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 7861 - 4 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ `` Rush Limbaugh Sounds Off on Akaka Bill '' . Hawaii Reporter . August 18 , 2005 .
    79. \n
  79. \n ^ Jump up to : Fein , Bruce ( June 6 , 2005 ) . `` Hawaii Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand '' ( PDF ) . Honolulu : Grassroot Institute of Hawaii . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ `` 1897 Hawaii Annexation Treaty '' . The Morgan Report . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` Anti-annexation petitions -- Page 1 '' . Libweb.hawaii.edu . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Dyke , Jon M. Van ( 2008 - 01 - 01 ) . Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai_i ? . University of Hawaii Press . p. 209 . ISBN 9780824832117 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` Sacramento Daily Union 16 June 1898 -- California Digital Newspaper Collection '' . cdnc.ucr.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ samuelson . `` Annexation Timeline -- of the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii '' . hrmakahinui.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ USA , IBP ( 2009 - 03 - 20 ) . US : Hawaii Investment and Business Guide Volume 1 Strategic and Practical Information . Lulu.com . p. 16 . ISBN 9781438721880 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Statehood -- Honolulu Star - Bulletin by HAWAII : Honolulu , Hawaii No binding -- Seth Kaller Inc '' . www.abebooks.co.uk ( in en_GB ) . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link )
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ Jennifer Ludden. `` 1965 immigration law changed face of America '' . NPR . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Red States Outnumber Blue for First Time in Gallup Tracking '' . gallup.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ ( 2016 election result -- Politico )
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ Boundless ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Red States vs. Blue States '' . boundless.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ `` 2012 Presidential Race -- Election Results by State -- NBC News '' . nbcnews.com . December 2 , 2011 . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ Video : Aloha Hawaii . islanders Celebrate Long - Sought Statehood , 1959 / 03 / 16 ( 1959 ) . Universal Newsreel. 1959 . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ `` Commemorating 50 Years of Statehood '' . archive.lingle.hawaii.gov . State of Hawaii . March 18 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . On June 27 , 1959 , a plebiscite was held to allow Hawaii residents to ratify the congressional vote for statehood . The ' yes for statehood ' garnered 94.3 percent ( 132,773 votes ) while the ' no ' ballots totaled 5.7 percent ( 7,971 votes ) .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian Encyclopedia : Population and Visitor Statistics '' . Hawaiianencyclopedia.com . July 1 , 2002 . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 .
    95. \n
  95. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2015 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas : Bright Lights , Big City , Small Town '' . State of the Reunion . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaii 's ninth island offers everything we need '' . Honolulu Advertiser . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Quickfacts '' . Quickfacts.census.gov . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data -- 2010 Census '' . 2010 Census . Washington , DC : U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ `` Average life expectancy at birth by state '' . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2010 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ `` Active Duty Military Personnel Strengths by Regional Area and by Country ( 309A ) '' ( PDF ) . Department of Defense . September 30 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ Linda K. Menton ; Eileen Tamura ( 1999 ) . A History of Hawaii , Student Book . CRDG . p. 92 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ `` Resident Population Data -- 2010 Census '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved April 16 , 2011 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaii QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . State and County QuickFacts . Washington , DC : U.S. Census Bureau . January 17 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 .
    105. \n
  105. \n ^ Jump up to : Population Division , Laura K. Yax . `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ `` Population of Hawaii : Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map , Demographics , Statistics , Quick Facts '' . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2014 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ Center for New Media and Promotions ( C2PO ) . `` 2010 Census Data '' .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ Bureau , U.S. Census . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . census.gov . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ Exner , Rich ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer .
    110. \n
  110. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data '' . US Census Bureau . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ `` Race Reporting for the Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population by Selected Categories : 2010 '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved April 29 , 2013 .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaii -- Race and Hispanic Origin : 1900 to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ `` California 's Hispanic population projected to outnumber white in 2014 '' . Reuters . January 31 , 2013 .
    114. \n
  114. \n ^ Jump up to : American FactFinder , United States Census Bureau . `` Hawaii -- ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates : 2008 '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ Williams , Charles ( 1832 ) ( 1828 ) . The missionary gazetteer : comprising a geographical and statistical account ... CIHM / ICMH microfiche series , no . 35042 ( also ATLA monograph preservation program ; ATLA fiche 1988 -- 3226 ) . BB Edwards ( America ed . ) . Boston , MA : W. Hyde & Co. p. 424 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 665 - 35042 - 9 . OCLC 657191416 , 718098082 , 719990067 , 680518873 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ Goto , Junichi ( April 2007 ) . `` Latin Americans of Japanese Origin ( Nikkeijin ) Working in Japan -- A Survey '' ( PDF ) . Documents & Reports -- All Documents The World Bank . Washington , DC : World Bank . pp. 5 , 48 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ `` + Hawaii Alive Realms : Wao Lani + '' . Hawaii Alive . Honolulu , HI : Bishop Museum . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ Hoffman , Frederic L. ( September 1899 ) . `` The Portuguese Population in the United States '' . Publications of the American Statistical Association . Alexandria , VA : American Statistical Association . 6 ( 47 ) : 327 -- 336 . doi : 10.2307 / 2276463 . JSTOR 2276463 . OCLC 11137237 . ( subscription required ) See pp. 332 -- 33 .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ L\u00f3pez , Iris ( May 3 , 2006 ) . `` Puerto Ricans in Hawaii '' . In Ruiz , Vicki L. ; Korrol , Virginia S\u00e1nchez . Latinas in the United States : A Historical Encyclopedia . Gale Virtual Reference Library . 2 . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press . pp. 591 -- 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34680 - 3 . OCLC 74671044 , 748855661 , 756540171 . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 .
    120. \n
  120. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Language Map Data Center '' . Mla.org . July 17 , 2007 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ `` Layouts : Hawaiian ( haw ) '' . unicode.org . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 .
    122. \n
  122. \n ^ Jump up to : Lyovin , Anatole V. ( 1997 ) . An Introduction to the Languages of the World . New York : Oxford University Press , Inc . pp. 257 -- 58 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 508116 - 1 .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English for the Population 5 Years and Over for the United States : 2006 -- 2008 '' ( MS - Excel Spreadsheet ) . American Community Survey Data on Language Use . Washington , DC : U.S. Census Bureau . April 2010 . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ Sch\u00fctz , Albert J. ( 1994 ) . The Voices of Eden : A History of Hawaiian Language Studies . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . pp. 334 -- 36 ; 338 20n . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1637 - 4 .
    125. \n
  125. \n Jump up ^ Elbert & Pukui ( 1979 : 35 -- 36 )
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ Kimura , Larry ; Pila , Wilson ( 1983 ) . `` Native Hawaiian Culture '' . Native Hawaiian Study Commission Minority Report . Washington : United States Department of Interior . pp. 173 -- 203 ( 185 ) .
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . www.thearda.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 .
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ `` LDS Newsroom Statistical Information '' . Newsroom.lds.org . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2008 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 .
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives -- Maps & Reports '' .
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ `` State of Hawaii Data Book 2000 , Section 1 Population , Table 1.47 '' . Hawaii.gov . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 .
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ `` Survey shows partial picture '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . September 21 , 2002 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 .
    132. \n
  132. \n Jump up ^ `` U.S. Religious Landscape Study -- Religious composition of adults in Hawaii '' .
    133. \n
  133. \n Jump up ^ `` National Vital Statistics Reports Births : Final Data for 2013 '' ( PDF ) . January 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help )
    134. \n
  134. \n Jump up ^ `` National Vital Statistics Reports Births : Final Data for 2014 '' ( PDF ) . December 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help )
    135. \n
  135. \n Jump up ^ `` National Vital Statistics Reports Births : Final Data for 2015 '' ( PDF ) . January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help )
    136. \n
  136. \n Jump up ^ Xian , Kathryn and Brent Anbe ( Directors ) ( 2001 ) . Ke K\u016blana He M\u0101h\u016b : Remembering a Sense of Place ( DVD ) .
    137. \n
  137. \n Jump up ^ Gates , Gary J. ; Newport , Frank ( February 15 , 2013 ) . `` LGBT Percentage Highest in D.C. , Lowest in North Dakota '' . Gallup , Inc . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 .
    138. \n
  138. \n Jump up ^ Gates , Gary J. ; Newport , Frank ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` An Estimated 780,000 Americans in Same - Sex Marriages '' . Gallup , Inc . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 .
    139. \n
  139. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Senate passes gay marriage bill '' . USA Today . November 13 , 2013 .
    140. \n
  140. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaii sandalwood trade '' . Hawaiihistory.org . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 .
    141. \n
  141. \n Jump up ^ `` Whaling in Hawaii '' . Hawaiihistory.org . June 16 , 1999 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 .
    142. \n
  142. \n Jump up ^ `` Per capita GDF by year '' . State of Hawaii . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 .
    143. \n
  143. \n Jump up ^ `` A History of Honey Bees in the Hawaiian Islands '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 .
    144. \n
  144. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaii honeybees vie for most valuable export '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2011 .
    145. \n
  145. \n Jump up ^ McAvoy , Audrey ( April 19 , 2014 ) . `` Hawaii is genetically engineered crop flash point '' . ap.org . Associated Press . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 .
    146. \n
  146. \n Jump up ^ Pollack , Andrew ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Unease in Hawaii 's Cornfields '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 .
    147. \n
  147. \n Jump up ^ `` Local Area Unemployment Statistics '' . www.bls.gov . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 .
    148. \n
  148. \n Jump up ^ `` Study : Military spent $12 B in Hawaii in 2009 '' . Military Times . Associated Press . June 1 , 2011 .
    149. \n
  149. \n Jump up ^ Frank , Robert . `` Top states for millionaires per capita '' . CNBC . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 .
    150. \n
  150. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Honolulu Star - Bulletin Hawaii News '' . Starbulletin.com . November 30 , 2006 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 .
    151. \n
  151. \n Jump up ^ `` Cost of Living Wizard '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2008 .
    152. \n
  152. \n Jump up ^ `` FreeShipping.org '' .
    153. \n
  153. \n Jump up ^ Chesto , Jon ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` House bill aims to address state 's power shortfall '' ( February 8 , 2015 ) . The Boston Globe .
    154. \n
  154. \n Jump up ^ `` Historic Housing Values '' . www.census.gov .
    155. \n
  155. \n Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Median Prices '' . Realtor.org . February 15 , 2005 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 .
    156. \n
  156. \n Jump up ^ `` Keeping up with the Jones Act '' . Hawaii Business Magazine . Honolulu , HI : PacificBasin Communications . August 2012 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2012 . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 .
    157. \n
  157. \n Jump up ^ Philips , Matthew ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. Law Restricting Foreign Ships Leads to Higher Gas Prices '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . New York , NY : Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved March 14 , 2014 .
    158. \n
  158. \n Jump up ^ Lynch , Russ ( April 4 , 1997 ) . `` U.S. - only shipping rule praised , blasted ; Backers and foes of the Jones Act make their case before the Legislature '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Honolulu , HI : Black Press Group Ltd . ISSN 0439 - 5271 . OCLC 9188300 , 433678262 , 232117605 , 2268098 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 .
    159. \n
  159. \n Jump up ^ Slom , Sam ( 2012 ) . `` SR11. DOC '' . Hawaii State Legislature . Honolulu , HI : Hawaii State Legislature . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . 2012 resolution introduced requesting Congress to exempt Hawaii , Alaska , Guam , and Puerto Rico from the Jones Act .
    160. \n
  160. \n Jump up ^ Unterberger , pp. 465 -- 73
    161. \n
  161. \n Jump up ^ Manuel , pp. 236 -- 41
    162. \n
  162. \n Jump up ^ Kamakawiwo , Israel ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Israel Kamakawiwo'ole : The Voice Of Hawaii '' . NPR . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 .
    163. \n
  163. \n Jump up ^ Hawaii State DBEDT ( 2003 ) . `` Overview of All Visitors '' ( PDF ) . Summary of 2003 Visitors to Hawaii : 2 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 .
    164. \n
  164. \n Jump up ^ Hawaii.gov . `` Tourism stats '' ( PDF ) .
    165. \n
  165. \n Jump up ^ `` Merrie Monarch Festival 2005 '' . The Honolulu Advertiser . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 .
    166. \n
  166. \n Jump up ^ Nelson , Shane ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` Hawaii International Film Festival : Kinship through cinema '' . Travel Weekly . Secaucus , NJ : Northstar Travel Media . OCLC 60626324 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 .
    167. \n
  167. \n Jump up ^ `` 19th Annual Honolulu Rainbow Film Festival at Doris Duke Theatre : Honolulu Hawaii Nightlife Event Guide '' . Hnlnow.com . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 .
    168. \n
  168. \n Jump up ^ `` Honolulu Star - Bulletin Features '' . Archives.starbulletin.com . May 29 , 2001 . Retrieved November 5 , 2011 .
    169. \n
  169. \n Jump up ^ `` Two - Thirds Of Hawaii Schools Do Not Meet Requirements -- Education News Story -- KITV Honolulu '' . Thehawaiichannel.com . August 18 , 2005 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2007 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 .
    170. \n
  170. \n Jump up ^ Honolulu Advertiser , August 17 , 2005 , p . B1
    171. \n
  171. \n Jump up ^ `` News -- Official 2011 -- 12 Public and Charter School Enrollment '' . Hawaii Public Schools . Honolulu , HI : Hawai'i Department of Education . October 12 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 .
    172. \n
  172. \n Jump up ^ Jordan , Cynthia ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Private School Enrollment Report 2011 -- 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Hawaii Association of Independent Schools . Honolulu , HI : Hawaii Association of Independent Schools . p. 3 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 .
    173. \n
  173. \n Jump up ^ Hussar , William J. ; Bailey , Tabitha M. ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Projections of Education Statistics to 2018 '' ( PDF ) . National Center for Education Statistics ( NCES ) Home Page , a part of the U.S. Department of Education . Washington , DC : National Center for Education Statistics . p. 6 ( 22 out of 68 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2012 .
    174. \n
  174. \n Jump up ^ `` Kamehameha Schools 2013 -- 2014 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 .
    175. \n
  175. \n Jump up ^ Ishibasha , Koren ( November 2005 ) . `` Official Enrollment '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2009 .
    176. \n
  176. \n Jump up ^ `` Department of Transportation - Hawaii 's biggest airport officially renamed Daniel K. Inouye International Airport '' . hidot.hawaii.gov .
    177. \n
  177. \n Jump up ^ Horvat , William J. `` Inter-Island Airways / Hawaiian Airlines -- Hawaii Aviation '' . Hawaii 's Aviation History . Honolulu , HI : State of Hawaii . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 .
    178. \n
  178. \n Jump up ^ Cataluna , Lee ( December 23 , 2005 ) . `` Nothing Smooth On Seaflite '' . The Honolulu Advertiser .
    179. \n
  179. \n Jump up ^ `` Aloha , Superferry Alakai leaves Hawaii to find job '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Honolulu , HI : Black Press Group Ltd . March 29 , 2009 . ISSN 0439 - 5271 . OCLC 9188300 , 433678262 , 232117605 , 2268098 .
    180. \n
  180. \n Jump up ^ `` Maui Molokai Ferry on Molokai Princess and Maui Princess '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 .
    181. \n
  181. \n Jump up ^ `` Expeditions : Maui -- Lana\u02bbi Ferry Service '' . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 .
    182. \n
  182. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Cruises Cruise Overview Hawaii Cruises Cruise Destinations & Vacation Packages '' . Norwegian Cruise Line . Miami - Dade County , FL : Norwegian Cruise Line . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 .
    183. \n
  183. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaii , Tahiti , & South Pacific Cruises '' . Princess Cruises . Santa Clarita , CA : Princess Cruises . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 .
    184. \n
  184. \n ^ Jump up to : Norton Jr. , Victor ; Treiber , Gale E. ( 2005 ) . Hawaiian Railway Album -- WW II Photographs Vol 2 . Hanover , PA : Railroad Press .
    185. \n
  185. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Number of Local Governments by Type '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 .
    186. \n
  186. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Hawaii '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 .
    187. \n
  187. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaii 's 4 ( or 5 ) Counties '' . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 .
    188. \n
  188. \n Jump up ^ `` About Tulsi '' . gabbard.house.gov . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 .
    189. \n
  189. \n Jump up ^ Blackwell , Sarah ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` msnbc 's The Daily Rundown , 23 December 2009 , accessed 6 January 2012 '' . nbcnews.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 .
    190. \n
  190. \n ^ Jump up to : Leip , David . `` General Election Results -- Hawaii '' . United States Election Atlas . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 .
    191. \n
  191. \n Jump up ^ Kaste , Martin ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` Can A Republican Win A Senate Seat In Blue Hawaii ? '' . NPR . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 .
    192. \n
  192. \n Jump up ^ Bernstein , Adam ( August 19 , 2004 ) . `` Hiram Fong Dies ; One of First Hawaiian Senators '' . Washington Post . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 .
    193. \n
  193. \n Jump up ^ Rudin , Ken ( December 23 , 2009 ) . `` NPR 's Political Junkie '' . Npr.org . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 .
    194. \n
  194. \n Jump up ^ `` Asian Writer Ponders First Asian President Too '' . Npr.org . October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 .
    195. \n
  195. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaiian Kingdom -- David Keanu Sai v. Barack Obama , et al '' .
    196. \n
  196. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawai'i and the United Nations '' . Cultural Survival .
    197. \n
  197. \n Jump up ^ Umi Perkins . `` Maori and Native Hawaiian Education '' .
    198. \n
  198. \n Jump up ^ University of Hawaii at Manoa Retrieved November 24 , 2017 .
    199. \n
  199. \n Jump up ^ Lauer , Nancy Cook ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Interior Department announces procedure for Native Hawaiian recognition '' . Oahu Publications . West Hawaii Today . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 .
    200. \n
  200. \n Jump up ^ `` Interior Proposes Path for Re-Establishing Government - to - Government Relationship with Native Hawaiian Community '' . Department of the Interior . Office of the Secretary of the Department of the interior . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 .
    201. \n
  201. \n Jump up ^ `` Recent Survey of Hawaii residents shows two out of three oppose Akaka bill '' . new.grassrootinstitute.org . Honolulu , HI : Grassroot Institute . 2015 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 .
    202. \n
  202. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Rape of Paradise : The Second Century Hawai'ians Grope Toward Sovereignty As The U.S. President Apologizes '' , Perceptions Magazine , March / April 1996 , p. 18 - 25
    203. \n
  203. \n ^ Jump up to : Grass , Michael ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` As Feds Hold Hearings , Native Hawaiians Press Sovereignty Claims '' . Government Executive . Government Executive . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 .
    204. \n
  204. \n Jump up ^ United States Social Forum . Book Committee ( 2010 ) . The United States Social Forum : Perspectives of a Movement . Lulu.com . p. 294 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 557 - 32373 - 9 .
    205. \n
  205. \n Jump up ^ Aran Alton Ardaiz ( 2008 ) . Hawaii -- The Fake State . Trafford Publishing . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 7524 - 5 .
    206. \n
  206. \n Jump up ^ United States Social Forum . Book Committee ( 2010 ) . The United States Social Forum : Perspectives of a Movement . Lulu.com . p. 294 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 557 - 32373 - 9 .
    207. \n
  207. \n Jump up ^ Aran Alton Ardaiz ( 2008 ) . Hawaii - The Fake State . Trafford Publishing . p. 153 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 7524 - 5 .
    208. \n
\n

\n Notes

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Local usage generally reserves Hawaiian as an ethnonym referring to Native Hawaiians . Hawaii resident is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity . Hawaii may also be used adjectivally . The Associated Press Stylebook , 42nd ed. ( 2007 ) , also prescribes this usage ( p. 112 ) .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ The \u02bbokina , which resembles an apostrophe and precedes the final i in Hawai \u02bbi , is a consonant in Hawaiian and phonetically represents the glottal stop / \u0294 / .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ For comparison , New Jersey -- which has 8,717,925 people in 7,417 square miles ( 19,210 km ) -- is the most - densely populated state in the Union with 1,134 people per square mile .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ English `` to be '' is often omitted in Pidgin . In contexts where `` to be '' is used in General American , `` to stay '' is preferred . `` To stay '' may have arisen due to an English calque of the Portuguese ser , estar , or ficar . Eh ? ( IPA : ( \u00e6\u0303\u02d0 \u02e7 \u02e6 ) ) is a tag question which may have roots in Japanese , which utilizes \u306d ( ne ? ) to emphasize a point that may be agreed upon by all parties , or may come from Portuguese n\u00e9 ? ( shortened from `` n\u00e3o \u00e9 ? '' ) , cf. French n'est - ce pas ? . Eh ? may also have come from English yeah .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Senator Inouye , who ranked first in seniority , died in December 2012 . Senator Daniel Akaka , who ranked 21st of the Senate 's one hundred members , retired in January 2013 after serving twenty - three years in the Senate .
    6. \n
\n

\n Bibliography

\n \n

\n External links

\n Find more aboutHawaiiat Wikipedia 's sister projects \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Preceded by Alaska \n List of U.S. states by date of statehood Admitted on August 21 , 1959 ( 50th ) \n Most recent
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide ) Topics related to Hawai \u02bbi
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n State of Hawaii
\n Honolulu ( capital )
\n Topics \n
    \n
  • \n Constitution
    • \n
  • \n Delegations
    • \n
  • \n Discovery and settlement
    • \n
  • \n Earthquakes
    • \n
  • \n Geography
    • \n
  • \n Government
    • \n
  • \n Hawaiianize
    • \n
  • \n History
    • \n
  • \n Islands
    • \n
  • \n \u02bb\u014clelo Hawai\u02bbi ( Hawaiian Language )
    • \n
  • \n K\u016b\u02bb\u0113 Petitions
    • \n
  • \n Music
    • \n
  • \n People
    • \n
  • \n State symbols
    • \n
  • \n Tourism
    • \n
  • \n Transportation
    • \n
  • \n Unification
    • \n
\n 		\n Seal of Hawaii
\n Society \n
    \n
  • \n Hawaiian architecture
    • \n
  • \n Crime
    • \n
  • \n Culture
    • \n
  • \n Demographics
    • \n
  • \n Economy
    • \n
  • \n Education
    • \n
  • \n Energy
    • \n
  • \n Folklore
    • \n
  • \n Media
    • \n
  • \n Politics
    • \n
  • \n Sports
    • \n
\n
\n Main Islands \n
    \n
  • \n Hawai \u02bbi
    • \n
  • \n Kaho \u02bbolawe
    • \n
  • \n Kaua \u02bbi
    • \n
  • \n L\u0101na \u02bbi
    • \n
  • \n Maui
    • \n
  • \n Moloka \u02bbi
    • \n
  • \n Ni \u02bbihau
    • \n
  • \n O\u02bbahu
    • \n
\n
\n Northwestern Islands \n
    \n
  • \n French Frigate Shoals
    • \n
  • \n Gardner
    • \n
  • \n Kure
    • \n
  • \n Laysan
    • \n
  • \n Lisianski
    • \n
  • \n Maro Reef
    • \n
  • \n Necker
    • \n
  • \n Nihoa
    • \n
  • \n Pearl and Hermes
    • \n
\n
\n Communities \n
    \n
  • \n Hilo
    • \n
  • \n Honolulu
    • \n
  • \n Kahului
    • \n
  • \n K\u0101ne\u02bbohe
    • \n
  • \n L\u012bhu \u02bbe
    • \n
  • \n Pearl City
    • \n
  • \n Waipahu
    • \n
\n
\n Counties \n
    \n
  • \n Hawai \u02bbi
    • \n
  • \n Honolulu
    • \n
  • \n Kalawao
    • \n
  • \n Kaua \u02bbi
    • \n
  • \n Maui
    • \n
\n
\n Sovereignty Movement \n
    \n
  • \n Hawaiian Renaissance
    • \n
  • \n 2008 occupation of Iolani Palace
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Countries and territories of Oceania
\n Sovereign states \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Entire \n
    \n
  • \n Australia
    • \n
  • \n Federated States of Micronesia
    • \n
  • \n Fiji
    • \n
  • \n Kiribati
    • \n
  • \n Marshall Islands
    • \n
  • \n Nauru
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
    • \n
  • \n Palau
    • \n
  • \n Papua New Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Samoa
    • \n
  • \n Solomon Islands
    • \n
  • \n Tonga
    • \n
  • \n Tuvalu
    • \n
  • \n Vanuatu
    • \n
\n
\n In part \n
    \n
  • \n Chile
      \n
    • \n Easter Island
      • \n
    • \n Juan Fern\u00e1ndez Islands
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Indonesia
      \n
    • \n West Papua
      • \n
    • \n Papua
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Japan
      \n
    • \n Bonin Islands
      • \n
    • \n Minami - Tori - Shima
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n United States
      \n
    • \n Hawaii
      • \n
    • \n Palmyra Atoll
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n 		\n
\n Associated states of New Zealand \n
    \n
  • \n Niue
    • \n
  • \n Cook Islands
    • \n
\n
\n Dependencies and other territories \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Australia \n
    \n
  • \n Ashmore and Cartier Islands
    • \n
  • \n Coral Sea Islands
    • \n
  • \n Kangaroo Island
    • \n
  • \n Lord Howe Island
    • \n
  • \n Macquarie Islands
    • \n
  • \n Norfolk Island
    • \n
\n
\n United States \n
    \n
  • \n American Samoa
    • \n
  • \n Baker Island
    • \n
  • \n Guam
    • \n
  • \n Howland Island
    • \n
  • \n Jarvis Island
    • \n
  • \n Johnston Atoll
    • \n
  • \n Kingman Reef
    • \n
  • \n Midway Atoll
    • \n
  • \n Northern Mariana Islands
    • \n
  • \n Wake Island
    • \n
\n
\n New Zealand \n
    \n
  • \n Auckland Islands
    • \n
  • \n Bounty Islands
    • \n
  • \n Chatham Islands
    • \n
  • \n Campbell Island
    • \n
  • \n Tokelau
    • \n
\n
\n France \n
    \n
  • \n French Polynesia
    • \n
  • \n New Caledonia
    • \n
  • \n Wallis and Futuna
    • \n
\n
\n United Kingdom \n
    \n
  • \n Pitcairn Islands
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Polynesia
\n Polynesian triangle \n
    \n
  • \n Cook Islands
    • \n
  • \n Easter Island
    • \n
  • \n French Polynesia
      \n
    • \n Austral Islands
      • \n
    • \n Gambier Islands
      • \n
    • \n Marquesas Islands
      • \n
    • \n Society Islands
      • \n
    • \n Tuamotus
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Hawaiian Islands
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
    • \n
  • \n Niue
    • \n
  • \n Pitcairn Islands
    • \n
  • \n Rotuma
    • \n
  • \n Sala y G\u00f3mez
    • \n
  • \n Samoan Islands
    • \n
  • \n Tokelau
    • \n
  • \n Tonga
    • \n
  • \n Tuvalu
    • \n
  • \n Wallis and Futuna Islands
    • \n
\n
\n Polynesian outliers \n
    \n
  • \n Aniwa
    • \n
  • \n Anuta
    • \n
  • \n Emae
    • \n
  • \n Futuna
    • \n
  • \n Kapingamarangi
    • \n
  • \n Loyalty Islands
    • \n
  • \n Mele
    • \n
  • \n Nuguria
    • \n
  • \n Nukumanu
    • \n
  • \n Nukuoro
    • \n
  • \n Ontong Java
    • \n
  • \n Ouv\u00e9a
    • \n
  • \n Pileni
    • \n
  • \n Rennell
    • \n
  • \n Sikaiana
    • \n
  • \n Takuu
    • \n
  • \n Tikopia
    • \n
\n
\n Polynesian - influenced \n
    \n
  • \n Lau Islands
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Political divisions of the United States
\n States \n
    \n
  • \n Alabama
    • \n
  • \n Alaska
    • \n
  • \n Arizona
    • \n
  • \n Arkansas
    • \n
  • \n California
    • \n
  • \n Colorado
    • \n
  • \n Connecticut
    • \n
  • \n Delaware
    • \n
  • \n Florida
    • \n
  • \n Georgia
    • \n
  • \n Hawaii
    • \n
  • \n Idaho
    • \n
  • \n Illinois
    • \n
  • \n Indiana
    • \n
  • \n Iowa
    • \n
  • \n Kansas
    • \n
  • \n Kentucky
    • \n
  • \n Louisiana
    • \n
  • \n Maine
    • \n
  • \n Maryland
    • \n
  • \n Massachusetts
    • \n
  • \n Michigan
    • \n
  • \n Minnesota
    • \n
  • \n Mississippi
    • \n
  • \n Missouri
    • \n
  • \n Montana
    • \n
  • \n Nebraska
    • \n
  • \n Nevada
    • \n
  • \n New Hampshire
    • \n
  • \n New Jersey
    • \n
  • \n New Mexico
    • \n
  • \n New York
    • \n
  • \n North Carolina
    • \n
  • \n North Dakota
    • \n
  • \n Ohio
    • \n
  • \n Oklahoma
    • \n
  • \n Oregon
    • \n
  • \n Pennsylvania
    • \n
  • \n Rhode Island
    • \n
  • \n South Carolina
    • \n
  • \n South Dakota
    • \n
  • \n Tennessee
    • \n
  • \n Texas
    • \n
  • \n Utah
    • \n
  • \n Vermont
    • \n
  • \n Virginia
    • \n
  • \n Washington
    • \n
  • \n West Virginia
    • \n
  • \n Wisconsin
    • \n
  • \n Wyoming
    • \n
\n
\n Federal district \n Washington , D.C.
\n Insular areas \n
    \n
  • \n American Samoa
    • \n
  • \n Guam
    • \n
  • \n Northern Mariana Islands
    • \n
  • \n Puerto Rico
    • \n
  • \n U.S. Virgin Islands
    • \n
\n
\n Outlying islands \n
    \n
  • \n Baker Island
    • \n
  • \n Howland Island
    • \n
  • \n Jarvis Island
    • \n
  • \n Johnston Atoll
    • \n
  • \n Kingman Reef
    • \n
  • \n Midway Atoll
    • \n
  • \n Navassa Island
    • \n
  • \n Palmyra Atoll
    • \n
  • \n Wake Island
    • \n
\n
\n Indian reservations \n
    \n
  • \n List of Indian reservations
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n United States articles
\n History \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n By event \n
    \n
  • \n Timeline of U.S. history
    • \n
  • \n Pre-Columbian era
    • \n
  • \n Colonial era
      \n
    • \n Thirteen Colonies
      • \n
    • \n military history
      • \n
    • \n Continental Congress
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n American Revolution
      \n
    • \n War
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n American frontier
    • \n
  • \n America 's Critical Period
    • \n
  • \n Drafting and ratification of Constitution
    • \n
  • \n Federalist Era
    • \n
  • \n War of 1812
    • \n
  • \n Territorial acquisitions
    • \n
  • \n Territorial evolution
    • \n
  • \n Mexican -- American War
    • \n
  • \n Civil War
    • \n
  • \n Reconstruction Era
    • \n
  • \n Indian Wars
    • \n
  • \n Gilded Age
    • \n
  • \n Progressive Era
    • \n
  • \n African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968
    • \n
  • \n Spanish -- American War
    • \n
  • \n Imperialism
    • \n
  • \n World War I
    • \n
  • \n Roaring Twenties
    • \n
  • \n Great Depression
    • \n
  • \n World War II
      \n
    • \n home front
      • \n
    • \n Nazism in the United States
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n American Century
    • \n
  • \n Cold War
    • \n
  • \n Korean War
    • \n
  • \n Space Race
    • \n
  • \n Feminist Movement
    • \n
  • \n Vietnam War
    • \n
  • \n Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n War on Terror
      \n
    • \n War in Afghanistan
      • \n
    • \n Iraq War
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Recent events ( 2008 -- present )
    • \n
\n
\n By topic \n
    \n
  • \n Outline of U.S. history
    • \n
  • \n Demographic
    • \n
  • \n Discoveries
    • \n
  • \n Economic
      \n
    • \n debt ceiling
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Inventions
      \n
    • \n before 1890
      • \n
    • \n 1890 -- 1945
      • \n
    • \n 1946 -- 91
      • \n
    • \n after 1991
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Military
    • \n
  • \n Postal
    • \n
  • \n Technological and industrial
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Geography \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Territory
      \n
    • \n counties
      • \n
    • \n federal district
      • \n
    • \n federal enclaves
      • \n
    • \n Indian reservations
      • \n
    • \n insular zones
      • \n
    • \n minor outlying islands
      • \n
    • \n populated places
      • \n
    • \n states
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Earthquakes
    • \n
  • \n Extreme points
    • \n
  • \n Islands
    • \n
  • \n Mountains
      \n
    • \n peaks
      • \n
    • \n ranges
      • \n
    • \n Appalachian
      • \n
    • \n Rocky
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n National Park Service
      \n
    • \n National Parks
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Regions
      \n
    • \n East Coast
      • \n
    • \n West Coast
      • \n
    • \n Great Plains
      • \n
    • \n Gulf
      • \n
    • \n Mid-Atlantic
      • \n
    • \n Midwestern
      • \n
    • \n New England
      • \n
    • \n Pacific
      • \n
    • \n Central
      • \n
    • \n Eastern
      • \n
    • \n Northern
      • \n
    • \n Northeastern
      • \n
    • \n Northwestern
      • \n
    • \n Southern
      • \n
    • \n Southeastern
      • \n
    • \n Southwestern
      • \n
    • \n Western
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Rivers
      \n
    • \n Colorado
      • \n
    • \n Columbia
      • \n
    • \n Mississippi
      • \n
    • \n Missouri
      • \n
    • \n Ohio
      • \n
    • \n Rio Grande
      • \n
    • \n Yukon
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Time
    • \n
  • \n Water supply and sanitation
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Politics \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Federal \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Executive \n
    \n
  • \n Cabinet
    • \n
  • \n Civil service
    • \n
  • \n Executive departments
    • \n
  • \n Executive Office
    • \n
  • \n Independent agencies
    • \n
  • \n Law enforcement
    • \n
  • \n President of the United States
    • \n
  • \n Public policy
    • \n
\n
\n Legislative \n
    \n
  • \n House of Representatives
      \n
    • \n current members
      • \n
    • \n Speaker
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Senate
      \n
    • \n current members
      • \n
    • \n President pro tempore
      • \n
    • \n Vice President
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Judicial \n
    \n
  • \n Courts of appeals
    • \n
  • \n District courts
    • \n
  • \n Supreme Court
    • \n
\n
\n Law \n
    \n
  • \n Bill of Rights
      \n
    • \n civil liberties
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Code of Federal Regulations
    • \n
  • \n Constitution
      \n
    • \n federalism
      • \n
    • \n preemption
      • \n
    • \n separation of powers
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Federal Reporter
    • \n
  • \n United States Code
    • \n
  • \n United States Reports
    • \n
\n
\n Intelligence \n
    \n
  • \n Central Intelligence Agency
    • \n
  • \n Defense Intelligence Agency
    • \n
  • \n Federal Bureau of Investigation
    • \n
  • \n National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency
    • \n
  • \n National Reconnaissance Office
    • \n
  • \n National Security Agency
    • \n
  • \n Office of the Director of National Intelligence
    • \n
\n
\n Uniformed \n
    \n
  • \n Armed Forces
      \n
    • \n Army
      • \n
    • \n Marine Corps
      • \n
    • \n Navy
      • \n
    • \n Air Force
      • \n
    • \n Coast Guard
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n National Guard
    • \n
  • \n NOAA Corps
    • \n
  • \n Public Health Service Corps
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n 51st state
      \n
    • \n political status of Puerto Rico
      • \n
    • \n District of Columbia statehood movement
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Elections
      \n
    • \n Electoral College
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Foreign relations
      \n
    • \n Foreign policy
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Hawaiian sovereignty movement
    • \n
  • \n Ideologies
      \n
    • \n anti-Americanism
      • \n
    • \n exceptionalism
      • \n
    • \n nationalism
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Local government
    • \n
  • \n Parties
      \n
    • \n Democratic
      • \n
    • \n Republican
      • \n
    • \n Third parties
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Red states and blue states
      \n
    • \n Purple America
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Scandals
    • \n
  • \n State government
      \n
    • \n governor
      • \n
    • \n state legislature
      • \n
    • \n state court
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Uncle Sam
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Economy \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n By sector
      \n
    • \n Agriculture
      • \n
    • \n Banking
      • \n
    • \n Communications
      • \n
    • \n Energy
      • \n
    • \n Insurance
      • \n
    • \n Manufacturing
      • \n
    • \n Mining
      • \n
    • \n Tourism
      • \n
    • \n Trade
      • \n
    • \n Transportation
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Companies
      \n
    • \n by state
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Currency
    • \n
  • \n Exports
    • \n
  • \n Federal budget
    • \n
  • \n Federal Reserve System
    • \n
  • \n Financial position
    • \n
  • \n Labor unions
    • \n
  • \n Public debt
    • \n
  • \n Social welfare programs
    • \n
  • \n Taxation
    • \n
  • \n Unemployment
    • \n
  • \n Wall Street
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Society \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Culture \n
    \n
  • \n Americana
    • \n
  • \n Architecture
    • \n
  • \n Cinema
    • \n
  • \n Cuisine
    • \n
  • \n Dance
    • \n
  • \n Demography
    • \n
  • \n Education
    • \n
  • \n Family structure
    • \n
  • \n Fashion
    • \n
  • \n Flag
    • \n
  • \n Folklore
    • \n
  • \n Languages
      \n
    • \n American English
      • \n
    • \n Indigenous languages
      • \n
    • \n ASL
        \n
      • \n Black American Sign Language
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n HSL
      • \n
    • \n Plains Sign Talk
      • \n
    • \n Arabic
      • \n
    • \n Chinese
      • \n
    • \n French
      • \n
    • \n German
      • \n
    • \n Italian
      • \n
    • \n Russian
      • \n
    • \n Spanish
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Literature
    • \n
  • \n Media
      \n
    • \n Journalism
      • \n
    • \n Internet
      • \n
    • \n Newspapers
      • \n
    • \n Radio
      • \n
    • \n Television
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Music
    • \n
  • \n Names
    • \n
  • \n People
    • \n
  • \n Philosophy
    • \n
  • \n Public holidays
    • \n
  • \n Religion
    • \n
  • \n Sexuality
    • \n
  • \n Sports
    • \n
  • \n Theater
    • \n
  • \n Visual art
    • \n
\n
\n Social class \n
    \n
  • \n Affluence
    • \n
  • \n American Dream
    • \n
  • \n Educational attainment
    • \n
  • \n Homelessness
    • \n
  • \n Home - ownership
    • \n
  • \n Household income
    • \n
  • \n Income inequality
    • \n
  • \n Middle class
    • \n
  • \n Personal income
    • \n
  • \n Poverty
    • \n
  • \n Professional and working class conflict
    • \n
  • \n Standard of living
    • \n
  • \n Wealth
    • \n
\n
\n Issues \n
    \n
  • \n Ages of consent
    • \n
  • \n Capital punishment
    • \n
  • \n Crime
      \n
    • \n incarceration
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Criticism of government
    • \n
  • \n Discrimination
      \n
    • \n affirmative action
      • \n
    • \n antisemitism
      • \n
    • \n intersex rights
      • \n
    • \n islamophobia
      • \n
    • \n LGBT rights
      • \n
    • \n racism
      • \n
    • \n same - sex marriage
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Drug policy
    • \n
  • \n Energy policy
    • \n
  • \n Environmental movement
    • \n
  • \n Gun politics
    • \n
  • \n Health care
      \n
    • \n abortion
      • \n
    • \n health insurance
      • \n
    • \n hunger
      • \n
    • \n obesity
      • \n
    • \n smoking
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Human rights
    • \n
  • \n Immigration
      \n
    • \n illegal
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n International rankings
    • \n
  • \n National security
      \n
    • \n Mass surveillance
      • \n
    • \n Terrorism
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Separation of church and state
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Outline
    • \n
  • \n Index
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n VIAF : 143064067
    • \n
  • \n LCCN : n80061028
    • \n
  • \n ISNI : 0000 0001 1098 3520
    • \n
  • \n GND : 4023877 - 5
    • \n
  • \n SELIBR : 147701
    • \n
  • \n SUDOC : 176330623
    • \n
  • \n BNF : cb13903909f ( data )
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 00628968
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaii&oldid=819396917 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n Languages

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "when did hawaii become a state and why", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Adobe Flash Player - wikipedia

\n Adobe Flash Player

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n Adobe Flash Player \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Original author ( s ) \n FutureWave Macromedia
\n Developer ( s ) \n Adobe Systems
\n Initial release \n 1996 ; 22 years ago ( 1996 )
\n
\n Stable release ( s ) ( \u00b1 )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Windows , macOS , Linux , Chrome OS \n 28.0. 0.137 / January 9 , 2018 ; 16 days ago ( 2018 - 01 - 09 )
\n Android 4.0. x \n 11.1. 115.81 / September 10 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 09 - 10 )
\n Android 2. x and 3. x \n 11.1. 111.73 / September 10 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 09 - 10 )
\n Solaris \n 11.2. 202.223 / March 28 , 2012 ; 5 years ago ( 2012 - 03 - 28 )
\n
\n Preview release ( s ) ( \u00b1 )
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Windows , macOS , Linux , Chrome OS \n 28.0. 0.152 Beta / January 24 , 2018 ; 1 day ago ( 2018 - 01 - 24 )
\n
\n
\n Written in \n C++
\n Operating system \n Windows , macOS , Linux , Chrome OS , Solaris , BlackBerry Tablet OS , Android , and Pocket PC
\n Platform \n Web browsers and ActiveX - based software
\n Available in \n Chinese Simplified , Chinese Traditional , English , French , German , Italian , Japanese , Polish , Russian , Spanish , Korean , and Turkish
\n Type \n Run - time environment , Media player , and Browser extension
\n License \n Freeware
\n Website \n www.adobe.com/products/flashplayer.html
\n

\n Adobe Flash Player ( labeled Shockwave Flash in Internet Explorer and Firefox ) is freeware software for using content created on the Adobe Flash platform , including viewing multimedia , executing rich Internet applications , and streaming video and audio . Flash Player can run from a web browser as a browser plug - in or on supported mobile devices . Flash Player was created by Macromedia and has been developed and distributed by Adobe Systems since Adobe acquired Macromedia .

\n

\n Flash Player runs SWF files that can be created by the Adobe Animate and Adobe Flash Professional authoring tools , by Adobe Flash Builder or by third party tools such as FlashDevelop . Flash Player supports vector and raster graphics , 3D graphics , an embedded scripting language called ActionScript , and streaming of video and audio . ActionScript is based on ECMAScript , and supports object - oriented code , and is similar to JavaScript . Flash Player has a wide user base , and is a common format for games , animations , and graphical user interfaces ( GUIs ) embedded in web pages . Adobe stated in 2013 that more than 400 million out of over 1 billion connected desktops update to the new version of Flash Player within six weeks of release .

\n

\n Flash Player is distributed for free and its plug - in versions are available for every major web browser and operating system . Google Chrome comes bundled with the sandboxed Adobe Flash plug - in and Windows 8 and later come with their own integrated Flash Player ( for Internet Explorer and Edge ) .

\n

\n Flash Player has become increasingly criticized for its performance , consumption of battery on mobile devices , the number of security vulnerabilities that had been discovered in the software , and that Flash is a closed platform . Apple co-founder Steve Jobs was highly critical of Flash Player , having published an open letter detailing Apple 's reasoning for banning the Flash platform from being used on its iOS device family . Its usage has also waned due to modern web standards that allow some of Flash 's use cases to be fulfilled without third - party plugins . In July 2017 , Adobe announced that it would end support for Flash Player in 2020 , and continued to encourage the use of open HTML5 standards in place of Flash . The announcement was coordinated with Apple , Facebook , Google , Microsoft , and Mozilla .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Features ( edit )

\n

\n Adobe Flash Player is a runtime that executes and displays content from a provided SWF file , although it has no in - built features to modify the SWF file at runtime . It can execute software written in the ActionScript programming language which enables the runtime manipulation of text , data , vector graphics , raster graphics , sound and video . The player can also access certain connected hardware devices , including web cameras and microphones , after permission for the same has been granted by the user .

\n

\n Flash Player is used internally by the Adobe Integrated Runtime ( AIR ) , to provide a cross-platform runtime environment for desktop applications and mobile applications . AIR supports installable applications on Windows , Linux , macOS , and some mobile operating systems such as iOS and Android . Flash applications must specifically be built for the AIR runtime to use additional features provided , such as file system integration , native client extensions , native window / screen integration , taskbar / dock integration , and hardware integration with connected Accelerometer and GPS devices .

\n

\n Data formats ( edit )

\n

\n Flash Player includes native support for many different data formats , some of which can only be accessed through the ActionScript scripting interface .

\n \n

\n Multimedia formats ( edit )

\n

\n Flash Player is primarily a graphics and multimedia platform , and has supported raster graphics and vector graphics since its earliest version . It supports the following different multimedia formats which it can natively decode and playback .

\n \n

\n Streaming protocols ( edit )

\n \n

\n Performance ( edit )

\n Hardware acceleration ( edit )

\n Until version 10 of the Flash player , there was no support for GPU acceleration . Version 10 added a limited form of support for shaders on materials in the form of the Pixel Bender API , but still did not have GPU - accelerated 3D vertex processing . A significant change came in version 11 , which added a new low - level API called Stage3D ( initially codenamed Molehill ) , which provides full GPU acceleration , similar to WebGL . ( The partial support for GPU acceleration in Pixel Bender was completely removed in Flash 11.8 , resulting in the disruption of some projects like MIT 's Scratch , which lacked the manpower to recode their applications quickly enough . )

\n

\n Current versions of Flash Player are optimized to use hardware acceleration for video playback and 3D graphics rendering on many devices , including desktop computers . Performance is similar to HTML5 video playback . Also , Flash Player has been used on multiple mobile devices as a primary user interface renderer .

\n Compilation ( edit )

\n Although code written in ActionScript 3 executes up to 10 times faster than the prior ActionScript 2 , the Adobe ActionScript 3 compiler is a non-optimizing compiler , and produces inefficient bytecode in the resulting SWF , when compared to toolkits such as CrossBridge .

\n

\n CrossBridge , a toolkit that targets C++ code to run within the Flash Player , uses the LLVM compiler to produce bytecode that runs up to 10 times faster than code the ActionScript 3 compiler produces , only because the LLVM compiler uses more aggressive optimization .

\n

\n Adobe has released ActionScript Compiler 2 ( ASC2 ) in Flex 4.7 and onwards , which improves compilation times and optimizes the generated bytecode and supports method inlining , improving its performance at runtime .

\n

\n As of 2012 , the Haxe multiplatform language can build programs for Flash Player that perform faster than the same application built with the Adobe Flex SDK compiler .

\n

\n Development methods ( edit )

\n

\n Flash Player applications and games can be built in two significantly different methods :

\n \n

\n In both methods , developers can access the full Flash Player set of functions , including text , vector graphics , bitmap graphics , video , audio , camera , microphone , and others . AIR also includes added features such as file system integration , native extensions , native desktop integration , and hardware integration with connected devices .

\n

\n Development tools ( edit )

\n

\n Adobe provides five ways of developing applications for Flash Player :

\n \n

\n Third - party development environments are also available :

\n \n

\n Game development ( edit )

\n

\n Adobe offers the free Adobe Gaming SDK , consisting ( as of August 2014 ) of several open - source AS3 libraries built on the Flash Player Stage3D APIs for GPU - accelerated graphics :

\n \n

\n A few commercial game engines target Flash Player ( Stage3D ) as run - time environment , such as Unity 3D and Unreal Engine 3 . Before the introduction of Stage3D , a number of older 2D engines or isometric engines like Flixel saw their heyday .

\n

\n Adobe also developed the CrossBridge toolkit which cross-compiles C / C++ code to run within the Flash Player , using LLVM and GCC as compiler backends , and high - performance memory - access opcodes in the Flash Player ( termed `` Domain Memory '' ) to work with in - memory data quickly . CrossBridge is targeted toward the game development industry , and includes tools for building , testing , and debugging C / C++ projects in Flash Player .

\n

\n Notable online video games developed in Flash include Angry Birds , FarmVille and FarmVille 2 , and AdventureQuest ( started in 2002 , and still active as of 2011 ) .

\n

\n Availability ( edit )

\n

\n Desktop platforms ( edit )

\n

\n The latest version of Flash Player is available for Windows XP and later , Mac OS X 10.6 and later and Linux .

\n

\n Adobe Flash Player is available in four flavors :

\n
    \n
  1. \n The `` Internet Explorer -- ActiveX '' version is an ActiveX control for use in Internet Explorer , its shells , and other Windows applications that support ActiveX technology . This plugin can not be installed on Windows 8 and later , because these OSes come with their own integrated Flash Player ActiveX .
    2. \n
  2. \n The `` Firefox -- NPAPI '' version is available for Firefox as well as other applications that support NPAPI technology .
    3. \n
  3. \n The `` Opera and Chromium -- PPAPI '' version is available for Chromium and browsers based on Chromium ( such as Opera ) as well as other applications that support PPAPI technology . This plugin can not be installed on Google Chrome as it comes with its own built - in Flash component .
    4. \n
  4. \n The `` projector '' version is a standalone player that can open SWF files directly .
    5. \n
\n

\n On February 22 , 2012 , Adobe announced that it would no longer release new versions of NPAPI Flash plugins for Linux , although Flash Player 11.2 would continue to receive security updates . In August 2016 Adobe announced that , beginning with version 24 , it will resume offering of Flash Player for Linux for other browsers .

\n

\n The Extended Support Release ( ESR ) of Flash Player on macOS and Windows was a version of Flash Player kept up to date with security updates , but none of the new features or bug fixes available in later versions . It has been on version 11.7 as of July 9 , 2013 , version 13 as of May 13 , 2014 , and version 18 as of August 11 , 2015 . Adobe has decided to discontinue the ESR branch and instead focus solely on the standard release as of August 2016 .

\n \n Availability on desktop operating systems \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Platform \n Latest version \n Browser support
\n Windows XP and later Windows Server 2003 and later \n 28.0. 0.137 \n Firefox , Chrome , Chromium , Safari , Opera , Internet Explorer , Microsoft Edge
\n Windows 2000 \n 11.1. 102.55 \n ?
\n Windows 98 and ME \n 9.0. 115.0 \n ?
\n Windows 95 and NT 4 \n 7.0. 14.0 \n ?
\n Mac OS X 10.6 or later \n 28.0. 0.137 \n Firefox , Chrome , Chromium , Safari , Opera
\n Mac OS X 10.5 \n 10.3. 183.90 \n ?
\n Classic Mac OS , PowerPC \n 7.0. 14.0 \n ?
\n Classic Mac OS , 68k \n 5.0 \n ?
\n Linux \n 28.0. 0.137 \n Firefox , Chrome , Chromium , Opera
\n Solaris \n 11.2. 202.223 \n ?
\n

\n Mobile platforms ( edit )

\n Main article : Adobe Integrated Runtime

\n In 2011 , Flash Player had emerged as the de facto standard for online video publishing on the desktop , with adaptive bitrate video streaming , DRM , and fullscreen support . On mobile devices however , after Apple refused to allow the Flash Player within the inbuilt iOS web browser , Adobe changed strategy , enabling Flash content to be delivered as native mobile applications using the Adobe Integrated Runtime .

\n

\n Up until 2012 , Flash Player 11 was available for the Android ( ARM Cortex - A8 and above ) , although in June 2012 , Google announced that Android 4.1 ( codenamed Jelly Bean ) would not support Flash by default . Starting in August 2012 , Adobe no longer updates Flash for Android . In spite of this , Adobe Flash is still available to install on Android devices via Adobe 's update archives ( up to Android 4.3 ) .

\n

\n Flash Player is certified to be supported on a select range of mobile and tablet devices , from Acer , BlackBerry 10 , Dell , HTC , Lenovo , Logitech , LG , Motorola , Samsung , Sharp , SoftBank , Sony ( and Sony Ericsson ) , and Toshiba . As of 2012 , Adobe has stopped browser - based Flash Player development for mobile browsers in favor of HTML5 , however Adobe continues to support Flash content on mobile devices with the Adobe Integrated Runtime , which allows developers to publish content that runs as native applications on certain supported mobile phone platforms .

\n

\n Version 9 is the most recent version currently available for the Linux / ARM - based Nokia 770 / N800 / N810 Internet tablets running Maemo OS2008 , classic Mac OS and Windows 95 / NT . Version 10 can be run under Windows 98 / Me using KernelEx . HP offers Version 6 of the player for HP - UX . Other versions of the player have been available at some point for OS / 2 , Symbian OS , Palm OS , BeOS and IRIX . The Kodak Easyshare One includes Flash Player .

\n

\n Adobe said it will optimize Flash for use on ARM architecture ( ARMv7 and ARMv6 architectures used in the Cortex - A series of processors and in the ARM11 family ) and release it in the second half of 2009 . The company also stated it wants to enable Flash on NVIDIA Tegra , Texas Instruments OMAP 3 and Samsung ARMs . Beginning 2009 , it was announced that Adobe would be bringing Flash to TV sets via Intel Media Processor CE 3100 before mid-2009 . ARM Holdings later said it welcomes the move of Flash , because `` it will transform mobile applications and it removes the claim that the desktop controls the Internet . '' However , as of May 2009 , the expected ARM / Linux netbook devices had poor support for Web video and fragmented software base .

\n

\n Among other devices , LeapFrog Enterprises provides Flash Player with their Leapster Multimedia Learning System and extended the Flash Player with touch - screen support . Sony has integrated Flash Player 6 into the PlayStation Portable 's web browser via firmware version 2.70 and Flash Player 9 into the PlayStation 3 's web browser in firmware version 2.50 . Nintendo has integrated Flash Lite 3.1 , equivalent to Flash 8 , in the Internet Channel on the Wii .

\n

\n The following table documents Flash Player and AIR support on mobile operating systems :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Platform \n Latest version
\n Android 2.2 -- 4.1 , ARM Cortex - A8 + \n Flash Player 11.1 , AIR 3.1
\n Android 2.1 \n Flash Lite 3.0
\n iOS \n Flash Player 11.1 , AIR 3.1
\n BlackBerry 10. 0 -- 10.3. 1 \n Flash Player 11.1 , AIR 3.1
\n BlackBerry Tablet OS \n Flash Player 11.1 , AIR 3.1
\n Maemo \n Flash Player 9.4
\n PlayStation 3 with Firmware 2.50 , NetFront 2.81 \n Flash Player 9.1 ( update 3 )
\n PSP with Firmware 2.70 \n Flash Player 6
\n Symbian OS \n Flash Lite 4.0
\n Wii ( Internet Channel ) \n Flash Lite 3.1
\n Pocket PC 2003 \n Flash Player 7
\n Windows Mobile 5 \n Flash Player 7
\n

\n Other hardware ( edit )

\n

\n Some CPU emulators have been created for Flash Player , including Chip8 , Commodore 64 , ZX Spectrum and the Nintendo Entertainment System . They enable video games created for such platforms to run within Flash Player .

\n

\n Open source ( edit )

\n

\n Adobe has taken steps to reduce or eliminate Flash licensing costs . For instance , the SWF file format documentation is provided free of charge after they relaxed the requirement of accepting a non-disclosure agreement to view it in 2008 . Adobe also created the Open Screen Project which removes licensing fees and opens data protocols for Flash .

\n

\n Adobe has also open - sourced many components relating to Flash .

\n \n

\n However , Adobe has not been willing to make complete source code of the Flash Player available for free software development . Free and open source alternatives to the Adobe Flash Player such as Shumway and Gnash have been built , but are no longer under active development and therefore not a viable alternative . The only fully functional open - source third - party Flash Player is the commercially available Scaleform GFx Player , which is game development middleware designed for integration into non-Flash video games .

\n

\n Criticism ( edit )

\n

\n Usability ( edit )

\n

\n In some browsers , prior Flash versions have had to be uninstalled before an updated version could be installed . However , as of version 11.2 for Windows , there are now automatic updater options . Linux is partially supported , as Adobe is cooperating with Google to implement it via Chrome web browser on all Linux platforms .

\n

\n Mixing Flash applications with HTML leads to inconsistent behavior with respect to input handling ( keyboard and mouse not working as they would in an HTML - only document ) . This is often done in web sites and can lead to poor user experience with the site .

\n

\n The February 20 , 2014 update to 12.0. 0.70 introduced a reported bug , producing green video with sound only . This defect is related to hardware acceleration and may be overcome by disabling hardware acceleration via the Adobe settings in Firefox ( accessed by right clicking within the video ) or in Internet Explorer ( within the Tools settings ) . This defect may be related to widely used graphics hardware , AMD Radeon HD video cards , and similar visual defects have occurred in earlier Flash updates , with the same workaround .

\n

\n Privacy ( edit )

\n See also : Adobe Flash \u00a7 Flash cookies

\n Flash Player supports persistent local storage of data ( also referred to as Local Shared Objects ) , which can be used similarly to HTTP cookies or Web Storage in web applications . Local storage in Flash Player allows websites to store non-executable data on a user 's computer , such as authentication information , game high scores or saved games , server - based session identifiers , site preferences , saved work , or temporary files . Flash Player will only allow content originating from exactly the same website domain to access data saved in local storage .

\n

\n Because local storage can be used to save information on a computer that is later retrieved by the same site , a site can use it to gather user statistics , similar to how HTTP cookies and Web Storage can be used . With such technologies , the possibility of building a profile based on user statistics is considered by some a potential privacy concern . Users can disable or restrict use of local storage in Flash Player through a `` Settings Manager '' page . These settings can be accessed from the Adobe website or by right - clicking on Flash - based content and selecting `` Global Settings '' .

\n

\n Local storage can be disabled entirely or on a site - by - site basis . Disabling local storage will block any content from saving local user information using Flash Player , but this may disable or reduce the functionality of some websites , such as saved preferences or high scores and saved progress in games .

\n

\n Flash Player 10.1 and upward honor the privacy mode settings in the latest versions of the Chrome , Firefox , Internet Explorer , and Safari web browsers , such that no local storage data is saved when the browser 's privacy mode is in use .

\n

\n Security ( edit )

\n See also : Adobe Flash \u00a7 Security

\n Adobe security bulletins and advisories announce security updates , but Adobe Flash Player release notes do not disclose the security issues addressed when a release closes security holes , making it difficult to evaluate the urgency of a particular update . A version test page allows the user to check if the latest version is installed , and uninstallers may be used to ensure that old - version plugins have been uninstalled from all installed browsers .

\n

\n In February 2010 , Adobe officially apologized for not fixing a known vulnerability for over a year . In June 2010 Adobe announced a `` critical vulnerability '' in recent versions , saying there are reports that this vulnerability is being actively exploited in the wild against both Adobe Flash Player , and Adobe Reader and Acrobat . Later , in October 2010 , Adobe announced another critical vulnerability , this time also affecting Android - based mobile devices . Android users have been recommended to disable Flash or make it only on demand . Subsequent security vulnerabilities also exposed Android users , such as the two critical vulnerabilities published in February 2013 or the four critical vulnerabilities published in March 2013 , all of which could lead to arbitrary code execution .

\n

\n Symantec 's Internet Security Threat Report states that a remote code execution in Adobe Reader and Flash Player was the second most attacked vulnerability in 2009 . The same report also recommended using browser extensions to disable Flash Player usage on untrusted websites . McAfee predicted that Adobe software , especially Reader and Flash , would be primary target for attacks in 2010 . Adobe applications had become , at least at some point , the most popular client - software targets for attackers during the last quarter of 2009 . The Kaspersky Security Network published statistics for the third quarter of 2012 showing that 47.5 % of its users were affected by one or more critical vulnerabilities . The report also highlighted that `` Flash Player vulnerabilities enable cybercriminals to bypass security systems integrated into the application . ''

\n

\n Steve Jobs criticized the security of Flash Player , noting that `` Symantec recently highlighted Flash for having one of the worst security records in 2009 '' . Adobe responded by pointing out that `` the Symantec Global Internet Threat Report for 2009 , found that Flash Player had the second lowest number of vulnerabilities of all Internet technologies listed ( which included both web plug - ins and browsers ) . ''

\n

\n April 7 , 2016 , Adobe released a Flash Player patch for a zero - day memory corruption vulnerability CVE - 2016 - 1019 that could be used to deliver malware via the Magnitude exploit kit . The vulnerability could be exploited for remote code execution .

\n

\n Vendor lock - in ( edit )

\n

\n Flash Player 11.2 does not play certain kinds of content unless it has been digitally signed by Adobe , following a license obtained by the publisher directly from Adobe .

\n

\n This move by Adobe , together with the abandonment of Flex to Apache was criticized as a way to lock out independent tool developers , in favor of Adobe 's commercial tools .

\n

\n This has been resolved as of January 2013 , after Adobe no longer requires a license or royalty from the developer . All premium features are now classified as general availability , and can be freely used by Flash applications .

\n

\n Apple controversy ( edit )

\n Main article : Apple and Adobe Flash controversy

\n In April 2010 , Steve Jobs , at the time CEO of Apple Inc. published an open letter explaining why Apple would not support Flash on the iPhone , iPod touch and iPad . In the letter he blamed problems with the `` openness '' , stability , security , performance , and touchscreen integration of the Flash Player as reasons for refusing to support it . He also claimed that when one of Apple 's Macintosh computers crashes , `` more often than not '' the cause can be attributed to Flash , and described Flash as `` buggy '' . Adobe 's CEO Shantanu Narayen responded by saying , `` If Flash ( is ) the number one reason that Macs crash , which I 'm not aware of , it has as much to do with the Apple operating system . ''

\n

\n Steve Jobs also claimed that a large percentage of the video on the Internet is supported on iOS , since many popular video sharing websites such as YouTube have published video content in an HTML5 compatible format , enabling videos to playback in mobile web browsers even without Flash Player .

\n

\n Release history ( edit )

\n Adobe Flash Player version history ( show ) \n The old Macromedia Flash Player logo \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References and Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Adobe - Flash Player '' . Adobe.com . Adobe Systems . Retrieved 9 January 2018 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Archived Flash Player versions '' . Adobe.com . Adobe Systems . Retrieved 20 October 2015 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Download Flash Player 28 Beta '' . labs.adobe.com . Adobe Systems . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Flash Player Download '' . Adobe Systems . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Why You Should Ditch Adobe Shockwave '' . Krebs on Security . May 14 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Flash Runtimes Statistics '' . Adobe Systems Incorporated . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Integrated Adobe Flash Player Plug - in , Chrome team blog
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Porting Flash to sandboxed PPAPI platform , Official Chromium Blog
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash Player issues Windows 8 '' . Adobe Systems . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash Player Issues Windows 10 Internet Explorer '' . Adobe Systems . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash Player issues Windows 10 Microsoft Edge '' . Adobe Systems . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Barrett , Brian ( 15 July 2015 ) . `` Flash . Must . Die '' . Wired.com . Cond\u00e9 Nast .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Vaughan - Nichols , Steven J. ( 16 June 2016 ) . `` How to really fix the latest Adobe Flash security hole '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Collins , Katie ( 11 March 2016 ) . `` Adobe rushes out emergency update for ' critical ' Flash security flaw '' . CNET .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash & The Future of Interactive Content '' . 2017 - 07 - 25 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Lardinois , Frederic . `` Get ready to finally say goodbye to Flash -- in 2020 '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Adobe will finally kill Flash in 2018 '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Announces Flash Distribution and Updates to End '' . 2017 - 07 - 25 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Pude\u0142ek , Jakub ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Migrating Games from Flash to Open Web Standards on Facebook '' .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Laforge , Anthony ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Saying goodbye to Flash in Chrome '' .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` The End of an Era -- Next Steps for Adobe Flash '' . 2017 - 07 - 25 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Smedberg , Benjamin ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) . `` Firefox Roadmap for Flash End - of - Life '' .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ AIR 3 , Adobe
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` What are local shared objects ? '' . Security and privacy . Adobe Systems . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved December 5 , 2007 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ SWX : SWF Data Format , official website
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ swxjava -- SWX RPC implementation in Java , Google Code
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ swx - format -- Data Format , Google Code
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ SWX Contest Winners Archived August 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , SWX Format Website
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Introducing SWXml , Aral Balkan
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash H. 264 '' . MainConcept . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2010 . Retrieved September 24 , 2010 .
    31. \n
  31. \n ^ Jump up to : Flash and the HTML5 < video > tag , YouTube Blog
    32. \n
  32. \n ^ Jump up to : Pardon Our Dust , Hulu Blog
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Future Media Standards & Guidelines -- AV Addendum v1. 5 BBC
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Protocols : HTTP vs. RTMP > Beginner 's Guide to Distributing Flash Video , Adobe Press
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Cross-domain policy file usage recommendations for Flash Player , Adobe
    36. \n
  36. \n ^ Jump up to : Policy file changes in Flash Player 9 and Flash Player 10 , Adobe
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Sites which support crossdomain. xml to allow Flash and Silverlight access '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Socket , Adobe ActionScript 3 API Reference
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Sockets , ActionScript 3.0 Developer 's Guide
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Setting up a socket policy file server , Adobe
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ AsSQL -- MySQL Driver for AS3 , Google Code
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Remi Arnaud ( 2011 ) . `` 3D in a Web Browser '' . In Eric Lengyel . Game Engine Gems 2 . CRC Press . pp. 208 -- 212 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56881 - 437 - 7 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Christer Kaitila ( 2011 ) . Adobe Flash 11 Stage3D ( Molehill ) Game Programming Beginner 's Guide . Packt Publishing Ltd. p. 9 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84969 - 169 - 7 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` Stage3D vs WebGL Performance -- Airtight Interactive '' . Airtightinteractive.com . October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` Stage3D '' . scratch.mit.edu . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Adobe Flash Player 11.8 -- Bug 3591185 : Pixel Bender shader performance drastically degraded in FP11. 8 . Closed as `` NeverFix '' Archived April 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Comparing Flash , HTML5 Performance , OS News
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Battery Performance with Flash Player 10.1 on Nexus One , Flash Mobile Blog
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Reference Designs and Demos , QNX
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ ActionScript 3.0 overview , `` ActionScript 3.0 code executes up to 10 times faster than legacy ActionScript code . '' , Adobe
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Alchemy : FAQ '' . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . , Adobe Labs , `` ASC performs few optimizations at this time ''
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Zotov , Peter ( May 6 , 2012 ) . `` Reaching the Limits of Adobe Stupidity -- whitespace '' . Whitequark.org . Retrieved October 27 , 2012 .
    53. \n
  53. \n ^ Jump up to : Alchemy : FAQ Archived May 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Adobe Labs
    54. \n
  54. \n ^ Jump up to : Optimizing ActionScript Bytecode using LLVM , Adobe
    55. \n
  55. \n ^ Jump up to : Adobe Alchemy , is it ActionScript heresy ? , Unit Zero One
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Introducing ASC 2.0 , Thibault Imbert , ByteArray.com
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ AS3 vs haXe performance , SplashDust website Archived January 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Optimizing performance of applications for connected TVs , Adobe Developer Connection
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Top 10 Performance Killers in your AIR Application , FlexWiz
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Flex versus ActionScript -- the debate gets new life , Greg 's Ramblings
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Pure ActionScript + MadComponents vs. Flash Builder 4.5 , MobileAppDev
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Flex 4.5 vs Pure AS3 , Michael Crosby
    63. \n
  63. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Adobe donates Flex to Apache '' . Techworld . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Response to `` Thoughts on Flash '' , True Gryc Blog
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Gaming SDK '' . creative.adobe.com . Adobe . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 .
    66. \n
  66. \n ^ Jump up to : Wagner James Au ( 2012 ) . Game Design Secrets . John Wiley & Sons . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 46391 - 8 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Flash 11 adopts Unreal Engine 3 for better browser games The Verge '' . theverge.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` List of Flash Gaming Engines '' . FlashRealtime.com. April 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ CrossBridge for Flash Player , GitHub
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Finally kills Adobe Flash Player in 2020 - Article Pub '' . Retrieved 26 July 2017 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Remi Arnaud ( 2011 ) . `` 3D in a Web Browser '' . In Eric Lengyel . Game Engine Gems 2 . CRC Press . p. 205 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56881 - 437 - 7 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ `` Downloads '' . Adobe Flash Player Support Center . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe and Google Partnering for Flash Player on Linux '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ Noyes , Katherine ( April 6 , 2012 ) . `` For Flash on Linux , Chrome Will Be Users ' Only Choice PCWorld Business Center '' . Pcworld.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Releases Last Linux Version of Flash Player -- Slashdot '' . Linux.slashdot.org . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ `` Beta News -- Flash Player NPAPI for Linux '' . Adobe AIR and Adobe Flash Player Team Blog . August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 .
    77. \n
  77. \n ^ Jump up to : Tareq Aljaber ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Extended Support Release Updated to Flash Player 11.7 '' . Adobe AIR and Adobe Flash Player Team Blog . Adobe . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 .
    78. \n
  78. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Upcoming changes to Flash Player 's extended support release '' . Adobe . March 5 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ `` Upcoming changes to Flash Player 's extended support release '' . Adobe . May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ Campbell , Chris ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Where can I find the `` Extended Support Release '' of Flash Player for Windows or Macintosh ? `` . forums.adobe.com . Adobe Systems .
    81. \n
  81. \n ^ Jump up to : Adobe Flash Player Versions , Adobe.com
    82. \n
  82. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Archived Flash Player versions '' . Adobe . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash Player 5 '' . System 7 Today . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 .
    84. \n
  84. \n ^ Jump up to : iOS features in Adobe AIR 2.6 , Adobe Devnet
    85. \n
  85. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Flash Player 10.1 -- Installations and updates '' . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Flash Player for Android : Adobe calls time , declares it dead '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ Flash Platform Certified Devices , Adobe
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Flash Platform Certified Devices : Smartphones , Adobe
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ Flash Platform Certified Devices : Tablets , Adobe
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ Adobe abandons Flash Player on mobile browsers for HTML5 , CBS News
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ Adobe abandons Flash for mobile devices , The Telegraph
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ Web Players . Adobe . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ ( 1 )
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ MACROMEDIA INTRODUCES FREE FLASH PLAYERS FOR LINUX , SOLARIS , IRIX USERS . Technology > Software Services & Applications from . AllBusiness.com . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ Macromedia -- Flash Player SDK http://www.adobe.com/products/flashplayer_sdk/ ( Taken July 7 , 2006 ) .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ Press Room : For immediate release Archived August 5 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Adobe . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Adobe Flash 10 to be ARM - optimized in 2009 . Electronista ( November 17 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Press Room : For immediate release Archived August 16 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Adobe . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ ARM welcomes Adobe 's mobile Flash move -- 5 / 2 / 2008 . Electronics Weekly ( May 2 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ ARM netbooks struggle with video , apps . Eetimes.com ( April 14 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ Adobe Success Story : LeapFrog Enterprises http://www.adobe.com/cfusion/showcase/index.cfm?event=casestudydetail&casestudyid=21019&loc=en_us ( Taken July 7 , 2006 ) .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ `` New info on the firmware updates for PS3 and PSP '' . ThreeSpeech . October 14 , 2008 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ Adobe Flash Player Archived October 13 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Android Market
    104. \n
  104. \n ^ Jump up to : Announcing Flash Player 11 and AIR 3 Archived May 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Adobe Flash Platform Blog
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ Flash Player 10.1 : Live and Ready for Android `` Adobe Flash Player Team Blog . Blogs.adobe.com . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Retrieved on September 19 , 2011 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ Maemo software Nokia '' Maemo Browser Archived December 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Maemo.nokia.com . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ Mobile and Devices Developer Center : Sony PSP . Adobe ( July 16 , 2007 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ Symbian ^ 3 . Adobe Flash Lite ( April 27 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ Scott Janousek '' Blog Archive '' Nintendo Wii Flash Player supported via Opera updated to Flash Lite 3.1 ( Flash 8 / 9 ) Archived September 13 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Flashmobile.scottjanousek.com ( September 1 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 .
    111. \n
  111. \n ^ Jump up to : Download Macromedia Flash Player 7 for Pocket PC Archived February 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , Adobe
    112. \n
  112. \n ^ Jump up to : Flash Player 7 For Pocket PC Archived January 19 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Adobe ( July 14 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ rich Internet applications Adobe Flash Platform runtimes . Adobe.com ( July 14 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ `` Flip8 -- the World 's First Flash Emulator -- v0. 9 '' . Newsdee.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ Claus Wahlers . `` FC64 -- Flash Commodore 64 Emulator -- Demo -- c \u4e48 deazur brasil lab '' . Codeazur.com.br . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ `` FlashZXSpectrum48k , Sinclair ZX Spectrum Emulator written in Flash '' . Jorin.com . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2008 . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ `` aminnes -- Project Hosting on Google Code '' . www.aminlab.com/ . May 17 , 2010 .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ SWF Technology Center Adobe Developer Connection . Adobe.com ( July 14 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Open Screen Project '' . Starting today , there will be no restrictions on the use of the SWF specification or the FLV and F4V specifications that make up video in Flash . Formerly , to look at the SWF specification users had to sign a licensing agreement not to use it to create competing players
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe and Mozilla Foundation to Open Source Flash Player Scripting Engine '' . Mozilla Foundation Press Center . San Francisco . November 7 , 2006 . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ Tamarin Project Archived February 10 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Mozilla.org ( October 5 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 .
    122. \n
  122. \n ^ Jump up to : Tim Anderson ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` Adobe Flex SDK bombshell STUNS developers '' .
    123. \n
  123. \n ^ Jump up to : Joab Jackson , IDG News Service ( November 16 , 2011 ) . `` Adobe Donates Flex to Apache '' . PCWorld .
    124. \n
  124. \n ^ Jump up to : Flex ! = Flash , PrintUI , January 27 , 2013
    125. \n
  125. \n Jump up ^ Open Source Flash C++ Compiler , CrossBridge , Adobe Blogs , June 25 , 2013
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ CrossBridge , Adobe Gaming GitHub Website
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ Adobe Open - Sources Flash C / C++ Compiler , Phoronix , Michael Larabel , June 26 , 2013
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ `` Gnash Reference Manual '' . gnu.org . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 .
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash Player Help / Installation problems '' .
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ `` Help / Uninstall ( old - version ) Flash Player ( if installation is unsuccessful ) '' .
    131. \n
  131. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Patch for Adobe Flash '' . The H. March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 .
    132. \n
  132. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe roadmap for the Flash Player '' . Adobe . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 .
    133. \n
  133. \n Jump up ^ Usage Statistics of Flash for Websites , December 2013 . W3techs.com ( July 22 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on December 9 , 2013 .
    134. \n
  134. \n Jump up ^ Bug 3712099 , at `` bugbase.adobe.com '' Archived February 27 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on February 22 , 2014 .
    135. \n
  135. \n Jump up ^ `` What Is a Local Shared Object ? '' . Adobe Systems . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 .
    136. \n
  136. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Flash Player Settings Manager '' . Adobe Systems . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 .
    137. \n
  137. \n Jump up ^ `` Web Storage Settings Panel '' . Adobe Systems . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 .
    138. \n
  138. \n Jump up ^ `` Private browsing in Flash Player 10 '' . Adobe Systems . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 .
    139. \n
  139. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash Bug Report '' . February 6 , 2010 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 .
    140. \n
  140. \n Jump up ^ `` Security Advisory for Flash Player , Adobe Reader and Acrobat '' . Adobe Systems . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 .
    141. \n
  141. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe acknowledges critical security flaw in software '' . BBC News . June 7 , 2010 .
    142. \n
  142. \n Jump up ^ `` Security Advisory for Adobe Flash Player , Adobe Reader and Acrobat '' . Adobe Systems . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2010 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 .
    143. \n
  143. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash vulnerability revealed for Android , fix coming November 9th '' . MobileCrunch . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2010 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 .
    144. \n
  144. \n Jump up ^ `` Security updates available for Adobe Flash Player '' . Adobe Systems . February 7 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 .
    145. \n
  145. \n Jump up ^ `` Security updates available for Adobe Flash Player '' . Adobe Systems . March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 .
    146. \n
  146. \n Jump up ^ `` Internet Security Threat Report : Volume XV : April 2010 '' . Symantec. April 2010 . pp. 37 , 40 , 42 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2010 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 .
    147. \n
  147. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Acrobat , Reader , and Flash Player Remote Code Execution Vulnerability '' . October 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 .
    148. \n
  148. \n Jump up ^ `` 2010 Threat Predictions '' ( PDF ) . McAfee Labs . December 2009 . p. 2 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 .
    149. \n
  149. \n Jump up ^ `` McAfee Threats Report : Fourth quarter 2009 '' ( PDF ) . McAfee Avert Labs . February 2010 . p. 16 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 15 , 2010 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 .
    150. \n
  150. \n ^ Jump up to : `` IT Threat Evolution : Q3 2012 '' . Kaspersky Lab ZAO . November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 .
    151. \n
  151. \n ^ Jump up to : Steve Jobs ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Thoughts on Flash '' . Apple . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2010 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 .
    152. \n
  152. \n Jump up ^ future of Flash . Adobe ( July 14 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 .
    153. \n
  153. \n Jump up ^ Symantec Global Internet Threat Report for 2009 , page 40 , `` In 2009 , Symantec documented 321 vulnerabilities affecting plug - ins for Web browsers ( figure 9 ) . ActiveX technologies were affected by 134 vulnerabilities , which was the highest among the plug - in technologies examined . Of the remaining technologies , Java SE had 84 vulnerabilities , Adobe Reader had 49 vulnerabilities , QuickTime had 27 vulnerabilities , and Adobe Flash Player was subject to 23 vulnerabilities . The remaining four vulnerabilities affected extensions for Firefox . ''
    154. \n
  154. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Patches Flash Zero - Day Exploited by Magnitude EK '' . April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 .
    155. \n
  155. \n Jump up ^ `` Security Advisory for Adobe Flash Player '' . April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 .
    156. \n
  156. \n Jump up ^ Update : Premium Features for Flash Player , Adobe AIR and FP Blog
    157. \n
  157. \n Jump up ^ `` Why will Premium Flash Player Features Kill Flash ? '' . ASVGuy . March 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 .
    158. \n
  158. \n Jump up ^ Shankland , Stephen ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` Adobe to charge Flash coders to use ' premium ' features '' . CNET . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 .
    159. \n
  159. \n Jump up ^ `` And Then Premium Features Arrived ... '' . ASVGuy. April 5 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 .
    160. \n
  160. \n Jump up ^ Adobe Premium Features for Flash Player , Flash Player Dev Center , Adobe
    161. \n
  161. \n Jump up ^ Cassella , Dena ( February 1 , 2010 ) . `` Steve Jobs Unleashes His Fury During Town Hall Meeting '' . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2010 .
    162. \n
  162. \n Jump up ^ Richmond , Shane. ( April 30 , 2010 ) Adobe hits back at Apple 's ' smokescreen ' -- Telegraph Blogs . Blogs.telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved on March 11 , 2011 .
    163. \n
  163. \n Jump up ^ YouTube Mobile gets a kick start , Official YouTube Blog
    164. \n
  164. \n Jump up ^ Macromedia , Inc . ( March 4 , 2002 ) Macromedia and Sorenson Media bring video to Macromedia Flash content and applications , Retrieved on August 9 , 2009
    165. \n
  165. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Completes Acquisition of Macromedia '' . Adobe Systems . December 5 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2007 . Retrieved June 18 , 2007 .
    166. \n
  166. \n Jump up ^ Huang , Emmy ( November 15 , 2006 ) . `` Flash Player 9 Update ( 9.0. 28.0 ) release now available for Windows and Macintosh '' . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2007 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 .
    167. \n
  167. \n Jump up ^ `` Exploring full - screen mode in Flash Player 9 '' . Adobe Developer Center . December 3 , 2007 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 .
    168. \n
  168. \n Jump up ^ Melanson , Mike ( December 4 , 2007 ) . `` Flash Player 9 Update 3 ( Final ) '' . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2010 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 .
    169. \n
  169. \n Jump up ^ Adobe press release : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 .
    170. \n
  170. \n Jump up ^ Adobe Systems Incorporated ( December 3 , 2007 ) List of codecs supported by Adobe Flash Player , Retrieved on August 5 , 2009
    171. \n
  171. \n Jump up ^ Halfast , Todd . `` Flash Player 10.1 Now Available for Windows , Mac , and Linux '' Adobe AIR and Adobe Flash Player Team Blog `` . Blogs.adobe.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 .
    172. \n
  172. \n Jump up ^ `` features Flash Player 10.3 Release Notes '' . Kb2.adobe.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 .
    173. \n
  173. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash Player 11 and AIR 3 Release Notes : 10 / 04 / 11 '' . Kb2.adobe.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 .
    174. \n
  174. \n Jump up ^ Introducing Molehill : 3D APIs for Adobe Flash Player and Adobe AIR Archived July 8 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Adobe Edge
    175. \n
  175. \n Jump up ^ Extending AIR , Adobe Devnet
    176. \n
  176. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash Player 11.1 and AIR 3.1 User Release Notes : 11 / 09 / 11 '' . Kb2.adobe.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 .
    177. \n
  177. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Introduces Premium Features for Gaming with Flash Player 11.2 ; Announces Collaboration with Unity Technologies '' . adobe.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 .
    178. \n
  178. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Flash Player and Adobe AIR feature list '' . adobe.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 .
    179. \n
  179. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash Player 12.0. 0.3 '' . Adobe Systems . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 22 , 2013 .
    180. \n
  180. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Labs Downloads '' . Adobe . April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 .
    181. \n
  181. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash Player 13.0. 0.80 '' . Adobe Systems . January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 .
    182. \n
  182. \n Jump up ^ `` 8 / 12 / 2014 -- Release -- Flash Player 14 '' . Adobe Systems . August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 .
    183. \n
  183. \n Jump up ^ `` 11 / 11 / 2014 -- Release -- Flash Player 15 '' . Adobe Systems . November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 .
    184. \n
  184. \n Jump up ^ `` 12 / 9 / 2014 -- Release -- Flash Player 16 '' . Adobe Systems . December 9 , 2014 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 .
    185. \n
  185. \n Jump up ^ `` 12 / 3 / 2015 -- Release -- Flash Player 17 '' . Adobe Systems . March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 .
    186. \n
  186. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Security Bulletin '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 .
    187. \n
\n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Adobe Flash
\n File formats \n
    \n
  • \n ActionScript ( AS )
    • \n
  • \n Action Message Format ( AMF )
    • \n
  • \n Flash Video ( FLV )
    • \n
  • \n Flash XML Graphics ( FXG )
    • \n
  • \n Local shared objects ( LSOs )
    • \n
  • \n MXML
    • \n
  • \n Flash Movie ( SWF )
    • \n
  • \n Flash Code Library ( SWC )
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Software ( list ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Players \n
    \n
  • \n Adobe AIR
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Flash Player
    • \n
  • \n OpenFL
    • \n
  • \n Gnash
    • \n
  • \n Lightspark
    • \n
  • \n Gameswf
    • \n
  • \n Tamarin
    • \n
\n
\n Animation tools \n
    \n
  • \n Adobe Animate
    • \n
  • \n Toon Boom
    • \n
  • \n Moho
    • \n
  • \n GoAnimate
    • \n
  • \n Stencyl
    • \n
\n
\n Programming tools \n
    \n
  • \n FlashDevelop
    • \n
  • \n Powerflasher FDT
    • \n
  • \n Apache Flex
    • \n
  • \n Haxe
    • \n
  • \n CrossBridge
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Scout
    • \n
  • \n FlashFirebug
    • \n
\n
\n Libraries \n
    \n
  • \n Starling Framework
    • \n
  • \n Away3D
    • \n
  • \n Flare3D
    • \n
  • \n Stage3D
    • \n
  • \n PureMVC
    • \n
  • \n Ming
    • \n
  • \n List of Flex frameworks
    • \n
\n
\n Converters \n
    \n
  • \n Adobe Flash Media Live Encoder
    • \n
  • \n SWFTools
    • \n
  • \n swfmill
    • \n
  • \n Google Swiffy
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Wallaby
    • \n
\n
\n Server - side \n
    \n
  • \n Adobe Flash Media Server
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Obsolete software \n
    \n
  • \n Adobe Flash Builder
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Flash Catalyst
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Flash Lite
    • \n
  • \n SWFAddress
    • \n
  • \n SWFObject
    • \n
  • \n MTASC
    • \n
  • \n Scaleform GFx
    • \n
  • \n SWiSH Max
    • \n
  • \n Swift 3D
    • \n
  • \n Papervision3D
    • \n
  • \n Ajax Animator
    • \n
  • \n Shumway
    • \n
  • \n Swfdec
    • \n
  • \n OpenLaszlo
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Comparison of HTML5 and Flash
    • \n
  • \n Apple and Adobe Flash controversy
    • \n
  • \n Flash animation
      \n
    • \n films
      • \n
    • \n television
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Protected Streaming
    • \n
  • \n Real - Time Messaging Protocol
    • \n
  • \n Real - Time Media Flow Protocol
    • \n
\n
\n Developers \n
    \n
  • \n FutureWave Software
    • \n
  • \n Macromedia
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Systems
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Adobe Systems
\n Software \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Suites \n
    \n
  • \n Creative Cloud ( Creative Suite )
    • \n
  • \n eLearning Suite
    • \n
  • \n Technical Communication Suite
    • \n
\n
\n Desktop \n
    \n
  • \n Animate
    • \n
  • \n Acrobat
    • \n
  • \n After Effects
    • \n
  • \n Brackets
    • \n
  • \n Edge Code
    • \n
  • \n Edge Reflow
    • \n
  • \n Digital Editions
    • \n
  • \n Director
    • \n
  • \n Dreamweaver
    • \n
  • \n FrameMaker
    • \n
  • \n FreeHand
    • \n
  • \n Flash Player
    • \n
  • \n Flex Builder
    • \n
  • \n GoLive
    • \n
  • \n Illustrator
    • \n
  • \n InDesign
    • \n
  • \n Media Encoder
    • \n
  • \n Media Player
    • \n
  • \n Muse
    • \n
  • \n PageMaker
    • \n
  • \n Photoshop
    • \n
  • \n Photoshop Lightroom
    • \n
  • \n Premiere Pro
    • \n
  • \n Reader
    • \n
  • \n Shockwave Player
    • \n
\n
\n Server \n
    \n
  • \n LiveCycle
    • \n
  • \n Flash Media Server
    • \n
  • \n BlazeDS
    • \n
  • \n ColdFusion
    • \n
  • \n JRun
    • \n
  • \n PhoneGap Build
    • \n
\n
\n 		\n
\n Technologies \n
    \n
  • \n ActionScript
    • \n
  • \n Adobe AIR
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Flash
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Flex
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Shockwave
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Font Folio
    • \n
  • \n Digital Negative ( DNG )
    • \n
  • \n Authorware
    • \n
  • \n FlashPaper
    • \n
  • \n Portable Document Format ( PDF )
    • \n
  • \n PostScript
    • \n
\n
\n Web services \n
    \n
  • \n Acrobat.com
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Solutions Network
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Photoshop Express
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Premiere Express
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Spark
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Stock
    • \n
\n
\n Acquisitions \n
    \n
  • \n Aldus
    • \n
  • \n Macromedia
    • \n
  • \n Scene7
    • \n
  • \n Omniture
    • \n
  • \n Behance
    • \n
  • \n Fotolia
    • \n
\n
\n People \n
    \n
  • \n Bruce Chizen
    • \n
  • \n Charles Geschke
    • \n
  • \n Shantanu Narayen
    • \n
  • \n John Warnock
    • \n
  • \n Del Yocam
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Commons
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adobe_Flash_Player&oldid=821558952 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what is the most current adobe flash player version", "long_answers": ["Adobe Flash Player Original author ( s ) FutureWave Macromedia Developer ( s ) Adobe Systems Initial release 1996 ; 22 years ago ( 1996 ) Stable release ( s ) ( \u00b1 ) Windows , macOS , Linux , Chrome OS 28.0. 0.137 / January 9 , 2018 ; 16 days ago ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) Android 4.0. x 11.1. 115.81 / September 10 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) Android 2. x and 3. x 11.1. 111.73 / September 10 , 2013 ; 4 years ago ( 2013 - 09 - 10 ) Solaris 11.2. 202.223 / March 28 , 2012 ; 5 years ago ( 2012 - 03 - 28 ) Preview release ( s ) ( \u00b1 ) Windows , macOS , Linux , Chrome OS 28.0. 0.152 Beta / January 24 , 2018 ; 1 day ago ( 2018 - 01 - 24 ) Written in C++ Operating system Windows , macOS , Linux , Chrome OS , Solaris , BlackBerry Tablet OS , Android , and Pocket PC Platform Web browsers and ActiveX - based software Available in Chinese Simplified , Chinese Traditional , English , French , German , Italian , Japanese , Polish , Russian , Spanish , Korean , and Turkish Type Run - time environment , Media player , and Browser extension License Freeware Website www.adobe.com/products/flashplayer.html\n", "Availability on desktop operating systems Platform Latest version Browser support Windows XP and later Windows Server 2003 and later 28.0. 0.137 Firefox , Chrome , Chromium , Safari , Opera , Internet Explorer , Microsoft Edge Windows 2000 11.1. 102.55 ? Windows 98 and ME 9.0. 115.0 ? Windows 95 and NT 4 7.0. 14.0 ? Mac OS X 10.6 or later 28.0. 0.137 Firefox , Chrome , Chromium , Safari , Opera Mac OS X 10.5 10.3. 183.90 ? Classic Mac OS , PowerPC 7.0. 14.0 ? Classic Mac OS , 68k 5.0 ? Linux 28.0. 0.137 Firefox , Chrome , Chromium , Opera Solaris 11.2. 202.223 ?\n"], "short_answers": ["28.0. 0.137\n", "28.0. 0.137\n"]} {"text": "The Sleeping Beauty ( ballet ) - wikipedia

\n The Sleeping Beauty ( ballet )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Ballets by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
\n

\n Swan Lake ( 1876 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1889 ) The Nutcracker ( 1892 ) List of all compositions

\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n The Sleeping Beauty ( Russian : \u0421\u043f\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0446\u0430 / Spyashchaya krasavitsa ) is a ballet in a prologue and three acts , first performed in 1890 . The music was composed by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky ( his opus 66 ) . The score was completed in 1889 , and is the second of his three ballets . The original scenario was conceived by Ivan Vsevolozhsky , and is based on Charles Perrault 's La Belle au bois dormant . The choreographer of the original production was Marius Petipa .

\n

\n The premiere performance took place at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg on January 15 , 1890 . The work has become one of the classical repertoire 's most famous ballets .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n Composition history ( edit )

\n

\n Tchaikovsky was approached by the Director of the Imperial Theatres in St. Petersburg , Ivan Vsevolozhsky on 25 May 1888 about a possible ballet adaptation on the subject of the story of Undine . It was later decided that Charles Perrault 's La Belle au bois dormant would be the story for which Tchaikovsky would compose the music for the ballet . Tchaikovsky did not hesitate to accept the commission , although he was aware that his only previous ballet , Swan Lake , met with little enthusiasm at that stage of his career .

\n

\n The ballet scenario that Tchaikovsky worked on was based on the Brothers Grimm 's version of Perrault 's work entitled ' Dornr\u00f6schen ' . In that version , the Princess 's parents ( the King and the Queen ) survived the 100 - year sleep to celebrate the Princess 's wedding to the Prince . However , Vsevolozhsky incorporated Perrault 's other characters from his stories into the ballet , such as Puss in Boots , Little Red Riding Hood , Cinderella , Bluebird , Bluebeard , Ricky of the Tuft and Tom Thumb . Other French fairy tale characters to be featured are Beauty and the Beast , Pretty Goldilocks and The White Cat . Regardless , Tchaikovsky was happy to inform the Director of the Imperial Theatre that he had great pleasure studying the work and had come away with adequate inspiration to do it justice .

\n

\n The choreographer was Marius Petipa , ballet master of the Imperial Ballet , who wrote a very detailed list of instructions as to the musical requirements . Tchaikovsky worked quickly on the new work at Frolovskoye ; he began initial sketches in the winter of 1888 and began orchestration on the work on 30 May 1889 .

\n

\n The ballet 's focus was undeniably on the two main conflicting forces of good ( the Lilac Fairy ) and evil ( Carabosse ) ; each has a leitmotif representing them , which run through the entire ballet , serving as an important thread to the underlying plot . Act III of the work , however , takes a complete break from the two motifs and instead places focus on the individual characters of the various court dances .

\n

\n Performance history ( edit )

\n

\n St. Petersburg premiere ( world premiere )

\n \n

\n Moscow premiere

\n \n

\n Other notable productions

\n \n

\n Roles and original cast ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Role \n Mariinsky 1890 \n Bolshoi 1899
\n King Florestan \n Feliks Krzesi\u0144ski ( Mathilde Kschessinska 's father ) \n
\n Queen \n Giuseppina Cecchetti \n
\n Princess Aurora , the Sleeping Beauty \n Carlotta Brianza \n Lyubov Roslavleva
\n Lilac Fairy \n Marie Petipa \n M. Grachevskaya
\n Carabosse \n Enrico Cecchetti \n Vasiliy Geltser
\n Prince D\u00e9sir\u00e9 \n Pavel Gerdt \n Ivan Khlyustin
\n Bluebird \n Enrico Cecchetti \n
\n Princess Florine \n Varvara Nikitina \n
\n

\n The ballet 's premiere received more favorable accolades than Swan Lake from the press but Tchaikovsky never had the luxury of being able to witness his work become an instant success in theatres outside of Russia . He died in 1893 . By 1903 , The Sleeping Beauty was the second most popular ballet in the repertory of the Imperial Ballet ( the Petipa / Pugni The Pharaoh 's Daughter was first ) , having been performed 200 times in only 10 years .

\n Original cast members costumed for Act I . At center is Carlotta Brianza as Aurora . Mariinsky Theatre , St. Petersburg , 1890

\n A production mounted at the La Scala in Milan did not arouse much interest and it was not until 1921 that , in London , the ballet finally gained wide acclaim and eventually a permanent place in the classical repertoire . In 1999 , the Mariinsky Ballet reconstructed the original 1899 production , including reproductions of the original sets and costumes . Although the 1951 Kirov production by Konstantin Sergeyev is available on DVD / Video , the 1999 `` authentic '' version is only available in short excerpts as of 2007 .

\n

\n The Sleeping Beauty is Tchaikovsky 's longest ballet , lasting nearly four hours at full length - counting the intermissions . Without intermissions ( as it appears on several CD sets ) , it lasts nearly three hours . It is nearly always cut .

\n

\n At the premiere , Tsar Alexander III summoned Tchaikovsky to the imperial box . The Tsar made the simple remark ' Very nice , ' which seemed to have irritated Tchaikovsky , who had likely expected a more favorable response .

\n

\n Instrumentation ( edit )

\n \n

\n Roles ( edit )

\n

\n The Royal Court :

\n \n

\n The Fairies :

\n \n

\n The Four Suitors :

\n \n

\n The Prince 's Hunting Party :

\n \n

\n Fairy - Tale Characters :

\n \n

\n Synopsis ( edit )

\n

\n Setting

\n \n The bad fairy Carabosse by L\u00e9on Bakst , who created the d\u00e9cor and about 300 costume designs in 2 months for Diaghilev 's lavish 1921 production of The Sleeping Beauty in London .

\n Prologue ( The Christening ) King Florestan XXIV and his Queen have welcomed their first child , Princess Aurora , and declare a grand christening ceremony to honor her . Six fairies are invited to the ceremony to bestow gifts on the child . Each fairy represents a virtue or positive trait , such as beauty , courage , sweetness , musical talent , and mischief . The most powerful fairy , the Lilac Fairy , arrives with her entourage , but before she can bestow her gift , the evil fairy Carabosse arrives with her minions . Carabosse furiously asks the King and Queen why she had not received an invitation to the christening . The blame falls on the Master of Ceremonies who was in charge of the guest list . Carabosse gleefully tears his wig off and beats him with her staff , before placing a curse upon the baby princess as revenge : Aurora will indeed grow up to be a beautiful , healthy , delightful young lady , but on her sixteenth birthday she will prick her finger on a Spindle and die . The King and Queen are horrified and beg Carabosse for mercy , but she shows none . However , the Lilac Fairy intervenes . Though she does not have enough power to completely undo the curse , she alters it , allowing the spindle to cause a peaceful 100 - year sleep for the princess , rather than death . At the end of those 100 years , she will be woken by the kiss of a handsome prince . Relieved that Aurora 's life will ultimately be spared , the court is set at ease .

\n

\n Act I ( The Spell ) It is the day of Princess Aurora 's sixteenth birthday . Celebrations are underway , though the King is still unsettled by Carabosse 's omen . The master of ceremonies discovers several peasant ladies frolicking about with knitting needles and alerts the King , who initially sentences the women to a harsh punishment . The Queen gently persuades him to spare the innocent citizens , and he agrees . an elaborate waltz is performed and Princess Aurora arrives , She is introduced to four suitors by her doting parents . Aurora and the suitors perform the famous Rose Adagio. Presently , a cloaked stranger appears and offers a gift to the princess : a spindle . Having never seen one before , Aurora curiously examines the strange object as her parents desperately try to intervene . As predicted , she pricks her finger . While initially appearing to recover quickly , she falls into a swoon and collapses . The cloaked stranger reveals herself to be Carabosse , who believes that her curse still stands and that the princess is dead . Once again , the Lilac Fairy quells the hubbub and reminds the King and Queen that Aurora is merely asleep . The princess is carried off to bed , and the Lilac Fairy casts a spell of slumber over the entire kingdom , which will only be broken when Aurora awakens

\n Carlotta Brianza as Princess Aurora and Pavel Gerdt as Prince D\u00e9sir\u00e9 , costumed for the Grand Procession of Act III in Petipa 's original production of The Sleeping Beauty . ( Mariinsky Theatre , St. Petersburg , 1890 )

\n Act II ( The Vision ) One hundred years later , Prince D\u00e9sir\u00e9 is with his bossy countess girlfriend . He is unhappy , but dances . Still unhappy , he asks for some time to himself . Alone in the forest , he is met by the Lilac Fairy , who has chosen him to awaken Aurora . She shows him a vision of the beautiful princess , and the prince is immediately smitten . The Lilac Fairy explains the situation , and D\u00e9sir\u00e9 begs to be taken to the princess . The Lilac Fairy takes himto the hidden castle . Carabosse makes one last attempt to cement her vengeful curse , but the Lilac Fairy and the prince manage to defeat her together at last . Once inside the castle , D\u00e9sir\u00e9 awakens Aurora with a kiss . The rest of the court wakes as well , and the King and Queen heartily approve when the prince proposes marriage and the princess accepts .

\n

\n The royal wedding is underway . Guests include the Jewel Fairies : Diamond , Gold , Silver and Sapphire , and of course the Lilac Fairy . Fairytale characters are in attendance , including Puss in Boots and The White Cat , Princess Florine and the Bluebird , and others . Aurora and D\u00e9sir\u00e9 perform a grand Pas de Deux , and the entire ensemble dances. The prince and princess are married , with the Lilac Fairy blessing the union .

\n

\n Structure ( edit )

\n Alexandra Ansanelli as Princess Aurora and David Makhateli as Prince Florimund in a Royal Ballet production of Sleeping Beauty , 29 April 2008 .

\n Titles of all of the numbers listed here come from Marius Petipa 's original scenario , as well as the original libretto and programs of the first production of 1890 . Major changes which were made to the score for Petipa 's original production are mentioned , and help explain why the score is often heard in different versions in theatres today .

\n

\n All libretti and programs of works performed on the stages of the Imperial Theatres were titled in French , which was the official language of the Emperor 's Court , as well as the language in which balletic terminology is derived .

\n

\n Prologue -- Le bapt\u00eame de la Princesse Aurore

\n
\n
\n No. 1 - a Introduction
\n
\n No. 1 - b Marche de salon
\n
\n No. 2 - a Entr\u00e9e des f\u00e9es
\n
\n No. 2 - b Sc\u00e8ne dansante
\n
\n No. 3 Grand pas d'ensemble ( a.k.a. Pas de six ) --
\n
\n a . Grand adage . Petit all\u00e9gro
\n
\n b . Variation - Candide
\n
\n c . Variation - Coulante -- Fleur de farine
\n
\n d . Variation - Miettes -- qui tombent ( a.k.a. breadcrumb )
\n
\n e . Variation - Canari -- qui chante
\n
\n f . Variation - Violente -- \u00e9chevel\u00e9e
\n
\n g . Variation - La F\u00e9e des lilas -- voluptueuse
\n
\n h . Coda g\u00e9n\u00e9rale
\n
\n
\n
\n No. 4 Sc\u00e8ne et final --
\n
\n a . Entr\u00e9e de Carabosse
\n
\n b . Sc\u00e8ne mimique de Carabosse
\n
\n c . Sc\u00e8ne mimique de la F\u00e9e des lilas
\n
\n
\n
\n

\n Act I -- Les quatre fianc\u00e9s de la Princesse Aurore

\n
\n
\n No. 5 - a Introduction
\n
\n No. 5 - b Sc\u00e8ne des tricoteuses
\n
\n No. 6 Grande valse villageoise ( a.k.a. The Garland Waltz )
\n
\n No. 7 Entr\u00e9e d'Aurore
\n
\n No. 8 Grand pas d'action --
\n
\n a . Grand adage \u00e0 la rose ( opening harp cadenza possibly extended by either the harpist Albert Heinrich Zabel or Riccardo Drigo )
\n
\n b . Danse des demoiselles d'honneur et des pages
\n
\n c . Variation d'Aurore ( coda edited by an unknown hand , possibly Riccardo Drigo )
\n
\n d . Coda
\n
\n
\n
\n No. 9 Sc\u00e8ne et final --
\n
\n a . Danse d'Aurore avec le fuseau
\n
\n b . Le charme
\n
\n c . L'arriv\u00e9e de la F\u00e9e des lilas
\n
\n
\n
\n

\n Act II

\n
\n
\n Scene I -- La chasse du Prince D\u00e9sir\u00e9
\n
\n
\n
\n No. 10 - a Entr'acte
\n
\n No. 10 - b Sc\u00e8ne de la chasse royale
\n
\n No. 11 Colin - Maillard
\n
\n No. 12 Danses des demoiselles nobles --
\n
\n a . Sc\u00e8ne
\n
\n b . Danse des duchesses
\n
\n c . Danse des baronesses ( likely cut by Petipa from the original production )
\n
\n d . Danse des comtesses ( likely cut by Petipa from the original production )
\n
\n e . Danse des marquises ( likely cut by Petipa from the original production )
\n
\n
\n
\n No. 13 Coda -- Farandole
\n
\n No. 14 - a Sc\u00e8ne et d\u00e9part des chasseurs
\n
\n No. 14 - b Entr\u00e9e de la F\u00e9e des lilas
\n
\n No. 15 Pas d'action --
\n
\n a . Entr\u00e9e de l'apparition d'Aurore
\n
\n b . Grand adage ( opening harp cadenza possibly extended by either the harpist Albert Heinrich Zabel or Riccardo Drigo )
\n
\n c . Valse des nymphes -- Petit all\u00e9gro coquet
\n
\n
\n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n
\n d . Variation d'Aurore ( cut by Petipa from the original production )
\n
\n e . Petite coda
\n
\n
\n
\n No. 16 Sc\u00e8ne
\n
\n No. 17 Panorama
\n
\n \n
\n
\n No. 18 Entr'acte symphonique ( solo for violin with light orchestral accompaniment , composed for Leopold Auer , cut from the original production )
\n
\n
\n
\n Scene II -- Le ch\u00e2teau de la belle au bois dormant
\n
\n
\n
\n No. 19 Sc\u00e8ne du ch\u00e2teau de sommeil
\n
\n No. 20 Sc\u00e8ne et final -- Le r\u00e9veil d'Aurore
\n
\n The Bluebird and Princess Florina ( Valeri Panov and Natalia Makarova ) from the 1964 Russian motion picture featuring artists of the Kirov Ballet .

\n Act III -- Les Noces de D\u00e9sir\u00e9 et d'Aurore

\n
\n
\n No. 21 Marche
\n
\n No. 22 Grand polonaise dans\u00e9e ( a.k.a. The Procession of the Fairy Tales )
\n
\n Grand divertissement --
\n
\n No. 23 Pas de quatre
\n
\n a . Entr\u00e9e
\n
\n b . Variation de la f\u00e9e - Or ( transferred by Petipa to Act II as a variation for Carlotta Brianza in the original production )
\n
\n c . Variation de la f\u00e9e - Argent ( changed by Petipa in the original production -- Pas de trois pour la F\u00e9es d'Or , d'Argent et de Saphir )
\n
\n d . Variation de la f\u00e9e - Saphir ( cut by Petipa from the original production )
\n
\n e . Variation de la f\u00e9e - Diamant
\n
\n f . Coda
\n
\n
\n
\n \n
\n
\n No. 24 Pas de caract\u00e8re -- Le Chat bott\u00e9 et la Chatte blanche
\n
\n No. 25 Pas de quatre ( changed by Petipa in the original production -- Pas de deux de l'Oiseau bleu et la Princesse Florine )
\n
\n a . Entr\u00e9e
\n
\n b . Variation de Cendrillon et Prince Fortun\u00e9 ( changed by Petipa in the original production -- Variation de l'Oiseau bleu )
\n
\n c . Variation de l'Oiseau bleu la Princesse Florine ( changed by Petipa in the original production -- Variation de la Princesse Florine )
\n
\n d . Coda
\n
\n
\n
\n No. 26 Pas de caract\u00e8re -- Chaperon Rouge et le Loup
\n
\n \n
\n
\n No. 27 Pas berrichon -- Le Petit Poucet , ses fr\u00e8res et l'Ogre
\n
\n No. 28 Grand pas de quatre ( originally arranged by Petipa as a Pas de quatre for the Princess Aurora , Prince D\u00e9sir\u00e9 and the Gold and Sapphire Fairies )
\n
\n a . Entr\u00e9e ( only the first eight bars were retained )
\n
\n b . Grand adage
\n
\n
\n
\n \n
\n
\n
\n
\n c . Variation du Prince D\u00e9sir\u00e9
\n
\n d . Variation d'Aurore -- Mlle . Brianza ( edited by Riccardo Drigo for the original production at Petipa 's request )
\n
\n e . Coda
\n
\n
\n
\n No. 29 Sarabande -- quadrille pour Turcs , \u00c9thiopiens , Africains et Am\u00e9ricains
\n
\n No. 30 - a Coda g\u00e9n\u00e9rale
\n
\n No. 30 - b Apoth\u00e9ose -- Helios en costume de Louis XIV , \u00e9clair\u00e9 par le soleil entour\u00e9 des f\u00e9es ( music based on Marche Henri IV )
\n
\n

\n Versions by other hands ( edit )

\n

\n Piano arrangements ( edit )

\n

\n In 1890 , Alexander Siloti was approached to arrange the music for piano duet . He declined , but suggested his then 17 - year - old cousin Sergei Rachmaninoff would be more than competent . This offer was accepted , although Siloti supervised the arrangement . Rachmaninoff himself arranged the entire score for piano solo .

\n

\n Aurora 's wedding by Sergei Diaghilev ( edit )

\n

\n In 1922 , ballet impresario Sergei Diaghilev arranged a 45 - minute version of the final act for his Ballets Russes , entitled Aurora 's Wedding . This abridged version has been recorded by conductor Leopold Stokowski , in one of his last performances , and by Charles Dutoit .

\n

\n The adaptation takes material from the Act I Introduction of the ballet and combines it with most of the final act , as well as other sections . The selections in this version are listed as follows :

\n
    \n
  1. \n Introduction ( Prologue )
    2. \n
  2. \n Polacca ( Act 3 )
    3. \n
  3. \n Pas de Six ( Prologue )
    4. \n
  4. \n Scene ; Danse des Duchesses ; Danse des Marquises ( Act 2 )
    5. \n
  5. \n Farandole ; Danse - Tempo di Mazurka ( Act 2 )
    6. \n
  6. \n Pas de Quatre ( Act 3 )
    7. \n
  7. \n Pas de Charactere - Chaperone Rouge et le Loup ( Act 3 )
    8. \n
  8. \n Pas de Quatre ( Act 3 )
    9. \n
  9. \n Coda - les trois Ivans ( Act 3 )
    10. \n
  10. \n Pas de Deux ( Act 3 )
    11. \n
  11. \n Finale - Tempo di Mazurka ; Apoth\u00e9ose ( Act 3 )
    12. \n
\n

\n Trademark controversy ( edit )

\n

\n The Walt Disney Company has registered a trademark with the US Patent and Trademark Office , filed 13 March 2007 , for the name `` Princess Aurora '' that covers production and distribution of motion picture films ; production of television programs ; production of sound and video recordings . Some suggest that this may limit the ability to perform this ballet , from which Disney acquired some of the music for its animated 1959 film Sleeping Beauty .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Roger Fiske ( 1973 ) : Eulenberg Edition , Foreword to the complete score of the ballet : `` On 2 Feb 1939 Sadler 's Wells presented the ballet in London with Margot Fonteyn in the title role ... This was the first successful production outside Russia , and it led to The Sleeping Beauty becoming extremely popular in all countries where classical ballet is cultivated ... The way in which he developed his themes and the lavish originality with which he scored the music raised his ballets far above those his predecessors had composed . ''
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` The Sleeping Beauty '' . Collections Online . Royal Opera House . Retrieved 9 April 2016 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Review / Ballet ; San Francisco ' Sleeping Beauty ' Underlines Russian Influences '' . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . New York Times / Anna Kisselgoff , March 20 , 1990
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Brillarelli , Livia ( 1995 ) . Cecchetti A Ballet Dynasty . Toronto : Dance Collection Danse Educational Publications . p. 31 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Lawrence & Elizabeth Hanson , Tchaikovsky page 269 Cassell London 1965
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` US Patent and Trademark Office -- Princess Aurora trademark status '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` An Attempt To Stop The Disney Machine '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . Deadline Hollywood / Niki Finke , May 1 , 2009
    8. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Sleeping Beauty .
\n

\n Video samples ( edit )

\n \n

\n Scores ( edit )

\n \n

\n History ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Ballets by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
\n
    \n
  • \n Swan Lake , Op. 20
    • \n
  • \n Sleeping Beauty , Op. 66
    • \n
  • \n The Nutcracker , Op. 71
    • \n
\n
\n List of compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n The ballets and * revivals of Marius Petipa in Russia
\n 1847 -- 59 \n
    \n
  • \n Paquita ( * 1847 , * 1881 )
    • \n
  • \n Le Diable amoureux ( as `` Satanella '' ) ( * 1848 )
    • \n
  • \n Leda , the Swiss Milkmaid ( 1849 )
    • \n
  • \n Giselle ( * 1850 , * 1884 , * 1899 , * 1903 )
    • \n
  • \n The Star of Granada ( 1855 )
    • \n
  • \n The Rose , the Violet , and the Butterfly ( 1857 )
    • \n
  • \n Le Corsaire ( * 1858 , * 1863 , * 1868 , * 1885 , * 1899 )
    • \n
  • \n A Marriage During the Regency ( 1858 )
    • \n
  • \n The Parisian Market ( 1859 , * 1861 )
    • \n
\n
\n 1860 -- 79 \n
    \n
  • \n The Blue Dahlia ( 1860 , * 1875 )
    • \n
  • \n Terpsichore ( 1861 )
    • \n
  • \n The Pharaoh 's Daughter ( 1862 , * 1885 , * 1898 )
    • \n
  • \n The Beauty of Lebanon ( 1863 )
    • \n
  • \n The Traveling Dancer ( 1864 )
    • \n
  • \n Florida ( 1866 )
    • \n
  • \n Titania ( 1866 )
    • \n
  • \n Faust ( * 1867 )
    • \n
  • \n The Benevolent Cupid ( 1868 )
    • \n
  • \n The Slave ( 1868 )
    • \n
  • \n Le Roi Candaule ( 1868 , * 1891 , * 1903 )
    • \n
  • \n Don Quixote ( 1869 , * 1871 )
    • \n
  • \n Trilby ( 1870 )
    • \n
  • \n Catarina ( * 1870 )
    • \n
  • \n The Two Stars ( 1871 )
    • \n
  • \n La P\u00e9ri ( * 1872 )
    • \n
  • \n Camargo ( 1872 )
    • \n
  • \n Le Papillon ( * 1874 )
    • \n
  • \n Ondine ( as `` The Naiad and the Fisherman '' ) ( * 1874 , * 1892 )
    • \n
  • \n The Bandits ( 1875 )
    • \n
  • \n The Adventures of Peleus ( 1876 , * 1897 )
    • \n
  • \n A Midsummer Night 's Dream ( 1876 )
    • \n
  • \n La Bayad\u00e8re ( 1877 , * 1900 )
    • \n
  • \n Roxana ( 1878 )
    • \n
  • \n Ariadne ( 1878 )
    • \n
  • \n The Daughter of the Snows ( 1879 )
    • \n
  • \n Frizak the Barber ( 1879 )
    • \n
  • \n Mlada ( 1879 , * 1896 )
    • \n
\n
\n 1880 -- 99 \n
    \n
  • \n La Fille du Danube ( * 1880 )
    • \n
  • \n Zoraiya ( 1881 )
    • \n
  • \n La Vivandi\u00e8re ( as `` Markitenka '' ) ( * 1881 )
    • \n
  • \n P\u00e2querette ( * 1882 )
    • \n
  • \n The Night and the Day ( 1883 )
    • \n
  • \n Pygmalion ( 1883 )
    • \n
  • \n Copp\u00e9lia ( * 1884 )
    • \n
  • \n Giselle ( * 1884 , 1899 , 1903 )
    • \n
  • \n Le Diable \u00e0 Quatre ( as `` The Willful Wife '' ) ( * 1885 )
    • \n
  • \n La Fille Mal Gard\u00e9e ( * 1885 )
    • \n
  • \n The Magic Pills ( 1886 )
    • \n
  • \n The King 's Command ( 1886 , * 1887 , * 1900 )
    • \n
  • \n La Esmeralda ( * 1886 , * 1899 )
    • \n
  • \n The Sacrifices to Cupid ( 1886 )
    • \n
  • \n * Fiametta ( 1887 )
    • \n
  • \n The Vestal ( 1888 )
    • \n
  • \n The Talisman ( 1889 , * 1895 )
    • \n
  • \n The Enchanted Forest ( * 1889 )
    • \n
  • \n The Caprices of a Butterfly ( 1889 , * 1895 )
    • \n
  • \n The Sleeping Beauty ( 1890 )
    • \n
  • \n N\u00e9nuphar ( 1890 )
    • \n
  • \n Kalkabrino ( 1891 )
    • \n
  • \n A Fairy Tale ( 1891 )
    • \n
  • \n La Sylphide ( * 1892 )
    • \n
  • \n The Nutcracker ( 1892 )
    • \n
  • \n Cinderella ( 1893 )
    • \n
  • \n The Awakening of Flora ( 1894 )
    • \n
  • \n Swan Lake ( * 1895 )
    • \n
  • \n The Little Humpbacked Horse ( as `` The Tsar Maiden '' ) ( * 1895 )
    • \n
  • \n The Calvary Halt ( 1896 )
    • \n
  • \n The Pearl ( 1896 )
    • \n
  • \n Bluebeard ( 1896 )
    • \n
  • \n Raymonda ( 1898 )
    • \n
\n
\n 1900 -- 03 \n
    \n
  • \n Les Ruses d'Amour or The Trial of Damis ( 1900 )
    • \n
  • \n The Seasons ( 1900 )
    • \n
  • \n Harlequinade ( 1900 )
    • \n
  • \n The Heart of the Marquis ( 1902 )
    • \n
  • \n The Magic Mirror ( 1903 )
    • \n
  • \n The Romance of the Rosebud and the Butterfly ( never presented )
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
\n Operas \n
    \n
  • \n The Voyevoda
    • \n
  • \n Undina
    • \n
  • \n The Oprichnik
    • \n
  • \n Vakula the Smith
    • \n
  • \n Eugene Onegin
    • \n
  • \n The Maid of Orleans
    • \n
  • \n Mazepa ( or Mazeppa )
    • \n
  • \n Cherevichki
    • \n
  • \n The Enchantress
    • \n
  • \n The Queen of Spades
    • \n
  • \n Iolanta
    • \n
\n
\n Ballets \n
    \n
  • \n Swan Lake
    • \n
  • \n The Sleeping Beauty
    • \n
  • \n The Nutcracker
    • \n
\n
\n Symphonies \n
    \n
  • \n No. 1 in G minor ( `` Winter Daydreams '' )
    • \n
  • \n No. 2 in C minor ( `` Little Russian '' )
    • \n
  • \n No. 3 in D major ( `` Polish '' )
    • \n
  • \n No. 4 in F minor
    • \n
  • \n Symphony in B minor ( `` Manfred '' )
    • \n
  • \n No. 5 in E minor
    • \n
  • \n No. 6 in B minor ( `` Path\u00e9tique '' )
    • \n
  • \n No. 7 in E \u266d major ( unfinished )
    • \n
\n
\n Concertante \n
    \n
  • \n Piano Concerto No. 1 in B \u266d minor
    • \n
  • \n Piano Concerto No. 2 in G major
    • \n
  • \n Piano Concerto No. 3 in E \u266d major
    • \n
  • \n Concert Fantasia
    • \n
  • \n Andante and Finale
    • \n
  • \n S\u00e9r\u00e9nade m\u00e9lancolique
    • \n
  • \n Valse - Scherzo
    • \n
  • \n Violin Concerto in D major
    • \n
  • \n Variations on a Rococo Theme
    • \n
  • \n Pezzo capriccioso
    • \n
  • \n Cello Concerto
    • \n
\n
\n Orchestral works \n
    \n
  • \n Romeo and Juliet
    • \n
  • \n The Tempest
    • \n
  • \n Hamlet
    • \n
  • \n Capriccio Italien
    • \n
  • \n Francesca da Rimini
    • \n
  • \n The Storm
    • \n
  • \n Fatum
    • \n
  • \n The Voyevoda
    • \n
  • \n 1812 Overture
    • \n
  • \n Marche slave
    • \n
  • \n Festival Overture on the Danish National Anthem
    • \n
  • \n Festival Coronation March
    • \n
  • \n Orchestral Suite No. 1 in D minor
    • \n
  • \n Orchestral Suite No. 2 in C major
    • \n
  • \n Orchestral Suite No. 3 in G major
    • \n
  • \n Orchestral Suite No. 4 in G major ( `` Mozartiana '' )
    • \n
  • \n Serenade for Strings
    • \n
\n
\n Vocal music \n
    \n
  • \n Liturgy of St John Chrysostom
    • \n
  • \n All - Night Vigil
    • \n
  • \n Moscow
    • \n
  • \n Six Romances ( Op. 38 )
    • \n
\n
\n Chamber music \n
    \n
  • \n Quartet Movement in B \u266d major
    • \n
  • \n String Quartet No. 1 in D major
    • \n
  • \n String Quartet No. 2 in F major
    • \n
  • \n String Quartet No. 3 in E \u266d minor
    • \n
  • \n Souvenir d'un lieu cher
    • \n
  • \n Piano Trio in A minor
    • \n
  • \n String Sextet in D minor ( Souvenir de Florence )
    • \n
\n
\n Piano music \n
    \n
  • \n Scherzo \u00e0 la russe
    • \n
  • \n Souvenir de Hapsal
    • \n
  • \n The Seasons ( Les saisons )
    • \n
  • \n Piano Sonata No. 2 in C \u266f minor
    • \n
  • \n Grand Piano Sonata in G major
    • \n
\n
\n Portrayals \n
    \n
  • \n Tchaikovsky ( 1969 film )
    • \n
\n
\n Music competitions \n
    \n
  • \n International Tchaikovsky Competition
    • \n
  • \n International Tchaikovsky Competition for Young Musicians
    • \n
\n
\n Related articles \n
    \n
  • \n Antonina Miliukova
    • \n
  • \n Belyayev circle
    • \n
  • \n Death
    • \n
  • \n Modest Ilyich Tchaikovsky
    • \n
  • \n Musical style
    • \n
  • \n Nadezhda von Meck
    • \n
  • \n Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in popular media
    • \n
  • \n Symphonies by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
    • \n
  • \n Tchaikovsky State House - Museum
    • \n
  • \n The Five
    • \n
  • \n Vladimir Davydov
    • \n
\n
\n Book : Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

\n List of compositions by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

\n Category : Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n `` Sleeping Beauty '' / `` Little Briar Rose '' by Charles Perrault and the Brothers Grimm
\n Theatre \n
    \n
  • \n La Belle au Bois Dormant ( opera )
    • \n
  • \n The Sleeping Beauty ( ballet )
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Variants \n
    \n
  • \n Sun , Moon , and Talia
    • \n
  • \n The Young Slave
    • \n
  • \n The Glass Coffin
    • \n
\n
\n Retellings \n
    \n
  • \n Alinda of the Loch
    • \n
  • \n Enchantment
    • \n
  • \n The Light Princess
    • \n
  • \n `` Little Daylight ''
    • \n
  • \n The Ordinary Princess
    • \n
  • \n The Sleeping Beauty Quartet
    • \n
  • \n Spindle 's End
    • \n
  • \n The Gates of Sleep
    • \n
\n
\n Films \n
    \n
  • \n Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 )
    • \n
  • \n Some Call It Loving ( 1973 )
    • \n
  • \n Sleeping Beauty ( 1987 )
    • \n
  • \n Sleeping Beauty ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n Keys to the Kingdom ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Sleeping Betty ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n Maleficent ( 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n Descendants ( 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Charming ( 2018 )
    • \n
\n
\n Disney \n
    \n
  • \n `` Once Upon a Dream '' ( song )
    • \n
  • \n Sleeping Beauty Castle
    • \n
  • \n Le Ch\u00e2teau de la Belle au Bois Dormant
    • \n
  • \n `` Evil Like Me '' ( song )
    • \n
  • \n Kingdom Hearts series
    • \n
\n
\n Characters \n
    \n
  • \n Prince Charming
    • \n
  • \n Wicked fairy godmother
    • \n
  • \n Disney 's Sleeping Beauty characters
      \n
    • \n Princess Aurora
      • \n
    • \n Flora , Fauna , and Merryweather
      • \n
    • \n Maleficent
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n VIAF : 177018667
    • \n
  • \n LCCN : n79129182
    • \n
  • \n GND : 300033966
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sleeping_Beauty_(ballet)&oldid=820890862 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n Variants

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "swan lake the sleeping beauty and the nutcracker are three famous ballets by", "long_answers": ["Ballets by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Swan Lake ( 1876 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1889 ) The Nutcracker ( 1892 ) List of all compositions\n"], "short_answers": ["Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky\n", "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky\n", "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky\n", "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky\n", "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky\n"]} {"text": "List of James Bond villains - wikipedia

\n List of James Bond villains

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n The lead section of this article may need to be rewritten . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . Use the lead layout guide to ensure the section follows Wikipedia 's norms and to be inclusive of all essential details . ( January 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n For secondary villains , see List of henchmen of James Bond villains .

\n The James Bond novels and film series feature a number of villainous characters who serve as primary antagonists . Each story normally features a main villain bent on world domination or destruction who seeks to defeat or kill Bond , often with the assistance of secondary characters . Bond typically confronts the villain during the story 's climax and exposes the evil plot .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Main villains ( edit )

\n

\n Novel villains by author ( edit )

\n Ian fleming ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Novel \n Villain \n Objective \n Outcome \n Fate
\n Casino Royale \n Le Chiffre \n Pay off his embarrassing debts to his SMERSH masters by winning the money at Casino Royale 's baccarat table . \n Bond beats Le Chiffre at baccarat . \n Shot between the eyes by a SMERSH hitman .
\n Live and Let Die \n Mr. Big ( Buonaparte Ignace Gallia ) \n Smuggle and sell ancient gold coins to finance SMERSH operations . \n Bond kills Mr Big . \n Eaten by sharks and barracuda after he falls into the water when Bond blows up his boat .
\n Moonraker \n Sir Hugo Drax ( Graf Hugo von der Drache ) \n Destroy London with a nuclear missile , the eponymous Moonraker . \n Bond alters the rocket 's target coordinates . \n Rocket crashes into the water directly in the path of Drax 's submarine , the blast killing Drax and all of his men .
\n Diamonds Are Forever \n Jack Spang \n Smuggle a large cache of diamonds worth millions of dollars from Africa to America to fund organisation . \n Smuggling operation is dismantled when all operatives are assassinated . \n Killed when Bond shoots down his helicopter .
\n Seraffimo Spang \n Bond shoots him in the leg while he is driving the train , causing the train to derail and crash .
\n From Russia , with Love \n Rosa Klebb \n Kill Bond in a humiliating sex scandal , kill MI6 cryptanalysts with a boobytrapped cipher machine . \n KGB killer Grant fails to kill Bond , as does Klebb . \n Captured by the Deuxieme Bureau and later dies .
\n General Grubozaboyschikov \n Survives .
\n Dr. No \n Dr. Julius No \n Disrupt U.S. - guided missile tests . \n Dr. No is killed and the project is dismantled . \n Buried under a pile of guano by Bond .
\n Goldfinger \n Auric Goldfinger \n Steal the U.S. gold supply from Fort Knox to finance SMERSH . \n U.S. authorities are alerted by Bond . \n Strangled by Bond with his bare hands after hijacking an aeroplane .
\n `` From a View to a Kill '' ( short story ) \n GRU agents \n Kill dispatch - riders of SHAPE to steal information from the British Secret Service . \n The riders are killed but the information is recovered by Bond . \n Shot by Bond and Mary Ann Russell .
\n `` For Your Eyes Only '' ( short story ) \n Colonel von Hammerstein \n Acquire the Havelock Estate in Jamaica to use as a headquarters for a drug running operation . \n Obtains the estate , but both are later killed . \n Killed by Judy Havelock with an arrow .
\n Hector Gonzales \n Shot by Bond in firefight .
\n `` Risico '' ( short story ) \n Aristotle Kristatos \n Smuggle drugs , aid Soviet missile development , and trick Bond into killing rival . \n Bond discovers the truth . \n Shot by Bond while driving his car , and the car rolls off into the fog .
\n `` The Hildebrand Rarity '' ( short story ) \n Milton Krest \n Catch the Hildebrand Rarity by any means necessary . \n Succeeds , but dies . \n Chokes to death on the rare fish , possibly murdered by his battered wife . Bond throws the body overboard .
\n Thunderball \n Emilio Largo \n Blackmail the western world with two stolen atomic bombs . \n Bond discovers the location of the bombs . \n Shot in the neck with a speargun by his mistress , Domino .
\n Ernst Stavro Blofeld \n Survives .
\n The Spy Who Loved Me \n Mr. Sanguinetti \n Have his motel burnt down , and have Vivienne Michel assassinated to claim the property and life insurances . \n His assassins fail to kill Vivienne and set the place on fire . \n Arrested by the U.S. Border Patrol .
\n Sol `` Horror '' Horowitz and `` Sluggsy '' Morant \n Assassinate Vivienne Michel under orders of Mr. Sanguinetti and torch the motel owned by Sanguinetti . \n They fail to kill Vivienne and are killed themselves . \n Both are shot to death by Bond .
\n On Her Majesty 's Secret Service \n Ernst Stavro Blofeld \n Develop a deadly virus to destroy British livestock and cereals . \n The virus and their headquarters are destroyed by Bond and Draco 's Union Corse . \n Survives .
\n You Only Live Twice \n Ernst Stavro Blofeld ( a.k.a. Dr. Guntram Shatterhand ) \n He creates a `` garden of death '' and entices depressed Japanese to suicide . He charges for the suicides to refinance the SPECTRE organisation . \n His lair is destroyed and his henchmen killed by Bond . \n Strangled by Bond with his bare hands .
\n The Man with the Golden Gun \n Francisco ( Paco ) `` Pistols '' Scaramanga \n Expand his international crime organisation into the Caribbean and organise smuggling operations to finance . \n His allies are killed in the explosion of his mansion and he is killed by Bond . \n Shot through the heart by Bond .
\n `` Octopussy '' ( short story ) \n Major Dexter Smythe \n Live off looted Nazi gold . \n Discovered by Bond , he is faced with the choice between prosecution and suicide . \n Accidentally stung by a scorpionfish , then partially eaten by an octopus .
\n `` The Property of a Lady '' ( short story ) \n Maria Freudenstein and her Soviet contact \n Receive secret payment for double agent services . \n Succeeds . \n Survives , but her contact is deported .
\n `` The Living Daylights '' ( short story ) \n Trigger , KGB assassin . \n Assassinate defector . \n Her gun is shot out of her hand before she can kill the defector . \n Wounded by Bond , she survives and escapes .
\n `` 007 in New York '' ( short story ) \n KGB double - agent \n Blackmail MI6 using a female employee . \n Employee is tipped off by Bond . \n Arrested by the CIA .
\n Kingsley amis ( writing as robert markham ) ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Novel \n Villain \n Objective \n Outcome \n Fate
\n Colonel Sun \n Colonel Sun Liang - tan \n Sabotage USSR summit conference , frame Great Britain . \n Operatives are killed , and summit conference members are alerted . \n Stabbed in the back and heart by Bond .
\n Christopher wood ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Novel \n Villain \n Objective \n Outcome \n Fate
\n James Bond , The Spy Who Loved Me \n Sigmund Stromberg \n Use stolen submarines to provoke a nuclear war between the U.S. and the Soviets , then rebuild humanity under the ocean . \n Bond destroys his base and blows up the submarines . \n Shot twice in the groin and twice in the chest by Bond .
\n James Bond and Moonraker \n Hugo Drax \n Fire a nerve agent from space to kill the entire population of earth , then create a new civilisation in space . \n Bond destroys his space station and , with it , the globes containing the nerve agent . \n Shot with a poison dart by Bond before being pushed out of an airlock and blown into the vacuum of space .
\n John Gardner ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Novel \n Villain \n Objective \n Outcome \n Fate
\n Licence Renewed \n Dr. Anton Murik \n Hold nuclear power plants hostage in exchange for $50 billion to build a safe reactor . \n Bond gives the abort order to the henchmen . \n Shot by Bond with Gyrojet pistol .
\n For Special Services \n SPECTRE -- Nena Bismaquer ( nee Blofeld ) \n Use Bond to take control of NORAD . \n Nena 's husband , Markus Bismaquer , breaks her hypnotic spell on Bond before the plan succeeds . \n Crushed by her own pythons .
\n Icebreaker \n Count Konrad von Gl\u00f6da ( also known as `` Aarne Tudeer '' ) \n Bring back Nazism by wiping out Communists . \n Bond defeats him with the aid of a Mossad agent and a member of the CIA . \n Shot by Bond .
\n Role of Honour \n Jay Autem Holy \n Disarm U.S. and Soviet nuclear weaponry through a computerised scheme to create world peace . \n Bond 's `` defection '' to SPECTRE is actually a ruse , and he ruins them . \n Shot and killed by Rahani .
\n Tamil Rahani ( SPECTRE ) \n Disarm the U.S. nuclear weaponry to give the USSR an advantage in the Cold War . \n Escapes .
\n Nobody Lives for Ever \n Tamil Rahani ( SPECTRE ) \n Put a large bounty on Bond 's head to have him assassinated . \n Bond kills him . \n Blown up by bed bomb , courtesy of Bond .
\n No Deals , Mr. Bond \n General Konstantin Nikolaevich Chernov ( also known as `` Blackfriar '' ) \n Kill all participants in a defunct espionage operation . \n Bond saves them . \n Arrested .
\n Scorpius \n Vladimir Scorpius ( also known as `` Father Valentine '' ) \n Carry out assassinations with a cult of suicide bombers , ultimately kill the U.S. president and British prime minister . \n The cult is raided and disbanded , and the president and prime minister are saved . \n Bitten by water moccasins .
\n Win , Lose or Die \n BAST -- Bassam Baradj \n Capture aircraft carrier with US , UK , and USSR leaders on board and hold them for ransom . \n Bond overtakes the ship . \n Shot by Bond 's ally .
\n Licence to Kill ( Novelization ) \n Franz Sanchez \n Smuggle drugs . \n Bond destroys the factory . \n Set on fire by Bond .
\n Brokenclaw \n `` Brokenclaw '' Lee Fu - Chu \n Sell secret plans for underwater defence system to Red China , and crash the world stock market with a computerised scheme . \n Chinese agents captured and impersonated by Bond and ally , and their base is blown up . \n Shot by Bond with bow and arrow .
\n The Man from Barbarossa \n General Yevgeny Yuskovich \n Supply Iraq with nuclear weapons . \n Battleship with nuclear weapons destroyed . \n Dies when his ship is blown up .
\n Death is Forever \n Wolfgang Weisen \n Assassinate all members of British - American CABAL , and destabilise Western Europe by blowing up train containing several world leaders . \n Train remotely stopped before it can reach its destination . \n Electrocuted on train railing .
\n Never Send Flowers \n David Dragonpol \n Assassinate Princess Diana and her sons at Euro Disney . \n The Royal Family is prevented from arriving at Euro Disney . \n Blown up by his own bomb .
\n SeaFire \n Sir Maxwell Tarn \n Start oil spill fire during demonstration with U-boat . \n Bond destroys the submarine . \n Burns to death when Bond shoots him with a flare .
\n GoldenEye ( Novelization ) \n Alec Trevelyan \n Ruin London 's economy . \n His base is destroyed . \n Crushed by falling debris .
\n COLD \n General Brutus Clay \n Replace government with Puritan society . \n Bond discovers his plan and notifies his superiors to bomb the base . \n Bond shoots him off a boat and he drowns in the water .
\n Raymond Benson ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Novel \n Villain \n Objective \n Outcome \n Fate
\n `` Blast from the Past '' ( short story ) \n Irma Bunt \n Kill James Bond by shaving him with a razor soaked in Japanese pufferfish poison and `` accidentally '' nicking him . \n Bond is rescued by his girlfriend . \n Shot by Bond .
\n Zero Minus Ten \n Guy Thackeray \n Destroy Hong Kong with a nuclear bomb . \n The location of the bomb is discovered , and the bomb is neutralised . \n Drowned by Bond .
\n Tomorrow Never Dies ( Novelization ) \n Elliot Carver \n Initiate a war between the United Kingdom and China by destroying Beijing to boost ratings . \n Bond and Wai - Lin destroy the bomb and Carver 's base . \n Forced into the path of the Sea - Vac drill , controlled by Bond , and killed .
\n The Facts of Death \n Konstantine Romanos \n Instigate war between Greece and Turkey by firing nuclear missile into Turkey . \n Killed by fellow Decada member Hera Volopoulos . \n Killed by Hera .
\n Hera Volopoulos \n Release virus onto the world and profit from treatment . \n Stopped with assistance from Greek military . \n Blown up , then drowned by Bond .
\n `` Midsummer Night 's Doom '' ( short story ) \n Anton Redenius ( a likely reference to Doug Redenius of the Ian Fleming Foundation ) \n Sell Ministry of Defence secrets to Russian mafia . \n After being identified as the culprit , the microfilm is retrieved by Bond . \n Arrested .
\n High Time to Kill \n Roland Marquis \n Retrieve Skin 17 microdot from corpse on Kangchenjunga mountain before Bond does and sell it to the Russian mafia . \n Marquis gives Bond the microdot in exchange for oxygen . \n Chased by Bond to the mountain 's peak and dies of oxygen deprivation .
\n Le G\u00e9rant , The Union \n Retrieve the microdot and sell it to the Chinese government . \n Survives .
\n The World Is Not Enough ( Novelization ) \n Elektra King \n Kill her father to take over his oil business and destroy Istanbul in order to monopolise the oil market . \n Renard 's submarine is sunk by Bond . \n Shot in the chest by Bond .
\n Renard \n Assassinate Elektra 's father and then use a nuclear submarine to destroy Istanbul ; allowing him to commit one final act of terror and giving Elektra leverage over the oil industry . \n Bond kills him and sinks the submarine . \n Impaled by his own plutonium rod shot out of the reactor by Bond .
\n `` Live at Five '' ( short story ) \n KGB ( Natalia 's coach ) \n Prevent Russian ice skater Natalia Lustokov 's defection to the West . \n Bond helps the skater defect on live television . \n The KGB is embarrassed in public .
\n Doubleshot \n Domingo Espada \n Overthrow Gibraltar 's government with a series of assassinations , then frame James Bond by using a lookalike as assassin and install Espada as the new governor . \n Bond kills his double and takes his place , foiling the coup . \n Shot through cheek by Bond and chokes to death on his own blood .
\n Le G\u00e9rant , The Union \n Survives .
\n Never Dream of Dying \n Le G\u00e9rant , The Union \n Make a political statement about Western decadence by blowing up the Cannes Film Festival with CL - 20 explosives . \n Bond discovers the location of the bomb , prevents remote detonation by telephone call , and informs the authorities . \n Blown up in an escape helicopter by Bond 's grenade launcher .
\n Goro Yoshida \n Survives .
\n The Man with the Red Tattoo \n Goro Yoshida \n Release a deadly mutant strain of the West Nile virus via mosquitoes on the Western world . \n The virus is destroyed . \n Commits seppuku before he can be captured by Bond .
\n Die Another Day ( Novelization ) \n Colonel Moon / Gustav Graves \n Smuggle diamonds and use the Icarus satellite to attack South Korea before invading it . \n Bond dismantles the diamond smuggling operation and the Icarus controls are destroyed . \n His escape vehicle is driven over a cliff , then his parachute is opened by Bond next to the torn fuselage , sucking him out into the plane engine .
\n Sebastian faulks ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Novel \n Villain \n Objective \n Outcome \n Fate
\n Devil May Care \n Dr. Julius Gorner \n Import opium into Britain , and force Bond to pilot an airliner into Soviet territory and bomb it , making it appear to be the UK 's doing . \n Bond gains control of the airliner and crashes it into a mountainside . \n Shot by Bond , he jumps into a river to escape , where he is torn apart by a boat 's paddles .
\n Jeffery deaver ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Novel \n Villain \n Objective \n Outcome \n Fate
\n Carte Blanche \n Severan Hydt \n Use a prototype Serbian weapon known as a `` Cutter '' to destroy a university in York , killing a cancer researcher who could ruin his employer , a pharmaceutical corporation . \n Bond is able to warn British authorities about the Cutter before it detonates . \n Shot by an associate , Niall Dunne .
\n Felicity Willing \n Uses her position as head of the International Organisation Against Hunger to strategically distribute food aid across northern Africa , giving the government of the Sudan a pretext to go to war with the south . \n She is tricked into confessing to the scheme by Bond and Bheka Jordaan . \n Extradited to a secret location after evidence is planted to suggest she was embezzling money from her Chinese backers .
\n Niall Dunne \n He assists Hydt in his operation , then betrays and kills him while working for Felicity Willing . \n Bond captures Felicity and kills Dunne . \n Shot by Bond and Bheka Jordaan .
\n William boyd ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Novel \n Villain \n Objective \n Outcome \n Fate
\n Solo \n Kobus Breed \n Use Dahumni children as drug mules to smuggle raw heroin into the States . \n Bond tracks him down to Washington D.C . \n Shot and left for dead by Bond .
\n Anthony horowitz ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Novel \n Villain \n Objective \n Outcome \n Fate
\n Trigger Mortis \n Jason Sin \n Sabotage US rocket test launch . Blow up Empire State Building with train bomb and make it appear to be the rocket 's doing by spreading debris of duplicate rocket around bomb site . Use public outcry to give USSR advantage in the Space Race \n Bomb neutralized and train derailed en route to Empire State Building . \n Electrocuted by train railing .
\n Young Bond series ( edit ) Charlie higson ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Novel \n Villain \n Objective \n Outcome \n Fate
\n SilverFin \n Lord Randolph Hellebore \n Create a serum that manipulates the endocrine system and hormones in a human , giving them increased strength , and use his new army of modified soldiers to conquer the world . \n Bond and George Hellebore wreck his laboratory by smashing the serum tubes and igniting the paperwork . \n Algar pushes him and Randolph into the loch , where eels savagely devour them .
\n Blood Fever \n Count Ugo Carnifex \n Steal paintings and sculptures from around the world using the aid of a secret band of villains named the Milennaria . \n His benefactor floods his palace for his failure . \n Hit by his seaplane after it is swept away by a wave of water .
\n Double or Die \n Irina Sedova `` Babushka '' \n Construct a brand - new and modified decoding machine for the Russians , that is promised to think a thousand times faster than any human is capable . \n Bond destroys the machine . \n Bond threatens to shoot her , but then decides to spare her life .
\n Hurricane Gold \n Mrs. Glass \n Sell important American documents to the Japanese . \n She succeeds . \n Imprisoned on Hurac\u00e1n 's island .
\n El Hurac\u00e1n \n Punish all guests on his island who break his rules . \n Bond beats his obstacle course and escapes . \n Spared by Bond .
\n By Royal Command \n Dr. Perseus Friend \n Assist the Nazi cause by making a plan to murder King George , and also stage a personal vendetta against James Bond after he foiled his work at the end of SilverFin . \n Bond saves the king , destroys Friend 's operation and forces Sedova to kill Friend . \n Shot in the face by Colonel Sedova .
\n Irina Sedova `` Babushka '' \n Find and kill Friend after King George is dead . \n Shot by Bond , but survives because of her bulletproof jacket .
\n `` A Hard Man to Kill '' ( Short story ) \n Emil Lefebrve \n Help General Caiboche escape . \n Succeeds . \n
\n Caiboche \n Escape from custody . \n Succeeds . \n Survives .
\n

\n Film villains by production ( edit )

\n Eon productions films ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Film \n Villain \n Portrayed by \n Objective \n Outcome \n Fate
\n Dr. No \n Dr. Julius No \n Joseph Wiseman \n Stage a personal vendetta against the Americans by using a nuclear radio beam to interfere with their manned missile launch . \n Bond overloads the nuclear reactor in No 's base causing the toppling device used to sabotage the tests to overload and disable \n Left to boil to death in the cooling vat .
\n From Russia With Love \n Colonel Rosa Klebb \n Lotte Lenya \n Stage an elaborate revenge scheme against James Bond for the death of Dr No , by stealing a Russian crytographic device . Bond will be assigned to recover the device , where SPECTRE 's hired assassin Red Grant , will kill Bond . They will then leak compromising photos of Bond and the Russian pawn , Tatiana Romanova , to the press and then sell the device back to the Russians . \n Bond acquires the device for MI6 and evades SPECTRE 's attempts on his life . \n Shot in the chest by Tatiana Romanova .
\n Ernst Stavro Blofeld \n Anthony Dawson ( body ) , Eric Pohlmann ( voice ) \n Survives ( No contact between him and Bond )
\n Goldfinger \n Auric Goldfinger \n Gert Fr\u00f6be ( body ) , Michael Collins ( voice ) \n Detonate a bomb within Fort Knox , contaminating the gold reserves and causing a financial meltdown in the United States , increasing the value of Goldfinger 's own gold in the process . \n An American technician disables the bomb before it can detonate . \n Sucked out of the shattered window of a depressurizing plane .
\n Thunderball \n Emilio Largo \n Adolfo Celi \n Extort one hundred million pounds from world governments by threatening them with nuclear missiles . \n Missiles destroyed by Bond and the U.S. Coast Guard . \n Shot in the back with a harpoon by his mistress , Domino .
\n Ernst Stavro Blofeld \n Anthony Dawson ( body ) , Eric Pohlmann ( voice ) \n Survives ( No contact between him and Bond )
\n You Only Live Twice \n Ernst Stavro Blofeld \n Donald Pleasence \n Capture American and Soviet spacecraft with the Bird One space capsule and triggering a war between the United States and the Soviet Union on behalf of an undisclosed Asian country . \n Bond uses a self - destruct button in Blofeld 's lair to destroy the Bird One spacecraft used to capture manned space capsules from orbit . \n Survives , although wounded .
\n On Her Majesty 's Secret Service \n Ernst Stavro Blofeld \n Telly Savalas \n Abduct beautiful women from around the world and use them as pawns to spread a dangerous virus that is capable of destroying crops and livestock unless the United Nations agree to pardon him for his past crimes . \n Bond , with the help of Marc Ange Draco , destroys the laboratory where the viruses are being developed before they can be released . \n Survives , despite neck injury . Assassinates Tracy di Vicenzo , Bond 's newly married wife on their honeymoon .
\n Diamonds Are Forever \n Ernst Stavro Blofeld \n Charles Gray \n Target nuclear stockpiles with the help of a space weapons platform , attached to a satellite and magnified by diamonds . The nuclear stockpiles will be of countries that refuse to pay him . \n Bond smashes Blofeld 's Mini-Sub multiple times like a wrecking ball against the control room of his lair , disabling the satellite . \n Presumed to have died in the fiery demolition of the control room . ( Unofficially returns in the opening of For Your Eyes Only where an unidentified wheelchair villain is dropped down a smokestack . )
\n Live and Let Die \n Dr. Kananga / Mr. Big \n Yaphet Kotto \n Distribute colossal supplies of heroin without cost , causing a huge monopoly in the heroin market that will eventually make all other dealers bankrupt . \n Quarrel Jr. destroys Kananga 's poppy fields with a series of explosives . \n Compressed gas pellet forced down his throat , causing his body to rapidly inflate and explode .
\n The Man with the Golden Gun \n Francisco Scaramanga \n Christopher Lee \n Acquire a device called the Solex Agitator , which is capable of controlling solar energy , and sell it to the highest bidder , and kill James Bond : the one man he considers his equal . \n Bond retrieves the Agitator for MI6 and defeats Scaramanga in mortal combat . \n Shot in the heart by Bond .
\n The Spy Who Loved Me \n Karl Stromberg \n Curt J\u00fcrgens \n Capture a British submarine and a Soviet submarine and fire a nuclear warhead from both , luring Britain and the Soviet Union into a nuclear war and rebuild human civilization underwater once the war is finished . \n Bond redirects the British and Soviet nuclear missiles ' coordinates so that the missile fired by each sub hits the other , destroying both . \n Shot repeatedly by Bond .
\n Moonraker \n Hugo Drax \n Michael Lonsdale \n Fire a nerve agent from space , poisoning Earth 's atmosphere and killing off the human population . Rebuild humanity in space with carefully selected humans , creating a new master race before returning to repopulate the Earth once the nerve agent is rendered harmless . \n The space station containing the poisonous globes is destroyed by US Marines , and the three globes that were launched were destroyed by Bond and Holly Goodhead before they could release their payload . \n Shot with a poisonous dart by Bond , and ejected into outer space .
\n For Your Eyes Only \n Aristotle Kristatos \n Julian Glover \n Retrieve an ATAC device that is capable of controlling missiles for the Soviets ; misinform Bond into killing Milos Columbo . \n Bond joins forces with Columbo , and the pair infiltrate Kristatos ' mountain hideout in Greece . Bond throws the ATAC device off a cliff and destroys it . \n Stabbed in the back with throwing knife by Columbo .
\n Octopussy \n General Orlov \n Steven Berkoff \n Smuggle a bomb into a U.S Air Force Base in West Germany and detonate it , tricking Western powers into disarmament and allowing the Warsaw Pact to invade and conquer Western Europe without fear of retaliation . \n Bond disarms the bomb . \n While attempting to jump on Octopussy 's circus train , he is shot and killed by East German border guards mistakenly believing he is trying to defect .
\n Prince Kamal Khan \n Louis Jourdan \n To aid General Orlov in his plan in exchange for being paid in jewels stolen from the Kremlin . \n The jewels are recovered by the KGB . \n Attempts to escape in plane , but Bond disables one of the rudders on the plane , causing Khan to crash it into a mountain .
\n A View to a Kill \n Max Zorin \n Christopher Walken \n Develop a bomb and activate it under Silicon Valley , triggering an earthquake in California and cause the valley to flood , wiping out his competitors and allowing him to monopolise the microchip market . \n Zorin leaves May Day to die in the bomb blast . Enraged at his betrayal , she smuggles the bomb out of the blast radius , ensuring that no other damage is caused . \n Falls to his death from the Golden Gate Bridge .
\n The Living Daylights \n General Georgi Koskov \n Jeroen Krabb\u00e9 \n Supply the Soviets with weapons for their continuing invasion of Afghanistan and misinform MI6 into killing General Pushkin . \n Bond and Pushkin fake the latter 's assassination and destroys the shipment of opium that Koskov was going to use to buy weapons from Brad Whitaker . \n Arrested by Pushkin ; implied to be executed by the Soviet government offscreen .
\n Brad Whitaker \n Joe Don Baker \n Engage in a triangle deal with Koskov and the Mujahadeen where Whitaker will get valuable opium to finance operations . \n Bond destroys the shipment of opium , ruining the deal . \n Bond activates a bomb disguised as a key chain , dropping a bust of Wellington on Whitaker , crushing him .
\n Licence to Kill \n Franz Sanchez \n Robert Davi \n Smuggle cocaine dissolved in petrol into Asia . The re-integration process will be given to the drug lords who can pay his price . \n Bond destroys his drug supply . \n Bond uses a cigarette lighter , given to him by the Leiters on their wedding day , to set a petrol - soaked Sanchez alight ; he stumbles into the trucks of petrol causing them and him to explode .
\n GoldenEye \n Alec Trevelyan \n Sean Bean \n Hijack the eponymous satellite with his Janus syndicate , and use the satellite to emmit an electro - magnetic pulse , creating a financial meltdown in London as the pulse will interfere with the Bank Of England 's computer systems . \n Bond destroys the GoldenEye by sabotaging the ground transmitter , causing the GoldenEye to burn up on re-entry . \n Bond drops him to the bottom of the antenna cradle . Somehow surviving this , he is soon crushed by the rubble and remains of the GoldenEye ground transmitter .
\n Tomorrow Never Dies \n Elliot Carver \n Jonathan Pryce \n Provoke war between China and the United Kingdom , before firing a missile from a sunken British warship onto Beijing and arranging a broadcasting deal with the new government . \n Bond destroys Carver 's stealth boat in a massive explosion , destroying the missile before it can launch . \n Bond throws him in front of his own Sea - Vac drill , tearing him to shreds .
\n The World Is Not Enough \n Elektra King \n Sophie Marceau \n Kill her father , take over his oil business , and sabotage her competitors by creating a nuclear meltdown in Istanbul with the help of Renard . \n Kills her father , but is shot by Bond after he escapes her capture . \n Bond shoots her in the chest .
\n Renard \n Robert Carlyle \n Fulfill his terrorist agenda by detonating a nuclear submarine in the waters of Istanbul , thus destroying the city and giving his lover , Elektra , the upper hand in conquering the petroleum market . \n Bond kills him before he can overload the submarine 's reactor . \n Impaled by a plutonium rod , shot out of the sub 's reactor core at high speed , by Bond .
\n Die Another Day \n Gustav Graves / Colonel Moon \n Toby Stephens / Will Yun Lee \n Create a solar energy platform called Icarus to cut a path through the Korean Demilitarized Zone , allowing North Korea to launch an invasion of South Korea . \n Icarus is rendered harmless when Bond destroys the control device . \n Bond pulls the cord on his parachute , sucking him into his plane 's engine .
\n Casino Royale \n Le Chiffre \n Mads Mikkelsen \n Squanders his client 's money and attempts to recoup the loss by competing in a high - stakes poker game held at the Casino Royale . \n Bond wins the tournament . \n Shot in the forehead by Mr. White .
\n Mr. White \n Jesper Christensen \n Act as the middleman in the distribution of funds between terrorist banker , Le Chiffre and his respective clients . He is later tasked with eliminating Le Chiffre , who has been branded as a liability to White 's people . \n Dispatches Le Chiffre and retrieves the money but is ultimately apprehended by Bond . \n Arrested by Bond .
\n Steven Obanno \n Isaach de Bankol\u00e9 \n Obtain money from Le Chiffre to help fund the Lord 's Resistance Army . \n Bond repeatedly causes Le Chiffre to lose the money . \n Strangled to death by Bond .
\n Quantum of Solace \n Dominic Greene \n Mathieu Amalric \n Create a coup d'etat by selling water back to the Bolivian government at rapidly inflated prices , after creating an artificial drought . \n Bond intercepts Greene before he can carry out the coup . \n Bond abandons him in the middle of the Bolivian desert , with nothing but a can of motor oil to drink . He is later reported to have been shot by an anonymous assassin .
\n Mr. White \n Jesper Christensen \n Escape MI6 custody . \n Succeeds . \n Survives . ( Returns in Spectre where he shoots himself rather than face Blofeld 's wrath . )
\n Skyfall \n Raoul Silva \n Javier Bardem \n Hack into MI6 and leak photos of agents onto the net , causing a major scandal and forcing M to resign , before murdering her as revenge for betraying him several years prior . \n Indirectly succeeds . M is shot by Silva 's henchman , but Silva himself dies before she succumbs to her wounds . \n Bond throws a knife into his back , killing him .
\n Spectre \n Ernst Stavro Blofeld ( Franz Oberhauser ) \n Christoph Waltz \n Gain world power by infiltrating the world 's intelligence agencies and bringing them under his control via a surveillance program called `` Nine Eyes '' . Also desires to torment and eliminate Bond for supposedly stealing his father 's love and for meddling with his previous schemes . \n Bond destroys Blofeld 's Data Center and Q manages to disable the `` Nine Eyes '' program before it can be activated . \n Arrested by M .
\n Non-eon works ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Film \n Villain \n Portrayed by \n Objective \n Outcome \n Fate
\n Casino Royale ( 1954 TV episode ) \n Le Chiffre \n Peter Lorre \n Escape bankruptcy with baccarat game . \n Loses to Bond . \n Shot by Bond .
\n Casino Royale ( 1967 film ) \n Dr. Noah / Jimmy Bond \n Woody Allen \n Use biological warfare to make all women beautiful , then wipe out all men bigger than him to make him get the girls . \n Poisoned by The Detainer with his own atomic pill . \n Blown up by pill .
\n Le Chiffre \n Orson Welles \n Recover embezzled SMERSH funds in baccarat game . \n Loses game to Evelyn Tremble . \n Shot by SMERSH agents .
\n Never Say Never Again \n Maximillian Largo \n Klaus Maria Brandauer \n Hold world powers for ransom with nuclear weapons . \n The weapons are retrieved by Bond . \n Shot in the back with harpoon by Domino .
\n Ernst Stavro Blofeld \n Max von Sydow \n Survives . No contact with Bond .
\n

\n Video game villains ( edit )

\n

\n Following is a list of original main villains in James Bond computer and video games .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Game \n Villain \n Portrayed by \n Objective \n Outcome \n Fate
\n GoldenEye 007 \n Alec Trevelyan \n Sean Bean ( likeness ) \n Use Goldeneye to rob and destroy London . \n Bond destroys Goldeneye 's controls . \n Falls to his death after Bond shoots him .
\n Tomorrow Never Dies \n Elliot Carver \n Jonathan Pryce ( likeness ) Andrew Burt ( voice ) \n Fire a nuclear missile at Beijing , eliminating the current Chinese government in favour of politicians who will grant him exclusive broadcasting rights in China . \n Bond aborts the missile launch . \n Shot and killed by Bond .

\n Sky fall - shot at the back of the head by Bond

\n
\n James Bond 007 \n General Golgov \n N / A \n Use a nuclear holocaust to emerge as the ruler of the world . \n Bond destroys Golgov 's robot with a bazooka . \n Dies in the explosion .
\n The World is Not Enough \n Elektra King \n Sophie Marceau ( likeness ) Sumalee Montano ( voice ) \n Kill her father to take over his oil business , and then destroy \u0130stanbul in a nuclear explosion to monopolise the oil market . \n Succeeds in killing her father ; however , Bond escapes captivity at Maiden 's Tower and boards the nuclear submarine . \n Shot and killed by Bond .
\n Renard \n Robert Carlyle ( likeness ) David Robb ( voice ) \n Overload the reactor of a nuclear submarine to generate a nuclear explosion , destroying \u0130stanbul and increasing the value of Elektra 's oil . \n Bond stops Renard from blowing up the nuclear submarine . \n Impaled by a plutonium rod shot out of the sub 's core at high speed by Bond .
\n 007 Racing \n Dr. Hammond Litte \n Tim Bentinck \n Smuggle stolen NATO warheads to terrorists via his automobile line , then later commit genocide using a deadly virus . \n His smuggling operation is dissolved by Bond , and the plane carrying the virus is destroyed . \n Presumably killed when Bond blows up his plane .
\n Agent Under Fire \n Adrian Malprave \n Corina Harmon \n Kidnap the World Trade Leaders , create clones , kill the G8 , then force the clones to give her control of the world . \n Bond destroys her cloning lab and kills the clones . \n Dies when headquarters explodes .
\n Nightfire \n Rafael Drake \n Michael Ensign \n Destroy NATO forces in a massive air strike from space . \n Bond disables the missiles ' targeting systems , sending them off course . \n Shot with a laser by Bond .
\n Everything or Nothing \n Nikolai Diavolo \n Willem Dafoe \n Take over Russia and the world by using a metal - eating nanobot army , then get revenge on Bond for the death of his mentor Max Zorin . \n Bond destroys the nanobots . \n Falls into a missile silo after Bond shoots Diavolo 's control tower with a rocket launcher .
\n Dr. Katya Nadanova \n Heidi Klum \n Supply Diavolo with her nanobots which are then engineered to eat through all metals except platinum , and work with her lover ( Diavolo ) to invade Russia using their nanobots . \n Bond deactivates their nanotech weapons and destroys a helicopter containing Diavolo and Nadanova . \n Dies in the explosion ( Diavolo survives ) .
\n GoldenEye : Rogue Agent \n Auric Goldfinger \n Gert Fr\u00f6be ( likeness ) Enn Reitel ( voice ) . \n Use the OMEN virus to take over the world . \n Goldeneye uses the virus against Goldfinger 's forces . \n Destroyed by OMEN virus set off by Goldeneye .
\n Dr. Julius No \n Joseph Wiseman ( likeness ) Carlos Alazraqui ( voice ) . \n Electrocuted in his own reactor .
\n Number 1 \n Donald Pleasence ( likeness ) Gideon Emery ( voice ) . \n Manipulate Goldeneye into killing off his two liabilites , Dr. No and Goldfinger . \n Succeeds . \n Survives , no contact with Goldeneye .
\n From Russia with Love \n Rosa Klebb \n Lotte Lenya ( likeness ) Karly Rothenberg ( voice ) \n Kill Bond and obtain the Lektor . \n Bond survives and gets the Lektor to MI6 . \n Shot in the chest by Tatiana Romanova .
\n Red Grant \n Robert Shaw ( likeness ) Brian McCole ( voice ) \n Bond shoots him with a Wright Magnum . OCTOPUS is believed to have fallen apart afterwards .
\n Quantum of Solace \n Dominic Greene \n Mathieu Amalric \n Stage a coup d'\u00e9tat in Bolivia , to gain control of a piece of land rich in resources . \n Camille kills General Medrano ( Greene 's associate who will execute the plan ) , and Bill Tanner , using hacking , bankrupts Greene , nullifying all of his efforts . \n Killed in the gunfight by Bond .
\n GoldenEye 007 ( 2010 Remake ) \n Alec Trevelyan \n Elliot Cowan \n Use Goldeneye to rob and destroy London , as punishment for their greed . \n Bond destroys Goldeneye 's controls . \n Falls to his death after Bond shoots him .
\n Blood Stone \n Stefan Pomerov \n Laurentio Passa \n Weaponise an antidote for smallpox and anthrax then release it upon the world . \n Bond blows up his factory , then prevents his plane from releasing the toxin . \n Blown out of his plane after Bond shoots the door open .
\n Rak \n James Goode \n Aid in the kidnapping of scientists and sell their research . \n Killed by Bond . \n Shot by Bond , causing him to fire a rocket at his plane , which thus explodes , killing him .
\n Nicole Hunter \n Joss Stone \n Organise the kidnapping of scientists . \n Bond discovers her connection with the kidnapping plot and chases after her . \n Shot by an unmanned drone controlled by her `` boss '' ( After the release of Spectre , it was implied that the `` boss '' is no other than Ernst Stavro Blofeld ( Christoph Waltz ) ) .
\n 007 : Legends \n Auric Goldfinger \n Gert Fr\u00f6be ( likeness ) Timothy Watson ( voice ) \n Irradiate the gold supply of Fort Knox with a bomb . \n The bomb is disabled . \n Blown out of plane window .
\n Ernst Stavro Blofeld \n Glenn Wrage \n Blackmail the UN with the threat of a deadly virus that will wipe out all livestock and cereals . \n The base is destroyed by Bond . \n Thrown out of cable car by Bond and presumed dead . Later fires at James Bond and his wife , Tracey Bond , in an act of revenge , killing the latter .
\n Franz Sanchez \n Robert Davi \n Smuggle drugs in Asia . \n The shipment is attacked by Bond . \n Set on fire by Bond and burns to death .
\n Gustav Graves \n Toby Stephens \n Invade South Korea using the Icarus . \n Icarus is disabled . \n Sucked into plane engine .
\n Hugo Drax \n Michael Lonsdale \n Kill the entire human race , then rebuild in outer space . \n The space station is destroyed by Bond . \n Blown out of airlock and suffocated .
\n Patrice \n Ola Rapace \n Kill MI6 agents in \u0130stanbul , and assassinate a man in Shanghai . \n Succeeds , but is killed by Bond . \n Dropped off of a skyscraper by Bond .
\n

\n Villainous organisations ( edit )

\n \n

\n Henchmen ( edit )

\n Main article : List of James Bond henchmen

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Seeking Solace on the Bond set '' . USA Today . 3 April 2008 . Retrieved 4 April 2008 .
    2. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n James Bond characters
\n James Bond as literary character and as film character
\n Allies \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Miss Moneypenny
    • \n
  • \n Q
    • \n
  • \n Bill Tanner
    • \n
  • \n 00 Agents
    • \n
  • \n Felix Leiter
    • \n
\n
\n Girls \n
    \n
  • \n Honey Rider
    • \n
  • \n Tatiana Romanova
    • \n
  • \n Pussy Galore
    • \n
  • \n Domino Vitali
    • \n
  • \n Aki
    • \n
  • \n Kissy Suzuki
    • \n
  • \n Tracy Bond
    • \n
  • \n Tiffany Case
    • \n
  • \n Anya Amasova
    • \n
  • \n Stacey Sutton
    • \n
  • \n Natalya Simonova
    • \n
  • \n Wai Lin
    • \n
  • \n Vesper Lynd
    • \n
\n
\n Villains and henchmen \n
    \n
  • \n Julius No
    • \n
  • \n Rosa Klebb
    • \n
  • \n Ernst Stavro Blofeld
    • \n
  • \n Oddjob
    • \n
  • \n Auric Goldfinger
    • \n
  • \n Emilio Largo
    • \n
  • \n Mr. Wint and Mr. Kidd
    • \n
  • \n Francisco Scaramanga
    • \n
  • \n Jaws
    • \n
  • \n Hugo Drax
    • \n
  • \n Max Zorin
    • \n
  • \n Brad Whitaker
    • \n
  • \n Necros
    • \n
  • \n Alec Trevelyan
    • \n
  • \n Xenia Onatopp
    • \n
  • \n Le Chiffre
    • \n
  • \n Raoul Silva
    • \n
  • \n S\u00e9v\u00e9rine
    • \n
\n
\n Organisations \n
    \n
  • \n SPECTRE
    • \n
  • \n SMERSH
    • \n
  • \n The Union
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Ian Fleming 's James Bond
\n
    \n
  • \n Outline
    • \n
  • \n Bibliography
    • \n
\n
\n Novels \n
    \n
  • \n List
    • \n
  • \n Inspirations
    • \n
  • \n Young Bond
    • \n
\n
\n Films \n
    \n
  • \n List
    • \n
  • \n Motifs
    • \n
  • \n Locations
    • \n
  • \n Gun barrel sequence
    • \n
  • \n Music
    • \n
\n
\n Comics \n
    \n
  • \n List
    • \n
  • \n Strips
    • \n
  • \n Books
    • \n
\n
\n Television \n
    \n
  • \n `` Casino Royale '' ( Climax ! )
    • \n
  • \n James Bond Jr .
      \n
    • \n episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Fleming : The Man Who Would Be Bond
    • \n
\n
\n Characters \n
    \n
  • \n James Bond
      \n
    • \n literary character
      • \n
    • \n film character
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Allies
    • \n
  • \n Girls
    • \n
  • \n Villains
    • \n
  • \n Henchmen
    • \n
\n
\n Weapons \n
    \n
  • \n Gadgets
    • \n
  • \n Vehicles
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Fandom
    • \n
  • \n Parodies and spin offs
    • \n
  • \n Licence to kill ( concept )
    • \n
  • \n Vesper cocktail
    • \n
  • \n `` Shaken , not stirred ''
    • \n
  • \n Video games
    • \n
  • \n The Wild Wild West
    • \n
  • \n James Bond ( ornithologist )
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n James Bond in film
\n
    \n
  • \n List of films
    • \n
  • \n Filmography
    • \n
  • \n Recurring characters
    • \n
  • \n Recurring actors
    • \n
  • \n Motifs
    • \n
  • \n Actors considered for the James Bond role
    • \n
  • \n Bond girls
    • \n
\n
\n Eon Productions \n
    \n
  • \n Dr. No ( 1962 )
    • \n
  • \n From Russia with Love ( 1963 )
    • \n
  • \n Goldfinger ( 1964 )
    • \n
  • \n Thunderball ( 1965 )
    • \n
  • \n You Only Live Twice ( 1967 )
    • \n
  • \n On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 )
    • \n
  • \n Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 )
    • \n
  • \n Live and Let Die ( 1973 )
    • \n
  • \n The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 )
    • \n
  • \n The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 )
    • \n
  • \n Moonraker ( 1979 )
    • \n
  • \n For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 )
    • \n
  • \n Octopussy ( 1983 )
    • \n
  • \n A View to a Kill ( 1985 )
    • \n
  • \n The Living Daylights ( 1987 )
    • \n
  • \n Licence to Kill ( 1989 )
    • \n
  • \n GoldenEye ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 )
    • \n
  • \n The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Die Another Day ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Casino Royale ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Quantum of Solace ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n Skyfall ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Spectre ( 2015 )
    • \n
\n
\n Non-Eon films \n
    \n
  • \n Casino Royale ( 1967 )
    • \n
  • \n Never Say Never Again ( 1983 )
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_James_Bond_villains&oldid=799071896 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "bond villain has a good head for numbers", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Speed limit - wikipedia

\n Speed limit

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about road speed limits . For speed of light , see special relativity . For road speed limits in specific countries , see Speed limits by country . For rail speed limits , see Slow zone . A typical 60 km / h speed limit sign used in Australia A typical 50 mph speed limit sign in the United States A typical 50 mph speed limit sign in the United Kingdom and 50 km / h speed limit sign in Hong Kong

\n Road speed limits are used in most countries to set the maximum ( or minimum in some cases ) speed at which road vehicles may legally travel on particular stretches of road . Speed limits may be variable and in some places speed is unlimited ( e.g. on some Autobahn sections in Germany ) . Speed limits are normally indicated on a traffic sign . Speed limits are commonly set by the legislative bodies of nations or provincial governments and enforced by national or regional police or judicial bodies .

\n

\n The first maximum speed limit was the 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) limit introduced in the United Kingdom in 1861 . The highest posted speed limit in the world is 140 km / h ( 87 mph ) , which applies to some motorways in Poland and Bulgaria ; similarly Texas posts 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) on one 40 - mile ( 64 km ) long toll road . However , some roads have no speed limit for certain classes of vehicles . Best known are Germany 's less congested Autobahns , where automobile drivers have no mandated maximum speed . Measurements from the German state of Brandenburg in 2006 showed average speeds of 142 km / h ( 88 mph ) on a 6 - lane section of autobahn in free - flowing conditions . Rural roads on the Isle of Man and the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh , Maharashtra , and Telangana , also lack speed limits .

\n

\n Speed limits are usually set to attempt to cap road traffic speed ; there are several reasons for wanting to do this . It is often done with an intention to improve road traffic safety and reduce the number of road traffic casualties from traffic collisions . In their World report on road traffic injury prevention report , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) identify speed control as one of various interventions likely to contribute to a reduction in road casualties . ( The WHO estimated that some 1.2 million people were killed and 50 million injured on the roads around the world in 2004 . ) Speed limits may also be set in an attempt to reduce the environmental impact of road traffic ( vehicle noise , vibration , emissions ) and to satisfy local community wishes for streets usable by people out of cars . Some cities have reduced limits to as little as 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) for both safety and efficiency reasons . However , it has also been shown that in some circumstances changing a speed limit has little effect on the average speed of cars .

\n

\n In situations where the natural road speed is considered too high by governments , notably in urban areas where speed limits below 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) are used then traffic calming is often also used . For some classes of vehicle , speed limiters may be mandated to enforce compliance .

\n

\n Since their introduction , speed limits have been opposed by some motoring advocacy groups .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n Historic New Hampshire speed limit sign

\n The United Kingdom Stage Carriage Act 1832 first introduced the offense of endangering the safety of a passenger or person by ' furious driving ' . The first numeric speed limits were created in the UK by a series of Locomotive Acts ( 1861 , 1865 and 1878 ) ; the 1861 Act introduced a UK speed limit of 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) on open roads in town , reduced to 2 mph ( 3 km / h ) in towns and 4 mph ( 6 km / h ) in rural areas by the 1865 ' red flag act ' . The Locomotives on Highways Act 1896 , which raised the speed limit to 14 mph ( 23 km / h ) ( being the estimated speed of a horse being driven ' furiously ' ) is celebrated to this day by the annual London to Brighton Veteran Car Run .

\n

\n The first person to be convicted of speeding is believed to be Walter Arnold of East Peckham , Kent , who on 28 January 1896 was fined for speeding at 8 mph ( 13 km / h ) . He was fined 1 shilling plus costs .

\n

\n In the UK 20 mph speed was allowed in 1903 .

\n

\n In Australia , during the early 20th century , there were people reported for `` furious driving '' offences . One conviction in 1905 cited furiously driving 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) when passing a tram traveling at half that speed .

\n

\n In the 1960s , in continental Europe , some speed limit were established based on the V85 speed , ( so that 85 % of drivers respect this speed ) .

\n

\n Later Sweden defined the Vision Zero program .

\n

\n Regulations ( edit )

\n Speed limit sign in Germany , showing a 60 km / h restriction . Signs in other European countries are similar but make use of different fonts and sizes

\n Most jurisdictions use the metric speed unit of kilometers per hour for speed limits , while some , primarily the United States and the United Kingdom , use speed limits given in miles per hour . There is an ongoing discussion as to whether they should follow the lead of other countries and switch to using metric units ( see Metrication in the United Kingdom and Metrication in the United States ) .

\n

\n Basic rule ( edit )

\n

\n See also main article on the Basic Speed Law or Rule .

\n Vienna Convention on road traffic ( edit )

\n In countries bounded by Vienna Convention on Road Traffic ( 1968 & 1977 ) , article 13 defines a basic rule for Speed and distance between vehicles : `` Every driver of a vehicle shall in all circumstances have his vehicle under control so as to be able to exercise due and proper care and to be at all times in a position to perform all man\u0153uvres required of him . He shall , when adjusting the speed of his vehicle , pay constant regard to the circumstances , in particular the lie of the land , the state of the road , the condition and load of his vehicle , the weather conditions and the density of traffic , so as to be able to stop his vehicle within his range of forward vision and short of any foreseeable obstruction . He shall slow down and if necessary stop whenever circumstances so require , and particularly when visibility is not good . ''

\n Reasonable speed ( edit ) Map of highest - posted speed limits around the world . Click to zoom in

\n Drivers are required to drive at a safe speed for conditions . In the United States , this requirement is referred to as the basic rule , but more generally in Britain and elsewhere in common law as the reasonable man requirement . The German Highway Code ( Stra\u00dfenverkehrs - Ordnung ) section on speed begins with a statement which may be rendered in English :

\n

\n Any person driving a vehicle may only drive so fast that the car is under control . Speeds must be adapted to the road , traffic , visibility and weather conditions as well as the personal skills and characteristics of the vehicle and load .

\n

\n In France the law clarifies that even if speed is limited by law and by local authority , the driver assumes the responsibility to control his vehicle 's speed , and to reduce speed in various circumstances , such as overtaking a pedestrian , or bicycles , individually or in a group , when overtaking a stopped convoy , when passing a transportation vehicle loading or unloading people or children , in any case where road does not appear clear , or risky , when visibility is low ( rain , fog , ... ) , in turns , when the road goes rapidly down , in road sections that are small , busy , or with homes , near the top of the road , near a crossing when visibility is not sure , when specific lights are used , when overtaking animals . According to the same article , the fact for a driver to not keep master of its speed or to not reduce it in such cases is penalized .

\n

\n The US federal government has a similar law -- 49 CFR 392.14 -- which applies in all states as permitted under by the commerce clause and due process clause. ; for example California Vehicle Code section 22350 which states that `` No person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than is reasonable ... and in no event at a speed which endangers the safety of persons or property '' .

\n

\n The basic speed law is almost always supplemented by specific maximum or minimum limits , but applies regardless . The reasonable speed may be different than the posted speed limit in conditions such as fog , heavy rain , ice , snow , gravel , sharp corners , blinding glare , darkness , crossing traffic , or when there is an obstructed view of orthogonal traffic -- such as by road curvature , parked cars , vegetation , or snow banks -- thus limiting the Assured Clear Distance Ahead ( ACDA ) . Basic speed laws are statutized reinforcements of the centuries - old common law negligence doctrine as specifically applied to vehicular speed .

\n Excessive speed ( edit )

\n Consequential results of basic law violations are often categorized as excessive speed crashes ; for example , the leading cause of crashes on German autobahns in 2012 was that category : 6,587 so - called `` speed related '' crashes claimed the lives of 179 people , which represented almost half ( 46.3 % ) of 387 autobahn fatalities in 2012 . However , `` excessive speed '' does not necessarily mean that the speed limit has been exceeded ( if one even exists ) , rather that police determined at least one party traveled too fast for existing road or weather conditions . Examples of conditions where drivers may find themselves driving too fast include : wet roadways ( rain , snow , or ice ) , reduced visibility ( fog or `` white out '' snow ) , uneven roads , construction zones , curves , intersections , gravel roads , and heavy traffic . Per distance traveled , consequences of inappropriate speed are more frequent on lower speed , lower quality roads ; in the United States , for example , the `` speeding fatality rate for local roads is three times that for Interstates ''

\n

\n Citations for violations of the basic speed law without a crash have sometimes been ruled unfairly vague or arbitrary , hence a violation the due process of law , at least in the State of Montana . Even within states , differing jurisdictions ( counties and cities ) choose to prosecute similar cases with differing approaches .

\n

\n Maximum speed limits ( edit )

\n A speed limit sign in Ontario In France city sign has value of speed limit A street limited at 30 km / h End of speed limit , previous speed limit applies

\n Most public roads in most countries have a legally assigned numerical maximum speed limit which applies on all roads unless otherwise stated ; lower speed limits are often shown on a sign at the start of the restricted section , although the presence of streetlights or the physical arrangement of the road may sometimes also be used instead . A posted speed limit may only apply to that road or to all roads beyond the sign that defines them depending on local laws . In the European Union , large signposts showing the national ( default ) speed limits of the respective country are usually erected immediately after border crossings , with a repeater sign some 200 to 500 m ( 660 to 1,640 ft ) after the first sign . Some places provide an additional `` speed zone ahead '' ahead of the restriction and speed limit reminder signs may appear at regular intervals which may be painted on the road surface .

\n

\n Signs are normally placed on both sides of the road and in some places there are small ( less than 1 / 4 the size of the sign ) rectangular orange reflector flags attached to both upper right corners of both signs . The speed limit sign marking the new speed zone may also have the orange flags ; this practice can be observed in New York on highways where the speed limit varies such as New York State Route 17 .

\n Speed limits on European Motorways in km / h

\n Signage in many countries , especially in Europe , conforms to the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals using black text with a red circle on a white background .

\n

\n In the United States , the signs are usually rectangular with the words `` SPEED LIMIT '' and the values in black on a white background . The U.S. Federal Highway Administration 's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices provides guidelines for the appearance of speed limit signs . In Alaska and California , speed limits are often labeled `` MAXIMUM SPEED '' instead . In Oregon , most speed limit signs just say `` SPEED '' and the number . Canada has similar signs bearing the legend `` MAXIMUM '' and in km / h instead of mph . `` Maximum '' is used instead of `` Speed Limit '' because it has similar meanings in English and French . Australian signs are rectangular but have a red circle like the Vienna Convention signs .

\n

\n The speed limit is commonly set at or below the 85th percentile operating speed ( being the speed which no more than 15 % of traffic is exceeding ) and in the US is frequently set 4 to 8 mph ( 6 to 13 km / h ) below that speed . Thus , if the 85th percentile operating speed as measured by a Traffic and Engineering Survey exceeds the design speed , legal protection is given to motorists traveling at such speeds ( design speed is `` based on conservative assumptions about driver , vehicle and roadway characteristics '' ) . The theory behind the 85th percentile rules is , that as a policy , most citizens should be deemed reasonable and prudent , and limits must be practical to enforce . However , there are some circumstances where motorists do not tend to process all the risks involved , and as a mass choose a poor 85th percentile speed . This rule in substance is a process for voting the speed limit by driving ; and in contrast to delegating the speed limit to an engineering expert .

\n

\n The maximum speed permitted by statute , as posted , is normally based on ideal driving conditions , and the basic speed rule always applies . Violation of the statute generally raises a rebuttable presumption of negligence .

\n

\n In international European roads , speed should be taken into account at design stage .

\n \n Maximum speed recommended by international European road design standard \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Road classification \n 60 km / h \n 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) \n 100 km / h ( 60 mph ) \n 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) \n 140 km / h ( 85 mph )
\n Motorway \n x \n 80 \n 100 \n 120 \n 140
\n Express road \n 60 \n 80 \n 100 \n 120 \n x
\n Road \n 60 \n 80 \n 100 \n x \n x
\n

\n Minimum speed limits ( edit )

\n UK minimum speed limit sign

\n Some roads also have `` minimum speed limits '' , where slow speeds can impede traffic flow or be dangerous .

\n

\n Signs often use blue circles based on the obligatory signs of the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals . A Japanese minimum speed sign has the same design as a maximum speed sign , but with a horizontal line below the number . In the United States of America , they are also identical to their respective maximum speed limit signs with the exception of the text `` MINIMUM SPEED '' .

\n

\n This minimum speed is not so common , as the risk usually raise with higher speed and not with lower speed .

\n

\n Variable speed limits ( edit )

\n Example variable speed limit sign in the United States Digital speed limit sign for variable speed limits

\n In 1965 , the first known experiments with variable speed limit signs took place on a 30 km stretch of German motorway A8 between Munich and the border city of Salzburg , Austria . Mechanically variable message signs could display speeds of 60 , 80 and 100 km / h , `` danger zone '' or `` accident '' . Personnel monitored traffic using video technology , and manually controlled the signage . Beginning in the 1970s , additional advanced traffic control systems were put into service . Modern motorway control systems can work without human intervention using various types of sensors to measure traffic flow and weather conditions . In 2009 , 1,300 km ( 810 mi ) of German motorways were equipped with such systems .

\n

\n In the late 1960s , heavily traveled portions of the New Jersey Turnpike began using variable speed limit signs , in combination with variable message signs . Officials can adjust the speed limit according to weather , traffic conditions , and construction . More typically , variable speed limits are used on remote stretches of highway in the United States in areas with extreme changes in driving conditions . For example , variable limits were introduced in October 2010 on a 52 - mile ( 84 km ) stretch of Interstate 80 in Wyoming , replacing the winter season speed reduction from 75 to 65 mph ( 121 to 105 km / h ) that had been in place since 2008 . This Variable Speed Limit system has been proved to be effective in terms of reducing crash frequency and road closures . Similarly , Interstate 90 at Snoqualmie Pass and other mountain passes in Washington State variable speed limits are used to slow traffic in severe winter weather . As a response to fog - induced chain - reaction collisions involving 99 vehicles in 1990 , a variable speed limit system covering 19 miles ( 31 km ) of Interstate 75 in Tennessee was implemented in fog - prone areas around the Hiwassee River .

\n

\n A variable speed limit was introduced on part of Britain 's M25 motorway in 1995 ( on the busiest 14 - mile ( 23 km ) section from junction 10 to 16 ) . Initial results suggested savings in journey times , smoother - flowing traffic , as well as a fall in the number of crashes , and the scheme was made permanent in 1997 . However a 2004 National Audit Organization report noted that the business case was unproved ; conditions at the site of the Variable Speed Limits trial were not stable before or during the trial , and the study was deemed neither properly controlled nor reliable . Since December 2008 the upgraded section of the M1 between the M25 and Luton has had the facility for variable speed limits . In January 2010 temporary variable speed cameras on the M1 between J25 and J28 were made permanent .

\n

\n New Zealand introduced variable speed limits in February 2001 . The first installation was on the Ngauranga Gorge section of dual carriageway on State Highway 1 with steep terrain , numerous bends , high traffic volumes , and higher than average accident rate . The speed limit is normally 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) .

\n

\n In 2006 , Austria undertook a short - term experiment with a variable limit configuration that could increase statutory limits under the most favorable conditions , as well as reduce them . In June , a stretch of motorway was configured with variable speed limits that could increase the general Austrian motorway limit of 130 to 160 km / h ( 81 to 99 mph ) . Then Austrian Transport Minister Hubert Gorbach called the experiment `` a milestone in European transport policy - despite all predictions to the contrary '' ; however , the experiment was discontinued .

\n

\n In 2014 , the Georgia Department of Transportation installed variable speed limits on part of Interstate 285 around Atlanta . These speeds can be as low as 35 mph but are generally set to 65 mph .

\n

\n In 2016 the Oregon Department of Transportation has installed a variable speed zone on a 30 - mile stretch of Interstate 84 between Baker City and Ladd Canyon . The new electronic signs collect data regarding temperature , skid resistance , and average motorist speed to determine the most effective speed limit for the area before presenting the limit on the sign . This speed zone is scheduled to be activated November 2016 .

\n

\n Roads without speed limits ( edit )

\n German border crossing sign showing 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) limit in built - up areas , 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) in rural areas , but a legal advisory 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) limit for the Autobahn ( motorway ) , increasing liability in the case of an accident from driving faster

\n Just over half of the German autobahns have only an advisory speed limit ( called in German Richtgeschwindigkeit ) , 15 % have temporary speed limits due to weather or traffic conditions and 33 % have permanent speed limits , according to 2008 estimates . German federal highways and any road outside of towns which is either a dual carriageway or features at least two lanes per direction do have a general speed limit of 100 km / h . Usually it is reduced to 80 km / h at All\u00e9e - streets ( federal highways bordered by trees or bushes on one or both sites ) . Travel speeds are not regularly monitored in Germany ; however , a 2008 report noted that on the autobahn in Niemegk ( between Leipzig and Berlin ) `` significantly more than 60 % of road users exceed 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) . More than 30 % of motorists exceed 150 km / h ( 93 mph ) '' . Prior to German reunification in 1990 , accident reduction programs in eastern German states were primarily focused on restrictive traffic regulation . Within two years after the opening , availability of high - powered vehicles and a 54 % increase in motorized traffic led to a doubling of annual traffic deaths , despite `` interim arrangements ( which ) involved the continuation of the speed limit of 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) on autobahns and of 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) outside cities . An extensive program of the four Es ( enforcement , education , engineering , and emergency response ) brought the number of traffic deaths back to pre-unification levels after a decade of effort while traffic regulations were conformed to western standards ( e.g. , 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) freeway advisory limit , 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) on other rural roads , and 0.05 milligrams BAC ) .

\n

\n The Isle of Man has no speed limit on many rural roads ; a 2004 proposal to introduce a general speed limits 60 mph and of 70 mph on Mountain Road for safety reasons were not progressed following consultation . Measured travel speeds on the island are relatively low .

\n Roads formerly without speed limits ( edit )

\n Many roads without a maximum limit became permanently limited following the 1973 oil crisis . For example , Switzerland and Austria had no maximum restriction prior to 1973 on motorways and rural roads , but imposed a temporary 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) maximum limit in quick response to higher fuel prices ; the limit on motorways was increased to 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) later in 1974 .

\n

\n Montana and Nevada were the last remaining U.S. states relying exclusively on the basic rule , without a specific , numeric rural speed limit prior to the National Maximum Speed Law of 1974 . After repeal of Federal speed mandates in 1996 , Montana was the only state to revert to the Basic Rule for daylight rural speed regulation . The Montana Supreme Court ruled that the Basic Rule was too vague to allow citation , prosecution , and conviction of a driver ; in other words , enforcement was a violation of the due process requirement of the Montana Constitution . In response , Montana 's legislature imposed a 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) limit on rural freeways in 1999 .

\n

\n In Australia 's Northern Territory , after the removal of open limits in 2007 , sections of the Stuart Highway had no limits as part of an open speed limit trial from 2014 to 2016 .

\n

\n Method ( edit )

\n

\n Several methods exist to set up a speed limit :

\n \n

\n Enforcement ( edit )

\n Gatso speed camera Main article : Speed limit enforcement

\n Speed limit enforcement is the action taken by appropriately empowered authorities to check that road vehicles are complying with the speed limit . Methods used include roadside speed traps set up and operated by the police and automated roadside speed camera systems , which may incorporate the use of an automatic number plate recognition system .

\n

\n In 2012 , in UK , 30 % of drivers did not comply with speed limits .

\n

\n In Europe , between 2009 and 2012 , 20 % of European drivers have been fined for excessive speed . In 2012 in Europe , 62 % of people supported the idea to set up speed - limiting devices .

\n

\n The tolerance level needs to be adequate to not add confusion to the driver . One efficient scheme consist in penalty points and charges for speeding just a few over the speed limit .

\n

\n Another possibility is to make the necessary work to change the road so that the driver can consider the speed limit is legitimate in regard to the road . This can be achieved by implementing traffic calming measure , vehicle activated signs , or safety cameras .

\n

\n The city of Munich has adopted Self - explaining roads : roadway widths , intersection controls and crossing types have been harmonized in regard to speed limit , so that the driver can guess the speed limit even with no sign . A Self - Explaining Road is a Self - Regulating Road .

\n

\n Effectiveness ( edit )

\n

\n To be effective and applied by drivers , the speed limits need to be perceived as credible . This mean that the speed limit should be adequate in regard to some factors such as , for instance , the view ahead and the view to the right .

\n

\n To be effective , speed limit needs to be set up with road infrastructure , education or enforcement activity .

\n

\n A 1998 US Federal Highway administration report cited a number of studies regarding the effects of reductions in speed limits and the observed changes in speeding , fatalities , injuries and property damage which followed :

\n \n Results from lowering speed limits . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Country ( year of research publication ) \n Speed limit reduction \n Reported change
\n Australia ( 1992 ) \n 110 km / h to 100 km / h \n Injury crashes declined by 19 %
\n Australia ( 1996 ) \n 5 -- 20 km / h decreases \n No significant change ( 4 % increase relative to sites not changed )
\n Denmark ( 1990 ) \n 60 km / h to 50 km / h \n Fatal crashes declined by 24 % Injury crashes declined by 9 %
\n Germany ( 1994 ) \n 60 km / h to 50 km / h \n Crashes declined by 20 %
\n Sweden ( 1990 ) \n 110 km / h to 90 km / h \n Speeds declined by 14 km / h Fatal crashes declined by 21 %
\n Switzerland ( 1994 ) \n 130 km / h to 120 km / h \n Speeds declined by 5 km / h Fatal crashes declined by 12 %
\n UK ( 1991 ) \n 60 mph to 40 mph / 100 km / h to 65 km / h \n Speeds declined by 6 km / h ( 4 mph ) Crashes declined by 14 %
\n US ( 22 states ) ( 1992 ) \n 5 mph to 15 mph ( 8 km / h to 24 km / h ) decreases \n No significant changes
\n \n Results from increasing speed limits : \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Country \n Speed limit increase \n Reported change
\n Australia ( 1992 ) \n 100 km / h to 110 km / h \n Injury crashes increased by 25 %
\n Australia ( Victoria ) ( 1996 ) \n 5 -- 20 km / h increases \n Crashes increased overall by 8 % , 35 % decline in zones raised from 60 km / h to 80 km / h
\n Netherlands ( 2012 ) \n 120 km / h to 130 km / h \n Effect as of yet unclear , more research needed
\n US ( 1989 ) \n 55 mph to 65 mph ( 89 km / h to 105 km / h ) \n Fatal crashes increased by 21 %
\n US ( 1990 ) \n 55 mph to 65 mph ( 89 km / h to 105 km / h ) \n Fatal crashes increased by 22 % Speeding increased by 48 %
\n US ( 40 states ) ( 1990 ) \n 55 mph to 65 mph ( 89 km / h to 105 km / h ) \n Fatalities increased by 15 % Decrease or no effect in 12 States
\n US ( Iowa ) ( 1996 ) \n 55 mph to 65 mph ( 89 km / h to 105 km / h ) \n Fatal crashes increased by 36 %
\n US ( Michigan ) ( 1991 ) \n 55 mph to 65 mph ( 89 km / h to 105 km / h ) \n Fatal and injury crashes increased significantly on rural freeways
\n US ( Michigan ) ( 1992 ) \n Various \n No significant changes
\n US ( Ohio ) ( 1992 ) \n 55 mph to 65 mph ( 89 km / h to 105 km / h ) \n Injury and property damage increased but not fatal crashes .
\n US ( 40 states ) ( 1994 ) \n 55 mph to 65 mph ( 89 km / h to 105 km / h ) \n Statewide fatality rates decreased 3 - 5 % ( Significant in 14 of 40 states )
\n US ( 22 states ) ( 1997 ) \n 5 mph to 15 mph ( 8 km / h to 24 km / h ) increase \n No significant changes
\n

\n Annual surveys of speed on South Dakota Interstate roads show that from 2000 to 2011 , the average speed rose from 71 to 74 mph ; South Dakota increased its maximum speed limit from 65 to 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) in 1996 .

\n

\n The Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Limits report sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration published in 1998 found that changing speed limits on low and moderate speed roads appeared to have no significant effect on traffic speed or the number of crashes , whilst on high - speed roads such as freeways , increased speed limits generally resulted in higher traffic speeds and more crashes . It states that limited evidence suggests that speed limits have a positive effect on a system wide basis .

\n

\n Research in 1998 showed that the reduction of some 30 mph ( 48 km / h ) United Kingdom speed limits to 20 mph ( 32 km / h ) had achieved only a 1 mph drop in speeds and no discernible reduction in accidents ; ' 20 mph speed limit zones ' which use self enforcing traffic calming achieved average speed reductions of 10 mph , child pedestrian accidents were reduced by 70 % and child cyclist accidents by 48 % .

\n

\n Zones where speeds are set at 30 km / h ( or 20 mph ) are gaining popularity as they are found to be effective at reducing crashes and increasing community cohesion .

\n

\n Studies undertaken in conjunction with Australia 's move from 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) speed limits to 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) in built - up areas and found that the measure was effective in reducing speed and also the frequency and severity of crashes .

\n

\n A study of the impact of the replacement of 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) with 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) speed limits in New South Wales , Australia , showed only a 0.5 km / h drop in urban areas and a 0.7 km / h drop in rural areas . The report noted that widespread community compliance would require a combination of strategies including traffic calming treatments .

\n

\n A 1999 study found that the U.S. states that increased speed limits in the wake of the repeal of federally mandated speed limits had a 15 % increase in fatalities .

\n

\n Information campaigns are also used by authorities to support speed limits , for example the Speeding . No one thinks big of you . campaign in Australia 2007 .

\n

\n Justification ( edit )

\n

\n Speed limits are set primarily to balance road traffic safety concerns with the effect on travel time and mobility . Speed limits are also sometimes used to reduce consumption of fuel or in response to environmental concerns .

\n

\n Some speed limit have also been initiated to avoid import too much gas - oil during 1973 oil crisis .

\n

\n Road traffic safety ( edit )

\n See also : Road traffic safety The Pan-American Highway with central median and no freestanding obstructions increasing level of safety at high speed

\n According to a 2004 report from the World Health Organisation a total of 22 % of all ' injury mortality ' worldwide were from road traffic injuries in 2002 and without ' increased efforts and new initiatives ' casualty rates would increase by 65 % between 2000 and 2020 . The report identified that the speed of vehicles was ' at the core of the problem and said that speed limits should be set appropriately for the road function and design along with physical measures related to the road and the vehicle and effective enforcement by the police . Road incidents are said to be the leading cause of deaths among children 10 -- 19 years of age ( 260,000 children die a year , 10 million are injured ) . They are also occasionally set to reduce vehicle emissions or fuel use .

\n

\n Maximum speed limits place an upper limit on speed choice and if obeyed can reduce the differences in vehicle speeds by drivers using the same road at the same time . Traffic engineers observe that the likelihood of a crash happening is significantly higher if vehicles are traveling at speeds faster or slower than the mean speed of traffic ; when severity is taken into account the risk is lowest for those traveling at or below the median speed and `` increases exponentially for motorists travelling much faster '' .

\n Traffic calming can be effective on lower speed roads

\n It is desirable to attempt to reduce the speed of road vehicles in some circumstances because the kinetic energy involved in a motor vehicle collision is proportional to the square of the speed at impact . The probability of a fatality is , for typical collision speeds , empirically correlated to the fourth power of the speed difference ( depending on the type of collision , not necessarily the same as travel speed ) at impact , rising much faster than kinetic energy .

\n

\n Typically motorways have higher speed limits than conventional roads because motorways have features which decrease the likelihood of collisions and severity of impacts . For example , motorways separate opposing traffic and crossing traffic , employ traffic barriers , and prohibit the most vulnerable users such as pedestrians and bicyclists . Germany 's crash experience illustrates the relative effectiveness of these strategies on crash severity : on autobahns 22 people died per 1000 injury crashes , a lower rate than the 29 deaths per 1,000 injury accidents on conventional rural roads ; however , the rural risk is five times higher than on urban roads -- speeds are higher on rural roads and autobahns than urban roads , increasing the severity potential of a crash . The net effect of speeds , crash probability , and impact mitigation strategies may be measured by the rate of deaths per billion - travel - kilometers : the autobahn fatality rate is 2 deaths per billion - travel - kilometers , lower than either the 8.7 rate on rural roads or the 5.3 rate in urban areas ; the overall national fatality rate was 5.6 , slightly higher than urban rate and more than twice that of autobahns .

\n

\n The 2009 technical report An Analysis of Speeding - Related Crashes : Definitions and the Effects of Road Environments by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration showed that about 55 percent of all speeding - related crashes in fatal crashes had `` exceeding posted speed limits '' among their crash factors , and 45 percent had `` driving too fast for conditions '' among their crash factors . However , the authors of the report did not attempt to determine whether the factors were actually a crash cause , contributor , or an unrelated factor . Furthermore , separate research finds that only 1.6 % of crashes are `` caused '' by drivers that exceed the posted speed limit . Finally , exceeding the posted limit may not be a remarkable factor in crash analysis as there exist roadways where virtually all motorists are in technical violation of the law .

\n

\n The speed limit will also take note of the speed at which the road was designed to be driven ( the design speed ) which is defined in the US as `` a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of the roadway '' However traffic engineers recognize that `` operating speeds and even posted speed limits can be higher than design speeds without necessarily compromising safety '' since design speed is `` based on conservative assumptions about driver , vehicle and roadway characteristics '' .

\n

\n Vision Zero , which envision reducing road fatalities and serious injuries to zero by 2020 , suggests the following `` possible long term maximum travel speeds related to the infrastructure , given best practice in vehicle design and 100 % restraint use '' :

\n \n Possible Maximum Travel Speeds \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Type of infrastructure and traffic \n Possible travel speed ( km / h )
\n Locations with possible conflicts between pedestrians and cars \n 30 km / h ( 19 mph )
\n Intersections with possible side impacts between cars \n 50 km / h ( 31 mph )
\n Roads with possible frontal impacts between cars , including rural roads \n 70 km / h ( 43 mph )
\n Roads with no possibility of a side impact or frontal impact ( only impact with the infrastructure ) \n 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) +
\n A stack of speed limit signs

\n `` Roads with no possibility of a side impact or frontal impact '' are sometimes designated as Type 1 ( motorways / freeways / Autobahns ) , Type 2 ( `` 2 + 2 roads '' ) or Type 3 ( `` 2 + 1 roads '' ) . These roadways have crash barriers separating opposing traffic , limited access , grade separation and prohibitions on slower and more vulnerable road users . Undivided rural roads can be quite dangerous even with speed limits that appear low by comparison . For example , in 2011 , Germany 's 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) - limited rural roads had a fatality rate of 8.7 deaths per billion travel - km , over four times higher than the autobahn rate of 2 deaths . Autobahns accounted for 31 % of German road travel in 2011 , but just 11 % ( 453 of 4,009 ) of traffic deaths .

\n

\n Fuel efficiency ( edit )

\n

\n Fuel efficiency sometimes affects speed limit selection . The United States instituted a National Maximum Speed Law of 55 mph ( 89 km / h ) as part of the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act in response to the 1973 oil crisis to reduce fuel consumption . According to a report published in 1986 by The Heritage Foundation , a Conservative advocacy group , the law was widely disregarded by motorists and hardly reduced consumption at all . In 2009 The American Trucking Associations called for a 65 mph speed limit and also national fuel economy standards claiming that the lower speed limit was not effective at saving fuel . European studies have claimed that , whereas the effects of specific speed reduction schemes on particulate emissions from trucks are ambiguous , lower maximums speed for trucks consistently result in lower emissions of CO and better fuel efficiency .

\n

\n Environmental considerations ( edit )

\n

\n Speed limits can also be used to improve local air quality issues or other factors affecting environmental quality for example the `` environmental speed limits '' in the United States including one in an area of Texas .

\n

\n The European Union is also increasingly using speed limits as in response to environmental concerns .

\n

\n Advocacy ( edit )

\n

\n Speed limits , and especially some of the methods used to attempt to enforce them , have always been controversial . There are a variety of notable organisations and individuals who , for a variety of often passionately held views , oppose or support the use of speed limits or the way they are enforced .

\n

\n Opposition ( edit )

\n

\n Speed limits , and their enforcement have been opposed by various groups and for various reasons since their inception . Historically , the AA was formed in 1905 , initially to warn members about speed traps .

\n

\n In more recent times some advocacy groups seek to have certain speed limits as well as other measures removed . For example , automated camera enforcement has been criticised by motoring advocacy groups the Association of British Drivers , the North American National Motorists Association , and the German Auto Club .

\n

\n Arguments used by those advocating a relaxation of speed limits or their removal include :

\n \n

\n Support ( edit )

\n

\n Various other advocacy groups press for stricter limits and better enforcement . The Pedestrians Association was formed in the United Kingdom in 1929 to protect the interests of the pedestrian . Their president published a critique of motoring legislation and the influence of motoring groups in 1947 title ' Murder most foul ' which laid out in an emotional but detailed way the situation as they saw it and called for tighter speed limits . Historically , the Pedestrians ' Association and the Automobile Association were described as `` bitterly opposed '' in the early years of United Kingdom motoring legislation . More recently organisations such as RoadPeace , Twenty is Plenty , and Vision Zero have campaigned for lower speed limits in residential areas .

\n

\n Signage ( edit )

\n

\n In most of the world speed limit signs display the limitation within a red circle . This design follows the style set out by the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals , with the exception of United States and Canada . All countries globally worldwide ( except the United Kingdom and United States ) use metric speed limits in kilometres per hour . Metric signs are optional in the United States though less commonly seen , while Samoa uses both units . In Ontario , Canada , the type , location , and frequency of speed limit signs is covered by regulation 615 of the Ontario Highway Traffic Act .

\n

\n Maximum speed limit ( edit )

\n \n

\n Minimum speed limit ( edit )

\n

\n Minimum speed limit signs are usually a blue circle with a white border and the limit in white . Some South American countries ( e.g. : Argentina ) , use a red border . Japan and South Korea use their normal speed limit sign , with a line below the limit .

\n \n

\n Special speed limits ( edit )

\n

\n In some countries , speed limits may apply to certain classes of vehicles , or special conditions such as night - time . Usually these speed limits will be reduced from the normal limit for safety reasons .

\n \n

\n Speed limit derestriction ( edit )

\n

\n In some countries , derestriction signs are used to mark where a speed zone ends . The speed limit beyond the sign is the prevailing limit for the general area , for example the sign might be used to show the end of an urban area . In the United Kingdom , the sign means that the national speed limit applies ( 60 mph on open roads , 70 mph on dual carriageways and motorways ) . In New Zealand it means you are on an open road , but the maximum legal speed of 100 km / h still applies On roads without a general speed limits , such as German Autobahn , a portion of Stuart Highway , and rural areas on the Isle of Man , it really means end of all quantitative speed limits .

\n \n

\n Advisory speed limit ( edit )

\n Further information : Advisory speed limit

\n Advisory speed limits may provide a safe suggested speed in an area , or warn of the safe maximum speed for dangerous curves .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ World Health Organisation ( 2004 ) p. foreword , `` In high - income countries , an established set of interventions have contributed to significant reductions in the incidence and impact of road traffic injuries . These include the enforcement of legislation to control speed and alcohol consumption , mandating the use of seat - belts and crash helmets , and the safer design and use of roads and vehicles . ''
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Table 3 , J. Stuster and Z . Coffman , Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Management , FHWA - RD - 98 - 154 , July 1998
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration ( 1998 ) p. 2 ' In general , changing speed limits on low and moderate speed roads appears to have little or no effect on speed and thus little or no effect on crashes , thereby suggesting that drivers travel at speeds they feel are reasonable and safe for the road and traffic regardless of the posted limit . However , on freeways and other high - speed roads , speed limit increases generally lead to higher speeds and crashes . The change in speed is roughly one - fourth the change in speed limit . Results from international studies suggest that for every 1 mi / h change in speed , injury accidents will change by 5 percent ( 3 percent for every 1 km / h ) . However limited evidence suggests the net effect of speed limits may be positive on a system wide basis . '
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ World Health Organisation ( 2004 ) p. 34 fig 2.1
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ World Health Organisation ( 2004 ) p. 3
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ World Health Organisation ( 2004 ) p. 76
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ World Health Organisation ( 2004 ) p. 127
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration ( 1998 ) p. 2 ' When the consequences of crashes are taken into account , the risk of being involved in an injury crash is lowest for vehicles that travel near the median speed or slower and increases exponentially for motorists traveling much faster '
    9. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
\n
\n Documents referenced from ' Notes ' section
\n
\n \n \n \n
\n
\n Other references for article
\n
\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Samochodowy , Przeglad . `` Jak dobrze je\u017adzi\u0107 samochodem . Porady . Prawid\u0142owe i pomocne nawyki ( m.in . manewry , hamowanie , kultura , parkowanie , podr\u00f3\u017c ) '' . przeglad-samochodowy.pl ( in Polish ) . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 06 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=140674
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/US/speeding-texas-85-mph-highway-opens/story?id=17549839
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Current speed limit policies '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Auswirkungen eines allgemeinen Tempolimits auf Autobahnen im Land Brandenburg '' ( PDF ) . Brandenburg . October 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . ( German ) Auf einer 6 - streifigen Autobahn ergibt sich f\u00fcr den Pkw - Verkehr im Mittel eine Geschwindigkeit von 142 km / h . ( English ) On clear stretches of 6 - lane highway , cars average a speed of 142 km / h
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : `` No All - Island Speed Limit '' . Isle of Man Guide . 6 November 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` The Table of Maximum Speed Limits at a Glance '' ( PDF ) .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ http://www.mahatranscom.in/faq.aspx
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ http://www.transport.telangana.gov.in
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` The impact of lowered speed limits in urban and metropolitan areas '' ( PDF ) .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Parker , M.R. Jr. ( 1997 ) . Effects of Raising and Lowering Speed Limitson Selected Roadway Sections , FHWA - RD - 9 7 - 084 ( PDF ) . Washington DC : Federal Highway Commission . pp. 85 -- 87 . Retrieved 5 February 2017 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Criminal on the Road : A Study of Serious Motoring Offences and Those Who Commit Them . Routledge. 1964 . p. 64 . ISBN 0415264162 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Motoring firsts '' . National Motoring Museum .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Adam Hart Davis . `` The Eureka Years '' . BBC Radio 4 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` US History , Criminal Justice , The first speeding ticket '' .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : http://www.racfoundation.org/assets/rac_foundation/content/downloadables/speed_limits-box_bayliss-aug2012.pdf
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Keeping Order : Motor - Car Regulation and the Defeat of Victoria 's 1905 Motor - Car Bill '' . On 7 April 1905 , E Norton Grimwade ... appeared in the District Court ( charged with ) ' furious ' driving ( because ) he passed a tram ... Several people ... ( estimated ) the car 's speed at 20 mph ... It was going twice as fast as the tram .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Vienna Convention on Road Traffic
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` An Analysis of Speeding - Related Crashes : Definitions and the Effects of Road Environments '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Transportation , National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . February 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . Appendix : The basic rules governing speed of vehicles in Kansas , Kentucky , Maryland , Montana , North Carolina , and Wisconsin .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Road Traffic Act 1991 '' . Office of Public Sector Information . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 03 . A person is guilty of an offence if he intentionally and without lawful authority or reasonable cause -- ( a ) causes anything to be on or over a road , or ( b ) interferes with a motor vehicle , trailer or cycle , or ( c ) interferes ( directly or indirectly ) with traffic equipment , in such circumstances that it would be obvious to a reasonable person that to do so would be dangerous . ( 2 ) In subsection ( 1 ) above `` dangerous '' refers to danger either of injury to any person while on or near a road , or of serious damage to property on or near a road ; and in determining for the purposes of that subsection what would be obvious to a reasonable person in a particular case , regard shall be had not only to the circumstances of which he could be expected to be aware but also to any circumstances shown to have been within the knowledge of the accused .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvo_2013/__3.html
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCodeArticle.do?idArticle=LEGIARTI000006842207&cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006074228
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ 49 CFR 392.14
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` State v. Stanko '' . Supreme Court of Montana . 1998 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` Section 2 -- Driving Safely '' ( PDF ) . Commercial Driver License Manual 2005 . United States Department of Transportation . July 2014 . pp. 2 -- 15 , 2 -- 19 , 2 -- 26 , 13 -- 1 . ( pg 2 - 15 ) 2.6. 4 -- Speed and Distance Ahead : You should always be able to stop within the distance you can see ahead . Fog , rain , or other conditions may require that you slowdown to be able to stop in the distance you can see ... ( pg 2 - 19 ) 2.8. 3 -- Drivers Who Are Hazards : Vehicles may be partly hidden by blind intersections or alleys . If you only can see the rear or front end of a vehicle but not the driver , then he or she ca n't see you . Be alert because he / she may back out or enter into your lane . Always be prepared to stop ... ( pg 2 - 26 ) 2.11. 4 -- Vehicle Factors : Headlights . At night your headlights will usually be the main source of light for you to see by and for others to see you . You ca n't see nearly as much with your headlights as you see in the daytime . With low beams you can see ahead about 250 feet and with high beams about 350 - 500 feet . You must adjust your speed to keep your stopping distance within your sight distance . This means going slowly enough to be able to stop within the range of your headlights ... ( pg 13 - 1 ) 13.1. 2 -- Intersections As you approach an intersection : Check traffic thoroughly in all directions . Decelerate gently . Brake smoothly and , if necessary , change gears . If necessary , come to a complete stop ( no coasting ) behind any stop signs , signals , sidewalks , or stop lines maintaining a safe gap behind any vehicle in front of you . Your vehicle must not roll forward or backward . When driving through an intersection : Check traffic thoroughly in all directions . Decelerate and yield to any pedestrians and traffic in the intersection . Do not change lanes while proceeding through the intersection . Keep your hands on the wheel .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` California Vehicle Code section 22350 : Basic Speed Law '' . California Department of Motor Vehicles . September 20 , 1963 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 25 . No person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than is reasonable or prudent having due regard for weather , visibility , the traffic on , and the surface and width of , the highway , and in no event at a speed which endangers the safety of persons or property .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` On Gravel Roads , People Drive At Speed They Are Comfortable With , Regardless Of Posted Limit '' . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 13 . `` We found that people are driving at speeds based on their perceptions and existing conditions -- regardless of the speed limit , '' said Dissanayake , who also is a faculty member with K - State 's University Transportation Center ... when it came to speed limits and the actual speeds driven , the difference was not significant between 35 mph and 55 mph roads . An example is the gravel roadways in Johnson County and Miami County . The study found that though two speed limits exist , the driving characteristics were the same . While Johnson County 's speed limit is 35 mph and posted , the average actual speed of 37.5 mph was higher than the average actual speed of 35.8 mph in Miami County , where the speed limit is 55 mph and not posted .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` Hatzakorzian v. Rucker - Fuller Desk Co. , 197 Cal. 82 '' . Official California Reports , Vol. 197 , p. 82 ( California Supreme Court reporter ) . September 21 , 1925 . Under the circumstances of the present case -- the narrowness of the unpaved portion of the highway , the darkness of the night and the blinding of Kennell by the glare of the lights reflected from the headlights of the approaching machine -- the highway over which Kennell was traveling was beset by danger of an extraordinary character from the time his vision became so obscured as to make it impossible for him to see plainly the road before him to the time that he struck the deceased . Thus the ordinary care with which Kennell was charged in driving his car over the highway required such an amount of such care as was commensurate with the exactions of the extraordinary dangerous circumstances under which he was then operating his car . The respective rights and duties of drivers of automobiles and other vehicles and of pedestrians have repeatedly been by the courts of this state clearly pointed out ...
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Allin v. Snavely , 100 Cal . App . 2d 411 '' . Official California Appellate Reports ( 2nd Series Vol. 100 , p. 411 ) . November 14 , 1950 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 27 . `` A driver by insisting on his lawful right of way may violate the basic speed law as provided by Veh . Code , \u00a7 22350 , and thus become guilty of negligence . '' ( CA Reports Headnote # ( 2 ) )
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` Riggs v. Gasser Motors , 22 Cal . App . 2d 636 '' . Official California AppellateReports ( 2nd Series Vol. 22 , p. 636 ) . September 25 , 1937 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 27 . It is common knowledge that intersecting streets in cities present a continuing hazard , the degree of hazard depending upon the extent of the use of the intersecting streets and the surrounding circumstances or conditions of each intersection . Under such circumstances the basic ( speed ) law ... is always governing . See Official Reports Opinions Online
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` Leeper v. Nelson , 139 Cal . App . 2d 65 '' . Official California Appellate Reports ( 2nd Series Vol. 139 , p. 65 ) . Feb 6 , 1956 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 27 . The operator of an automobile is bound to anticipate that he may meet persons or vehicles at any point of the street , and he must in order to avoid a charge of negligence , keep a proper lookout for them and keep his machine under such control as will enable him to avoid a collision with another automobile driven with care and caution as a reasonably prudent person would do under similar conditions . See Huetter v. Andrews , 91 Cal . App . 2d 142 , Berlin v. Violett , 129 Cal. App . 337 , Reaugh v. Cudahy Packing Co. , 189 Cal. 335 , and Official Reports Opinions Online
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` Reaugh v. Cudahy Packing Co. , 189 Cal. 335 '' . Official California Reports , Vol. 189 , p. 335 , ( California Supreme Court reporter ) . July 27 , 1922 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 27 . This is but a reiteration of the rule , in statutory form , which has always been in force without regard to a statutory promulgation to the effect that drivers or operators of vehicles , and more particularly motor vehicles , must be specially watchful in anticipation of the presence of others at places where other vehicles are constantly passing , and where men , women , and children are liable to be crossing , such as corners at the intersections of streets or other similar places or situations where people are likely to fail to observe an approaching automobile .
    33. \n
  33. \n ^ Jump up to : www.destatis.de ( 10 July 2013 ) . `` Unfallentwicklung auf deutschen Stra\u00dfen 2012 ( Crashes on German Roads 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Statistisches Bundesamt ( Federal Statistics Office ) . Statistisches Bundesamt . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . ( Seite 19 ) Mit 29 Get\u00f6teten je 1 000 Unf\u00e4lle mit Personenschaden ist das Todesrisiko auf Landstra\u00dfen f\u00fcnfmal h\u00f6her als auf Innerortsstra\u00dfen und auch h\u00f6her als auf Autobahnen , auf denen 22 Personen je 1000 Unf\u00e4lle starben . Ein Grund f\u00fcr das wesentlich h\u00f6here Risiko auf Landstra\u00dfen und Autobahnen ist , dass hier wesentlich schneller gefahren wird als auf Innerortsstra\u00dfen und dadurch die Unfallschwere steigt ... ( Seite 20 ) Hauptunfallursache auf Autobahnen ist die `` nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit '' . Im Jahr 2012 waren mehr als ein Drittel aller Unf\u00e4lle mit Personenschaden auf Autobahnen Unf\u00e4lle , bei denen mindestens einem Beteiligten dieses Fehlverhalten zur Last gelegt wurde . Bei insgesamt 6 587 sogenannten Geschwindigkeitsunf\u00e4llen kamen 179 Menschen zu Tode , das hei\u00dft nahezu die H\u00e4lfte ( 46 , 3 % ) aller Get\u00f6teten auf Autobahnen ... ( Seite 20 ) Hierbei ist allerdings zu ber\u00fccksichtigen , dass die Unfallursache `` nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit '' h\u00e4ufig nicht bedeutet , dass die zul\u00e4ssige H\u00f6chstgeschwindigkeit \u00fcberschritten worden ist . `` Nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit '' wird von der Polizei bei einem Unfall auch dann als Ursache erfasst , wenn ein Beteiligter f\u00fcr die vorliegenden Stra\u00dfen - oder Witterungsverh\u00e4ltnisse zu schnell gefahren ist . Check date values in : year = / date = mismatch ( help )
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` A 95 : Polizei geschockt \u00fcber `` immenses Tempo '' ( Translation : A 95 : Police Shocked At High Speed ) `` . Merkur Online ( The Mercury online version ) . Aug 5 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . den stellvertretenden Kommandanten der Feuerwehr aus Hohensch\u00e4ftlarn ( Kreis M\u00fcnchen ) , Daniel Buck ... war mit seinen Kollegen einer der ersten an der Unfallstelle , an der ein Porschefahrer ( 51 ) so schnell in den Toyota einer 67 - j\u00e4hrigen Weilheimerin bretterte , dass sich ihr Auto mehrmals \u00fcberschlug . Die Frau musste noch vor Ort reanimiert werden , starb jedoch sp\u00e4ter im Krankenhaus . Die beiden M\u00e4nner im Porsche kamen mit leichten Verletzungen davon ... Auf H\u00f6he des Dreiecks Starnberg verlor er auf der linken Spur die Kontrolle \u00fcber sein Auto . Er kam ins Schleudern , schoss rechts \u00fcber einen Gr\u00fcnstreifen und kam auf dem Zubringer aus Starnberg wieder auf die Fahrbahn . Dort rammte er die 67 - j\u00e4hrige Weilheimerin in ihrem Toyota ... Zeugen vor Ort sch\u00e4tzen , dass der Sportwagen mit rund 300 Kilometer pro Stunde unterwegs war ... Ein Zeuge hatte seinen Tempomat auf 140 Stundenkilometer eingestellt und war von dem Sportwagen \u00fcberholt worden . `` Er sch\u00e4tzt , der Porsche war doppelt so schnell '' , sagt Buck . Und : `` ... Schneller wie 160 Kilometer pro Stunde ist hier absolut unangemessen . '' . ( Translation : deputy commander of the fire brigade from Hohenschaeftlarn county ( Munich ) , Daniel Buck ... was one of the first with his colleagues at the accident site where a Porsche driver ( age 51 ) bashed into the Toyota driven by a 67 - year - old Weilheim in Oberbayern resident , rolling her car over several times . The woman had to be resuscitated on site , but died later in hospital . The two men in the Porsche escaped with minor injuries ... At the peak of the Starnberg interchange in the left lane he lost control of his car . He went into a skid , shot right through a grass strip to ram the 67 - year - old Weilheimer resident in her Toyota ... Witnesses on site estimated that the sports car was traveling about 300 kilometers per hour ... One witness had his cruise control set at 140 kilometers per hour and was overtaken by the sports car . `` He estimates the Porsche was twice as fast , '' says Buck . And : `` This is simply irresponsible ; even as fast as 160 kilometers per hour is absolutely inappropriate . `` )
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` Autobahn Pileup : 52 - Car German Crash Kills 3 ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffington Post . 2011 - 11 - 19 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ https://www.fmcsa.dot.gov/about/outreach/education/driverTips/Too-Fast-for-Conditions-all.htm
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 6 September 2013 ) . `` ' All you could hear was cars crashing ' : 120 - car pile - up on Sheppey bridge '' . The Guardian .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ http://www.fox19.com/story/20639696/girl-12-killed-in-86-car-pileup-on-i-275
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ http://sanatogapost.com/2013/07/10/detectives-excessive-speed-factor-in-422-crash-death/
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` Kyle Stein charged in Colerain Twp . crash that killed Rachel McGrath and Eric Moormann ) ) '' . ( The teenage driver ) lost control of the vehicle on a `` curvy portion '' of Sheed Road in Colerain Township and struck a parked Ford Titanium . The crash killed both ... passengers ( , the driver ) was traveling in excess of the posted 35 mph speed limit in order to `` catch up to a new model Audi R8 to get a better look at this very expensive vehicle ''
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ http://www.freep.com/article/20131013/NEWS06/310130122/
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` No sign of alcohol for 6 teens killed in OH crash '' . the SUV was traveling between 62 mph and 70 mph on a 35 - mph road before it flipped into a pond in a dark , unlit area in Warren on March 10 ( , 2013 ) , killing the 19 - year - old driver and five of the seven boys riding with her
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Speeding Counts on All Roads '' ( PDF ) . FHWA Safety ( November 2000 ) . almost 50 percent of speeding - related fatalities occur on lower speed collector and local roads , which carry only 28.1 percent of the total vehicle miles traveled in the United States ... the deadly consequences of speeding on local and collector roads becomes even more dramatic . The speeding fatality rate for local roads is three times that for Interstates
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ http://www.pe.com/articles/speed-776756-survey-limit.html
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ http://caselaw.findlaw.com/mt-supreme-court/1110919.html
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ http://vincenzeslaw.com/4-ways-virginia-reckless-driving-charges-handled-differently-fairfax-county-arlington-alexandria-stafford/
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Traffic Operations : Road Signs '' . Government of South Australia . 2002 - 08 - 23 ( last update date ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Most regulatory signs are rectangular with a black legend on a white background ... ( exceptions include ) speed restriction signs ( symbol enclosed in a red circle ) '' Check date values in : date = ( help )
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Speed Zoning Information '' ( PDF ) . Institute of Transportation Engineers . 22 March 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ MUTCD Sections 2B. 13 - 16 # 12
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` California Vehicle Code \u00a7 21400 ( b ) '' . The State of California . January 1 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 28 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Transportation Research Board of the National Academies ; Kay Fitzpatrick ; Paul Carlson ; Marcus A. Brewer ; Mark D. Wooldridge ; Shaw - Pin Miaou ; Texas Transportation Institute ( October 6 , 2003 ) . NCHRP Report 504 -- Design Speed , Operating Speed , and Posted Speed Practices ( PDF ) . onlinepubs.trb.org . Washington , D.C. : National Academies Press . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 08767 - 8 . ISSN 0077 - 5614 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2014 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 16 .
    52. \n
  52. \n ^ Jump up to : http://tti.tamu.edu/documents/1465-1.pdf
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ http://azdot.gov/business/engineering-and-construction/traffic/faq/establishing-speed-limits
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ http://www.ksdot.org/bureaus/burTrafficSaf/brochures/establishingspeedlimits.asp
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Public opposition to speed limits being set by an authority , often arise because such agency has been viewed as abusing its power -- such as by arbitrary indiscretion or by creating `` speed traps . '' Because an expert can theoretically calculate a safer speed limit , than the populace 's vote by driving , it is beneficial that local governments preserve strong public trust with their integrity in speed regulation . See A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets , AASHTO , 4th Ed. , 2001 ; ISBN 1 - 56051 - 156 - 7
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ USLIMITS2 : A Tool to Aid Practitioners in Determining Appropriate Speed Limit Recommendations
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ `` Riggs v. Gasser Motors , 22 Cal . App . 2d 636 '' . Official California Appellate Reports ( 2nd Series , Vol. 22 , p. 22 ) . September 25 , 1937 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` Alarid v. Vanier , 50 Cal. 2d 617 '' . Official California Reports , 2nd Series Vol. 50 , p. 617 ( California Supreme Court reporter ) . July 17 , 1958 . See Official California Reports online
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` Speeds on Rural Interstate Highways Relative to Posting the 40 mph Minimum Speed Limit '' . U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics ( BTS ) . 2004 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . The relevance of posting the 40 mile per hour ( mph ) minimum speed limit on the Interstate Highway System has been increasingly called into question since the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 repealed the federally sanctioned maximum speed limit . In this study , data were collected on major interstate highways in Florida to evaluate speed distribution relative to the 40 mph posted minimum speed limit . The data revealed that the 15th percentile speed at all sites was 60 mph or above on both four - lane and six - lane highway sections . The analysis showed that the average speed at all sites was approximately 5 standard deviations above the 40 mph minimum .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Peter Schick ( June 2003 ) , ( translation ) `` Influence of Traffic Control Systems on Freeway Capacity and Stability of Traffic Flow '' ; Original Title `` Einfluss von Streckenbeeinflussungsanlagen auf de Kapazitaet von Autobahnabschnitten sowie die Stabilitaet des Verkehrsflusses '' ( PDF ) , University of Stuttgart , p. 20 , retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 , ( translation ) `` The first experiment was carried out in 1965 on a 30 km section of the A8 from Salzburg to Munich . The system consisted of mechanically variable message signs at a distance of 2 km , which could display speeds of 60 , 80 and 100 km / h , and `` danger zone '' and `` accident '' . Personnel monitored traffic using video technology , and manually controlled the signage . Studies reported a decrease in traffic disruptions and breakdowns , harmonization of the velocity distribution and an increase in performance ( Zackor 1972 , see also Chapter 3.2. 2 ) . '' German text : `` Die erste linienhafte Beeinflussung des Verkehrs erfolgte im Jahr 1965 durch die Errichtung einer Wechselverkehrszeichenanlage auf einem 30 km langen Abschnitt der A8 auf der Richtungsfahrbahn Salzburg -- M\u00fcnchen . Die Anlage bestand aus neben der Fahrbahn angebrachten mechanischen Wechselverkehrszeichen im Abstand von 2 km , die StVO - gerechte Zeichen f\u00fcr die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzungen 60 , 80 und 100 km / h sowie `` Gefahrstelle '' und `` Unfall '' anzeigen konnten ( Abb. 2 - 1 ) . Diese Zeichen wurden vom Betreiberpersonal , das mittels Videotechnologie eine \u00dcbersicht \u00fcber das Verkehrsgeschehen hatte , manuell geschaltet . Somit konnte erstmals auf einer Autobahn die Geschwindigkeit des Verkehrs beeinflusst sowie eine Unfallwarnung vorgenommen werden . Die ersten Erfahrungen und wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen berichten von einer Abnahme der St\u00f6rungen und Verkehrszusammenbr\u00fcche , einer Harmonisierung der Geschwindigkeitsverteilung sowie einer Steigerung der Leistungsf\u00e4higkeit ( ZACKOR 1972 , siehe auch Kapitel 3.2. 2 ) .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Ralf Schmahld ( 6 August 2009 ) , ( translation ) `` 20 years waiting in traffic jams '' ; Original Title `` 20 Jahre im Stau gestanden '' , Reise ( Travel ) magazine , retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 , ( translation ) `` A total of 1,300 kilometers of motorways now have traffic control systems for the harmonization of traffic flow by speed limits and traffic warning , and the government expects to expand their use : 2500 km stretch of motorway could be controlled by these dynamic control systems . '' German text : `` An insgesamt 1.300 Kilometern der Bundesautobahnen seien inzwischen Streckenbeeinflussungsanlagen zur Harmonisierung des Verkehrsablaufs durch Geschwindigkeitsbeschr\u00e4nkungen und Gefahrenwarnung installiert worden , teilt die Regierung weiter mit . 2.500 Kilometer Autobahnstrecke k\u00f6nnten mittels dynamischer Netzbeeinflussungsanlagen gesteuert werden ''
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Mark Robinson , P.E. ( January 9 , 2000 ) , Examples of Variable Speed Limit Applications . Speed Management Workshop ( PDF ) , Transportation Research Board . 79th Annual Meeting , retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 , `` New Jersey . Status : Active ( installed in the late 1960s ) . Objective : to provide early warning to motorists of slow traffic or hazardous road conditions . Setting : Urban / Rural - New Jersey Turnpike .
    63. \n
  63. \n ^ Jump up to : http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/briefing/12164.pdf
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` WYDOT proposes to lower I - 80 speed limit '' . KSL - TV . September 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . The Wyoming Department of Transportation says it plans to impose a speed limit of 65 mph on a 52 - mile stretch of the interstate between Laramie and Rawlins . The reduction from the existing speed limit of 75 mph will take effect Oct. 15 and continue for six months . In addition , WYDOT intends to install variable speed - limit signs on the same stretch of highway so the limit can be lowered further because of bad weather . The section is between the Quealy Dome Interchange , 20 miles west of Laramie , and the Peterson Interchange , 22 miles east of Rawlins , the agency said .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` Wyoming seasonal speed limit will vary with conditions '' . Land Line Magazine . October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . `` When it 's all horizontal and drifts , it kills the visibility , and we have a horrible time trying to keep people on the road , '' Wyoming DOT engineer Tim McGary told Land Line Now on Sirius XM . McGary says this winter , truckers on I - 80 will no longer see that 65 mph seasonal speed limit between Laramie and Rawlins . Instead , the whole 52 - mile stretch will have the electronic , variable speed limit signs that the DOT started installing last year . The variable signs allow the DOT to lower or raise the speed limit in 5 mph increments depending on the weather conditions . And McGary says they work . The statistics are kind of showing that if we 're on top of things with our plow operators and troopers out there , and we get the speed limits reduced appropriately to the weather conditions , people are complying pretty well with that , '' McGary said . `` Our crash rates have gone down and we 're hoping to continue that trend . ''
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ ' Saha , P. , and Young , R. ( 2014 ) . ' Weather - Based Safety Analysis for the Effectiveness of Rural Variable Speed Limit ( VSL ) Corridors ' In Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting ( No. 14 - 2293 ) , http://docs.trb.org/prp/15-1916.pdf
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ ' R. Young , V. Sabawat , P. Saha , Y . Sui ( 2014 ) . ' Rural Variable Speed Limits : Phase II '
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` Managing Speed '' . Public Roads . www.tfhrc.gov . January -- February 2003 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` Tennessee Low Visibility Warning System '' ( PDF ) . Federal Highway Administration . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 17 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Report ( HC 15 , 2004 - 05 ) : Tackling congestion by making better use of England 's motorways and trunk roads ( Full Report ) ( PDF ) , National Audit Office , 26 November 2004 , p. 21 , retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 , The initial results of the one year trial of Variable Speed Limits indicated savings in journey times , smoother flowing traffic and a fall in the number of accidents . On the basis of these findings , the Agency converted the trial into a permanent facility in 1997 . Variable Speed Limits have generally been popular with road users who have reported perceived benefits , including less congestion and less stressful journeys . Yet the Agency could not prove a business case to use the measure elsewhere . Conditions at the site of the Variable Speed Limits trial were not stable before or during the trial , or in the period of extended monitoring that followed it . Traffic volumes changed and the Agency introduced new technology and new lighting and widened the motorway at both ends of the trial site , preventing it from establishing properly controlled and reliable `` before and after '' data to assess the measure 's impact . Without reliable data , the Agency could not prove a business case to use the measure elsewhere . As a result , in 2002 the Agency extended the Variable Speed Limits trial , at a further budgeted cost of \u00a3 3.9 million , to cover an additional eight kilometres of the M25 , where conditions were expected to be more stable , in order to collect sufficient before and after data to prepare a business case .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` M1 Junctions 6A to 10 Official Completion Ceremony '' ( PDF ) . Highways Agency .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ `` M1 works speed cameras will stay '' . BBC News . 2010 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 13 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ Andrew W Fergus and David J Turner ( MWH NZ Ltd . ) ( 22 -- 25 September 2002 ) . `` Monitoring Incident and Travel Behaviour Through the Use of ATMS Architecture '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 21 . initial results of a Transfund Research project being undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of Variable Message Speed Signs ( VMSS ) within the Ngauranga Active Traffic Management System ( NATMS ) . NATMS is an incident based system whose objective is to facilitate the passage of traffic through a very demanding section of state highway just north of Wellington ... A unique feature of the NATMS is the use of VMSS which display a mandatory speed imposed by controllers in response to an incident or prevailing traffic conditions ... In February 2001 Transit New Zealand ( TNZ ) commissioned the operation of the Ngauranga Active Traffic Management System ( NATMS ) on State Highway 1 , north of Wellington , New Zealand . The NATMS covers a 4 km stretch of State Highway between Johnsonville and the SH1 / SH2 Interchange . The NATMS is the first system in New Zealand to use Automatic Incident Detection ( AID ) and was chosen because of the challenging driving conditions which are compounded by steep terrain , numerous bends and a high degree of weaving between lanes . This in conjunction with a volume in excess of 60,000 vehicles per day and an accident rate higher than the national average were contributing factors in the introduction of the NATMS .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` German : Ein Monat ' Tempo 160 ' auf der A10 . English : A month of ' Tempo 160 ' on the A10 '' . `` German : Den ' Tempo 160 - Test ' auf der A10 bezeichnete Gorbach `` allen Unkenrufen zum Trotz '' als ' Meilenstein in der europ\u00e4ischen Verkehrspolitik ' . Er betonte im Rahmen einer Pressekonferenz in Wien , dass mit Tempo 160 ' nicht die Raser gef\u00f6rdert , sondern die Geschwindigkeit flexibilisiert ' werden soll . English : ' ( The then Austrian Minister for Transportation Hubert ) Gorbach said the ' Test Speed 160 ' on the A10 ( motorway ) was ' a milestone in European transport policy - despite all predictions to the contrary ' . He said at a press conference in Vienna that a 160 limit ' does not promote speeding , but more flexible travel speeds ' .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ `` Moving speed limits on I - 285 '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . September 29 , 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 22 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ `` Autobahnrichtgeschwindigkeitsverordnung '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . German Federal Government . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ `` SPEED Fact Sheet . German Autobahn : The Speed Limit Debate '' ( PDF ) . European Transport Safety Council . Feb 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 . Currently , 52 % of the German motorways do not have a speed limit , 15 % have temporary speed limits due to weather or traffic conditions and 33 % have permanent speed limits . On unlimited sections there is a 130 km / h recommendation .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ `` \u00a7 3 StVO : Speed '' . Bundesministerium der Justiz und f\u00fcr Verbraucherschutz . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 29 . Diese Geschwindigkeitsbeschr\u00e4nkung gilt nicht ( ... ) auf anderen Stra\u00dfen mit Fahrbahnen f\u00fcr eine Richtung , die durch Mittelstreifen oder sonstige bauliche Einrichtungen getrennt sind . Sie gilt ferner nicht auf Stra\u00dfen , die mindestens zwei durch Fahrstreifenbegrenzung ( Zeichen 295 ) oder durch Leitlinien ( Zeichen 340 ) markierte Fahrstreifen f\u00fcr jede Richtung haben .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ `` L\u00e4rmaktionsplan 2008 der Stadt Gera '' ( Noise Action Plan of Gera 2008 ) ( PDF ) . Die Berechnung basiert dabei auf der in Deutschland g\u00fcltigen Richtgeschwindigkeit von 130 km / h . Die real gefahrene Geschwindigkeit auf `` freigegebenen '' Autobahnabschnitten liegt jedoch deutlich h\u00f6her , wie das in Abb. 54 dargestellte Beispiel von der A9 im Bereich Niemegk zeigt . Die V85 liegt teilweise bei \u00fcber 170 km / h . Im Schnitt fahren deutlich \u00fcber 60 % der Verkehrsteilnehmer schneller als 130 km / h . Mehr als 30 % der Verkehrsteilnehmer fahren im Schnitt schneller als 150 km / h ( English translation ) Calculations are based on the German recommended speed of 130 km / h . Actual driving speeds on motorway sections is much higher , as shown in Figure 54 , for example the A9 in Niemegk . The V85 ( 85th percentile speed ) exceeds 170 km / h . On average , significantly more than 60 % of road users exceed 130 km / h . More than 30 % of motorists exceed 150 km / h .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/06/990616165539.htm
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` Traffic Safety - The German Experience after Reunification '' ( PDF ) . German Society for Technical Cooperation. 2004 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ `` Transport Implications of the Isle of Man Strategic Plan : Report '' ( PDF ) . JMP Consulting . 2007 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` The duties of the Swiss Federal Roads Office - ASTRA - Bundesamt '' . 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 . Outside of built - up areas : Prior to 1973 : no restriction 1973 : 100 km / h ( provisional ) 1977 : 100 km / h ( definitive ) 1985 : 80 km / h ( trial ) 1989 : 80 km / h ( definitive ) , national referendum on 26 November 1989 Motorways : Prior to 1973 : no restriction 1973 : 100 km / h ( temporary ) , due to oil crisis 1974 : 130 km / h ( provisional ) 1977 : 130 km / h ( definitive ) 1985 : 120 km / h ( trial ) 1989 : 120 km / h ( definitive ) , national referendum on 26 November 1989
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ http://oesv1.orf.at/stories/358361
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ http://www.oeamtc.at/?id=2500%2C1136024%2C%2C
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Darren L. Jorgenson , Kumares C. Sinha ( Joint Transportation Research Program , Purdue University ) ( April 2000 ) . `` The Development of a Speed Monitoring Program for Indiana ( FHWA / IN / JTRP - 98 / 19 ) '' . Indiana Department of Transportation . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION : 1.1 Background Information `` Prior to 1974 , Interstate highways through various states had different speed limits , with the exception of Montana and Nevada , which had none . '' CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link )
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ FindLaw for Legal Professionals - Case Law , Federal and State Resources , Forms , and Code
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Transport Infrastructure and Systems : Proceedings of the AIIT International Congress on Transport Infrastructure and Systems ( Rome , Italy , 10 -- 12 April 2017 ) Couverture Gianluca Dell'Acqua , Fred Wegman CRC Press , 16 mars 2017 - 1154 pages https://books.google.com/books?id=-RpdDgAAQBAJ
    89. \n
  89. \n ^ Jump up to : http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/globalassets/documents/raise/publications/2015/regdev/1415.pdf
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ http://www.dttas.ie/sites/default/files/upload/general/Guide_Speed_Limits_Mar_2015.pdf
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ `` EFFECTS OF THE 65 - MPH SPEED LIMIT ON TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS IN OHIO '' . University of Cincinnati . 1992 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 10 . fatal accident rates on rural Interstate highways posted at 65 mph or rural non-Interstate highways posted at 55 mph had not significantly changed after the implementation of the 65 - mph speed limit .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ `` South Dakota Speed Monitoring '' ( PDF ) . South Dakota Department of Transportation . 2012 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ `` Written Answers to Questions : Road Accidents '' . Hansard . House of Commons . 2003 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . TRL research on urban speed management methods published in 1998 ( TRL Report 363 ) found only an average 1 mph drop in speeds and no discernible accident reduction in accidents in 20 mph limits using only signs . Advisory speed limits are not normally approved in England and Wales . However , the more successful 20 mph zones that use self enforcing traffic calming features achieved average speed reductions of around 10 mph which produced a 70 per cent . reduction in child pedestrian accidents and a 48 per cent . reduction in child cyclist accidents .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ http://www.streetfilms.org/no-need-for-speed-20s-plenty-for-us/
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ http://www.walk21.com/papers/Josua_Hart.pdf
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ `` A 50 km / h default urban speed limit for Australia ? '' ( PDF ) . Monash University Accident Research Centre . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 26 . After Norway reduced its urban speed limit from 60 km / h to 50 km / h , the average speed fell by 3.5 - 4 km / h and the number of fatal accidents was reduced by 45 per cent ( Norwegian Traffic Safety Handbook , cited in 9 ) ... The bulk of the casualty crash benefit relates to implementation of 50 km / h default speed limits on urban arterials currently zoned 60 km / h . Extending the default 50 km / h urban speed limit to all residential streets across Australia contributes about 6 % of the total saving in casualty crashes .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ `` Evaluation of a 50 km / h Default Urban Speed Limit for Australia '' . Monash University Accident Research Centre . November 2001 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 15 . The trial achieved reductions in average speeds of 1.5 to 2 km / h in some councils and a 7 % reduction in the number of casualties and casualty crashes in the trial LGAs compared to the rest of the State .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Farmer , Charles M ; Retting , Richard A ; Lund , Adrian K ( 1999 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Changes in motor vehicle occupant fatalities after repeal of the national maximum speed limit '' . Accident Analysis & Prevention . 31 ( 5 ) : 537 -- 543 . doi : 10.1016 / S0001 - 4575 ( 99 ) 00010 - X .
    99. \n
  99. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Current speed limit policies '' . European Commission . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 23 . A speed limit is based on both safety and mobility considerations and increasingly also on environmental considerations .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ `` UN raises child accidents alarm '' . BBC News . 2008 - 12 - 10 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration ( 1998 ) p. 2
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ British Columbia Ministry of Transportation ( 2003 ) , p. v ' The likelihood of a crash occurring is significantly greater for motorists traveling at speed slower and faster than the mean speed of traffic '
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ `` Synthesis of Safety Research Related to Speed and Speed Limits '' ( PDF ) . Federal Highway Administration . 1998 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ www.destatis.de ( 10 July 2013 ) . `` Unfallentwicklung auf deutschen Stra\u00dfen 2012 ( Crash Development on German Roads 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Statistisches Bundesamt ( Federal Statistics Office ) . Statistisches Bundesamt . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . ( Seite 19 ) Mit 29 Get\u00f6teten je 1 000 Unf\u00e4lle mit Personenschaden ist das Todesrisiko auf Landstra\u00dfen f\u00fcnfmal h\u00f6her als auf Innerortsstra\u00dfen und auch h\u00f6her als auf Autobahnen , auf denen 22 Personen je 1000 Unf\u00e4lle starben . Ein Grund f\u00fcr das wesentlich h\u00f6here Risiko auf Landstra\u00dfen und Autobahnen ist , dass hier wesentlich schneller gefahren wird als auf Innerortsstra\u00dfen und dadurch die Unfallschwere steigt ... ( Seite 20 ) Hauptunfallursache auf Autobahnen ist die `` nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit '' . Im Jahr 2012 waren mehr als ein Drittel aller Unf\u00e4lle mit Personenschaden auf Autobahnen Unf\u00e4lle , bei denen mindestens einem Beteiligten dieses Fehlverhalten zur Last gelegt wurde . Bei insgesamt 6 587 sogenannten Geschwindigkeitsunf\u00e4llen kamen 179 Menschen zu Tode , das hei\u00dft nahezu die H\u00e4lfte ( 46 , 3 % ) aller Get\u00f6teten auf Autobahnen ... ( Seite 20 ) Hierbei ist allerdings zu ber\u00fccksichtigen , dass die Unfallursache `` nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit '' h\u00e4ufig nicht bedeutet , dass die zul\u00e4ssige H\u00f6chstgeschwindigkeit \u00fcberschritten worden ist . `` Nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit '' wird von der Polizei bei einem Unfall auch dann als Ursache erfasst , wenn ein Beteiligter f\u00fcr die vorliegenden Stra\u00dfen - oder Witterungsverh\u00e4ltnisse zu schnell gefahren ist . Check date values in : year = / date = mismatch ( help )
    105. \n
  105. \n ^ Jump up to : http://www.bast.de ( December 2012 ) . `` Traffic and Accident Data : Summary Statistics - Germany '' ( PDF ) . Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Stra\u00dfenwesen ( Federal Highway Research Institute ) . Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Stra\u00dfenwesen . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Check date values in : year = / date = mismatch ( help )
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ Liu , Cejun ; Chen , Chou - Lin ( 2009 ) . `` An Analysis of Speeding - Related Crashes : Definitions and the Effects of Road Environments '' ( PDF ) . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ http://www.thenewspaper.com/news/38/3801.asp
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ http://www.nbcdfw.com/investigations/Dallas-Freeways-Where-Almost-Everyone-Speeds-138851784.html
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ `` Design Speed , Operating Speed , and Posted Speed Practices ( Report 504 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Cooperative Highway Research Program .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ `` Design Speed , Operating Speed , and Posted Speed Practices ( Report 504 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Cooperative Highway Research Program . A significant concern with the 1954 design speed concept was the language of the definition and its relationship with operational speed measures . The term `` maximum safe speed '' is used in the definition , and it was recognized that operating speeds and even posted speed limits can be higher than design speeds without necessarily compromising safety . In 1997 , Fambro et al. ( 15 ) recommended a revised definition of design speed for the Green Book while maintaining the five provisions noted above . The definition recommended was , `` The design speed is a selected speed used to determine the various geometric design features of the roadway . '' The term `` safe '' was removed in order to avoid the perception that speeds greater than the design speed were `` unsafe . '' The AASHTO Task Force on Geometric Design voted in November 1998 to adopt this definition and it was included in the 2001 Green Book ( 17 ) .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ Claes Tingvall & Narelle Haworth . `` Vision Zero - An ethical approach to safety and mobility '' . Table 1 . Possible long term maximum travel speeds related to the infrastructure , given best practice in vehicle design and 100 % restraint use ...
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ `` EU wants to slash rural speed limit '' . Irish Independent newspaper . 2010 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 10 . Europe 's top road safety agency warned yesterday that the speed limit on our killer rural roads is too high and should be slashed by a third ... The general speed limit of 100 kmh on main rural roads which do not have dividing crash barriers should be cut to 70kmh or less , an official report recommended yesterday .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ `` NRA New Divided Road Types : Type 2 and Type 3 Dual - carriageways '' ( PDF ) . ( Ireland ) National Road Authority . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . Type 2 Dual Carriageway : A divided all - purpose road with two lanes in each direction Type 3 Dual Carriageway : A divided all purpose road with two lanes in one direction of travel and one lane in the other direction . the two - lane section , which provides the overtaking opportunity , alternates with a one - lane section at intervals
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ Nevada brief in Nevada v. Skinner
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ Copulos , Milton R. ( 1986 - 09 - 09 ) . `` The High Cost of the 55 MPH Speed Limit '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 19 .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ `` Trucking Industry Asks Congress for National 65 mph Speed Limit '' . Environment News Service . January 27 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 08 .
    117. \n
  117. \n ^ Jump up to : Int Panis L , et al. ( 2011 ) . `` PM , NOX and CO2 emission reductions from speed management policies in Europe '' . Transport Policy . 18 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 37 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tranpol. 2010.05. 005 .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ `` Vehicular Speed - Limit Reduction '' . Texas Commission on Environmental Quality . 2002 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 13 .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ `` AA History , The story of the AA since 1905 '' . The Automobile Association . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 26 . A group of motoring enthusiasts met at the Trocadero restaurant in London 's West End on 29 June to form the Automobile Association ( the AA ) -- a body initially intended to help motorists avoid police speed traps .
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ `` Speed Limits -- How they are set and your Right to Object '' . Association of British Drivers . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ `` Speed Cameras '' . Association of British Drivers . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Thousands of motorists are losing their jobs , freedom and ability to earn a living . 82 % of speed camera victims thought they were driving safely at the time of their conviction and were just unfortunate to be doing a few miles over the limit . 65 % thought their speeding ticket was totally unjustified and felt cheated .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ `` About us '' . National Motorists Association . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 18 . We work for more reasonable speed limits
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ `` NMA Objections To Photo Enforcement '' . National Motorists Association . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 18 .
    124. \n
  124. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Autobahn - Temporegelung '' . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 22 . German : Der ADAC h\u00e4lt ein allgemeines Tempolimit auf Autobahnen f\u00fcr nicht erforderlich ... Ein Zusammenhang zwischen generellem Tempolimit und dem Sicherheitsniveau auf Autobahnen ist nicht feststellbar . Die Zahl der Get\u00f6teten auf Autobahnen pro einer Milliarde Fahrzeugkilometer liegt in Deutschland bei 2 , 2 , mit fallender Tendenz . Zahlreiche L\u00e4nder mit genereller Geschwindigkeitsbeschr\u00e4nkung schneiden schlechter ab , z.B. D\u00e4nemark , Belgien , \u00d6sterreich , USA . In \u00d6sterreich , wo ein generelles Tempolimit von 130 km / h gilt , ist die Get\u00f6tetenrate auf Autobahnen etwa 1 , 5 - mal h\u00f6her als in Deutschland . English : ADAC holds a general speed limit on motorways to be unnecessary ... A connection between general speed limit on highways and safety is undectable . The number of deaths on motorways per 1 billion vehicle - kilometers in Germany is 2.2 with a falling trend . Many countries fare worse with a general speed limit than Germany ( e.g. Denmark , Belgium , Austria , USA ) . In Austria , where speed is generally 130 , the death rate on motorways is about 1.5 times higher , Press Release , June 2010 .
    125. \n
  125. \n Jump up ^ Lave , Charles ; Elias , Patrick ( February 1994 ) . `` Did the 65 mph speed limit save lives ? '' ( PDF ) . Accident Analysis & Prevention . Elsevier . 26 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 62 . doi : 10.1016 / 0001 - 4575 ( 94 ) 90068 - X . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 20 Apr 2010 . This study analyzes the statewide consequences of raising the speed limit , treating highways and enforcement as a total system . We find that the 65 mph speed limit reduced the statewide fatality rate by 3.4 % - 5.1 % , compared to those states that did not raise their speed limit. on rural interstate highways ( p. 49 ) VMT grew 1.62 times faster in the 65 mph states than it did in the 55 mph states ... These numbers are consistent with the expected pattern of traffic shifts ( p. 53 )
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ Peters , Eric ( 24 November 1998 ) . `` Highways Are Safe at Any Speed '' ( PDF ) . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . When speed limits are set arbitrarily low -- as under the old system -- tailgating , weaving and `` speed variance '' ( the problem of some cars traveling significantly faster than others ) make roads less safe
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ `` VDA opposes using speed limit to patronize the public : General Speed Limit Will Not Help with Climate Protection or Safety '' . Verband der Automobilindustrie . March 2008 . A general speed limit on Germany 's autobahns will not offer additional benefits in terms of climate protection or driving safety , '' said VDA Managing Director Dr. Kunibert Schmidt ... `` Much more important than the mantra - like repetition of old demands are measures designed to prevent motorists from driving at speeds that are not in line with weather conditions and the flow of the surrounding traffic - the leading cause of motor vehicle accidents
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ `` Higher speed limits reducing accidents on rural roads : Few accidents stem from cars overtaking '' . Nine years ago the speed limit on certain motorways was increased from 110 km / h to 130 km / h and this resulted in fewer traffic fatalities on those stretches of road .
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ Carsten Thomsen ( 11 Jul 2012 ) . `` Socialists open up several highways to 130 km / h ( S \u00e5bner for flere motorveje med 130 km / t ) '' . Socialists are now open to raising the speed limit to 130 km / h on several of the country 's motorways . Previously , the party was strongly opposed when the Liberal government in 2005 raised the speed limit from 110 to 130 on several stretches . However , it has not resulted in increased fatalities . Which it has convinced the Socialists , says Transport Coordinator Rasmus Prehn . ' There might be places where you can raise the limit from 110 km / h to 130 km / h . There should be a detailed assessment about that . What is important is that people get a feeling that there is a correlation between how things are and how fast you can drive , says Rasmus Prehn . The number of fatalities last year was 220 , which is the lowest since World War II . Only 12 were killed on motorways . ( ORIGINAL DANISH : Socialdemokraterne \u00e5bner nu for at h\u00e6ve fartgr\u00e6nsen til 130 kilometer i timen p\u00e5 flere af landets motorvejsstr\u00e6kninger . Partiet var ellers st\u00e6rkt imod , da VK - regeringen i 2005 h\u00e6vede fartgr\u00e6nsen fra 110 til 130 p\u00e5 en lang r\u00e6kke str\u00e6kninger . Men det har ikke betydet flere dr\u00e6bte i trafikken . Og det har overbevist Socialdemokraterne . trafikordf\u00f8rer Rasmus Prehn . Der kan godt v\u00e6re steder , hvor man kan h\u00e6ve gr\u00e6nsen fra 110 km / t til 130 km / t . Det skal der en n\u00e6rmere vurdering til . Men det , der er vigtigt , er , at folk f\u00e5r en oplevelse af , at der er en sammenh\u00e6ng mellem hvordan forholdene er , og hvor hurtigt man m\u00e5 k\u00f8re , siger Rasmus Prehn . Antallet af trafikdr\u00e6bte var sidste \u00e5r 220 . Det er det laveste siden Anden Verdenskrig . Kun 12 omkom p\u00e5 motorveje . )
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ `` Fakten gegen ein generelles Tempolimit ( '' Facts Against A General Speed Limit `` ) '' . Mar 31 , 2007 . Thus , Denmark in April 2004 increased its speed limit 110 km / h to 130 km / h on all highways . Italy enacted its 2003 speed limit on six - lane highways of 130 km / h to 150 km / h ... Raising the speed limits in Denmark and Italy had no negative impact on traffic safety . The number of accidental deaths even declined over the year before the increase the limit of - 10 % ( Italy ) or - 15 % ( Denmark ). ( German ) So hat D\u00e4nemark im April 2004 sein Tempolimit von 110 km / h auf 130 km / h auf allen Autobahnen heraufgesetzt . Italien setzte 2003 sein Tempolimit auf sechsspurigen Autobahnen von 130 km / h auf 150 km / h herauf . Auch die schwedische Regierung hat jetzt eine Anhebung des Tempolimits auf ausgew\u00e4hlten Streckenabschnitten wie auch auf vierspurigen Landstra\u00dfen beschlossen ... Die Anhebung der Tempolimits in D\u00e4nemark und Italien hatten keinerlei negative Auswirkungen auf die Verkehrssicherheit . Die Zahl der Unfalltoten sank sogar gegen\u00fcber dem Jahr vor der Anhebung des Limits um -- 10 % ( Italien ) bzw. -- 15 % ( D\u00e4nemark ) .
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ `` Speed limits '' . Safe Speed . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 . Note that the `` average '' driver at the 50 % percentile has a greater crash risk than the 85th percentile driver . Below the 30th percentile crash risk is significantly increased and these speeds tend to be used by less skilled and competent drivers ... Doddery old fool at 30 mph / 50 km / h on a UK `` A '' road suitable for 60 mph / 100 km / h . Of course he has an elevated crash risk . He does not know what he is doing ... A single vehicle in lane 3 of a busy motorway . It 's obvious that as the speed is reduced below 55 mph / 90 km / h the crash risk will increase
    132. \n
  132. \n Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Safe Speed '' . Safe Speed . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 18 . In March we learned via Freedom of Information request that the speed camera side effects research ( announced in May 2005 ) had been axed . It is inconceivable that the side effects DON 'T cost more than 25 lives per year , meaning that speed cameras are making road safety worse . But DfT does n't want to hear this , which is the only possible reason for axing the most important research . So here 's the truth . Speed camera policy has failed catastrophically . Department for Transport KNOWS that it has failed but wo n't admit their deadly mistake and pull the plug .
    133. \n
  133. \n Jump up ^ Smith , Paul ( 2007 - 06 - 23 ) . `` ' Scrap speed cameras now ' '' . London : The Telegraph . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 17 .
    134. \n
  134. \n Jump up ^ J.S. Dean . `` Murder most foul '' .
    135. \n
  135. \n Jump up ^ Criminal on the road . Tavistock Publications . 1964 . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 26416 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . Moreover it has been the result of continued compromise between two bitterly opposed factions : those who are against the motorist and will do all they can to constrain him , and those who oppose constraints unless they are relatively minor in their effects . Examples of both sides are , respectively , the Pedestrians ' Association and the Automobile Association . The survey shows also that motoring law in 1903 and 1930 wa framed by legislators who knew little of the motor vehicle .
    136. \n
  136. \n Jump up ^ `` Regulation 615 of the H.T.A '' . E-laws Government Website . Retrieved 28 March 2015 .
    137. \n
  137. \n Jump up ^ `` About limits - Speed limits '' . The official New Zealand Road Code . New Zealand Transport Agency . Retrieved 8 August 2012 . Open road speed limits - The signs below mean that the maximum speed that you can travel at is 100 km / h .
    138. \n
  138. \n Jump up ^ Rule 21 http://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/lz/c/r/australian%20road%20rules/current/1999.219.un.pdf
    139. \n
\n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n Law Review ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Speed limit signs and Driver speed and relative risk of an accident .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Traffic signs
\n Signs \n
    \n
  • \n Warning sign
    • \n
  • \n Regulatory sign
    • \n
  • \n Prohibitory traffic sign
    • \n
  • \n Mandatory sign
    • \n
  • \n Special regulation sign
    • \n
  • \n Stop sign
    • \n
  • \n Yield sign
    • \n
  • \n Crossbuck
    • \n
  • \n Dead End sign
    • \n
  • \n One - way traffic
    • \n
  • \n Speed limit ( by country )
    • \n
  • \n Advisory speed limit
    • \n
  • \n Information sign
    • \n
  • \n Direction , position , or indication sign
    • \n
  • \n Variable - message sign
    • \n
  • \n Bilingual sign
    • \n
  • \n Driver location signs
    • \n
  • \n Logo sign
    • \n
  • \n Priority to the right
    • \n
\n
\n By comparison \n
    \n
  • \n Comparison of European road signs
    • \n
  • \n Comparison of MUTCD - influenced traffic signs
    • \n
  • \n Comparison of traffic signs in English - speaking countries
    • \n
\n
\n By country \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Africa \n
    \n
  • \n Botswana
    • \n
  • \n Mauritius
    • \n
  • \n South Africa
    • \n
  • \n Zimbabwe
    • \n
\n
\n Asia \n
    \n
  • \n Azerbaijan
    • \n
  • \n Bangladesh
    • \n
  • \n Brunei
    • \n
  • \n Cambodia
    • \n
  • \n China
      \n
    • \n Hong Kong
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n India
    • \n
  • \n Indonesia
    • \n
  • \n Iran
    • \n
  • \n Israel
    • \n
  • \n Japan
    • \n
  • \n Laos
    • \n
  • \n Malaysia
    • \n
  • \n Nepal
    • \n
  • \n Pakistan
    • \n
  • \n Singapore
    • \n
  • \n South Korea
    • \n
  • \n Sri Lanka
    • \n
  • \n Thailand
    • \n
  • \n Turkey
    • \n
  • \n United Arab Emirates
    • \n
  • \n Vietnam
    • \n
\n
\n Europe \n
    \n
  • \n Austria
    • \n
  • \n Bosnia and Herzegovina
    • \n
  • \n Czech Republic
    • \n
  • \n Denmark
    • \n
  • \n Estonia
    • \n
  • \n Finland
    • \n
  • \n France
    • \n
  • \n Germany
    • \n
  • \n Greece
    • \n
  • \n Iceland
    • \n
  • \n Ireland
    • \n
  • \n Italy
    • \n
  • \n Liechtenstein
    • \n
  • \n Netherlands
    • \n
  • \n Norway
    • \n
  • \n Poland
    • \n
  • \n Sweden
    • \n
  • \n Switzerland
    • \n
  • \n Ukraine
    • \n
  • \n United Kingdom
      \n
    • \n Scotland
      • \n
    • \n Wales
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n North America \n
    \n
  • \n Canada
    • \n
  • \n Mexico
    • \n
  • \n United States
    • \n
\n
\n Oceania \n
    \n
  • \n Australia
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
    • \n
\n
\n South America \n
    \n
  • \n Argentina
    • \n
  • \n Brazil
    • \n
  • \n Chile
    • \n
  • \n Colombia
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Lights \n
    \n
  • \n Traffic light
    • \n
  • \n Traffic - light signalling and operation
    • \n
  • \n Traffic light control and coordination
    • \n
\n
\n Typefaces \n
    \n
  • \n Alfabeto Normale ( IT )
    • \n
  • \n Austria ( AT )
    • \n
  • \n Caract\u00e8res ( FR )
    • \n
  • \n Clarendon ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Clearview ( US / CA / ID / PH / LK )
    • \n
  • \n DIN 1451 ( DE / SADC )
    • \n
  • \n Drogowskaz ( PL )
    • \n
  • \n Enigmatic ( JP / KR )
    • \n
  • \n Highway Gothic ( Global )
    • \n
  • \n Bitstream Vera Sans ( TW )
    • \n
  • \n Frutiger ( Europe )
    • \n
  • \n GOST 10807 - 78 ( USSR )
    • \n
  • \n GOST R 52290 - 2004 ( RU )
    • \n
  • \n Hangil ( KR )
    • \n
  • \n LLM Lettering ( MY )
    • \n
  • \n Motorway ( Europe )
    • \n
  • \n NPS Rawlinson Roadway ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Panno ( KR )
    • \n
  • \n SNV ( CH )
    • \n
  • \n Tern ( Europe )
    • \n
  • \n Trafikkalfabetet ( NO )
    • \n
  • \n Transport ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n Tratex ( SE )
    • \n
  • \n Vialog ( JP )
    • \n
\n
\n Conventions \n
    \n
  • \n Geneva Convention on Road Traffic
    • \n
  • \n Vienna Convention on Road Traffic
    • \n
  • \n Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals
    • \n
  • \n Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices ( US )
    • \n
  • \n SADC Road Traffic Signs Manual ( SADC )
    • \n
  • \n Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions ( UK )
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Traffic law and safety
\n Rules of the road \n
    \n
  • \n All - way stop
    • \n
  • \n Assured Clear Distance Ahead
    • \n
  • \n Australian Road Rules
    • \n
  • \n Boulevard rule
    • \n
  • \n Green Cross Code
    • \n
  • \n Move over law
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand Road Code
    • \n
  • \n Overtaking
    • \n
  • \n Right - and left - hand traffic
    • \n
  • \n Right - of - way
    • \n
  • \n School bus traffic stop laws
    • \n
  • \n Traffic code
    • \n
  • \n Turn on red
    • \n
  • \n Vienna Convention on Road Traffic
    • \n
\n
\n Road user guides \n
    \n
  • \n Driver 's manual
    • \n
  • \n The Highway Code
    • \n
  • \n The Highway Code ( Malta )
    • \n
  • \n Road Users ' Code
    • \n
  • \n Rules of the Road ( Ireland )
    • \n
\n
\n Enforcement \n
    \n
  • \n Breathalyzer
    • \n
  • \n Camera
      \n
    • \n Enforcement
      • \n
    • \n Red light
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Highway patrol / State police
    • \n
  • \n Parking enforcement
    • \n
  • \n Road traffic control
    • \n
  • \n Textalyzer
    • \n
  • \n Traffic court
    • \n
  • \n Traffic guard
    • \n
  • \n Traffic stop
    • \n
  • \n Traffic ticket
    • \n
  • \n Warning
    • \n
\n
\n Speed limit \n
    \n
  • \n Advisory speed limit
    • \n
  • \n Assured Clear Distance Ahead
    • \n
  • \n National Maximum Speed Law
    • \n
  • \n School zone
    • \n
  • \n Speed limit enforcement
    • \n
  • \n Speed limits by country
    • \n
  • \n Category : Speed limits by country
    • \n
\n
\n Moving violations \n
    \n
  • \n Driving under the influence
      \n
    • \n Canada
      • \n
    • \n United States
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Distracted driving
      \n
    • \n Mobile phones and driving
      • \n
    • \n Texting while driving
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Reckless driving
    • \n
  • \n Street racing
    • \n
  • \n Tailgating
    • \n
  • \n Vehicular homicide
    • \n
  • \n Wrong - way driving
    • \n
\n
\n Driver licensing \n
    \n
  • \n Commercial driver 's license
    • \n
  • \n European driving licence
    • \n
  • \n Graduated driver licensing
    • \n
  • \n Inter-American Driving Permit
    • \n
  • \n International Driving Permit
    • \n
  • \n Learner 's permit
    • \n
  • \n Point system
    • \n
  • \n Driving licences by country
    • \n
  • \n List of countries by minimum driving age
    • \n
\n
\n Traffic violations reciprocity \n
    \n
  • \n Commercial Driver 's License Information System
    • \n
  • \n Driver License Agreement
    • \n
  • \n Driver License Compact
    • \n
  • \n Non-Resident Violator Compact
    • \n
\n
\n Parking \n
    \n
  • \n Alternate - side parking
    • \n
  • \n Decriminalised parking enforcement
    • \n
  • \n Disabled parking permit
    • \n
  • \n Double parking
    • \n
  • \n Parking chair
    • \n
  • \n Parking violation
    • \n
  • \n Wheel clamp
    • \n
\n
\n Car safety \n
    \n
  • \n Seat belt laws
    • \n
  • \n Click It or Ticket
    • \n
  • \n Clunk Click Every Trip
    • \n
\n
\n Road safety \n
    \n
  • \n Tachograph
    • \n
  • \n Digital tachograph
    • \n
  • \n Drivers ' working hours ( Europe )
    • \n
  • \n Epilepsy and driving
    • \n
  • \n Hours of service ( US )
    • \n
  • \n `` How 's my driving ? '' sign
    • \n
  • \n Old age and driving
    • \n
  • \n Sleep deprived driving
    • \n
  • \n Slow moving vehicle
    • \n
  • \n Vision Zero
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speed_limit&oldid=818743329 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "how often does a speed limit sign need to be posted", "long_answers": ["In most of the world speed limit signs display the limitation within a red circle . This design follows the style set out by the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals , with the exception of United States and Canada . All countries globally worldwide ( except the United Kingdom and United States ) use metric speed limits in kilometres per hour . Metric signs are optional in the United States though less commonly seen , while Samoa uses both units . In Ontario , Canada , the type , location , and frequency of speed limit signs is covered by regulation 615 of the Ontario Highway Traffic Act .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "List of National Football League records ( individual ) - wikipedia

\n List of National Football League records ( individual )

\n Jump to : navigation , search

\n This is a list of records in the National Football League ( NFL ) set by individual players .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Service ( edit )

\n \n

\n Scoring ( edit )

\n \n

\n Touchdowns ( edit )

\n
\n
\n Note : this section applies to touchdowns scored running , receiving , or returning . Passing touchdowns are listed separately .
\n
\n \n

\n Points after touchdown ( edit )

\n \n

\n Field goals ( edit )

\n \n

\n Safeties ( edit )

\n \n

\n Rushing ( edit )

\n For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League rushing yards leaders .

\n Rushing attempts ( edit )

\n \n

\n Rushing yards ( edit )

\n \n

\n Rushing touchdowns ( edit )

\n For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League rushing touchdowns leaders . \n

\n Passing ( edit )

\n For passing records that include other professional football leagues , see List of gridiron football quarterbacks passing statistics .

\n Passer Rating ( edit )

\n \n

\n Passing attempts ( edit )

\n \n

\n Pass completions ( edit )

\n \n

\n Pass completion percentage ( edit )

\n \n

\n Passing yards ( edit )

\n \n

\n Average passing yards ( edit )

\n \n

\n Passing touchdowns ( edit )

\n
\n
\n Career
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Regular season
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Game
\n
\n \n

\n Interceptions thrown ( edit )

\n \n

\n Passing interception differential / ratio ( edit )

\n \n

\n Lowest percentage passes had intercepted ( edit )

\n \n

\n Sacked ( edit )

\n \n

\n Receiving ( edit )

\n For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League season receiving touchdown leaders .

\n Receptions ( edit )

\n \n

\n Yards receiving ( edit )

\n For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League receiving yards leaders . \n

\n Average yards / reception ( edit )

\n \n

\n Receiving touchdowns ( edit )

\n For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League receiving touchdowns leaders . \n

\n Yards from scrimmage ( edit )

\n For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League all - purpose yards leaders . \n

\n All - purpose ( edit )

\n For a more comprehensive list , see List of National Football League all - purpose yards leaders .

\n All - purpose yardage ( or combined net yards gained ) encompasses rushing , receiving , interception returns , punt returns , kickoff returns and fumble returns .

\n \n

\n All - purpose attempts ( edit )

\n \n

\n All - purpose yards ( edit )

\n \n

\n Interceptions ( edit )

\n \n

\n Interception return yards ( edit )

\n \n

\n Interception return touchdowns ( edit )

\n \n

\n Punting ( edit )

\n \n

\n Punts ( edit )

\n \n

\n Punting yards ( edit )

\n \n

\n Average punting yards ( edit )

\n \n

\n Average net punting yards ( edit )

\n

\n Net average has been compiled since 1976 .

\n \n

\n Punts had blocked ( edit )

\n \n

\n Punts inside the 20 ( edit )

\n

\n Punts inside the 20 have been compiled since 1976 .

\n \n

\n Punt returns ( edit )

\n

\n Punt return attempts ( edit )

\n \n

\n Fair catches ( edit )

\n \n

\n Punt return yards ( edit )

\n \n

\n Average punt return yards ( edit )

\n \n

\n Punt return touchdowns ( edit )

\n \n

\n Kickoff returns ( edit )

\n

\n Kickoff return attempts ( edit )

\n \n

\n Kickoff return yards ( edit )

\n \n

\n Average kickoff return yards ( edit )

\n \n

\n Kickoff return touchdowns ( edit )

\n \n

\n Combined kick / punt returns ( edit )

\n \n

\n Kick / punt return yards ( edit )

\n \n

\n Kick / punt return touchdowns ( edit )

\n \n

\n Fumbles ( edit )

\n \n

\n Fumbles recovered ( edit )

\n \n
\n
\n Otto Graham on October 25 , 1953 ( all own )
\n
\n Sam Etcheverry on September 17 , 1961 ( all own )
\n
\n Roman Gabriel on October 12 , 1969 ( all own )
\n
\n Joe Ferguson on September 18 , 1977 ( all own )
\n
\n Randall Cunningham on November 30 , 1986 ( all own )
\n
\n Tony Romo on September 26 , 2011 ( all own )
\n
\n Patrick Peterson on September 30 , 2012 ( 3 own , 1 opponent 's )
\n
\n Matthew Stafford on 2013 ( all own )
\n
\n

\n Opponent fumbles recovered ( edit )

\n \n

\n Fumble return yards ( edit )

\n \n

\n Fumble return touchdowns ( edit )

\n \n

\n Fumbles forced ( edit )

\n
\n
\n Note : Forced fumbles are not an official NFL statistic and even unofficial numbers prior to 1991 are not available .
\n
\n \n

\n Tackles ( edit )

\n \n

\n Sacks ( edit )

\n
\n
\n Quarterback sack statistics have been compiled only since 1982
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Mark Gastineau , 1983 -- 84
\n
\n Reggie White , 1987 -- 88
\n
\n Kevin Greene , 1994 , 96
\n
\n Michael Strahan , 2001 , 2003
\n
\n DeMarcus Ware , 2008 , 2010
\n
\n Jared Allen , 2007 , 2011
\n
\n J.J. Watt , 2012 , 2015
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Mark Gastineau , 1983 -- 84
\n
\n Reggie White , 1987 -- 88
\n
\n \n

\n Records in a single decade ( edit )

\n \n

\n Records in a single month ( edit )

\n \n

\n Overtime records ( edit )

\n \n

\n Miscellaneous ( edit )

\n \n

\n Other ( edit )

\n \n

\n Age ( edit )

\n \n

\n Starts / games played ( edit )

\n

\n Note : These records are not listed in the NFL Record and Fact Book .

\n For a more detailed list of consecutive starts and games played , see List of most consecutive starts and games played by National Football League players . \n

\n QB wins ( edit )

\n

\n Note : These records are not listed in NFL Record and Fact Book

\n \n

\n QB losses ( edit )

\n

\n Note : These records are not listed in NFL Record and Fact Book

\n \n

\n Professional football firsts ( edit )

\n

\n Rushing ( edit )

\n \n

\n Passing ( edit )

\n \n

\n Receiving ( edit )

\n \n

\n Scrimmage ( edit )

\n \n

\n Combined yards ( edit )

\n \n

\n Touchdowns ( edit )

\n \n

\n Scoring ( edit )

\n \n

\n Starts ( edit )

\n \n

\n Wins ( edit )

\n \n

\n Longest play ( edit )

\n \n

\n Milestones ( edit )

\n

\n NOTE : following records are compiled from Pro Football Reference 's Game Finder . Game - by - game info is available only since 1950 .

\n

\n Passing Yards ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Yards \n # of Players \n Youngest \n Fewest Games \n First
\n 70,000 \n \n Peyton Manning \n 39y 177d \n Drew Brees \n 248 \n Brett Favre \n 2010 - 10 - 11
\n 65,000 \n \n Drew Brees \n 37y 331d \n Drew Brees \n 231 \n Brett Favre \n 2008 - 12 - 28
\n 60,000 \n 5 \n Drew Brees \n 36y 340d \n Drew Brees \n 216 \n Dan Marino \n 1999 - 10 - 17
\n 55,000 \n 5 \n Drew Brees \n 35y 326d \n Drew Brees \n 200 \n Dan Marino \n 1997 - 12 - 07
\n 50,000 \n 7 \n Peyton Manning \n 33y 278d \n Drew Brees \n 184 \n Dan Marino \n 1996 - 11 - 10
\n 45,000 \n 13 \n Peyton Manning \n 32y 265d \n Drew Brees \n 169 \n Fran Tarkenton \n 1978 - 10 - 22
\n 40,000 \n 19 \n Peyton Manning \n 31y 239d \n Matt Ryan \n 151 \n Johnny Unitas \n 1973 - 09 - 30
\n 35,000 \n 25 \n Dan Marino \n 30y 91d \n Matt Ryan \n 133 \n Johnny Unitas \n 1969 - 11 - 30
\n 30,000 \n 45 \n Matthew Stafford \n 28y 329d \n Matthew Stafford \n 109 \n Y.A. Tittle \n 1963 - 11 - 10
\n 25,000 \n 71 \n Drew Bledsoe \n 27y 294d \n Matthew Stafford \n 90 \n Bobby Layne \n 1961 - 12 - 17
\n 20,000 \n 107 \n Drew Bledsoe \n 26y 253d \n Matthew Stafford \n 71 \n Sammy Baugh \n 1950 - 11 - 05
\n 15,000 \n 143 \n Dan Marino \n 25y 76d \n Matthew Stafford \n 53 \n Sammy Baugh \n 1948
\n 10,000 \n 187 \n Drew Bledsoe \n 23y 299d \n Kurt Warner \n 36 \n Sammy Baugh \n 1945
\n 9,000 \n 196 \n Drew Bledsoe \n 23y 264d \n Kurt Warner \n 32 \n Sammy Baugh \n 1944
\n 8,000 \n 210 \n Jameis Winston \n 22y 361d \n Kurt Warner \n 29 \n Sammy Baugh \n 1943
\n 7,000 \n 226 \n Drew Bledsoe \n 22y 313d \n Kurt Warner \n 25 \n Sammy Baugh \n 1943
\n 6,000 \n > 250 \n Drew Bledsoe \n 22y 286d \n Kurt Warner \n 22 \n Arnie Herber \n 1939
\n 5,000 \n > 250 \n Drew Bledsoe \n 22y 265d \n Andrew Luck Marc Bulger Kurt Warner \n 19 \n Arnie Herber \n 1938
\n 4,000 \n > 250 \n Jameis Winston \n 21y 362d \n Andrew Luck Marc Bulger \n 15 \n Arnie Herber \n 1936
\n 3,000 \n > 250 \n Jameis Winston \n 21y 341d \n Cam Newton Andrew Luck \n 11 \n Arnie Herber \n 1936
\n 2,000 \n > 250 \n Matthew Stafford \n 21y 292d \n Cam Newton \n 7 \n Arnie Herber \n 1934
\n 1,000 \n > 250 \n Drew Bledsoe \n 21y 266d \n Cam Newton \n \n - \n -
\n

\n Rushing Yards ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Yards \n # of Players \n Youngest \n Fewest Games \n First
\n 18,000 \n \n Emmitt Smith \n 35y 183d \n Emmitt Smith \n 220 \n Emmitt Smith \n 2004 - 11 - 14
\n 17,000 \n \n Emmitt Smith \n 33y 197d \n Emmitt Smith \n 197 \n Emmitt Smith \n 2002 - 11 - 28
\n 16,000 \n \n Walter Payton \n 32y 135d \n Walter Payton \n 176 \n Walter Payton \n 1986 - 12 - 07
\n 15,000 \n \n Barry Sanders \n 30y 133d \n Barry Sanders \n 149 \n Walter Payton \n 1986 - 09 - 14
\n 14,000 \n \n Barry Sanders \n 30y 59d \n Barry Sanders \n 139 \n Walter Payton \n 1985 - 11 - 03
\n 13,000 \n 8 \n Barry Sanders \n 29y 130d \n Barry Sanders \n 133 \n Walter Payton \n 1984 - 12 - 03
\n 12,000 \n 16 \n Barry Sanders \n 29y 67d \n Jim Brown \n 115 \n Jim Brown \n 1965 - 11 - 28
\n 11,000 \n 21 \n Barry Sanders \n 28y 118d \n Eric Dickerson \n 103 \n Jim Brown \n 1965 - 10 - 03
\n 10,000 \n 29 \n Barry Sanders \n 27y 147d \n Eric Dickerson \n 91 \n Jim Brown \n 1964 - 11 - 01
\n 9,000 \n 38 \n Barry Sanders \n 27y 84d \n Eric Dickerson \n 82 \n Joe Perry \n 1961 - 11 - 12
\n 8,000 \n 51 \n Barry Sanders \n 26y 120d \n Eric Dickerson \n 73 \n Joe Perry \n 1960 - 10 - 04
\n 7,000 \n 62 \n Emmitt Smith \n 25y 209d \n Eric Dickerson \n 63 \n Joe Perry \n 1957 - 12 - 08
\n 6,000 \n 88 \n Clinton Portis \n 25y 23d \n Eric Dickerson \n 53 \n Joe Perry \n 1955 - 11 - 13
\n 5,000 \n 133 \n Clinton Portis \n 24y 66d \n Eric Dickerson \n 45 \n Steve Van Buren \n 1950 - 10 - 15
\n 4,000 \n 203 \n Clinton Portis \n 23y 81d \n Eric Dickerson \n 33 \n Steve Van Buren \n 1949
\n 3,000 \n > 250 \n Clinton Portis \n 22y 104d \n Eric Dickerson \n 27 \n Cliff Battles \n 1937
\n 2,000 \n > 250 \n Clinton Portis \n 22y 48d \n Eric Dickerson \n 18 \n Cliff Battles \n 1935
\n 1,000 \n > 250 \n Rashaan Salaam \n 21y 77d \n Adrian Peterson \n 8 \n Cliff Battles Bronko Nagurski Jim Musick \n 1933
\n

\n Receiving Yards ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Yards \n # of Players \n Youngest \n Fewest Games \n First
\n 22,000 \n \n Jerry Rice \n 41y 7d \n Jerry Rice \n 277 \n Jerry Rice \n 2003 - 10 - 20
\n 21,000 \n \n Jerry Rice \n 40y 21d \n Jerry Rice \n 262 \n Jerry Rice \n 2002 - 11 - 03
\n 20,000 \n \n Jerry Rice \n 39y 57d \n Jerry Rice \n 250 \n Jerry Rice \n 2001 - 12 - 09
\n 19,000 \n \n Jerry Rice \n 38y 37d \n Jerry Rice \n 234 \n Jerry Rice \n 2000 - 11 - 19
\n 18,000 \n \n Jerry Rice \n 37y 47d \n Jerry Rice \n 217 \n Jerry Rice \n 1999 - 11 - 29
\n 17,000 \n \n Jerry Rice \n 36y 12d \n Jerry Rice \n 197 \n Jerry Rice \n 1998 - 10 - 25
\n 16,000 \n \n Jerry Rice \n 34y 42d \n Jerry Rice \n 184 \n Jerry Rice \n 1996 - 11 - 24
\n 15,000 \n 6 \n Jerry Rice \n 33y 72d \n Jerry Rice \n 172 \n Jerry Rice \n 1995 - 12 - 24
\n 14,000 \n 12 \n Randy Moss \n 32y 275d \n Jerry Rice \n 164 \n James Lofton \n 1994 - 01 - 03
\n 13,000 \n 18 \n Randy Moss \n 31y 298d \n Jerry Rice \n 154 \n Steve Largent \n 1989 - 12 - 10
\n 12,000 \n 26 \n Randy Moss \n 30y 306d \n Jerry Rice \n 142 \n Charlie Joiner \n 1986 - 11 - 16
\n 11,000 \n 34 \n Calvin Johnson \n 30y 37d \n Calvin Johnson \n 127 \n Don Maynard \n 1971 - 10 - 17
\n 10,000 \n 45 \n Randy Moss \n 28y 314d \n Calvin Johnson \n 115 \n Don Maynard \n 1969 - 11 - 02
\n 9,000 \n 59 \n Randy Moss \n 27y 310d \n Lance Alworth \n 98 \n Raymond Berry \n 1966 - 12 - 10
\n 8,000 \n 93 \n Randy Moss \n 26y 297d \n Lance Alworth \n 83 \n Billy Howton \n 1963 - 09 - 29
\n 7,000 \n 132 \n Larry Fitzgerald \n 26y 111d \n Lance Alworth \n 72 \n Don Hutson \n 1944
\n 6,000 \n 190 \n Randy Moss \n 25y 270d \n Lance Alworth \n 62 \n Don Hutson \n 1943
\n 5,000 \n > 250 \n Randy Moss \n 24y 292d \n Lance Alworth \n 52 \n Don Hutson \n 1942
\n 4,000 \n > 250 \n Randy Moss \n 23y 308d \n Odell Beckham Lance Alworth \n 42 \n Don Hutson \n 1941
\n 3,000 \n > 250 \n Mike Evans \n 23y 74d \n Charley Hennigan \n 29 \n Don Hutson \n 1940
\n 2,000 \n > 250 \n Larry Fitzgerald \n 22y 109d \n Charley Hennigan Bill Groman \n 20 \n Don Hutson \n 1938
\n 1,000 \n > 250 \n Mike Evans \n 21y 129d \n Harlon Hill Lionel Taylor Bill Groman \n 10 \n ( Five players confirmed ) \n by 1937
\n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
\n
\n ^ \u03b1 Official statistics were first kept in 1932 ; records prior to 1932 are unofficial .
\n
\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Lee , Brenden ; Gellerman , Jacob ; King , Robert , eds. ( 2015 ) . Official 2015 National Football League Record & Fact Book ( PDF ) . New York : National Football League . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Games Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Hanson sets NFL Record for Most Games Played with One Team '' . Detroit Lions . September 18 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings -- Ring of Honor '' .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Points Scored Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Points Scored Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single - Season Points Scored Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Titans narrowly hold off Texans ' rally with Bironas ' record 8th FG '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . October 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Most season 100 + points '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Most points , season rookie '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Extra Point Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Extra Point Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Extra Point Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Extra Points Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Extra Points Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` Most kicking made , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Extra Points Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Most kicking made no misses season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Most kicking made no misses , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Brady throws three touchdown passes as Patriots beat Bengals '' . reuters.com . October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` AFC Championship Live Blog : Jackson Rushes In 1 - Yard Score , But Gostkowski Misses Extra Point '' . boston.cbslocal.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Extra Point % Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Most two point conversions , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Most two point conversions , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` Most two point conversions , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 .
    29. \n
  29. \n ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Field Goal Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Field Goal Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` Most field goals attempted , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Field Goal Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Most field goals made , no misses , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Most FG made by a rookie '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Total Field Goals Made Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` The San Diego Union - Tribune -- San Diego , California & National News '' . www.sandiegouniontribune.com .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Meyer , Max ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Adam Vinatieri misses FG , ends historic streak '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Consistent Crosby '' .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Mason Crosby Stats -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Stats and Facts : Browns vs. Ravens '' . clevelandbrowns.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` John Kasay Stats -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Breech , John ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` Bears kicker Robbie Gould : Loss to Viking falls on me '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2013 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Field Goal % Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % 50 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % 40 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % under 50 yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` Field Goal % under 40 yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Highest field goal percentage , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ `` Highest field goal percentage , rookie season ( 10 + att . ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` Highest field goal percentage , rookie season ( 20 + att . ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ `` Lowest field goal percentage , season ( most attempts , none made ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ `` Lowest field goal percentage , season ( minimum 10 attempts ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` Most field goals made , 40 + yards , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 .
    57. \n
  57. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Most field goals made , 50 + yards , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` Greg Zuerlein makes 61 - yard field goal '' . espn.go.com . November 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 .
    59. \n
  59. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Most field goals made , 60 + yards , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 7 + FG career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + FG season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Safeties Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Safeties Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` Most safeties , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ `` Most safeties , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 .
    76. \n
  76. \n ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    79. \n
  79. \n ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single Game Rushing Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons , 200 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons , 250 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons , 300 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons , 200 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons , 250 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons , 300 attempts '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 25 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 35 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 40 attempts , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 25 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 35 attempts , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ `` Peterson 's yardage total and salary grow with each carry '' . nfl.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 .
    97. \n
  97. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Player Game Finder Query Results -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games , 50 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games , 100 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games , 150 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ `` Adrian Peterson explodes for sixth - career 200 - yard game in Vikings ' win '' . FoxSports.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games , 200 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games , 250 + yards rushing , career '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games , 100 + yards rushing , season '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games , 150 + yards rushing , season '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games , 200 + yards rushing , season '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 50 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 100 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 150 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + rushing yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ `` Cowboys ' Murray again tops 100 to set mark '' .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ `` Most rushing yards by a quarterback , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Yards per Rushing Attempt Leaders ( minimum 750 attempts ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Yards per Rushing Attempt Leaders ( minimum 1,000 attempts ) '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ `` FL Single - Season Yards per Rushing Attempt Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 .
    116. \n
  116. \n ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Rushing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Rushing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Rushing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ `` Most rushing touchdowns , rookie , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 .
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 1 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 2 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 3 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 4 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 5 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    125. \n
  125. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 6 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 7 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 8 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 9 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 10 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 11 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 12 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    132. \n
  132. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 13 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    133. \n
  133. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 14 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    134. \n
  134. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 15 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    135. \n
  135. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 16 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    136. \n
  136. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 17 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    137. \n
  137. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 18 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    138. \n
  138. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 19 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    139. \n
  139. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 20 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    140. \n
  140. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 1 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    141. \n
  141. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 2 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    142. \n
  142. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 3 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    143. \n
  143. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 4 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    144. \n
  144. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 5 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    145. \n
  145. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 6 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    146. \n
  146. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 7 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    147. \n
  147. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 8 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    148. \n
  148. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 9 + rushing TDs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    149. \n
  149. \n Jump up ^ `` Most Games 1 + Rushing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 .
    150. \n
  150. \n Jump up ^ `` Most Games 2 + Rushing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 .
    151. \n
  151. \n Jump up ^ `` Most Games 3 + Rushing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 .
    152. \n
  152. \n Jump up ^ `` Most rushing touchdowns by QB , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2015 .
    153. \n
  153. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Steve Young Hall of Fame bio '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 .
    154. \n
  154. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passer Rating Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 11 .
    155. \n
  155. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passer Rating Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 .
    156. \n
  156. \n ^ Jump up to : Chase , Chris ( September 13 , 2015 ) . `` 11 titanic facts about Marcus Mariota 's magical NFL debut '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 .
    157. \n
  157. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 100 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 26 .
    158. \n
  158. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 105 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 .
    159. \n
  159. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 110 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 .
    160. \n
  160. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 115 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 .
    161. \n
  161. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 120 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 .
    162. \n
  162. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 125 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 .
    163. \n
  163. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 130 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 .
    164. \n
  164. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 135 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 .
    165. \n
  165. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 140 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 .
    166. \n
  166. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 145 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 .
    167. \n
  167. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 150 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 .
    168. \n
  168. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 155 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 .
    169. \n
  169. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 158.3 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 .
    170. \n
  170. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 90 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 .
    171. \n
  171. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 95 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 .
    172. \n
  172. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 100 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 .
    173. \n
  173. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 105 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 .
    174. \n
  174. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 110 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 .
    175. \n
  175. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 115 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 .
    176. \n
  176. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 120 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 .
    177. \n
  177. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 125 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 .
    178. \n
  178. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 130 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 .
    179. \n
  179. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 135 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 .
    180. \n
  180. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 140 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 .
    181. \n
  181. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 145 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 .
    182. \n
  182. \n Jump up ^ `` Passer Rating 150 , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 .
    183. \n
  183. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 95 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 .
    184. \n
  184. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 100 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 .
    185. \n
  185. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 105 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 .
    186. \n
  186. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 110 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 .
    187. \n
  187. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 115 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 .
    188. \n
  188. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons Passer Rating 120 '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 .
    189. \n
  189. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Pass Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 .
    190. \n
  190. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Pass Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 .
    191. \n
  191. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Pass Attempts per Game Leaders '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 .
    192. \n
  192. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Pass Attempts per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 .
    193. \n
  193. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Pass Attempts Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 .
    194. \n
  194. \n ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 .
    195. \n
  195. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 .
    196. \n
  196. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 .
    197. \n
  197. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passes Completed per Game Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 .
    198. \n
  198. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passes Completed per Game Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 .
    199. \n
  199. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 300 + completions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 .
    200. \n
  200. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 350 + completions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 24 .
    201. \n
  201. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 400 + completions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 .
    202. \n
  202. \n ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single Game Passes Completed Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 .
    203. \n
  203. \n Jump up ^ `` Dolphins ' Ryan Tannehill sets NFL record with 25 straight completions '' . cbssports.com . October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 .
    204. \n
  204. \n Jump up ^ `` Most Games 20 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 .
    205. \n
  205. \n Jump up ^ `` Most Games 25 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 .
    206. \n
  206. \n Jump up ^ `` Most Games 30 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 09 .
    207. \n
  207. \n Jump up ^ `` Most Games 35 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 09 .
    208. \n
  208. \n Jump up ^ `` Most Games 40 + Pass Completions , Career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 .
    209. \n
  209. \n Jump up ^ `` Most Games 20 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 .
    210. \n
  210. \n Jump up ^ `` Most Games 25 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 .
    211. \n
  211. \n Jump up ^ `` Most Games 30 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 .
    212. \n
  212. \n Jump up ^ `` Most Games 35 + Pass Completions , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 .
    213. \n
  213. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Pass Completion % Leaders '' . www.pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 .
    214. \n
  214. \n Jump up ^ `` Sam Bradford sets record for highest completion percentage in a season '' . SBNation.com. 2018 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 .
    215. \n
  215. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Pass Completion % Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 .
    216. \n
  216. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Pass Completion % Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 .
    217. \n
  217. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 .
    218. \n
  218. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate , season '' . Pfref.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 .
    219. \n
  219. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 .
    220. \n
  220. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 80 % + pass completion rate and no INT , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 .
    221. \n
  221. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 24 .
    222. \n
  222. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 .
    223. \n
  223. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 .
    224. \n
  224. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 75 % + pass completion rate and no INT , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 .
    225. \n
  225. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 70 % + pass completion rate , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 .
    226. \n
  226. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 70 % + pass completion rate , season '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 .
    227. \n
  227. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 70 % + pass completion rate and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 .
    228. \n
  228. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 70 % + pass completion '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 .
    229. \n
  229. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 60 % + pass completion '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 16 .
    230. \n
  230. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 .
    231. \n
  231. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 .
    232. \n
  232. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passing Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    233. \n
  233. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 2,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    234. \n
  234. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 2,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    235. \n
  235. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 3,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    236. \n
  236. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 3,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    237. \n
  237. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 4,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    238. \n
  238. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 4,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 .
    239. \n
  239. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 5,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 01 .
    240. \n
  240. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 2,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    241. \n
  241. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 2,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    242. \n
  242. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 3,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    243. \n
  243. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 3,500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 17 .
    244. \n
  244. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 4,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 24 .
    245. \n
  245. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 4,500 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 .
    246. \n
  246. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 5,000 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    247. \n
  247. \n Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com .
    248. \n
  248. \n Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com .
    249. \n
  249. \n Jump up ^ Yowell , Keith ( 22 December 2011 ) . `` Today in Pro Football History : 1963 : Records Fall as Raiders Beat Oilers in High - Scoring Thriller '' .
    250. \n
  250. \n Jump up ^ `` Seven from Sunday - Week 9 ( 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . NFL . November 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 .
    251. \n
  251. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 .
    252. \n
  252. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 .
    253. \n
  253. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 .
    254. \n
  254. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 .
    255. \n
  255. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 16 .
    256. \n
  256. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 450 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 .
    257. \n
  257. \n Jump up ^ Cash , Rana L. ( October 26 , 2014 ) . `` Ben Roethlisberger becomes first NFL player with two 500 - yard passing games '' . SportingNews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 .
    258. \n
  258. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 500 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 .
    259. \n
  259. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 .
    260. \n
  260. \n ^ Jump up to : Kacsmar , Scott ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Brees , Marino and the Passing Onslaught of 2011 '' . ColdHardFootballFacts.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 .
    261. \n
  261. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 .
    262. \n
  262. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 .
    263. \n
  263. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 .
    264. \n
  264. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 200 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 12 .
    265. \n
  265. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 250 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 .
    266. \n
  266. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 300 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 .
    267. \n
  267. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 350 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 .
    268. \n
  268. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 400 + yards '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 .
    269. \n
  269. \n Jump up ^ `` Which NFL Records Can Never Be Broken ? '' . lifeslittlemysteries.com .
    270. \n
  270. \n Jump up ^ `` Jameis Winston Youngest Ever to 3,000 Yards '' . buccaneers.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 .
    271. \n
  271. \n Jump up ^ `` Highest yards per attempt , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 .
    272. \n
  272. \n Jump up ^ `` Highest yards per attempt , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 .
    273. \n
  273. \n Jump up ^ `` Highest yards per attempt , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 .
    274. \n
  274. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 .
    275. \n
  275. \n Jump up ^ `` Games 1 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    276. \n
  276. \n Jump up ^ `` Games 2 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    277. \n
  277. \n Jump up ^ `` Games 3 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    278. \n
  278. \n Jump up ^ `` Games 4 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    279. \n
  279. \n Jump up ^ `` Games 5 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    280. \n
  280. \n Jump up ^ `` Games 6 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    281. \n
  281. \n Jump up ^ `` Games 7 + TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    282. \n
  282. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 95 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    283. \n
  283. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 90 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    284. \n
  284. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 85 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    285. \n
  285. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 80 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    286. \n
  286. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 75 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    287. \n
  287. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 70 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    288. \n
  288. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 65 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    289. \n
  289. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 60 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    290. \n
  290. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 55 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    291. \n
  291. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 50 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    292. \n
  292. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 45 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    293. \n
  293. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 40 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    294. \n
  294. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 35 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    295. \n
  295. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 30 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    296. \n
  296. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 25 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    297. \n
  297. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 20 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    298. \n
  298. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 15 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    299. \n
  299. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 10 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    300. \n
  300. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 5 + yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 .
    301. \n
  301. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 1 -- 4 yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 .
    302. \n
  302. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 1 -- 20 yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 .
    303. \n
  303. \n Jump up ^ `` Most 1 yard TD Passes '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 17 .
    304. \n
  304. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 20 Years BF - DM '' .
    305. \n
  305. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 20 Years BF - PM '' .
    306. \n
  306. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 19 Years '' .
    307. \n
  307. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 18 Years '' .
    308. \n
  308. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 17 Years '' .
    309. \n
  309. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 16 Years '' .
    310. \n
  310. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 15 Years '' .
    311. \n
  311. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 14 Years '' .
    312. \n
  312. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 13 Years '' .
    313. \n
  313. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 12 Years '' .
    314. \n
  314. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 11 Years '' .
    315. \n
  315. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 10 Years '' .
    316. \n
  316. \n Jump up ^ `` Seven stats that put Brett Favre in a class of his own '' .
    317. \n
  317. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 1st Start 10 Years '' .
    318. \n
  318. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 9 Years '' .
    319. \n
  319. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 8 Years '' .
    320. \n
  320. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 7 Years '' .
    321. \n
  321. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 6 Years '' .
    322. \n
  322. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 5 Years '' .
    323. \n
  323. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 4 Years '' .
    324. \n
  324. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 3 Years '' .
    325. \n
  325. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 2 Years '' .
    326. \n
  326. \n Jump up ^ `` Most TD passes Dif 1 Year '' .
    327. \n
  327. \n Jump up ^ `` Most Passing TDs , Rookie , Season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 5 , 2015 .
    328. \n
  328. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 .
    329. \n
  329. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 .
    330. \n
  330. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 .
    331. \n
  331. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 .
    332. \n
  332. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 .
    333. \n
  333. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + passing TD 's , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 .
    334. \n
  334. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 1 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 .
    335. \n
  335. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 20 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 .
    336. \n
  336. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 25 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 .
    337. \n
  337. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 30 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 .
    338. \n
  338. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 35 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 .
    339. \n
  339. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive seasons 40 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 .
    340. \n
  340. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 20 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 .
    341. \n
  341. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 25 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 .
    342. \n
  342. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 30 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 .
    343. \n
  343. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 35 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 25 .
    344. \n
  344. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 40 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 .
    345. \n
  345. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 45 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 .
    346. \n
  346. \n Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 50 + passing TD , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 .
    347. \n
  347. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Streak 's end shows Aaron Rodgers is ' human ' '' .
    348. \n
  348. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Peyton : First with 7 TDs since 69 '' . ESPN.com . September 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 .
    349. \n
  349. \n Jump up ^ `` Most passing touchdowns , rookie , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 .
    350. \n
  350. \n Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers tosses 6 TDs in half '' . ESPN.com . November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 .
    351. \n
  351. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Year - by - Year Passes Intercepted Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 .
    352. \n
  352. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passes Intercepted Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 .
    353. \n
  353. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passes Intercepted Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 .
    354. \n
  354. \n Jump up ^ `` Texans ' Matt Schaub sets record for consecutive games with a pick - six '' . cbssports.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 .
    355. \n
  355. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Dak Prescott breaks Tom Brady 's record for most passes without a pick to start a career '' . cbssports.com . October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 .
    356. \n
  356. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 .
    357. \n
  357. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 .
    358. \n
  358. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 .
    359. \n
  359. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 .
    360. \n
  360. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 .
    361. \n
  361. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 .
    362. \n
  362. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 .
    363. \n
  363. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 .
    364. \n
  364. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 .
    365. \n
  365. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 .
    366. \n
  366. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 .
    367. \n
  367. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 .
    368. \n
  368. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 .
    369. \n
  369. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . PFRef.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 .
    370. \n
  370. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 12 .
    371. \n
  371. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 450 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 .
    372. \n
  372. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 500 + yards passing and no INT , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 .
    373. \n
  373. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 .
    374. \n
  374. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 250 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 .
    375. \n
  375. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 300 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 .
    376. \n
  376. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 350 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 .
    377. \n
  377. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 400 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 .
    378. \n
  378. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 500 + yards passing and no INT , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 10 .
    379. \n
  379. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 1 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 .
    380. \n
  380. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 2 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 .
    381. \n
  381. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 3 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 .
    382. \n
  382. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 4 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 .
    383. \n
  383. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 5 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 .
    384. \n
  384. \n Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive games 6 + TD passes & no INT '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 .
    385. \n
  385. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 .
    386. \n
  386. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 .
    387. \n
  387. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 .
    388. \n
  388. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 .
    389. \n
  389. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 24 .
    390. \n
  390. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 .
    391. \n
  391. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 7 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 .
    392. \n
  392. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 1 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 .
    393. \n
  393. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 2 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 .
    394. \n
  394. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 3 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 .
    395. \n
  395. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 4 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 .
    396. \n
  396. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 5 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 .
    397. \n
  397. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 6 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 .
    398. \n
  398. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 7 + TD passes no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 .
    399. \n
  399. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 + completions no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 .
    400. \n
  400. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + completions no INT '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 19 .
    401. \n
  401. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 20 + completions no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 .
    402. \n
  402. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + completions no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 .
    403. \n
  403. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + pass attempts no INT , career '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 .
    404. \n
  404. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 40 + pass attempts no INT , career '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 01 .
    405. \n
  405. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 50 + pass attempts no INT , career '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 27 .
    406. \n
  406. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 30 + pass attempts no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 .
    407. \n
  407. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 40 + pass attempts no INT , season '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 .
    408. \n
  408. \n Jump up ^ `` Best touchdown pass -- interception differential , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 02 .
    409. \n
  409. \n Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers 2014 game logs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 .
    410. \n
  410. \n Jump up ^ `` Aaron Rodgers 2014 game logs '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 29 .
    411. \n
  411. \n Jump up ^ `` Individual Records : passing '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 24 .
    412. \n
  412. \n Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2010 - 11 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , NFL quarterbacks by times sacked in a single season
    413. \n
  413. \n Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived 2010 - 11 - 01 at the Wayback Machine. , NFL quarterbacks by times sacked in a single game
    414. \n
  414. \n Jump up ^ `` Lowest Sack Percentage NFL Quarterbacks '' . SportingCharts.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 .
    415. \n
  415. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Receptions Seasons Leader '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 .
    416. \n
  416. \n Jump up ^ `` Most pass receptions , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 .
    417. \n
  417. \n ^ Jump up to : http://www.pro-football-reference.com/play-index/pgl_finder.cgi?request=1&match=game&year_min=1950&year_max=2016&season_start=1&season_end=1&age_min=0&age_max=0&pos=0&game_type=R&career_game_num_min=0&career_game_num_max=499&game_num_min=0&game_num_max=99&week_num_min=0&week_num_max=99&c1stat=choose&c1comp=gt&c2stat=choose&c2comp=gt&c3stat=choose&c3comp=gt&c4stat=choose&c4comp=gt&c5comp=choose&c5gtlt=lt&c6mult=1.0&c6comp=choose&order_by=rec
    418. \n
  418. \n Jump up ^ `` Most pass receptions , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 .
    419. \n
  419. \n Jump up ^ `` Most pass receptions , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 .
    420. \n
  420. \n Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 1 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    421. \n
  421. \n Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 2 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    422. \n
  422. \n Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 3 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    423. \n
  423. \n Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 4 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 .
    424. \n
  424. \n Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 5 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    425. \n
  425. \n Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 6 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    426. \n
  426. \n Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 7 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    427. \n
  427. \n Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 8 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    428. \n
  428. \n Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 9 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    429. \n
  429. \n Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 10 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    430. \n
  430. \n Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 11 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    431. \n
  431. \n Jump up ^ `` Consecutive games 12 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    432. \n
  432. \n Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 50 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 .
    433. \n
  433. \n Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 60 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 .
    434. \n
  434. \n Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 70 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 .
    435. \n
  435. \n Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 90 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 .
    436. \n
  436. \n Jump up ^ `` Consecutive seasons 100 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 .
    437. \n
  437. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 5 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    438. \n
  438. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 10 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    439. \n
  439. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 15 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    440. \n
  440. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 20 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    441. \n
  441. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 25 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    442. \n
  442. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 30 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    443. \n
  443. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 35 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    444. \n
  444. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 40 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    445. \n
  445. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 45 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    446. \n
  446. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 50 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    447. \n
  447. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 55 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    448. \n
  448. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 60 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    449. \n
  449. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 65 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    450. \n
  450. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 70 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    451. \n
  451. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 75 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    452. \n
  452. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 80 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    453. \n
  453. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 85 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 .
    454. \n
  454. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 90 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 .
    455. \n
  455. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 90 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 .
    456. \n
  456. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 100 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    457. \n
  457. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 105 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    458. \n
  458. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 110 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    459. \n
  459. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 115 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    460. \n
  460. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 120 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    461. \n
  461. \n Jump up ^ `` Seasons 125 + pass receptions '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 .
    462. \n
  462. \n ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Receiving Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 .
    463. \n
  463. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Receiving Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 .
    464. \n
  464. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Receiving Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 .
    465. \n
  465. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Receiving Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 .
    466. \n
  466. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Receiving Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 .
    467. \n
  467. \n Jump up ^ `` Odell Beckham Jr. breaks Randy Moss ' receiving record '' . Foxsports.com . January 3 , 2016 .
    468. \n
  468. \n ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Single Game Receiving Yards Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 .
    469. \n
  469. \n Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com .
    470. \n
  470. \n Jump up ^ `` Player Game Finder Query Results -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com .
    471. \n
  471. \n Jump up ^ `` Not the San Diego secondary , nor bruised ribs , nor ... ''
    472. \n
  472. \n Jump up ^ `` Late TD Lifts Bills Over Texans 24 - 21 '' . 19 November 2006 .
    473. \n
  473. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games , 50 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 .
    474. \n
  474. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games , 100 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 .
    475. \n
  475. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games , 150 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 .
    476. \n
  476. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Seven from Sunday -- Week 8 ( 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . October 27 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 .
    477. \n
  477. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games , 200 + receiving yards , career '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 .
    478. \n
  478. \n Jump up ^ `` 50 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 .
    479. \n
  479. \n Jump up ^ `` 90 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 .
    480. \n
  480. \n ^ Jump up to : `` 90 + receiving yards , rookie season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 .
    481. \n
  481. \n Jump up ^ `` 100 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 .
    482. \n
  482. \n Jump up ^ `` 150 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 .
    483. \n
  483. \n Jump up ^ `` 200 + receiving yards , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 .
    484. \n
  484. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 50 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 .
    485. \n
  485. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 100 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 .
    486. \n
  486. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 125 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 .
    487. \n
  487. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 150 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 .
    488. \n
  488. \n Jump up ^ `` Most games 200 + receiving yardas '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 .
    489. \n
  489. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Long Reception Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 .
    490. \n
  490. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Receiving Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 .
    491. \n
  491. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Receiving Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 .
    492. \n
  492. \n Jump up ^ Smith , Michael David ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` Forte , Bradshaw flirting with running back receiving records '' . Pro Football Talk . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 .
    493. \n
  493. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Receiving Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 .
    494. \n
  494. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Most yards from scrimmage , season leader '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 .
    495. \n
  495. \n Jump up ^ `` Most yards from scrimmage , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 .
    496. \n
  496. \n Jump up ^ `` Most yards from scrimmage , season '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 .
    497. \n
  497. \n Jump up ^ `` Most yards from scrimmage , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 .
    498. \n
  498. \n Jump up ^ DeShazier , John ( May 29 , 2010 ) . `` New Orleans Saints situation too attractive for Darren Sharper to leave '' . The Times - Picayune . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 .
    499. \n
  499. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Punting Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 .
    500. \n
  500. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Punting Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 .
    501. \n
  501. \n Jump up ^ `` Pat McAfee '' . ESPN.com .
    502. \n
  502. \n Jump up ^ `` Johnny Hekker '' . ESPN.com .
    503. \n
  503. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Bears ' Hester ties Deion Sanders ' NFL mark with 19 return TDs by taking back punt vs. Skins '' . WashingtonPost.com . October 20 , 2013 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 .
    504. \n
  504. \n ^ Jump up to : burke , chris ( October 27 , 2013 ) . `` Cordarrelle Patterson ties NFL record with 109 - yard kickoff return '' . Sports Illustrated . Audibles blog . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 .
    505. \n
  505. \n Jump up ^ `` B.J. Sams career stats '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 .
    506. \n
  506. \n Jump up ^ `` Devin Hester career stats '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 .
    507. \n
  507. \n Jump up ^ `` Leaderboard : Fumbles '' . profootballreference.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 28 .
    508. \n
  508. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Fumble Return Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 .
    509. \n
  509. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Fumble Return Yards Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 .
    510. \n
  510. \n ^ Jump up to : Burke , Chris ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Which NFL records will fall in 2012 '' . Sports Illustrated . Audibles blog . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 .
    511. \n
  511. \n Jump up ^ Chamberlain , Gene ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Charles Tillman best - kept secret on loaded Bears ' defense '' . Sporting News . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 .
    512. \n
  512. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Fumbles Forced Career Leaders '' . Pro-Football - Reference .
    513. \n
  513. \n Jump up ^ Berman , Zach ( January 3 , 2010 ) . `` In setting forced fumble record , Giants defensive lineman Osi Umenyiora completes revitalized season '' . The Star - Ledger . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . After a 10 - 6 season in which Umenyiora finished with 111\u20442 sacks and an NFL - record 10 forced fumbles , the questions posed to Umenyiora related to his brilliance -- not his discontent .
    514. \n
  514. \n Jump up ^ `` Most Tackles , career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 .
    515. \n
  515. \n Jump up ^ `` Most Tackles , game '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 .
    516. \n
  516. \n ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Year - by - Year Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 .
    517. \n
  517. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 .
    518. \n
  518. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 .
    519. \n
  519. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Sacks Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 .
    520. \n
  520. \n Jump up ^ `` WK9 Ca n't - Miss Play : Peterson 's walk - off winner '' . NFL Videos. 2011 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 06 .
    521. \n
  521. \n Jump up ^ `` Seven from Sunday -- Week 7 ( 2013 ) '' ( PDF ) . NFL . October 20 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 .
    522. \n
  522. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers cornerback 's return longest play in NFL history '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . November 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 15 , 2013 .
    523. \n
  523. \n Jump up ^ `` History : Players Who 've Played In NFL At Age 40 Or Older '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved October 29 , 2013 .
    524. \n
  524. \n Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions at Los Angeles Rams - October 30th , 1960 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com .
    525. \n
  525. \n ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Career Games Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 .
    526. \n
  526. \n ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Career Games Started Leaders '' . Pro Football Reference . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 .
    527. \n
  527. \n Jump up ^ Branch , John ( April 30 , 2010 ) . `` Jeff Feagles Retires After 1,713 Punts '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . Feagles retires as the league 's career leader in punts ( 1,713 ) , punting yards ( 71,211 , or more than 40 miles ) and balls downed inside the 20 - yard line ( 554 ) . He also played in 352 consecutive regular - season games , a league record .
    528. \n
  528. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Favre 's consecutive start streak comes to an end at 297 '' . NFL.com . Associated Press . December 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2010 . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 .
    529. \n
  529. \n Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning bio '' . Colts.com . Archived from the original on October 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 16 , 2013 . with 208 consecutive starts , owns the longest career - opening streak of any QB in NFL history and the longest streak in Colts history ... also marked the longest career - opening streak of any player in NFL history ( 207 , OG - Gene Upshaw , Oakland , 1967 -- 81
    530. \n
  530. \n Jump up ^ `` Brady Ties NFL Consecutive Home Wins Record '' . NBC Connecticut . 22 November 2010 .
    531. \n
  531. \n Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Falcons 20 at Green Bay Packers 37 '' . Profootballreference.com. 31 December 1995 .
    532. \n
  532. \n Jump up ^ `` San Francisco 49ers 14 at Green Bay Packers 35 '' . Profootballreference.com. 4 January 1997 .
    533. \n
  533. \n Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers 13 at Green Bay Packers 30 '' . Profootballreference.com. 12 January 1997 .
    534. \n
  534. \n Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7 at Green Bay Packers 21 '' . Profootballreference.com. 4 January 1998 .
    535. \n
  535. \n ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Doug ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Green Bay improves to 7 -- 1 '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 04 .
    536. \n
  536. \n ^ Jump up to : Dave Campbell ( 2009 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Favre takes it to the Packers : Vikings win 30 -- 23 '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 06 .
    537. \n
  537. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Brett Favre Career Splits -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com .
    538. \n
  538. \n Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Green Bay Packers at Detroit Lions - January 8th , 1994 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com .
    539. \n
  539. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Wild Card - Detroit Lions at Green Bay Packers - December 31st , 1994 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com .
    540. \n
  540. \n Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Moments in Rivalry : Chicago Bears Part 2 -- Inside The Huddle '' . www.insidethehuddle.tv .
    541. \n
  541. \n Jump up ^ `` FavreWatch : Doubling back on legacy '' . ESPN.com. 2010 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 .
    542. \n
  542. \n Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre Career Game Log -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com .
    543. \n
  543. \n Jump up ^ `` Beattie Feathers was the First Thousand Yard Rusher in the NFL '' . Voices.Yahoo.com. 2006 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 .
    544. \n
  544. \n Jump up ^ 1000 + rushing yard seasons , 1920 -- 1950 , PFR .
    545. \n
  545. \n Jump up ^ `` Players who have had 2,000 yard single rushing seasons in the NFL '' . Voices.Yahoo.com. 2012 - 08 - 21 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 .
    546. \n
  546. \n Jump up ^ 2000 + rushing yard seasons since 1920 , PFR .
    547. \n
  547. \n Jump up ^ `` Steve Van Buren : A Runner Like No Other '' . FootballGeography.com. 2012 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 .
    548. \n
  548. \n Jump up ^ `` Number Crunching : # 20 '' . FootballDiner.com. 2009 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 23 .
    549. \n
  549. \n Jump up ^ Maxymuk , John ( 30 November 2007 ) . `` Strong Arm Tactics : A History and Statistical Analysis of the Professional Quarterback '' . McFarland -- via Google Books .
    550. \n
  550. \n ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Passing Yards Year - by - Year Leaders -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com .
    551. \n
  551. \n Jump up ^ `` Benny Friedman -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com .
    552. \n
  552. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Passing Touchdowns Leaders '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com .
    553. \n
  553. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Favre first to throw 500 TDs with pass to Moss '' . ESPN.com. 12 October 2010 .
    554. \n
  554. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Football History -- Pro Football Hall of Fame Official Site '' . www.profootballhof.com .
    555. \n
  555. \n Jump up ^ `` Elias Says ... Experience the difference for Favre '' . ESPN.com. 22 December 2006 .
    556. \n
  556. \n Jump up ^ `` Favre gets completion No. 6,000 , touchdown pass No. 492 '' . 13 December 2009 .
    557. \n
  557. \n Jump up ^ `` News -- Around the NFL '' . NFL.com .
    558. \n
  558. \n Jump up ^ AOL . `` News , Sports , Weather , Entertainment , Local & Lifestyle -- AOL '' . AOL.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 17 .
    559. \n
  559. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Cleveland Rams at Detroit Lions - November 22nd , 1945 - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com .
    560. \n
  560. \n Jump up ^ `` The other Mr. Durability : Peyton Manning has 200 straight starts -- USATODAY.com '' . www.usatoday.com .
    561. \n
  561. \n Jump up ^ NFL 2001 Record and Fact Book , Edited by Randall Liu , pp. 436 -- 443 , Workman Publishing , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 7611 - 2480 - 2
    562. \n
  562. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL History : 1932 '' . NFL.com . National Football League . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    563. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Records
\n World record \n
    \n
  • \n Category : World records
    • \n
  • \n Guinness World Records
    • \n
  • \n Limca Book of Records
    • \n
  • \n Unique World Records
    • \n
  • \n Asia Book of Records
    • \n
\n
\n People \n
    \n
  • \n Heaviest
    • \n
  • \n Oldest
    • \n
  • \n Tallest
    • \n
  • \n Shortest
    • \n
\n
\n Sporting records \n
    \n
  • \n Chess
    • \n
  • \n Cricket
      \n
    • \n Test
      • \n
    • \n One Day International
      • \n
    • \n Twenty20 International
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Cycling
    • \n
  • \n FIBA Basketball World Cup records
    • \n
  • \n FIFA World Cup records
    • \n
  • \n Formula One motorsport
      \n
    • \n constructors
      • \n
    • \n drivers
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Juggling
    • \n
  • \n World Rally Championship
    • \n
  • \n Speed skating
    • \n
  • \n Figure skating
    • \n
  • \n Swimming
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Athletics : World records
      \n
    • \n progressions
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Olympic records
    • \n
  • \n National records
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n In Australia : List of NRL records
    • \n
  • \n List of AFL records
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n In the US :
    • \n
  • \n NBA
      \n
    • \n Regular season
      • \n
    • \n Post-season
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n NFL
      \n
    • \n individual
      • \n
    • \n team
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n NHL
      \n
    • \n individual
      • \n
    • \n team
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n MLB
    • \n
  • \n MLS
    • \n
  • \n Track and field
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n In India : ISL records
    • \n
\n
\n National records \n
    \n
  • \n Japan
    • \n
  • \n Palestinian territories
    • \n
  • \n Philippines
    • \n
\n
\n Motion records \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Speed \n
    \n
  • \n Air
    • \n
  • \n Transcontinental
    • \n
  • \n Land speed record
    • \n
  • \n Railed
    • \n
  • \n Production car
    • \n
  • \n Motorcycle land - speed record
    • \n
  • \n Production motorcycle
    • \n
  • \n Wheel - driven
    • \n
  • \n British
    • \n
  • \n Water speed record
    • \n
  • \n Underwater
    • \n
  • \n Sailing
    • \n
  • \n Sound barrier
    • \n
  • \n Speed of light
    • \n
\n
\n Distance \n
    \n
  • \n Flight distance record
    • \n
  • \n Flight altitude record
    • \n
  • \n Ocean depth record
    • \n
  • \n Flight endurance record
    • \n
  • \n Boundary of space
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Spaceflight records
    • \n
  • \n FAI records
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Man - made objects \n
    \n
  • \n Tallest structures
    • \n
  • \n Category on tallest structures
    • \n
\n
\n Physical phenomena \n
    \n
  • \n Solar System Extremes
      \n
    • \n Extremes on Earth
        \n
      • \n Extreme points of Earth
        • \n
      • \n List of weather records
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Organisms
      \n
    • \n List of longest - living organisms
      • \n
    • \n Smallest organisms
      • \n
    • \n Largest organisms
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n National Football League records and leaders
\n General \n
    \n
  • \n Super Bowl records
    • \n
  • \n Team playoff records
    • \n
  • \n Team records
    • \n
  • \n Individual records
    • \n
  • \n Games played
    • \n
  • \n Consecutive games and starts
    • \n
  • \n 99 - yard pass play
    • \n
  • \n All - purpose yards
    • \n
  • \n Scoring
    • \n
\n
\n Passing \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Career \n
    \n
  • \n Touchdowns
      \n
    • \n Regular season
      • \n
    • \n Playoffs
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Yards
      \n
    • \n 5,000 passing yards
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Completions
    • \n
  • \n Passer rating
    • \n
  • \n Wins
    • \n
  • \n Playoff win -- loss records
    • \n
  • \n Consecutive starts
    • \n
  • \n Consecutive games with a TD pass
    • \n
\n
\n Annual \n
    \n
  • \n Touchdowns
    • \n
  • \n Yards
    • \n
  • \n Completion percentage
    • \n
  • \n Rating
    • \n
\n
\n Game \n
    \n
  • \n Touchdowns
    • \n
  • \n Perfect passer rating
    • \n
  • \n 400 passing yards
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Rushing \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Career \n
    \n
  • \n Touchdowns
    • \n
  • \n Yards
    • \n
  • \n Attempts
    • \n
\n
\n Annual \n
    \n
  • \n Touchdowns
    • \n
  • \n Yards
      \n
    • \n 2,000 - yard club
      • \n
    • \n 1,000 - yard duos
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Receiving \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Career \n
    \n
  • \n Touchdowns
    • \n
  • \n Yards
    • \n
  • \n Receptions
    • \n
\n
\n Annual \n
    \n
  • \n Touchdowns
    • \n
  • \n Yards
    • \n
  • \n Receptions
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Defense \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Career \n
    \n
  • \n Sacks
    • \n
  • \n Interceptions
    • \n
\n
\n Annual \n
    \n
  • \n Sacks
    • \n
  • \n Interceptions
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Special teams \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Annual \n
    \n
  • \n Punting yards
    • \n
  • \n Punt return yards
    • \n
  • \n Kickoff return yards
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n National Football League ( 2017 )
\n AFC \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n East \n North \n South \n West
\n
    \n
  • \n Buffalo Bills
    • \n
  • \n Miami Dolphins
    • \n
  • \n New England Patriots
    • \n
  • \n New York Jets
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Baltimore Ravens
    • \n
  • \n Cincinnati Bengals
    • \n
  • \n Cleveland Browns
    • \n
  • \n Pittsburgh Steelers
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Houston Texans
    • \n
  • \n Indianapolis Colts
    • \n
  • \n Jacksonville Jaguars
    • \n
  • \n Tennessee Titans
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Denver Broncos
    • \n
  • \n Kansas City Chiefs
    • \n
  • \n Los Angeles Chargers
    • \n
  • \n Oakland Raiders
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n NFC \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n East \n North \n South \n West
\n
    \n
  • \n Dallas Cowboys
    • \n
  • \n New York Giants
    • \n
  • \n Philadelphia Eagles
    • \n
  • \n Washington Redskins
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Chicago Bears
    • \n
  • \n Detroit Lions
    • \n
  • \n Green Bay Packers
    • \n
  • \n Minnesota Vikings
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Atlanta Falcons
    • \n
  • \n Carolina Panthers
    • \n
  • \n New Orleans Saints
    • \n
  • \n Tampa Bay Buccaneers
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Arizona Cardinals
    • \n
  • \n Los Angeles Rams
    • \n
  • \n San Francisco 49ers
    • \n
  • \n Seattle Seahawks
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Seasons \n
    \n
  • \n Seasons ( by team )
    • \n
  • \n Preseason
      \n
    • \n Hall of Fame Game
      • \n
    • \n American Bowl
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Regular season
      \n
    • \n Kickoff game
      • \n
    • \n Monday Night Football
      • \n
    • \n International Series
      • \n
    • \n Thanksgiving games
      • \n
    • \n Christmas games
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Playoffs
      \n
    • \n Streaks
      • \n
    • \n Droughts
      • \n
    • \n AFC Championship
      • \n
    • \n NFC Championship
      • \n
    • \n Super Bowl
        \n
      • \n champions
        • \n
      • \n quarterbacks
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Pro Bowl
    • \n
\n
\n History \n
    \n
  • \n League history
      \n
    • \n Executive history
      • \n
    • \n Championship history
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 )
    • \n
  • \n NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 )
    • \n
  • \n Playoff Bowl
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Owners
    • \n
  • \n Officials
    • \n
  • \n Properties
    • \n
  • \n Stadiums ( chronology )
    • \n
  • \n Timeline
      \n
    • \n Defunct franchises
      • \n
    • \n Franchise moves and mergers
      • \n
    • \n Los Angeles team history
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Records
      \n
    • \n individual
      • \n
    • \n team
      • \n
    • \n Super Bowl
      • \n
    • \n All time win -- loss
      • \n
    • \n Last undefeated
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Awards
    • \n
  • \n All - Pro
    • \n
  • \n Numbers ( retired )
    • \n
  • \n Hall of Fame
    • \n
  • \n Lore
    • \n
  • \n Nicknames
    • \n
  • \n AFL
      \n
    • \n Merger
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n International
      \n
    • \n Foreign players
      • \n
    • \n London
      • \n
    • \n Toronto
        \n
      • \n Bills Series
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n List of games played outside the U.S.
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Media
      \n
    • \n TV
        \n
      • \n NFL Network
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Radio
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Management Council
    • \n
  • \n Competition Committee
    • \n
  • \n Collective Bargaining Agreement
    • \n
  • \n NFLPA
    • \n
  • \n Player conduct
      \n
    • \n Suspensions
      • \n
    • \n Player misconduct
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Combine
    • \n
  • \n Draft
    • \n
  • \n Training camp
    • \n
  • \n Rivalries
    • \n
  • \n NFL Foundation
    • \n
  • \n Tied games
    • \n
  • \n Canceled games
    • \n
  • \n Lockouts
    • \n
  • \n Controversies
    • \n
  • \n Cheerleading
    • \n
  • \n Mascots
    • \n
  • \n Color Rush
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_National_Football_League_records_(individual)&oldid=821726501 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who has scored the most touchdowns this year", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "List of Dragon Ball Z episodes - wikipedia

\n List of Dragon Ball Z episodes

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n The first volume of the individual DVD compilations of Dragon Ball Z released in Japan .

\n Dragon Ball Z ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb \u30bc\u30c3\u30c8 , Doragon B\u014dru Zetto , commonly abbreviated as DBZ ) is the long - running anime sequel to the Dragon Ball TV series , adapted from the final twenty - six volumes of the Dragon Ball manga written by Akira Toriyama . The manga portion of the series debuted in Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump in October 4 , 1988 and lasted until 1995 ; the anime adaptation premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on April 26 , 1989 , taking over its predecessor 's time slot , and ran until its end on January 31 , 1996 , lasting 291 episodes in Japan , and 276 episodes in the United States originally , although all 291 episodes were later broadcast when content from the first 67 episodes was restored .

\n

\n Dragon Ball Z uses four pieces of theme music in the Japanese version . From episodes 1 - 199 , the opening theme is `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' by Hironobu Kageyama , and the closing theme is `` Detekoi Tobikiri Zenkai Paw\u0101 ! '' by MANNA . From episodes 200 - 291 , the opening and closing themes are `` We Gotta Power '' and `` Boku - Tachi wa Tenshi Datta , '' both by Hironobu Kagayama .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Seasons overview ( edit )

\n

\n A note on the `` Season '' nomenclature :

\n

\n The `` seasons '' that comprise the following list correspond to the remastered box sets released by Funimation from 2007 to 2009 . However , these `` seasons '' only correspond to story arcs ( which are themselves split at debatable points ) , and not to the pattern in which the show actually aired in either Japan or the United States .

\n

\n In Japan , Dragon Ball Z ( like both of the other Dragon Ball series ) was aired year - round continuously , with regular off - days for sporting events and television specials taking place about once every six weeks on average .

\n

\n Only when the series was broadcast in the United States was the series split into the standard seasonal cycle of new episodes followed by repeats followed by new episodes . The series was broadcast in eight separate near - continuous blocks ( 1 - 35 , 36 - 67 , 68 - 107 , 108 - 116 , 117 - 194 , 195 - 237 , 238 - 276 , and 277 - 291 ) , with breaks varying between four months to over a year between each block . In only one instance ( between episodes 194 and 195 ) was there actually parity between the DVD release and the actual broadcast sequence in terms of the end of one `` season '' and the beginning of the next .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Season \n Episodes \n Japanese airdates \n English airdates
\n \n \n Saiyan Saga \n 39 ( 1 -- 39 ) \n April 26 , 1989 -- March 7 , 1990 \n September 13 , 1996 -- September 20 , 1997 ( edited ) June 14 , 2005 -- August 18 , 2005 ( uncut )
\n \n \n Namek and Captain Ginyu Sagas \n 35 ( 40 -- 74 ) \n March 14 , 1990 -- January 16 , 1991 \n September 20 , 1997 -- April 4 , 1998 ( edited ) September 13 , 1999 -- September 20 , 1999 ( uncut ep. 68 -- 74 ) August 22 , 2005 -- October 10 , 2005 ( uncut ep. 40 -- 67 )
\n \n \n Frieza Saga \n 33 ( 75 -- 107 ) \n January 23 , 1991 -- September 11 , 1991 \n September 21 , 1999 -- November 3 , 1999
\n \n \n Garlic Jr. , Trunks and Androids Sagas \n 32 ( 108 -- 139 ) \n September 18 , 1991 -- May 13 , 1992 \n April 8 , 2000 -- October 3 , 2000
\n \n 5 \n Imperfect Cell and Perfect Cell Sagas \n 26 ( 140 -- 165 ) \n May 20 -- November 18 , 1992 \n October 4 , 2000 -- November 8 , 2000
\n \n 6 \n Cell Games Saga \n 29 ( 166 -- 194 ) \n November 25 , 1992 -- July 21 , 1993 \n November 9 , 2000 -- December 29 , 2000
\n \n 7 \n Great Saiyaman and World Tournament Sagas \n 25 ( 195 -- 219 ) \n July 28 , 1993 -- March 2 , 1994 \n September 10 , 2001 -- October 12 , 2001
\n \n 8 \n Babidi and Majin Buu Sagas \n 34 ( 220 -- 253 ) \n March 9 , 1994 -- January 25 , 1995 \n October 15 , 2001 -- October 10 , 2002
\n \n 9 \n Fusion and Kid Buu Sagas \n 38 ( 254 -- 291 ) \n February 1 , 1995 -- January 31 , 1996 \n October 14 , 2002 -- April 7 , 2003
\n

\n Episode list ( edit )

\n

\n Season 1 : Saiyan saga ( 1989 -- 1990 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 1 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n Initial dub No . \n Translated title / Original FUNimation dub title ( Funimation 's redub title ) Japanese title \n Japanese airdate \n English airdate
\n \n \n `` Mini-Goku is an Overprotected Boy ! I Am Gohan . '' / `` The Arrival of Raditz '' ( The New Threat ) `` Mini Gok\u016b wa Obotchama ! Boku Gohan Desu . '' ( \u30df\u30cb \u609f\u7a7a \u306f\u304a \u307c\u3063 \u3061\u3083 \u307e ! \u30dc\u30af \u609f \u98ef \u3067\u3059 . ) \n April 26 , 1989 \n September 13 , 1996 June 14 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n \n \n `` The Mightiest Warrior in All of History is Goku 's Older Brother ! '' / `` The Arrival of Raditz '' ( Reunions ) `` Shij\u014d Saiky\u014d no Senshi wa Gok\u016b no Ani Datta ! '' ( \u53f2\u4e0a \u6700\u5f37 \u306e \u6226\u58eb \u306f \u609f\u7a7a \u306e \u5144 \u3060\u3063 \u305f ! ) \n May 3 , 1989 \n September 13 , 1996 June 15 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n \n \n `` All Right ! This is the Strongest Combo in the World ! '' / `` The World 's Strongest Team '' ( Unlikely Alliance ) `` Yatta ! Kore ga Chij\u014d Saiky\u014d no Konbi Da ! '' ( \u3084\u3063 \u305f ! \u3053\u308c\u304c \u5730\u4e0a \u6700\u5f37 \u306e \u30b3\u30f3\u30d3 \u3060 ! ) \n May 10 , 1989 \n September 20 , 1996 June 16 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n \n \n `` Piccolo 's Trump Card ! Gohan , the Crybaby - kun '' / `` Gohan 's Hidden Powers '' ( Piccolo 's Plan ) `` Pikkoro no Kirifuda ! Gohan wa Nakimushikun '' ( \u30d4\u30c3\u30b3\u30ed \u306e \u5207\u308a\u672d ! \u609f \u98ef \u306f \u6ce3\u304d \u3080\u3057 \u30af\u30f3 ) \n May 17 , 1989 \n September 27 , 1996 June 20 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 5 \n \n `` Goku Dies ! There 's Only One Last Chance '' / `` Goku 's Unusual Journey '' ( Gohan 's Rage ) `` Gok\u016b Shisu ! Rasuto Chansu wa Ichido dake '' ( \u609f\u7a7a \u6b7b\u3059 ! \u30e9\u30b9\u30c8 \u30c1\u30e3\u30f3\u30b9 \u306f \u4e00\u5ea6 \u3060\u3051 ) \n May 24 , 1989 \n October 4 , 1996 June 21 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 6 \n \n `` Even Yama - sama is Surprised -- The Fight Continues in the Next World '' / `` Goku 's Unusual Journey '' ( No Time Like the Present ) `` Enmasama mo Bikkuri -- Ano Yo de Faito '' ( \u30a8\u30f3\u30de \u69d8 \u3082 \u30d3\u30c3\u30af\u30ea \u3042\u306e\u4e16 \u3067 \u30d5\u30a1\u30a4\u30c8 ) \n June 7 , 1989 \n October 4 , 1996 June 22 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 7 \n 5 \n `` Survival with Dinosaurs ! Gohan 's Harsh Training '' / `` Gohan 's Metamorphosis '' ( Day 1 ) `` Ky\u014dry\u016b to Sabaibaru ! Gohan no Tsurai Shugy\u014d '' ( \u6050\u7adc \u3068 \u30b5\u30d0\u30a4\u30d0\u30eb ! \u609f \u98ef \u306e \u30c4\u30e9\u30a4 \u4fee\u884c ) \n June 14 , 1989 \n October 11 , 1996 June 23 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 8 \n 5 \n `` A Great Transformation on a Moonlit Night ! The Secret of Gohan 's Power '' / `` Gohan 's Metamorphosis '' ( Gohan Goes Bananas ! ) `` Tsuki no Kagayaku Yoru ni Daihenshin ! Gohan Paw\u0101 no Himitsu '' ( \u6708 \u306e \u8f1d\u304f \u591c \u306b \u5927 \u5909\u8eab ! \u609f \u98ef \u30d1\u30ef\u30fc \u306e \u79d8\u5bc6 ) \n June 21 , 1989 \n October 11 , 1996 June 27 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 9 \n 6 \n `` Sorry , Robot - san -- The Desert of Vanishing Tears '' / `` Gohan Makes a Friend '' ( The Strangest Robot ) `` Gomen ne Robottosan Sabaku ni Kieta Namida . '' ( \u30b4\u30e1\u30f3 \u306d \u30ed\u30dc\u30c3\u30c8 \u3055\u3093 \u7802\u6f20 \u306b \u6d88\u3048 \u305f \u6d99 . ) \n June 28 , 1989 \n October 18 , 1996 June 28 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 10 \n 6 \n `` Do n't Cry , Gohan ! His First Fight '' / `` Gohan Makes a Friend '' ( A New Friend ) `` Naku na Gohan ! Hajimete no Tatakai . '' ( \u6ce3\u304f \u306a \u609f \u98ef ! \u306f\u3058\u3081\u3066 \u306e \u95d8\u3044 ) \n July 5 , 1989 \n October 18 , 1996 June 29 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 11 \n 7 \n `` The Saiyans , Mightiest Warriors in the Universe , Awaken ! '' / `` Trouble on Arlia '' ( Terror on Arlia ) `` Uch\u016bichi no Ky\u014dsenshi Saiyajin Mezameru ! '' ( \u5b87\u5b99 \u4e00 \u306e \u5f37 \u6226\u58eb \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba \u3081\u3056\u3081\u308b ! ) \n July 12 , 1989 \n October 25 , 1996 June 30 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 12 \n 8 \n `` Catnap on the Serpentine Road Goku Takes a Tumble '' / `` Home For Infinite Losers '' ( Global Training ) `` Hebi no Michi de Inemuri Gok\u016b ga Okkochiru '' ( \u86c7 \u306e \u9053 \u3067 \u3044 \u306d\u3080\u308a \u609f\u7a7a \u304c \u843d\u3063\u3053\u3061\u308b ) \n July 19 , 1989 \n November 1 , 1996 July 4 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 13 \n 8 \n `` Hands Off ! Yama - sama 's Secret Fruit '' / `` Home For Infinite Losers '' ( Goz and Mez ) `` Te o Dasu na ! Enmasama no Himitsu no Kudamono '' ( \u624b \u3092 \u51fa\u3059 \u306a ! \u30a8\u30f3\u30de \u69d8 \u306e \u79d8\u5bc6 \u306e \u679c\u5b9f ) \n July 26 , 1989 \n November 1 , 1996 July 5 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 14 \n 9 \n `` Such Sweet Temptation ! The Snake Princess - sama 's Hospitality '' / `` Princess Snake 's Hospitality '' ( Princess Snake ) '' `` Ama \u301c i Y\u016bwaku ! Hebihimesama no Omotenashi '' ( \u3042\u307e ~ \u3044 \u8a98\u60d1 ! \u86c7 \u59eb \u3055\u307e \u306e \u304a\u3082\u3066\u306a\u3057 ) \n August 2 , 1989 \n November 8 , 1996 July 6 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 15 \n 10 \n `` Escape from Piccolo ! Gohan Summons a Storm '' / `` Escape from Piccolo '' ( Dueling Piccolos ) `` Pikkoro kara no Dasshutsu ! Arashi o Yobu Gohan '' ( \u30d4\u30c3\u30b3\u30ed \u304b\u3089 \u306e \u8131\u51fa ! \u5d50 \u3092 \u547c\u3076 \u609f \u98ef ) \n August 9 , 1989 \n September 14 , 1998 July 7 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 16 \n 10 \n `` Run , Gohan ! Longing for Mount Paozu , Where Chichi is Waiting '' / `` Escape from Piccolo '' ( Plight of the Children ) `` Hashire Gohan ! Chichi no Matsu Natsukashi no Paozu Yama '' ( \u8d70\u308c \u609f \u98ef ! \u30c1\u30c1 \u306e \u5f85\u3064 \u306a\u3064\u304b\u3057 \u306e \u30d1\u30aa\u30ba \u5c71 ) \n August 16 , 1989 \n September 14 , 1998 July 11 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 17 \n 11 \n `` City of No Tomorrow ! The Long Road to Victory '' / `` Showdown in the Past '' ( Pendulum Room Peril ) `` Asu Naki Machi ! Sh\u014dri e no T\u014di Michinori '' ( \u660e\u65e5 \u306a\u304d \u8857 ! \u52dd\u5229 \u3078 \u306e \u9060\u3044 \u9053\u306e\u308a ) \n August 30 , 1989 \n November 15 , 1996 July 12 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 18 \n 12 \n `` Last Stop on the Serpentine Road ! Are You Kaio - sama ? '' / `` The End of Snake Way '' ( The End of Snake Way ) `` Sh\u016bte \u301c n Hebi no Michi ! Om\u0113 Kai\u014dsama ka ? '' ( \u7d42\u70b9 ~ \u3093 \u86c7 \u306e \u9053 ! \u304a \u3081 \u3048 \u754c \u738b\u69d8 \u304b ? ) \n September 6 , 1989 \n January 3 , 1997 July 13 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 19 \n 13 \n `` The Battle with Gravity ! Catch Bubbles - kun '' / `` A Fight Against Gravity ... Catch Bubbles ! '' ( Defying Gravity ) `` J\u016bryoku to no Tatakai ! Baburusukun o Tsukamaero '' ( \u91cd\u529b \u3068 \u306e \u6226\u3044 ! \u30d0\u30d6\u30eb\u30b9 \u541b \u3092 \u3064\u304b\u307e\u3048\u308d ) \n September 13 , 1989 \n January 10 , 1997 July 14 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 20 \n 14 \n `` The Saiyan Legend Reborn ! Goku 's Roots '' / `` The Legend of the Saiyans '' ( Goku 's Ancestors ) `` Yomigaeru Saiyajin Densetsu ! Gok\u016b no R\u016btsu '' ( \u3088\u307f\u304c\u3048\u308b \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba \u4f1d\u8aac ! \u609f\u7a7a \u306e \u30eb\u30fc\u30c4 ) \n September 20 , 1989 \n January 17 , 1997 July 18 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 21 \n 15 \n `` Come Forth , Shen Long ! The Saiyans Finally Arrive on Earth '' / `` A Black Day for Planet Earth '' ( Counting Down ) `` Ide yo Shenron ! Saiyajin Tsui ni Chiky\u016b T\u014dchaku '' ( \u3044\u3067\u3088 \u795e\u9f8d ! \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba \u3064\u3044\u306b \u5730\u7403 \u5230\u7740 ) \n September 27 , 1989 \n January 24 , 1997 July 19 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 22 \n 16 \n `` Unbelievable ! Saibaimen , Born of the Soil '' / `` The Battle Begins ... Goku Where Are You ? '' ( The Darkest Day ) ( \u3093 \u306a \u30d0\u30ab \u306a ! \u571f \u304b\u3089 \u751f\u307e\u308c \u305f \u30b5\u30a4\u30d0\u30a4\u30de\u30f3 ) \n October 11 , 1989 \n February 1 , 1997 July 20 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 23 \n 17 \n `` Yamucha Dies ! The Terror of the Saibaimen '' / `` The Saibamen Strike '' ( Saibamen Attack ! ) `` Yamucha Shisu ! Osoru Beshi Saibaiman '' ( \u30e4\u30e0\u30c1\u30e3 \u6b7b\u3059 ! \u304a \u305d\u308b \u3079\u3057 \u30b5\u30a4\u30d0\u30a4\u30de\u30f3 ) \n October 18 , 1989 \n February 8 , 1997 July 21 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 24 \n 18 \n `` Farewell Ten - san ! Chaozu 's Suicide Strategy '' / `` Nappa ... The Invincible ? '' ( The Power of Nappa ) `` Sayonara Tensan ! Chaozu no Sutemi no Senp\u014d '' ( \u3055\u3088\u306a\u3089 \u5929 \u3055\u3093 ! \u9903\u5b50 \u306e \u6368\u3066\u8eab \u306e \u6226\u6cd5 ) \n October 25 , 1989 \n February 15 , 1997 July 25 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 25 \n 19 \n `` Tenshinhan Cries Out ! ! This is My Final Kikoho '' / `` Tien Goes All Out ! ! '' ( Sacrifice ) `` Tenshinhan Zekky\u014d ! ! Kore ga Saigo no Kik\u014dh\u014d Da '' ( \u5929\u6d25\u98ef \u7d76\u53eb ! ! \u3053\u308c\u304c \u6700\u5f8c \u306e \u6c17\u529f \u7832 \u3060 ) \n November 1 , 1989 \n February 22 , 1997 July 26 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 26 \n 19 \n `` An Intense Three - Hour Delay ! The Kinto Un Bullet - Express '' / `` Tien Goes All Out ! ! '' ( Nappa 's Rampage ) `` Hitasura Matte Sanjikan ! Dangan Hik\u014d no Kintoun '' ( \u3072\u305f\u3059\u3089 \u5f85\u3063 \u3066 3 \u6642\u9593 ! \u5f3e\u4e38 \u98db\u884c \u306e \u7b4b\u6597 \u96f2 ) \n November 8 , 1989 \n February 22 , 1997 July 27 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 27 \n 20 \n `` Leave it to Me ! Gohan 's Great Burst of Anger '' / `` Time 's Up ! '' ( Nimbus Speed ) `` Boku ni Makasete ! Gohan - Ikari no Daibakuhatsu '' ( \u307c\u304f \u306b \u307e\u304b\u305b \u3066 ! \u609f \u98ef \u30fb \u6012\u308a \u306e \u5927 \u7206\u767a ) \n November 22 , 1989 \n April 12 , 1997 July 28 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 28 \n 21 \n `` Ferocity of the Saiyans ! Kami - sama and Piccolo Both Die '' / `` The Return of Goku '' ( Goku 's Arrival ) `` Saiyajin no M\u014di ! Kamisama mo Pikkoro mo Shinda '' ( \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba \u306e \u731b\u5a01 ! \u795e\u69d8 \u3082 \u30d4\u30c3\u30b3\u30ed \u3082 \u6b7b\u3093 \u3060 ) \n November 29 , 1989 \n April 19 , 1997 August 1 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 29 \n 22 \n `` Father is Awesome ! Kaio - ken , the Ultimate Finishing Technique '' / `` Goku Strikes Back '' ( Lesson Number One ) `` T\u014dsan Sug\u0113 ya ! Ky\u016bkyoku no Hissatsuwaza - Kai\u014dken '' ( \u7236\u3055\u3093 \u3059\u3052 \u3047 \u3084 ! \u7a76\u6975 \u306e \u5fc5\u6bba \u6280 \u30fb \u754c \u738b \u62f3 ) \n December 6 , 1989 \n April 26 , 1997 August 2 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 30 \n 23 \n `` A Hot , Unbounded Battle ! Goku vs. Vegeta '' / `` Goku vs. Vegeta ... A Saiyan Duel ! '' ( Goku vs. Vegeta ) `` Genkai o Koeta Atsui Tatakai ! Gok\u016b Tai Bej\u012bta '' ( \u9650\u754c \u3092 \u8d85\u3048 \u305f \u71b1\u3044 \u6226\u3044 ! \u609f\u7a7a \u5bfe \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf ) \n December 13 , 1989 \n May 3 , 1997 August 3 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 31 \n 23 \n `` Now , Goku ! A Final Technique with Everything on the Line '' / `` Goku vs. Vegeta ... A Saiyan Duel ! '' ( Saiyan Sized Secret ) `` Ima da Gok\u016b ! Subete o Kaketa Saigo no \u014cwaza '' ( \u3044\u307e\u3060 \u609f\u7a7a ! \u3059\u3079\u3066 \u3092 \u8ced\u3051 \u305f \u6700\u5f8c \u306e \u5927 \u6280 ) \n December 20 , 1989 \n May 3 , 1997 August 4 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 32 \n 24 \n `` Battle Power Times Ten ! ! Vegeta 's Great Metamorphosis '' / `` Vegeta ... Saiyan Style ! '' ( Spirit Bomb Away ! ) `` Sent\u014dryoku J\u016bbai ! ! Bej\u012bta Daihenshin '' ( \u6226\u95d8 \u529b 10 \u500d ! ! \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf \u5927 \u5909\u8eab ) \n January 17 , 1990 \n May 10 , 1997 August 8 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 33 \n 25 \n `` Do n't Die , Father ! ! This is the Depth of Gohan 's Power '' / `` Stop Vegeta Now ! '' ( Hero in the Shadows ) `` Shinanaide T\u014dsan ! ! Kore ga Gohan no Sokojikara '' ( \u6b7b\u306a \u306a\u3044 \u3067 \u7236\u3055\u3093 ! ! \u3053\u308c\u304c \u609f \u98ef \u306e \u5e95\u529b ) \n January 24 , 1990 \n May 17 , 1997 August 9 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 34 \n 25 \n `` Shoot , Kuririn ! The Genki Dama , Packed with Hope '' / `` Stop Vegeta Now ! '' ( Krillin 's Offensive ) `` Ute Kuririn ! Negai o Kometa Genkidama '' ( \u6483\u3066 \u30af\u30ea\u30ea\u30f3 ! \u9858\u3044 \u3092 \u3053\u3081 \u305f \u5143\u6c17 \u7389 ) \n January 31 , 1990 \n May 17 , 1997 August 10 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 35 \n 26 \n `` Cause a Miracle ! Son Gohan , the Super Saiyan '' / `` The Battle Ends '' ( Mercy ) `` Kiseki o Okose ! S\u016bp\u0101 Saiyajin Son Gohan '' ( \u5947\u8de1 \u3092 \u8d77\u3053\u305b ! \u30b9\u30fc\u30d1\u30fc \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba \u5b6b \u609f \u98ef ) \n February 7 , 1990 \n May 24 , 1997 August 11 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 36 \n 27 \n `` We 're Off Into Space ! The Star of Hope is Piccolo 's Homeland '' / `` A New Goal ... Namek '' ( Picking Up the Pieces ) `` Tobidase Uch\u016b e ! Kib\u014d no Hoshi wa Pikkoro no Furusato '' ( \u98db\u3073\u51fa\u305b \u5b87\u5b99 \u3078 ! \u5e0c\u671b \u306e \u661f \u306f \u30d4\u30c3\u30b3\u30ed \u306e \u6545\u90f7 ) \n February 14 , 1990 \n September 13 , 1997 August 15 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 37 \n 27 \n `` Mysterious Yunzabit ! The Search for Kami - sama 's Spaceship '' / `` A New Goal ... Namek '' ( Plans for Departure ) `` Nazo no Yunzabitto ! Kamisama no Uch\u016bsen o Sagase '' ( \u8b0e \u306e \u30e6\u30f3\u30b6\u30d3\u30c3\u30c8 ! \u795e\u69d8 \u306e \u5b87\u5b99 \u8239 \u3092 \u63a2\u305b ) \n February 21 , 1990 \n September 13 , 1997 August 16 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 38 \n 28 \n `` Blast - off for Planet Namek ! The Terror Awaiting Gohan & Co . '' / `` Journey to Namek '' ( Nursing Wounds ) `` Namekkusei Iki Hasshin ! Gohantachi o Matsu Ky\u014dfu '' ( \u30ca\u30e1\u30c3\u30af \u661f \u884c\u304d \u767a\u9032 ! \u609f \u98ef \u305f\u3061 \u3092 \u5f85\u3064 \u6050\u6016 ) \n February 28 , 1990 \n September 20 , 1997 August 17 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 39 \n 28 \n `` Friends or Foes ? Children of the Mysterious Giant Spaceship '' / `` Journey to Namek '' ( Friends or Foes ? ) `` Teki ka Mikata ka ? Nazo no Kyodai Uch\u016bsen no Kodomotachi '' ( \u6575 \u304b \u5473\u65b9 \u304b ? \u8b0e \u306e \u5de8\u5927 \u5b87\u5b99 \u8239 \u306e \u5b50\u4f9b \u305f\u3061 ) \n March 7 , 1990 \n September 20 , 1997 August 18 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n
\n
\n Notes
\n
\n \n

\n

\n

\n Season 2 : Namek and Captain Ginyu sagas ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 2 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Ep # \n Initial dub ep # \n Translated title / Original dub title ( Funimation 's dub title ) Japanese title \n Japanese airdate \n English airdate
\n 40 \n 29 \n `` Honest to Goodness ? There Lies Namek , Planet of Hope '' / `` Friends or Foes ? '' ( Held Captive ) `` Honto ni Honto ? Are ga Kib\u014d no Namekkusei '' ( \u30db\u30f3\u30c8 \u306b \u30db\u30f3\u30c8 ? \u3042\u308c \u304c \u5e0c\u671b \u306e \u30ca\u30e1\u30c3\u30af \u661f ) \n March 14 , 1990 \n September 20 , 1997 August 22 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 41 \n 29 \n `` Kind - hearted Aliens -- There 's the Wu Xing Qiu Already '' / `` Look Out Below '' ( Look Out Below ) `` Shinsetsu na Uch\u016bjin -- Ikinari Atta yo \u016ashinch\u016b '' ( \u89aa\u5207 \u306a \u5b87\u5b99 \u4eba \u3044\u304d\u306a\u308a \u3042\u3063 \u305f\u3088 \u4e94 \u661f\u7403 ) \n March 21 , 1990 \n September 20 , 1997 August 23 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 42 \n 30 \n `` Planet Freeza No. 79 -- Vegeta Recovers ! ! '' / `` Hunt for a Dragon Ball '' ( The Search Continues ) `` Wakusei Fur\u012bza Nanb\u0101 Nanaj\u016bky\u016b -- Fukkatsu no Bej\u012bta ! ! '' ( \u60d1\u661f \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 NO. 79 \u5fa9\u6d3b \u306e \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf ! ! ) \n April 4 , 1990 \n September 20 , 1997 August 24 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 43 \n 31 \n `` The Dragon Balls are All Found ! Piccolo - san Will Also Come Back to Life '' / `` Who 's Who ? ! '' ( A Friendly Surprise ) `` Sorotta zo Doragon B\u014dru ! Pikkorosan mo Ikikaeru '' ( \u305d\u308d\u3063 \u305f \u305e \u795e\u9f8d \u7403 ! \u30d4\u30c3\u30b3\u30ed \u3055\u3093 \u3082 \u751f\u304d\u8fd4\u308b ) \n April 11 , 1990 \n September 27 , 1997 August 25 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 44 \n 32 \n `` A Tough New Enemy ! Freeza , Emperor of the Universe '' / `` Touchdown on Namek '' ( Brood of Evil ) `` Arata na Ky\u014dteki ! Uch\u016b no Tei\u014d Fur\u012bza '' ( \u3042\u3089\u305f \u306a \u5f37\u6575 ! \u5b87\u5b99 \u306e \u5e1d\u738b \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 ) \n April 18 , 1990 \n September 27 , 1997 August 29 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 45 \n 33 \n `` Vegeta 's Ambition ! I am the Greatest Warrior in the Universe ! ! '' / `` Face - off on Namek '' ( Frieza Strikes ! ) `` Yab\u014d no Bej\u012bta ! Uch\u016bichi no Senshi wa Ore Da ! ! '' ( \u91ce\u671b \u306e \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf ! \u5b87\u5b99 \u4e00 \u306e \u6226\u58eb \u306f \u30aa\u30ec \u3060 ! ! ) \n April 25 , 1990 \n October 4 , 1997 August 30 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 46 \n 34 \n `` Goku 's Power Unleashed ! ! Six Days to the Far End of the Galaxy '' / `` The Ruthless Frieza '' ( Defying Orders ) `` Gok\u016b Paw\u0101 Zenkai ! ! Ginga no Hate made Muikakan '' ( \u609f\u7a7a \u30d1\u30ef\u30fc \u5168\u958b ! ! \u9280\u6cb3 \u306e \u679c\u3066 \u307e\u3067 6 \u65e5\u9593 ) \n May 2 , 1990 \n October 4 , 1997 August 31 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 47 \n 35 \n `` Surprise Attack ! ! The Elder 's Target was the Scouters '' / `` The Nameks versus Frieza '' ( Namek 's Defense ) `` Ihy\u014d o Tsuita K\u014dgeki ! ! Ch\u014dr\u014d no Nerai wa Sukaut\u0101 '' ( \u610f\u8868 \u3092 \u3064\u3044 \u305f \u653b\u6483 ! ! \u9577\u8001 \u306e \u72d9\u3044 \u306f \u30b9\u30ab\u30a6\u30bf\u30fc ) \n May 9 , 1990 \n October 11 , 1997 September 1 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 48 \n 36 \n `` Gohan in Peril ! A Pursuing Dodoria Summons Death '' / `` Escape from Dodoria '' ( The Hunted ) `` Gohan Ayaushi ! Shi o Yobu Tsuisekisha Dodoria '' ( \u609f \u98ef \u5371\u3046\u3057 ! \u6b7b \u3092 \u547c\u3076 \u8ffd\u8de1 \u8005 \u30c9\u30c9\u30ea\u30a2 ) \n May 16 , 1990 \n October 11 , 1997 September 5 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 49 \n 37 \n `` Dodoria Dies by Explosion ! Vegeta 's Fearsome Shockwave '' / `` Secrets Revealed '' ( The Prince Fights Back ) `` Bakushi Dodoria ! Bej\u012bta no Osoru Beki Sh\u014dgekiha '' ( \u7206\u6b7b \u30c9\u30c9\u30ea\u30a2 ! \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf \u306e \u6050\u308b \u3079\u304d \u885d\u6483\u6ce2 ) \n May 23 , 1990 \n October 18 , 1997 September 6 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 50 \n 38 \n `` Escape From a Burning Planet ! ! A Life - or - Death Kamehame - Ha '' / `` A Collision Course '' ( Unexpected Problem ) `` Moeru Wakusei kara no Dasshutsu ! ! Inochigake no Kamehameha '' ( \u71c3\u3048\u308b \u60d1\u661f \u304b\u3089 \u306e \u8131\u51fa ! ! \u547d\u304c\u3051 \u306e \u30ab\u30e1\u30cf\u30e1 \u6ce2 ) \n May 30 , 1990 \n October 18 , 1997 September 7 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 51 \n 39 \n `` Courage Times One Hundred ! The Warriors Gathered Under Kaio '' / `` Stay Away From Frieza '' ( Vegeta has a Ball ) `` Y\u016bki Hyakubai ! Kai\u014d no Moto ni Sh\u016bketsu Suru Senshitachi '' ( \u52c7\u6c17 \u767e\u500d ! \u754c \u738b \u306e \u4e0b \u306b \u96c6\u7d50 \u3059\u308b \u6226\u58eb \u305f\u3061 ) \n June 6 , 1990 \n October 25 , 1997 September 12 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 52 \n 39 \n `` Listen to Me , Goku ! Hands Off Freeza '' / `` Stay Away From Frieza '' ( The Past and Future ) `` Kike Gok\u016b yo ! Fur\u012bza ni wa Te o Dasu na '' ( \u805e\u3051 \u609f\u7a7a \u3088 ! \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 \u306b \u306f \u624b \u3092 \u51fa\u3059 \u306a ) \n June 20 , 1990 \n October 25 , 1997 September 13 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 53 \n 40 \n `` Nothing but Goosebumps ! The Handsome Warrior Zarbon 's Devilish Transformation '' / `` Zarbon Transformed '' ( Zarbon 's Surprise ) `` Hotondo Torihada ! Bisenshi Z\u0101bon no Akuma no Henshin '' ( \u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069 \u9ce5\u808c ! \u7f8e \u6226\u58eb \u30b6\u30fc\u30dc\u30f3 \u306e \u60aa\u9b54 \u306e \u5909\u8eab ) \n June 27 , 1990 \n October 25 , 1997 September 14 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 54 \n 41 \n `` Defend the Star of Hope ! ! Kuririn 's Astonishing Power - Up '' / `` The Eldest Namek '' ( Guru 's Gift ) `` Kib\u014d no Hoshi o Mamore ! ! Kuririn Ky\u014di no Paw\u0101 Appu '' ( \u5e0c\u671b \u306e \u661f \u3092 \u5b88\u308c ! ! \u30af\u30ea\u30ea\u30f3 \u9a5a\u7570 \u306e \u30d1\u30ef\u30fc UP ) \n July 4 , 1990 \n November 1 , 1997 September 15 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 55 \n 42 \n `` Back from the Brink of Death -- The Miracle Man , Vegeta '' / `` Get Vegeta ! '' ( Piccolo vs. Everyone ) `` Shi no Fuchi kara Yomigaetta -- Kiseki no Otoko - Bej\u012bta '' ( \u6b7b \u306e \u6df5 \u304b\u3089 \u3088\u307f\u304c\u3048\u3063 \u305f \u5947\u8de1 \u306e \u7537 \u30fb \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf ) \n July 18 , 1990 \n November 1 , 1997 September 19 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 56 \n 43 \n `` An Enormous Battle Power ! ! Freeza 's Scheme is Shattered '' / `` Vegeta Revived '' ( Zarbon 's Mission ) `` Dodekai Sent\u014dryoku ! ! Kudakechiru Fur\u012bza no Inb\u014d '' ( \u3069 \u3067\u304b\u3044 \u6226\u95d8 \u529b ! ! \u7815\u3051 \u6563\u308b \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 \u306e \u9670\u8b00 ) \n August 1 , 1990 \n November 8 , 1997 September 20 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 57 \n 44 \n `` I 'm Back to My Old Self Again ! ! Goku Under 100 - Times Super-Gravity '' / `` A Heavy Burden '' ( Gohan , the Hunted ) `` Genki ga Modotta zo ! ! Hyakubai Ch\u014dj\u016bryoku no Naka no Gok\u016b '' ( \u5143\u6c17 \u304c \u623b\u3063 \u305f \u305e ! ! 100 \u500d \u8d85 \u91cd\u529b \u306e \u4e2d \u306e \u609f\u7a7a ) \n August 8 , 1990 \n November 8 , 1997 September 21 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 58 \n 45 \n `` Freeza 's Secret Weapon ! The Devilish Ginyu Special Corps '' / `` Immortality Denied '' ( Unknown Enemies ) `` Fur\u012bza no Himitsu Heiki ! Akuma no Giny\u016b Tokusentai '' ( \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 \u306e \u79d8\u5bc6 \u5175\u5668 ! \u60aa\u9b54 \u306e \u30ae\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc \u7279 \u6226\u968a ) \n August 22 , 1990 \n November 15 , 1997 September 22 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n NA \n 46 \n `` The Decisive Battle for the Entire Earth '' / `` The Tree of Might : Part 1 '' `` Chiky\u016b Marugoto Ch\u014dkessen '' ( \u5730\u7403 \u307e\u308b\u3054\u3068 \u8d85 \u6c7a\u6226 ) \n NA \n November 15 , 1997
\n NA \n 47 \n `` The Decisive Battle for the Entire Earth '' / `` The Tree of Might : Part 2 '' `` Chiky\u016b Marugoto Ch\u014dkessen '' ( \u5730\u7403 \u307e\u308b\u3054\u3068 \u8d85 \u6c7a\u6226 ) \n NA \n November 22 , 1997
\n NA \n 48 \n `` The Decisive Battle for the Entire Earth '' / `` The Tree of Might : Part 3 '' `` Chiky\u016b Marugoto Ch\u014dkessen '' ( \u5730\u7403 \u307e\u308b\u3054\u3068 \u8d85 \u6c7a\u6226 ) \n NA \n November 22 , 1997
\n 59 \n 46 / 49 \n `` Watch Out , Bulma ! ! The Si Xing Qiu Falls into Freeza 's Clutches '' / `` Big Trouble for Bulma '' ( Destination : Guru ) `` Buruma ga Abunai ! ! S\u016bshinch\u016b wa Fur\u012bza no Te ni '' ( \u30d6\u30eb\u30de \u304c \u5371\u306a\u3044 ! ! \u56db \u661f\u7403 \u306f \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 \u306e \u624b \u306b ) \n August 29 , 1990 \n January 31 , 1998 September 26 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 60 \n 47 / 50 \n `` Charge ! ! The Kaio - ken and Kamehame - Ha of an Indomitable Spirit '' / `` Scramble for the Dragon Balls ! '' ( Bulma 's Big Day ) `` Gekitotsu da ! ! Fukutsu no T\u014dshi no Kai\u014dken to Kamehameha '' ( \u6fc0\u7a81 \u3060 ! ! \u4e0d\u5c48 \u306e \u95d8\u5fd7 \u306e \u754c \u738b \u62f3 \u3068 \u30ab\u30e1\u30cf\u30e1 \u6ce2 ) \n September 5 , 1990 \n February 7 , 1998 September 27 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 61 \n 48 / 51 \n `` The Great Battle Approaches ! Ginyu 's Special Corps Takes the Stage ! ! '' / `` Arrival of the Ginyu Force '' ( Hidden Power ) `` Semaru Ch\u014d - Kessen ! Giny\u016b Tokusentai Tadaima Sanj\u014d ! ! '' ( \u6fc0\u7a81 \u3060 ! ! \u4e0d\u5c48 \u306e \u95d8\u5fd7 \u306e \u754c \u738b \u62f3 \u3068 \u30ab\u30e1\u30cf\u30e1 \u6ce2 ! ! ) \n September 12 , 1990 \n February 7 , 1998 September 28 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 62 \n 49 / 52 \n `` Goku on Final Approach ! Smash Through Freeza 's Dragnet '' / `` Elite Fighters of the Universe ... The Ginyu Force '' ( New Ally , New Problem ) `` Gok\u016b ga Daisekkin ! Fur\u012bza no H\u014dim\u014d o Buchiyabure '' ( \u609f\u7a7a \u304c \u5927 \u63a5\u8fd1 ! \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 \u306e \u5305\u56f2 \u7db2 \u3092 \u3076\u3061 \u7834\u308c ) \n September 19 , 1990 \n February 14 , 1998 September 29 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 63 \n 50 / 53 \n `` Super-Magic or Just a Trick ! ? Mr. Ghurd is Angry ! '' / `` Time Tricks and Body Binds '' ( Guldo 's Mind Binds ) `` Ch\u014dmajutsu ka Torikku ka ! ? Misut\u0101 Gurudo ga Okotta zo ! '' ( \u8d85 \u9b54\u8853 \u304b \u30c8\u30ea\u30c3\u30af \u304b ! ? MR. \u30b0\u30eb\u30c9 \u304c \u6012\u3063 \u305f \u305e ! ) \n September 26 , 1990 \n February 14 , 1998 October 3 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 64 \n 51 / 54 \n `` The Savage ReaCoom ! ! He 's Bad , He 's Strong , He 's Outrageous '' / `` No Refuge From Recoome '' ( Recoome Unleashed ) `` M\u014di Rik\u016bmu ! ! Warukute Tsuyokute Tondemonai Yatsu '' ( \u731b\u653b \u30ea\u30af\u30fc\u30e0 ! ! \u60aa\u304f \u3066 \u5f37\u304f \u3066 \u3068\u3093\u3067\u3082 \u306a\u3044 \u5974 ) \n October 24 , 1990 \n May 16 , 1998 October 4 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 65 \n 52 / 55 \n `` Do n't Die , Gohan ! Goku Finally Touches Down on the Battlefield '' / `` Enter Goku '' ( Let the Battle Begin ) `` Shinu na Gohan ! Gok\u016b , Tsui ni Kessenj\u014d ni T\u014dchaku Da '' ( \u6b7b\u306c \u306a \u609f \u98ef ! \u609f\u7a7a \u3001 \u3064\u3044\u306b \u6c7a\u6226 \u5834 \u306b \u5230\u7740 \u3060 ) \n October 31 , 1990 \n May 23 , 1998 October 5 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 66 \n 53 / 56 \n `` Uncommon Strength ! ! Son Goku , the Legendary Super Saiyan '' / `` Goku ... Super Saiyan ? '' ( Goku 's New Power ) `` Ketahazure no Tsuyosa ! ! Densetsu no S\u016bp\u0101 Saiyajin Son Gok\u016b '' ( \u30b1\u30bf \u5916\u308c \u306e \u5f37 \u3055 ! ! \u4f1d\u8aac \u306e \u8d85 \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba \u5b6b\u609f\u7a7a ) \n November 7 , 1990 \n May 23 , 1998 October 6 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 67 \n 53 / 56 \n `` Lightning Balls of Red and Blue ! Jheese and Butta Attack Goku '' / `` Goku ... Super Saiyan ? '' ( A Legend Revealed ) `` Aka to Ao no Raitoningu B\u014dru ! J\u012bsu to B\u0101ta ga Gok\u016b o Os\u014d '' ( \u8d64 \u3068 \u9752 \u306e \u5149 \u7403 ! \u30b8\u30fc\u30b9 \u3068 \u30d0\u30fc\u30bf \u304c \u609f\u7a7a \u3092 \u8972\u3046 ) \n November 14 , 1990 \n May 23 , 1998 October 10 , 2005 ( re-dub )
\n 68 \n 54 \n `` At Last , a Direct Confrontation ! ! Captain Ginyu Takes the Field '' / `` Ginyu Assault '' `` Tsui ni Chokusetsu Taiketsu ! ! Giny\u016b Taich\u014d no Odemashi Da '' ( \u3064\u3044\u306b \u76f4\u63a5 \u5bfe\u6c7a ! ! \u30ae\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc \u968a\u9577 \u306e \u304a \u3067 \u307e\u3057 \u3060 ) \n November 21 , 1990 \n September 13 , 1999
\n 69 \n 55 \n `` Incredible Force ! ! Did You See Goku 's Full Power ? '' / `` Incredible Force ! '' `` Susamajii Hakuryoku ! ! Mita ka , Gok\u016b no Furu Paw\u0101 '' ( \u51c4\u307e\u3058\u3044 \u8feb\u529b ! ! \u898b \u305f\u304b \u3001 \u609f\u7a7a \u306e \u30d5\u30eb \u30d1\u30ef\u30fc ) \n November 28 , 1990 \n September 13 , 1999
\n 70 \n 56 \n `` What of the Battle 's Outcome ! ? Freeza 's Evil Hand Closes Around the Grand Elder '' / `` Frieza Approaches '' `` Tatakai no Yukue ! ? Saich\u014dr\u014d ni Semaru Fur\u012bza no Ma no Te '' ( \u95d8\u3044 \u306e \u884c\u65b9 ! ? \u6700 \u9577\u8001 \u306b \u8feb\u308b \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 \u306e \u9b54 \u306e \u624b ) \n December 5 , 1990 \n September 14 , 1999
\n 71 \n 57 \n `` Surprise ! ! Goku is Ginyu and Ginyu is Goku '' / `` Goku is Ginyu and Ginyu is Goku '' `` Bikkuri ! ! Gok\u016b ga Giny\u016b de Giny\u016b ga Gok\u016b '' ( \u30d3\u30c3\u30af\u30ea ! ! \u609f\u7a7a \u304c \u30ae\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc \u3067 \u30ae\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc \u304c \u609f\u7a7a ) \n December 12 , 1990 \n September 15 , 1999
\n 72 \n 58 \n `` Come Forth , Super Shen Long ! ! Grant Me My Wish '' / `` Calling the Eternal Dragon '' `` Ide yo S\u016bp\u0101 Shenron ! ! Boku no Negai o Kanaetamae '' ( \u51fa \u3067 \u3088 \u8d85 \u795e\u9f8d ! ! \u30dc\u30af \u306e \u9858\u3044 \u3092 \u304b\u306a\u3048 \u305f\u307e\u3048 ) \n December 19 , 1990 \n September 16 , 1999
\n 73 \n 59 \n `` That Ai n't Me ! Gohan , Do n't Lose Your Nerve , Hit Your Father ! ! '' / `` Gohan - Defeat Your Dad ! '' `` Yatsu wa Ora ja N\u0113 ! Gohan Bibiru na Chichi o Ute ! ! '' ( \u5974 \u306f \u30aa\u30e9 \u3058\u3083 \u30cd\u30a7 ! \u609f \u98ef \u3073\u3073\u308b \u306a \u7236 \u3092 \u6483\u3066 ! ! ) \n January 9 , 1991 \n September 17 , 1999
\n 74 \n 60 \n `` Whoops ! ! Ginyu Has Turned Into a Frog '' / `` Captain Ginyu ... The Frog '' `` Daigosan ! ! Giny\u016b ga Kaeru ni Natchatta '' ( \u5927 \u8aa4\u7b97 ! ! \u30ae\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc \u304c \u30ab\u30a8\u30eb \u306b \u306a\u3063 \u3061\u3083\u3063 \u305f ) \n January 16 , 1991 \n September 20 , 1999
\n

\n

\n

\n Season 3 : Frieza saga ( 1991 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 3 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Ep # \n Initial dub ep # \n Translated title / Funimation 's dub title Japanese title \n Japanese airdate \n English airdate
\n 75 \n 61 \n `` Thou Who Hast Gathered the Seven Balls ... Now Speak Forth the Password ! '' / `` Password is Porunga '' `` Nanatsu no Tama o Soroeshi Mono yo ... S\u0101 Aikotoba o Ie ! '' ( \u4e03 \u30c3 \u306e \u7389 \u3092 \u63c3\u3048 \u3057 \u8005 \u3088 ... \u3055\u3042 \u5408\u8a00\u8449 \u3092 \u8a00\u3048 ! ) \n January 23 , 1991 \n September 21 , 1999
\n 76 \n 62 \n `` Kami - sama Also Returns to Life ! Piccolo is Resurrected by Super Shen Long '' / `` Piccolo 's Return '' `` Kamisama mo Ikikaetta ! S\u016bp\u0101 Shen Long de Pikkoro ga Fukkatsu '' ( \u795e\u69d8 \u3082 \u751f\u304d\u8fd4\u3063 \u305f ! \u8d85 \u795e\u9f8d \u3067 \u30d4\u30c3\u30b3\u30ed \u304c \u5fa9\u6d3b ) \n January 30 , 1991 \n September 22 , 1999
\n 77 \n 63 \n `` Birth of the Mightiest Warrior ! ? Nail and Piccolo Merge '' / `` The Fusion '' `` Saiky\u014d Senshi no Tanj\u014d ka ! ? Neiru to Pikkoro ga Gattai '' ( \u6700\u5f37 \u6226\u58eb \u306e \u8a95\u751f \u304b ! ? \u30cd\u30a4\u30eb \u3068 \u30d4\u30c3\u30b3\u30ed \u304c \u5408\u4f53 ) \n February 6 , 1991 \n September 23 , 1999
\n 78 \n 64 \n `` A Nightmare Super-Transformation ! ! Frieza 's Battle Power of One Million '' / `` Fighting Power : One Million ? '' `` Akumu no Ch\u014dhenshin ! ! Sent\u014dryoku Hyakuman no Fur\u012bza '' ( \u60aa\u5922 \u306e \u8d85 \u5909\u8eab ! ! \u6226\u95d8 \u529b 100 \u4e07 \u306e \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 ) \n February 13 , 1991 \n September 24 , 1999
\n 79 \n 65a \n `` Is This the End ! ? A Brutally Transcendent Power Attacks Gohan '' / `` Gohan Attacks '' `` Koko made ka ! ? Ky\u014daku Ch\u014dzetsu Paw\u0101 ga Gohan o Os\u014d '' ( \u3053\u3053 \u307e\u3067 \u304b ! ? \u51f6\u60aa \u8d85\u7d76 \u30d1\u30ef\u30fc \u304c \u609f \u98ef \u3092 \u8972\u3046 ) \n February 20 , 1991 \n September 27 , 1999
\n 80 \n 65b \n `` The Tide Suddenly Turned ! ! Piccolo , the Warrior Who Came Late '' / `` Piccolo the Super-Namek '' `` Ikki ni Keisei Gyakuten ! ! Okurete Kita Senshi - Pikkoro '' ( \u4e00\u6c17\u306b \u5f62\u52e2 \u9006\u8ee2 ! ! \u9045\u308c \u3066\u304d \u305f \u6226\u58eb \u30fb \u30d4\u30c3\u30b3\u30ed ) \n February 27 , 1991 \n September 27 , 1999
\n 81 \n 66 \n `` Piccolo 's Self - Confidence ! I Will Be the One to Defeat Freeza '' / `` Deja Vu '' `` Pikkoro no Jishin ! Fur\u012bza o Taosu no wa Ore da '' ( \u30d4\u30c3\u30b3\u30ed \u306e \u81ea\u4fe1 ! \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 \u3092 \u5012\u3059 \u306e \u306f \u30aa\u30ec \u3060 ) \n March 6 , 1991 \n September 28 , 1999
\n 82 \n 67 \n `` Attack , Goku ! ! An Enraged Freeza 's Second Transformation '' / `` Frieza 's Second Transformation '' `` Shutsugeki da Gok\u016b ! ! Gekido no Fur\u012bza ga Daini no Henshin '' ( \u51fa\u6483 \u3060 \u609f\u7a7a ! ! \u6fc0\u6012 \u306e \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 \u304c \u7b2c 2 \u306e \u5909\u8eab ) \n March 13 , 1991 \n September 29 , 1999
\n 83 \n 68 \n `` Fear Me ! ! Freeza Does Battle with a Third Transformation '' / `` Another Transformation ? '' `` Ky\u014dfu Shiro ! ! Fur\u012bza wa Sando no Henshin de Sh\u014dbu Suru '' ( \u6050\u6016 \u3057\u308d ! ! \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 \u306f 3 \u5ea6 \u306e \u5909\u8eab \u3067 \u52dd\u8ca0 \u3059\u308b ) \n March 20 , 1991 \n September 30 , 1999
\n 84 \n 69 \n `` The Death of Dende ... Come Forth ! Intense , Wide - Open Power '' / `` Dende 's Demise '' `` Dende no Shi ... Dete Koi ! Tobikiri Zenkai Paw\u0101 '' ( \u30c7\u30f3\u30c7 \u306e \u6b7b ... \u3067 \u3066 \u3053\u3044 ! \u3068\u3073\u304d\u308a \u5168\u958b \u30d1\u30ef\u30fc ) \n March 27 , 1991 \n October 1 , 1999
\n 85 \n 70 \n `` How I 've Waited for this Moment ! ! ! Son Goku Revived '' / `` The Renewed Goku '' `` Machi ni Matta ze , Kono Shunkan ! ! ! Son Gok\u016b ga Fukkatsu da '' ( \u5f85\u3061 \u306b \u5f85\u3063\u305f \u305c \u3001 \u3053\u306e \u77ac\u9593 ! ! ! \u5b6b\u609f\u7a7a \u304c \u5fa9\u6d3b \u3060 ) \n April 3 , 1991 \n October 4 , 1999
\n 86 \n 71 \n `` Such Regret ... ! ! Vegeta , Pride of the Saiyans , Dies '' / `` The End of Vegeta '' `` Munen ... ! ! Hokori Takaki Saiyajin Bej\u012bta Shisu '' ( \u7121\u5ff5 ... ! ! \u8a87\u308a \u9ad8\u304d \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba \u30fb \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf \u6b7b\u3059 ) \n April 10 , 1991 \n October 5 , 1999
\n 87 \n 72 \n `` The Curtain Rises over the Ultimate Battle ! ! I Am Going to Defeat You ! '' / `` The Ultimate Battle '' `` Ch\u014d Kessen no Makuake da ! ! Om\u0113dake wa Ora ga Taosu '' ( \u8d85 \u6c7a\u6226 \u306e \u5e55\u958b\u3051 \u3060 ! ! \u304a \u3081 \u3048 \u3060\u3051 \u306f \u30aa\u30e9 \u304c \u5012\u3059 ) \n April 17 , 1991 \n October 6 , 1999
\n 88 \n 73 \n `` The Two Superpowers Collide ! A Fistfight Where Both Turn Serious ! ! ! '' / `` Clash of the Super Powers '' `` Gekitotsu no Ni Dai Ch\u014d Paw\u0101 ! Honki D\u014dshi no Nikudan Sen ! ! ! '' ( \u6fc0\u7a81 \u306e 2 \u5927 \u8d85 \u30d1\u30ef\u30fc ! \u672c\u6c17 \u540c\u58eb \u306e \u8089\u5f3e \u6226 ! ! ! ) \n April 24 , 1991 \n October 7 , 1999
\n 89 \n 74 \n `` Freeza 's Terrible Declaration ! I Will Defeat You Without Using My Hands '' / `` Frieza 's Boast '' `` Fur\u012bza Ky\u014dfu no Sengen ! Te o Tsukawazu Omae o Taosu '' ( \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 \u6050\u6016 \u306e \u5ba3\u8a00 ! \u624b \u3092 \u4f7f\u308f \u305a \u304a\u524d \u3092 \u5012\u3059 ) \n May 1 , 1991 \n October 8 , 1999
\n 90 \n 75 \n `` That Was No Idle Boast ! ! Son Goku , an Audacious , Wonderful Guy '' / `` Bold and Fearless '' `` Hattari ja n\u0113 zo ! ! Daitan Suteki na Yatsu - Son Gok\u016b '' ( \u30cf\u30c3\u30bf\u30ea \u3058\u3083 \u306d\u3048 \u305e ! ! \u5927\u80c6 \u7d20\u6575 \u306a \u5974 \u30fb \u5b6b\u609f\u7a7a ) \n May 8 , 1991 \n October 11 , 1999
\n 91 \n 76 \n `` Showdown ! ! The Embodiment of Flame in a 20 - Times Kaio - ken Kamehame - Ha '' / `` Embodiment of Fire '' `` Ketchaku da ! ! Hon\u014d no Keshin Nij\u016bbai Kai\u014dken no Kamehameha '' ( \u6c7a\u7740 \u3060 ! ! \u708e \u306e \u5316\u8eab 20 \u500d \u754c \u738b \u62f3 \u306e \u30ab\u30e1\u30cf\u30e1 \u6ce2 ) \n May 15 , 1991 \n October 12 , 1999
\n 92 \n 77 \n `` A Super-Huge Genki Dama -- I 'm Playing My Last Card ! ! '' / `` Trump Card '' `` Ch\u014d Tokudai no Genki Dama Kore ga Saiky\u014d no Kirifuda da ! ! '' ( \u8d85 \u7279\u5927 \u306e \u5143\u6c17 \u7389 \u3053\u308c\u304c \u6700\u5f8c \u306e \u5207\u308a\u672d \u3060 ! ! ) \n May 22 , 1991 \n October 13 , 1999
\n 93 \n 78 \n `` Keep the Chance Alive ! ! Piccolo 's Suicide Support Strike '' / `` Keep the Chance Alive ! ! '' `` Chansu o Ikase ! ! Pikkoro Sutemi no Engo Shageki '' ( \u30c1\u30e3\u30f3\u30b9 \u3092 \u751f\u304b\u305b ! ! \u30d4\u30c3\u30b3\u30ed \u6368\u8eab \u306e \u63f4\u8b77 \u5c04\u6483 ) \n May 29 , 1991 \n October 14 , 1999
\n 94 \n 79 \n `` The Incredible Destructive Force of the Genki Dama ! ! Who Will Survive ? ! '' / `` Power of the Spirit '' `` Genki Dama no Ch\u014d Hakairyoku ! ! Ikinokotta no wa Dare da ! ? '' ( \u5143\u6c17 \u7389 \u306e \u8d85 \u7834\u58ca \u529b ! ! \u751f\u304d\u6b8b\u3063 \u305f \u306e \u306f \u8ab0 \u3060 ! ? ) \n June 5 , 1991 \n October 15 , 1999
\n 95 \n 80 \n `` Transformed At Last ! ! Son Goku , the Legendary Super Saiyan '' / `` Transformed at Last '' `` Tsui ni Henshin ! ! Densetsu no S\u016bp\u0101 Saiyajin Son Gok\u016b '' ( \u3064\u3044\u306b \u5909\u8eab ! ! \u4f1d\u8aac \u306e \u8d85 \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba \u30fb \u5b6b\u609f\u7a7a ) \n June 12 , 1991 \n October 18 , 1999
\n 96 \n 81 \n `` An Explosion of Anger ! ! Goku , Avenge Everyone 's Deaths '' / `` Explosion of Anger '' `` Ikari Bakuhatsu ! ! Gok\u016b yo , Minna no Kataki o Uttekure '' ( \u6012\u308a \u7206\u767a ! ! \u609f\u7a7a \u3088 \u3001 \u307f\u3093\u306a\u306e \u4ec7 \u3092 \u8a0e\u3063 \u3066 \u304f\u308c ) \n June 19 , 1991 \n October 19 , 1999
\n 97 \n 82 \n `` The Destruction of Planet Namek ! ? A Demonic Flash Pierces the Ground '' / `` Namek 's Destruction ? '' `` Namekkusei Sh\u014dmetsu ka ! ? Daichi o Tsuranuku Ma no Senk\u014d '' ( \u30ca\u30e1\u30c3\u30af \u661f \u6d88\u6ec5 \u304b ! ? \u5927\u5730 \u3092 \u8cab\u304f \u9b54 \u306e \u9583\u5149 ) \n June 26 , 1991 \n October 20 , 1999
\n 98 \n 83 \n `` I Will Be the One Who Wins ... Risking Survival , a Final Attack '' / `` A Final Attack '' `` Katsu no wa Ore Da ... Ikinokori o Kaketa Saish\u016b K\u014dgeki '' ( \u52dd\u3064 \u306e \u306f \u30aa\u30ec \u3060 ... \u751f\u304d\u6b8b\u308a \u3092 \u304b\u3051 \u305f \u6700\u7d42 \u653b\u6483 ) \n July 10 , 1991 \n October 21 , 1999
\n 99 \n 84 \n `` Shen Long , Run Yourself Through Space ! ! The Time of Namek 's Destruction Draws Near '' / `` Approaching Destruction '' `` Shen Long yo Uch\u016b o Hashire ! ! Semaru Namekkusei Sh\u014dmetsu no Toki '' ( \u795e\u9f8d \u3088 \u5b87\u5b99 \u3092 \u8d70\u308c ! ! \u8feb\u308b \u30ca\u30e1\u30c3\u30af \u661f \u6d88\u6ec5 \u306e \u6642 ) \n July 17 , 1991 \n October 22 , 1999
\n 100 \n 85 \n `` I Am Son Goku 's Son ! ! Gohan Returns to the Battlefield '' / `` Gohan Returns '' `` Boku wa Son Gok\u016b no Musuko da ! ! Gohan , Futatabi Kessenj\u014d e '' ( \u30dc\u30af \u306f \u5b6b\u609f\u7a7a \u306e \u606f\u5b50 \u3060 ! ! \u609f \u98ef \u3001 \u518d\u3073 \u6c7a\u6226 \u5834 \u3078 ) \n July 24 , 1991 \n October 25 , 1999
\n 101 \n 86 \n `` I 'm Staying on This Planet ! ! A Final Wish Towards Victory '' / `` The Last Wish '' `` Ore wa Kono Hoshi ni Nokoru ! ! Sh\u014dri e no Saigo no Negai '' ( \u30aa\u30ec \u306f \u3053\u306e \u661f \u306b \u6b8b\u308b ! ! \u52dd\u5229 \u3078 \u306e \u6700\u5f8c \u306e \u9858\u3044 ) \n July 31 , 1991 \n October 26 , 1999
\n 102 \n 87 \n `` Let 's Get It On ! ! Two Remain on a Vanishing Planet '' / `` Duel on a Vanishing Planet '' `` Tokoton Yar\u014dze ! ! Kieyuku Hoshi ni Nokotta Futari '' ( \u3068 \u3068\u3053\u3068\u3093 \u3084 \u308d\u3046 \u305c ! ! \u6d88\u3048 \u3086\u304f \u661f \u306b \u6b8b\u3063 \u305f \u4e8c \u4eba ) \n August 7 , 1991 \n October 27 , 1999
\n 103 \n 88 \n `` Pathos of Freeza ! Once He Starts Shaking , He 's Unstoppable ! ! '' / `` Pathos of Frieza '' `` Aware Fur\u012bza ! Furue Dashitara Tomaranai ! ! '' ( \u54c0\u308c \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 ! \u9707\u3048 \u3060 \u3057\u305f\u3089 \u6b62\u307e\u3089 \u306a\u3044 ! ! ) \n August 14 , 1991 \n October 28 , 1999
\n 104 \n 89 \n `` Goku 's Declaration of Victory ! ! As Freeza Destroys Himself ... '' / `` Frieza Defeated ! ! '' `` Gok\u016b no Sh\u014dri Sengen da ! ! Fur\u012bza ga Jimetsu suru Toki ... '' ( \u609f\u7a7a \u306e \u52dd\u5229 \u5ba3\u8a00 \u3060 ! ! \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 \u304c \u81ea\u6ec5 \u3059\u308b \u6642 ... ) \n August 21 , 1991 \n October 29 , 1999
\n 105 \n 90 \n `` Freeza Defeated ! ! A Single Blast Packed with a Totality of Rage '' / `` Mighty Blast of Rage '' `` Fur\u012bza Yabureru ! ! Subete no Ikari o Kometa Ichigeki '' ( \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 \u6557\u308c\u308b ! ! \u3059\u3079\u3066 \u306e \u6012\u308a \u3092 \u3053\u3081 \u305f \u4e00\u6483 ) \n August 28 , 1991 \n November 1 , 1999
\n 106 \n 91 \n `` Planet Namek 's Great Explosion ! ! Goku Disappears into Space '' / `` Namek 's Explosion ... Goku 's End ? '' `` Namekkusei Dai Bakuhatsu ! ! Uch\u016b ni Kieta Gok\u016b '' ( \u30ca\u30e1\u30c3\u30af \u661f \u5927 \u7206\u767a ! ! \u5b87\u5b99 \u306b \u6d88\u3048 \u305f \u609f\u7a7a ) \n September 4 , 1991 \n November 2 , 1999
\n 107 \n 92 \n `` Son Goku Survived -- The Z Warriors All Resurrected ! ! '' / `` Goku 's Alive ! ! '' `` Ikiteita Son Gok\u016b Zetto Senshi ga Zen'in Fukkatsu da ! ! '' ( \u751f\u304d \u3066\u3044 \u305f \u5b6b\u609f\u7a7a Z \u6226\u58eb \u304c \u5168\u54e1 \u5fa9\u6d3b \u3060 ! ! ) \n September 11 , 1991 \n November 3 , 1999
\n

\n

\n

\n Season 4 : Garlic Jr , Trunks and Androids sagas ( 1991 -- 1992 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 4 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Orig . ep # \n Initial dub ep # \n Translated title / Funimation 's dub title Original Japanese title \n Original airdate \n English airdate
\n 108 \n 93 \n `` Terrible Happenings in Heaven ! ! Garlic Jr. to Become Kami ! ? '' / `` The Heavens Tremble '' `` Tenkai ga Taihen da ! ! G\u0101rikku Junia ga Kami ni Naru ! ? '' ( \u5929\u754c \u304c \u5927\u5909 \u3060 ! ! \u30ac\u30fc\u30ea\u30c3\u30af Jr \u304c \u795e \u306b \u306a\u308b ! ? ) \n September 18 , 1991 \n April 8 , 2000
\n 109 \n 94 \n `` Black Mist of Terror ... ! ! Everyone Turns Demonic '' / `` Black Fog of Terror '' `` Ky\u014dfu no Kuroi Kiri ... ! ! Minna Mazoku ni Natchatta '' ( \u6050\u6016 \u306e \u9ed2\u3044 \u9727 ... ! ! \u307f\u3093\u306a \u9b54 \u65cf \u306b \u306a\u3063 \u3061\u3083\u3063 \u305f ) \n September 25 , 1991 \n April 15 , 2000
\n 110 \n 95 \n `` The Heavenly Realm is the Battlefield ! ! Piccolo Becomes Devilish Again ... '' / `` Battle in Kami 's Lookout '' `` Tenkai ga Senj\u014d da ! ! Pikkoro ga Mazoku ni Gyaku Modori ... '' ( \u5929\u754c \u304c \u6226\u5834 \u3060 ! ! \u30d4\u30c3\u30b3\u30ed \u304c \u9b54 \u65cf \u306b \u9006\u623b\u308a ... ) \n October 2 , 1991 \n April 22 , 2000
\n 111 \n 96 \n `` Direct Confrontation with Piccolo ! ! An Angry Masenko in the Heavenly Realm '' / `` Fight with Piccolo '' `` Pikkoro to Kyokusetsu Taiketsu ! ! Tenkai ni Ikari no Masenk\u014d '' ( \u30d4\u30c3\u30b3\u30ed \u3068 \u76f4\u63a5 \u5bfe\u6c7a ! ! \u5929\u754c \u306b \u6012\u308a \u306e \u9b54 \u305b\u3093 \u5149 ) \n October 9 , 1991 \n April 29 , 2000
\n 112 \n 97 \n `` Retrieve Everyone 's Minds ! ! The Ultra Holy Water Resting in the Temple '' / `` Call for Restoration '' `` Minna no Kokoro o Torimodose ! ! Shinden ni Nemuru Ch\u014d Shinsui '' ( \u307f\u3093\u306a\u306e \u5fc3 \u3092 \u53d6\u308a\u623b\u305b ! ! \u795e\u6bbf \u306b \u7720\u308b \u8d85 \u795e \u6c34 ) \n October 16 , 1991 \n May 6 , 2000
\n 113 \n 98 \n `` Ca n't Wait Until Morning ! ! Kami - sama Determines a Suicidal Course of Action '' / `` Suicidal Course '' `` Asa made Matenai ! ! Kamisama no Kakugo o Kimeta Kesshik\u014d '' ( \u671d \u307e\u3067 \u5f85\u3066 \u306a\u3044 ! ! \u795e\u69d8 \u306e \u899a\u609f \u3092 \u304d\u3081 \u305f \u6c7a\u6b7b \u884c ) \n October 23 , 1991 \n May 13 , 2000
\n 114 \n 99 \n `` A Battle of Extreme Measures ! ! Kami - sama Breaks the Covenant '' / `` Extreme Measures '' `` Ch\u014d Kageki ni Sh\u014dbu da ! ! Okite Yaburi no Kamisama '' ( \u8d85 \u904e\u6fc0 \u306b \u52dd\u8ca0 \u3060 ! ! \u639f \u3084\u3076\u308a \u306e \u795e\u69d8 ) \n October 30 , 1991 \n May 20 , 2000
\n 115 \n 100 \n `` The Ultra Holy Water Worked ! ! The World Awakens from Its Nightmare '' / `` The World Awakens '' `` Kiita ze Ch\u014d Shinsui ! ! Sekai ga Akumu kara Sameta '' ( \u52b9\u3044 \u305f \u305c \u8d85 \u795e \u6c34 ! ! \u4e16\u754c \u304c \u60aa\u5922 \u304b\u3089 \u3055\u3081 \u305f ) \n November 6 , 1991 \n May 27 , 2000
\n 116 \n 101 \n `` Gohan 's Brief Chance for Victory ! ! Blast the Makyo World ... '' / `` Brief Chance for Victory '' `` Gohan ni Isshun no Sh\u014dki ! ! Ano Maky\u014dsei o Ute ... '' ( \u609f \u98ef \u306b \u4e00\u77ac \u306e \u52dd\u6a5f ! ! \u3042\u306e \u9b54 \u51f6 \u661f \u3092 \u6483\u3066 ... ) \n November 13 , 1991 \n May 27 , 2000
\n 117 \n 102 \n `` You 're My Guy ... Kuririn -- A 101st Proposal '' / `` Krillin 's Proposal '' `` Otoko da n\u0113 ... Kuririn Hyakuikkaime no Purop\u014dzu '' ( \u7537 \u3060 \u306d\u30a7 ... \u30af\u30ea\u30ea\u30f3 101 \u56de\u76ee \u306e \u30d7\u30ed\u30dd\u30fc\u30ba ) \n November 20 , 1991 \n September 1 , 2000
\n 118 \n 103 \n `` That There is Earth , Papa ... The Counter-Attack of Freeza , Father and Son '' / `` Frieza 's Counterattack '' `` Are ga Chiky\u016b dayo Papa ... Fur\u012bza Oyako no Gyakush\u016b '' ( \u3042\u308c \u304c \u5730\u7403 \u3060 \u3088 \u30d1\u30d1 ... \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 \u89aa\u5b50 \u306e \u9006\u8972 ) \n November 27 , 1991 \n September 4 , 2000
\n 119 \n 104 \n `` I Will Defeat Freeza ... The Mysterious Youth Awaiting Goku '' / `` The Mysterious Youth '' `` Fur\u012bza wa Boku ga Taosu ... Gok\u016b o Matsu Nazo no Sh\u014dnen '' ( \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 \u306f \u30dc\u30af \u304c \u5012\u3059 ... \u609f\u7a7a \u3092 \u5f85\u3064 \u8b0e \u306e \u5c11\u5e74 ) \n December 4 , 1991 \n September 5 , 2000
\n 120 \n 105 \n `` Freeza Halved by a Single Stroke ! ! Another Super Saiyan '' / `` Another Super Saiyan ? '' `` Fur\u012bza o Itt\u014d Ry\u014ddan ! ! M\u014d Hitori no S\u016bp\u0101 Saiyajin '' ( \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 \u3092 \u4e00 \u5203 \u4e21\u65ad ! ! \u3082\u3046 \u4e00\u4eba \u306e \u8d85 \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba ) \n December 11 , 1991 \n September 6 , 2000
\n 121 \n 106 \n `` Heya ! ! It 's Been a While ... Son Goku Returns '' / `` Welcome Back Goku '' `` Ossu ! ! Hisashiburi ... Kaettekita Son Gok\u016b '' ( \u30aa\u30c3\u30b9 ! ! \u3072\u3055\u3057 \u3076\u308a ... \u5e30\u3063 \u3066 \u6765 \u305f \u5b6b\u609f\u7a7a ) \n December 18 , 1991 \n September 7 , 2000
\n 122 \n 107 \n `` My Dad is Vegeta ... Admissions of the Mysterious Youth '' / `` Mystery Revealed '' `` Boku no Chichi wa Bej\u012bta desu ... Nazo no Sh\u014dnen no Kokuhaku '' ( \u30dc\u30af \u306e \u7236 \u306f \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf \u3067\u3059 ... \u8b0e \u306e \u5c11\u5e74 \u306e \u544a\u767d ) \n January 8 , 1992 \n September 8 , 2000
\n 123 \n 108 \n `` Goku 's New Finishing Technique ! ? Watch My Instantaneous Movement '' / `` Goku 's Special Technique '' `` Gok\u016b no Shin Hissatsu Waza ! ? Mitekure , Ora no Shunkan Id\u014d '' ( \u609f\u7a7a \u306e \u65b0 \u5fc5\u6bba \u6280 ! ? \u898b\u3066\u304f\u308c \u3001 \u30aa\u30e9 \u306e \u77ac\u9593 \u79fb\u52d5 ) \n January 15 , 1992 \n September 11 , 2000
\n 124 \n 109 \n `` I Will Overcome Goku ! ! The King of the Saiyan Warrior Race '' / `` Z Warriors Prepare '' `` Koeteyaru ... Gok\u016b o ! ! Sent\u014d Minzoku Saiyajin no \u014c '' ( \u3053\u3048 \u3066 \u3084\u308b ... \u609f\u7a7a \u3092 ! ! \u6226\u95d8 \u6c11\u65cf \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba \u306e \u738b ) \n January 22 , 1992 \n September 12 , 2000
\n 125 \n 110 \n `` License Mastery ? Goku 's Newest Trial '' / `` Goku 's Ordeal '' `` Menkyo Kaiden ? Gok\u016b no Aratanaru Shiren '' ( \u514d\u8a31 \u7686\u4f1d ? \u609f\u7a7a \u306e \u65b0\u305f \u306a\u308b \u8a66\u7df4 ) \n January 29 , 1992 \n September 13 , 2000
\n 126 \n 111 \n `` Murderers Who Leave No Trace -- Which Ones Are the Artificial Humans ! ? '' / `` The Androids Appear '' `` Kehai o Motanu Satsujinki Doitsu ga Jinz\u014d Ningen da ! ? '' ( \u6c17\u914d \u3092 \u6301\u305f \u306c \u6bba\u4eba \u9b3c \u3069 \u3044\u3064 \u304c \u4eba\u9020 \u4eba\u9593 \u3060 ! ? ) \n February 5 , 1992 \n September 14 , 2000
\n 127 \n 112 \n `` The Cold - Blooded No. 20 's Hideous Atrocities ! ! Goku 's Super Transformation of Anger '' / `` A Handy Trick '' `` Reiketsu Nij\u016bg\u014d no Akugyaku Hid\u014d ! ! Gok\u016b - Ikari no Ch\u014dhenshin '' ( \u51b7\u8840 20 \u53f7 \u306e \u60aa\u9006 \u975e\u9053 ! ! \u609f\u7a7a \u30fb \u6012\u308a \u306e \u8d85 \u5909\u8eab ) \n February 12 , 1992 \n September 15 , 2000
\n 128 \n 113 \n `` Goku 's Double - Shock ! ! Caught Between Illness and Adversary '' / `` Double Trouble for Goku '' `` Gok\u016b , Daburu Shokku ! ! Yamai to Teki no Hasamiuchi '' ( \u609f\u7a7a \u3001 \u30c0\u30d6\u30eb \u30b7\u30e7\u30c3\u30af ! ! \u75c5 \u3068 \u6575 \u306e \u306f\u3055\u307f\u6483\u3061 ) \n February 19 , 1992 \n September 18 , 2000
\n 129 \n 114 \n `` The Might of Vegeta ! ! The Blood of a Super Saiyan Awakens '' / `` Upgrade to Super Saiyan '' `` Bej\u012bta Tsuyoshi ! ! Mezameru S\u016bp\u0101 Saiyajin no Chi '' ( \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf \u5f37\u3057 ! ! \u76ee\u899a\u3081\u308b \u8d85 \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba \u306e \u8840 ) \n February 26 , 1992 \n September 19 , 2000
\n 130 \n 115 \n `` No. 20 's Defiant Smile ... The Secret of Doctor Gero '' / `` The Secret of Dr. Gero '' `` Nij\u016bg\u014d no Futeki na Warai ... Dokut\u0101 Gero no Himitsu '' ( 20 \u53f7 \u306e \u4e0d \u6575 \u306a \u7b11\u3044 ... \u30c9\u30af\u30bf\u30fc \u30b2\u30ed \u306e \u79d8\u5bc6 ) \n March 4 , 1992 \n September 20 , 2000
\n 131 \n 116 \n `` A Reality More Terrifying than the Future ! ? Trunks ' Suspicions '' / `` More Androids ? ! '' `` Jijitsu wa Mirai yori Osoroshii ! ? Torankusu no Giwaku '' ( \u4e8b\u5b9f \u306f \u672a\u6765 \u3088\u308a \u6050\u308d\u3057\u3044 ! ? \u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30b9 \u306e \u7591\u60d1 ) \n March 11 , 1992 \n September 21 , 2000
\n 132 \n 117 \n `` Give Chase ! ! The Search for Doctor Gero 's Mysterious Laboratory '' / `` Follow Dr. Gero '' `` Tsuigeki ! ! Dokut\u0101 Gero Nazo no Kenky\u016bjo o Sagashidase '' ( \u8ffd\u6483 ! ! \u30c9\u30af\u30bf\u30fc \u30b2\u30ed \u8b0e \u306e \u7814\u7a76 \u6240 \u3092 \u63a2\u3057\u51fa\u305b ) \n March 18 , 1992 \n September 22 , 2000
\n 133 \n 118 \n `` And the Terror Becomes Reality ... No. 17 and No. 18 Awaken ! ! '' / `` Nightmare Comes True '' `` Soshite Ky\u014dfu ga Genjitsu ni ... Mezameru J\u016bnanag\u014d to J\u016bhachig\u014d ! ! '' ( \u305d\u3057\u3066 \u6050\u6016 \u304c \u73fe\u5b9f \u306b ... \u76ee\u899a\u3081\u308b 17 \u53f7 \u3068 18 \u53f7 ! ! ) \n March 25 , 1992 \n September 25 , 2000
\n 134 \n 119 \n `` Too Late to Do Anything ! ? The Ultimate Weapons to Kill Goku '' / `` Goku 's Assassin '' `` Subete ga Teokure ka ! ? Gok\u016b o Korosu Saish\u016b Heiki '' ( \u3059\u3079\u3066 \u304c \u624b\u9045\u308c \u304b ! ? \u609f\u7a7a \u3092 \u6bba\u3059 \u6700\u7d42 \u5175\u5668 ) \n April 1 , 1992 \n September 26 , 2000
\n 135 \n 120 \n `` Good Looks and Super Power ! ? No Blind Spot on No. 18 '' / `` Deadly Beauty '' `` Kawaii Kao de Ch\u014dpaw\u0101 ! ? J\u016bhachig\u014d ni Shikaku Nashi '' ( \u30ab\u30ef\u30a4\u30a4 \u9854 \u3067 \u8d85 \u30d1\u30ef\u30fc ! ? 18 \u53f7 \u306b \u6b7b\u89d2 \u306a\u3057 ) \n April 15 , 1992 \n September 27 , 2000
\n 136 \n 121 \n `` Nobody Is Able to Stop Them ... Is This the End of the Z Warriors ! ? '' / `` No Match for the Androids '' `` Dare nimo Yatsura o Tomerarenai ... Zetto Senshi Zenmetsu ka ! ? '' ( \u8ab0 \u306b \u3082 \u5974\u3089 \u3092 \u6b62\u3081 \u3089\u308c \u306a\u3044 ... Z \u6226\u58eb \u5168\u6ec5 \u304b ! ? ) \n April 22 , 1992 \n September 28 , 2000
\n 137 \n 122 \n `` Piccolo 's Resolution ! ! The Last Measure in His Reserve '' / `` Last Ditch Effort '' `` Pikkoro no Ketsui ! ! Totteoki no Saigo no Shudan '' ( \u30d4\u30c3\u30b3\u30ed \u306e \u6c7a\u610f ! ! \u3068\u3063\u3066\u304a\u304d \u306e \u6700\u5f8c \u306e \u624b\u6bb5 ) \n April 29 , 1992 \n September 29 , 2000
\n 138 \n 123 \n `` Walking Weapons of Mass Destruction ! ! The Artificial Humans Draw Near Goku '' / `` Closing In '' `` Aruku Ch\u014dhakai Heiki ! ! Jinz\u014d Ningen ga Gok\u016b ni Semaru '' ( \u6b69\u304f \u8d85 \u7834\u58ca \u5175\u5668 ! ! \u4eba\u9020 \u4eba\u9593 \u304c \u609f\u7a7a \u306b \u8feb\u308b ) \n May 6 , 1992 \n October 2 , 2000
\n 139 \n 124 \n `` An Ominous Foreboding ! Bulma Unveils a Mystery '' / `` Unwelcome Discovery '' `` Fukitsu na Yokan ! Buruma ga Shiraseta Misuter\u012b '' ( \u4e0d\u5409 \u306a \u4e88\u611f ! \u30d6\u30eb\u30de \u304c \u77e5\u3089\u305b \u305f \u30df\u30b9\u30c6\u30ea\u30fc ) \n May 13 , 1992 \n October 3 , 2000
\n

\n

\n

\n Season 5 : Imperfect Cell and Perfect Cell sagas ( 1992 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 5 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Orig . ep # \n Initial dub ep # \n Translated title / Funimation 's dub title Original Japanese title \n Original airdate \n English airdate
\n 140 \n 125 \n `` Discovery of an Evil Egg ! ! A Terrified Trunks '' / `` Seized with Fear '' `` Jaaku no Tamago o Hakken ! ! Ky\u014dfu suru Torankusu '' ( \u90aa\u60aa \u306e \u5375 \u3092 \u767a\u898b ! ! \u6050\u6016 \u3059\u308b \u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30b9 ) \n May 20 , 1992 \n October 4 , 2000
\n 141 \n 126 \n `` To Face an Unprecedented Foe ... Birth of a Super Namekian ! ! '' / `` The Reunion '' `` Katsutenai Teki ni Mukete ... S\u016bp\u0101 Namekkuseijin Tanj\u014d ! ! '' ( \u304b\u3064\u3066 \u306a\u3044 \u6575 \u306b \u5411\u3051 \u3066 ... \u8d85 \u30ca\u30e1\u30c3\u30af \u661f\u4eba \u8a95\u751f ! ! ) \n May 27 , 1992 \n October 5 , 2000
\n 142 \n 127 \n `` Kamehame - Ha ! ? The Monster Who Possesses Goku 's Ki '' / `` Borrowed Powers '' `` Kamehameha ! ? Gok\u016b no Ki o Motsu Monsut\u0101 '' ( \u30ab\u30e1\u30cf\u30e1 \u6ce2 ! ? \u609f\u7a7a \u306e \u6c17 \u3092 \u6301\u3064 \u30e2\u30f3\u30b9\u30bf\u30fc ) \n June 3 , 1992 \n October 6 , 2000
\n 143 \n 128 \n `` A Life Form of Evil and Destruction ! ! His Name Is Artificial Human Cell '' / `` His Name is Cell '' `` Z\u014do to Hakai no Seimeitai ! ! Yatsu no Na wa Jinz\u014d Ningen Seru '' ( \u618e\u60aa \u3068 \u7834\u58ca \u306e \u751f\u547d \u4f53 ! ! \u5974 \u306e \u540d \u306f \u4eba\u9020 \u4eba\u9593 \u30bb\u30eb ) \n June 10 , 1992 \n October 9 , 2000
\n 144 \n 129 \n `` Piccolo 's Grievous Mistake ! Cell Turned Loose on the City ! '' / `` Piccolo 's Folly '' `` Pikkoro Ts\u016bkon no Daishippai ! Seru ga Machi ni Hanatareta ! '' ( \u30d4\u30c3\u30b3\u30ed \u75db\u6068 \u306e \u5927 \u5931\u6557 ! \u30bb\u30eb \u304c \u8857 \u306b \u653e \u305f\u308c \u305f ! ) \n June 17 , 1992 \n October 10 , 2000
\n 145 \n 130 \n `` The Secret of Cell 's Birth ! What Lies Below the Laboratory ! ? '' / `` Laboratory Basement '' `` Seru Tanj\u014d no Himitsu ! Kenky\u016bjo no Chika ni Nani ga Aru ! ? '' ( \u30bb\u30eb \u8a95\u751f \u306e \u79d8\u5bc6 ! \u7814\u7a76 \u6240 \u306e \u5730\u4e0b \u306b \u4f55 \u304c \u3042\u308b ! ? ) \n June 24 , 1992 \n October 11 , 2000
\n 146 \n 131 \n `` Goku Awakens to Battle ! Go Beyond Super Saiyan ! ! '' / `` Our Hero Awakes '' `` Gok\u016b Tatakai e no Mezame ! S\u016bp\u0101 Saiyajin o Koero ! ! '' ( \u609f\u7a7a \u95d8\u3044 \u3078 \u306e \u76ee\u899a\u3081 ! \u8d85 \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba \u3092 \u8d85\u3048\u308d ! ! ) \n July 1 , 1992 \n October 11 , 2000
\n 147 \n 132 \n `` Hasten Your Training , Saiyans ! In the Room of Spirit and Time ... '' / `` Time Chamber '' `` Shugy\u014d o Isoge Saiyajin ! Seishin to Toki no Heya de ... '' ( \u4fee\u884c \u3092 \u6025\u3052 \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba ! \u7cbe\u795e \u3068 \u6642 \u306e \u90e8\u5c4b \u3067 ... ) \n July 8 , 1992 \n October 13 , 2000
\n 148 \n 133 \n `` The Gekiretsu Kodan That Split the Heavens ! ! Piccolo vs. Artificial Human No. 17 '' / `` The Monster is Coming '' `` Ten o Saku Gekiretsu K\u014ddan ! ! Pikkoro Tai Jinz\u014d Ningen J\u016bnanag\u014d '' ( \u5929 \u3092 \u88c2\u304f \u6fc0\u70c8 \u5149 \u5f3e ! ! \u30d4\u30c3\u30b3\u30ed VS \u4eba\u9020 \u4eba\u9593 17 \u53f7 ) \n July 15 , 1992 \n October 16 , 2000
\n 149 \n 134 \n `` How I Have Waited for This Day ! ! Cell 's Prologue to Perfection '' / `` He 's Here '' `` Kono Hi o Matte Ita ! ! Seru - Kanzentai eno Jokyoku '' ( \u3053\u306e \u65e5 \u3092 \u5f85\u3063 \u3066\u3044 \u305f ! ! \u30bb\u30eb \u30fb \u5b8c\u5168 \u4f53 \u3078 \u306e \u5e8f\u66f2 ) \n July 22 , 1992 \n October 17 , 2000
\n 150 \n 135 \n `` The Suicide Counterattack Proves Ineffective ! Piccolo 's Flame Burns Out ! ! '' / `` Up to Piccolo '' `` Sutemi no Hangeki Oyobazu ! Pikkoro Moetsukiru ! ! '' ( \u6368\u3066\u8eab \u306e \u53cd\u6483 \u53ca\u3070 \u305a ! \u30d4\u30c3\u30b3\u30ed \u71c3\u3048\u5c3d\u304d\u308b ! ! ) \n July 29 , 1992 \n October 18 , 2000
\n 151 \n 136 \n `` One Final Remaining Hope ... No. 16 , the Wordless Warrior , Takes Action ! ! '' / `` Silent Warrior '' `` Nokosareta Yuiitsu no Nozomi ... Mugon no Senshi J\u016brokug\u014d Tatsu ! ! '' ( \u6b8b \u3055\u308c \u305f \u552f\u4e00 \u306e \u671b\u307f ... \u7121\u8a00 \u306e \u6226\u58eb 16 \u53f7 \u7acb\u3064 ! ! ) \n August 5 , 1992 \n October 19 , 2000
\n 152 \n 137 \n `` No. 17 Swallowed ... The Transforming Cell is a Super Gourmet '' / `` Say Goodbye , 17 '' `` J\u016bnanag\u014d o Nomikonda ... Henshin Seru wa Ch\u014dgurume '' ( 17 \u53f7 \u3092 \u98f2\u307f\u8fbc\u3093 \u3060 ... \u5909\u8eab \u30bb\u30eb \u306f \u8d85 \u30b0\u30eb\u30e1 ) \n August 12 , 1992 \n October 20 , 2000
\n 153 \n 138 \n `` Tomorrow , I Am Going to Pulverize You ! ! Goku 's Challenge '' / `` Sacrifice '' `` Ashita wa Omee o Tatakinomesu ! ! Gok\u016b no Ch\u014dsenj\u014d '' ( \u660e\u65e5 \u306f \u30aa\u30e1\u30a8 \u3092 \u53e9\u304d \u306e \u3081\u3059 ! ! \u609f\u7a7a \u306e \u6311\u6226 \u72b6 ) \n August 19 , 1992 \n October 23 , 2000
\n 154 \n 139 \n `` I Will Dispose of Everything ! ! A Reborn Vegeta , Father and Son , Sally Forth '' / `` Saiyans Emerge '' `` Subete Ore ga Katazukeru ! ! Shinsei Bej\u012bta Oyako Shutsugeki '' ( \u5168\u3066 \u30aa\u30ec \u304c \u7247\u4ed8\u3051\u308b ! ! \u65b0\u751f \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf \u89aa\u5b50 \u51fa\u6483 ) \n August 26 , 1992 \n October 24 , 2000
\n 155 \n 140 \n `` Suddenly Full - Throttle ! ! The Super Power of a Radiant Vegeta '' / `` Super Vegeta '' `` Ikinari Zenkai ! ! Hikarikagayaku Bej\u012bta no Ch\u014dpaw\u0101 '' ( \u3044\u304d\u306a\u308a \u5168\u958b ! ! \u5149\u308a\u8f1d\u304f \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf \u306e \u8d85 \u30d1\u30ef\u30fc ) \n September 2 , 1992 \n October 25 , 2000
\n 156 \n 141 \n `` On Your Knees , Cell ! I Am Super Vegeta ! ! '' / `` Bow to the Prince '' `` Seru yo Hizamazuke ! Ore wa S\u016bp\u0101 Bej\u012bta da ! ! '' ( \u30bb\u30eb \u3088 \u3072\u3056\u307e\u305a\u3051 ! \u30aa\u30ec \u306f \u8d85 \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf \u3060 ! ! ) \n September 9 , 1992 \n October 26 , 2000
\n 157 \n 142 \n `` Dangerous Pride ! ! A Challenge to Cell 's Perfect Form '' / `` Hour of Temptation '' `` Kiken na Puraido ! ! Kanzentai Seru eno Ch\u014dsen '' ( \u5371\u967a \u306a \u30d7\u30e9\u30a4\u30c9 ! ! \u5b8c\u5168 \u4f53 \u30bb\u30eb \u3078 \u306e \u6311\u6226 ) \n September 16 , 1992 \n October 27 , 2000
\n 158 \n 143 \n `` I 'm So Distraught ! ! Kururin 's Handiwork in Destroying No. 18 '' / `` Krillin 's Decision '' `` Ore Nayanjau ! ! Kuririn no J\u016bhachig\u014d Hakai K\u014dsaku '' ( \u30aa\u30ec \u60a9\u3093 \u3058\u3083\u3046 ! ! \u30af\u30ea\u30ea\u30f3 \u306e 18 \u53f7 \u7834\u58ca \u5de5\u4f5c ) \n September 23 , 1992 \n October 30 , 2000
\n 159 \n 144 \n `` A Shock to the Entire Universe ! ! Cell 's Spectacular Evolution Toward His Perfect Form '' / `` The Last Defense '' `` Zen'uch\u016b ni Sh\u014dgeki ! ! Seru , Kanzentai e Ky\u014di no Shinka '' ( \u5168 \u5b87\u5b99 \u306b \u885d\u6483 ! ! \u30bb\u30eb \u3001 \u5b8c\u5168 \u4f53 \u3078 \u9a5a\u7570 \u306e \u9032\u5316 ) \n September 30 , 1992 \n October 31 , 2000
\n 160 \n 145 \n `` Battle Power Infinity ! ! Birth of the God of Destruction Named Cell '' / `` Cell is Complete '' `` Sent\u014dryoku Mugendai ! ! Seru to Iu Na no Hakaishin Tanj\u014d '' ( \u6226\u95d8 \u529b \u7121\u9650 \u5927 ! ! \u30bb\u30eb \u3068\u3044\u3046 \u540d \u306e \u7834\u58ca \u795e \u8a95\u751f ) \n October 14 , 1992 \n November 1 , 2000
\n 161 \n 146 \n `` Super Vegeta in Peril ! ! An Absolutely Perfect Terror Closes In ! ! '' / `` Vegeta Must Pay '' `` S\u016bp\u0101 Bej\u012bta Ayaushi ! ! Kanzen Muketsu no Ky\u014dfu ga Semaru ! ! '' ( \u8d85 \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf \u5371\u3046\u3057 ! ! \u5b8c\u5168 \u7121\u6b20 \u306e \u6050\u6016 \u304c \u8feb\u308b ! ! ) \n October 21 , 1992 \n November 2 , 2000
\n 162 \n 147 \n `` Breaking Through the Boundaries of the Super Saiyan ! ! Trunks Summons a Storm '' / `` Trunks Ascends '' `` S\u016bp\u0101 Saiyajin no Genkai Toppa ! ! Arashi o Yobu Torankusu '' ( \u8d85 \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba \u306e \u9650\u754c \u7a81\u7834 ! ! \u5d50 \u3092 \u547c\u3076 \u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30b9 ) \n October 28 , 1992 \n November 3 , 2000
\n 163 \n 148 \n `` Save Your Father ! ! Trunks ' Fury , Which Scorches Even the Heavens '' / `` Saving Throw '' `` Chichi o Sukue ! ! Ten o mo Kogasu Torankusu no Ikari '' ( \u7236 \u3092 \u6551\u3048 ! ! \u5929 \u3092 \u3082 \u7126\u304c\u3059 \u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30b9 \u306e \u6012\u308a ) \n November 4 , 1992 \n November 6 , 2000
\n 164 \n 149 \n `` A Future of Despair ! ! Trunks , the Man Who Lived Through Hell '' / `` Ghosts from Tomorrow '' `` Zetsub\u014d no Mirai ! ! Jigoku o Ikinuita Otoko Torankusu '' ( \u7d76\u671b \u306e \u672a\u6765 ! ! \u5730\u7344 \u3092 \u751f\u304d\u629c\u3044 \u305f \u7537 \u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30b9 ) \n November 11 , 1992 \n November 7 , 2000
\n 165 \n 150 \n `` Super Trunks Has a Weakness ! ! Cell 's Shocking Bombshell Declaration '' / `` The Cell Games '' `` S\u016bp\u0101 Torankusu ni Jakuten ! ! Seru , Sh\u014dgeki no Bakudan Hatsugen '' ( \u8d85 \u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30b9 \u306b \u5f31\u70b9 ! ! \u30bb\u30eb \u3001 \u885d\u6483 \u306e \u7206\u5f3e \u767a\u8a00 ) \n November 18 , 1992 \n November 8 , 2000
\n

\n

\n

\n Season 6 : Cell Games saga ( 1992 -- 1993 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 6 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Orig . ep # \n Initial dub ep # \n Translated title / Funimation 's dub title Original Japanese title \n Original airdate \n English airdate
\n 166 \n 151 \n `` A Final Battle Closes In on Goku ! ! The Mystery of the New Tenkaichi Tournament '' / `` What is the Tournament ? '' `` Gok\u016b ni Semaru Daikessen ! ! Shin - Tenkaichi Bud\u014dkai no Nazo '' ( \u609f\u7a7a \u306b \u8feb\u308b \u5927 \u6c7a\u6226 ! ! \u65b0 \u5929\u4e0b \u4e00 \u6b66\u9053 \u4f1a \u306e \u8b0e ) \n November 25 , 1992 \n November 9 , 2000
\n 167 \n 152 \n `` 100 % Ratings ! ! The Cell Games Call Forth Death with an Exclusive Live Broadcast '' / `` The Doomsday Broadcast '' `` Shich\u014dritsu Hyaku P\u0101sento ! ! Shi o Yobu Seru G\u0113mu Dokusen Namah\u014ds\u014d '' ( \u8996\u8074 \u7387 100 % ! ! \u6b7b \u3092 \u547c\u3076 \u30bb\u30eb \u30b2\u30fc\u30e0 \u72ec\u5360 \u751f\u653e\u9001 ) \n December 2 , 1992 \n November 13 , 2000
\n 168 \n 153 \n `` Goku and Gohan ... The Hero Father and Son 's Ultimate Level - Up '' / `` Meet Me in the Ring '' `` Gok\u016b to Gohan ... H\u012br\u014d Oyako Ky\u016bkyoku Reberu Appu '' ( \u609f\u7a7a \u3068 \u609f \u98ef ... \u30d2\u30fc\u30ed\u30fc \u89aa\u5b50 \u7a76\u6975 \u30ec\u30d9\u30eb \u30a2\u30c3\u30d7 ) \n December 9 , 1992 \n November 14 , 2000
\n 169 \n 154 \n `` Goku 's Composure ! ? Let 's Rest and Wait for the Cell Games '' / `` No Worries Here '' `` Gok\u016b no Yoy\u016b ! ? Yasunde Mat\u014d Seru G\u0113mu '' ( \u609f\u7a7a \u306e \u4f59\u88d5 ! ? \u4f11\u3093 \u3067 \u5f85 \u3068\u3046 \u30bb\u30eb \u30b2\u30fc\u30e0 ) \n December 16 , 1992 \n November 15 , 2000
\n 170 \n 155 \n `` A Warrior 's Rest ... The Girl , the Lies , and Gohan 's Resolution '' / `` A Girl Named Lime '' `` Senshi no Ky\u016bsoku ... Sh\u014djo to Uso to Gohan no Ketsui '' ( \u6226\u58eb \u306e \u4f11\u606f ... \u5c11\u5973 \u3068 \u5618 \u3068 \u609f \u98ef \u306e \u6c7a\u610f ) \n January 13 , 1993 \n November 16 , 2000
\n 171 \n 156 \n `` Hidden Power ! ! When Gohan Was a Baby '' / `` Memories of Gohan '' `` Himerareta Chikara ! ! Gohan ga Akanb\u014d datta Koro '' ( \u79d8\u3081 \u3089\u308c \u305f \u529b ! ! \u609f \u98ef \u304c \u8d64 \u30f3 \u574a \u3060\u3063 \u305f \u9803 ) \n January 20 , 1993 \n November 20 , 2000
\n 172 \n 157 \n `` Seek Out Kami - sama ! ! Goku 's Great Instantaneous Movement '' / `` A New Guardian '' `` Kamisama o Sagashidase ! ! Goku , Dai Shunkan Id\u014d '' ( \u795e\u69d8 \u3092 \u63a2\u3057\u51fa\u305b ! ! \u609f\u7a7a \u3001 \u5927 \u77ac\u9593 \u79fb\u52d5 ) \n January 27 , 1993 \n November 21 , 2000
\n 173 \n 158 \n `` Dende 's First Task ! ! The Dragon Balls Restored '' / `` Dende 's Dragon '' `` Dende no Hatsu Shigoto ! ! Doragon B\u014dru Fukkatsu da '' ( \u30c7\u30f3\u30c7 \u306e \u521d \u4ed5\u4e8b ! ! \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb \u5fa9\u6d3b \u3060 ) \n February 3 , 1993 \n November 22 , 2000
\n 174 \n 159 \n `` A Hard Problem for Goku ! ? Take Back the Dragon Balls '' / `` The Puzzle of General Tao '' `` Gok\u016b ni Nanmon ! ? Doragon B\u014dru o Torimodose '' ( \u609f\u7a7a \u306b \u96e3\u554f ! ? \u795e\u9f8d \u7403 \u3092 \u3068\u308a \u623b\u305b ) \n February 10 , 1993 \n November 23 , 2000
\n 175 \n 160 \n `` Those Who Would Challenge Cell ! ! The Curtain Rises on the Battle '' / `` The Games Begin '' `` Seru ni Idomu Mono Tachi ! ! Kessen no Makuake '' ( \u30bb\u30eb \u306b \u6311\u3080 \u8005 \u305f\u3061 ! ! \u6c7a\u6226 \u306e \u5e55\u958b\u3051 ) \n February 17 , 1993 \n November 27 , 2000
\n 176 \n 161 \n `` Just a Moment ! ! The Satan Squad Goes On the Rampage '' / `` Losers Fight First '' `` Chotto Matta ! ! Satangundan Daiabare '' ( \u3061\u3087\u3063\u3068 \u5f85\u3063\u305f ! ! \u30b5\u30bf\u30f3 \u8ecd\u56e3 \u5927 \u66b4\u308c ) \n March 3 , 1993 \n November 28 , 2000
\n 177 \n 162 \n `` Fight Time , Goku ! ! The Ultra-Tense Cell Games '' / `` Goku vs. Cell '' `` Sh\u014dbu da Gok\u016b ! ! Ch\u014d Kinpaku Seru G\u0113mu '' ( \u52dd\u8ca0 \u3060 \u609f\u7a7a ! ! \u8d85 \u7dca\u8feb \u30bb\u30eb \u30b2\u30fc\u30e0 ) \n March 10 , 1993 \n November 29 , 2000
\n 178 \n 163 \n `` Direct Hit to Earth ! ! Cell 's Extra-Large Kamehame - Ha '' / `` Cell 's Bag of Tricks '' `` Chiky\u016b Chokugeki ! ! Seru no Tokudai Kamehameha '' ( \u5730\u7403 \u76f4\u6483 ! ! \u30bb\u30eb \u306e \u7279\u5927 \u30ab\u30e1\u30cf\u30e1 \u6ce2 ) \n March 17 , 1993 \n November 30 , 2000
\n 179 \n 164 \n `` Defeat or Death ! ? Goku 's Turnabout Ploy '' / `` No More Rules '' `` Haiboku ka Shi ka ! ? Gok\u016b , Gyakuten no Hisaku '' ( \u6557\u5317 \u304b \u6b7b \u304b ! ? \u609f\u7a7a \u3001 \u9006\u8ee2 \u306e \u79d8\u7b56 ) \n March 31 , 1993 \n December 4 , 2000
\n 180 \n 165 \n `` A Conclusion to the Deathmatch ! ! Goku 's Declaration of Surrender ! ? '' / `` The Fight is Over '' `` Shit\u014d ni Ketchaku ! ! Gok\u016b no K\u014dsan Sengen ! ? '' ( \u6b7b\u95d8 \u306b \u6c7a\u7740 ! ! \u609f\u7a7a \u306e \u964d\u53c2 \u5ba3\u8a00 ! ? ) \n April 7 , 1993 \n December 5 , 2000
\n 181 \n 166 \n `` He Who Takes Over as Strongest ... His Name is Gohan '' / `` Faith in a Boy '' `` Saiky\u014d o Tsugu Mono ... Sono Na wa Gohan '' ( \u6700\u5f37 \u3092 \u7d99\u3050 \u8005 ... \u305d\u306e \u540d \u306f \u609f \u98ef ) \n April 14 , 1993 \n December 6 , 2000
\n 182 \n 167 \n `` Become Enraged , Gohan -- Call Forth Your Dormant Power '' / `` Gohan 's Desperate Plea '' `` Okore Gohan Nemureru Chikara o Yobiokose '' ( \u6012\u308c \u609f \u98ef \u7720\u308c\u308b \u529b \u3092 \u547c\u3073 \u8d77 \u305b ) \n April 21 , 1993 \n December 7 , 2000
\n 183 \n 168 \n `` Teeny Menaces ! ! Attack of the Cell Juniors '' / `` Android Explosion '' `` Chitchana Ky\u014di ! ! Seru Junia Raish\u016b '' ( \u3061\u3063\u3061\u3083\u306a \u8105\u5a01 ! ! \u30bb\u30eb \u30b8\u30e5\u30cb\u30a2 \u6765\u8972 ) \n April 28 , 1993 \n December 11 , 2000
\n 184 \n 169 \n `` The Tragic No. 16 ! ! An Enraged Super Gohan Begins Taking Action '' / `` Cell Juniors Attack ! '' `` J\u016brokug\u014d Muzan ! ! Ugokidasu Ikari no S\u016bp\u0101 Gohan '' ( 16 \u53f7 \u7121\u60e8 ! ! \u52d5\u304d\u51fa\u3059 \u6012\u308a \u306e \u8d85 \u609f \u98ef ) \n May 5 , 1993 \n December 12 , 2000
\n 185 \n 170 \n `` Devastating True Power ! ! The Cell Juniors Pulverized '' / `` The Unleashing '' and `` Awakening '' `` Fukiareru Shin no Paw\u0101 ! ! Seru Junia Funsai '' ( \u5439\u304d\u8352\u308c\u308b \u771f \u306e \u529b ! ! \u30bb\u30eb \u30b8\u30e5\u30cb\u30a2 \u7c89\u7815 ) \n May 12 , 1993 \n December 13 , 2000
\n 186 \n 171 \n `` Cell Gets KO'ed ! ! Just Two Super Ironfisted Blows '' / `` The Unstoppable Gohan '' `` Seru o Nokkuauto ! ! Tatta Nihatsu no Ch\u014d Tekken '' ( \u30bb\u30eb \u3092 KO ( \u30ce\u30c3\u30af\u30a2\u30a6\u30c8 ) ! ! \u305f\u3063\u305f 2 \u767a \u306e \u8d85 \u9244\u62f3 ) \n May 19 , 1993 \n December 14 , 2000
\n 187 \n 172 \n `` Something Amiss With Cell ! ! His Perfect Form Crumbles '' / `` Cell 's Mighty Breakdown '' `` Seru ni Ihen ! ! Kuzusareta Kanzentai '' ( \u30bb\u30eb \u306b \u7570\u5909 ! ! \u5d29 \u3055\u308c \u305f \u5b8c\u5168 \u4f53 ) \n May 26 , 1993 \n December 18 , 2000
\n 188 \n 173 \n `` Bye - Bye , Everyone ! ! Goku 's Last Instantaneous Movement '' / `` A Hero 's Farewell '' `` Bai Bai Minna ! ! Gok\u016b Saigo no Shunkan Id\u014d '' ( \u30d0\u30a4\u30d0\u30a4 \u307f\u3093\u306a ! ! \u609f\u7a7a \u6700\u5f8c \u306e \u77ac\u9593 \u79fb\u52d5 ) \n June 2 , 1993 \n December 19 , 2000
\n 189 \n 174 \n `` A Nightmare in Broad Daylight ! ! The Terror Becomes Even More Perfect '' / `` Cell Returns ! '' `` Hakuch\u016b no Akuma ! ! Ky\u014dfu wa yori Kanpeki ni '' ( \u767d\u663c \u306e \u60aa\u5922 ! ! \u6050\u6016 \u306f \u3088\u308a \u5b8c\u74a7 \u306b ) \n June 16 , 1993 \n December 20 , 2000
\n 190 \n 175 \n `` From Goku to Gohan ... The Spirit of the Father is Handed Down '' / `` The Horror Wo n't End '' `` Gok\u016b kara Gohan e ... Chichi no Tamashii wa Tsutawatta '' ( \u609f\u7a7a \u304b\u3089 \u609f \u98ef \u3078 ... \u7236 \u306e \u9b42 \u306f \u4f1d\u308f\u3063 \u305f ) \n June 23 , 1993 \n December 21 , 2000
\n 191 \n 176 \n `` The Battle is Over ... Thank You , Son Goku '' / `` Save the World '' `` Tatakai wa Owatta ... Arigat\u014d Son Gok\u016b '' ( \u6226\u3044 \u306f \u7d42\u3063 \u305f ... \u3042\u308a\u304c\u3068\u3046 \u5b6b\u609f\u7a7a ) \n June 30 , 1993 \n December 26 , 2000
\n 192 \n 177 \n `` I 'm Going to Train In the Next World ! ! A Smile at Parting '' / `` Goku 's Decision '' `` Ora Ano Yo de Shugy\u014d suru ! ! Egao no Wakare '' ( \u30aa\u30e9 \u3042\u306e\u4e16 \u3067 \u4fee\u696d \u3059\u308b ! ! \u7b11\u9854 \u306e \u5225\u308c ) \n July 7 , 1993 \n December 27 , 2000
\n 193 \n 178 \n `` New Days ... Father ! I 'm Hanging In There '' / `` One More Wish '' `` Atarashii Hibi ... T\u014dsan ! Boku Ganbaru '' ( \u65b0\u3057\u3044 \u65e5\u3005 ... \u7236\u3055\u3093 ! \u30dc\u30af \u304c\u3093\u3070\u308b ) \n July 14 , 1993 \n December 28 , 2000
\n 194 \n 179 \n `` One More Conclusion ! ! I Will Defend the Future '' / `` Free the Future '' `` M\u014d Hitotsu no Ketsumatsu ! ! Mirai wa Ore ga Mamoru '' ( \u3082\u3046 \u4e00 \u3064\u306e \u7d50\u672b ! ! \u672a\u6765 \u306f \u30aa\u30ec \u304c \u5b88\u308b ) \n July 21 , 1993 \n December 29 , 2000
\n

\n

\n

\n Season 7 : Great Saiyaman and World Tournament sagas ( 1993 -- 1994 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 7 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Orig . ep # \n Initial dub ep # \n Translated title / Funimation 's dub title Original Japanese title \n Original airdate \n English airdate
\n 195 \n 180 \n `` A Deep Impression ! ! There They Are ! The Next World 's Awesome Dudes '' / `` Warriors of the Dead '' `` Daikangeki ! ! Ita zo ! Ano Yo no Sugee Yatsu '' ( \u5927 \u611f\u6fc0 ! ! \u3044\u305f \u305e ! \u3042\u306e\u4e16 \u306e \u30b9\u30b2\u30a8 \u5974 ) \n July 28 , 1993 \n September 10 , 2001
\n 196 \n 181 \n `` I 'm the Best in the Next World ! ! Heroes of the Ages Assembled '' / `` Tournament Begins '' `` Ano Yo Ichi wa Ora da ! Rekishi no Y\u016bsha Daish\u016bg\u014d '' ( \u3042\u306e\u4e16 \u4e00 \u306f \u30aa\u30e9 \u3060 ! ! \u6b74\u4ee3 \u306e \u52c7\u8005 \u5927 \u96c6\u5408 ) \n August 11 , 1993 \n September 11 , 2001
\n 197 \n 182 \n `` Grand Kaio 's World Gone Wild ! ! Goku Kicks Up a Whirlwind '' / `` Water Fight '' `` Daikai\u014dsei Nekky\u014d ! ! Makiokose Gok\u016b Senp\u016b '' ( \u5927 \u754c \u738b \u661f \u71b1\u72c2 ! ! \u307e\u304d \u304a\u3053\u305b \u609f\u7a7a \u65cb\u98a8 ) \n August 18 , 1993 \n September 12 , 2001
\n 198 \n 183 \n `` Final Round of Flame ! ! Goku or Paikuhan ! ? '' / `` Final Round '' `` Honoo no Kessh\u014d ! ! Gok\u016b ka Paik\u016bhan ka ! ? '' ( \u708e \u306e \u6c7a\u52dd ! ! \u609f\u7a7a \u304b \u30d1\u30a4\u30af\u30fc\u30cf\u30f3 \u304b ! ? ) \n August 25 , 1993 \n September 13 , 2001
\n 199 \n 184 \n `` Do n't Let Victory Get Away ! ! Finish With an Ultra-Fast Kamehame - Ha '' / `` Goku vs. Pikkon '' `` Nigasu na Sh\u014dri ! ! Kimero Ch\u014dhaya Kamehameha '' ( \u9003\u3059 \u306a \u52dd\u5229 ! ! \u6c7a\u3081\u308d \u8d85\u901f \u304b\u3081 \u306f\u3081 \u6ce2 ) \n September 1 , 1993 \n September 14 , 2001
\n 200 \n 185 \n `` Seven Years Since Then ! Starting Today , I 'm a High School Student '' / `` Gohan Goes to High School '' `` Are kara Shichinen ! Ky\u014d kara Boku wa K\u014dk\u014dsei '' ( \u3042\u308c \u304b\u3089 7 \u5e74 ! \u4eca\u65e5 \u304b\u3089 \u50d5 \u306f \u9ad8\u6821\u751f ) \n September 8 , 1993 \n September 17 , 2001
\n 201 \n 186 \n `` For Love and Justice -- Enter the Great Saiyaman '' / `` I am Saiyaman '' `` Ai to Seigi no Gur\u0113to Saiyaman Sanj\u014d '' ( \u611b \u3068 \u6b63\u7fa9 \u306e \u30b0\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8 \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4\u30de\u30f3 \u53c2\u4e0a ) \n September 15 , 1993 \n September 18 , 2001
\n 202 \n 187 \n `` Gohan 's Frantic First Date ! ? '' / `` Gohan 's First Date '' `` Gohan no Hachamecha Hatsu D\u0113to ! ? '' ( \u609f \u98ef \u306e \u30cf\u30c1\u30e3\u30e1\u30c1\u30e3 \u521d \u30c7\u30fc\u30c8 ! ? ) \n September 29 , 1993 \n November 27 , 2001
\n 203 \n 188 \n `` Gohan , Scramble ! Save Videl ! ! '' / `` Rescue Videl '' `` Gohan , Kinky\u016b Shutsud\u014d ! B\u012bderu o Sukue ! '' ( \u609f \u98ef \u3001 \u7dca\u6025 \u51fa\u52d5 ! \u30d3\u30fc\u30c7\u30eb \u3092 \u6551\u3048 ! ! ) \n October 20 , 1993 \n September 19 , 2001
\n 204 \n 189 \n `` A Case of Robbery ! ! The Culprit is Saiyaman ! ? '' / `` Blackmail '' `` T\u014dnan Jiken Hassei ! ! Hannin wa Saiyaman ! ? '' ( \u76d7\u96e3 \u4e8b\u4ef6 \u767a\u751f ! ! \u72af\u4eba \u306f \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4\u30de\u30f3 ! ? ) \n October 27 , 1993 \n September 20 , 2001
\n 205 \n 190 \n `` Goku Returning to Life ! ? Entry into the Tenkaichi Tournament ! ! '' / `` I 'll Fight Too ! '' `` Gok\u016b mo Fukkatsu ! ? Tenkaichi Bud\u014dkai Shutsuj\u014d da ! ! '' ( \u609f\u7a7a \u3082 \u5fa9\u6d3b ! ? \u5929\u4e0b \u4e00 \u6b66\u9053 \u4f1a \u51fa\u5834 \u3060 ! ! ) \n November 3 , 1993 \n September 21 , 2001
\n 206 \n 191 \n `` Even Gohan is Surprised ! Goten 's Explosion of Power '' / `` The Newest Super Saiyan '' `` Gohan mo Bikkuri ! Goten no Bakuhatsu Paw\u0101 '' ( \u609f \u98ef \u3082 \u30d3\u30c3\u30af\u30ea ! \u609f \u5929 \u306e \u7206\u767a \u30d1\u30ef\u30fc ) \n November 10 , 1993 \n September 24 , 2001
\n 207 \n 192 \n `` Ah , You 're Flying ! ! Videl 's Introduction to Bukujutsu '' / `` Take Flight Videl '' `` Attobeta ! ! B\u012bderu no Buk\u016bjutsu Ny\u016bmon '' ( \u3042\u3063 \u98db\u3079 \u305f ! ! \u30d3\u30fc\u30c7\u30eb \u306e \u821e \u7a7a \u8853 \u5165\u9580 ) \n November 17 , 1993 \n September 25 , 2001
\n 208 \n 193 \n `` Welcome Back , Goku ! The Entire Z Team Assembles ! ! '' / `` Gather For the Tournament '' `` Okaeri Gok\u016b ! Zetto Ch\u012bmu Zen'in Sh\u016bg\u014d ! ! '' ( \u304a\u304b\u3048\u308a \u609f\u7a7a ! Z \u30c1\u30fc\u30e0 \u5168\u54e1 \u96c6\u5408 ! ! ) \n November 24 , 1993 \n September 26 , 2001
\n 209 \n 194 \n `` Watch Out , Saiyaman ! Beware of Sharpshooters ! ? '' / `` Camera Shy '' `` Ayaushi Saiyaman ! Gekisha ni Goy\u014djin ! ? '' ( \u5371\u3046\u3057 \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4\u30de\u30f3 ! \u6fc0\u5199 \u306b \u5fa1 \u7528\u5fc3 ! ? ) \n December 8 , 1993 \n September 27 , 2001
\n 210 \n 195 \n `` No Small Matter ! ! Little Trunks '' / `` The World Tournament '' `` Hanpa ja nai ze ! ! Chibi Torankusu '' ( \u30cf\u30f3\u30d1 \u3058\u3083 \u306a\u3044 \u305c ! ! \u30c1\u30d3 \u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30b9 ) \n December 15 , 1993 \n September 28 , 2001
\n 211 \n 196 \n `` It 's My Turn ! Goten 's Anxious First Fight '' / `` Trunks vs. Goten '' `` Boku no Deban da ! Goten , Kinch\u014d no Daiissen '' ( \u30dc\u30af \u306e \u51fa\u756a \u3060 ! \u609f \u5929 \u3001 \u7dca\u5f35 \u306e \u7b2c \u4e00 \u6226 ) \n December 22 , 1993 \n October 2 , 2001
\n 212 \n 197 \n `` Happiness Times a Million ! The Junior Champion Is Decided ! ! '' / `` Best of the Boys '' `` Ureshisa Hyakumanbai ! Sh\u014dnen Chanpion Kettei ! ! '' ( \u3046\u308c\u3057 \u3055 \u767e \u4e07 \u500d ! \u5c11\u5e74 \u738b\u8005 ( \u30c1\u30e3\u30f3\u30d4\u30aa\u30f3 ) \u6c7a\u5b9a ! ! ) \n January 12 , 1994 \n October 3 , 2001
\n 213 \n 198 \n `` Now What , Satan ! ? The Greatest Pinch in History '' / `` Big Trouble , Little Trunks '' `` D\u014d suru Satan ! ? Shij\u014d Saidai no Pinchi '' ( \u3069\u3046\u3059\u308b \u30b5\u30bf\u30f3 ! ? \u53f2\u4e0a \u6700\u5927 \u306e \u30d4\u30f3\u30c1 ) \n January 19 , 1994 \n October 4 , 2001
\n 214 \n 199 \n `` Event Match - ups Decided ! ! Let 's Hurry and Hold the First Round '' / `` Who Will Fight Who ? '' `` Taisen Aite Kettei ! ! Hayaku Yar\u014d ze Ikkaisen '' ( \u5bfe\u6226 \u76f8\u624b \u6c7a\u5b9a ! ! \u65e9\u304f \u3084 \u308d\u3046 \u305c \u4e00 \u56de\u6226 ) \n January 26 , 1994 \n October 5 , 2001
\n 215 \n 200 \n `` What 's the Matter , Piccolo ! ? An Unheard - of No - Fight - Forfeit '' / `` Forfeit of Piccolo ! '' `` D\u014dshita Pikkoro ! ! Masaka no Fusenbai '' ( \u3069\u3046 \u3057\u305f \u30d4\u30c3\u30b3\u30ed ! ! \u307e\u3055\u304b\u306e \u4e0d\u6226\u6557 ) \n February 2 , 1994 \n October 8 , 2001
\n 216 \n 201 \n `` Undyingly Unpleasant ! ? The Mystery of Spopovitch '' / `` A Dark and Secret Power '' `` Fujimi de Bukimi ! ? Supopobitchi no Nazo '' ( \u4e0d\u6b7b\u8eab \u3067 \u4e0d\u6c17\u5473 ! ? \u30b9\u30dd\u30dd\u30d3\u30c3\u30c1 \u306e \u8b0e ) \n February 9 , 1994 \n October 9 , 2001
\n 217 \n 202 \n `` A Tragic Videl ! ! Are You Coming Out , Angry Super Gohan ? '' / `` Videl is Crushed '' `` B\u012bderu Muzan ! ! Deru ka Ikari no S\u016bp\u0101 Gohan '' ( \u30d3\u30fc\u30c7\u30eb \u7121\u6b8b ! ! \u51fa\u308b \u304b \u6012\u308a \u306e \u8d85 \u609f \u98ef ) \n February 16 , 1994 \n October 10 , 2001
\n 218 \n 203 \n `` Exposed ! ! The Saiyaman is Son Gohan ! '' / `` Identities Revealed '' `` Barechatta ! ! Saiyaman wa Son Gohan '' ( \u30d0\u30ec \u3061\u3083\u3063 \u305f ! ! \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4\u30de\u30f3 \u306f \u5b6b \u609f \u98ef ) \n February 23 , 1994 \n October 11 , 2001
\n 219 \n 204 \n `` A Slithering Conspiracy ! ! Gohan 's Power is Stolen '' / `` Energy Drain '' `` Ugomeku Inb\u014d ! ! Gohan no Paw\u0101 ga Ubawareta '' ( \u3046\u3054\u3081\u304f \u9670\u8b00 ! ! \u609f \u98ef \u306e \u529b ( \u30d1\u30ef\u30fc ) \u304c \u596a \u308f\u308c \u305f ) \n March 2 , 1994 \n October 12 , 2001
\n

\n

\n

\n Season 8 : Babidi and Majin Buu sagas ( 1994 -- 1995 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 8 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Orig . ep # \n Initial dub ep # \n Translated title / Funimation 's dub title Original Japanese title \n Original airdate \n English airdate
\n 220 \n 205 \n `` The Man Behind the Curtains Appears ! ! The Evil Madoshi Babidi '' / `` The Wizard 's Curse '' `` Kuromaku T\u014dj\u014d ! ! Aku no Mad\u014dshi Babidi '' ( \u9ed2\u5e55 \u767b\u5834 ! ! \u60aa \u306e \u9b54 \u5c0e\u5e2b \u30d0\u30d3\u30c7\u30a3 ) \n March 9 , 1994 \n October 15 , 2001
\n 221 \n 206 \n `` The Awaiting Trap ! ! A Challenge from the Demon Realm '' / `` King of the Demons '' `` Machiukeru Wana ! ! Makai kara no Ch\u014dsenj\u014d '' ( \u5f85\u3061\u53d7\u3051\u308b \u30ef\u30ca ! ! \u9b54\u754c \u304b\u3089 \u306e \u6311\u6226 \u72b6 ) \n March 16 , 1994 \n October 16 , 2001
\n 222 \n 207 \n `` Do n't Toy With Me ! ! Vegeta 's Breakthrough First Strike of Fury '' / `` Vegeta Attacks '' `` Nameru na ! ! Bej\u012bta Ikari no Shosen Toppa '' ( \u306a\u3081\u308b \u306a ! ! \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf \u6012\u308a \u306e \u521d\u6226 \u7a81\u7834 ) \n March 23 , 1994 \n October 17 , 2001
\n 223 \n 208 \n `` Goku 's Power Wide Open ! ! Blow Away Yakon '' / `` Next Up , Goku '' `` Gok\u016b Paw\u0101 Zenkai ! ! Buttobe Yakon '' ( \u609f\u7a7a \u30d1\u30ef\u30fc \u5168\u958b ! ! \u30d6\u30c3 \u98db\u3079 \u30e4\u30b3\u30f3 ) \n April 13 , 1994 \n October 18 , 2001
\n 224 \n 209 \n `` A Great Miscalculation ! ! Satan vs. Three Super-Warriors ! ? '' / `` Battle Supreme '' `` Daigosan ! ! Satan tai Sannin no Ch\u014dsenshi ! ? '' ( \u5927 \u8aa4\u7b97 ! ! \u30b5\u30bf\u30f3 VS3 \u4eba \u306e \u8d85 \u6226\u58eb ! ? ) \n April 20 , 1994 \n October 22 , 2001
\n 225 \n 210 \n `` Such Strong Kids ! ! No. 18 's Close Fight ! ? '' / `` Eighteen Unmasks '' `` Tsuyoi ze Chibikko ! ! J\u016bhachig\u014d Daikusen ! ? '' ( \u5f37\u3044 \u305c \u30c1\u30d3\u30c3\u30b3 ! ! 18 \u53f7 \u5927 \u82e6\u6226 ! ? ) \n April 27 , 1994 \n October 23 , 2001
\n 226 \n 211 \n `` Confrontation with the Demon King ! It 's Your Turn , Gohan ! ! '' / `` Pay to Win '' `` Tachihadakaru Ma\u014d ! Deban da Gohan ! ! '' ( \u305f\u3061 \u306f\u3060\u304b \u308b \u9b54\u738b ! \u51fa\u756a \u3060 \u609f \u98ef ! ! ) \n May 4 , 1994 \n October 24 , 2001
\n 227 \n 212 \n `` A Wicked Heart Discovered ! ! Dabura 's Great Idea '' / `` Heart of a Villain '' `` Mitsukerareta Jashin ! ! D\u0101bura no Meian '' ( \u898b\u3064\u3051 \u3089\u308c \u305f \u90aa\u5fc3 ! ! \u30c0\u30fc\u30d6\u30e9 \u306e \u540d \u6848 ) \n May 18 , 1994 \n October 25 , 2001
\n 228 \n 213 \n `` Vegeta , Prince of Destruction , Revived ! ! Intrusion at the Tournament '' / `` The Dark Prince Returns '' `` Hakai \u014cji Bej\u012bta Fukkatsu ! ! But\u014dkai Ranny\u016b '' ( \u7834\u58ca \u738b\u5b50 \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf \u5fa9\u6d3b ! ! \u6b66\u95d8 \u4f1a \u4e71\u5165 ) \n May 25 , 1994 \n October 29 , 2001
\n 229 \n 214 \n `` The Super-confrontation of Destiny ! ! The Clash of Goku vs. Vegeta '' / `` Vegeta 's Pride '' `` Shukumei no Ch\u014dtaiketsu ! ! Gekitotsu Gok\u016b tai Bej\u012bta '' ( \u5bbf\u547d \u306e \u8d85 \u5bfe\u6c7a ! ! \u6fc0\u7a81 \u609f\u7a7a VS \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf ) \n June 15 , 1994 \n October 30 , 2001
\n 230 \n 215 \n `` Just You Wait , Babidi ! ! Your Aspirations Will Not Be Allowed '' / `` The Long Awaited Fight '' `` Mattero Babidi ! ! Yab\u014d wa Yurusanai '' ( \u5f85\u3063 \u3066\u308d \u30d0\u30d3\u30c7\u30a3 ! ! \u91ce\u671b \u306f \u8a31\u3055 \u306a\u3044 ) \n June 22 , 1994 \n October 31 , 2001
\n 231 \n 216 \n `` The Seal is Broken ! Out Comes the Vicious Majin Boo ! ! '' / `` Magic Ball of Buu '' `` Toketa F\u016bin ! Deruzo Ky\u014daku Majin B\u016b ! ! '' ( \u89e3\u3051 \u305f \u5c01\u5370 ! \u51fa\u308b \u305e \u51f6\u60aa \u9b54 \u4eba \u30d6\u30a6 ! ! ) \n June 29 , 1994 \n November 1 , 2001
\n 232 \n 217 \n `` I Wo n't Allow the Revival ! ! A Kamehame - Ha of Resistance '' / `` Buu is Hatched ! '' `` Fukkatsu Sasenai ! ! Teik\u014d no Kamehameha '' ( \u5fa9\u6d3b \u3055\u305b\u306a\u3044 ! ! \u62b5\u6297 \u306e \u304b\u3081 \u306f\u3081 \u6ce2 ) \n July 6 , 1994 \n November 5 , 2001
\n 233 \n 218 \n `` A Straight Line to Despair ! ? The Grief of Kaioshin '' / `` The Losses Begin '' `` Zetsub\u014d e Itchokusen ! ? Nageki no Kai\u014dshin '' ( \u7d76\u671b \u3078 \u4e00\u76f4\u7dda ! ? \u5606\u304d \u306e \u754c \u738b \u795e ) \n July 13 , 1994 \n November 6 , 2001
\n 234 \n 219 \n `` The Terrifying Majin ! ! Death 's Dread Draws Near Gohan '' / `` The Terror of Majin Buu '' `` Majin Osorubeshi ! ! Gohan ni Semaru Shi no Ky\u014dfu '' ( \u9b54 \u4eba \u6050\u308b \u3079\u3057 ! ! \u609f \u98ef \u306b \u8feb\u308b \u6b7b \u306e \u6050\u6016 ) \n July 27 , 1994 \n November 7 , 2001
\n 235 \n 220 \n `` ' Gonna Eat'cha ! ! ' The Hungry Majin 's Supernatural Powers '' / `` Meal Time '' `` Tabechau zo ! ! Harapeko Majin no Ch\u014dn\u014dryoku '' ( \u98df\u3079 \u3061\u3083\u3046 \u305e ! ! \u8179 \u30da\u30b3 \u9b54 \u4eba \u306e \u8d85 \u80fd\u529b ) \n August 3 , 1994 \n November 8 , 2001
\n 236 \n 221 \n `` A Warrior 's Resolution ! ! I Will Dispose of the Majin '' / `` The Warrior 's Decision '' `` Senshi no Ketsui ! ! Majin wa Ore ga Shimatsu - suru '' ( \u6226\u58eb \u306e \u6c7a\u610f ! ! \u9b54 \u4eba \u306f \u30aa\u30ec \u304c \u59cb\u672b \u3059\u308b ) \n August 17 , 1994 \n November 12 , 2001
\n 237 \n 222 \n `` For Those Whom He Loves ... Vegeta Perishes ! ! '' / `` Final Atonement '' `` Ai suru Mono no Tame ni ... Bej\u012bta Chiru ! ! '' ( \u611b\u3059\u308b \u8005 \u306e \u305f\u3081 \u306b ... \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf \u6563\u308b ! ! ) \n August 24 , 1994 \n November 13 , 2001
\n 238 \n 223 \n `` The Nightmare Revisited ! ! Majin Boo Has Survived '' / `` Evil Lives On '' `` Akumu Futatabi ! Ikiteita Majin B\u016b '' ( \u60aa\u5922 \u3075\u305f\u305f\u3073 ! ! \u751f\u304d \u3066\u3044 \u305f \u9b54 \u4eba \u30d6\u30a6 ) \n August 31 , 1994 \n September 16 , 2002
\n 239 \n 224 \n `` The Struggle of Videl and the Others ! Find the Dragon Balls '' / `` Find the Dragon Balls '' `` B\u012bderutachi no Funt\u014d ! Sagase Doragon B\u014dru '' ( \u30d3\u30fc\u30c7\u30eb \u305f\u3061 \u306e \u596e\u95d8 ! \u63a2\u305b \u795e\u9f8d \u7403 ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb ) ) \n September 7 , 1994 \n September 17 , 2002
\n 240 \n 225 \n `` Enormous Hope ! ! A New Finishing Technique for the Little Squirts '' / `` Revival '' `` Dekkai Kib\u014d ! ! Chibitachi no Shin Hissatsu Waza '' ( \u3067\u3063\u304b\u3044 \u5e0c\u671b ! ! \u30c1\u30d3 \u305f\u3061 \u306e \u65b0 \u5fc5\u6bba \u6280 ) \n September 21 , 1994 \n September 18 , 2002
\n 241 \n 226 \n `` Goten and Trunks -- The World 's Most Wanted '' / `` Global Announcement '' `` Goten Torankusu Zensekai ni Shimei Tehai '' ( \u609f \u5929 \u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30b9 \u5168 \u4e16\u754c \u306b \u6307\u540d \u624b\u914d ) \n September 28 , 1994 \n September 19 , 2002
\n 242 \n 227 \n `` Gohan Revived -- Kaioshin 's Secret Weapon ! ? '' / `` Learn to Fuse '' `` Gohan Fukkatsu ! ! Kai\u014dshin no Himitsu Heiki ! ? '' ( \u609f \u98ef \u5fa9\u6d3b \u754c \u738b \u795e \u306e \u79d8\u5bc6 \u5175\u5668 ! ? ) \n October 12 , 1994 \n September 23 , 2002
\n 243 \n 228 \n `` It Came Ou ~ t ! ! The Legendary Z - Sword '' / `` The Z Sword '' `` Nuket\u0101 \u301c ! ! Densetsu no Zetto S\u014ddo '' ( \u629c\u3051 \u305f \u30a1 ~ ! ! \u4f1d\u8aac \u306e \u30bc\u30c3\u30c8 \u30bd\u30fc\u30c9 ) \n October 19 , 1994 \n September 24 , 2002
\n 244 \n 229 \n `` Metro West is Targeted ! Stop , Majin Boo ! ! '' / `` Race to Capsule Corp . '' `` Nerawareta Nishi no Miyako ! Tomare Majin B\u016b ! ! '' ( \u72d9 \u308f\u308c \u305f \u897f \u306e \u90fd ! \u6b62\u307e\u308c \u9b54 \u4eba \u30d6\u30a6 ! ! ) \n November 2 , 1994 \n September 25 , 2002
\n 245 \n 230 \n `` An Astounding Great Transformation ! ! Super Saiyan 3 '' / `` Super Saiyan 3 ? ! '' `` Atto Odoroku Daihenshin ! ! S\u016bp\u0101 Saiyajin Sur\u012b '' ( \u30a2\u30c3 \u3068 \u9a5a\u304f \u5927 \u5909\u8eab ! ! \u8d85 \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba 3 ) \n November 9 , 1994 \n September 26 , 2002
\n 246 \n 231 \n `` Bye Bye Babidi ! ! Majin Boo Rebels '' / `` Buu 's Mutiny '' `` Bai Bai Babidi ! ! Majin B\u016b Hangyaku '' ( \u30d0\u30a4\u30d0\u30a4 \u30fb \u30d0\u30d3\u30c7\u30a3 ! ! \u9b54 \u4eba \u30d6\u30a6 \u53cd\u9006 ) \n November 16 , 1994 \n September 30 , 2002
\n 247 \n 232 \n `` Absurdly Aweful - Looking ! ? The Special Training Transformation Pose '' / `` The Fusion Dance '' `` Mecha Kakko Warui ! ? Tokkun Henshin P\u014dzu '' ( \u30e1\u30c1\u30e3 \u30ab\u30c3\u30b3 \u60aa\u3044 ! ? \u7279\u8a13 \u5909\u8eab \u30dd\u30fc\u30ba ) \n November 23 , 1994 \n October 1 , 2002
\n 248 \n 233 \n `` See You Later , Everybody ! ! Goku Returns to the Other World '' / `` Goku 's Time is Up '' `` J\u0101 na Minna ! ! Gok\u016b Ano Yo ni Kaeru '' ( \u3058\u3083\u3042 \u306a \u307f\u3093\u306a ! ! \u609f\u7a7a \u3042\u306e\u4e16 \u306b \u5e30\u308b ) \n November 30 , 1994 \n October 2 , 2002
\n 249 \n 234 \n `` Where is Gohan ! ? Ferocious Training in the Kaioshin Realm '' / `` Return to Other World '' `` Gohan wa Doko da ! ? Kai\u014dshinkai no M\u014dtokkun '' ( \u609f \u98ef \u306f \u3069\u3053 \u3060 ! ? \u754c \u738b \u795e \u754c \u306e \u731b \u7279\u8a13 ) \n December 7 , 1994 \n October 3 , 2002
\n 250 \n 235 \n `` You 're Kidding , Right ! ? The Z - Sword is Broken '' / `` Out From the Broken Sword '' `` Uso daro ! ? Zetto S\u014ddo ga Orechatta '' ( \u30a6\u30bd \u3060\u308d ! ? \u30bc\u30c3\u30c8 \u30bd\u30fc\u30c9 \u304c \u6298\u308c \u3061\u3083\u3063 \u305f ) \n December 14 , 1994 \n October 7 , 2002
\n 251 \n 236 \n `` Birth of a Superhuman Warrior ! ! His Name is Gotenks '' / `` Gotenks is Born '' `` Gattai Ch\u014djin Tanj\u014d ! ! Sono Na wa Gotenkusu '' ( \u5408\u4f53 \u8d85\u4eba \u8a95\u751f ! ! \u305d\u306e \u540d \u306f \u30b4\u30c6\u30f3\u30af\u30b9 ) \n December 21 , 1994 \n October 8 , 2002
\n 252 \n 237 \n `` The Final Weapon is Engaged ! ? Satan Will Save the Earth '' / `` Unlikely Friendship '' `` Saish\u016b Heiki Shid\u014d ! ? Satan wa Chiky\u016b o Sukuu '' ( \u6700\u7d42 \u5175\u5668 \u59cb\u52d5 ! ? \u30b5\u30bf\u30f3 \u306f \u5730\u7403 \u3092 \u6551\u3046 ) \n January 11 , 1995 \n October 9 , 2002
\n 253 \n 238 \n `` I 've Stopped Killing ! ! Majin Boo 's Good Boy Declaration '' / `` I Kill No More '' `` Korosu no Yameta ! ! Majin B\u016b Yoi Ko Sengen '' ( \u6bba\u3059 \u306e \u3084\u3081\u305f ! ! \u9b54 \u4eba \u30d6\u30a6 \u3088\u3044 \u5b50 \u5ba3\u8a00 ) \n January 25 , 1995 \n October 10 , 2002
\n

\n

\n

\n Season 9 : Fusion and Kid Buu sagas ( 1995 - 1996 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 9 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Orig . ep # \n Initial dub ep # \n Translated title / Funimation 's dub title Original Japanese title \n Original airdate \n English airdate
\n 254 \n 239 \n `` Run Away , Satan ! ! An Angry Majin Boo Emerges '' / `` The Evil of Men '' `` Nigero Satan ! ! Ikari no Majin B\u016b Shutsugen '' ( \u9003\u3052\u308d \u30b5\u30bf\u30f3 ! ! \u6012\u308a \u306e \u9b54 \u4eba \u30d6\u30a6 \u51fa\u73fe ) \n February 1 , 1995 \n October 14 , 2002
\n 255 \n 240 \n `` Which One Will Win ! ? A Good - and - Evil Boo - Boo Confrontation '' / `` Buu Against Buu '' `` Dotchi ga Katsu no ! ? Zen'aku B\u016b B\u016b Taiketsu '' ( \u3069\u3063\u3061 \u304c \u52dd\u3064 \u306e ! ? \u5584\u60aa \u30d6\u30a6\u30d6\u30a6 \u5bfe\u6c7a ) \n February 8 , 1995 \n October 15 , 2002
\n 256 \n 241 \n `` A No - Timeout Catastrophe ! ! Earth 's Humanity Exterminated '' / `` Empty Planet '' `` Matta nashi no Hakyoku ! ! Chiky\u016b Jinrui Zetsumetsu '' ( \u5f85\u3063\u305f \u306a\u3057 \u306e \u7834\u5c40 ! ! \u5730\u7403 \u4eba\u985e \u7d76\u6ec5 ) \n February 15 , 1995 \n October 16 , 2002
\n 257 \n 242 \n `` The Special Training Is a Success ! ! You 're Finished Now , Majin Boo '' / `` Time Struggle '' `` Tokkun Seik\u014d ! ! Kore de Owari da Majin B\u016b '' ( \u7279\u8a13 \u6210\u529f ! ! \u3053\u308c \u3067 \u7d42\u308a \u3060 \u9b54 \u4eba \u30d6\u30a6 ) \n February 22 , 1995 \n October 17 , 2002
\n 258 \n 243 \n `` I 'm Going Like I Mean It ! ! A Wide - Open Super Gotenks '' / `` Super Moves of Gotenks '' `` Honki de Iku ze ! ! S\u016bp\u0101 Gotenkusu Zenkai '' ( \u672c\u6c17 \u3067 \u884c\u304f \u305c ! ! \u8d85 \u30b4\u30c6\u30f3\u30af\u30b9 \u5168\u958b ) \n March 1 , 1995 \n October 21 , 2002
\n 259 \n 244 \n `` I 've Done It ! ! Boo Successfully Eliminated With Ghosts ! ? '' / `` Trapped in Forever '' `` Yatta ze ! ! Obake de Seik\u014d B\u016b Taiji ! ? '' ( \u3084\u3063 \u305f \u305c ! ! \u30aa\u30d0\u30b1 \u3067 \u6210\u529f \u30d6\u30a6 \u9000\u6cbb ! ? ) \n March 8 , 1995 \n October 22 , 2002
\n 260 \n 245 \n `` Escape From Another Dimension ! ! Super Gotenks 3 '' / `` Feeding Frenzy '' `` Ijigen kara no Dasshutsu ! ! S\u016bp\u0101 Gotenkusu Sur\u012b '' ( \u7570 \u6b21\u5143 \u304b\u3089 \u306e \u8131\u51fa ! ! \u8d85 \u30b4\u30c6\u30f3\u30af\u30b9 3 ) \n March 15 , 1995 \n October 23 , 2002
\n 261 \n 246 \n `` Going Too Far ! ? Boo - Boo Volleyball '' / `` Gotenks is Awesome '' `` Norisugi ! ? B\u016b B\u016b Bar\u0113b\u014dru '' ( \u30ce\u30ea \u3059\u304e ! ? \u30d6\u30a6\u30d6\u30a6 \u30d0\u30ec\u30fc\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb ) \n March 22 , 1995 \n October 24 , 2002
\n 262 \n 247 \n `` Truly ' Great ' ! ! A Reborn Gohan Returns to Earth '' / `` Unlucky Break '' `` Masa ni Gur\u0113to ! ! Shinsei Gohan Chiky\u016b e '' ( \u307e\u3055\u306b \u30b0\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8 ! ! \u65b0\u751f \u609f \u98ef \u5730\u7403 \u3078 ) \n April 26 , 1995 \n October 28 , 2002
\n 263 \n 248 \n `` Boo Overwhelmed ! ! Gohan 's Miracle Power '' / `` A Whole New Gohan '' `` B\u016b o Att\u014d ! ! Gohan no Mirakuru Paw\u0101 '' ( \u30d6\u30a6 \u3092 \u5727\u5012 ! ! \u609f \u98ef \u306e \u30df\u30e9\u30af\u30eb \u30d1\u30ef\u30fc ) \n May 3 , 1995 \n October 29 , 2002
\n 264 \n 249 \n `` Has He Done It ! ? Majin Boo 's Great Explosion '' / `` Search for Survivors '' `` Yatta ka ! ? Majin B\u016b Daibakuhatsu '' ( \u3084\u3063 \u305f\u304b ! ? \u9b54 \u4eba \u30d6\u30a6 \u5927 \u7206\u767a ) \n May 17 , 1995 \n October 30 , 2002
\n 265 \n 250 \n `` Boo 's Worst Foul ! Gotenks is Absorbed ! ? '' / `` Majin Buu Transforms '' `` B\u016b Saiaku no Hansoku ! ! Gotenkusu Ky\u016bsh\u016b ! ? '' ( \u30d6\u30a6 \u6700\u60aa \u306e \u53cd\u5247 ! ! \u30b4\u30c6\u30f3\u30af\u30b9 \u5438\u53ce ! ? ) \n May 24 , 1995 \n November 4 , 2002
\n 266 \n 251 \n `` For the Sake of the Entire Universe ... Return to Life , Son Goku '' / `` The Old Kai 's Weapon '' `` Zen'uch\u016b no Tame ni ... Yomigaere Son Gok\u016b '' ( \u5168 \u5b87\u5b99 \u306e \u305f\u3081 \u306b ... \u3088\u307f\u304c\u3048\u308c \u5b6b\u609f\u7a7a ) \n May 31 , 1995 \n November 5 , 2002
\n 267 \n 252 \n `` The Miracle Happens Once ... Will the Super Combination With Gohan Come About ? '' / `` Ready to Fuse ? '' `` Kiseki wa Ichido ... Naru ka Gohan to no Ch\u014dgattai '' ( \u5947\u8de1 \u306f \u4e00\u5ea6 ... \u306a\u308b \u304b \u609f \u98ef \u3068 \u306e \u8d85 \u5408\u4f53 ) \n June 7 , 1995 \n November 6 , 2002
\n 268 \n 253 \n `` Merged ! ! Vegeta 's Pride and Goku 's Rage '' / `` Union of Rivals '' `` Gattai ! ! Bej\u012bta no Hokori to Gok\u016b no Ikari '' ( \u5408\u4f53 ! ! \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf \u306e \u8a87\u308a \u3068 \u609f\u7a7a \u306e \u6012\u308a ) \n June 28 , 1995 \n November 7 , 2002
\n 269 \n 254 \n `` Magnificent Power ! ! Vegetto Surpasses the Ultimate '' / `` Meet Vegito '' `` S\u014dzetsu Paw\u0101 ! ! Ky\u016bkyoku o Koeru Bejitto '' ( \u58ee\u7d76 \u30d1\u30ef\u30fc ! ! \u7a76\u6975 \u3092 \u8d8a\u3048\u308b \u30d9\u30b8\u30c3\u30c8 ) \n July 5 , 1995 \n November 8 , 2002
\n 270 \n 255 \n `` A Fissure Between Dimensions ! ! Has Boo Snapped ! ? '' / `` Rip in the Universe '' `` Jigen ni Kiretsu ! ! B\u016b ga Kirechatta ! ? '' ( \u6b21\u5143 \u306b \u4e80\u88c2 ! ! \u30d6\u30a6 \u304c \u30ad\u30ec \u3061\u3083\u3063 \u305f ! ? ) \n July 12 , 1995 \n November 11 , 2002
\n 271 \n 256 \n `` The Ace Up Boo 's Sleeve ! ! You Become a Hard Candy ! '' / `` Vegito ... Downsized '' `` B\u016b no Oku no Te ! ! Amedama ni Natchae '' ( \u30d6\u30a6 \u306e \u5965\u306e\u624b ! ! \u30a2\u30e1 \u7389 \u306b \u306a\u3063 \u3061\u3083\u3048 ) \n July 19 , 1995 \n November 12 , 2002
\n 272 \n 257 \n `` A Hero Lost ! ? Vegito is Absorbed '' / `` The Incredible Fighting Candy '' `` H\u012br\u014d S\u014dshitsu ! ? Ky\u016bsh\u016bsareta Bejitto '' ( \u30d2\u30fc\u30ed\u30fc \u55aa\u5931 ! ? \u5438\u53ce \u3055\u308c \u305f \u30d9\u30b8\u30c3\u30c8 ) \n July 26 , 1995 \n November 13 , 2002
\n 273 \n 258 \n `` A Demonic Maze ! ! What Is There Inside Boo 's Belly ! ? '' / `` The Innards of Buu '' `` Ma no Meiky\u016b ! ! B\u016b no Onaka ni Nani ga Aru ! ? '' ( \u9b54 \u306e \u8ff7\u5bae ! ! \u30d6\u30a6 \u306e \u8179 ( \u304a\u306a\u304b ) \u306b \u4f55 \u304c \u3042\u308b ! ? ) \n August 2 , 1995 \n November 14 , 2002
\n 274 \n 259 \n `` Nightmares or Illusions ! ? Goku and Gohan 's Father - Son Confrontation '' / `` Mind Trap '' `` Akumu ka Maboroshi ka ! ? Gok\u016b to Gohan no Oyako Taiketsu '' ( \u60aa\u5922 \u304b \u5e7b \u304b ! ? \u609f\u7a7a \u3068 \u609f \u98ef \u306e \u89aa\u5b50 \u5bfe\u6c7a ) \n August 9 , 1995 \n November 15 , 2002
\n 275 \n 260 \n `` A Majin 's Secret ! ! Two More Boos Inside of Boo '' / `` Deadly Vision '' `` Majin no Himitsu ! ! B\u016b no Naka ni Futari no B\u016b '' ( \u9b54 \u4eba \u306e \u79d8\u5bc6 ! ! \u30d6\u30a6 \u306e \u4e2d \u306b 2 \u4eba \u306e \u30d6\u30a6 ) \n August 16 , 1995 \n November 18 , 2002
\n 276 \n 261 \n `` Where Is the Exit ! ? Escape from a Collapsing Boo '' / `` Evil Kid Buu ! '' `` Deguchi wa Doko Da ! ? Kuzureru B\u016b kara Dasshutsu '' ( \u51fa\u53e3 \u306f \u3069\u3053 \u3060 ! ? \u5d29\u308c\u308b \u30d6\u30a6 \u304b\u3089 \u8131\u51fa ) \n August 23 , 1995 \n November 19 , 2002
\n 277 \n 262 \n `` Earth Disappears ! ! Boo 's Reverse - Transformation of Evil '' / `` End of Earth '' `` Chiky\u016b Sh\u014dmetsu ! ! B\u016b Jaaku e no Gyakuhenshin '' ( \u5730\u7403 \u6d88\u6ec5 ! ! \u30d6\u30a6 \u90aa\u60aa \u3078 \u306e \u9006 \u5909\u8eab ) \n September 6 , 1995 \n March 17 , 2003
\n 278 \n 263 \n `` Buu 's Assault ! ! A Conclusion in the Kaioshin Realm '' / `` True Saiyans Fight Alone '' `` B\u016b Raish\u016b ! ! Kai\u014dshinkai de Ketchaku da '' ( \u30d6\u30a6 \u6765\u8972 ! ! \u754c \u738b \u795e \u754c \u3067 \u6c7a\u7740 \u3060 ) \n September 13 , 1995 \n March 18 , 2003
\n 279 \n 264 \n `` Seize the Future ! ! A Decisive Battle with the Universe at Stake '' / `` Battle for the Universe Begins '' `` Mirai o Tsukame ! ! Uch\u016b o Kaketa Daikessen '' ( \u672a\u6765 \u3092 \u3064\u304b\u3081 ! ! \u5b87\u5b99 \u3092 \u304b\u3051 \u305f \u5927 \u6c7a\u6226 ) \n September 20 , 1995 \n March 19 , 2003
\n 280 \n 265 \n `` Vegeta Takes Off His Hat ! ! Goku , You Are No. 1 '' / `` Vegeta 's Respect '' `` Bej\u012bta Datsub\u014d ! ! Gok\u016b Omae ga Nanb\u0101 Wan da '' ( \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf \u8131\u5e3d ! ! \u609f\u7a7a \u304a\u307e\u3048 \u304c No. 1 \u3060 ) \n October 18 , 1995 \n March 20 , 2003
\n 281 \n 266 \n `` Pull Through , Vegeta ! ! One Life - Threatening Minute '' / `` Minute of Desperation '' `` Taenuke Bej\u012bta ! ! Inochigake no Ippunkan '' ( \u8010\u3048 \u629c\u3051 \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf ! ! \u547d\u304c\u3051 \u306e 1 \u5206\u9593 ) \n November 1 , 1995 \n March 21 , 2003
\n 282 \n 267 \n `` Do n't You Pick on Satan ! ! The Original Boo is Revived '' / `` Old Buu Emerges '' `` Satan o Ijimeru na ! ! Ganso B\u016b Fukkatsu '' ( \u30b5\u30bf\u30f3 \u3092 \u3044\u3058\u3081\u308b \u306a ! ! \u5143\u7956 \u30d6\u30a6 \u5fa9\u6d3b ) \n November 8 , 1995 \n March 24 , 2003
\n 283 \n 268 \n `` Vegeta 's Secret Plan ! ! Polunga and the Two Wishes '' / `` Earth Reborn '' `` Bej\u012bta no Hisaku ! ! Porunga to Futatsu no Negai '' ( \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf \u306e \u79d8\u7b56 ! ! \u795e\u9f8d ( \u30dd\u30eb\u30f3\u30ac ) \u3068 2 \u3064\u306e \u9858\u3044 ) \n November 15 , 1995 \n March 25 , 2003
\n 284 \n 269 \n `` A Last Hope ! ! We 'll Make a Huge Genki Dama '' / `` Call to Action '' `` Saigo no Kib\u014d ! ! Tsukuru ze Dekkai Genkidama '' ( \u6700\u5f8c \u306e \u5e0c\u671b ! ! \u4f5c\u308b \u305c \u3067\u3063\u304b\u3044 \u5143\u6c17 \u7389 ) \n November 22 , 1995 \n March 26 , 2003
\n 285 \n 270 \n `` Ultra-Impressive ! ! The Genki Dama From Everyone is Finished '' / `` People of Earth Unite '' `` Ch\u014dkangeki ! ! Dekita ze Minna no Genkidama '' ( \u8d85 \u611f\u6fc0 ! ! \u3067\u304d \u305f \u305c \u307f\u3093\u306a\u306e \u5143\u6c17 \u7389 ) \n November 29 , 1995 \n March 27 , 2003
\n 286 \n 271 \n `` Son Goku is Strongest After All ! ! Majin Boo is Eliminated '' / `` Spirit Bomb Triumphant '' `` Yappari Saiky\u014d Son Gok\u016b ! ! Majin B\u016b Sh\u014dmetsu '' ( \u3084\u3063\u3071\u308a \u6700\u5f37 \u5b6b\u609f\u7a7a ! ! \u9b54 \u4eba \u30d6\u30a6 \u6d88\u6ec5 ) \n December 13 , 1995 \n March 28 , 2003
\n 287 \n 272 \n `` Peace Returns ! ! Majin Boo , Champion of Justice ! ? '' / `` Celebrations with Majin Buu '' `` Modotta Heiwa ! ! Seigi no Mikata Majin B\u016b ! ? '' ( \u623b\u3063 \u305f \u5e73\u548c ! ! \u6b63\u7fa9 \u306e \u5473\u65b9 \u9b54 \u4eba \u30d6\u30a6 ! ? ) \n December 20 , 1995 \n March 31 , 2003
\n 288 \n 273 \n `` You 're Late , Goku ! Everyone Party ! ! '' / `` He 's Always Late '' `` Osoi ze Gok\u016b ! Minna de P\u0101ti ! ! '' ( \u9045\u3044 \u305c \u609f\u7a7a ! \u307f\u3093\u306a \u3067 \u30d1\u30fc\u30c6\u30a3 ! ! ) \n January 10 , 1996 \n April 2 , 2003
\n 289 \n 274 \n `` Grandpa Goku ! I Am Pan ! ! '' / `` Granddaughter Pan '' `` Gok\u016b Ojiichan ! Watashi ga Pan yo ! ! '' ( \u609f\u7a7a \u304a\u3058\u3044\u3061\u3083\u3093 ! \u79c1 \u304c \u30d1\u30f3 \u3088 ! ! ) \n January 17 , 1996 \n April 3 , 2003
\n 290 \n 275 \n `` I Am Oob ! Now Ten Years Old , the Former Majin ! ? '' / `` Buu 's Reincarnation '' `` Oira wa \u016abu ! Ima Jussai de Moto Majin ! ? '' ( \u30aa\u30a4\u30e9 \u306f \u30a6\u30fc\u30d6 ! \u4eca 10 \u6b73 \u3067 \u5143 \u9b54 \u4eba ! ? ) \n January 24 , 1996 \n April 4 , 2003
\n 291 \n 276 \n `` Even Stronger ! ! Goku 's Dream is Super-Huge '' / `` Goku 's Next Journey '' `` Motto Tsuyoku ! ! Gok\u016b no Yume wa Ch\u014d Dekkee '' ( \u3082\u3063\u3068 \u5f37\u304f ! ! \u609f\u7a7a \u306e \u5922 \u306f \u8d85 \u3067 \u3063 \u3051 \u3048 ) \n January 31 , 1996 \n April 7 , 2003
\n

\n

\n

\n Ovas / movie specials ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n Title \n Original release \n US release
\n \n `` Dragon Ball Z Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Zetto Gaiden : Saiyajin Zetsumetsu Keikaku '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u5916\u4f1d \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba \u7d76\u6ec5 \u8a08\u753b ) \n September 6 , 1993 ( 1993 - 09 - 06 ) \n N / A
\n This feature was released in two parts as an `` Official Visual Guide '' to the Famicom video game of the same title . It is notable for never having seen an official release outside Japan , unlike its 2010 remake . It was re-released with new scenes entitled `` Dragon Ball Z Side Story : True Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans '' for the Bandai Playdia system .
\n \n `` Dragon Ball : Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Ossu ! Kaette Kita Son Gok\u016b to Nakama - tachi ! ! '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb \u30aa\u30c3\u30b9 ! \u5e30\u3063 \u3066\u304d \u305f \u5b6b\u609f\u7a7a \u3068 \u4ef2\u9593 \u305f\u3061 ! ) \n September 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 21 ) \n N / A
\n This feature is the first Dragon Ball animation in twelve years , following a short story arc in the remade Dr. Slump anime series featuring Kid Goku and the Red Ribbon Army in 1999 . The film premiered in Japan at the Jump Super Anime Tour in honor of Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump 's fortieth anniversary .
\n \n `` Dragon Ball : Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans '' `` Doragon B\u014dru : Suupaa Saiyajin Zetsumetsu Keikaku '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb \u8d85 \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba \u7d76\u6ec5 \u8a08\u753b ) \n November 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 11 ) \n November 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 02 )
\n This is a remake of the 1993 OVA Dragon Ball Z Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans . It was released as a bonus feature with the video game Dragon Ball : Raging Blast 2 . The feature was included worldwide , but was not dubbed in the appropriate language . Instead , the feature could only be viewed in Japanese with subtitles .
\n \n `` Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock '' `` Doragon B\u014dru : Epis\u014ddo obu B\u0101dakku '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb \u30a8\u30d4\u30bd\u30fc\u30c9 \u30aa\u30d6 \u30d0\u30fc\u30c0\u30c3\u30af ) \n December 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 12 - 17 ) \n October 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 09 )
\n This 20 - minute animated feature was adapted from the eponymous three - chapter manga by Naho \u014cishi . It features a scenario taking place after the events of the TV special Dragon Ball Z : Bardock - The Father of Goku , in which Bardock survives the destruction of Planet Vegeta and is sent into the past , combating Frieza 's ancestor Chilled , and turning into a Super Saiyan . It was screened at Jump Festa 2012 ( December 17 and 18 , 2011 ) in Japan and internationally released in October 2012 as a subtitled extra to the Xbox 360 video game Dragon Ball Z : For Kinect .
\n

\n TV specials ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n # \n Title \n Original airdate \n English release
\n \n `` Dragon Ball Z : Bardock -- The Father of Goku '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Zetto : Tatta Hitori no Saish\u016b Kessen ~ Fur\u012bza ni Idonda Zetto Senshi Kakarotto no Chichi ~ '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u305f\u3063\u305f \u3072\u3068\u308a \u306e \u6700\u7d42 \u6c7a\u6226 ~ \u30d5\u30ea\u30fc\u30b6 \u306b \u6311\u3093 \u3060 Z \u6226\u58eb \u5b6b\u609f\u7a7a ( \u30ab\u30ab\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8 ) \u306e \u7236 ~ ) \n October 17 , 1990 \n January 10 , 2001
\n \n `` Dragon Ball Z : Summer Vacation Special '' `` Kyokugen Batoru ! ! San Dai S\u016bp\u0101 Saiya - jin Supesharu '' ( \u6975\u9650 \u30d0\u30c8\u30eb ! ! \u4e09 \u5927 \u8d85 \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba \u30b9\u30da\u30b7\u30e3\u30eb ) \n August 3 , 1992 \n N / A
\n This rare special aired on Tokai TV a month after the release of Dragon Ball Z : Super Android 13 ! , between episodes 148 and 155 , and is set after the events thereof . Goku and Gohan meet in West city , dressed up in Tuxedos , and discuss the events of the nine previously - released movies ( the first three Dragon Ball Films , and the first six Dragon Ball Z films ) . This special has never been released in English , nor on any form of home media .
\n \n `` Dragon Ball Z : The History of Trunks '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Zetto : Zetsub\u014d e no Hank\u014d ! ! Nokosareta Ch\u014d - Senshi Gohan to Torankusu '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u7d76\u671b \u3078 \u306e \u53cd\u6297 ! ! \u6b8b \u3055\u308c \u305f \u8d85 \u6226\u58eb \u30fb \u609f \u98ef \u3068 \u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30af\u30b9 ) \n February 24 , 1993 \n October 24 , 2000
\n \n `` Looking Back at it All : The Dragon Ball Z Year - End Show ! '' `` Zenbu Misemasu Toshi Wasure Doragon Boru Zetto ! '' ( \u5168\u90e8 \u898b\u305b \u307e\u3059 \u5e74 \u5fd8\u308c \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z ! ) \n December 31 , 1993 \n N / A
\n This rare special aired on Fuji Television between episodes 211 and 212 , and looks back at what had happened in Dragon Ball Z in 1993 . It takes placed before the adult division of the 25th World Martial Arts Tournament into the Dragon Ball Timeline , as noted by Gohan at the end of the special . This special has not been released on DVD and it has not been translated to English either .
\n 5 \n `` Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special '' `` Dori - mu 9 Toriko & Wan Pi - su & Doragonbo - ru Z ch\u014d Korabo Supesharu ! ! '' ( \u30c9\u30ea\u30fc\u30e0 9 \u30c8\u30ea\u30b3 & \u30ef\u30f3\u30d4\u30fc\u30b9 & \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u8d85 \u30b3\u30e9\u30dc \u30b9\u30da\u30b7\u30e3\u30eb ! ! ) \n April 7 , 2013 \n N / A
\n This is a two - part crossover special which aired on April 7 , 2013 , on Fuji TV . It commemorated the start of the third year of the anime Toriko , and features characters from Dragon Ball Z , Toriko , and One Piece .
\n

\n Films ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n # \n Title \n Original release \n English releases
\n \n `` Dragon Ball Z : Dead Zone '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Zetto : Ora no Gohan o Kaese ! ! '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u30aa\u30e9 \u306e \u609f \u98ef \u3092 \u304b\u3048\u305b \u30c3 ! ! ) \n July 15 , 1989 \n December 9 , 1997 May 31 , 2005 ( Funimation re-dub )
\n \n `` Dragon Ball Z : The World 's Strongest '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Zetto : Kono Yo de Ichiban Tsuyoi Yatsu '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u3053\u306e\u4e16 \u3067 \u4e00 \u756a \u5f37\u3044 \u30e4\u30c4 ) \n March 10 , 1990 \n March 17 , 1998 November 14 , 2006 ( Funimation re-dub )
\n \n `` Dragon Ball Z : The Tree of Might '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Zetto : Chiky\u016b Marugoto Ch\u014dkessen '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u5730\u7403 \u307e\u308b\u3054\u3068 \u8d85 \u6c7a\u6226 ) \n July 7 , 1990 \n November 15 -- 22 , 1997 ( Edited TV airing ) May 26 , 1998 ( Pioneer re-dub ) November 14 , 2006 ( Funimation re-dub )
\n \n `` Dragon Ball Z : Lord Slug '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Zetto : S\u016bp\u0101 Saiyajin da Son Gok\u016b '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u8d85 \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba \u3060 \u5b6b\u609f\u7a7a ) \n March 9 , 1991 \n August 7 , 2001
\n 5 \n `` Dragon Ball Z : Cooler 's Revenge '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Zetto : Tobikkiri no Saiky\u014d tai Saiky\u014d '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u3068 \u3073\u3063\u304d \u308a \u306e \u6700\u5f37 \u5bfe \u6700\u5f37 ) \n July 20 , 1991 \n January 22 , 2002
\n 6 \n `` Dragon Ball Z : The Return of Cooler '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Zetto : Gekitotsu ! ! Hyaku - Oku Paw\u0101 no Senshi - tachi '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u6fc0\u7a81 ! ! 100 \u5104 \u30d1\u30ef\u30fc \u306e \u6226\u58eb \u305f\u3061 ) \n March 7 , 1992 \n August 13 , 2002
\n 7 \n `` Dragon Ball Z : Super Android 13 ! '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Zetto : Kyokugen Batoru ! ! San Dai S\u016bp\u0101 Saiyajin '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u6975\u9650 \u30d0\u30c8\u30eb ! ! \u4e09 \u5927 \u8d85 \u30b5\u30a4\u30e4 \u4eba , ) \n July 11 , 1992 \n February 4 , 2003
\n 8 \n `` Dragon Ball Z : Broly -- The Legendary Super Saiyan '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Zetto : Moetsukiro ! ! Nessen Ressen Ch\u014d - Gekisen '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u71c3\u3048\u3064\u304d\u308d ! ! \u71b1\u6226 \u30fb \u70c8 \u6226 \u30fb \u8d85 \u6fc0\u6226 ) \n March 6 , 1993 \n August 26 , 2003
\n 9 \n `` Dragon Ball Z : Bojack Unbound '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Zetto : Ginga Giri - Giri ! ! Butchigiri no Sugoi Yatsu '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u9280\u6cb3 \u30ae\u30ea\u30ae\u30ea ! ! \u3076\u3063 \u3061\u304e\u308a \u306e \u51c4\u3044 \u5974 ) \n July 10 , 1993 \n August 17 , 2004
\n 10 \n `` Dragon Ball Z : Broly -- Second Coming '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Zetto : Kiken na Futari ! S\u016bp\u0101 Senshi wa Nemurenai '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u5371\u967a \u306a \u3075\u305f\u308a ! \u8d85 \u6226\u58eb \u306f \u306d\u3080\u308c \u306a\u3044 ) \n March 12 , 1994 \n April 5 , 2005
\n 11 \n `` Dragon Ball Z : Bio-Broly '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Zetto : S\u016bp\u0101 Senshi Gekiha ! ! Katsu No wa Ore da '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u8d85 \u6226\u58eb \u6483\u7834 ! ! \u52dd\u3064 \u306e \u306f \u30aa\u30ec \u3060 ) \n July 9 , 1994 \n September 13 , 2005
\n 12 \n `` Dragon Ball Z : Fusion Reborn '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Zetto : Fukkatsu no Fy\u016bjon ! ! Gok\u016b to Vej\u012bta '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u5fa9\u6d3b \u306e \u30d5\u30e5\u30fc\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3 ! ! \u609f\u7a7a \u3068 \u30d9\u30b8\u30fc\u30bf ) \n March 4 , 1995 \n March 28 , 2006
\n 13 \n `` Dragon Ball Z : Wrath of the Dragon '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Zetto : Ry\u016b - Ken Bakuhatsu ! ! Gok\u016b ga Yaraneba Dare ga Yaru '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u9f8d \u62f3 \u7206\u767a ! ! \u609f\u7a7a \u304c \u3084\u3089 \u306d\u3070 \u8ab0\u304c \u3084\u308b ) \n July 15 , 1995 \n September 12 , 2006
\n 14 \n `` Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Zetto : Kami to Kami '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u795e \u3068 \u795e ) \n March 30 , 2013 \n August 5 , 2014
\n 15 \n `` Dragon Ball Z : Resurrection ' F ' '' `` Doragon B\u014dru Zetto : Fukkatsu no Efu '' ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb Z \u5fa9\u6d3b \u306e \u300c F \u300d ) \n April 18 , 2015 \n August 4 , 2015
\n

\n Home media releases ( edit )

\n

\n Region 1 ( north america ) ( edit )

\n VHS Saga Box Set ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Name \n # \n Date \n Episodes
\n The Saiyan Conflict \n \n 000000002001 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2001 \n 1 -- 34 ( 1 -- 25 edited )
\n The Namekian Saga \n \n 000000002001 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2001 \n 35 -- 67 ( 26 -- 53 edited )
\n Ginyu Force \n \n 000000002000 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 2000 \n 68 -- 74 ( 54 -- 60 edited )
\n Frieza \n \n 000000002001 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2001 \n 75 -- 107 ( 61 -- 92 edited )
\n Garlic Jr . \n 5 \n 000000002003 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2003 \n 108 -- 117 ( 93 -- 102 edited )
\n Trunks \n 6 \n 000000002000 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2000 \n 118 -- 125 ( 103 -- 110 edited )
\n Androids \n 7 \n 000000002003 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2003 \n 126 -- 139 ( 111 -- 124 edited )
\n Imperfect Cell \n 8 \n 000000002003 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 2003 \n 140 -- 152 ( 125 -- 137 edited )
\n Perfect Cell \n 9 \n 000000002003 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 2003 \n 153 -- 165 ( 138 -- 150 edited )
\n Cell Games \n 10 \n 000000002004 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 2004 \n 166 -- 194 ( 151 -- 179 edited )
\n Great Saiyaman \n 11 \n 000000002005 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2005 \n 195 -- 209 ( 180 -- 194 edited )
\n World Tournament \n 12 \n 000000002003 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 2003 \n 210 -- 219 ( 195 -- 204 edited )
\n Babidi \n 13 \n 000000002003 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 , 2003 \n 220 -- 231 ( 205 -- 216 edited )
\n Majin Buu \n 14 \n 000000002003 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2003 \n 232 -- 253 ( 217 -- 238 edited )
\n Fusion \n 15 \n 000000002003 - 09 - 16 - 0000 September 16 , 2003 \n 254 -- 275 ( 239 -- 260 edited )
\n Kid Buu \n 16 \n 000000002003 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2003 \n 276 -- 291 ( 261 -- 276 edited )
\n Individual DVD list ( edit )

\n Note : The VHS version of `` Z Warriors Prepare '' ( Episodes 109 - 110 ) was released in the US as part of a Burger King Kid 's Meal promotion and never released as a Region 1 DVD . Funimation re-released `` Prelude to Terror '' with the missing episodes , resulting in 3 - episode and 5 - episode versions of the disc being available . Madman Entertainment in Australia released `` Z Warriors Prepare '' as a Region 4 DVD on December 12 , 2000 .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Name \n Disc # \n Release Date \n Episodes \n Saga
\n Arrival \n \n 000000001999 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 1999 \n 1 -- 6 ( 1 -- 4 edited ) \n The Saiyan Conflict
\n The Saiyans \n \n 000000001999 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1999 \n 7 -- 11 ( 5 -- 7 edited )
\n Snake Way \n \n 000000001999 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 1999 \n 12 -- 16 ( 8 -- 10 edited )
\n Pendulum Room \n \n 000000001999 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1999 \n 17 -- 19 ( 11 -- 13 edited )
\n Doom \n 5 \n 000000001999 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 1999 \n 20 -- 22 ( 14 -- 16 edited )
\n Immortals \n 6 \n 000000001999 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1999 \n 23 -- 26 ( 17 -- 19 edited )
\n Destruction \n 7 \n 000000001999 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 1999 \n 27 -- 29 ( 20 -- 22 edited )
\n Showdown \n 8 \n 000000001999 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1999 \n 30 -- 34 ( 23 -- 25 edited )
\n Departure \n 9 \n 000000001999 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 1999 \n 35 -- 39 ( 26 -- 28 edited ) \n The Namek Saga
\n Rebirth \n 10 \n 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 1999 \n 40 -- 43 ( 29 -- 31 edited )
\n Namek \n 11 \n 000000001999 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 1999 \n 44 -- 46 ( 32 -- 34 edited )
\n Betrayal \n 12 \n 000000001999 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1999 \n 47 -- 49 ( 35 -- 37 edited )
\n Collision \n 13 \n 000000001999 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1999 \n 50 -- 53 ( 38 -- 40 edited )
\n Quest \n 14 \n 000000001999 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1999 \n 54 -- 56 ( 41 -- 43 edited )
\n Trouble ! \n 15 \n 000000001999 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 , 1999 \n 57 -- 59 ( 44 -- 46 edited )
\n The Ginyu Force \n 16 \n 000000001999 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 1999 \n 60 -- 62 ( 47 -- 49 edited )
\n Super Saiyan ? ! \n 17 \n 000000001999 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 1999 \n 63 -- 67 ( 50 -- 53 edited )
\n Assault \n 18 \n 000000002000 - 06 - 19 - 0000 June 19 , 2000 \n 68 -- 70 ( 54 -- 56 edited ) \n Captain Ginyu Saga
\n Double Cross \n 19 \n 000000002000 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2000 \n 71 -- 74 ( 57 -- 60 edited )
\n The Summoning \n 20 \n 000000002001 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2001 \n 75 -- 77 ( 61 -- 63 edited ) \n Frieza Saga
\n Transformation \n 21 \n 000000002001 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2001 \n 78 -- 81 ( 64 -- 66 edited )
\n Revealed \n 22 \n 000000002001 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 2001 \n 82 -- 84 ( 67 -- 69 edited )
\n Death of a Prince \n 23 \n 000000002001 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 2001 \n 85 -- 87 ( 70 -- 72 edited )
\n Clash \n 24 \n 000000002001 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 2001 \n 88 -- 90 ( 73 -- 75 edited )
\n Desperation \n 25 \n 000000002001 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2001 \n 91 -- 93 ( 76 -- 78 edited )
\n Super Saiyan Goku \n 26 \n 000000002001 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2001 \n 94 -- 96 ( 79 -- 81 edited )
\n Eleventh Hour \n 27 \n 000000002001 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2001 \n 97 -- 100 ( 82 -- 85 edited )
\n Fall of a Tyrant \n 28 \n 000000002001 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2001 \n 101 -- 104 ( 86 -- 89 edited )
\n Namek 's End \n 29 \n 000000002001 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 , 2001 \n 105 -- 107 ( 90 -- 92 edited )
\n Black Water Mist \n 30 \n 000000002002 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 2002 \n 108 -- 110 ( 93 -- 95 edited ) \n Garlic Jr . Saga
\n Sacred Water \n 31 \n 000000002002 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2002 \n 111 -- 113 ( 96 -- 98 edited )
\n Vanquished \n 32 \n 000000002002 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2002 \n 114 -- 117 ( 99 -- 102 edited )
\n Mysterious Youth \n 33 \n 000000002000 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2000 \n 118 -- 120 ( 103 -- 105 edited ) \n Trunks Saga
\n Prelude to Terror \n 34 \n 000000002000 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2000 \n 121 -- 123 ( 106 -- 108 edited ) 121 -- 125 ( 106 -- 110 edited )
\n Invasion \n 35 \n 000000002001 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2001 \n 126 -- 129 ( 111 -- 114 edited ) \n Androids Saga
\n Dr. Gero \n 36 \n 000000002001 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2001 \n 130 -- 132 ( 115 -- 117 edited )
\n Assassins \n 37 \n 000000002001 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2001 \n 133 -- 135 ( 118 -- 120 edited )
\n Invincible \n 38 \n 000000002001 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2001 \n 136 -- 139 ( 121 -- 124 edited )
\n Encounter \n 39 \n 000000002002 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 2002 \n 140 -- 142 ( 125 -- 127 edited ) \n Imperfect Cell Saga
\n Discovery \n 40 \n 000000002002 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 2002 \n 143 -- 145 ( 128 -- 130 edited )
\n Race Against Time \n 41 \n 000000002002 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 2002 \n 146 -- 148 ( 131 -- 133 edited )
\n 17 's End \n 42 \n 000000002002 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 2002 \n 149 -- 152 ( 134 -- 137 edited )
\n Hunt for 18 \n 43 \n 000000002002 - 06 - 18 - 0000 June 18 , 2002 \n 153 -- 155 ( 138 -- 140 edited ) \n Perfect Cell Saga
\n Temptation \n 44 \n 000000002002 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 , 2002 \n 156 -- 158 ( 141 -- 143 edited )
\n Perfection \n 45 \n 000000002002 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2002 \n 159 -- 161 ( 144 -- 146 edited )
\n Unstoppable \n 46 \n 000000002002 - 10 - 08 - 0000 October 8 , 2002 \n 162 -- 165 ( 147 -- 150 edited )
\n Ultimatum \n 47 \n 000000002002 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2002 \n 166 -- 168 ( 151 -- 153 edited ) \n Cell Games Saga
\n A Moment 's Peace \n 48 \n 000000002004 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 2004 \n 169 -- 171 ( 154 -- 156 edited )
\n Guardian 's Return \n 49 \n 000000002004 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2004 \n 172 -- 174 ( 157 -- 159 edited )
\n The Games Begin \n 50 \n 000000002004 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2004 \n 175 -- 177 ( 160 -- 162 edited )
\n Surrender \n 51 \n 000000002004 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2004 \n 178 -- 180 ( 163 -- 165 edited )
\n Earth 's Last Hope \n 52 \n 000000002004 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2004 \n 181 -- 183 ( 166 -- 168 edited )
\n Awakening \n 53 \n 000000002004 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 2004 \n 184 -- 186 ( 169 -- 171 edited )
\n Sacrifice \n 54 \n 000000002004 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2004 \n 187 -- 190 ( 172 -- 175 edited )
\n Nightmare 's End \n 55 \n 000000002005 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2005 \n 191 -- 194 ( 176 -- 179 edited )
\n Opening Ceremony \n 56 \n 000000002005 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2005 \n 195 -- 197 ( 180 -- 182 edited ) \n Great Saiyaman Saga
\n Final Round \n 57 \n 000000002005 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2005 \n 198 -- 200 ( 183 -- 185 edited )
\n Gohan 's Secret \n 58 \n 000000002005 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2005 \n 201 -- 203 ( 186 -- 188 edited )
\n Declaration \n 59 \n 000000002005 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2005 \n 204 -- 206 ( 189 -- 191 edited )
\n Crash Course \n 60 \n 000000002005 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2005 \n 207 -- 209 ( 192 -- 194 edited )
\n Junior Division \n 61 \n 000000002001 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 2001 \n 210 -- 212 ( 195 -- 197 edited ) \n World Tournament Saga
\n Draw \n 62 \n 000000002001 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 2001 \n 213 -- 215 ( 198 -- 200 edited )
\n Blackout \n 63 \n 000000002001 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 , 2001 \n 216 -- 219 ( 201 -- 204 edited )
\n Descent \n 64 \n 000000002001 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2001 \n 220 -- 222 ( 205 -- 207 edited ) \n Babidi Saga
\n Battle Royale \n 65 \n 000000002001 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2001 \n 223 -- 225 ( 208 -- 210 edited )
\n The Dark Prince Returns \n 66 \n 000000002001 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2001 \n 226 -- 228 ( 211 -- 213 edited )
\n Rivals \n 67 \n 000000002001 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2001 \n 229 -- 231 ( 214 -- 216 edited )
\n The Hatching \n 68 \n 000000002002 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 2002 \n 232 -- 234 ( 217 -- 219 edited ) \n Majin Buu Saga
\n Atonement \n 69 \n 000000002002 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 2002 \n 235 -- 237 ( 220 -- 222 edited )
\n Revival \n 70 \n 000000002002 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2002 \n 238 -- 240 ( 223 -- 225 edited )
\n Tactics \n 71 \n 000000002002 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2002 \n 241 -- 243 ( 226 -- 228 edited )
\n Defiance \n 72 \n 000000002002 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 2002 \n 244 -- 246 ( 229 -- 231 edited )
\n A Hero 's Farewell \n 73 \n 000000002002 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 2002 \n 247 -- 249 ( 232 -- 234 edited )
\n Emergence \n 74 \n 000000002002 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 2002 \n 250 -- 253 ( 235 -- 238 edited )
\n Evil Buu \n 75 \n 000000002002 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 2002 \n 254 -- 256 ( 239 -- 241 edited ) \n Fusion Saga
\n Play for Time \n 76 \n 000000002002 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 2002 \n 257 -- 259 ( 242 -- 244 edited )
\n Losing Battle \n 77 \n 000000002002 - 07 - 16 - 0000 July 16 , 2002 \n 260 -- 262 ( 245 - 247 edited )
\n Hope Returns \n 78 \n 000000002002 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2002 \n 263 -- 265 ( 248 -- 250 edited )
\n Ambush \n 79 \n 000000002002 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2002 \n 266 -- 268 ( 251 -- 253 edited )
\n The Last Saiyan \n 80 \n 000000002002 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2002 \n 269 -- 272 ( 254 -- 257 edited )
\n Internal Struggle \n 81 \n 000000002002 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2002 \n 273 -- 275 ( 258 -- 260 edited )
\n Regression \n 82 \n 000000002002 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2002 \n 276 -- 278 ( 261 -- 263 edited ) \n Kid Buu Saga
\n Saiyan Pride \n 83 \n 000000002002 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2002 \n 279 -- 281 ( 264 -- 266 edited )
\n Vegeta 's Plea \n 84 \n 000000002003 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 2003 \n 282 -- 284 ( 267 -- 269 edited )
\n Price of Victory \n 85 \n 000000002003 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 2003 \n 285 -- 287 ( 270 -- 272 edited )
\n A New Beginning \n 86 \n 000000002003 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2003 \n 288 -- 291 ( 273 -- 276 edited )
\n Ultimate Uncut Edition Box Sets ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Name \n Date \n Episodes
\n Vegeta Saga I \n April 12 , 2005 \n 1 -- 21
\n Vegeta Saga II \n March 21 , 2006 \n 22 -- 27
\n Season Box Sets ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Name \n Date \n Discs \n Episodes \n Saga ( s )
\n Season One \n February 6 , 2007 \n 6 \n 1 -- 39 \n Vegeta Saga
\n Season Two \n May 22 , 2007 \n 6 \n 40 -- 74 \n Namek / Captain Ginyu Saga
\n Season Three \n September 18 , 2007 \n 6 \n 75 -- 107 \n Frieza Saga
\n Season Four \n February 19 , 2008 \n 6 \n 108 -- 139 \n Garlic Jr. / Trunks / Androids Saga
\n Season Five \n May 27 , 2008 \n 6 \n 140 -- 165 \n Imperfect Cell / Perfect Cell Saga
\n Season Six \n September 16 , 2008 \n 6 \n 166 -- 194 \n Cell Games Saga
\n Season Seven \n November 11 , 2008 \n 6 \n 195 -- 219 \n Great Saiyaman / World Tournament Saga
\n Season Eight \n February 10 , 2009 \n 6 \n 220 -- 253 \n Babidi / Majin Buu Saga
\n Season Nine \n May 19 , 2009 \n 6 \n 254 -- 291 \n Fusion / Kid Buu Saga
\n Funimation Dragon Box Z Sets ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Name \n Date \n Discs \n Episodes
\n Dragon Box Z , Vol. 1 \n November 17 , 2009 \n 6 \n 1 -- 42
\n Dragon Box Z , Vol. 2 \n February 16 , 2010 \n 6 \n 43 -- 84
\n Dragon Box Z , Vol. 3 \n May 4 , 2010 \n 6 \n 85 -- 126
\n Dragon Box Z , Vol. 4 \n September 21 , 2010 \n 6 \n 127 -- 168
\n Dragon Box Z , Vol. 5 \n April 26 , 2011 \n 6 \n 169 -- 209
\n Dragon Box Z , Vol. 6 \n July 5 , 2011 \n 6 \n 210 -- 250
\n Dragon Box Z , Vol. 7 \n October 11 , 2011 \n 6 \n 251 -- 291
\n Blu - ray Level releases ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Name \n Date \n Discs \n Episodes
\n Dragon Ball Z , Level 1.1 \n November 8 , 2011 \n \n 1 -- 17
\n Dragon Ball Z , Level 1.2 \n December 13 , 2011 \n \n 18 -- 34
\n Dragon Ball Z , Level 2.1 \n Cancelled \n \n 35 -- 51
\n Dragon Ball Z , Level 2.2 \n Cancelled \n \n 52 -- 67
\n Season Blu - ray releases ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Name \n Date \n Discs \n Episodes
\n Dragon Ball Z Season One \n December 31 , 2013 \n \n 1 -- 39
\n Dragon Ball Z Season Two \n March 4 , 2014 \n \n 40 -- 74
\n Dragon Ball Z Season Three \n April 1 , 2014 \n \n 75 -- 107
\n Dragon Ball Z Season Four \n May 13 , 2014 \n \n 108 -- 139
\n Dragon Ball Z Season Five \n June 24 , 2014 \n \n 140 -- 165
\n Dragon Ball Z Season Six \n August 5 , 2014 \n \n 166 -- 194
\n Dragon Ball Z Season Seven \n September 16 , 2014 \n \n 195 -- 219
\n Dragon Ball Z Season Eight \n October 28 , 2014 \n \n 220 -- 253
\n Dragon Ball Z Season Nine \n December 9 , 2014 \n 5 \n 254 -- 291
\n Original English dub Collector 's DVD Box Set ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Name \n Date \n Discs \n Episodes
\n Dragon Ball Z : Rock the Dragon Edition \n August 13 , 2013 \n 9 \n 1 -- 67 ( 1 -- 53 edited ) + Movies 1 -- 3
\n

\n Region 2 ( edit )

\n Dragon Box Z Sets ( Japan ) ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Name \n Date \n Discs \n Episodes
\n Dragon Box Z , Vol. 1 \n March 19 , 2003 \n 26 \n 1 -- 147 + TV Special 1
\n Dragon Box Z , Vol. 2 \n September 18 , 2003 \n 26 \n 148 -- 291 + TV Special 2
\n Season Box Sets ( United Kingdom ) ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Name \n Date \n Discs \n Episodes
\n Dragon Ball Z Season 1 \n July 2 , 2012 \n 6 \n 1 -- 39
\n Dragon Ball Z Season 2 \n August 27 , 2012 \n 6 \n 40 -- 74
\n Dragon Ball Z Season 3 \n October 1 , 2012 \n 6 \n 75 -- 107
\n Dragon Ball Z Season 4 \n November 5 , 2012 \n 6 \n 108 -- 139
\n Dragon Ball Z Season 5 \n January 7 , 2013 \n 6 \n 140 -- 165
\n Dragon Ball Z Season 6 \n March 4 , 2013 \n 6 \n 166 -- 194
\n Dragon Ball Z Season 7 \n May 13 , 2013 \n 6 \n 195 -- 219
\n Dragon Ball Z Season 8 \n July 15 , 2013 \n 6 \n 220 -- 253
\n Dragon Ball Z Season 9 \n October 21 , 2013 \n 6 \n 254 -- 291
\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` '' Escape From Piccolo '' Unaired English Dub Episode Played on Cartoon Network `` . Kanzenshuu .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z 2015 Movie : Frieza 's Resurrection '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z - Series 3.3 : Z - Warriors Prepare DVD '' . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 1 - Arrival '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z , Vol. 2 - Saiyan - The Saiyans '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 3 - Snake Way '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 4 - Pendulum Room '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z , Vol. 5 - Saiyan - Doom '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 6 - Immortals '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 7 - Destruction '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z , Vol. 8 - Saiyan - Showdown '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 9 - Departure '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 10 - Rebirth '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 11 - Namek '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 12 - Betrayal '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 13 - Collision '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 14 - Quest '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 15 - Trouble '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : DragonBall Z , Vol 16 . - The Ginyu Force '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 17 - Super Saiyan '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Vol. 18 - Captain Ginyu : Assault '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Mania.com : Anime / Manga Review - Dragonball Z TV # 19 : Captain Gunyu - Double Cross '' . Mania.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza - The Summoning '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza - Transformation '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza - Revealed '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza - Death of a Prince '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza - Clash '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza - Desperation '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza - Super Saiyan Goku '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza - Eleventh Hour '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza - Fall of a Tyrant '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Frieza Namek 's End '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Garlic Jr . - Black Water Mist '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Garlic Jr . - Sacred Water '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Garlic Jr . - Vanquished '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Trunks - Mysterious Youth '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragonball Z , Trunks : Prelude to Terror '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Androids - Invasion '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Androids - Dr. Gero '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Androids - Assassins '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Androids - Invincible '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Imperfect Cell - Encounter '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Imperfect Cell - Discovery '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Imperfect Cell - Race Against Time '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Imperfect Cell - 17 's End '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z : Perfect Cell - Hunt for 18 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Perfect Cell - Temptation '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : DragonBall Z : Perfect Cell - Perfection '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z : Perfect Cell - Unstoppable '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Cell Games - Ultimatum '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Cell Games - A Moment 's Peace '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Cell Games - Guardian 's Return '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Cell Games - The Games Begin '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Cell Games - Surrender '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Cell Games - Earth 's Last Hope '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Cell Games - Awakening '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Cell Games - Sacrifice '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Cell Games - Nightmare 's End '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Great Saiyaman - Opening Ceremony '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Great Saiyaman - Final Round '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Great Saiyaman - Gohan 's Secret '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : DragonBall Z : Great Saiyaman - Declaration '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : DragonBall Z : Great Saiyaman - Crash Course '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - World Tournament - Junior Division '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - World Tournament - Draw '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - World Tournament - Blackout '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Babidi - Descent '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Babidi - Battle Royal '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Babidi - Dark Prince Returns '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Babidi - Rivals '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Majin Buu - Hatching '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Majin Buu - Atonement '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Majin Buu - Revival '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Majin Buu - Tactics '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Majin Buu - Defiance '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Majin Buu - A Hero 's Farewell '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Majin Buu - Emergence '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Fusion - Evil Buu '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Fusion - Play for Time '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Fusion - Losing Battle '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : DragonBall Z : Fusion - Hope Returns '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z : Fusion - Ambush '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Fusion : The Last Saiyan '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Fusion : Internal Struggle '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Kid Buu - Regression '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Kid Buu - Saiyan Pride '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Kid Buu - Vegeta 's Plea '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Kid Buu - The Price of Victory '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Dragon Ball Z - Kid Buu - A New Beginning '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2012 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 4 ( DVD ) '' . amazon.com .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 5 ( DVD ) '' . amazon.com .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 6 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 7 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 8 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 9 ( DVD ) '' . rightstuf.com .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Box One ( DVD ) '' . amazon.com .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Box Two ( DVD ) '' . amazon.com .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Box Three ( DVD ) '' . amazon.com .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Box Four ( DVD ) '' . amazon.com .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Box Five ( DVD ) '' . amazon.com .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Box Six ( DVD ) '' . amazon.com .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Box Seven ( DVD ) '' . amazon.com .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ `` FUNIMATION ENTERTAINMENT ANNOUNCES DRAGON BALL Z SERIES ON BLU - RAY - Funimation -- Blog ! '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ ( 1 )
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ `` FUNimation Cancels Remastered `` Dragon Ball Z '' Blu - Ray Release `` . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ http://www.funimation.com/dragon-ball-universe/forum/funimation-shows/fan-favorites/dragon-ball-universe/dragon-ball-z-series?page=11
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 1 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 2 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 3 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 4 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 5 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 6 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 7 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 8 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ `` Dragon Ball Z Season 9 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 .
    119. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dragon Ball .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama
\n Media \n
    \n
  • \n Manga
      \n
    • \n chapters
        \n
      • \n Dragon Ball
        • \n
      • \n Z
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Dragon Ball
      \n
    • \n episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Z
      \n
    • \n episodes
        \n
      • \n season 1
        • \n
      • \n
        • \n
      • \n
        • \n
      • \n
        • \n
      • \n 5
        • \n
      • \n 6
        • \n
      • \n 7
        • \n
      • \n 8
        • \n
      • \n 9
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n GT
      \n
    • \n episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Z Kai
      \n
    • \n episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Super
      \n
    • \n episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Films and TV specials
    • \n
  • \n Video games
    • \n
  • \n Soundtracks
    • \n
\n
\n Characters \n
    \n
  • \n Goku
    • \n
  • \n Bulma
    • \n
  • \n Master Roshi
    • \n
  • \n Yamcha
    • \n
  • \n Krillin
    • \n
  • \n Tien Shinhan
    • \n
  • \n Piccolo
    • \n
  • \n Gohan
    • \n
  • \n Vegeta
    • \n
  • \n Frieza
    • \n
  • \n Trunks
    • \n
  • \n Android 17
    • \n
  • \n Android 18
    • \n
  • \n Cell
    • \n
  • \n Majin Buu
    • \n
  • \n Beerus
    • \n
  • \n Zamasu
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Dr. Slump
      \n
    • \n Arale Norimaki
      • \n
    • \n List of Dr. Slump characters
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Neko Majin
    • \n
  • \n Episode of Bardock
    • \n
  • \n Jaco the Galactic Patrolman
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Z_episodes&oldid=836279411 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "how many episodes are there in dragon ball z", "long_answers": ["Dragon Ball Z ( \u30c9\u30e9\u30b4\u30f3\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb \u30bc\u30c3\u30c8 , Doragon B\u014dru Zetto , commonly abbreviated as DBZ ) is the long - running anime sequel to the Dragon Ball TV series , adapted from the final twenty - six volumes of the Dragon Ball manga written by Akira Toriyama . The manga portion of the series debuted in Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump in October 4 , 1988 and lasted until 1995 ; the anime adaptation premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on April 26 , 1989 , taking over its predecessor 's time slot , and ran until its end on January 31 , 1996 , lasting 291 episodes in Japan , and 276 episodes in the United States originally , although all 291 episodes were later broadcast when content from the first 67 episodes was restored .\n"], "short_answers": ["291\n", "291 episodes\n", "291\n", "291\n"]} {"text": "Radio Romance ( TV series ) - Wikipedia

\n Radio Romance ( TV series )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Radio Romance
\n Promotional poster
\n
\n Original title \n \ub77c\ub514\uc624 \ub85c\ub9e8\uc2a4
\n
\n Genre \n Romance
\n Created by \n KBS Drama Production
\n Written by \n Jeon Yu - ri
\n Directed by \n Kim Shin - il
\n Starring \n
    \n
  • \n Yoon Doo - joon
    • \n
  • \n Kim So - hyun
    • \n
  • \n Yoon Park
    • \n
  • \n Yura
    • \n
\n
\n Country of origin \n South Korea
\n Original language ( s ) \n Korean
\n No. of episodes \n 16
\n Production
\n Executive producer ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Heo Gun
    • \n
  • \n Kim Chu - seok
    • \n
  • \n Kim Kwan - min
    • \n
  • \n Lee Gun - joon
    • \n
\n
\n Producer ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Kim Dong - hwi
    • \n
  • \n Seo Byung - chul
    • \n
\n
\n Camera setup \n Single - camera
\n Running time \n 60 minutes
\n Production company ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Urban Works Media
    • \n
  • \n Plusis Media
    • \n
\n
\n Distributor \n Korean Broadcasting System
\n Release
\n Original network \n KBS2
\n Picture format \n 1080i ( HDTV )
\n Audio format \n Dolby Digital
\n Original release \n January 29 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) -- March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 )
\n External links
\n Website
\n

\n Radio Romance ( Hangul : \ub77c\ub514\uc624 \ub85c\ub9e8\uc2a4 ; RR : Radio Romaenseu ) is a 2018 South Korean television series starring Yoon Doo - joon and Kim So - hyun , with Yoon Park and Yura . It airs on KBS2 's Mondays and Tuesdays at 22 : 00 ( KST ) time slot , premiered on January 29 , 2018 .

\n

\n The series was a commercial failure only averaging 4.1 % in audience share , and was criticized for its simplistic story .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Synopsis ( edit )

\n

\n Geu Rim ( Kim So - hyun ) has always wanted to become a radio writer . However , because she lacks the writing skills , she was always forced to be an assistant writer . When her only show faces cancellation , she must secure her place as writer . So she decides to try casting Ji Soo - ho ( Yoon Doo - joon ) , a top star actor who 's known to have a `` perfect life . ''

\n

\n Cast ( edit )

\n

\n Main ( edit )

\n \n
\n
\n A top actor who is accustomed to act based on scripts . He ends up becoming the DJ for a live radio show where nothing ever goes according to plan .
\n
\n \n
\n
\n The writer of Soo - ho 's radio show with five - year experience as an assistant writer . She lacks of writing skills but possesses excellent planning skills .
\n
\n \n
\n
\n The radio station 's competent producing director . Because of his perfectionism , every program he handles achieved No. 1 in listener ratings .
\n
\n \n
\n
\n An over-the - hill actress who fell from grace due to a DUI accident that happened three years ago .
\n
\n

\n Supporting ( edit )

\n People around Soo - ho and Geu - Rim ( edit ) \n
\n
\n Soo - ho 's long - time manager who oversees the actor 's every move .
\n
\n \n
\n
\n A psychiatrist who is Soo - ho 's high school classmate and personal doctor .
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Soo - ho 's legal mother who is the CEO of JH Entertainment .
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Soo - ho 's father who is a veteran actor .
\n
\n \n
\n
\n An actress who is very popular . She is having an affair with Soo - ho 's father .
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Geu - rim 's mother . She became blind during a surgery she had when she was 39 .
\n
\n Radio station staff ( edit ) \n
\n
\n Radio program writer .
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Radio program director .
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Radio assistant director .
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Radio station director .
\n
\n \n
\n
\n DJ of a Thirty - year old radio program .
\n
\n Radio station sub-writer members ( edit ) \n Others ( edit ) \n
\n
\n A reporter .
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Soo - Ho 's friend in 12 years ago , liked Geu - Rim . Died in a car accident .
\n
\n

\n Special appearance ( edit )

\n \n

\n Production ( edit )

\n \n

\n Soundtrack ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Radio Romance OST
\n Soundtrack album by Various artists
\n Genre \n Soundtrack
\n Language \n Korean
\n Label \n CREAHUB , LOEN Entertainment
\n

\n Part 1 ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n Title \n Lyrics \n Music \n Artist \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` Radio Romance '' \n
    \n
  • \n Park Geun - chul
    • \n
  • \n Runy
    • \n
  • \n Jung Soo - min
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Park Geun - chul
    • \n
  • \n Runy
    • \n
  • \n Jung Soo - min
    • \n
\n 		\n NCT U \n 3 : 39
\n 2 . \n `` Radio Romance ( Inst . ) '' \n \n
    \n
  • \n Park Geun - chul
    • \n
  • \n Runy
    • \n
  • \n Jung Soo - min
    • \n
\n 		\n \n 3 : 39
\n Total length : \n 7 : 18
\n

\n Part 2 ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n Title \n Lyrics \n Music \n Artist \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` The Covered Up Road ( Sound Track Ver . ) '' ( \uac00\ub9ac \uc6cc\uc9c4 \uae38 ) \n
    \n
  • \n Yoo Jae - ha
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Yoo Jae - ha
    • \n
\n 		\n Nakjoon \n 3 : 21
\n 2 . \n `` The Covered Up Road ( Special Live Ver . ) '' \n
    \n
  • \n Yoo Jae - ha
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Yoo Jae - ha
    • \n
\n 		\n Nakjoon \n 3 : 23
\n 3 . \n `` The Covered Up Road ( Sound Track Ver . ) ( Inst . ) '' \n \n
    \n
  • \n Yoo Jae - ha
    • \n
\n 		\n \n 3 : 21
\n 4 . \n `` The Covered Up Road ( Special Live Ver . ) ( Inst . ) '' \n \n
    \n
  • \n Yoo Jae - ha
    • \n
\n 		\n \n 3 : 23
\n Total length : \n 13 : 28
\n

\n Part 3 ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n Title \n Lyrics \n Music \n Artist \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` Bygone Days '' ( \uc9c0\ub09c \ub0a0 ) \n
    \n
  • \n Yoo Jae - ha
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Yoo Jae - ha
    • \n
\n 		\n Migyo \n 5 : 19
\n 2 . \n `` Bygone Days ( Inst . ) '' \n \n
    \n
  • \n Yoo Jae - ha
    • \n
\n 		\n \n 5 : 19
\n Total length : \n 10 : 38
\n

\n Part 4 ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n Title \n Lyrics \n Music \n Artist \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` Another Sadness '' ( \ub610 \ud558\ub098 \uc758 \uc2ac\ud514 ) \n
    \n
  • \n Lee Hyun - do
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Lee Hyun - do
    • \n
\n 		\n J_ust \n 4 : 01
\n 2 . \n `` Another Sadness ( Inst . ) '' \n \n
    \n
  • \n Lee Hyun - do
    • \n
\n 		\n \n 4 : 01
\n Total length : \n 8 : 02
\n

\n Part 5 ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n Title \n Lyrics \n Music \n Artist \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` Story '' \n
    \n
  • \n KamDongis
    • \n
  • \n Seo Jae - ha
    • \n
  • \n Kim Young - sung
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n KamDongis
    • \n
  • \n Seo Jae - ha
    • \n
  • \n Kim Young - sung
    • \n
\n 		\n Lee Seok - hoon \n 3 : 44
\n 2 . \n `` Story ( Inst . ) '' \n \n
    \n
  • \n KamDongis
    • \n
  • \n Seo Jae - ha
    • \n
  • \n Kim Young - sung
    • \n
\n 		\n \n 3 : 44
\n Total length : \n 7 : 28
\n

\n Part 6 ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n Title \n Lyrics \n Music \n Artist \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` On The Road '' ( \uae38 \uc5d0\uc11c ) \n
    \n
  • \n RUNY
    • \n
  • \n Park Geun - cheol
    • \n
  • \n Jung Soo - min
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Park Geun - cheol
    • \n
  • \n Jung Soo - min
    • \n
\n 		\n Haebin ( Gugudan ) \n 3 : 59
\n 2 . \n `` On The Road ( Inst . ) '' \n \n
    \n
  • \n Park Geun - cheol
    • \n
  • \n Jung Soo - min
    • \n
\n 		\n \n 3 : 59
\n Total length : \n 7 : 58
\n

\n Ratings ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Ep . \n Original broadcast date \n Average audience share
\n TNmS \n AGB Nielsen
\n Nationwide \n Seoul \n Nationwide \n Seoul
\n \n January 29 , 2018 \n 6.2 % ( NR ) \n 6.3 % ( NR ) \n 5.5 % ( NR ) \n 5.6 % ( NR )
\n \n January 30 , 2018 \n 5.2 % ( NR ) \n 5.4 % ( NR ) \n 5.8 % ( NR ) \n 6.0 % ( NR )
\n \n February 5 , 2018 \n 6.2 % ( NR ) \n 6.4 % ( NR ) \n 5.2 % ( NR ) \n 5.3 % ( NR )
\n \n February 6 , 2018 \n 5.5 % ( NR ) \n 5.8 % ( NR ) \n 5.6 % ( NR ) \n 5.9 % ( NR )
\n 5 \n February 13 , 2018 \n 6.5 % ( 17th ) \n 6.6 % ( NR ) \n 5.1 % ( 20th ) \n 5.0 % ( 20th )
\n 6 \n 5.5 % ( NR ) \n 6.2 % ( NR ) \n 4.2 % ( NR ) \n 4.9 % ( NR )
\n 7 \n February 20 , 2018 \n 4.8 % ( NR ) \n 5.3 % ( NR ) \n 3.9 % ( NR ) \n 4.4 % ( NR )
\n 8 \n 4.6 % ( NR ) \n 5.2 % ( NR ) \n 3.4 % ( NR ) \n 4.1 % ( NR )
\n 9 \n February 26 , 2018 \n 5.1 % ( NR ) \n 6.0 % ( NR ) \n 3.7 % ( NR ) \n 4.6 % ( NR )
\n 10 \n February 27 , 2018 \n 4.7 % ( NR ) \n 5.6 % ( NR ) \n 3.4 % ( NR ) \n 4.3 % ( NR )
\n 11 \n March 5 , 2018 \n 4.4 % ( NR ) \n 5.2 % ( NR ) \n 4.0 % ( NR ) \n 4.8 % ( NR )
\n 12 \n March 6 , 2018 \n 4.6 % ( NR ) \n 5.0 % ( NR ) \n 3.5 % ( NR ) \n 3.9 % ( NR )
\n 13 \n March 12 , 2018 \n 4.1 % ( NR ) \n 4.5 % ( NR ) \n 2.9 % ( NR ) \n 3.3 % ( NR )
\n 14 \n March 13 , 2018 \n 4.4 % ( NR ) \n 3.2 % ( NR )
\n 15 \n March 19 , 2018 \n 4.2 % ( NR ) \n 2.6 % ( NR ) \n 2.7 % ( NR )
\n 16 \n March 20 , 2018 \n 4.2 % ( NR ) \n 4.6 % ( NR ) \n 3.1 % ( NR ) \n 3.4 % ( NR )
\n Average \n 5.0 % \n 5.4 % \n 4.1 % \n 4.5 %
\n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Relaunched and renamed as kakao M on March 23 , 2018
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Credited as a song by NCT U , sung by members Taeil and Doyoung
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Two episodes are aired on the same day due to the 2018 Winter Olympics .
    4. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Park , Jin - young . `` \uc724\ub450\uc900 \uae40\uc18c\ud604 , KBS ' \ub77c\ub514\uc624 \ub85c\ub9e8\uc2a4 ' \ub0a8\ub140 \uc8fc\uc5f0 \ud655\uc815 ... \uac10\uc131 \uba5c\ub85c ( \uc885\ud569 ) '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . Osen . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Kim , So - yeon . `` Yoon Doo - joon confirms lead role in ' Radio Romance ' '' . Kpop Herald . Herald Corporation . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Jang , Ah - reum . `` ( \uacf5\uc2dd ) \uae40\uc18c\ud604 , ' \ub77c\ub514\uc624 \ub85c\ub9e8\uc2a4'\ub85c 6 \uac1c\uc6d4 \ub9cc \uc5d0 \ub4dc\ub77c\ub9c8 \ubcf5\uadc0 '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . News1 Korea . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Jeong , Yoo - na . `` ( \uacf5\uc2dd ) ' \ub77c\ub514\uc624 \ub85c\ub9e8\uc2a4 ' \uc724\ubc15 \uac78\uc2a4 \ub370\uc774 \uc720\ub77c \uacfd\ub3d9\uc5f0 , \uce90\uc2a4\ud305 \ud655\uc815 '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . Sports Chosun . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Yoon Bak , Hajun , Kwak Dong Yeon , Yura confirmed as cast of ' Radio Romance ' '' . KBS World . KBS World . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` ( \ucd08\uc810 IS ) 5 % \u2192 2 % ... ' \ub77c\ub514\uc624 \ub85c\ub9e8\uc2a4 ' \uc774\uc720 \uc788\ub294 \ucc38\ud328 '' . JTBC .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` ( ME : TV ) ' \ub77c\ub514\uc624 \ub85c\ub9e8\uc2a4 ' \uc5f0\uc18d \ubc29\uc1a1 \ud6a8\uacfc \u7121 ... \uc2dc\uccad\ub960 \ub69d \u2193 '' . Metro .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` ( Oh ! \uc388 \ucd08\uc810 ) `` \uc608\uace0 \ub41c 3.1 % '' ... ' \ub77c\ub514\uc624 \ub85c\ub9e8\uc2a4 ' , \ubed4\ud574 \ub3c4 \ub108\ubb34 \ubed4\ud55c \uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac `` . The Korea Daily .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Yoon Doo - joon to star in KBS 's `` Radio Romance '' `` . Hancinema . Joy News 24 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Kim So - hyun to Star in KBS Drama `` Radio Romance '' `` . Hancinema . Star Today . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Kim So Hyun confirmed to co-star with Yoon Doo Joon in ' Radio Romance ' '' . KBS World . KBS World . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Girl 's Day Yura to star in ' Radio Romance ' with Kim So Hyun & Yoon Doo Joon '' . KBS World . KBS World . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Choi , Jeong - min . \ud558\uc900 , ' \ub77c\ub514\uc624 \ub85c\ub9e8\uc2a4 ' \ucd9c\uc5f0 \ud655\uc815 ... \uc724\ub450\uc900 \ub9e4\ub2c8\uc800 \u5f79 ( Ha Joon , ' Radio Romance ' Confirmed Appearance ... Yoon Doo - joon manager ) . Tenasia ( in Korean ) . Ten Asia . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Lee , Eun - hye . `` ( \ucd08\uc810 Q ) \uc724\ub450\uc900 X \uae40\uc18c\ud604 , CF \ub4dc\ub77c\ub9c8 \uce74\uba54\uc624 \ub118\uc5b4 ' \ub77c\ub514\uc624 \ub85c\ub9e8\uc2a4 ' \uc8fc\uc5f0 \uc73c\ub85c \uc7ac\ud68c ? '' . Sports Q ( in Korean ) . Sports Q. Retrieved December 7 , 2017 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Lee , Ji - hyun . `` ' \ub77c\ub514\uc624 \ub85c\ub9e8\uc2a4 ' \uae40\uc18c\ud604 `` \uc131\uc778 \uc774 \ub418\uace0 \uccab \uc791\ud488 , \uc5f4\uc2ec\ud788 \ud558\uaca0\ub2e4 '' `` . Naver ( in Korean ) . Sports Chosun . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` TNMS Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . TNMS Ratings ( in Korean ) . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ) . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 .
    18. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n KBS : Monday - Tuesday dramas
\n Previous program \n Radio Romance ( January 29 , 2018 -- March 20 , 2018 ) \n Next program
\n Jugglers ( December 4 , 2017 -- January 23 , 2018 ) \n The Miracle We Met ( April 2 , 2018 -- present )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n KBS 's Monday -- Tuesday dramas
\n 1990s \n
    \n
  • \n Salut D'Amour
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n 2000 -- 2004 \n
    \n
  • \n Look Back in Anger
    • \n
  • \n Autumn in My Heart
    • \n
  • \n Mina
    • \n
  • \n Winter Sonata
    • \n
  • \n Summer Scent
    • \n
  • \n Sang Doo ! Let 's Go to School
    • \n
  • \n Sweet 18
    • \n
  • \n Forbidden Love
    • \n
  • \n Oh Feel Young
    • \n
  • \n I 'm Sorry , I Love You
    • \n
\n
\n 2005 -- 2009 \n
    \n
  • \n Sassy Girl Chun - hyang
    • \n
  • \n Eighteen , Twenty - Nine
    • \n
  • \n Loveholic
    • \n
  • \n Ice Girl
    • \n
  • \n Wedding
    • \n
  • \n A Love to Kill
    • \n
  • \n Spring Waltz
    • \n
  • \n The Vineyard Man
    • \n
  • \n Cloud Stairs
    • \n
  • \n The Snow Queen
    • \n
  • \n Hello ! Miss
    • \n
  • \n Conspiracy in the Court
    • \n
  • \n I Am Sam
    • \n
  • \n Cruel Love
    • \n
  • \n Single Dad in Love
    • \n
  • \n Strongest Chil Woo
    • \n
  • \n Worlds Within
    • \n
  • \n Boys Over Flowers
    • \n
  • \n The Slingshot
    • \n
  • \n He Who Ca n't Marry
    • \n
  • \n Invincible Lee Pyung Kang
    • \n
\n
\n 2010 -- 2014 \n
    \n
  • \n Master of Study
    • \n
  • \n Becoming a Billionaire
    • \n
  • \n Grudge : The Revolt of Gumiho
    • \n
  • \n Sungkyunkwan Scandal
    • \n
  • \n Marry Me , Mary !
    • \n
  • \n Dream High
    • \n
  • \n Detectives in Trouble
    • \n
  • \n Baby Faced Beauty
    • \n
  • \n Spy Myung - wol
    • \n
  • \n Poseidon
    • \n
  • \n Brain
    • \n
  • \n Dream High 2
    • \n
  • \n Love Rain
    • \n
  • \n Big
    • \n
  • \n Lovers of Haeundae
    • \n
  • \n Ohlala Couple
    • \n
  • \n School 2013
    • \n
  • \n Ad Genius Lee Tae - baek
    • \n
  • \n The Queen of Office
    • \n
  • \n Do n't Look Back : The Legend of Orpheus
    • \n
  • \n Good Doctor
    • \n
  • \n Marry Him If You Dare
    • \n
  • \n Prime Minister and I
    • \n
  • \n Beyond the Clouds
    • \n
  • \n Big Man
    • \n
  • \n Lovers of Music
    • \n
  • \n Discovery of Love
    • \n
  • \n Naeil 's Cantabile
    • \n
  • \n Healer
    • \n
\n
\n 2015 -- 2018 \n
    \n
  • \n Blood
    • \n
  • \n Who Are You : School 2015
    • \n
  • \n Hello Monster
    • \n
  • \n The Virtual Bride
    • \n
  • \n Cheer Up !
    • \n
  • \n Oh My Venus
    • \n
  • \n Moorim School : Saga of the Brave
    • \n
  • \n Babysitter
    • \n
  • \n My Lawyer , Mr. Jo
    • \n
  • \n Becky 's Back
    • \n
  • \n A Beautiful Mind
    • \n
  • \n Love in the Moonlight
    • \n
  • \n Sweet Stranger and Me
    • \n
  • \n Hwarang : The Poet Warrior Youth
    • \n
  • \n Ms. Perfect
    • \n
  • \n The Happy Loner
    • \n
  • \n Fight for My Way
    • \n
  • \n School 2017
    • \n
  • \n Girls ' Generation 1979
    • \n
  • \n Witch at Court
    • \n
  • \n Jugglers
    • \n
  • \n Radio Romance
    • \n
  • \n The Miracle We Met
    • \n
  • \n Are You Human Too ?
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radio_Romance_(TV_series)&oldid=838537746 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "radio romance ep 4 eng sub my asian tv", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Qaumi Taranah - wikipedia

\n Qaumi Taranah

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n Qaumi Taranah \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n English : National Anthem of Pakistan
\n National Anthem
\n
\n National anthem of Pakistan
\n Lyrics \n Hafeez Jullundhri , June 1952
\n Music \n Ahmad G. Chagla , 21 August 1949
\n Adopted \n 13 August 1954
\n Relinquished \n Present
\n
\n Audio sample
\n Qaumi Taranah ( Instrumental )
    \n
  • \n file
    • \n
  • \n help
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Ahmad G. Chagla composed the music of the National Anthem of Pakistan in 1949 Ahmed Rushdi recorded the National Anthem of Pakistan in 1954

\n The Qaumi Taranah ( Urdu : \u0642\u0648\u0645\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u06c1 \u202c \u200e , Qaum\u012b Tar\u0101nah pronounced ( \u02c8q\u0254\u02d0. mi \u02c8t\u032a\u0259. r\u0251\u02d0. n\u0251 ) , lit . `` National Anthem '' ) , also known as P\u0101k Sarzam\u012bn ( Urdu : \u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u202c \u200e , pronounced ( \u02c8p\u0251\u02d0k \u02c8s\u0259r. z\u0259. mi\u02d0n ) , lit . `` The Sacred Land '' ) , is the national anthem of Pakistan . Its music was composed by Ahmad G. Chagla in 1949 , preceding the lyrics , which were written by Hafeez Jullundhri in 1952 . It was officially adopted as Pakistan 's national anthem in August 1954 and was recorded in the same year by eleven major singers of Pakistan including Ahmad Rushdi , Kaukab Jahan , Rasheeda Begum , Najam Ara , Naseema Shaheen , Zawar Hussain , Akhtar Abbas , Ghulam Dastagir , Anwar Zaheer and Akhtar Wasi Ali .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n In early 1948 , A.R. Ghani , a Muslim from Transvaal , South Africa , offered two prizes of five thousand rupees each for the poet and composer of a new national anthem for the newly independent state of Pakistan . The prizes were announced through a government press advertisement published in June 1948 . In December 1948 , the Government of Pakistan established the National Anthem Committee ( NAC ) with the task of coming up with the composition and lyrics for the official national anthem of Pakistan . The NAC was initially chaired by the Information Secretary , Sheikh Muhammad Ikram , and its members included several politicians , poets and musicians , including Abdur Rab Nishtar , Ahmad G. Chagla and Hafeez Jullundhri . The NAC encountered early difficulties in finding suitable music and lyrics .

\n

\n When President Sukarno of Indonesia became the first foreign head of state to visit Pakistan on 30 January 1950 , there was no Pakistani national anthem to be played . In 1950 , the impending state visit of the Shah of Iran added urgency to the matter and resulted in the Government of Pakistan asking the NAC to submit an anthem without further delay . The NAC Chairman , then Federal Minister for Education , Fazlur Rahman , asked several poets and composers to write lyrics but none of the submitted works were deemed suitable . The NAC also examined several different tunes and eventually selected the one presented by Ahmed G. Chagla and submitted it for formal approval . On 21 August 1949 , the Government of Pakistan adopted Chagla 's tune for the national anthem .

\n

\n The anthem , without lyrics , was performed for the first time for a foreign head of state on the state visit of the Shah of Iran to Pakistan in Karachi on 1 March 1950 by a Pakistan Navy band .

\n

\n It was later played for Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan during his official visit to the United States on 3 May 1950 . It was played before the NAC on 10 August 1950 . Official recognition to the national anthem , however , was not given until August 1954 . The NAC distributed records of the composed tune amongst prominent poets , who responded by writing and submitting several hundred songs for evaluation by the NAC . Eventually , the lyrics written by Hafeez Jullundhri were approved and the new national anthem was broadcast publicly for the first time on Radio Pakistan on 13 August 1954 , sung by Hafeez Jullundhri himself . Official approval was announced by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting on 16 August 1954 . The composer , Ahmed G. Chagla , died in 1953 , before the new national anthem was officially adopted . In 1955 , there was a performance of the national anthem involving 11 major singers of Pakistan , including Ahmad Rushdi , Kaukab Jahan , Rasheeda Begum , Najam Ara , Naseema Shaheen , Zawar Hussain , Akhtar Abbas , Ghulam Dastagir , Anwar Zaheer and Akhtar Wasi Ali .

\n

\n Music ( edit )

\n

\n The Qaumi Taranah is a melodious and harmonious rendering of a three - stanza composition with a tune based on eastern music but arranged in such a manner that it can be easily played by foreign bands .

\n

\n The music , composed by the Pakistani musician and composer , Ahmad G. Chagla in 1949 , reflects his background in both eastern and western music . Twenty - one musical instruments and thirty - eight different tones are used to play the Qaumi Taranah , the duration of which is 80 seconds .

\n

\n Lyrics ( edit )

\n

\n The Urdu lyrics , written by the Pakistani Urdu - language poet , Hafeez Jullundhri in 1952 , have commonality with Persian , making them understandable in both languages . No verse in the three stanza lyrics is repeated . The anthem has heavy Persian poetic vocabulary and only uses one exclusively Urdu word ' k\u0101 ' .

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Urdu lyrics
\n \u0643\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0650 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062f \u202c \n \u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062f \u202c
\n \u0627\u0631\u0636\u0650 \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 ! \u200f \u202c \n \u062a\u064f\u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0639\u0632\u0645\u0650 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0646 \u202c
\n \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u0650 \u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062f \u202c
\n \u0642\u0648\u0651\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u064f\u062e\u0648\u0651\u062a\u0650 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u202c \n \u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u202c
\n \u067e\u0627\u0626\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062f ! \u200f \u202c \n \u0642\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u0645\u0644\u06a9 \u060c \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u062a \u202c
\n \u0634\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0650 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u202c
\n \u0631\u06c1\u0628\u0631\u0650 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u0651\u06cc \u0648 \u06a9\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u202c \n \u067e\u0631\u0686\u0645\u0650 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648 \u06c1\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u202c
\n \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 ! \u200f \u202c \n \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u060c \u0634\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u202c
\n \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06c2 \u062e\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0630\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u202c
\n 		\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Transliteration ( ALA - LC ) \n Translation ( poetical ) \n Translation ( literal )
\n P\u0101k sarzam\u012bn sh\u0101d b\u0101d Kishwar - i \u1e25as\u012bn sh\u0101d b\u0101d T\u016b nish\u0101n - i \u02bfazm - i \u02bf\u0101l\u012b sh\u0101n Ar\u1e93 - i P\u0101kist\u0101n ! Markaz - i yaq\u012bn sh\u0101d b\u0101d \n

\n May the holy land , stay glad ; Beautious realm , stay glad . Thou , the sign of high resolve -- O Land of Pakistan ! Citadel of faith , stay glad .

\n 		\n Blessed be the sacred land ,

\n Happy be the bounteous realm . Thou symbol of high resolve , O Land of Pakistan ! Blessed be the citadel of faith .

\n
\n P\u0101k sarzam\u012bn k\u0101 niz\u0324\u0101m Quwwat - i Ukhuwwat - i \u02bfaw\u0101m Qaum , mulk , salt\u0324anat P\u0101yindah t\u0101bindah b\u0101d ! Sh\u0101d b\u0101d manzil - i mur\u0101d \n Order of the holy land , Power of fraternity of the populace ; The nation , country , and domain ; Ever luminous remain ! The cherished goal , stay glad . \n The order of this sacred land ,

\n The might of the brotherhood of the people , May the nation , the country , and the state , Shine in glory everlasting ! Blessed be the goal of our ambition .

\n
\n Parcam - i sit\u0101rah o - hil\u0101l Rahbar - i taraqq\u012b o - kam\u0101l Tarjum\u0101n - i m\u0101\u1e93\u012b , sh\u0101n - i \u1e25\u0101l J\u0101n - i istiqb\u0101l ! S\u0101yah - yi Khud\u0101 - yi \u1e94\u016b l - jal\u0101l \n Flag with the star and crescent , The leader of progress and ascent ,

\n Dragoman of past , the pride of present ; Soul of the future ! Shadow of the God of grandeur .

\n 		\n The flag of the crescent and star ,

\n Leads the way to progress and perfection , Interpreter of our past , glory of our present , inspiration for our future ! Shade of God , the Glorious and Mighty .

\n
\n
\n

\n Milestones ( edit )

\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Information of Pakistan '' . Infopak.gov.pk . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Death Anniversary of Ahmed Rushdi '' . Duniya News . Retrieved 1 September 2016 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ National Anthem. http://anisshakur.tripod.com/id129.html
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Michael Jamieson Bristow , National-Anthems.org . `` Forty National Anthems '' . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 12 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Aqeel Abbas Jafari ( 2010 ) . Pakistan Chronicle ( in Urdu ) ( 1st ed . ) . 94 / 1 , 26th St. , Ph. 6 , D.H.A. , Karachi , Pakistan : Wirsa Publishers . p. 42 . ISBN 9789699454004 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : `` National Anthem '' . Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 29 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Mazhar Iqbal , Mazhar.dk . `` Ahmad Rushdi '' . http://mazhar.dk/film/singers/ahmadrushdi/ . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 12 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Mazhar Iqbal , Mazhar.dk . `` National Anthem of Pakistan '' . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 12 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Information Ministry , Government of Pakistan . `` Basic Facts '' . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 12 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , National Anthem of Pakistan
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , The National Anthem of Pakistan
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ ( 3 ) , Switch to Urdu from English as official language a hurdle for Pakistan
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ ( 4 ) , History can not be falsely written and manufactured
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ ( 5 ) , Pakistan Basic Facts
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Pasha , Muhammad A. English Composition ( Part II ) . Lahore : Command Publications .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Pakistan creates new anthem record '' . The Express Tribune . 2011 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 01 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Pakistan reclaims anthem singing record '' . The News . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Record Broken '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 26 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Rafay Mahmood ( 4 July 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Coke Studio 10 's line - up will leave you starstruck '' . The Express Tribune . Retrieved 4 July 2017 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Coke Studio ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` The National Anthem of Pakistan '' . Retrieved 4 August 2017 -- via YouTube .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Indian group sings a stirring version of Pakistan 's national anthem as Independence Day gift . Watch video '' . http://www.hindustantimes.com/. 2017 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 . External link in work = ( help )
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Mash - up combines Pakistan and India 's anthems to make a viral hit '' . BBC News . 2017 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Indian A capella group sings Pakistan 's national anthem on 71st Independence Day '' . Firstpost. 2017 - 08 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Staff , Images ( 2017 - 08 - 12 ) . `` Indians sing the Pakistani national anthem as a gift for our Independence Day '' . Images . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 .
    25. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article contains Urdu text . Without proper rendering support , you may see unjoined letters running left to right or other symbols instead of Urdu script .
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Qaumi Taranah ( category )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n National symbols of Pakistan
\n Main symbols \n
    \n
  • \n Qaumi Taranah ( national anthem )
    • \n
  • \n State emblem of Pakistan
    • \n
  • \n Flag of Pakistan
    • \n
  • \n Iman , Ittihad , Nazm ( motto )
    • \n
  • \n Lahore Resolution ( national document )
    • \n
  • \n Urdu ( national language )
    • \n
\n
\n People \n
    \n
  • \n Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( Father of the Nation )
    • \n
  • \n Muhammad Iqbal ( National poet )
    • \n
  • \n Fatima Jinnah ( Mother of the Nation )
    • \n
\n
\n Other symbols \n
    \n
  • \n Cedrus deodara ( national tree )
    • \n
  • \n Chukar partridge ( national bird )
    • \n
  • \n Jasminum officinale ( national flower )
    • \n
  • \n Markhor ( national animal )
    • \n
\n
\n Structures \n
    \n
  • \n Bab - e-Khyber ( monument )
    • \n
  • \n Faisal Mosque
    • \n
  • \n Mazar - e-Quaid ( mausoleum )
    • \n
  • \n Minar - e-Pakistan ( monument )
    • \n
  • \n Pakistan Monument ( monument )
    • \n
  • \n Quaid - e-Azam Residency
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n National anthems of Asia
\n National \n
    \n
  • \n Abkhazia
    • \n
  • \n Afghanistan
    • \n
  • \n Armenia
    • \n
  • \n Artsakh ( Nagorno - Karabakh )
    • \n
  • \n Azerbaijan
    • \n
  • \n Bahrain
    • \n
  • \n Bangladesh
    • \n
  • \n Bhutan
    • \n
  • \n Brunei
    • \n
  • \n Cambodia
    • \n
  • \n China
    • \n
  • \n Cyprus
    • \n
  • \n East Timor
    • \n
  • \n Egypt
    • \n
  • \n Georgia
    • \n
  • \n India
    • \n
  • \n Indonesia
    • \n
  • \n Iran
    • \n
  • \n Iraq
    • \n
  • \n Israel
    • \n
  • \n Japan
    • \n
  • \n Jordan
    • \n
  • \n Kazakhstan
    • \n
  • \n North Korea
    • \n
  • \n South Korea
    • \n
  • \n Kuwait
    • \n
  • \n Kyrgyzstan
    • \n
  • \n Laos
    • \n
  • \n Lebanon
    • \n
  • \n Malaysia
    • \n
  • \n Maldives
    • \n
  • \n Mongolia
    • \n
  • \n Myanmar
    • \n
  • \n Nepal
    • \n
  • \n Northern Cyprus
    • \n
  • \n Oman
    • \n
  • \n Pakistan
    • \n
  • \n Palestine
    • \n
  • \n Philippines
    • \n
  • \n Qatar
    • \n
  • \n Russia
    • \n
  • \n Saudi Arabia
    • \n
  • \n Singapore
    • \n
  • \n South Ossetia
    • \n
  • \n Sri Lanka
    • \n
  • \n Syria
    • \n
  • \n Taiwan
    • \n
  • \n Tajikistan
    • \n
  • \n Thailand
    • \n
  • \n Transnistria
    • \n
  • \n Turkey
    • \n
  • \n Turkmenistan
    • \n
  • \n United Arab Emirates
    • \n
  • \n Uzbekistan
    • \n
  • \n Vietnam
    • \n
  • \n Yemen
    • \n
\n
\n Regional \n
    \n
  • \n India
      \n
    • \n Assam
      • \n
    • \n Karnataka
      • \n
    • \n Puducherry
      • \n
    • \n Odisha
      • \n
    • \n Tamil Nadu
      • \n
    • \n Telangana
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Iraq
      \n
    • \n Iraqi Kurdistan
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Malaysia
      \n
    • \n Federal Territories
      • \n
    • \n Johor
      • \n
    • \n Kedah
      • \n
    • \n Kelantan
      • \n
    • \n Malacca
      • \n
    • \n Negeri Sembilan
      • \n
    • \n Penang
      • \n
    • \n Pahang
      • \n
    • \n Perak
      • \n
    • \n Perlis
      • \n
    • \n Sabah
      • \n
    • \n Sarawak
      • \n
    • \n Selangor
      • \n
    • \n Terengganu
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Russia
      \n
    • \n Altai Republic
      • \n
    • \n Buryatia
      • \n
    • \n Khakassia
      • \n
    • \n Sakha Republic
      • \n
    • \n Tuva
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Uzbekistan
      \n
    • \n Karakalpakstan
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Tibet ( in exile )
    • \n
  • \n West Papua ( disputed )
    • \n
\n
\n Organisations \n
    \n
  • \n ASEAN
    • \n
\n
\n Former anthems \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Former Russian Empire or Soviet Union \n
    \n
  • \n Russian Empire ( 1816 - 33 )
    • \n
  • \n Russian Empire ( 1833 - 1917 )
    • \n
  • \n Russian Republic ( 1917 -- 18 )
    • \n
  • \n The Internationale ( 1918 -- 44 )
    • \n
  • \n Soviet Union ( and Russian SFSR , 1944 -- 91 )
    • \n
  • \n Armenian SSR ( 1944 -- 91 )
    • \n
  • \n Azerbaijan SSR ( 1944 -- 92 )
    • \n
  • \n Georgian SSR ( 1946 -- 91 )
    • \n
  • \n Kazakh SSR ( 1945 -- 92 )
    • \n
  • \n Kazakhstan ( 1992 -- 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Kirghiz SSR ( 1946 -- 92 )
    • \n
  • \n Russian Federation ( 1990 -- 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Tajik SSR ( 1946 -- 94 )
    • \n
  • \n Turkmen SSR ( 1946 -- 97 )
    • \n
  • \n Uzbek SSR ( 1946 -- 92 )
    • \n
  • \n Tuva ( 1993 -- 2011 )
    • \n
\n
\n Other non-Islamic \n
    \n
  • \n China ( Qing dynasty 1911 )
    • \n
  • \n Khmer Republic ( 1970 -- 75 )
    • \n
  • \n Democratic Kampuchea ( 1975 -- 93 )
    • \n
  • \n People 's Republic of Kampuchea ( 1979 -- 89 )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Manchukuo ( 1932 -- 45 )
    • \n
  • \n Kingdom of Nepal ( 1967 -- 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Siam ( now as royal salute )
    • \n
  • \n South Vietnam ( 1948 -- 75 )
    • \n
  • \n South Vietnam ( 1975 -- 76 )
    • \n
\n
\n Islamic World \n
    \n
  • \n United Arab Republic ( 1960 -- 81 )
    • \n
  • \n Kingdom of Iraq ( 1932 -- 58 )
    • \n
  • \n Iraqi Republic ( 1981 -- 2003 )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Afghanistan ( 1943 - 73 ) ( 1978 -- 92 )
    • \n
  • \n Kuwait ( 1951 -- 78 )
    • \n
  • \n Palestine ( de facto until 1996 )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Italics indicates partially - recognized states .
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qaumi_Taranah&oldid=818770978 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "how many words are in national anthem of pakistan", "long_answers": ["Urdu lyrics \u0643\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0650 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062f \u202c \u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062f \u202c \u0627\u0631\u0636\u0650 \u067e\u0627\u06a9\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 ! \u200f \u202c \u062a\u064f\u0648 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0639\u0632\u0645\u0650 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0646 \u202c \u0645\u0631\u06a9\u0632\u0650 \u06cc\u0642\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062f \u202c \u0642\u0648\u0651\u062a\u0650 \u0627\u064f\u062e\u0648\u0651\u062a\u0650 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u202c \u067e\u0627\u06a9 \u0633\u0631\u0632\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u06a9\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u202c \u067e\u0627\u0626\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062f ! \u200f \u202c \u0642\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u0645\u0644\u06a9 \u060c \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u062a \u202c \u0634\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0650 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u202c \u0631\u06c1\u0628\u0631\u0650 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u0651\u06cc \u0648 \u06a9\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u202c \u067e\u0631\u0686\u0645\u0650 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648 \u06c1\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u202c \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 ! \u200f \u202c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u06cc \u060c \u0634\u0627\u0646\u0650 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u202c \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u06c2 \u062e\u062f\u0627\u0626\u06d2 \u0630\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u202c Transliteration ( ALA - LC ) Translation ( poetical ) Translation ( literal ) P\u0101k sarzam\u012bn sh\u0101d b\u0101d Kishwar - i \u1e25as\u012bn sh\u0101d b\u0101d T\u016b nish\u0101n - i \u02bfazm - i \u02bf\u0101l\u012b sh\u0101n Ar\u1e93 - i P\u0101kist\u0101n ! Markaz - i yaq\u012bn sh\u0101d b\u0101d May the holy land , stay glad ; Beautious realm , stay glad . Thou , the sign of high resolve -- O Land of Pakistan ! Citadel of faith , stay glad . Blessed be the sacred land , Happy be the bounteous realm . Thou symbol of high resolve , O Land of Pakistan ! Blessed be the citadel of faith . P\u0101k sarzam\u012bn k\u0101 niz\u0324\u0101m Quwwat - i Ukhuwwat - i \u02bfaw\u0101m Qaum , mulk , salt\u0324anat P\u0101yindah t\u0101bindah b\u0101d ! Sh\u0101d b\u0101d manzil - i mur\u0101d Order of the holy land , Power of fraternity of the populace ; The nation , country , and domain ; Ever luminous remain ! The cherished goal , stay glad . The order of this sacred land , The might of the brotherhood of the people , May the nation , the country , and the state , Shine in glory everlasting ! Blessed be the goal of our ambition . Parcam - i sit\u0101rah o - hil\u0101l Rahbar - i taraqq\u012b o - kam\u0101l Tarjum\u0101n - i m\u0101\u1e93\u012b , sh\u0101n - i \u1e25\u0101l J\u0101n - i istiqb\u0101l ! S\u0101yah - yi Khud\u0101 - yi \u1e94\u016b l - jal\u0101l Flag with the star and crescent , The leader of progress and ascent , Dragoman of past , the pride of present ; Soul of the future ! Shadow of the God of grandeur . The flag of the crescent and star , Leads the way to progress and perfection , Interpreter of our past , glory of our present , inspiration for our future ! Shade of God , the Glorious and Mighty .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Last of a Dyin ' Breed - wikipedia

\n Last of a Dyin ' Breed

\n Jump to : navigation , search For the Scarface album , see The Last of a Dying Breed . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Last of a Dyin ' Breed
\n
\n Studio album by Lynyrd Skynyrd
\n Released \n August 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 21 )
\n Genre \n Southern rock , hard rock
\n Length \n 45 : 01
\n Label \n Roadrunner Records / Loud and Proud Records
\n Producer \n Bob Marlette
\n Lynyrd Skynyrd chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n God & Guns ( 2009 ) God & Guns 2009 \n Last of a Dyin ' Breed ( 2012 ) \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Professional ratings
\n Aggregate scores
\n Source \n Rating
\n Metacritic \n 44 / 100
\n Review scores
\n Source \n Rating
\n AllMusic \n
\n Boston Phoenix \n
\n Ultimate Classical Rock \n 7 / 10
\n Sputnik Music \n
\n

\n Last of a Dyin ' Breed is the fourteenth studio album by American southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd . The album was announced on May 2 , 2012 for release on August 21 , 2012 , and September 17 in the UK . It is the first Lynyrd Skynyrd album to feature Peter Keys on keyboards and Johnny Colt on bass ( even though credited , the latter is not on the tracks ) and also features guest guitarist John 5 .

\n

\n The first single , `` Last of a Dyin ' Breed '' , was made available to purchase via iTunes on July 9 , 2012 .

\n

\n Track listing ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n Title \n Writer ( s ) \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` Last of a Dyin ' Breed '' \n Gary Rossington , Johnny Van Zant , Rickey Medlocke , Mark Matejka , Dan Serafini , Bob Marlette \n 3 : 51
\n 2 . \n `` One Day at a Time '' \n Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Marlon Young \n 3 : 46
\n 3 . \n `` Homegrown '' \n Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Blair Daly \n 3 : 41
\n 4 . \n `` Ready to Fly '' \n Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Audley Freed \n 5 : 26
\n 5 . \n `` Mississippi Blood '' \n Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Jaren Johnston \n 2 : 57
\n 6 . \n `` Good Teacher '' \n J. Van Zant , Donnie Van Zant , Tom Hambridge , Daly \n 3 : 07
\n 7 . \n `` Something to Live For '' \n Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , John Lowery , Marlette \n 4 : 29
\n 8 . \n `` Life 's Twisted '' \n Daly , Jon Lawhon , Chris Robertson \n 4 : 33
\n 9 . \n `` Nothing Comes Easy '' \n Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Hambridge \n 4 : 13
\n 10 . \n `` Honey Hole '' \n Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Hambridge \n 4 : 35
\n 11 . \n `` Start Livin ' Life Again '' \n J. Van Zant , D. Van Zant , Marlette , Lowery \n 4 : 23
\n Total length : \n 45 : 01
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( show ) Special Edition Bonus Tracks
\n No . \n Title \n Writer ( s ) \n Length
\n 12 . \n `` Poor Man 's Dream '' \n Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Lowery , Marlette \n 4 : 07
\n 13 . \n `` Do It Up Right '' \n Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Hambridge \n 3 : 56
\n 14 . \n `` Sad Song '' \n Rossington , J. Van Zant \n 4 : 01
\n 15 . \n `` Low Down Dirty '' \n Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke \n 3 : 14
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( show ) Classic Rock fanpack bonus tracks
\n No . \n Title \n Writer ( s ) \n Length
\n 12 . \n `` Poor Man 's Dream '' \n Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Lowery , Marlette \n 4.07
\n 13 . \n `` Do It Up Right '' \n Rossington , J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Hambridge \n 3.56
\n 14 . \n `` Skynyrd Nation '' ( live , fanpack Exclusive bonus track ) \n J. Van Zant , Medlocke , Lowery , Marlette \n 3 : 20
\n 15 . \n `` Gimme Three Steps '' ( live , fanpack Exclusive bonus track ) \n Allen Collins , Ronnie Van Zant \n 4 : 58
\n

\n Personnel ( edit )

\n

\n The main band performing on Last of a Dyin ' Breed is composed of the following :

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Last of a Dyin ' Breed -- Lynyrd Skynyrd '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 21 August 2012 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Last of a Dyin ' Breed review '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` Last of a Dyin ' Breed - review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( 12 August 2012 ) . `` Lynyrd Skynyrd album review '' . Boston Phoenix . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Wilkening , Matthew ( 23 August 2012 ) . `` Lynyrd Skynyrd , ' Last of a Dyin ' Breed ' -- Album Review '' . ultimateclassicrock.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Beebe , Alex ( 2 September 2012 ) . `` Album review '' . Sputnik Music . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 19 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : `` LYNYRD SKYNYRD To Release ' Last of a Dyin ' Breed ' In August '' . Blabbermouth.net. 2 May 2012 . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2012 .
    8. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Lynyrd Skynyrd
\n
    \n
  • \n Gary Rossington
    • \n
  • \n Rickey Medlocke
    • \n
  • \n Johnny Van Zant
    • \n
  • \n Michael Cartellone
    • \n
  • \n Mark Matejka
    • \n
  • \n Peter Keys
    • \n
  • \n Keith Christopher
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Ronnie Van Zant
    • \n
  • \n Allen Collins
    • \n
  • \n Bob Burns
    • \n
  • \n Larry Junstrom
    • \n
  • \n Greg T. Walker
    • \n
  • \n Leon Wilkeson
    • \n
  • \n Billy Powell
    • \n
  • \n Ed King
    • \n
  • \n Artimus Pyle
    • \n
  • \n Steve Gaines
    • \n
  • \n Owen Hale
    • \n
  • \n Hughie Thomasson
    • \n
  • \n Kenny Aronoff
    • \n
  • \n Ean Evans
    • \n
  • \n Robert Kearns
    • \n
  • \n Johnny Colt
    • \n
\n
\n Studio albums \n
    \n
  • \n ( Pronounced ' L\u0115h - ' n\u00e9rd ' Skin - ' n\u00e9rd )
    • \n
  • \n Second Helping
    • \n
  • \n Nuthin ' Fancy
    • \n
  • \n Gimme Back My Bullets
    • \n
  • \n Street Survivors
    • \n
  • \n Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991
    • \n
  • \n The Last Rebel
    • \n
  • \n Endangered Species
    • \n
  • \n Twenty
    • \n
  • \n Edge of Forever
    • \n
  • \n Christmas Time Again
    • \n
  • \n Vicious Cycle
    • \n
  • \n God & Guns
    • \n
  • \n Last of a Dyin ' Breed
    • \n
\n
\n Live albums \n
    \n
  • \n One More from the Road
    • \n
  • \n Southern by the Grace of God
    • \n
  • \n Lyve from Steel Town
    • \n
  • \n Lynyrd Skynyrd Lyve : The Vicious Cycle Tour
    • \n
  • \n Live from Freedom Hall
    • \n
\n
\n Compilations \n
    \n
  • \n Skynyrd 's First and ... Last
    • \n
  • \n Gold & Platinum
    • \n
  • \n Best of the Rest
    • \n
  • \n Legend
    • \n
  • \n Skynyrd 's Innyrds
    • \n
  • \n Lynyrd Skynyrd ( Box Set )
    • \n
  • \n A Retrospective
    • \n
  • \n What 's Your Name
    • \n
  • \n Old Time Greats
    • \n
  • \n The Essential Lynyrd Skynyrd
    • \n
  • \n Skynyrd 's First : The Complete Muscle Shoals Album
    • \n
  • \n 20th Century Masters : The Best of Lynyrd Skynyrd
    • \n
  • \n Solo Flytes
    • \n
  • \n All Time Greatest Hits
    • \n
  • \n Collectybles
    • \n
  • \n Then and Now
    • \n
  • \n Thyrty
    • \n
  • \n Then and Now Volume Two
    • \n
  • \n Greatest Hits
    • \n
  • \n Icon
    • \n
\n
\n Video \n
    \n
  • \n Freebird ... The Movie
    • \n
  • \n Lyve From Steel Town
    • \n
  • \n Lynyrd Skynyrd Lyve : The Vicious Cycle Tour
    • \n
  • \n Live from Freedom Hall
    • \n
\n
\n Singles \n
    \n
  • \n `` Need All My Friends ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Gimme Three Steps '' / `` Mr. Banker ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Do n't Ask Me No Questions '' / `` Take Your Time ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Sweet Home Alabama ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Free Bird ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Saturday Night Special '' / `` Made in the Shade ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Double Trouble ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Gimme Back My Bullets '' / `` All I Can Do Is Write About It ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Gimme Three Steps ( Live ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` What 's Your Name '' / `` I Know A Little ''
    • \n
  • \n `` You Got That Right ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Truck Drivin ' Man ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Swamp Music ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Smokestack Lightning ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Preacher Man ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Red White & Blue ( Love it or Leave ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Still Unbroken ''
    • \n
\n
\n Other songs \n
    \n
  • \n `` Tuesday 's Gone ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Simple Man ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Things Goin ' On ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Saturday Night Special ''
    • \n
  • \n `` That Smell ''
    • \n
\n
\n Tours \n
    \n
  • \n Pronounced ' L\u0115h - ' n\u00e9rd ' Skin - ' n\u00e9rd Tour
    • \n
  • \n Second Helping Tour
    • \n
  • \n Nuthin ' Fancy Tour
    • \n
  • \n Gimme Back My Bullets Tour
    • \n
  • \n One More From The Road Tour
    • \n
  • \n Street Survivors Tour
    • \n
  • \n Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour
    • \n
  • \n Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 Tour
    • \n
  • \n The Last Rebel Tour
    • \n
  • \n Lynyrd Skynyrd Twenty Tour
    • \n
  • \n Edge of Forever Tour
    • \n
  • \n Vicious Cycle Tour
    • \n
  • \n Rebels and Bandoleros Tour
    • \n
\n
\n Spin - off bands \n
    \n
  • \n Rossington Collins Band
    • \n
  • \n The Rossington Band
    • \n
  • \n Allen Collins Band
    • \n
  • \n Artimus Pyle Band
    • \n
  • \n Van Zant
    • \n
\n
\n Related articles \n
    \n
  • \n Discography
    • \n
  • \n Band Members
    • \n
  • \n Skynyrd Frynds
    • \n
  • \n 1977 Mississippi CV - 240 crash
    • \n
  • \n Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park
    • \n
  • \n Leonard Skinner
    • \n
  • \n `` All Summer Long ''
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_of_a_Dyin%27_Breed&oldid=827347358 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "lynyrd skynyrd last of a dying breed album", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Truman Doctrine - wikipedia

\n Truman Doctrine

\n Jump to : navigation , search US President Harry Truman

\n The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to counter Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War . It was first announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12 , 1947 and further developed on July 12 , 1948 when he pledged to contain threats to Greece and Turkey . Direct American military force was usually not involved , but Congress appropriated financial aid to support the economies and militaries of Greece and Turkey . More generally , the Truman Doctrine implied American support for other nations allegedly threatened by Soviet communism . The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy , and led , in 1949 , to the formation of NATO , a military alliance that is still in effect . Historians often use Truman 's speech to date the start of the Cold War .

\n

\n Truman told Congress that `` it must be the policy of the United States to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures . '' Truman claims that because totalitarian regimes coerced free peoples , they automatically represented a threat to international peace and the national security of the United States . Truman made the plea in the midst of the Greek Civil War ( 1946 -- 49 ) . He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid , they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region . Because Turkey and Greece were historic rivals , it was considered necessary to help both equally even though the crisis in Greece was far more intense .

\n

\n Critics of the policy have observed that the governments of Greece and Turkey were themselves far from democratic at this time , and neither were facing Soviet subversion in the spring of 1949 . Historian Eric Foner writes that the Doctrine `` set a precedent for American assistance to anticommunist regimes throughout the world , no matter how undemocratic , and for the creation of a set of global military alliances directed against the Soviet Union . ''

\n

\n For years , Britain had supported Greece , but was now near bankruptcy and was forced to radically reduce its involvement . In February 1947 , Britain formally requested for the United States to take over its role in supporting the royalist Greek government . The policy won the support of Republicans who controlled Congress and involved sending $400 million in American money but no military forces to the region . The effect was to end the Greek revolt , and in 1952 , both Greece and Turkey joined NATO , a military alliance , to guarantee their stability .

\n

\n The Truman Doctrine was informally extended to become the basis of American Cold War policy throughout Europe and around the world . It shifted American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union from d\u00e9tente ( a relaxation of tension ) to a policy of containment of Soviet expansion as advocated by diplomat George Kennan . It was distinguished from rollback by implicitly tolerating the previous Soviet takeovers in Eastern Europe .

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n Turkish Straits crisis ( edit )

\n Main article : Turkish Straits crisis The Turkish Straits

\n At the conclusion of World War II , Turkey was pressured by the Soviet government to allow Russian shipping to flow freely through the Turkish Straits , which connected the Black Sea to the Mediterranean . As the Turkish government would not submit to the Soviet Union 's requests , tensions arose in the region , leading to a show of naval force on the side of the Soviets . Since British assistance to Turkey had ended in 1947 , the U.S. dispatched military aid to ensure that Turkey would retain chief control of the passage . Turkey received $100 million in economic and military aid and the U.S sent the aircraft carrier Franklin D. Roosevelt . The postwar period from 1946 started with a `` multi-party period '' and the Democratic Party government of Adnan Menderes .

\n

\n Greek crisis ( edit )

\n Main articles : White Terror ( Greece ) and Greek Civil War King George II of Greece ( r . 1922 - 4 , 1935 - 47 ) , whose rule was opposed by a communist insurgency in the Greek Civil War

\n Six weeks after the Axis powers abandoned Greece in October 1944 , the British helped retake Athens from the victorious National Liberation Front ( EAM ) , controlled effectively by the Greek Communist Party ( KKE ) . This began with a mass killing of largely unarmed EAM supporters known as the Dekemvriana on December 3 . The leftists attempted to retaliate , but were outgunned by the British - backed government and subjected to the White Terror . With the full outbreak of civil war ( 1946 -- 49 ) , guerrilla forces controlled by the Greek Communist Party sustained a revolt against the internationally recognized Greek government which was formed after 1946 elections boycotted by the KKE . The British realized that the KKE were being directly funded by Josip Broz Tito in neighboring Yugoslavia . In line with the Churchill - Stalin `` percentages agreement '' , the Greek communists received no help from the Soviet Union , and Yugoslavia provided them support and sanctuary against Stalin 's wishes . By late 1946 , Britain informed the United States that due to its own weakening economy , it could no longer continue to provide military and economic support to royalist Greece .

\n

\n In 1946 -- 47 , the United States and the Soviet Union moved from being wartime allies to Cold War adversaries . The breakdown of Allied cooperation in Germany provided a backdrop of escalating tensions for the Truman Doctrine . To Truman , the growing unrest in Greece began to look like a pincer movement against the oil - rich areas of the Middle East and the warm - water ports of the Mediterranean .

\n George F. Kennan ( 1904 - 2005 ) proposed the doctrine of containment in 1946 .

\n In February 1946 , Kennan , an American diplomat in Moscow , sent his famed `` Long Telegram '' , which predicted the Soviets would only respond to force and that the best way to handle them would be through a long - term strategy of containment , that is stopping their geographical expansion . After the British warned that they could no longer help Greece , and following Prime Minister Konstantinos Tsaldaris 's visit to Washington in December 1946 to ask for American assistance , the U.S. State Department formulated a plan . Aid would be given to both Greece and Turkey , to help cool the long - standing rivalry between them .

\n

\n American policy makers recognized the instability of the region , fearing that if Greece was lost to communism , Turkey would not last long . Similarly , if Turkey yielded to Soviet demands , the position of Greece would be endangered . A regional domino effect threat therefore guided the American decision . Greece and Turkey were strategic allies important for geographical reasons as well , for the fall of Greece would put the Soviets on a particularly dangerous flank for the Turks , and strengthen the Soviet Union 's ability to cut off allied supply lines in the event of war .

\n

\n Truman 's address ( edit )

\n Dean Acheson ( 1893 -- 1971 ) , who helped craft Truman 's doctrine , was named his secretary of state the following year .

\n To pass any legislation Truman needed the support of the Republicans , who controlled both houses of Congress . The chief Republican spokesman Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg strongly supported Truman and overcame the doubts of isolationists such as Senator Robert A. Taft . Truman laid the groundwork for his request by having key congressional leaders meet with himself , Secretary of State George Marshall , and Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson . Acheson laid out the `` domino theory '' in the starkest terms , comparing a communist state to a rotten apple that could spread its infection to an entire barrel . Vandenberg was impressed , and advised Truman to appear before Congress and `` scare the hell out of the American people . '' On March 7 , Acheson warned Truman that Greece could fall to the communists within weeks without outside aid .

\n

\n When a draft for Truman 's address was circulated to policymakers , Marshall , Kennan , and others criticized it for containing excess `` rhetoric . '' Truman responded that , as Vandenberg had suggested , his request would only be approved if he played up the threat .

\n

\n On March 12 , 1947 , Truman appeared before a joint session of Congress . In his eighteen - minute speech , he stated :

\n

\n I believe it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures .

\n

\n I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way .

\n

\n I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes .

\n

\n The reaction to Truman 's speech was broadly positive , though there were dissenters . Anti-communists in both parties supported both Truman 's proposed aid package and the doctrine behind it , and Collier 's described it as a `` popularity jackpot '' for the President . Influential columnist Walter Lippmann was more skeptical , noting the open - ended nature of Truman 's pledge ; he felt so strongly that he almost came to blows while arguing with Acheson over the doctrine . Others argued that the Greek monarchy Truman proposed to defend was itself a repressive government , rather than a democracy .

\n

\n Despite these objections , the fear of the growing communist threat almost guaranteed the bill 's passage . In May 1947 , two months after Truman 's request , a large majority of Congress approved $400 million in military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey . Increased American aid helped defeat the KKE , after interim defeats for government forces from 1946 to 1948 . The Truman Doctrine was the first in a series of containment moves by the United States , followed by economic restoration of Western Europe through the Marshall Plan and military containment by the creation of NATO in 1949 .

\n

\n Long - term policy and metaphor ( edit )

\n

\n The Truman Doctrine underpinned American Cold War policy in Europe and around the world . In the words of historian James T. Patterson , `` The Truman Doctrine was a highly publicized commitment of a sort the administration had not previously undertaken . Its sweeping rhetoric , promising that the United States should aid all ' free people ' being subjugated , set the stage for innumerable later ventures that led to globalistic commitments . It was in these ways a major step . ''

\n

\n The doctrine endured , historian Dennis Merill argues , because it addressed a broader cultural insecurity regarding modern life in a globalized world . It dealt with Washington 's concern over communism 's domino effect , it enabled a media - sensitive presentation of the doctrine that won bipartisan support , and it mobilized American economic power to modernize and stabilize unstable regions without direct military intervention . It brought nation - building activities and modernization programs to the forefront of foreign policy .

\n

\n The Truman Doctrine became a metaphor for emergency aid to keep a nation from communist influence . Truman used disease imagery not only to communicate a sense of impending disaster in the spread of communism but also to create a `` rhetorical vision '' of containing it by extending a protective shield around non-communist countries throughout the world . It echoed the `` quarantine the aggressor '' policy Truman 's predecessor , Franklin D. Roosevelt , had sought to impose to contain German and Japanese expansion in 1937 ( `` quarantine '' suggested the role of public health officials handling an infectious disease ) . The medical metaphor extended beyond the immediate aims of the Truman Doctrine in that the imagery combined with fire and flood imagery evocative of disaster provided the United States with an easy transition to direct military confrontation in later years with communist forces in Korea and Vietnam . By framing ideological differences in life or death terms , Truman was able to garner support for this communism - containing policy .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
\n Problems playing this file ? See media help .
\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : McCullough , David ( 1992 ) . Truman . New York : Simon & Schuster .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Michael Beschloss ( 2006 ) . Our Documents : 100 Milestone Documents From The National Archives . Oxford University Press . pp. 194 -- 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530959 - 1 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Eric Foner , Give Me Liberty ! An American History ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) p 892
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Alan Bullock , Ernest Bevin : Foreign Secretary pp 368 -- 9 ; Arnold Offner , Another Such Victory : President Truman and the Cold War , 1945 -- 2002 ( 2002 ) p 197 ; Denise M. Bostdorff , Proclaiming the Truman Doctrine ( 2008 ) p 51
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ George McGhee , The U.S. - Turkish - NATO Middle East Connection : How the Truman Doctrine and Turkey 's NATO Entry Contained the Soviets in the Middle East , ( 1990 )
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Merrill 2006 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Bar\u0131n Kayao\u011flu , `` Strategic imperatives , Democratic rhetoric : The United States and Turkey , 1945 -- 52 . '' Cold War History , Aug 2009 , Vol. 9 ( 3 ) pp. 321 -- 345
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Gerolymatos , Andr\u00e9 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) . An International Civil War : Greece , 1943 - 1949 . Yale University Press . pp. 100 -- 111 . ISBN 9780300180602 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Gerolymatos , Andr\u00e9 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) . An International Civil War : Greece , 1943 - 1949 . Yale University Press . pp. 194 -- 203 . ISBN 9780300180602 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ B\u00e6rentzen , Lars , John O. Iatrides , and Ole Langwitz. Smith . Studies in the History of the Greek Civil War , 1945 -- 1949 . Copenhagen : Museum Tusculanum , 1987 . 273 - 280 . Google Books . Web . 28 Apr. 2010 . online
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Bullock , Ernest Bevin : Foreign Secretary ( 1983 ) ch 8
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Painter 2012 , p. 29 : `` Although circumstances differed greatly in Greece , Turkey , and Iran , U.S. officials interpreted events in all three places as part of a Soviet plan to dominate the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle East . Mention of oil was deliberately deleted from Truman 's March 12 , 1947 , address before Congress pledging resistance to communist expansion anywhere in the world ; but guarding access to oil was an important part of the Truman Doctrine . The Truman Doctrine was named after Harry S. Truman . This doctrine stated that that the United States would provide political , military and economic assistance to all democratic nations under threat from external or internal authoritarian forces . ''

    \n One draft , for example , of Truman 's speech spoke of the `` great natural resources '' of the Middle East at stake ( Kolko & Kolko 1972 , p. 341 ) .

    \n
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Freeland , Richard M. ( 1970 ) . The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism . Alfred A. Knopf , Inc . pp. g. 90 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Spalding , Elizabeth Edwards ( 2006 ) . The First Cold Warrior : Harry Truman , Containment , and the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism . The University Press of Kentucky . p. 64 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ McGhee , George ( 1990 ) . The US - Turkish - NATO Middle East Connection : How the Truman Doctrine Contained the Soviets in the Middle East . St. Harry 's Press . pp. g. 21 .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : Patterson , James T. ( 1996 ) . Grand Expectations . New York : Oxford University Press .
    17. \n
  17. \n ^ Jump up to : Herring , George C. ( 2008 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations Since 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195078220 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Ivie 1999 .
    19. \n
\n

\n Bibliography ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikisource has original text related to this article : Truman Doctrine
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Harry S. Truman
\n
    \n
  • \n 33rd President of the United States ( 1945 -- 1953 )
    • \n
  • \n 34th Vice President of the United States ( 1945 )
    • \n
  • \n U.S. Senator from Missouri ( 1935 -- 1945 )
    • \n
\n
\n Presidency \n
    \n
  • \n 1945 inauguration
    • \n
  • \n 1949 inauguration
    • \n
  • \n Potsdam Conference
      \n
    • \n Agreement on Europe
      • \n
    • \n Declaration to Japan
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
    • \n
  • \n Fair Deal
    • \n
  • \n Mental Health Act
      \n
    • \n National Institute of Mental Health
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n National School Lunch Act
    • \n
  • \n Employment Act of 1946
      \n
    • \n Council of Economic Advisers
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Truman Doctrine
    • \n
  • \n Marshall Plan
    • \n
  • \n Loyalty Order
    • \n
  • \n National Security Act of 1947
      \n
    • \n Joint Chiefs of Staff
      • \n
    • \n National Security Council
      • \n
    • \n Department of the Air Force
      • \n
    • \n Central Intelligence Agency
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Key West Agreement
    • \n
  • \n Joint Long Range Proving Grounds
    • \n
  • \n Revolt of the Admirals
    • \n
  • \n Committee on Civil Rights
    • \n
  • \n Integration of the Armed Forces
    • \n
  • \n Housing Act of 1949
    • \n
  • \n North Atlantic Treaty
      \n
    • \n NATO
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Assassination attempt
    • \n
  • \n Korean War
      \n
    • \n U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82 , 83
      • \n
    • \n Relief of General MacArthur
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Office of Defense Mobilization
      \n
    • \n Science Advisory Committee
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n 1952 steel strike
    • \n
  • \n Puerto Rican constitutional referendum , 1952
    • \n
  • \n National Security Agency
    • \n
  • \n State of the Union Address ( 1946
    • \n
  • \n 1950
    • \n
  • \n 1952 )
    • \n
  • \n Judicial appointments
      \n
    • \n Supreme Court
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Cabinet
    • \n
  • \n Truman Balcony
    • \n
  • \n `` The buck stops here ''
    • \n
\n
\n Life \n
    \n
  • \n Early life and career
    • \n
  • \n Presidential Library , Museum , and gravesite
    • \n
  • \n Missouri Office and Courtroom
    • \n
  • \n Truman Committee
    • \n
  • \n Democratic vice presidential nomination of 1944
    • \n
\n
\n Books \n
    \n
  • \n Bibliography
    • \n
\n
\n Homes \n
    \n
  • \n Birthplace
    • \n
  • \n Harry S. Truman Farm Home
    • \n
  • \n Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site
      \n
    • \n Historic District
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Blair House
    • \n
  • \n Truman Little White House
    • \n
\n
\n Elections \n
    \n
  • \n United States Senate election in Missouri , 1934
    • \n
  • \n 1940
    • \n
  • \n Democratic National Convention 1944
    • \n
  • \n 1948
    • \n
  • \n United States presidential election , 1944
    • \n
  • \n 1948
      \n
    • \n `` Dewey Defeats Truman ''
      • \n
    • \n campaign song
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Democratic Party presidential primaries , 1952
    • \n
\n
\n Legacy \n
    \n
  • \n Truman Day
    • \n
  • \n Harry S Truman Building
    • \n
  • \n Truman Dam and Reservoir
    • \n
  • \n Harry S. Truman Scholarship
    • \n
  • \n Truman Sports Complex
    • \n
  • \n U.S. Postage stamps
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Give ' em Hell , Harry ( 1975 play and film )
    • \n
  • \n Truman ( 1995 film )
    • \n
\n
\n Family \n
    \n
  • \n Bess Wallace Truman ( wife )
    • \n
  • \n Margaret Truman ( daughter )
    • \n
  • \n John Anderson Truman ( father )
    • \n
  • \n Martha Ellen Young Truman ( mother )
    • \n
  • \n Clifton Truman Daniel ( grandson )
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n \u2190 Franklin D. Roosevelt
    • \n
  • \n Dwight D. Eisenhower \u2192
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Cold War
\n
    \n
  • \n USA
    • \n
  • \n USSR
    • \n
  • \n ANZUS
    • \n
  • \n NATO
    • \n
  • \n Non-Aligned Movement
    • \n
  • \n SEATO
    • \n
  • \n Warsaw Pact
    • \n
  • \n Cold War II
    • \n
\n
\n 1940s \n
    \n
  • \n Morgenthau Plan
    • \n
  • \n Hukbalahap Rebellion
    • \n
  • \n Dekemvriana
    • \n
  • \n Percentages agreement
    • \n
  • \n Yalta Conference
    • \n
  • \n Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
      \n
    • \n Forest Brothers
      • \n
    • \n Operation Priboi
      • \n
    • \n Operation Jungle
      • \n
    • \n Occupation of the Baltic states
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Cursed soldiers
    • \n
  • \n Operation Unthinkable
    • \n
  • \n Operation Downfall
    • \n
  • \n Potsdam Conference
    • \n
  • \n Gouzenko Affair
    • \n
  • \n Division of Korea
    • \n
  • \n Operation Masterdom
    • \n
  • \n Operation Beleaguer
    • \n
  • \n Operation Blacklist Forty
    • \n
  • \n Iran crisis of 1946
    • \n
  • \n Greek Civil War
    • \n
  • \n Baruch Plan
    • \n
  • \n Corfu Channel incident
    • \n
  • \n Turkish Straits crisis
    • \n
  • \n Restatement of Policy on Germany
    • \n
  • \n First Indochina War
    • \n
  • \n Truman Doctrine
    • \n
  • \n Asian Relations Conference
    • \n
  • \n May 1947 Crises
    • \n
  • \n Marshall Plan
    • \n
  • \n Comecon
    • \n
  • \n 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'\u00e9tat
    • \n
  • \n Tito -- Stalin Split
    • \n
  • \n Berlin Blockade
    • \n
  • \n Western betrayal
    • \n
  • \n Iron Curtain
    • \n
  • \n Eastern Bloc
    • \n
  • \n Western Bloc
    • \n
  • \n Chinese Civil War ( Second round )
    • \n
  • \n Malayan Emergency
    • \n
  • \n Albanian Subversion
    • \n
\n
\n 1950s \n
    \n
  • \n Papua conflict
    • \n
  • \n Bamboo Curtain
    • \n
  • \n Korean War
    • \n
  • \n McCarthyism
    • \n
  • \n Egyptian Revolution of 1952
    • \n
  • \n 1953 Iranian coup d'\u00e9tat
    • \n
  • \n Uprising of 1953 in East Germany
    • \n
  • \n Dirty War ( Mexico )
    • \n
  • \n Bricker Amendment
    • \n
  • \n 1954 Guatemalan coup d'\u00e9tat
    • \n
  • \n Partition of Vietnam
    • \n
  • \n Vietnam War
    • \n
  • \n First Taiwan Strait Crisis
    • \n
  • \n Geneva Summit ( 1955 )
    • \n
  • \n Bandung Conference
    • \n
  • \n Pozna\u0144 1956 protests
    • \n
  • \n Hungarian Revolution of 1956
    • \n
  • \n Suez Crisis
    • \n
  • \n `` We will bury you ''
    • \n
  • \n Operation Gladio
    • \n
  • \n Arab Cold War
      \n
    • \n Syrian Crisis of 1957
      • \n
    • \n 1958 Lebanon crisis
      • \n
    • \n Iraqi 14 July Revolution
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Sputnik crisis
    • \n
  • \n Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
    • \n
  • \n 1959 Tibetan uprising
    • \n
  • \n Cuban Revolution
    • \n
  • \n Kitchen Debate
    • \n
  • \n Sino - Soviet split
    • \n
\n
\n 1960s \n
    \n
  • \n Congo Crisis
    • \n
  • \n 1960 U-2 incident
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Pigs Invasion
    • \n
  • \n 1960 Turkish coup d'\u00e9tat
    • \n
  • \n Soviet -- Albanian split
    • \n
  • \n Berlin Crisis of 1961
    • \n
  • \n Berlin Wall
    • \n
  • \n Portuguese Colonial War
      \n
    • \n Angolan War of Independence
      • \n
    • \n Guinea - Bissau War of Independence
      • \n
    • \n Mozambican War of Independence
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Cuban Missile Crisis
    • \n
  • \n Sino - Indian War
    • \n
  • \n Communist insurgency in Sarawak
    • \n
  • \n Iraqi Ramadan Revolution
    • \n
  • \n Eritrean War of Independence
    • \n
  • \n Sand War
    • \n
  • \n North Yemen Civil War
    • \n
  • \n Aden Emergency
    • \n
  • \n 1963 Syrian coup d'\u00e9tat
    • \n
  • \n Vietnam War
    • \n
  • \n Shifta War
    • \n
  • \n Guatemalan Civil War
    • \n
  • \n Colombian conflict
    • \n
  • \n Nicaraguan Revolution
    • \n
  • \n 1964 Brazilian coup d'\u00e9tat
    • \n
  • \n Dominican Civil War
    • \n
  • \n South African Border War
    • \n
  • \n Transition to the New Order
    • \n
  • \n Domino theory
    • \n
  • \n ASEAN Declaration
    • \n
  • \n Laotian Civil War
    • \n
  • \n 1966 Syrian coup d'\u00e9tat
    • \n
  • \n Argentine Revolution
    • \n
  • \n Korean DMZ Conflict
    • \n
  • \n Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74
    • \n
  • \n Years of Lead ( Italy )
    • \n
  • \n USS Pueblo incident
    • \n
  • \n Six - Day War
    • \n
  • \n War of Attrition
    • \n
  • \n Dhofar Rebellion
    • \n
  • \n Al - Wadiah War
    • \n
  • \n Protests of 1968
    • \n
  • \n French May
    • \n
  • \n Tlatelolco massacre
    • \n
  • \n Cultural Revolution
    • \n
  • \n Prague Spring
    • \n
  • \n 1968 Polish political crisis
    • \n
  • \n Communist insurgency in Malaysia
    • \n
  • \n Invasion of Czechoslovakia
    • \n
  • \n Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution
    • \n
  • \n Goulash Communism
    • \n
  • \n Sino - Soviet border conflict
    • \n
  • \n CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion
    • \n
  • \n Corrective Move
    • \n
\n
\n 1970s \n
    \n
  • \n D\u00e9tente
    • \n
  • \n Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
    • \n
  • \n Black September in Jordan
    • \n
  • \n Corrective Movement ( Syria )
    • \n
  • \n Cambodian Civil War
    • \n
  • \n Koza riot
    • \n
  • \n Realpolitik
    • \n
  • \n Ping - pong diplomacy
    • \n
  • \n Uganda -- Tanzania War
    • \n
  • \n 1971 Turkish military memorandum
    • \n
  • \n Corrective Revolution ( Egypt )
    • \n
  • \n Four Power Agreement on Berlin
    • \n
  • \n Bangladesh Liberation War
    • \n
  • \n 1972 Nixon visit to China
    • \n
  • \n North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
    • \n
  • \n Yemenite War of 1972
    • \n
  • \n NDF Rebellion
    • \n
  • \n Eritrean Civil Wars
    • \n
  • \n 1973 Chilean coup d'\u00e9tat
    • \n
  • \n Yom Kippur War
    • \n
  • \n 1973 oil crisis
    • \n
  • \n Carnation Revolution
    • \n
  • \n Spanish transition
    • \n
  • \n Metapolitefsi
    • \n
  • \n Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
    • \n
  • \n Rhodesian Bush War
    • \n
  • \n Angolan Civil War
    • \n
  • \n Mozambican Civil War
    • \n
  • \n Oromo conflict
    • \n
  • \n Ogaden War
    • \n
  • \n Ethiopian Civil War
    • \n
  • \n Lebanese Civil War
    • \n
  • \n Sino - Albanian split
    • \n
  • \n Cambodian -- Vietnamese War
    • \n
  • \n Sino - Vietnamese War
    • \n
  • \n Operation Condor
    • \n
  • \n Dirty War ( Argentina )
    • \n
  • \n 1976 Argentine coup d'\u00e9tat
    • \n
  • \n Korean Air Lines Flight 902
    • \n
  • \n Yemenite War of 1979
    • \n
  • \n Grand Mosque seizure
    • \n
  • \n Iranian Revolution
    • \n
  • \n Saur Revolution
    • \n
  • \n New Jewel Movement
    • \n
  • \n 1979 Herat uprising
    • \n
  • \n Seven Days to the River Rhine
    • \n
  • \n Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
    • \n
\n
\n 1980s \n
    \n
  • \n Soviet -- Afghan War
    • \n
  • \n 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
    • \n
  • \n 1980 Turkish coup d'\u00e9tat
    • \n
  • \n Peruvian conflict
    • \n
  • \n Casamance conflict
    • \n
  • \n Ugandan Bush War
    • \n
  • \n Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency
    • \n
  • \n Eritrean Civil Wars
    • \n
  • \n 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War
    • \n
  • \n Ndogboyosoi War
    • \n
  • \n United States invasion of Grenada
    • \n
  • \n Able Archer 83
    • \n
  • \n Star Wars
    • \n
  • \n Iran -- Iraq War
    • \n
  • \n Somali Rebellion
    • \n
  • \n 1986 Black Sea incident
    • \n
  • \n 1988 Black Sea bumping incident
    • \n
  • \n South Yemen Civil War
    • \n
  • \n Bougainville Civil War
    • \n
  • \n 8888 Uprising
    • \n
  • \n Solidarity
      \n
    • \n Soviet reaction
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Contras
    • \n
  • \n Central American crisis
    • \n
  • \n RYAN
    • \n
  • \n Korean Air Lines Flight 007
    • \n
  • \n People Power Revolution
    • \n
  • \n Glasnost
    • \n
  • \n Perestroika
    • \n
  • \n Nagorno - Karabakh War
    • \n
  • \n Afghan Civil War
    • \n
  • \n United States invasion of Panama
    • \n
  • \n 1988 Polish strikes
    • \n
  • \n Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
    • \n
  • \n Revolutions of 1989
    • \n
  • \n Fall of the Berlin Wall
    • \n
  • \n Velvet Revolution
    • \n
  • \n Romanian Revolution
    • \n
  • \n Peaceful Revolution
    • \n
  • \n Die Wende
    • \n
\n
\n 1990s \n
    \n
  • \n Mongolian Revolution of 1990
    • \n
  • \n German reunification
    • \n
  • \n Yemeni unification
    • \n
  • \n Fall of communism in Albania
    • \n
  • \n Breakup of Yugoslavia
    • \n
  • \n Dissolution of the Soviet Union
    • \n
  • \n Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
    • \n
\n
\n Frozen conflicts \n
    \n
  • \n Abkhazia
    • \n
  • \n China - Taiwan
    • \n
  • \n Korea
    • \n
  • \n Nagorno - Karabakh
    • \n
  • \n South Ossetia
    • \n
  • \n Transnistria
    • \n
  • \n Sino - Indian border dispute
    • \n
  • \n North Borneo dispute
    • \n
\n
\n Foreign policy \n
    \n
  • \n Truman Doctrine
    • \n
  • \n Containment
    • \n
  • \n Eisenhower Doctrine
    • \n
  • \n Domino theory
    • \n
  • \n Hallstein Doctrine
    • \n
  • \n Kennedy Doctrine
    • \n
  • \n Peaceful coexistence
    • \n
  • \n Ostpolitik
    • \n
  • \n Johnson Doctrine
    • \n
  • \n Brezhnev Doctrine
    • \n
  • \n Nixon Doctrine
    • \n
  • \n Ulbricht Doctrine
    • \n
  • \n Carter Doctrine
    • \n
  • \n Reagan Doctrine
    • \n
  • \n Rollback
    • \n
  • \n Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War
    • \n
\n
\n Ideologies \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Capitalism \n
    \n
  • \n Chicago school
    • \n
  • \n Keynesianism
    • \n
  • \n Monetarism
    • \n
  • \n Neoclassical economics
    • \n
  • \n Reaganomics
    • \n
  • \n Supply - side economics
    • \n
  • \n Thatcherism
    • \n
\n
\n Communism \n
    \n
  • \n Marxism -- Leninism
    • \n
  • \n Castroism
    • \n
  • \n Eurocommunism
    • \n
  • \n Guevarism
    • \n
  • \n Hoxhaism
    • \n
  • \n Juche
    • \n
  • \n Maoism
    • \n
  • \n Trotskyism
    • \n
  • \n Naxalism
    • \n
  • \n Stalinism
    • \n
  • \n Titoism
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Fascism
    • \n
  • \n Islamism
    • \n
  • \n Liberal democracy
    • \n
  • \n Social democracy
    • \n
  • \n Third - Worldism
    • \n
  • \n White supremacy
    • \n
  • \n Apartheid
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Organizations \n
    \n
  • \n ASEAN
    • \n
  • \n CIA
    • \n
  • \n Comecon
    • \n
  • \n EEC
    • \n
  • \n KGB
    • \n
  • \n MI6
    • \n
  • \n Non-Aligned Movement
    • \n
  • \n SAARC
    • \n
  • \n Safari Club
    • \n
  • \n Stasi
    • \n
\n
\n Propaganda \n
    \n
  • \n Active measures
    • \n
  • \n Crusade for Freedom
    • \n
  • \n Izvestia
    • \n
  • \n Pravda
    • \n
  • \n Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty
    • \n
  • \n Red Scare
    • \n
  • \n TASS
    • \n
  • \n Voice of America
    • \n
  • \n Voice of Russia
    • \n
\n
\n Races \n
    \n
  • \n Arms race
    • \n
  • \n Nuclear arms race
    • \n
  • \n Space Race
    • \n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
    • \n
  • \n Soviet espionage in the United States
    • \n
  • \n Soviet Union -- United States relations
    • \n
  • \n USSR -- USA summits
    • \n
  • \n Russian espionage in the United States
    • \n
  • \n American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
    • \n
  • \n Russia -- NATO relations
    • \n
  • \n Brinkmanship
    • \n
  • \n CIA and the Cultural Cold War
    • \n
  • \n Cold War II
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
  • \n Commons
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
  • \n Timeline
    • \n
  • \n List of conflicts
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Foreign relations of the United States
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Bilateral relations
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Africa \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n East \n
    \n
  • \n Burundi
    • \n
  • \n Comoros
    • \n
  • \n Djibouti
    • \n
  • \n Eritrea
    • \n
  • \n Ethiopia
    • \n
  • \n Kenya
    • \n
  • \n Madagascar
    • \n
  • \n Malawi
    • \n
  • \n Mauritius
    • \n
  • \n Mozambique
    • \n
  • \n Rwanda
    • \n
  • \n Seychelles
    • \n
  • \n Somalia
    • \n
  • \n South Sudan
    • \n
  • \n Tanzania
    • \n
  • \n Uganda
    • \n
  • \n Zambia
    • \n
  • \n Zimbabwe
    • \n
\n
\n Middle \n
    \n
  • \n Angola
    • \n
  • \n Cameroon
    • \n
  • \n Central African Republic
    • \n
  • \n Chad
    • \n
  • \n Democratic Republic of the Congo
    • \n
  • \n Republic of the Congo
    • \n
  • \n Equatorial Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Gabon
    • \n
  • \n S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe
    • \n
\n
\n North \n
    \n
  • \n Algeria
    • \n
  • \n Egypt
    • \n
  • \n Libya
    • \n
  • \n Morocco
    • \n
  • \n Sahrawi Republic
    • \n
  • \n Sudan
    • \n
  • \n Tunisia
    • \n
\n
\n Southern \n
    \n
  • \n Botswana
    • \n
  • \n Lesotho
    • \n
  • \n Namibia
    • \n
  • \n South Africa
    • \n
  • \n Swaziland
    • \n
\n
\n West \n
    \n
  • \n Benin
    • \n
  • \n Burkina Faso
    • \n
  • \n Cape Verde
    • \n
  • \n Ivory Coast
    • \n
  • \n The Gambia
    • \n
  • \n Ghana
    • \n
  • \n Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Guinea - Bissau
    • \n
  • \n Liberia
    • \n
  • \n Mali
    • \n
  • \n Mauritania
    • \n
  • \n Niger
    • \n
  • \n Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Senegal
    • \n
  • \n Sierra Leone
    • \n
  • \n Togo
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Americas \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Caribbean \n
    \n
  • \n Antigua and Barbuda
    • \n
  • \n Aruba
    • \n
  • \n Barbados
    • \n
  • \n Cayman Islands
    • \n
  • \n Cuba
    • \n
  • \n Dominica
    • \n
  • \n Dominican Republic
    • \n
  • \n Grenada
    • \n
  • \n Haiti
    • \n
  • \n Jamaica
    • \n
  • \n St. Kitts and Nevis
    • \n
  • \n St. Lucia
    • \n
  • \n St. Vincent and the Grenadines
    • \n
  • \n Trinidad and Tobago
    • \n
\n
\n Central \n
    \n
  • \n Belize
    • \n
  • \n Costa Rica
    • \n
  • \n El Salvador
    • \n
  • \n Guatemala
    • \n
  • \n Honduras
    • \n
  • \n Nicaragua
    • \n
  • \n Panama
    • \n
\n
\n Northern \n
    \n
  • \n Bermuda
    • \n
  • \n Canada
      \n
    • \n trade relations
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Mexico
    • \n
\n
\n South \n
    \n
  • \n Argentina
    • \n
  • \n Bolivia
    • \n
  • \n Brazil
    • \n
  • \n Chile
    • \n
  • \n Colombia
    • \n
  • \n Ecuador
    • \n
  • \n Guyana
    • \n
  • \n Paraguay
    • \n
  • \n Peru
    • \n
  • \n Suriname
    • \n
  • \n Uruguay
    • \n
  • \n Venezuela
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Asia \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Central \n
    \n
  • \n Kazakhstan
    • \n
  • \n Kyrgyzstan
    • \n
  • \n Tajikistan
    • \n
  • \n Turkmenistan
    • \n
  • \n Uzbekistan
    • \n
\n
\n East \n
    \n
  • \n China
      \n
    • \n Hong Kong
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Japan
    • \n
  • \n Macau
    • \n
  • \n Mongolia
    • \n
  • \n North Korea
    • \n
  • \n South Korea
    • \n
  • \n Taiwan
    • \n
\n
\n South \n
    \n
  • \n Afghanistan
    • \n
  • \n Bangladesh
    • \n
  • \n Bhutan
    • \n
  • \n India
    • \n
  • \n Maldives
    • \n
  • \n Nepal
    • \n
  • \n Pakistan ( military relations )
    • \n
  • \n Sri Lanka
    • \n
\n
\n Southeast \n
    \n
  • \n Brunei
    • \n
  • \n Burma
    • \n
  • \n Cambodia
    • \n
  • \n East Timor
    • \n
  • \n Indonesia
    • \n
  • \n Laos
    • \n
  • \n Malaysia
    • \n
  • \n Philippines
    • \n
  • \n Singapore
    • \n
  • \n Thailand
    • \n
  • \n Vietnam
    • \n
\n
\n West \n
    \n
  • \n Armenia
    • \n
  • \n Azerbaijan
    • \n
  • \n Bahrain
    • \n
  • \n Cyprus
    • \n
  • \n Georgia
    • \n
  • \n Iran
    • \n
  • \n Iraq
    • \n
  • \n Israel
      \n
    • \n military relations
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Jordan
    • \n
  • \n Kuwait
    • \n
  • \n Lebanon
    • \n
  • \n Oman
    • \n
  • \n Palestine
    • \n
  • \n Qatar
    • \n
  • \n Saudi Arabia
    • \n
  • \n Syria
    • \n
  • \n Turkey
    • \n
  • \n United Arab Emirates
    • \n
  • \n Yemen
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Europe \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n East \n
    \n
  • \n Belarus
    • \n
  • \n Bulgaria
    • \n
  • \n Czech Republic
    • \n
  • \n Hungary
    • \n
  • \n Moldova
    • \n
  • \n Poland
    • \n
  • \n Romania
    • \n
  • \n Russia
    • \n
  • \n Slovakia
    • \n
  • \n Ukraine
    • \n
\n
\n North \n
    \n
  • \n Denmark
    • \n
  • \n Estonia
    • \n
  • \n Finland
    • \n
  • \n Iceland
    • \n
  • \n Ireland
    • \n
  • \n Latvia
    • \n
  • \n Lithuania
    • \n
  • \n Norway
    • \n
  • \n Sweden
    • \n
  • \n United Kingdom
    • \n
\n
\n South \n
    \n
  • \n Andorra
    • \n
  • \n Albania
    • \n
  • \n Bosnia and Herzegovina
    • \n
  • \n Croatia
    • \n
  • \n Greece
    • \n
  • \n Italy
    • \n
  • \n Kosovo
    • \n
  • \n Macedonia
    • \n
  • \n Malta
    • \n
  • \n Montenegro
    • \n
  • \n Portugal
    • \n
  • \n San Marino
    • \n
  • \n Serbia
    • \n
  • \n Slovenia
    • \n
  • \n Spain
    • \n
  • \n Vatican City
    • \n
\n
\n West \n
    \n
  • \n Austria
    • \n
  • \n Belgium
    • \n
  • \n France
    • \n
  • \n Germany
    • \n
  • \n Liechtenstein
    • \n
  • \n Luxembourg
    • \n
  • \n Monaco
    • \n
  • \n Netherlands
    • \n
  • \n Switzerland
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Oceania \n
    \n
  • \n Australia
    • \n
  • \n Fiji
    • \n
  • \n Kiribati
    • \n
  • \n Marshall Islands
    • \n
  • \n Micronesia
    • \n
  • \n Nauru
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
    • \n
  • \n Palau
    • \n
  • \n Papua New Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Samoa
    • \n
  • \n Solomon Islands
    • \n
  • \n Tonga
    • \n
  • \n Tuvalu
    • \n
  • \n Vanuatu
    • \n
\n
\n Former states \n
    \n
  • \n Kingdom of Hawaii
    • \n
  • \n Republic of Texas
    • \n
  • \n Russian Empire
    • \n
  • \n Soviet Union
    • \n
\n
\n
\n 		\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Multilateral relations
\n
    \n
  • \n Arab League
    • \n
  • \n European Union
    • \n
  • \n Latin America
    • \n
  • \n United Nations
    • \n
  • \n Third Border Initiative
    • \n
  • \n International organizations
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide ) Doctrines , policies , concepts
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Presidential doctrines \n
    \n
  • \n Proclamation of Neutrality
    • \n
  • \n Monroe
    • \n
  • \n Roosevelt Corollary
    • \n
  • \n Good Neighbor policy
    • \n
  • \n Truman
    • \n
  • \n Eisenhower
    • \n
  • \n Kennedy
    • \n
  • \n Johnson
    • \n
  • \n Nixon
    • \n
  • \n Carter
    • \n
  • \n Reagan
    • \n
  • \n Clinton
    • \n
  • \n Bush
    • \n
  • \n Obama
    • \n
\n
\n Other doctrines \n
    \n
  • \n Lodge Corollary
    • \n
  • \n Stimson
    • \n
  • \n Kirkpatrick
    • \n
  • \n Weinberger
    • \n
  • \n Powell
    • \n
  • \n Rumsfeld
    • \n
  • \n Wolfowitz
    • \n
\n
\n Policies and concepts \n
    \n
  • \n Blowback
    • \n
  • \n Containment
    • \n
  • \n Domino theory
    • \n
  • \n Non-interventionism
    • \n
  • \n Progressive realism
    • \n
  • \n Rollback
    • \n
  • \n Special Relationship
    • \n
  • \n Taiwan Relations Act ( Taiwan Travel Act )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Greek Civil War
\n Background \n
    \n
  • \n 4th of August Regime
    • \n
  • \n Axis occupation of Greece
    • \n
  • \n Greek Resistance
      \n
    • \n National Liberation Front
      • \n
    • \n Greek People 's Liberation Army
      • \n
    • \n National Republican Greek League
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Collaborationist governments
      \n
    • \n Security Battalions
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Greek government - in - exile
    • \n
  • \n Red Terror
    • \n
  • \n Lebanon Conference
    • \n
  • \n Caserta Agreement
    • \n
  • \n Dekemvriana
    • \n
  • \n Treaty of Varkiza
    • \n
  • \n White Terror
    • \n
  • \n 1946 general elections
    • \n
  • \n 1946 monarchy referendum
    • \n
\n
\n Events \n
    \n
  • \n Litochoro attack
    • \n
  • \n Truman Doctrine
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Konitsa
    • \n
  • \n Thessaloniki bombing
    • \n
  • \n Operation Charavgi
    • \n
  • \n Operation Koronis
    • \n
  • \n Operation Peristera
    • \n
  • \n Operation Pyravlos
    • \n
  • \n Tito -- Stalin split
    • \n
  • \n Operation Pyrsos
    • \n
\n
\n Communists \n
    \n
  • \n Communist Party of Greece
    • \n
  • \n National Liberation Front
    • \n
  • \n Provisional Democratic Government
      \n
    • \n Democratic Army of Greece
      • \n
    • \n Popular Civil Guard
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Nikos Zachariadis
    • \n
  • \n Markos Vafiadis
    • \n
\n
\n National Government \n
    \n
  • \n George II of Greece
    • \n
  • \n Paul of Greece
    • \n
  • \n Archbishop Damaskinos of Athens
    • \n
  • \n Themistoklis Sofoulis
    • \n
  • \n Konstantinos Tsaldaris
    • \n
  • \n Alexandros Papagos
    • \n
  • \n Konstantinos Ventiris
    • \n
  • \n Dimitrios Giatzis
    • \n
  • \n Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos
    • \n
  • \n James Van Fleet
    • \n
  • \n Hellenic Army
    • \n
  • \n Royal Hellenic Air Force
    • \n
  • \n Greek Gendarmerie
    • \n
  • \n Rural Security Units
    • \n
\n
\n Impact and aftermath \n
    \n
  • \n Refugees of the Greek Civil War
    • \n
  • \n Makronisos
    • \n
  • \n Sacred Bond of Greek Officers
    • \n
  • \n Centrist Interlude
    • \n
  • \n Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74
    • \n
  • \n Metapolitefsi
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Truman_Doctrine&oldid=834014381 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what was the soviets response to the truman doctrine", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Law & Order : Special Victims Unit - Wikipedia

\n Law & Order : Special Victims Unit

\n Jump to : navigation , search For the current season , see Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 19 ) . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Law & Order : Special Victims Unit
\n
\n Also known as \n
    \n
  • \n Law & Order : SVU
    • \n
  • \n SVU
    • \n
\n
\n Genre \n
    \n
  • \n Police procedural
    • \n
  • \n Legal drama
    • \n
  • \n Thriller
    • \n
\n
\n Created by \n Dick Wolf
\n Starring \n
    \n
  • \n Christopher Meloni
    • \n
  • \n Mariska Hargitay
    • \n
  • \n Richard Belzer
    • \n
  • \n Dann Florek
    • \n
  • \n Michelle Hurd
    • \n
  • \n Stephanie March
    • \n
  • \n Ice - T
    • \n
  • \n B.D. Wong
    • \n
  • \n Diane Neal
    • \n
  • \n Tamara Tunie
    • \n
  • \n Adam Beach
    • \n
  • \n Michaela McManus
    • \n
  • \n Danny Pino
    • \n
  • \n Kelli Giddish
    • \n
  • \n Ra\u00fal Esparza
    • \n
  • \n Peter Scanavino
    • \n
\n
\n Opening theme \n Theme of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit
\n Composer ( s ) \n Mike Post
\n Country of origin \n United States
\n Original language ( s ) \n English
\n No. of seasons \n 19
\n No. of episodes \n 421 ( list of episodes )
\n Production
\n Executive producer ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Dick Wolf
    • \n
  • \n Robert Palm ( season 1 )
    • \n
  • \n David J. Burke ( season 2 )
    • \n
  • \n Neal Baer ( seasons 2 -- 12 )
    • \n
  • \n Ted Kotcheff ( seasons 2 -- 13 )
    • \n
  • \n Peter Jankowski ( season 2 -- present )
    • \n
  • \n Warren Leight ( seasons 13 -- 17 )
    • \n
  • \n Michael Smith ( season 14 )
    • \n
  • \n Julie Martin ( seasons 14 -- present )
    • \n
  • \n Jonathan Starch ( season 15 -- present )
    • \n
  • \n Arthur W. Forney ( season 17 -- present )
    • \n
  • \n Rick Eid ( season 18 )
    • \n
  • \n Mariska Hargitay ( season 18 -- present )
    • \n
  • \n Michael Chernuchin ( season 19 -- present )
    • \n
\n
\n Running time \n 40 -- 44 minutes
\n Production company ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Wolf Films
    • \n
  • \n Studios USA ( 1999 -- 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Universal Television ( 2002 -- 04 , 2011 -- present )
    • \n
  • \n NBC Universal Television Studio ( 2004 -- 07 )
    • \n
  • \n Universal Media Studios ( 2007 -- 11 )
    • \n
\n
\n Distributor \n NBCUniversal Television Distribution
\n Release
\n Original network \n NBC
\n Picture format \n
    \n
  • \n NTSC ( 480i )
    • \n
  • \n HDTV 1080i
    • \n
\n
\n Original release \n September 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 20 ) -- present
\n Chronology
\n Related shows \n
    \n
  • \n Law & Order franchise
    • \n
\n
\n External links
\n Website
\n

\n Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( often abbreviated to Law & Order : SVU or just SVU ) is an American police procedural , legal , crime drama television series set in New York City , where it is also primarily produced . In the style of the original Law & Order , episodes are often `` ripped from the headlines '' or loosely based on real crimes that have received media attention . Created by Dick Wolf , the series premiered on NBC on September 20 , 1999 , as the second series in Wolf 's successful Law & Order franchise . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has been nominated for and won numerous awards , including the 2006 Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for Mariska Hargitay , the first , and to date only , Emmy to be received by a regular on any Law & Order series . It is the current longest running scripted non-animated U.S. primetime TV series since the cancellation of the original Law & Order on May 24 , 2010 and is the fourth - longest running scripted U.S. primetime TV series on a major broadcast network .

\n

\n Law & Order : Special Victims Unit originally centered almost exclusively on the detectives of the Special Victims Unit in a fictional version of the 16th Precinct of the New York City Police Department . As the series progressed , additional supporting characters were added as allies of the detectives in the New York County Manhattan District Attorney 's office ( known as advisers from the Sex Crimes Bureau ) and the Medical Examiner 's office . Certain episodes will go into detail about detectives ' personal lives and how they may or may not tie into the crimes dealt with during the show . Typical episodes follow the detectives and their colleagues as they investigate and prosecute sexually based offenses , child abuse , and crimes against the elderly . The show starred Christopher Meloni as Detective Elliot Stabler and Mariska Hargitay as Detective Olivia Benson for its first twelve seasons until the former left the cast , unable to come to an agreement on his contract .

\n

\n On May 12 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a nineteenth season , which premiered on September 27 , 2017 . As of January 17 , 2018 , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has aired 421 original episodes .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Production ( edit )

\n

\n History and development ( edit )

\n

\n The idea for Law & Order : Special . Victims Unit originated with the 1986 `` preppie murder '' case of Robert Chambers , who strangled Jennifer Levin , a woman he dated whom he later killed during what he claimed was consensual `` rough sex '' in Manhattan 's Central Park . The crime inspired Dick Wolf to write the story for the season one episode of Law & Order titled `` Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die '' . Even after writing the episode , however , the case continued to haunt Wolf , who wanted to go deeper into the psychology of crimes to examine the role of human sexuality .

\n

\n The original title of the show was Sex Crimes , reflecting the sexual nature of the crimes depicted on the show . Initially there was concern among the producers that , should Sex Crimes fail , identifying the new show with the Law & Order franchise could hurt the original show . Additionally , Ted Kotcheff wanted to create a new series that was not dependent upon the original series for success . Wolf felt , however , that it was important and commercially desirable to have `` Law & Order '' in the title , and he initially proposed the title of the show be Law & Order : Sex Crimes . Barry Diller , then head of Studios USA , was concerned about the title , however , and it was changed to Law & Order : Special Victims Unit to reflect the actual unit of the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) that handles sexually based offenses that are especially heinous . The first episode , `` Payback '' , premiered on NBC on September 20 , 1999 .

\n Executive producers ( edit )

\n Executive producer Neal Baer left Law & Order : SVU as showrunner at the end of season twelve , after eleven years ( seasons 2 -- 12 ) on the show , in order to sign a three - year deal with CBS Studios . Baer was replaced by former Law & Order : Criminal Intent showrunner Warren Leight . In March 2015 , it was announced that Warren Leight signed a three - year deal with Sony Pictures Television , that will allow him to work on SVU one more season , its seventeenth . Leight joined the show in season thirteen . It was announced on March 10 , 2016 that original Law & Order veteran producer Rick Eid would take Leight 's place as showrunner starting in season 18 . Creator Dick Wolf commented to The Hollywood Reporter , `` I 'm extremely pleased that Rick had decided to rejoin the family and hope that he will be here for years to come . '' During post-production of season 18 , following the announcement that SVU was renewed for a nineteenth season , it was revealed that Rick Eid departed the series . He will be taking over another Dick Wolf / NBC series . Chicago P.D.

\n

\n It was announced on May 25 , 2017 that original Law & Order and Law & Order : Criminal Intent showrunner Michael S. Chernuchin would be reprising his role starting on season nineteen . Chernuchin was also co-creator and executive producing showrunner of Chicago Justice , another Wolf - related show that was canceled by NBC at the end of the 2016 -- 17 TV season .

\n

\n Filming ( edit )

\n SVU shooting on location in Central Park at night

\n Many exterior scenes of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit are filmed on location in New York City , Wolf 's hometown , throughout all five of New York City 's boroughs . As the NYPD encounters varied law enforcement challenges on a daily basis , the backdrop provides the writers a supply of ideal locations from which to choose . Fort Lee , New Jersey served as the filming location for Detective Elliot Stabler 's residence in Queens , New York .

\n

\n When searching for a place to film the interiors of the show , the producers found that there were no suitable studio spaces available in New York City . As a result , a space was chosen at NBC 's Central Archives building in nearby North Bergen , New Jersey , which had sat empty for some time , and featured air - conditioning , adequate parking , and 53,000 square feet ( 4,900 m ) of stage area . The Archives building was used for police station and courtroom scenes , with various other locations in Hudson County used for other scenes , such as a scene shot at the Meadowlands Parkway in Secaucus in 2010 . The production left New Jersey for New York in 2010 , however , when New Jersey Governor Chris Christie suspended the tax credits for film and television production for the Fiscal Year 2011 to close budget gaps . The show moved into the studio space at Chelsea Piers that had been occupied by the original Law & Order series until its cancellation in May 2010 .

\n

\n Broadcast history ( edit )

\n

\n The show originally aired on Monday nights at 9 : 00 p.m. ET for the first nine episodes , from September 20 through November 29 , 1999 . It was then shifted to Friday nights at 10 p.m. ET on January 7 , 2000 , and remained in that time slot through the end of season four on May 16 , 2003 . Beginning with the season five premiere on September 23 , 2003 , SVU moved to Tuesday nights at 10 : 00 p.m. ET . NBC airs repeats on Saturday nights at varying times and previous episodes are shown on the USA Network on varying days in marathon blocks

\n

\n With the season eleven premiere on September 23 , 2009 , the series vacated its Tuesday 10 p.m. ET slot because NBC began a prime - time weeknight Jay Leno series . The new time slot became Wednesday nights at 9 : 00 p.m. ET on NBC , with CTV still airing SVU on Tuesdays at 10 : 00 in Canada . After the 2010 Winter Olympics on March 3 , 2010 , the time slot for SVU changed again to Wednesdays at 10 p.m. ET , where it stayed until the twelfth season . In the 12th season , SVU moved back to 9 : 00 p.m. to lead in the newest Law & Order spinoff , Law & Order : LA , until it was pulled from the network in January 2011 to be retooled . SVU moved back to 10 : 00 p.m. on January 12 , 2011 , until the end of the 13th season . With season 14 , SVU moved back to 9 : 00 p.m. after a two - hour season premiere event on September 26 , 2012 , a position the show has held since .

\n

\n Russian adaptation ( edit )

\n

\n In 2007 , the Russian production company Studio 2B purchased the rights to create an adaptation of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit for Russian television . Titled \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a : \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 ( Law & Order : Division of Field Investigation ) , the series stars Alisa Bogart as Major Olga Bobrova . The series follows a unit of investigators in Moscow whose job is to investigate crimes of a sexual nature . The series airs on NTV and is produced by Pavel Korchagin , Felix Kleiman , and Edward Verzbovski and directed by Dmitry Brusnikin . The screenplays are written by Sergei Kuznvetsov , Elena Karavaeshnikova , and Maya Shapovalova .

\n

\n Casting ( edit )

\n Cast of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Cast of seasons 4 -- 5 ( 2002 -- 04 ) , from left : Ice - T , Richard Belzer , Mariska Hargitay , Dann Florek , Christopher Meloni , B.D. Wong , Stephanie March Cast of season 9 ( 2007 -- 08 ) , from left : Diane Neal , Wong , Tamara Tunie , Meloni , Florek , Hargitay , Ice - T , Belzer , Adam Beach Cast of season 10 ( 2008 -- 09 ) from left : Michaela McManus , Wong , Tunie , Meloni , Hargitay , Florek , Belzer , Ice - T The cast of season 15 ( 2013 -- 2014 ) from left : Ra\u00fal Esparza , Florek , Danny Pino , Hargitay , Kelli Giddish , Belzer , Ice - T The cast of seasons 17 -- 18 ( 2015 -- 2017 ) . from left : Esparza , Giddish , Hargitay , Ice - T , Peter Scanavino

\n Casting for the lead characters of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit occurred in the spring of 1999 . Dick Wolf , along with officials from NBC and Studios USA were at the final auditions for the two leads at Rockefeller Center . The last round had been narrowed down to seven finalists . For the female lead , Detective Olivia Benson , actresses Samantha Mathis , Reiko Aylesworth , and Mariska Hargitay were being considered . For the male role , Detective Elliot Stabler , the finalists were Tim Matheson , John Slattery , Nick Chinlund , and Christopher Meloni . Hargitay and Meloni had auditioned in the final round together and , after the actors left , there was a moment of dead silence , after which Wolf blurted out , `` Oh well . There 's no doubt who we should choose -- Hargitay and Meloni . '' Wolf believed the duo had the perfect chemistry together from the first time he saw them together , and they ended up being his first choice . Garth Ancier , then head of NBC Entertainment , agreed , and the rest of the panel assembled began voicing their assent .

\n

\n The first actor to be cast for the show was Dann Florek . Florek had originated the character of Captain Don Cragen in the 1988 pilot for Law & Order and played the character for the first three seasons of the show until he was fired on the orders of network executives , who wanted to add female characters to the all male primary cast . He maintained a friendly relationship with Wolf , however , and went on to direct three episodes of the original series as well as to occasionally guest star on the show . Shortly after Florek reprised his role for Exiled : A Law & Order Movie , he received a call to be on Sex Crimes . Initially reluctant , he eventually agreed to star on the show as Cragen on the assurance that he would not be asked to audition for the role .

\n

\n Shortly after the cancellation of Homicide : Life on the Street , Richard Belzer heard that Benjamin Bratt had left Law & Order . Belzer requested his manager to call Wolf and pitch the idea for Belzer 's character from Homicide , Detective John Munch , to become the new partner of Jerry Orbach 's character , Detective Lennie Briscoe , since they had previously teamed in three Homicide crossovers . Wolf loved the idea , but had already cast Jesse L. Martin as Briscoe 's new partner , Detective Ed Green . The idea was reconfigured , however , to have Munch on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit instead . Since the character of Munch was inspired by David Simon 's depiction of Detective Sergeant Jay Landsman and developed for Homicide by Tom Fontana and Barry Levinson , the addition of Munch to the cast required the consent of all three . The appropriate agreements were reached and , while Fontana and Levinson agreed to waive their royalty rights , contracts with Simon required that he be paid royalties for any new show in which Munch is a main character ; as a result , Simon receives royalties every time Munch appears in an episode of the show .

\n

\n Dean Winters was cast as Munch 's partner , Brian Cassidy , at the insistence of Belzer . Belzer looked at Winters as a sort of little brother , and told Wolf , `` Well , I 'll do this new show of yours , SVU , only if you make Dean Winters my partner . '' Wolf did make Winters Belzer 's partner , but he was contractually obligated to his other show at the time , the HBO drama Oz . Since the role on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit was only initially meant to be a few episodes , Winters was forced to leave when it was time to film Oz again . Winters returned for the Season 13 finale , `` Rhodium Nights , '' reprising his role as Cassidy . He also appeared ( as Cassidy ) on the two - part Season 14 premiere `` Lost Reputation '' / `` Above Suspicion '' . He subsequently became a recurring character into season 15 . The void left by Winters 's departure was filled for the remainder of the season by Michelle Hurd as Detective Monique Jeffries , a character who Wolf promised that , despite starting out as a minor character with one scene in the pilot , would eventually develop . Hurd left the show at the beginning of season two to join the cast of Leap Years . Munch 's permanent partner came in the form of rapper - turned - actor Ice - T , who had previously worked with Wolf on New York Undercover and Exiled . Ice - T originally agreed to do only four episodes of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , but he quickly gained affection for the ensemble nature of the cast . He relocated to New York City before his four - episode contract was up and remained with the show as Munch 's permanent partner , Detective Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola .

\n

\n Initially , the show focused exclusively on the policework of the detectives in the Special Victims Unit of the 16th precinct , with members of the District Attorney 's office occasionally appearing as guest roles crossing over from the original Law & Order . From season two onwards , the format was changed to be more faithful to the original Law & Order concept by including court cases . Stephanie March had little television experience before being cast on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , nor did she watch much TV . Nevertheless , March was cast as Assistant District Attorney Alexandra Cabot at the beginning of season two but still believed that , due to the grim nature of the series , it would be short - lived . She stayed with the series for three seasons , however , and left when she believed she had reached the natural conclusion of the character 's development . She would later reprise the character as a guest appearance in season six and as a regular character on the short - lived Wolf series , Conviction , where she was promised more to do . Diane Neal had previously guest starred on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit in season three before being cast as Cabot 's replacement , Casey Novak , in season five . Neal remained with the show through the end of season nine , after which she was replaced by Michaela McManus . March returned to the show in the tenth season ( after McManus ' departure from the cast ) when Neal Baer proposed Cabot receive a character arc to revitalize the second part of the season , which would continue through season eleven .

\n

\n Tamara Tunie was cast as medical examiner Melinda Warner in season two after working with Wolf previously on New York Undercover , Feds , and Law & Order . Warner was initially a recurring character but became a regular character in season seven , and Tunie was added to the opening credits at that time . When initially cast as Warner , Tunie was appearing as attorney Jessica Griffin on the CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns . From 2000 to 2007 ( and again briefly in 2009 ) , she appeared on both series simultaneously . In 2002 , she also appeared on the Fox espionage - themed drama series 24 , in the recurring role of CTU Acting Director Alberta Green . B.D. Wong was asked to film four episodes as Dr. George Huang , a Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) forensic psychiatrist and criminal profiler on loan to the Special Victims Unit . After his four episodes , he was asked to stay on with the show .

\n

\n After he starred in Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee and guest starred as Detective Chester Lake in the eighth season , Wolf felt that Adam Beach would be a good addition to the cast and asked him to be a permanent member beginning with the ninth season . Although Beach felt the role was a `` dream role '' , the character proved unpopular with fans who felt that he was designed to gradually write out either Richard Belzer or Ice - T. Feeling there were too many police characters on the show , Beach left the show after only one season . Michaela McManus was originally felt to be too young for the role of an Assistant District Attorney ( ADA ) before being cast as ADA Kim Greylek in the tenth season . McManus , months removed from a recurring role on One Tree Hill , remained with the series only half a season , however , before departing for unspecified reasons .

\n

\n Paula Patton joined the cast as ADA Mikka Von . She replaced Stephanie March . However , Patton dropped out after one episode to film Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol , and was replaced by Melissa Sagemiller in the recurring role of ADA Gillian Hardwicke .

\n

\n Before the end of season twelve , Mariska Hargitay asked for a lighter workload . As a way of writing her out of certain episodes , a plan to have her character promoted to a supervisory role was discussed . At the end of season twelve , Christopher Meloni departed the cast , unable to come to terms with his contract . Warren Leight became the new showrunner during this same year and signed on before he knew that Meloni would be leaving the cast . The second major departure to be announced in 2011 was that of B. D. Wong . On July 17 , Wong announced on Twitter that , `` I actually do not return for season 13 , I am jumping to Awake ! It 's awesome ! '' Wong added , `` I do n't know if or when I 'll be back on SVU ! It was amazing to have such a cool job for 11 years and to be a real NY Actor . '' Wong reprised his role as Dr. Huang in season 13 's episode `` Father Dearest '' . In response to these departures , two new main actors were hired , and several changes were made to the recurring cast .

\n

\n In June 2011 , it was announced that Kelli Giddish and Danny Pino would join the cast as new series regulars . Weeks later , it was announced that Stephanie March and Diane Neal would be reprising their roles as ADA Alexandra Cabot and ADA Casey Novak , respectively . The launch of season 13 was marked with a retooling of the show that Warren Leight referred to as `` SVU 2.0 '' . Changes that accompanied this included Tamara Tunie 's being bumped from the main cast to a guest starring role and recurring actor Joel de la Fuente 's not appearing for the first time since 2002 . Of the latter change , Warren Leight said , `` those scenes ( which featured Fuente ) can be dry '' and hired Gilbert Gottfried as a more comedic replacement . In addition to these changes , Linus Roache became a recurring cast member in his role of Michael Cutter , whom he played on Law & Order ; on SVU former Executive ADA Cutter serves as the Bureau Chief for ADAs attached to the Special Victims Unit .

\n

\n In season 14 , Ra\u00fal Esparza joined the cast in a recurring capacity as ADA Rafael Barba and prior to the season 15 premiere , Esparza was promoted to a series regular . Also in season 15 , Belzer departed the cast in the fifth episode , `` Wonderland Story '' , in which Sgt . Munch retired from the NYPD and took a job in the DA 's office as an investigator . Later in the season , Captain Cragen announced his departure from the NYPD , which made newly promoted Sgt . Benson the temporary squad commander . In leaving the cast , Florek ended a 400 - episode run as Captain Cragen . In season 16 , Peter Scanavino joined the series , first in a recurring role for episodes 1 -- 3 and then was promoted to the main cast in episode 5 , with Kelli Giddish , Danny Pino , Ice - T and Ra\u00fal Esparza no longer appearing in every episode . On May 20 , 2015 , it was revealed that Danny Pino would be leaving the cast after the season 16 finale `` Surrendering Noah '' .

\n

\n In August 2017 , it was announced that Philip Winchester will recur in season 19 as ADA Peter Stone , his character from Chicago P.D. and Chicago Justice , who is the son of Benjamin Stone , the ADA on the original Law & Order show . It was later also announced that Brooke Shields was enlisted to assume a major recurring role starting in Season 19 of the long - running dramatic series .

\n

\n Salaries ( edit )

\n

\n By season twelve , both Mariska Hargitay and Christopher Meloni had become among the highest - paid lead actors on a drama , with each earning nearly $400,000 per episode , a salary that TV Guide said was exceeded only by House 's Hugh Laurie . During season sixteen , Hargitay was reported to be earning $450,000 per episode , or $10,350,000 per season , In season seventeen , her salary increased to $500,000 per episode .

\n

\n Cast and characters ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit characters \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Cast \n Character \n Rank / Position \n Seasons \n Notes
\n Regular \n Recurring \n Guest
\n Christopher Meloni \n Elliot Stabler \n Detective \n 1 -- 12 \n \n \n
\n Mariska Hargitay \n Olivia Benson \n Lieutenant \n 1 -- \n \n \n
\n Richard Belzer \n John Munch \n DA Investigator \n 1 -- 15 \n \n 15 , 17 \n
\n Dann Florek \n Donald Cragen \n Captain \n 1 -- 15 \n \n 16 \n
\n Michelle Hurd \n Monique Jeffries \n Detective \n 1 -- 2 \n \n \n
\n Stephanie March \n Alexandra Cabot \n Assistant District Attorney \n 2 -- 5 , 11 \n 2 , 10 , 13 \n 6 \n
\n Ice - T \n Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola \n Detective \n 2 -- \n \n \n
\n Tamara Tunie \n Melinda Warner \n Medical Examiner \n 7 -- 12 \n 2 -- 6 , 13 -- 17 \n 19 \n
\n B.D. Wong \n George Huang \n FBI Special Agent \n 4 -- 12 \n 2 -- 3 \n 13 -- 15 , 17 \n
\n Diane Neal \n Casey Novak \n Senior Assistant District Attorney \n 5 -- 9 \n 13 \n 12 \n
\n Adam Beach \n Chester Lake \n Detective \n 9 \n 8 \n \n
\n Michaela McManus \n Kim Greylek \n Assistant District Attorney \n 10 \n \n \n
\n Danny Pino \n Nick Amaro \n Detective \n 13 -- 16 \n \n \n
\n Kelli Giddish \n Amanda Rollins \n Detective \n 13 -- \n \n \n
\n Ra\u00fal Esparza \n Rafael Barba \n Assistant District Attorney \n 15 -- \n 14 \n \n
\n Peter Scanavino \n Dominick Carisi Jr . \n Detective \n 16 -- \n 16 \n \n
\n
\n
\n Positions
\n
\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Olivia Benson was previously a Detective ( seasons 1 -- 15 ) and a Sergeant ( seasons 15 -- 17 )
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ John Munch was previously a Detective ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) and a Sergeant ( seasons 9 -- 15 ) ; the character , played by Belzer , first appeared on Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1993 - 99 )
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Captain Donald Cragen was the commanding officer of the unit until his retirement ( seasons 1 -- 15 ) ; the character , played by Florek , first appeared in the first three seasons of Law & Order ( 1990 - 93 )
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ George Huang was the unit 's forensic psychiatrist and criminal profiler until his retirement ( seasons 1 -- 15 )
    5. \n
\n
\n
\n Appearances
\n
\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Christopher Meloni was first billed as `` starring '' during seasons 1 -- 12
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Mariska Hargitay has been first billed as `` starring '' since season 13 ; she was previously second billed after Meloni .
    3. \n
\n

\n Series overview ( edit )

\n In the criminal justice system , sexually based offenses are considered especially heinous . In New York City , the dedicated detectives who investigate these vicious felonies are members of an elite squad known as the Special Victims Unit . These are their stories . -- Opening narration spoken by Steven Zirnkilton

\n Based out of the New York City Police Department 's 16th precinct in Manhattan , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit delves into the dark side of the New York underworld as the detectives of a new elite force , the Special Victims Unit ( SVU for short ) , investigate and prosecute various sexually - oriented crimes including rape , pedophilia , and domestic violence . They also investigate the abuses of children , the disabled and elderly victims of non-sexual crimes who require specialist handling . All the while trying to balance the effects of the investigation on their own lives . Its stories also touch on the political and societal issues associated with gender identity , sexual preferences , and equality rights . While the victim is often murdered , this is not always the case , and victims frequently play prominent roles in episodes . The unit also works with the Manhattan District Attorney 's office as they prosecute cases and seek justice for SVU 's victims and survivors with precision and a passion to win and bring closure to the intense investigations . The series often uses stories that are `` ripped from the headlines '' or based on real crimes . Such episodes take a real crime and fictionalize it by changing some details .

\n

\n Originally the show focused around the detective pairings of Elliot Stabler & Olivia Benson and John Munch & Brian Cassidy . Stabler is a seasoned veteran of the unit who has seen it all and tries his best to protect his family from the horrors he sees every day . His partner Benson 's difficult past as the child of a rape victim is the reason she joined the unit . Backing them up is John Munch , and his first partner Brian Cassidy . Munch is a transfer from Baltimore 's homicide unit , who brings his acerbic wit , conspiracy theories , and street - honed investigative skills . Whilst Cassidy is young and eager to learn from his fellow detectives . These two detective teams received support from Detectives Monique Jeffries and Ken Briscoe . When Cassidy transferred to Narcotics after thirteen episodes , Jeffries was partnered with Munch for the remaining of Season One and Briscoe was phased out . In the beginning of season two , Munch was then permanently partnered with Detective Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola , whose unique yet sometimes vulgar sense of humor and investigative experience make him a formidable match for Munch . These detectives were supervised by veteran Captain Donald Cragen who oversaw the team from seasons 1 -- 15 . Cragen 's tough - but - supportive approach to the team 's complex cases guides the squad through the challenges they face every day . Also on the team 's payroll is FBI Special Agent Dr. George Huang and Medical Examiner Dr. Melinda Warner . As the resident psychiatrist for the Special Victims Unit , Huang helps keep the officers sane in a field that could drive ordinary people mad . He has also served as the squad 's resident criminal profiler , and his insights into the criminal mind have often helped the officers to crack the toughest perps , whilst Warner has become an integral part of the Manhattan Special Victims Unit , and her personal skills have contributed to the unit 's high success rate in closing cases .

\n

\n The Unit did not receive a full - time assistant district attorney until season two , when Alexandra Cabot was assigned to work with the detectives . After Cabot 's departure in season five , she was replaced by Casey Novak , who remained as the ADA until the end of season nine . Kim Greylek became the permanent ADA in the season ten premiere , until Cabot made a return midway through that season when Greylek departed . Cabot remained the ADA through the second half of season eleven . After Cabot 's departure , the ADA void was filled by Sonya Paxton ( Christine Lahti ) and Jo Marlowe ( Sharon Stone ) until the conclusion of season eleven . Gillian Hardwicke served as the SVU ADA during season twelve . In season thirteen , both Cabot and Novak returned as ADAs and since the beginning of season fourteen , ADA Rafael Barba has been SVU 's prosecutor .

\n

\n In season 13 other big changes happened when Stabler left in the season twelve finale . Detectives Nick Amaro and Amanda Rollins joined the team filling the void left by Stabler . Amaro brings empathy to his cases while dealing with a stressful home life , whilst Rollins ' dogged persistence and instincts help her close cases , but her secrets could derail her career . In the current seasons the Manhattan SVU is now run by Lieutenant Olivia Benson .

\n

\n Episodes ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes

\n Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has concluded its eighteenth season and has started its nineteenth season . Each season has aired on NBC and consists of 19 to 25 episodes , each lasting approximately forty minutes ( sixty minutes including commercials ) .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Season \n Episodes \n Originally aired \n Nielsen ratings
\n First aired \n Last aired \n Rank \n Rating
\n \n \n 22 \n September 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 20 ) \n May 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 19 ) \n 30 \n 8.8 ( Tied with The CBS Wednesday Movie )
\n \n \n 21 \n October 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 20 ) \n May 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 11 ) \n 25 \n 9.6
\n \n \n 23 \n September 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 28 ) \n May 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 17 ) \n 12 \n 10.4
\n \n \n 25 \n September 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 27 ) \n May 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 16 ) \n 14 \n 10.1
\n \n 5 \n 25 \n September 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) \n May 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 18 ) \n 18 \n 8.7
\n \n 6 \n 23 \n September 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) \n May 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 24 ) \n 16 \n 9.2 ( Tied with 60 Minutes )
\n \n 7 \n 22 \n September 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 20 ) \n May 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 16 ) \n 18 \n 9.2 ( Tied with Lost and CSI : NY )
\n \n 8 \n 22 \n September 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 19 ) \n May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) \n 24 \n 7.9
\n \n 9 \n 19 \n September 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 25 ) \n May 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 13 ) \n 22 \n 7.6 ( Tied with Brothers & Sisters , CSI : NY and Heroes )
\n \n 10 \n 22 \n September 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) \n June 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) \n 26 \n 6.7 ( Tied with ER and Bones )
\n \n 11 \n 24 \n September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) \n May 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) \n N / A \n N / A
\n \n 12 \n 24 \n September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) \n May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) \n N / A \n N / A
\n \n 13 \n 23 \n September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) \n May 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 23 ) \n N / A \n N / A
\n \n 14 \n 24 \n September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) \n May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) \n N / A \n N / A
\n \n 15 \n 24 \n September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) \n May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) \n N / A \n N / A
\n \n 16 \n 23 \n September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) \n May 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) \n N / A \n N / A
\n \n 17 \n 23 \n September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) \n May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) \n N / A \n N / A
\n \n 18 \n 21 \n September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) \n May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) \n N / A \n N / A
\n \n 19 \n 24 \n September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) \n TBA \n TBA \n TBA
\n

\n Reception ( edit )

\n

\n U.S. television Ratings ( edit )

\n

\n Law & Order : Special Victims Unit premiered on Monday , September 20 , 1999 . After nine episodes , the show was moved to Friday nights , where it found its audience and following its first and second seasons became a Top 20 - overall show , overcoming the `` Friday night death slot '' phenomenon . Beginning with the season five , the show aired on Tuesdays to compete with CBS ' Judging Amy and ABC 's NYPD Blue . In its later years , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit consistently outperformed Law & Order in the Nielsen ratings for first run episodes until the latter 's cancellation in 2010 .

\n

\n In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that SVU 's popularity was `` atypical : generally slightly more popular in rural areas and the Black Belt , but largely restricted to the eastern half of the country . It 's most popular in Albany , N.Y. ; least in Colorado and Utah '' .

\n

\n Note : Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May ( with the exception of the second and tenth season ) , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Season \n Time slot ( ET ) \n Episodes \n First aired \n Last aired \n TV season \n Rank \n Viewers ( in millions )
\n Date \n Viewers ( in millions ) \n Date \n Viewers ( in millions )
\n \n Monday 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 -- 9 ) Friday 10 : 00 pm ( Episodes 10 -- 22 ) \n 22 \n September 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 20 ) \n 18.43 \n May 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 19 ) \n 15.11 \n 1999 -- 2000 \n No. 33 \n 12.18
\n \n Friday 10 : 00 pm \n 21 \n October 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 20 ) \n 13.20 \n May 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 11 ) \n 15.06 \n 2000 -- 01 \n No. 29 \n 13.1
\n \n 23 \n September 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 28 ) \n 15.80 \n May 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 17 ) \n 14.27 \n 2001 -- 02 \n No. 14 \n 15.2
\n \n 25 \n September 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 27 ) \n 15.60 \n May 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 16 ) \n 13.70 \n 2002 -- 03 \n No. 16 \n 14.83
\n 5 \n Tuesday 10 : 00 pm \n 25 \n September 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) \n 13.23 \n May 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 18 ) \n 18.36 \n 2003 -- 04 \n No. 21 \n 12.72
\n 6 \n 23 \n September 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) \n 14.20 \n May 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 21 ) \n 16.38 \n 2004 -- 05 \n No. 23 \n 13.46
\n 7 \n 22 \n September 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 20 ) \n 15.32 \n May 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 16 ) \n 12.97 \n 2005 -- 06 \n No. 24 \n 13.78
\n 8 \n 22 \n September 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 19 ) \n 14.55 \n May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) \n 10.28 \n 2006 -- 07 \n No. 38 \n 11.94
\n 9 \n 19 \n September 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 25 ) \n 12.10 \n May 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 13 ) \n 10.83 \n 2007 -- 08 \n No. 30 \n 11.33
\n 10 \n 22 \n September 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) \n 9.52 \n June 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) \n 11.34 \n 2008 -- 09 \n No. 39 \n 10.11
\n 11 \n Wednesday 9 : 00 pm \n 24 \n September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) \n 8.36 \n May 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) \n 8.61 \n 2009 -- 10 \n No. 44 \n 8.81
\n 12 \n 24 \n September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) \n 9.68 \n May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) \n 8.98 \n 2010 -- 11 \n No. 47 \n 8.84
\n 13 \n Wednesday 10 : 00 pm \n 23 \n September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) \n 7.63 \n May 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 23 ) \n 7.16 \n 2011 -- 12 \n No. 67 \n 7.59
\n 14 \n Wednesday 9 : 00 pm \n 24 \n September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) \n 7.19 \n May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) \n 6.66 \n 2012 -- 13 \n No. 56 \n 7.30
\n 15 \n 24 \n September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) \n 9.58 \n May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) \n 6.39 \n 2013 -- 14 \n No. 46 \n 8.18
\n 16 \n 23 \n September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) \n 10.07 \n May 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) \n 6.96 \n 2014 -- 15 \n No. 52 \n 8.71
\n 17 \n 23 \n September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) \n 8.27 \n May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) \n 7.19 \n 2015 -- 16 \n No. 52 \n 8.31
\n 18 \n 21 \n September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) \n 7.83 \n May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) \n 6.22 \n 2016 -- 17 \n No. 48 \n 7.39
\n 19 \n 24 \n September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) \n 5.67 \n TBA \n TBA \n 2017 - 18 \n TBA \n TBA
\n

\n Awards and honors ( edit )

\n Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Law & Order : Special Victims Unit

\n Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has received many awards and award nominations . Mariska Hargitay has twice been nominated for a Golden Globe Award and won once in 2005 .

\n

\n The show has been nominated numerous times for the Emmy Award . Mariska Hargitay has been nominated for the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series category 8 years in a row beginning in 2004 and won the Emmy in 2006 . Christopher Meloni was nominated for the Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series category in 2006 . Robin Williams was nominated in the Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series in 2008 . The series was nominated in the category Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for Jane Alexander and Tracy Pollan in 2000 , Martha Plimpton in 2002 , Barbara Barrie in 2003 , Mare Winningham and Marlee Matlin in 2004 , Amanda Plummer and Angela Lansbury in 2005 , Marcia Gay Harden and Leslie Caron in 2007 , Cynthia Nixon in 2008 , Ellen Burstyn , Brenda Blethyn , and Carol Burnett in 2009 , and Ann - Margret in 2010 . The series won the award for Plummer in 2005 , Caron in 2007 , Nixon in 2008 , Burstyn in 2009 , and Margret in 2010 .

\n

\n Broadcast and streaming ( edit )

\n

\n Law and Order SVU airs on NBC in the United States . All seasons , including the season that is currently on the air , are available to stream on Hulu ( with a subscription ) . The latest 5 episodes can be watched for free on NBC.com and the NBC app . Outside of SVOD and NBC platforms , all episodes can be found on electronic sell - through platforms such as iTunes and Amazon Video . The show airs every Thursday night , on Network Ten in Australia , with a new episode usually followed by a repeat and occasionally shows repeats on other nights . Ten 's digital channel One sometimes shows Seasons One - Three on Friday or Saturday nights , but is not currently airing these seasons at the moment . From the 29th of August 2017 , Channel Nine started airing the first season at a late night slot , which it has also done with the original Law & Order but stopped after the first episode . It is unknown if it will continue to air on Channel Nine . Season 19 premiered on Network Ten on October 5th , 2017 at 9 : 40pm .

\n

\n Syndication ( edit )

\n

\n As of September 2017 , the show is currently reran on fellow NBCUniversal network USA Network , as well as Ion Television and local stations . The show also briefly ran on Syfy in 2006 .

\n

\n International broadcast ( edit )

\n

\n In Australia , Law & Order : SVU airs on Network Ten and Australia 's cable channel Universal Channel ( formerly aired on TV1 which ceased to broadcast in December 2013 ) . In the UK `` Law & Order : SVU '' originally aired on the Hallmark Channel ( which in 2012 became the Universal Channel ) with a terrestrial TV airing on Channel 5 in 2016 which then switched to Five USA . The UK is two and half weeks behind the US . In Brazil , Law & Order : SVU also airs on Universal Channel , with weekdays episodes from past seasons and simultaneously , two episodes after the original airing in the US . Law & Order : SVU is broadcast at 9.30 pm on Tuesdays on TV3 in New Zealand . Series 18 premiered on 11 April 2017 .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ SVU Writers Room ( @ SVUWritersRoom ) ( 7 July 2016 ) . `` First cast read - through of # SVUSeason18 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Special Victims Unit : The Beginning . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit : The First Year . Universal Studios . 2004 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Chris Meloni Exits Law & Order : SVU '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` NBC on Chris Meloni 's Law & Order : SVU Exit : We 're Not Killing Him Off '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert . `` NBC Signs Kelli Giddish ( Chase ) and Danny Pino ( Cold Case ) as New Detectives for Law & Order : Special Victims Unit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Renewed for Season 19 , Showrunner Rick Eid Exits for ' Chicago PD ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` NBC Announces Fall Premiere Dates for New 2017 - 18 Season '' . The Futon Critic . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 2
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 10 -- 11
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 187
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Show - runner Neal Baer Signs Big Overall Deal With CBS TV Studios '' . Deadline.com .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Scoop : NBC Taps New Law & Order : SVU Boss '' . TVLine .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Showrunner Warren Leight Sets Overall Deal with Sony TV ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( March 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Taps Flagship Series Vet as New Showrunner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Showrunner Rick Eid to Run ' Chicago P.D. ' Next Season '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law and Order : SVU ' Taps ' Chicago Justice ' EP Michael Chernuchin as New Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 2 -- 3
    18. \n
  18. \n ^ Jump up to : Kimpton , Roger . `` Hollywood on the Palisades '' ; Palisade magazine ; Summer 2010 ; Pages 12 -- 15
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 14
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Wright , E. Assata . `` Getting the film crews back to NJ '' , The Union City Reporter , February 13 , 2011 , pages 5 and 7
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 14 , 2010 ) . `` It 's official : NBC cancels ' Law & Order ' '' .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Leaves New Jersey Over Nixed Tax Credit & May Move Into ' L&O ' Set '' . Deadline . Mail.com Media . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt . `` Fall TV : NBC Announces Premiere Dates '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` NBC firms up post - ' Leno ' schedule '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- NBC Announces Updated Fall Schedule Premieres '' . The Futon Critic . July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( January 18 , 2011 ) . `` NBC Benches Law & Order : Los Angeles Following Cast Shake - Up '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` NBC Renews ' 30 Rock ' , Announces Parks & Rec Return & Major Midseason Schedule Changes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Announces Fall 2012 Premiere Dates for ' Grimm ' , ' Revolution ' , ' The Voice , ' ' Animal Practice ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430 ( in Russian ) . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 11
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 145 -- 146
    32. \n
  32. \n ^ Jump up to : Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 13
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 150
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 157
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 154 -- 156
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 152 -- 154
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 167 -- 169
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 165 -- 166
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ O'Connor , Mickey ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` SVU News : Mariska and Meloni Are In For Season 11 , and So Is Christine Lahti '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 172 -- 173
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 175 -- 176
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 160 -- 162
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 170 -- 171
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ O'Connor , Mickey ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Precious Star Paula Patton Is Law & Order : SVU 's New ADA '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' scoop : ' Bar ' girl Melissa Sagemiller is new ADA '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Rudolph , Ileane ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` SVU Producer Neal Baer Explains ADA Shakeup '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU Scoop : Hargitay Inks New Deal , Jennifer Love Hewitt May Succeed Her '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' cliffhanger : EP Warren Leight on what 's next for Cragen and the squad '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 17 , 2011 ) . `` Fall TV Scoop : B.D. Wong Reveals His SVU Fate '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU Scoop : Stephanie March , Diane Neal Heading Back to Court '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU 's New Boss on Meloni 's Exit , the New Detectives and Rejuvenating the Show '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Keck , William ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Gilbert Gottfried to Annoy SVU Cast '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Kimberly Roots ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Law & Order SVU : Philip Winchester to Bring Chicago Justice Role to NY '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Laura Hurley ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU Season 19 Is Adding Brooke Shields For A Big Role '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Stephen Battaglio ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Who Are TV 's Top Earners ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` No. 2 : Mariska Hargitay -- pg. 4 Forbes '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ By : Garrett ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) . `` Per episode salaries of the highest paid TV actors of all time '' . theCHIVE . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 .
    58. \n
  58. \n ^ Jump up to : Writer : Dick Wolf . Director : Jean de Segonzac ( September 20 , 1999 ) . `` Payback '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 1 . Episode 1 . NBC .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Conan , Neal ( September 29 , 2009 ) . `` ' Law & Order ' Writer Turns Headlines Into TV '' . Talk of the Nation . NPR . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Writer : Michael R. Perry . Director : Constantine Makris ( February 11 , 2000 ) . `` Limitations '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 1 . Episode 14 . NBC .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Writers : Jeff Eckerle & David J. Burke . Director : Ted Kotcheff ( October 20 , 2000 ) . `` Wrong is Right '' . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . Season 2 . Episode 1 . NBC .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1695 - 1698 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Top Rated TV Programs By Season ( 2007 - Present )
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ @ https://twitter.com/RobertBCohen/status/950776144315539462?s=17 . ( Tweet ) https://twitter.com/ -- via Twitter . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; Missing or empty number = ( help ) ; Missing or empty date = ( help )
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Katz , Josh ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) . `` ' Duck Dynasty ' vs. ' Modern Family ' : 50 Maps of the U.S. Cultural Divide '' . The New York Times .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : Special Victims Unit -- Series -- Episode List -- Season 1 '' . Spot Vault . June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : Special Victims Unit -- Series -- Episode List -- Season 1 '' . Spot Vault . July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` Top TV Shows For 1999 -- 2000 Season '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2012 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : Special Victims Unit -- Series -- Episode List -- Season 2 '' . TV Tango . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ `` SpotVault -- Law & Order : SVU ( NBC ) -- 2000 -- 01 '' . Spot Vault . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` The Bitter End '' . Entertainment Weekly Published in issue No. 598 June 1 , 2001 . June 1 , 2001 . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : Special Victims Unit -- Series -- Episode List -- Season 3 '' . TV Tango . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ `` SpotVault -- Law & Order : SVU ( NBC ) -- 2001 -- 02 '' . Spot Vault . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` How did your favorite show rate ? '' . USA Today . May 28 , 2002 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ `` SpotVault -- Law & Order : SVU ( NBC ) -- 2002 -- 03 '' . Spot Vault . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : Special Victims Unit -- Series -- Episode List -- Season 4 '' . TV Tango . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ `` Nielsen 's TOP 156 Shows for 2002 -- 03 Options '' . rec.arts.tv . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ `` SpotVault -- Law & Order : SVU ( NBC ) -- 2003 -- 04 '' . Spot Vault . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 05 / 17 / 04 Through 05 / 23 / 04 '' . ABC Medianet . May 25 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 7 , 2012 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ `` I.T.R.S. Ranking Report '' . ABC Television Network . June 2 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : From 09 / 20 / 04 Through 09 / 26 / 04 '' . ABC Medianet . September 29 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : 05 / 23 / 05 Through 05 / 29 / 05 '' . ABC Medianet . June 1 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 11 , 2012 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2004 -- 2005 Primetime Ranking Report '' . ( June 1 , 2005 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Archived April 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : From 09 / 26 / 05 Through 10 / 02 / 05 '' . ABC Medianet . October 4 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings : From 05 / 15 / 06 Through 05 / 21 / 06 '' . ABC Medianet . May 23 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2005 -- 2006 Primetime Ranking Report '' . ( May 31 , 2006 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Archived July 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . September 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ `` Weekly Program Rankings '' . ABC Medianet . May 30 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2006 -- 2007 Primetime Ranking Report '' . ( May 30 , 2007 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Archived March 23 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` With Break - Out Performances from New and Returning Series , NBC Ties for Premiere Week 's Top Spot in 18 -- 49 '' . The Futon Critic / NBC . The Futon Critic / NBC . October 2 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 14 , 2008 ) . `` Nielsen Ratings May 13 , 2008 : American Idol Still Crushes Field '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2007 -- 2008 Primetime Ranking Report '' . ( May 28 , 2008 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Archived April 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Tuesday , Sept. 23 : Second Night Wins To CBS , ABC and Fox '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC Wins Again Lead By Law & Order : SVU Finale , Obama Special '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2008 -- 2009 Primetime Ranking Report '' . ( June 2 , 2009 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Archived October 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` Wednesday broadcast finals : Modern Family down a tenth , Cougar Town up a tenth with adults 18 -- 49 '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Wednesday : Good Guys Off To Bad Start ; Idol Down '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . June 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Cougar Town , ' ' Undercovers ' All See Small Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Revenge ' And Others Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' SVU ' Adjusted Up , ' Apt 23 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up , ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Modern Family ' and ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ Deadline Team , The ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2013 -- 14 Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law and Order : SVU ' , & ' Red Band Society ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Survivor : Reunion ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' SVU ' finale adjusts up , ' Supernatural ' finale adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 .
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ @ https://twitter.com/RobertBCohen/status/950776144315539462?s=17 . ( Tweet ) https://twitter.com/ -- via Twitter . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ; Missing or empty number = ( help ) ; Missing or empty date = ( help )
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Wins : Law & Order : Special Victims Unit '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2012 . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ `` SVU Emmy Nominations '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ `` Watch Law & Order : SVU Videos , Highlights & Clips - NBC.com '' . NBC . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 .
    125. \n
  125. \n Jump up ^ `` Download the NBC App for Phones , Tablets and Connected Devices ! '' . NBC . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 .
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : SVU ( Special Victims Unit ) , Season 16 on iTunes '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 .
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ `` Watch Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Season 1 Episode -- Amazon Video '' . www.amazon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 .
    128. \n
\n

\n Bibliography ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Law & Order : Special Victims Unit .
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikiquote has quotations related to : Law & Order : Special Victims Unit
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Law & Order franchise
\n Series \n
    \n
  • \n Law & Order ( 1990 -- 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999 -- present )
    • \n
  • \n Law & Order : Criminal Intent ( 2001 -- 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Law & Order : Trial by Jury ( 2005 -- 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Law & Order : LA ( 2010 -- 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Law & Order True Crime ( 2017 -- present )
    • \n
\n
\n Adaptations \n
    \n
  • \n Paris enqu\u00eates criminelles ( 2007 -- 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n Law & Order : UK ( 2009 -- 2014 )
    • \n
\n
\n Video games \n
    \n
  • \n Law & Order : Dead on the Money
    • \n
  • \n Law & Order : Double or Nothing
    • \n
  • \n Law & Order : Justice Is Served
    • \n
  • \n Law & Order : Criminal Intent
    • \n
  • \n Law & Order : Legacies
    • \n
\n
\n Related series \n
    \n
  • \n Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1993 -- 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n New York Undercover ( 1994 -- 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Arrest & Trial ( 2000 -- 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Deadline ( 2000 -- 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Crime & Punishment ( 2002 -- 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n Conviction ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n In Plain Sight ( 2008 -- 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Chicago franchise
      \n
    • \n Chicago Fire ( 2012 -- present )
      • \n
    • \n Chicago P.D. ( 2014 -- present )
      • \n
    • \n Chicago Med ( 2015 -- present )
      • \n
    • \n Chicago Justice ( 2017 )
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Films \n
    \n
  • \n Exiled : A Law & Order Movie ( 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Homicide : The Movie ( 2000 )
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Law & Order : Special Victims Unit
\n Characters \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Detectives \n
    \n
  • \n Elliot Stabler
    • \n
  • \n Olivia Benson
    • \n
  • \n John Munch
    • \n
  • \n Monique Jeffries
    • \n
  • \n Fin Tutuola
    • \n
  • \n Chester Lake
    • \n
  • \n Nick Amaro
    • \n
  • \n Amanda Rollins
    • \n
  • \n Dominick Carisi Jr .
    • \n
\n
\n Commanding officers \n
    \n
  • \n Donald Cragen
    • \n
  • \n Olivia Benson
    • \n
\n
\n Assistant District Attorneys \n
    \n
  • \n Alexandra Cabot
    • \n
  • \n Casey Novak
    • \n
  • \n Kim Greylek
    • \n
  • \n Rafael Barba
    • \n
\n
\n Doctors \n
    \n
  • \n George Huang
    • \n
  • \n Melinda Warner
    • \n
\n
\n Other characters \n
    \n
  • \n Barry Moredock
    • \n
  • \n Brian Cassidy
    • \n
  • \n Elizabeth Donnelly
    • \n
  • \n Michael Cutter
    • \n
  • \n Sonya Paxton
    • \n
  • \n Jack McCoy
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Seasons \n
    \n
  • \n Episodes
      \n
    • \n Season 1
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n 5
      • \n
    • \n 6
      • \n
    • \n 7
      • \n
    • \n 8
      • \n
    • \n 9
      • \n
    • \n 10
      • \n
    • \n 11
      • \n
    • \n 12
      • \n
    • \n 13
      • \n
    • \n 14
      • \n
    • \n 15
      • \n
    • \n 16
      • \n
    • \n 17
      • \n
    • \n 18
      • \n
    • \n 19
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Notable episodes \n
    \n
  • \n `` Payback ''
    • \n
  • \n `` 911 ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Authority ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Cold ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Zebras ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Behave ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Smoked ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Scorched Earth ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Justice Denied ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Father Dearest ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Rhodium Nights ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Lost Reputation ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Above Suspicion ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Acceptable Loss ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Manhattan Vigil ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Comic Perversion ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Glasgowman 's Wrath ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Chicago Crossover ''
    • \n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n Cast members
    • \n
  • \n Awards and nominations
    • \n
  • \n Law & Order franchise
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Chicago franchise
\n Chicago Fire \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Characters \n
    \n
  • \n Matthew Casey
    • \n
  • \n Kelly Severide
    • \n
\n
\n Episodes \n
    \n
  • \n Season 1
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 5
    • \n
  • \n 6
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Chicago P.D. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Characters \n
    \n
  • \n Kim Burgess
    • \n
  • \n Antonio Dawson
    • \n
  • \n Erin Lindsay
    • \n
  • \n Hank Voight
    • \n
\n
\n Episodes \n
    \n
  • \n Season 1
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 5
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Chicago Med \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Characters \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Episodes \n
    \n
  • \n Season 1
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Chicago Justice
    • \n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n Law & Order franchise
    • \n
  • \n Law & Order : Special Victims Unit
    • \n
\n
\n Crossovers \n
    \n
  • \n `` Comic Perversion ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Chicago Crossover ''
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n NBC programming ( current and upcoming )
\n Primetime \n
    \n
  • \n American Ninja Warrior ( since 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n America 's Got Talent ( since 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Better Late Than Never ( since 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n The Blacklist ( since 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n Blindspot ( since 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n The Brave ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Chicago Fire ( since 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Chicago Med ( since 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Chicago P.D. ( since 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n Dateline NBC ( since 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n Ellen 's Game of Games ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n First Dates ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n The Good Place ( since 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Great News ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Hollywood Game Night ( since 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( since 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Law & Order True Crime ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Little Big Shots ( since 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Marlon ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Midnight , Texas ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Running Wild with Bear Grylls ( since 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n Shades of Blue ( since 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Spartan : Ultimate Team Challenge ( since 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Superstore ( since 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Taken ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n This Is Us ( since 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Timeless ( since 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Trial & Error ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n The Voice ( since 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n The Wall ( since 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Weekend Update Summer Edition ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Will & Grace ( 1998 -- 2006 ; since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n World of Dance ( since 2017 )
    • \n
\n
\n Daytime \n
    \n
  • \n Days of Our Lives ( since 1965 )
    • \n
\n
\n Late night \n
    \n
  • \n 1st Look ( since 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n Last Call with Carson Daly ( since 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Late Night with Seth Meyers ( since 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n Open House ( since 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n Open House NYC ( since 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Saturday Night Live ( since 1975 )
    • \n
  • \n The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( since 2014 )
    • \n
\n
\n News \n
    \n
  • \n Dateline NBC ( since 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n Early Today ( since 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Meet the Press ( since 1947 )
    • \n
  • \n Megyn Kelly Today ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n NBC Nightly News ( since 1970 )
    • \n
  • \n Sunday Night with Megyn Kelly ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Today ( since 1952 )
    • \n
\n
\n Sports \n
    \n
  • \n NBC Golf
    • \n
  • \n NASCAR on NBC
    • \n
  • \n NFL on NBC
      \n
    • \n Football Night in America
      • \n
    • \n NBC Sunday Night Football
      • \n
    • \n Thursday Night Football
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n NHL on NBC
    • \n
  • \n Notre Dame Football on NBC
    • \n
  • \n Olympics on NBC
    • \n
  • \n Premier Boxing Champions
    • \n
  • \n Tennis on NBC
    • \n
  • \n Thoroughbred Racing on NBC
    • \n
\n
\n Saturday morning ( The More You Know ) \n
    \n
  • \n The Voyager with Josh Garcia
    • \n
  • \n Wilderness Vet
    • \n
  • \n Journey with Dylan Dreyer
    • \n
  • \n Naturally , Danny Seo
    • \n
  • \n Give
    • \n
  • \n The Champion Within with Lauren Thompson
    • \n
\n
\n Upcoming \n
    \n
  • \n A.P. Bio ( 2018 )
    • \n
  • \n The Awesome Show ( TBA )
    • \n
  • \n Champions ( 2018 )
    • \n
  • \n Genius Junior ( 2018 )
    • \n
  • \n Good Girls ( 2018 )
    • \n
  • \n Making It ( TBA )
    • \n
  • \n The Reaper ( TBA )
    • \n
  • \n Reverie ( 2018 )
    • \n
  • \n Rise ( 2018 )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit&oldid=822138652 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "cast of law & order special victim unit", "long_answers": ["Cast Character Rank / Position Seasons Notes Regular Recurring Guest Christopher Meloni Elliot Stabler Detective 1 -- 12 Mariska Hargitay Olivia Benson Lieutenant 1 -- Richard Belzer John Munch DA Investigator 1 -- 15 15 , 17 Dann Florek Donald Cragen Captain 1 -- 15 16 Michelle Hurd Monique Jeffries Detective 1 -- 2 Stephanie March Alexandra Cabot Assistant District Attorney 2 -- 5 , 11 2 , 10 , 13 6 Ice - T Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola Detective 2 -- Tamara Tunie Melinda Warner Medical Examiner 7 -- 12 2 -- 6 , 13 -- 17 19 B.D. Wong George Huang FBI Special Agent 4 -- 12 2 -- 3 13 -- 15 , 17 Diane Neal Casey Novak Senior Assistant District Attorney 5 -- 9 13 12 Adam Beach Chester Lake Detective 9 8 Michaela McManus Kim Greylek Assistant District Attorney 10 Danny Pino Nick Amaro Detective 13 -- 16 Kelli Giddish Amanda Rollins Detective 13 -- Ra\u00fal Esparza Rafael Barba Assistant District Attorney 15 -- 14 Peter Scanavino Dominick Carisi Jr . Detective 16 -- 16\n"], "short_answers": ["Christopher Meloni\n", "Mariska Hargitay\n", "Richard Belzer\n", "Dann Florek\n", "Michelle Hurd\n", "Stephanie March\n", "Ice - T\n", "Tamara Tunie\n", "B.D. Wong\n", "Diane Neal\n", "Adam Beach\n", "Michaela McManus\n", "Danny Pino\n", "Kelli Giddish\n", "Ra\u00fal Esparza\n", "Peter Scanavino\n"]} {"text": "Total Eclipse of the Heart - wikipedia

\n Total Eclipse of the Heart

\n Jump to : navigation , search For the episode of `` The Vampire Diaries '' , see Total Eclipse of the Heart ( The Vampire Diaries ) . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart ''
\n Artwork for UK and some European releases
\n Single by Bonnie Tyler
\n from the album Faster Than the Speed of Night
\n B - side \n
    \n
  • \n `` Take Me Back '' ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n `` Straight from the Heart '' ( US )
    • \n
\n
\n Released \n
\n Format \n
    \n
  • \n 7 ''
    • \n
  • \n 12 ''
    • \n
  • \n CD
    • \n
\n
\n Length \n
    \n
  • \n 6 : 59 ( album version )
    • \n
  • \n 5 : 53 ( 2013 re-recording for the album Rocks and Honey )
    • \n
  • \n 5 : 32 ( music video version )
    • \n
  • \n 4 : 35 ( 2011 single version )
    • \n
  • \n 4 : 30 ( single version )
    • \n
  • \n 3 : 49 ( 2005 re-recording for the album Wings )
    • \n
\n
\n Label \n Columbia
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n Jim Steinman
\n Producer ( s ) \n Jim Steinman
\n Bonnie Tyler singles chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Sayonara Tokyo '' ( 1981 ) \n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( 1983 ) \n `` Take Me Back '' ( 1983 )
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Sayonara Tokyo '' ( 1981 ) \n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( 1983 ) \n `` Take Me Back '' ( 1983 )
\n
\n
\n Music video
\n `` Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' on YouTube
\n
\n

\n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' is a song recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler . It was written and produced by Jim Steinman , and released on Tyler 's fifth studio album , Faster Than the Speed of Night ( 1983 ) . The song was released as a single by Columbia Records on 11 February 1983 in the United Kingdom and on 31 May 1983 in the United States .

\n

\n The song became Tyler 's biggest career hit , topping the UK Singles Chart , and becoming the fifth - best - selling single in 1983 in the United Kingdom . In the United States , the single spent four weeks at the top of the charts , and was Billboard 's number - six song of the year for 1983 .

\n

\n Worldwide , the single has sales in excess of 6 million copies and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for sales of over 1 million copies after its release , updated to Platinum in 2001 when the certification threshold changed . In 2015 , the song was voted by the British public as the nation 's third favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Background and composition ( edit )

\n

\n After her contract with RCA Records ended in 1981 , Tyler found a new manager in David Aspden and after seeing Meat Loaf perform `` Bat Out of Hell '' live on The Old Grey Whistle Test , approached Meat Loaf 's producer Jim Steinman and asked him to be her producer . Tyler visited Steinman in his apartment in New York in April 1982 with her manager , where she was presented with two tracks : `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' and `` Goin ' Through the Motions '' . She stated that had she not liked the songs Steinman played for her , he would have rejected Tyler 's invitation to collaborate . She returned to his studio apartment weeks later , where Steinman and Rory Dodd performed `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' for her . He also hand - picked the recording band for the song .

\n

\n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' had to be shortened for radio play . Tyler did not believe that the song was radio - friendly at its full length ; the song was reduced from seven minutes and two seconds to four minutes and thirty seconds .

\n

\n The power ballad remains Tyler 's most successful song , peaking at No. 1 in the United States , South Africa , Australia , New Zealand , Canada and the United Kingdom . At its peak , it sold 60,000 copies per day , and approximately 6 million copies in total . It won the Variety Club award in the UK for best single of 1983 . The song also made number 82 of VH1 's top 100 love songs .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' A sample of `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' , performed by Bonnie Tyler .
\n Problems playing this file ? See media help .
\n

\n Tyler told Record Mirror that she thought the song was about `` someone who wants to love so badly she 's lying there in complete darkness . ''

\n

\n Steinman said in an interview with Playbill :

\n

\n with ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' , I was trying to come up with a love song and I remembered I actually wrote that to be a vampire love song . Its original title was ' Vampires in Love ' because I was working on a musical of Nosferatu , the other great vampire story . If anyone listens to the lyrics , they 're really like vampire lines . It 's all about the darkness , the power of darkness and love 's place in the dark ...

\n

\n He also told People magazine that he thought Tyler sounded like John Fogerty , and wrote the song `` to be a showpiece for her voice . '' Tyler described the song as `` a challenge ( to sing ) , '' stating that she `` ( does n't ) like songs that anybody can sing . I like songs that need a lot of energy . '' After Steinman presented her with the song she told The Times , `` I just had shivers right up my spine ... I could n't wait to actually get in and record it . ''

\n

\n According to Meat Loaf , Steinman had written the song , along with `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' , for Meat Loaf 's album Midnight at the Lost and Found ; however , Meat Loaf 's record company refused to pay Steinman and he wrote separate songs himself . `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' was then given to Bonnie Tyler and `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' to Air Supply . Tyler has denied this claim . `` Meat Loaf was apparently very annoyed that Jim gave that to me , '' Tyler stated . `` But Jim said he did n't write it for Meat Loaf , that he only finished it after meeting me . ''

\n

\n Critical reception ( edit )

\n

\n Mike DeGagne from AllMusic retrospectively described `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' as `` one of the finest ballads ever to hit radio . '' He noted the `` lush instrumentation '' and said that Tyler 's voice `` produced the perfect type of ' desperate lovelorn ' effect to suit the romantic lyrics . '' He described Roy Bittan 's piano playing as `` dreamy '' and described Tyler 's voice as `` wonderfully gritty . '' Donald A. Guarisco , also from AllMusic , retrospectively reviewed Faster Than the Speed of Night , and noted the song as an `` epic ballad , '' describing the whole album as `` rock at its most melodramatic . '' Jim Beviglia from American Songwriter said that Tyler 's raspy vocals helped to legitimize the `` melodrama inherent in the lyrics , '' and described the song as a `` garment - rending , chest - beating ( and ) emotionally exhausting ballad '' that suits the throes of a turbulent relationship .

\n

\n Music video ( edit )

\n Holloway Sanatorium steps , which feature in the video

\n The music video for `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' was directed by Russell Mulcahy and was filmed on location at the Holloway Sanatorium , a large Victorian Gothic hospital near Virginia Water , Surrey , England . The video features Bonnie Tyler clad in white , dreaming or fantasizing about her students in a boys ' boarding school . Young men are seen dancing and participating in various school activities and singing in a choir .

\n

\n A long - running urban legend is that the boy who appears throughout the video and who shakes Tyler 's hand at the end is former Italian footballer Gianfranco Zola . In a 2012 interview , Zola confirmed that he did not appear in the video .

\n

\n Live performances ( edit )

\n

\n Since the song 's release , Tyler performs `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' in every concert she performs . `` I sing it much better now than I used to , '' she told The Huffington Post . `` I think my voice is probably not as husky as it was , I think it 's mellowed a bit . '' The song was performed at the 26th Annual Grammy Awards , held at the Shrine Auditorium , Los Angeles , on 28 February 1984 . Tyler performed a brief , live performance of this song on a Royal Caribbean cruise during the solar eclipse of 21 August 2017 .

\n

\n Live recordings of Tyler performing the song have been released on her live albums Bonnie Tyler Live ( 2006 ) and Live in Germany 1993 ( 2011 ) . Video performances have also been released on Tyler 's DVDs , Bonnie on Tour ( 2006 ) and the DVD edition of Live in Germany 1993 .

\n

\n Credits and personnel ( edit )

\n

\n Credits adapted from AllMusic ( from the album , Faster Than the Speed of Night ) :

\n \n

\n Other versions by Bonnie Tyler ( edit )

\n

\n Since the original release in 1983 , Tyler has re-recorded the song several times for albums and subsequent single releases . Her first and most successful re-recording of the song was released in 2003 . Tyler recorded a French / English duet version called `` Si demain ... ( Turn Around ) '' with Kareen Antonn . It peaked at number one in France and Belgium . Tyler released another version of the song in 2004 as a duet with Peter Brocklehurst on his album For You . A solo version of the recording was released on her studio album Wings in the following year .

\n

\n BabyPinkStar recorded the song with Tyler in a punk / electronic remix version that was released as a single in the UK in January 2007 . In 2009 , Tyler released another version of the song with Welsh choral group Only Men Aloud ! In 2011 , Tyler re-recorded the song on an EP named after the song , released by Cleopatra Records . Her most recent recording of the song appears as a bonus track on her album Rocks and Honey ( 2013 ) .

\n

\n Charts and certifications ( edit )

\n

\n Weekly charts ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 1983 ) \n Peak position
\n Australia ( Kent Music Report ) \n
\n Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) \n 14
\n Canada ( RPM 50 Singles ) \n
\n Canada ( RPM Adult Contemporary ) \n 9
\n France ( IFOP ) \n
\n Germany ( Official German Charts ) \n 16
\n Ireland ( IRMA ) \n
\n Italy ( FIMI ) \n 14
\n Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) \n 24
\n Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) \n 18
\n New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) \n
\n Norway ( VG - lista ) \n
\n South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) \n
\n Spain ( AFYVE ) \n 9
\n Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) \n
\n Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) \n
\n UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) \n
\n US Billboard Adult Contemporary \n 7
\n US Billboard Hot 100 \n
\n US Billboard Top Tracks \n 23
\n US Cash Box \n
\n 		\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Chart \n Peak position
\n 2008 \n UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) \n 57
\n 2011 \n Belgium ( Back Catalogue Singles Flanders ) \n 17
\n Denmark ( Tracklisten ) \n 35
\n 2012 \n France ( SNEP ) \n 57
\n 2013 \n France ( SNEP ) \n 98
\n 2014 \n France ( SNEP ) \n 114
\n 2017 \n US Billboard Digital Songs \n 13
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n Year - end charts ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 1983 ) \n Position
\n Australia ( Kent Music Report ) \n 6
\n Canada ( RPM Top 100 Singles ) \n 5
\n France ( IFOP ) \n 15
\n Italy ( FIMI ) \n 81
\n New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) \n 5
\n South Africa ( Springbok Radio ) \n
\n UK Singles Chart \n 5
\n US Billboard Hot 100 \n 6
\n US Cash Box \n 5
\n 		\n

\n Sales and certifications ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Region \n Certification \n Certified units / Sales
\n Canada ( Music Canada ) \n Platinum \n 100,000
\n France ( SNEP ) \n Gold \n 632,000
\n Italy ( FIMI ) \n Platinum \n 30,000
\n United Kingdom ( BPI ) \n Gold \n 500,000
\n United States ( RIAA ) \n Platinum \n 1,000,000
\n

\n shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone

\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( show ) Order of precedence
\n Preceded by `` Electric Avenue '' by Eddy Grant \n Canadian CHUM number - one single 20 August 1983 -- 27 August 1983 ( 2 weeks ) \n Succeeded by `` Maniac '' by Michael Sembello
\n Preceded by `` White Wedding '' by Billy Idol \n Canadian RPM number - one single 13 August 1983 -- 20 August 1983 ( 2 weeks ) \n Succeeded by `` Our House '' by Madness
\n Preceded by `` I Was Only Nineteen '' by Redgum \n Australian number - one single 30 May 1983 -- 4 July 1983 ( 6 weeks ) \n Succeeded by `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' by Irene Cara
\n Preceded by `` Beat It '' by Michael Jackson \n New Zealand number - one single 3 July 1983 -- 24 July 1983 ( 4 weeks )
\n Preceded by `` Billie Jean '' by Michael Jackson \n Irish Singles Chart number - one single 13 March 1983 -- 27 March 1983 ( 3 weeks ) \n Succeeded by `` Let 's Dance '' by David Bowie
\n UK Singles Chart number - one single 12 March 1983 -- 19 March 1983 ( 2 weeks ) \n Succeeded by `` Is There Something I Should Know ? '' by Duran Duran
\n Preceded by `` Tell Her About It '' by Billy Joel \n US Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 1 October 1983 -- 22 October 1983 ( 4 weeks ) \n Succeeded by `` Islands in the Stream '' by Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton
\n Preceded by `` The Safety Dance '' by Men Without Hats \n US Cash Box number - one single 8 October 1983 -- 29 October 1983 ( 4 weeks )
\n Preceded by `` Fr\u00e4mling '' by Carola H\u00e4ggkvist \n Norwegian number - one single 22 / 1983 -- 26 / 1983 ( 5 weeks ) \n Succeeded by `` The Heat Is On '' by Agnetha F\u00e4ltskog
\n Preceded by `` Up Where We Belong '' by Joe Cocker and Jennifer Warnes \n South African number - one single 3 June 1983 -- 15 July 1983 ( 7 weeks ) \n Succeeded by `` Drop the Pilot '' by Joan Armatrading
\n

\n Formats and track listings ( edit )

\n
\n
\n UK 7 '' single
\n
\n
    \n
  1. \n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' -- 4 : 29
    2. \n
  2. \n `` Take Me Back '' -- 5 : 05
    3. \n
\n
\n
\n US 7 '' single
\n
\n
    \n
  1. \n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' -- 4 : 29
    2. \n
  2. \n `` Straight from the Heart '' -- 3 : 38
    3. \n
\n
\n
\n UK 12 '' single
\n
\n
    \n
  1. \n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' -- 6 : 59
    2. \n
  2. \n `` Take Me Back '' -- 5 : 22
    3. \n
\n

\n Track listing ( edit )

\n \n
    \n
  1. \n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( Sunset Strippers Verse Club Mix )
    2. \n
  2. \n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( Sunset Strippers Dub Mix )
    3. \n
  3. \n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( Sunset Strippers Radio Edit )
    4. \n
\n

\n Cover versions and impact in Mainstream Media ( edit )

\n

\n In a 2013 UK survey , the song came first in a list of most popular songs to sing in the shower , above songs by Justin Bieber , Robbie Williams , One Direction and Elton John . In 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nation 's third favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV .

\n

\n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' received substantial media attention during the solar eclipse of March 20 , 2015 . Tyler 's version received a 214 % increase of Spotify streams throughout the day . A similar impact was experienced during the solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 , when Nielsen Music reported a 503 % increase in record sales . Around that time , the song hit number one on the iTunes chart . On 16 August 2017 , it was announced that Tyler would perform the song aboard the MS Oasis of the Seas during the total solar eclipse , backed by American dance - rock band DNCE .

\n

\n In 2014 , the Electric Picnic festival announced Bonnie Tyler as part of the lineup . Tickets were already sold out , though Irish rugby player Cian Healy won the Irish Women 's rugby team extra tickets for a comic miming video published on Instagram .

\n

\n Nicki French version ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart ''
\n
\n Single by Nicki French
\n from the album Secrets
\n Released \n 27 February 1995
\n Format \n
    \n
  • \n CD single
    • \n
  • \n cassette single
    • \n
  • \n 7 ''
    • \n
  • \n 12 ''
    • \n
\n
\n Recorded \n
\n Genre \n Hi - NRG
\n Length \n 3 : 50
\n Label \n
    \n
  • \n Bags of Fun
    • \n
  • \n Love This
    • \n
  • \n Mega
    • \n
\n
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n Jim Steinman
\n Producer ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Mike Stock
    • \n
  • \n Matt Aitken
    • \n
\n
\n Nicki French singles chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( 1995 ) \n `` For All We Know '' ( 1995 )
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( 1995 ) \n `` For All We Know '' ( 1995 )
\n
\n

\n Nicki French released a Hi - NRG remake of `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' in 1995 , which was also a worldwide hit . In the United States , French 's version peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 , behind `` Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman ? '' by Bryan Adams and it garnered frequent airplay on AC radio . It also reached No. 5 in the UK Singles Chart after being re-issued in 1995 .

\n

\n French had made her first dance version recording of `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' in 1994 : she had purchased the Bonnie Tyler original as a teenager in 1983 and reacted negatively to the original suggestion that she ( i.e. French ) remake the song as dance track -- `` I thought , no , it 's too strong a song to go down the dance route . You know , it demeans it almost . But then I thought well , I 'll give it a go . And as soon as I heard the track , I thought it actually does work . '' French 's first recording of `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' , made with John Springate of the Glitter Band producing , came to the attention of Mike Stock and Matt Aitken who produced their own recording of the song by French and it was this version which appeared on the UK chart dated 15 October 1994 at No. 54 . French would recall : `` I just thought oh well that was great ... I 've ( worked with ) Mike Stock and Matt Aitken and it was a dream come true ... we tried and I had a great time ... And then about two months later I had a call out of the blue from Mike saying the buzz will not die down on this track so we 're going to re-record the beginning ... and we 're going to re-release it at the beginning of 1995 . ''

\n

\n According to French , her remake of `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' became popular in the UK and the US in distinct remixes : `` the slower version was the one that actually took a hold in the UK where originally they started with the fast one and then decided to go with the ( remix which began ) in the same vein as the Bonnie Tyler version ( and then ) sped up when the chorus came in ... In the US it was the ( remix ) which was fast all the way through . ''

\n Weekly charts ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 1994 ) \n Peak position
\n UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) \n 54
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 1995 ) \n Peak position
\n Australia ( ARIA ) \n
\n Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) \n 14
\n Canada ( RPM 100 Hit Tracks ) \n 16
\n Canada ( RPM Adult Contemporary ) \n 17
\n Canada ( RPM Dance ) \n
\n Germany ( Official German Charts ) \n 65
\n Ireland ( IRMA ) \n 15
\n Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) \n 7
\n Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) \n 10
\n New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) \n 13
\n UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) \n 5
\n US Billboard Adult Contemporary \n 20
\n US Billboard Adult Top 40 \n 36
\n US Billboard Hot 100 \n
\n US Billboard Hot Dance Club Play \n 37
\n US Billboard Hot Dance Music / Maxi - Singles Sales \n 5
\n US Billboard Rhythmic Top 40 \n 12
\n US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream \n
\n US Cash Box \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year - end charts ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 1995 ) \n Position
\n Australia ( ARIA ) \n 17
\n Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) \n 80
\n Canada ( RPM Top 50 Dance Tracks ) \n 7
\n Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) \n 80
\n Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) \n 90
\n US Billboard Hot 100 \n 19
\n US Cash Box \n 27
\n 		\n Sales and certifications ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Region \n Certification \n Certified units / Sales
\n Australia ( ARIA ) \n Platinum \n 70,000
\n United Kingdom ( BPI ) \n Silver \n 200,000
\n United States ( RIAA ) \n Gold \n 600,000
\n

\n sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone

\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Preceded by `` Boom Boom Boom '' by The Outhere Brothers \n Canadian RPM Dance number - one single 7 August 1995 -- 14 August 1995 ( 2 weeks ) \n Succeeded by `` Be My Lover '' by La Bouche
\n Preceded by `` I Know '' by Dionne Farris \n US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream number - one single 10 June 1995 ( 1 week ) \n Succeeded by `` I 'll Be There for You '' by The Rembrandts
\n

\n Westlife version ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart ''
\n
\n Promotional single by Westlife
\n from the album The Love Album
\n Released \n 2007
\n Format \n CD Single
\n Genre \n Pop
\n Length \n 4 : 40
\n Label \n Sony BMG
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n Jim Steinman
\n

\n Irish boy band Westlife recorded a cover of the song on their 2006 album The Love Album . The song would have been released as the album 's second single but was cancelled due to their The Love Tour conflicts , though a promo release still reached No. 5 on the radio charts in the Philippines . Three official remixes have been made for their version as well as a remix done by Jim Steinman , which was ultimately rejected by the record label but has surfaced on the Internet . The song was released as promotional single on 2007 .

\n

\n Yuridia version ( edit )

\n

\n Mexican singer Yuridia covered the song in Spanish as `` Eclipse Total del Amor '' from her second studio album Habla El Coraz\u00f3n in 2006 . The single peaked at number 36 on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart .

\n

\n Parody versions ( edit )

\n

\n A parody of the song and music video were published in 2009 , in what the fans and makers call a `` literal video version '' , which is a type of video that replaces the original song lyrics with humorous lyrics describing the images in the video . Time magazine listed it as the 6th best viral video of 2009 . This was also the 6th literal video produced by professional video editor David A. Scott Jr. ; the singer who performed for this re-dub was Scott 's friend Felisha Noble using the pseudonym Persephone Maewyn . The video is still viewable on Funny or Die 's website , where it has received over 100,000 views , qualifying it for `` Immortal '' status since April 2012 .

\n

\n In 2010 , Tyler appeared in an advertisement for MasterCard , performing a short parody of the song with its noted new lyric `` Turn around , Neville . '' She performed the original song in a similar advertisement for Westpac in 2012 .

\n

\n Warby Parker produced a parody video in anticipation of the solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Tyler releases new Total Eclipse '' . BBC News Online . 2 September 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2015 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 14 May 1989 ) . `` New Golden Rule : 500,000 Sales Mark for All Singles '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 8 March 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline ( 25 July 2015 ) . `` The Nation 's Favourite 80s Number One : 12 more classic 80s chart - toppers which did n't make the cut '' . Metro . Retrieved 23 May 2017 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Wolmuth , Roger ( 21 November 1983 ) . `` ' One - Hit Wonder ' Bonnie Tyler Resumes Her Singing Career with a ' Total Eclipse ' of the Chart '' . People Magazine . Retrieved 14 June 2013 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Humphries , Patrick ( 2009 ) . Ravishing - The Best Of ( CD booklet ) . London : Sony Music Entertainment . p. 1 . In `` Ravishing - The Best Of '' .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Heatley , Michael ( 2013 ) . The Collection ( CD booklet ) . London : Demon Music Group . p. 3 . In `` The Collection '' .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( 7 May 2017 ) . `` The 21 best power ballads '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 July 2017 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler Variety Club Award Best Single of 1983 '' . Google Inc . YouTube . Retrieved 8 May 2013 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Shearlaw , John ( 12 March 1983 ) . `` Bonnie voyage '' . Record Mirror . p. 8 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Hernandez , Ernio ( 18 September 2002 ) . `` Rando , Steinman Talk About Dance of the Vampires at Press Preview , Sept. 18 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 13 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 August 2014 .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : Beviglia , Jim ( 24 February 2014 ) . `` Bonnie Tyler , `` Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' `` . American Songwriter . Retrieved 25 February 2014 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Clark , Dick ( 20 September 1983 ) . `` Bonnie Tyler aims for ' total eclipse ' of charts '' . Times - News . Retrieved 25 August 2014 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Adams , Cameron ( 26 October 2006 ) . `` Meat Loaf 's a Hell raiser '' . Herald Sun .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Champion , Edward ( 12 September 2008 ) . `` The Bat Segundo Show : Bonnie Tyler '' . The Bat Segundo Show . Retrieved 8 May 2013 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Freyne , Patrick ( 20 August 2014 ) . `` Bonnie Tyler : ' There 's nothing I wo n't talk about ' '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved 20 August 2014 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ DeGagne , Mike . `` Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse of the Heart -- Song Review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 12 January 2014 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Guarisco , Donald A. `` Bonnie Tyler -- Faster Than the Speed of Night -- Album Review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 13 January 2014 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( 8 March 2013 ) . `` Britain Counts On Bonnie Tyler to Play Eurovision Hero '' . Billboard . Retrieved 19 August 2014 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Frame , Pete ( 1999 ) . Pete Frame 's rockin ' around Britain : rock'n'roll landmarks of the UK and Ireland . London : Omnibus Press . p. 174 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 71196 - 973 - 5 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Chelsea great Gianfranco Zola : ' I do n't star in Bonnie Tyler 's Total Eclipse of the Heart video ' '' . Off the Post . 16 May 2012 . Retrieved 5 September 2014 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler : ' Forget being a star - do it for the love of it ' '' . The Guardian . 10 May 2009 . Retrieved 16 March 2014 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Frost , Caroline ( 7 May 2013 ) . `` Bonnie Tyler Interview : ' I Wo n't Mind If Believe In Me Gets Nil Points At Eurovision Song Contest ' '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 26 August 2014 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Jackson , Police top Grammy Awards list '' . The Michigan Daily . 29 February 1984 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Mahtani , Melissa ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` Bonnie Tyler sings ' Total Eclipse ' live on CNN '' ( Press release ) . CNN . Retrieved 22 August 2017 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Bonnie Tyler Will Sing ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' During Solar Eclipse '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 18 August 2017 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Faster Than the Speed of Night -- Credits '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 22 August 2014 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` lescharts.com -- Kareen Antonn / Bonnie Tyler -- Si demain ... ( Turn Around ) '' . Lescharts.com . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 January 2014 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` ultratop.be -- Kareen Antonn / Bonnie Tyler -- Si demain ... ( Turn Around ) '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 January 2014 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` For You by Peter Brocklehurst '' . iTunes Store . Apple , Inc . Retrieved 19 August 2014 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler biography '' . BBC Wales . 17 November 2008 . Retrieved 12 January 2014 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Heart by Bonnie Tyler '' . iTunes Store . Apple , Inc . Retrieved 26 August 2014 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 ( illustrated ed . ) . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 316 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 38 , No. 24 , August 13 , 1983 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary -- Volume 39 , No. 13 , November 26 , 1983 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Tous les Titres par Artiste '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select `` Bonnie Tyler '' from the artist drop - down menu . Archived from the original on 20 September 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    38. \n
  38. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Total Eclipse of the Heart '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    39. \n
  39. \n ^ Jump up to : `` I singoli pi\u00f9 venduti del 1984 '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Creative Commons . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bonnie Tyler - Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` South African Rock Lists Website SA Charts 1969 -- 1989 Acts ( T ) '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . S\u00f3lo \u00e9xitos : a\u00f1o a a\u00f1o , 1959 -- 2002 ( in Spanish ) ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundaci\u00f3n Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    49. \n
  49. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Faster Than the Speed of Night -- Awards '' . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 ... AllMusic .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending OCTOBER 8 , 1983 '' . Archived from the original on 13 September 2012 ... Cash Box magazine .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ `` 50 Back Catalogue Singles -- 05 / 02 / 2011 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 20 August 2014 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ `` Digital Song Sales -- September 9 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 August 2017 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` Forum - ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts -- Top 100 End of Year AMR Charts -- 1980s '' . Australian-charts.com . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 39 , No. 17 , December 24 , 1983 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` TOP -- 1983 '' ( in French ) . Top-france.fr . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1983 '' . Recorded Music New Zealand . Retrieved 28 April 2016 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Hit Singles of 1983 '' . Rock.co.za . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits for 1983 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Archived from the original on 29 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1983 '' . Archived from the original on 11 September 2012 ... Cash Box magazine .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse of the Heart '' . Music Canada .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select BONNIE TYLER and click OK
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ `` Les Singles en Or '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Archived from the original on 5 June 2014 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse of the Heart '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Total Eclipse of the Heart in the search field and then press Enter .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bonnie Tyler -- Total Eclipse of the Heart '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Total Eclipse of the Heart ( 7 '' single ) . Bonnie Tyler . CBS Records . 1983 . LC0149 .
    72. \n
  72. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Westlife Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' . Eil.com . Retrieved 20 April 2014 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Heart ( Sunset Strippers Remixes ) -- EP '' . iTunes . Apple Inc . Retrieved 11 October 2015 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler power ballad takes top spot in shower singing survey '' . Western Mail . Retrieved 29 May 2013 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ Westbrook , Caroline ( 25 July 2015 ) . `` The Nation 's Favourite 80s Number One : 12 more classic 80s chart - toppers which did n't make the cut '' . Metro . Retrieved 27 July 2015 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Wilson , Jess ( 20 March 2015 ) . `` Solar Eclipse : Spotify reveals streaming of Bonnie Tyler 's Total Eclipse of the Heart is up 214 per cent '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 2 April 2015 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' Sales Rise More Than 500 % '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 August 2017 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Pelletiere , Nicole ( 21 August 2017 ) . `` ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' hits no . 1 on iTunes for solar eclipse '' . ABC News . Retrieved 22 August 2017 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ Bruner , Raisa ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Bonnie Tyler Will Sing ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' During the Actual Eclipse '' . Time . Retrieved 17 August 2017 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ Balfe , John ( 12 August 2014 ) . `` 80s Power Ballad queen Bonnie Tyler announced for Electric Picnic '' . entertainment.ie . Retrieved 22 August 2014 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` Video : Cian Healy 's hilarious rendition of ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' wins Irish Women 's rugby team ticket to Electric Picnic '' . Irish Independent . 21 August 2014 . Retrieved 22 August 2014 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Walters , Barry ( 7 January 2003 ) . `` 999 Luftballons '' . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 31 March 2015 .
    83. \n
  83. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Nicki French -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    84. \n
  84. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Nicki French : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ `` It 's Chart Rigger 's Totally Amazing Interview With Nicki French ! ( Part One ) '' . Chartrigger.blogspot.ca. 1 June 2006 . Retrieved 8 November 2013 .
    86. \n
  86. \n ^ Jump up to : French , Nicki ( 19 April 2013 ) . `` Nicki French interview '' . Round Trip With Dave O ' ( Interview ) . Interview with Dave O ' . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Nicki French -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Nicki French -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 61 , No. 26 , July 31 , 1995 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` Adult Contemporary -- Volume 61 , No. 24 , July 17 , 1995 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ `` Dance / Urban -- Volume 61 , No. 27 , August 07 1995 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Nicki French -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Nicki French - Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Nicki French -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Nicki French -- Total Eclipse Of The Heart '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ `` CASH BOX Top 100 Singles -- Week ending JUNE 10 , 1995 '' . Archived from the original on 11 October 2012 ... Cash Box magazine .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End Of Year Charts -- Top 50 Singles 1995 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1995 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ `` Dance / Urban -- Volume 62 , No. 20 , December 18 , 1995 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 1995 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 1995 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Hung Medien . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1995 '' . The Longbored Surfer . Archived from the original on 11 August 2010 . Retrieved 11 January 2014 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` The CASH BOX Year - End Charts : 1995 '' . Archived from the original on 10 October 2012 ... Cash Box magazine .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles 1995 '' . Imgur.com ( original document published by ARIA ) . Retrieved 1 June 2017 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Nicki French -- Total Eclipse of the Heart '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Total Eclipse of the Heart in the search field and then press Enter .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Nicki French -- Total Eclipse of the Heart '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ `` Best - Selling Records of 1995 '' . Billboard. 108 ( 3 ) : 56 . 20 January 1996 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ Mawer , Sharon . `` Westlife -- The Love Album '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 12 January 2014 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ `` Yuridia -- Awards '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 29 May 2015 .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ `` The Top 10 Viral Videos of 2009 '' . Time . Retrieved 17 August 2010 .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ Laderman , David ; Westrup , Laurel ( 2014 ) . Sampling Media . Oxford University Press . p. 230 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ Scott , David ( 16 April 2011 ) . `` Total Eclipse of the Heart : Literal Video Version '' . Retrieved 26 August 2017 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ Benedictus , Leo ( 21 April 2010 ) . `` A word on our sponsors : Total eclipse of the card '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 August 2014 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ `` Westpac brings in Bonnie Tyler to sing at couple 's fantasy wedding '' . mUmBRELLA. 21 November 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2014 .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ Matthewson , Samantha ( 1 August 2017 ) . `` This ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' Parody Video for the 2017 Solar Eclipse Is Just Awesome '' . Space.com . Retrieved 3 August 2017 .
    117. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Bonnie Tyler songs
\n
    \n
  • \n Discography
    • \n
\n
\n The World Starts Tonight \n
    \n
  • \n `` Lost in France ''
    • \n
  • \n `` More Than a Lover ''
    • \n
\n
\n Natural Force \n
    \n
  • \n `` It 's a Heartache ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Living for the City ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Heaven ''
    • \n
  • \n `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Here Am I ''
    • \n
\n
\n Diamond Cut \n
    \n
  • \n `` Too Good to Last ''
    • \n
  • \n `` My Guns Are Loaded ''
    • \n
\n
\n Goodbye to the Island \n
    \n
  • \n `` I 'm Just a Woman ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Sometimes When We Touch ''
    • \n
  • \n `` A Whiter Shade of Pale ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Believe in Your Sweet Love ''
    • \n
\n
\n Faster Than the Speed of Night \n
    \n
  • \n `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Faster Than the Speed of Night ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Straight from the Heart ''
    • \n
\n
\n Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire \n
    \n
  • \n `` If You Were a Woman ( And I Was a Man ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Loving You 's a Dirty Job but Somebody 's Gotta Do It ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Band of Gold ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Lovers Again ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Holding Out for a Hero ''
    • \n
\n
\n Hide Your Heart \n
    \n
  • \n `` Hide Your Heart ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Do n't Turn Around ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Save Up All Your Tears ''
    • \n
  • \n `` To Love Somebody ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Best ''
    • \n
\n
\n Bitterblue \n
    \n
  • \n `` Against the Wind ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Bitterblue ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Where Were You ''
    • \n
\n
\n Angel Heart \n
    \n
  • \n `` Fools Lullaby ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Cry Myself to Sleep at Night ''
    • \n
\n
\n Silhouette in Red \n
    \n
  • \n `` You Are So Beautiful ''
    • \n
\n
\n Free Spirit \n
    \n
  • \n `` You 're the One ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Bridge over Troubled Water ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad ''
    • \n
\n
\n All in One Voice \n
    \n
  • \n `` Angel of the Morning ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Put a Spell on You ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Rose ''
    • \n
  • \n `` He 's the King ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Silent Night ''
    • \n
\n
\n Heart Strings \n
    \n
  • \n `` Human Touch ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Everybody Hurts ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Amazed ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Lean on Me ''
    • \n
  • \n `` In My Life ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Learning to Fly ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Right Here Waiting ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Need Your Love So Bad ''
    • \n
  • \n `` It 's Over ''
    • \n
\n
\n Simply Believe \n
    \n
  • \n `` Si demain ... ( Turn Around ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Si tout s'arr\u00eate ( It 's a Heartache )
    • \n
  • \n `` Darlin ' ''
    • \n
\n
\n Wings \n
    \n
  • \n `` Louise ''
    • \n
\n
\n Rocks and Honey \n
    \n
  • \n `` This Is Gonna Hurt ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Believe in Me ''
    • \n
  • \n `` What You Need from Me ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Love Is the Knife ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Mom ''
    • \n
\n
\n Collaborations \n
    \n
  • \n `` A Rockin ' Good Way ( to Mess Around and Fall in Love ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Islands ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Vergi\u00df Es ( Forget It ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Amour \u00c9ternel ( Eternal Flame ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Love 's Holding On ''
    • \n
\n
\n Other songs \n
    \n
  • \n `` Sayonara Tokyo ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Here She Comes ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Desert Is in Your Heart ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him ''
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Westlife
\n
    \n
  • \n Nicky Byrne
    • \n
  • \n Kian Egan
    • \n
  • \n Mark Feehily
    • \n
  • \n Shane Filan
    • \n
  • \n Brian McFadden
    • \n
\n
\n Albums \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Studio albums \n
    \n
  • \n Westlife
    • \n
  • \n Coast to Coast
    • \n
  • \n World of Our Own
    • \n
  • \n Turnaround
    • \n
  • \n Allow Us to Be Frank
    • \n
  • \n Face to Face
    • \n
  • \n The Love Album
    • \n
  • \n Back Home
    • \n
  • \n Where We Are
    • \n
  • \n Gravity
    • \n
\n
\n Compilations \n
    \n
  • \n Unbreakable : The Greatest Hits Volume 1
    • \n
  • \n Greatest Hits
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Videos \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Video albums \n
    \n
  • \n The Karaoke Collection
    • \n
\n
\n Concert DVD \n
    \n
  • \n Where We Are Tour : Live from the O2
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Concert tours \n
    \n
  • \n Where Dreams Come True Tour
    • \n
  • \n World of Our Own Tour
    • \n
  • \n Unbreakable Tour
    • \n
  • \n Turnaround Tour
    • \n
  • \n No. 1 's Tour
    • \n
  • \n Face to Face Tour
    • \n
  • \n The Love Tour
    • \n
  • \n Back Home Tour
    • \n
  • \n Where We Are Tour
    • \n
  • \n Gravity Tour
    • \n
  • \n Greatest Hits Tour
    • \n
\n
\n Book \n
    \n
  • \n Westlife : Our Story
    • \n
\n
\n Related articles \n
    \n
  • \n Discography
    • \n
  • \n Songs
      \n
    • \n Originals
      • \n
    • \n Covers
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Tours
    • \n
  • \n Awards
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Westlife singles
\n Discography
\n Westlife \n
    \n
  • \n `` Swear It Again ''
    • \n
  • \n `` If I Let You Go ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Flying Without Wings ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Have a Dream '' / `` Seasons in the Sun ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Fool Again ''
    • \n
\n
\n Coast to Coast \n
    \n
  • \n `` Against All Odds ''
    • \n
  • \n `` My Love ''
    • \n
  • \n `` What Makes a Man ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Lay My Love on You ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Uptown Girl ''
    • \n
  • \n `` When You 're Looking Like That ''
    • \n
\n
\n World of Our Own \n
    \n
  • \n `` Queen of My Heart ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Evergreen ''
    • \n
  • \n `` World of Our Own ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Bop Bop Baby ''
    • \n
\n
\n Unbreakable \n
    \n
  • \n `` Unbreakable ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Tonight / Miss You Nights ''
    • \n
\n
\n Turnaround \n
    \n
  • \n `` Hey Whatever ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Mandy ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Obvious ''
    • \n
\n
\n Allow Us to Be Frank \n
    \n
  • \n `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Fly Me To The Moon ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Smile ''
    • \n
\n
\n Face to Face \n
    \n
  • \n `` You Raise Me Up ''
    • \n
  • \n `` When You Tell Me That You Love Me ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Amazing ''
    • \n
\n
\n The Love Album \n
    \n
  • \n `` The Rose ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart ''
    • \n
\n
\n Back Home \n
    \n
  • \n `` Home ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Us Against the World ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Something Right ''
    • \n
\n
\n Where We Are \n
    \n
  • \n `` What About Now ''
    • \n
\n
\n Gravity \n
    \n
  • \n `` Safe ''
    • \n
\n
\n Greatest Hits \n
    \n
  • \n `` Lighthouse ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Beautiful World ''
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Only Men Aloud !
\n Studio albums \n
    \n
  • \n Only Men Aloud ! ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n Band of Brothers ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n In Festive Mood ( 2011 )
    • \n
\n
\n Singles \n
    \n
  • \n `` All by Myself ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Total Eclipse of the Heart ''
    • \n
\n
\n Featured singles \n
    \n
  • \n `` Caliban 's Dream ''
    • \n
\n
\n Television \n Last Choir Standing
\n Related articles \n
    \n
  • \n Only Boys Aloud
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Yuridia
\n Solo albums \n
    \n
  • \n La Voz de un \u00c1ngel ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Habla El Coraz\u00f3n ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Entre Mariposas ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Nada es color de rosa ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Para M\u00ed ( 2011 )
    • \n
\n
\n Compilation albums \n
    \n
  • \n Yuridia Remixes ( 2008 )
    • \n
\n
\n Singles \n
    \n
  • \n `` \u00c1ngel ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Maldita Primavera ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Como Yo Nadie Te Ha Amado ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Habla el Coraz\u00f3n ''
    • \n
\n
\n Collaborations \n
    \n
  • \n `` Eclipse Total del Amor ''
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Discography
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Total_Eclipse_of_the_Heart&oldid=822305104 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what is the total eclipse of the heart video about", "long_answers": ["The music video for `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' was directed by Russell Mulcahy and was filmed on location at the Holloway Sanatorium , a large Victorian Gothic hospital near Virginia Water , Surrey , England . The video features Bonnie Tyler clad in white , dreaming or fantasizing about her students in a boys ' boarding school . Young men are seen dancing and participating in various school activities and singing in a choir .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "List of justices of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka - wikipedia

\n List of justices of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka

\n Jump to : navigation , search Shirani Bandaranayake was the 43rd Chief Justice of Sri Lanka and the first and only woman to hold the position .

\n List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Sri Lanka

\n

\n In this list , justices are placed in the order in which they took the judicial oath of office and thereby started their term of office . While many of the justices ' positions prior to appointment are simply listed as `` lawyer '' , many had part - time positions , such as teaching , or acted as counsel to various levels of government .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Justices ( edit )

\n \u2020 Denotes current justices \n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n Name \n Province \n Birth / death \n Term of active service \n Term of service as Chief \n Length in days of active service \n Length in days as Chief \n Appointed by \n Law school \n Position prior to appointment
\n \n Codrington Edmund Carrington \n England \n 1769 - 1849 \n March 1801 -- 2 April 1806 \n March 1801 -- 2 April 1806 \n \n \n North \n -- \n Counsel to the East India Company
\n \n Edmund Henry Lushington \n England \n 1766 - 1839 \n 5 September 1801 -- 1809 \n 15 April 1807 - 1809 \n \n \n North \n University of Cambridge \n Barrister
\n \n Alexander Johnston \n Scotland \n 1775 - 1849 \n 15 April 1807 -- 14 February 1809 6 November 1811 - 1819 \n 6 November 1811 - 1819 \n 671 + ? \n \n Maitland \n University of G\u00f6ttingen \n Advocate Fiscal of Ceylon
\n \n William Coke \n England \n 1776 - 1818 \n 6 March 1809 -- 1 September 1818 \u2020 \n 6 March 1809 -- 1811 \n 3,466 \n \n Maitland \n University of Oxford \n Advocate Fiscal of Ceylon
\n 5 \n Henry Byrne \n \n \n 5 November 1818 -- 1819 \n -- \n \n -- \n Brownrigg \n \n Barrister
\n 6 \n Ambrose Hardinge Giffard \n Ireland \n 1771 -- 1827 \n 8 April 1819 -- 2 March 1827 \n 8 April 1819 -- 2 March 1827 \n 2,885 \n 2,885 \n Brownrigg \n Trinity College , Dublin \n Advocate Fiscal of Ceylon
\n 7 \n Richard Ottley \n \n 1782 -- 1845 \n 8 May 1820 -- 1833 \n 1 November 1827 -- 1833 \n \n \n Barnes \n \n Chief Justice of Grenada
\n 8 \n Henry Matthews \n England \n 1789 -- 1828 \n 10 October 1827 -- 1828 \n -- \n \n -- \n Barnes \n King 's College , Cambridge \n Advocate Fiscal of Ceylon
\n 9 \n Charles Marshall \n England \n 1788 - 1873 \n 14 June 1828 -- 3 March 1836 \n 18 February 1833 -- 3 March 1836 \n 2,850 \n 1,109 \n Barnes \n Jesus College , Cambridge \n
\n 10 \n William Rough \n England \n 1772 - 1838 \n 18 February 1833 - 1838 \n -- \n \n -- \n \n Trinity College , Cambridge \n
\n 11 \n William Norris \n \n \n 1834 -- 1837 \n 27 April 1836 -- 1837 \n \n \n Wilmot - Horton \n \n Advocate Fiscal of Ceylon
\n 12 \n John Jeremie \n Guernsey \n 1795 - 1841 \n 10 March 1836 -- 1840 \n -- \n \n -- \n Wilmot - Horton \n \n Public prosecutor of Mauritius
\n 13 \n John Fredrick Stoddart \n Malta \n 1805 - 1839 \n 2 June 1838 -- 19 August 1839 \u2020 \n -- \n 443 \n -- \n \n University of Glasgow \n
\n 14 \n Anthony Oliphant \n Scotland \n 1793 -- 1859 \n 22 October 1838 - 1854 \n 22 October 1838 - 1854 \n \n \n \n \n Attorney General of the Cape Colony
\n 15 \n J.G. Hildebrand \n \n \n 23 November 1839 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 16 \n William Ogle Carr \n England \n 1802 - 1856 \n 19 December 1939 - 1856 \n 17 April 1854 -- 1856 \n \n \n Stewart - Mackenzie \n \n King 's Advocate of Ceylon
\n 17 \n John Stark \n \n \n 10 October 1840 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n Queen 's Advocate of Ceylon
\n 18 \n Christopher Temple \n \n \n 28 January 1854 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n Judge of the District Court of Colombo
\n 19 \n Paul Ivy Sterling \n \n \n 20 November 1855 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n Attorney General of Hong Kong
\n 20 \n William Carpenter Rowe \n \n - 1860 \n \n 1857 -- 1859 \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 21 \n Edward Shepherd Creasy \n England \n 1812 - 1878 \n -- \n 27 March 1860 - 1875 \n \n \n \n University of Cambridge \n
\n 22 \n Richard Morgan \n \n \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n Queen 's Advocate of Ceylon
\n 23 \n George Lawson \n \n \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 24 \n Henry Byerley Thompson \n \n - 1867 \n 1 January 1863 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n Queen 's Advocate of Ceylon
\n 25 \n Charles Henry Stewart \n \n \n 11 January 1867 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 26 \n Richard Cayley \n England \n \n 26 July 1874 -- 1882 \n 1 October 1879 -- 1882 \n \n -- \n \n \n Queen 's Advocate of Ceylon
\n 27 \n Lovell Burchett Clarence \n \n \n 5 July 1879 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 28 \n Harry Dias Bandaranaike \n \n \n 5 July 1879 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 29 \n William Hackett \n \n \n 3 February 1877 - 1877 \n 3 February 1877 - 1877 \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 30 \n John Budd Phear \n England \n \n 18 October 1877 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 31 \n Archibald Campbell Lawrie \n \n 1837 - 1914 \n 6 July 1892 -- 1901 \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n Judge of the District Court of Kandy
\n 32 \n Jacobus de Wet \n South Africa \n \n 31 May 1882 -- 29 May 1883 \n 31 May 1882 -- 29 May 1883 \n 363 \n 363 \n \n \n
\n 33 \n Bruce Burnside \n Bahamas \n \n 21 May 1883 -- 1893 \n 21 May 1883 -- 1893 \n \n -- \n \n \n Queen 's Advocate of Ceylon
\n 34 \n John Winfield Bonser \n \n \n 13 November 1893 -- 1902 \n 13 November 1893 -- 1902 \n \n \n \n \n Chief Justice of the Straits Settlements
\n 35 \n George Henry Withers \n \n \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 36 \n Dodwell Browne \n \n \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 37 \n Fredrick Charles Moncrieff \n \n \n 4 April 1900 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 38 \n Henry Lorentz Wendt \n \n \n 15 October 1901 -- 28 November 1910 \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 39 \n John Page Middleton \n \n \n 28 January 1902 -- 1912 \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n Puisine Judge of the Supreme Court of Cyprus
\n 40 \n Charles Layard \n Western \n \n 26 April 1902 -- 18 June 1906 \n 26 April 1902 -- 18 June 1906 \n 1,514 \n 1,514 \n \n \n
\n 41 \n Joseph Richard Grenier \n \n \n 28 November 1910 -- 1912 \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 42 \n Alexander Wood Renton \n \n \n 3 September 1905 -- 1918 \n 22 August 1914 - 1918 \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 43 \n Alfred George Lascelles \n England \n \n 1 May 1911 -- 1914 \n 1 May 1911 -- 1914 \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 44 \n Joseph Turner Hutchinson \n England \n \n 23 October 1906 -- 1 May 1911 \n 23 October 1906 -- 1 May 1911 \n 1,651 \n 1,651 \n \n \n
\n 45 \n James Cecil Walter Pereira \n \n \n 4 July 1912 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 46 \n James Arthur Van Langenburg \n \n \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 47 \n Thomas De Sampayo \n \n \n 1915 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n University of Cambridge \n Commissioner of Assize
\n 48 \n George Francis Macdaniel Ennis \n \n \n 5 August 1912 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 49 \n Walter Shaw \n \n \n 10 December 1914 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n Chief Justice of British Honduras
\n 50 \n Gualterus Stewart Schneider \n \n \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 51 \n Anton Bertram \n \n 1869 - 1937 \n 26 July 1918 -- 1925 \n 26 July 1918 -- 1925 \n \n \n \n University of Cambridge \n Attorney General of Ceylon
\n 52 \n Hermann Albert Loos \n \n \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 53 \n William Thomas Porter \n \n \n 12 January 1922 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 54 \n Thomas Garvin \n \n 1881 - 1940 \n 21 June 1921 -- 1935 \n -- \n \n -- \n Manning \n Colombo Law College \n Solicitor General of Ceylon
\n 55 \n John Adrian St. Valentine Jayewardene \n \n 1877 -- 1927 \n 1923 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n Manning \n Judge of the District Court of Colombo
\n 56 \n Llwellyn Chisholm Dalton \n \n \n 14 March 1925 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 57 \n Lewis Matthew Maartensz \n \n \n 18 February 1935 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 58 \n Maas Thajoon Akbar \n \n 1880 - 1944 \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n University of Cambridge \n Solicitor General of Ceylon
\n 59 \n Charles Ernest St. John Branch \n \n 1865 - 1939 \n 3 July 1925 -- 25 May 1926 \n 3 July 1925 -- 25 May 1926 \n 326 \n 326 \n \n Durham University \n
\n 60 \n Stanley Fisher \n \n 1867 - \n 11 December 1926 -- 1930 \n 11 December 1926 -- 1930 \n \n \n \n \n Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago
\n 61 \n Robert William Lyall Grant \n \n \n 17 February 1926 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 62 \n Allen Drieberg \n \n \n 19 September 1927 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 63 \n Eugene Wilfred Jayewardene \n Western \n 1874 - 1932 \n May 1928 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Fletcher \n \n Member of the Colombo Municipal Council
\n 64 \n Philip James Macdonell \n \n 1873 - 1940 \n 3 October 1930 - 1936 \n 3 October 1930 - 1936 \n \n \n \n \n Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago
\n 65 \n Lucian Macull Dominic de Silva \n \n \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 66 \n William Edward Barber \n \n \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 67 \n Francis Harold Bertram \n \n \n 19 February 1935 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 68 \n Kenneth Poyser \n \n \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 69 \n Francis Soertsz \n \n - 1951 \n 12 November 1936 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 70 \n Sidney Abrahams \n England \n 1885 - 1957 \n 3 July 1936 -- 1939 \n 3 July 1936 -- 1939 \n \n \n \n University of Cambridge \n
\n 71 \n Francis Moseley \n \n \n 2 August 1936 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 72 \n Vincent Fernando \n \n \n 11 November 1937 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 73 \n Hector Hearne \n \n \n 21 May 1937 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 74 \n Arthur Eric Keuneman \n \n \n 4 March 1938 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n University of Cambridge \n
\n 75 \n Oswald Leslie De Kretser II \n Western \n 1882 - 1959 \n 8 April 1938 -- 1945 \n -- \n \n -- \n Caldecott \n University College , Colombo \n Commissioner of Assize
\n 76 \n Arthur Wijewardena \n \n 1887 - 1964 \n 22 August 1938 -- 1950 \n 15 January 1949 -- 1950 \n \n \n \n University of Cambridge \n Solicitor General of Ceylon
\n 77 \n J.H.B. Nihill \n \n \n 18 November 1938 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 78 \n John Curtois Howard \n \n \n 1 December 1939 -- 1945 \n 1 December 1939 -- 1945 \n \n \n \n \n Attorney General of Cyprus
\n 79 \n G.H.F. Cannon \n \n \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 80 \n Edward Jayetileke \n \n \n 14 May 1942 -- 11 October 1951 \n 1950 -- 11 October 1951 \n 3,437 \n \n Caldecott \n \n Solicitor General of Ceylon
\n 81 \n Alan Rose \n \n \n 11 January 1945 -- 1956 \n 11 October 1951 -- 1956 \n \n \n \n \n
\n 82 \n A.R.H. Canakeratne \n \n 1886 - 1960 \n 28 March 1945 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n Ceylon Law College University of London \n Commissioner of Assize
\n 83 \n Manikku Wadumestri Hendrick de Silva \n \n \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n Attorney General of Ceylon
\n 84 \n Felix Reginald Dias Bandaranaike I \n \n 1861 - 1947 \n 3 September 1946 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n University of Cambridge \n Judge of the District Court of Colombo
\n 85 \n Chellappah Nagalingam \n \n 1893 - 1958 \n 22 July 1947 -- 1958 \n -- \n \n -- \n \n Ceylon Law College \n Attorney General of Ceylon
\n 86 \n Ralph Windham \n \n \n 23 July 1947 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 87 \n Hema Henry Basnayake \n \n 1902 - \n 23 October 1947 -- 3 August 1964 \n 1 January 1956 -- 3 August 1964 \n 6,129 \n 3,137 \n Senanayake \n \n Attorney General of Ceylon
\n 88 \n Edward Frederick Noel Gratiaen \n \n \n 22 March 1948 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Senanayake \n \n Attorney General of Ceylon
\n 89 \n E.H.T. Gunasekera \n \n \n 1 March 1949 -- 25 January 1962 \n -- \n 4,713 \n -- \n Senanayake \n \n
\n 90 \n M.F.S. Pulle \n \n \n 28 September 1949 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Senanayake \n \n
\n 91 \n V.L. St. C. Swan \n \n \n 1 May 1950 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Senanayake \n \n
\n 92 \n H.A. de Silva \n \n \n 30 November 1950 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Senanayake \n \n
\n 93 \n Kairshasp Choksy \n Western \n \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n 94 \n Henry Weerasooriya \n \n \n 10 July 1953 -- 24 February 1964 \n -- \n 3,881 \n -- \n Senanayake \n \n
\n 95 \n K.D. de Silva \n \n \n 10 July 1953 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Senanayake \n \n
\n 96 \n Miliani Sansoni \n \n \n 10 May 1954 -- 17 November 1966 \n 3 August 1964 -- 17 November 1966 \n 4,574 \n 836 \n Kotelawala \n \n
\n 97 \n Hugh Fernando \n \n 1910 - 1976 \n 16 May 1955 -- 17 November 1973 \n 20 November 1966 - 17 November 1973 \n 6,760 \n 2,554 \n Kotelawala \n \n
\n 98 \n Thusew Samuel Fernando \n \n \n 2 May 1956 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Bandaranaike \n Colombo Law College \n Solicitor General of Sri Lanka
\n 99 \n Nadaraja Sinnetamby \n \n \n 3 May 1956 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Bandaranaike \n \n
\n 100 \n Lionel de Silva \n \n \n 5 November 1959 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Dahanayake \n \n
\n 101 \n Leonard de Silva \n \n \n 16 August 1966 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Senanayake \n \n
\n 102 \n Henry Thambiah \n Northern \n 1906 -- 1997 \n 1 December 1961 -- 27 May 1968 \n -- \n 2,369 \n -- \n Bandaranaike \n University College , Colombo Ceylon Law College University of London \n Commissioner of Assize
\n 103 \n Kingsley Herath \n \n \n 25 January 1962 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Bandaranaike \n \n
\n 104 \n Asoka Abeyesundere \n Southern \n 1906 - 1988 \n 20 April 1962 -- 3 May 1968 \n -- \n 2,205 \n -- \n Bandaranaike \n Ceylon Law College \n
\n 105 \n Ponnuduraiswamy Sriskandarajah \n \n 1905 - 1968 \n 22 June 1962 -- 8 February 1967 \n -- \n 1,692 \n -- \n Bandaranaike \n Ceylon University College Ceylon Law College \n Commissioner of Assize
\n 106 \n Gardiye Punchihewage Amaraseela Silva \n \n \n 22 June 1962 -- 1974 \n 1973 -- 1974 \n \n -- \n Bandaranaike \n \n
\n 107 \n Lionel Sirimanne \n \n \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Bandaranaike \n \n
\n 108 \n Vaithalingam Manicavasagar \n Western \n 1906 - 1993 \n 17 December 1964 -- 14 December 1967 \n -- \n 1,092 \n -- \n Bandaranaike \n Colombo Law College \n Commissioner of Assize
\n 109 \n Anthony Alles \n Central \n 1911 -- 2003 \n 1964 -- 1974 \n -- \n \n -- \n Bandaranaike \n University of Ceylon Ceylon Law College University of London \n Solicitor General of Sri Lanka
\n 110 \n Veeravagu Sivasubramaniam \n \n 1908 - 1985 \n 1966 -- 1970 \n -- \n \n -- \n Senanayake \n University of London \n Commissioner of Assize
\n 111 \n George Samerawickrame \n \n \n 18 November 1966 -- 9 April 1981 \n -- \n 5,256 \n -- \n Senanayake \n \n
\n 112 \n Victor Tennekoon \n Central \n 1914 - \n 8 February 1967 -- 1 July 1970 1 January 1974 - 8 September 1977 \n 1 January 1974 - 8 September 1977 \n 1,239 + 1,346 \n 1,346 \n Senanayake \n University of London Ceylon Law College \n Judge of the Court of Appeal
\n 113 \n Christopher Weeramantry \n Western \n 1926 - \n 1967 -- 30 April 1972 \n -- \n \n -- \n Senanayake \n University of Ceylon University of London \n Commissioner of Assize
\n 114 \n Oswald Leslie De Kretser III \n Western \n 1910 - \n 1968 -- 21 January 1972 \n -- \n \n -- \n Senanayake \n University College , Colombo University of London \n Judge of the District Court of Panadura
\n 115 \n Samarapilimudalige Wijayatilake \n Central \n 1912 - 1990 \n 1968 -- 16 May 1975 \n -- \n \n -- \n Senanayake \n University College , Colombo Ceylon Law College \n Commissioner of Assize
\n 116 \n Pandita Gunawadena \n \n \n 1968 -- 10 February 1971 \n -- \n \n -- \n Senanayake \n \n
\n 117 \n Vincent Thamotheram \n \n 1915 - \n 23 March 1970 -- 1980 \n -- \n \n -- \n Senanayake \n Ceylon University College Ceylon Law College \n Commissioner of Assize
\n 118 \n Hector Deheragoda \n \n \n 22 February 1972 -- 27 December 1976 \n -- \n 1,770 \n -- \n Bandaranaike \n \n
\n 119 \n Cuda Banda Walgampaya \n \n \n 22 February 1972 -- 3 January 1976 \n -- \n 1,411 \n -- \n Bandaranaike \n \n
\n 120 \n Jaya Pathirana \n \n - 2000 \n 22 February 1972 -- 1978 \n -- \n \n -- \n Bandaranaike \n \n
\n 121 \n Dharmadasa Wimalaratne \n \n \n 10 April 1972 - ? 20 October 1980 -- 15 September 1985 \n -- \n 1,791 \n -- \n Bandaranaike \n \n
\n 122 \n Tellipalai Rajaratnam \n \n 1920 - 1994 \n 10 April 1972 -- 1978 \n -- \n \n -- \n Bandaranaike \n \n Commissioner of Assize
\n 123 \n Donald Sirimanne \n \n \n 1973 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Gopallawa \n \n
\n 124 \n Cyril Udalagama \n \n \n 1 January 1974 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Gopallawa \n \n
\n 125 \n T.A. de S. Wijesundera \n \n \n 1 January 1974 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Gopallawa \n \n
\n 126 \n Malcolm Perera \n \n \n 1 January 1974 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Gopallawa \n \n
\n 127 \n Izadean Mohamed Ismail \n \n \n 1 January 1974 -- 18 December 1981 \n -- \n 2,908 \n -- \n Gopallawa \n \n
\n 128 \n Joe Weereratne \n \n \n 1 January 1974 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Gopallawa \n \n
\n 129 \n Arulampalam Vythialingam \n \n \n 1 January 1974 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Gopallawa \n \n
\n 130 \n Noel Tittawela \n \n \n 1 January 1974 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Gopallawa \n \n
\n 131 \n Suppiah Sharvananda \n Northern \n 1923 - 2007 \n 1 January 1974 -- 1988 \n 29 October 1984 -- 1988 \n \n \n Gopallawa \n Colombo Law College University of London \n
\n 132 \n Somaratne Walpita \n \n \n 1 January 1974 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Gopallawa \n \n
\n 133 \n Wilmot Gunasekera \n \n \n 2 May 1974 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Gopallawa \n \n
\n 134 \n Barnes Ratwatte II \n \n 1918 - 2004 \n 2 December 1974 -- ? 11 April 1981 -- 22 November 1983 \n -- \n 955 \n -- \n Gopallawa Jayewardene \n Ceylon Law College \n President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka
\n 135 \n Raja Wanasundera \n Sabaragamuwa \n 1924 - 2012 \n 5 June 1975 -- ? \n -- \n \n -- \n Gopallawa \n University College , Colombo Ceylon Law College University of London Stanford University \n Solicitor General of Sri Lanka
\n 136 \n Percy Colin - Thom\u00e9 \n Southern \n 1922 - \n 12 January 1976 -- 1977 29 December 1981 -- ? \n -- \n \n -- \n Gopallawa Jayewardene \n University of Ceylon University of Cambridge \n Judge of the High Court of Colombo
\n 137 \n Neville Samarakoon \n \n 1919 - 1990 \n -- 21 October 1984 \n 1977 -- 21 October 1984 \n \n \n Jayewardene \n University College , Colombo Colombo Law College \n
\n 138 \n Victor Perera \n \n \n 24 July 1981 -- 18 August 1983 \n -- \n 755 \n -- \n Jayewardene \n \n
\n 139 \n Anton Soza \n Western \n 1919 - 2013 \n 26 January 1982 -- 3 February 1984 \n -- \n 738 \n -- \n Jayewardene \n University of London \n Judge of the Court of Appeal
\n 140 \n Parinda Ranasinghe \n \n \n 15 November 1982 -- 1991 \n 1988 -- 1991 \n \n \n Jayewardene \n Colombo Law College \n
\n 141 \n Abdul Cader \n \n \n 8 December 1982 -- 28 May 1985 \n -- \n 902 \n -- \n Jayewardene \n \n
\n 142 \n Heevi Rodrigo \n \n \n 8 December 1982 -- 4 December 1984 \n -- \n 727 \n -- \n Jayewardene \n \n
\n 143 \n E.A.D. Atukorale \n \n \n 27 November 1984 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Jayewardene \n \n
\n 144 \n Herbert Thambiah \n Northern \n 1926 -- 1992 \n 27 November 1984 -- 1992 \n 1991 -- 1991 \n \n \n Jayewardene \n University of Ceylon Ceylon Law College \n Judge of the Court of Appeal
\n 145 \n Lucian Hector de Alwis \n \n \n 27 November 1984 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Jayewardene \n \n
\n 146 \n O.S.M. Seneviratne \n \n \n 10 February 1986 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Jayewardene \n \n
\n 147 \n H.A.G. de Silva \n \n \n 10 February 1986 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Jayewardene \n \n
\n \n Mark Fernando \n \n 1941 - 2009 \n 4 March 1988 -- 2005 \n -- \n \n -- \n Jayewardene \n University of Ceylon , Peradeniya \n
\n \n A.R.B. Amerasinghe \n \n 1937 - 2013 \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n \n A.R.N. Fernando \n \n \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n \n Ameer Ismail \n \n \n 1990 -- 1994 \n -- \n \n -- \n Premadasa \n University of Ceylon Ceylon Law College \n President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka
\n \n Andrew Ranjan Perera \n \n \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n \n Pathmanathan Ramanathan \n \n 1932 - 2006 \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n University of Wales \n President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka
\n \n K.M.M.B. Kulatunge \n \n \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n \n \n
\n \n G.P.S. de Silva \n \n \n -- \n 1991 -- 1999 \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Sarath N. Silva \n \n \n 1995 -- 16 September 1999 \n 16 September 1999 -- 7 June 2009 \n \n 3,552 \n Kumaratunga \n Sri Lanka Law College University of Brussels \n President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka
\n \n Shirani Bandaranayake \n North Western \n 1958 - \n 30 October 1996 -- 13 January 2013 28 January 2015 -- 29 January 2015 \n 18 May 2011 -- 13 January 2013 28 January 2015 -- 29 January 2015 \n 5,919 + 1 \n 606 + 1 \n Kumaratunga \n University of Colombo University of London \n Lawyer
\n \n C.V. Vigneswaran \n Western \n 1939 - \n March 2001 -- October 2004 \n -- \n \n -- \n Kumaratunga \n University of Ceylon Ceylon Law College \n Judge of the Court of Appeal
\n \n Asoka de Silva \n \n 1946 - \n 1 August 2001 -- 17 May 2011 \n 8 June 2009 -- 17 May 2011 \n 3,576 \n 708 \n Kumaratunga \n University of Peradeniya University of Colombo University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign \n President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka
\n \n Nihal Jayasinghe \n \n \n 19 February 2003 -- 29 February 2008 \n -- \n 1,836 \n -- \n Kumaratunga \n University of Colombo \n Judge of the Court of Appeal
\n \n Nimal Dissanayake \n \n \n -- 23 April 2008 \n -- \n \n -- \n Kumaratunga \n \n
\n \n Shiranee Tilakawardane \n \n \n 19 February 2003 - 5 April 2014 \n -- \n 1,901 \n -- \n Kumaratunga \n Sri Lanka Law College \n President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka
\n \n Nimal Gamini Amaratunga \n \n \n January 2005 -- March 2014 \n -- \n \n -- \n Kumaratunga \n University of Colombo International Maritime Law Institute \n Judge of the Court of Appeal
\n \n Saleem Marsoof \n \n \n February 2005 -- 2014 \n -- \n \n -- \n Kumaratunga \n University of Colombo , University of San Diego School of Law \n President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka
\n \n Andrew Somawansa \n North Western \n \n 28 May 2006 -- October 2008 \n -- \n \n -- \n Rajapaksa \n University of Ceylon University of Nevada \n President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka
\n \n Jagath Balapatabendi \n Southern \n \n -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Rajapaksa \n Ceylon Law College \n Judge of the Court of Appeal
\n \n Kanagasabapathy Sripavan \u2020 \n \n 1952 -- \n 27 March 2008 -- present \n 30 January 2015 -- 28 February 2017 \n 7003368200000000000 \u2660 3,682 \n 7003118200000000000 \u2660 1,182 \n Rajapaksa \n Sri Lanka Law College \n Judge of the Court of Appeal
\n \n P.A. Ratnayake \n \n \n 2 May 2008 -- 15 February 2013 \n -- \n 7003175100000000000 \u2660 1,751 \n -- \n Rajapaksa \n University of Brussels \n
\n \n Chandra Ekanayake \n \n \n November 2008 -- 2016 \n -- \n \n -- \n Rajapaksa \n Sri Lanka Law College \n President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka
\n \n S.I. Imam \n Central \n \n 9 January 2009 -- 20 February 2013 \n -- \n 1,503 \n -- \n Rajapaksa \n \n Judge of the Court of Appeal
\n \n R.K.S. Suresh Chandra \n \n \n 17 June 2010 -- \n -- \n \n -- \n Rajapaksa \n \n
\n \n Sathya Hettige \n \n \n 10 July 2011 -- 18 April 2014 \n -- \n 1,013 \n -- \n Rajapaksa \n University of Colombo \n President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka
\n \n Priyasath Dep \u2020 \n \n \n 10 July 2011 -- present \n 02 March 2017 - present \n -- \n 7003248200000000000 \u2660 2,482 \n -- \n Rajapaksa \n University of Colombo International Institute of Social Studies \n Solicitor General of Sri Lanka
\n \n Eva Wansundera \u2020 \n North Western \n \n 7 July 2012 -- present \n -- \n 7003211900000000000 \u2660 2,119 \n -- \n Rajapaksa \n Sri Lanka Law College University of Leicester \n Attorney General of Sri Lanka
\n \n Mohan Peiris \u2660 \n \n \n 15 January 2013 -- 28 January 2015 \n 15 January 2013 -- 28 January 2015 \n 743 \n 743 \n Rajapaksa \n Sri Lanka Law College \n Attorney General of Sri Lanka
\n \n Rohini Marasinghe \n \n \n 26 April 2013 -- 2015 \n -- \n \n -- \n Rajapaksa \n University of Hartford \n Judge of the Court of Appeal
\n \n Buwaneka Aluwihare \u2020 \n \n \n 4 December 2013 -- present \n -- \n 7003160400000000000 \u2660 1,604 \n -- \n Rajapaksa \n University of London \n Additional Solicitor General of Sri Lanka
\n \n Sisira de Abrew \u2020 \n Western \n \n 7 May 2014 -- present \n -- \n 7003145000000000000 \u2660 1,450 \n -- \n Rajapaksa \n Sri Lanka Law College \n President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka
\n \n Sarath de Abrew \n \n 1953 -- 2016 \n 7 May 2014 -- January 2016 \n -- \n \n -- \n Rajapaksa \n Sri Lanka Law College \n Judge of the Court of Appeal
\n \n Priyantha Jayawardena \u2020 \n \n \n 7 May 2014 -- present \n -- \n 7003145000000000000 \u2660 1,450 \n -- \n Rajapaksa \n Sri Lanka Law College University of Aberdeen \n
\n \n Upali Abeyratne \u2020 \n \n \n 17 December 2014 -- present \n -- \n 7003122600000000000 \u2660 1,226 \n -- \n Rajapaksa \n \n Judge of the Court of Appeal
\n \n Anil Goonaratne \u2020 \n \n \n 30 January 2015 -- present \n -- \n 7003118200000000000 \u2660 1,182 \n -- \n Sirisena \n Sri Lanka Law College University of Exeter \n Judge of the Court of Appeal
\n \n Kankanithanthri Chitrasiri \u2020 \n \n \n 3 December 2015 -- present \n -- \n 7002875000000000000 \u2660 875 \n -- \n Sirisena \n University of Sri Lanka Queen Mary University of London \n Judge of the Court of Appeal
\n \n Nalin Perera \u2020 \n \n \n 3 March 2016 -- present \n -- \n 7002784000000000000 \u2660 784 \n -- \n Sirisena \n \n Judge of the Court of Appeal
\n \n Prasanna Sujeewa Jayawardena \u2020 \n \n \n 16 June 2016 -- present \n -- \n 7002679000000000000 \u2660 679 \n -- \n Sirisena \n University of Colombo \n Judge of the Court of Appeal
\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Provisional Chief Justice
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ On leave ( 1 January - 28 April 1871 )
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Acting Chief Justice ( 1 - 10 October 1879 , 9 January - 5 June 1888 )
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ On leave ( 25 November 1890 - February 1891 )
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Acting Justice ( 12 May 1903 -- 28 November 1910 )
    6. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Amerasinghe , A. Ranjit B ( 1986 ) , The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka : the first 185 years , Sarvodaya Book Pub . Services , ISBN 978 - 955 - 599 - 000 - 4
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Current to most recent page update .
    14. \n
\n

\n Bibliography ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Supreme Court of Sri Lanka
\n The Court \n
    \n
  • \n Decisions
    • \n
  • \n Procedure
    • \n
  • \n History
    • \n
  • \n Court Building
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Current membership \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chief Justice \n
    \n
  • \n Kanagasabapathy Sripavan
    • \n
\n
\n Puisne Justices \n
    \n
  • \n Priyasath Dep
    • \n
  • \n Eva Wansundera
    • \n
  • \n Buwaneka Aluwihare
    • \n
  • \n Sisira De Abrew
    • \n
  • \n Priyantha Jayawardena
    • \n
  • \n Upaly Abeyratne
    • \n
  • \n Anil Goonaratne
    • \n
  • \n K.T. Chitrasiri
    • \n
  • \n Nalin Perera
    • \n
\n
\n
\n All members \n
    \n
  • \n List of all members
      \n
    • \n by court
      • \n
    • \n by seat
      • \n
    • \n by time in office
      • \n
    • \n by education
      • \n
    • \n succession
      • \n
    • \n timeline
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n List of Chief Justices
      \n
    • \n acting
      • \n
    • \n by time in office
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Other countries
    • \n
  • \n Law Portal
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka&oldid=806670013 '' Categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "names of supreme court judges in sri lanka", "long_answers": ["No . Name Province Birth / death Term of active service Term of service as Chief Length in days of active service Length in days as Chief Appointed by Law school Position prior to appointment Codrington Edmund Carrington England 1769 - 1849 March 1801 -- 2 April 1806 March 1801 -- 2 April 1806 North -- Counsel to the East India Company Edmund Henry Lushington England 1766 - 1839 5 September 1801 -- 1809 15 April 1807 - 1809 North University of Cambridge Barrister Alexander Johnston Scotland 1775 - 1849 15 April 1807 -- 14 February 1809 6 November 1811 - 1819 6 November 1811 - 1819 671 + ? Maitland University of G\u00f6ttingen Advocate Fiscal of Ceylon William Coke England 1776 - 1818 6 March 1809 -- 1 September 1818 \u2020 6 March 1809 -- 1811 3,466 Maitland University of Oxford Advocate Fiscal of Ceylon 5 Henry Byrne 5 November 1818 -- 1819 -- -- Brownrigg Barrister 6 Ambrose Hardinge Giffard Ireland 1771 -- 1827 8 April 1819 -- 2 March 1827 8 April 1819 -- 2 March 1827 2,885 2,885 Brownrigg Trinity College , Dublin Advocate Fiscal of Ceylon 7 Richard Ottley 1782 -- 1845 8 May 1820 -- 1833 1 November 1827 -- 1833 Barnes Chief Justice of Grenada 8 Henry Matthews England 1789 -- 1828 10 October 1827 -- 1828 -- -- Barnes King 's College , Cambridge Advocate Fiscal of Ceylon 9 Charles Marshall England 1788 - 1873 14 June 1828 -- 3 March 1836 18 February 1833 -- 3 March 1836 2,850 1,109 Barnes Jesus College , Cambridge 10 William Rough England 1772 - 1838 18 February 1833 - 1838 -- -- Trinity College , Cambridge 11 William Norris 1834 -- 1837 27 April 1836 -- 1837 Wilmot - Horton Advocate Fiscal of Ceylon 12 John Jeremie Guernsey 1795 - 1841 10 March 1836 -- 1840 -- -- Wilmot - Horton Public prosecutor of Mauritius 13 John Fredrick Stoddart Malta 1805 - 1839 2 June 1838 -- 19 August 1839 \u2020 -- 443 -- University of Glasgow 14 Anthony Oliphant Scotland 1793 -- 1859 22 October 1838 - 1854 22 October 1838 - 1854 Attorney General of the Cape Colony 15 J.G. Hildebrand 23 November 1839 -- -- -- 16 William Ogle Carr England 1802 - 1856 19 December 1939 - 1856 17 April 1854 -- 1856 Stewart - Mackenzie King 's Advocate of Ceylon 17 John Stark 10 October 1840 -- -- -- Queen 's Advocate of Ceylon 18 Christopher Temple 28 January 1854 -- -- -- Judge of the District Court of Colombo 19 Paul Ivy Sterling 20 November 1855 -- -- -- Attorney General of Hong Kong 20 William Carpenter Rowe - 1860 1857 -- 1859 -- 21 Edward Shepherd Creasy England 1812 - 1878 -- 27 March 1860 - 1875 University of Cambridge 22 Richard Morgan -- -- -- Queen 's Advocate of Ceylon 23 George Lawson -- -- -- 24 Henry Byerley Thompson - 1867 1 January 1863 -- -- -- Queen 's Advocate of Ceylon 25 Charles Henry Stewart 11 January 1867 -- -- -- 26 Richard Cayley England 26 July 1874 -- 1882 1 October 1879 -- 1882 -- Queen 's Advocate of Ceylon 27 Lovell Burchett Clarence 5 July 1879 -- -- -- 28 Harry Dias Bandaranaike 5 July 1879 -- -- -- 29 William Hackett 3 February 1877 - 1877 3 February 1877 - 1877 -- 30 John Budd Phear England 18 October 1877 -- -- -- 31 Archibald Campbell Lawrie 1837 - 1914 6 July 1892 -- 1901 -- -- Judge of the District Court of Kandy 32 Jacobus de Wet South Africa 31 May 1882 -- 29 May 1883 31 May 1882 -- 29 May 1883 363 363 33 Bruce Burnside Bahamas 21 May 1883 -- 1893 21 May 1883 -- 1893 -- Queen 's Advocate of Ceylon 34 John Winfield Bonser 13 November 1893 -- 1902 13 November 1893 -- 1902 Chief Justice of the Straits Settlements 35 George Henry Withers -- -- -- 36 Dodwell Browne -- -- -- 37 Fredrick Charles Moncrieff 4 April 1900 -- -- -- 38 Henry Lorentz Wendt 15 October 1901 -- 28 November 1910 -- -- 39 John Page Middleton 28 January 1902 -- 1912 -- -- Puisine Judge of the Supreme Court of Cyprus 40 Charles Layard Western 26 April 1902 -- 18 June 1906 26 April 1902 -- 18 June 1906 1,514 1,514 41 Joseph Richard Grenier 28 November 1910 -- 1912 -- -- 42 Alexander Wood Renton 3 September 1905 -- 1918 22 August 1914 - 1918 -- 43 Alfred George Lascelles England 1 May 1911 -- 1914 1 May 1911 -- 1914 -- 44 Joseph Turner Hutchinson England 23 October 1906 -- 1 May 1911 23 October 1906 -- 1 May 1911 1,651 1,651 45 James Cecil Walter Pereira 4 July 1912 -- -- -- 46 James Arthur Van Langenburg -- -- -- 47 Thomas De Sampayo 1915 -- -- -- University of Cambridge Commissioner of Assize 48 George Francis Macdaniel Ennis 5 August 1912 -- -- -- 49 Walter Shaw 10 December 1914 -- -- -- Chief Justice of British Honduras 50 Gualterus Stewart Schneider -- -- -- 51 Anton Bertram 1869 - 1937 26 July 1918 -- 1925 26 July 1918 -- 1925 University of Cambridge Attorney General of Ceylon 52 Hermann Albert Loos -- -- -- 53 William Thomas Porter 12 January 1922 -- -- -- 54 Thomas Garvin 1881 - 1940 21 June 1921 -- 1935 -- -- Manning Colombo Law College Solicitor General of Ceylon 55 John Adrian St. Valentine Jayewardene 1877 -- 1927 1923 -- -- -- Manning Judge of the District Court of Colombo 56 Llwellyn Chisholm Dalton 14 March 1925 -- -- -- 57 Lewis Matthew Maartensz 18 February 1935 -- -- -- 58 Maas Thajoon Akbar 1880 - 1944 -- -- -- University of Cambridge Solicitor General of Ceylon 59 Charles Ernest St. John Branch 1865 - 1939 3 July 1925 -- 25 May 1926 3 July 1925 -- 25 May 1926 326 326 Durham University 60 Stanley Fisher 1867 - 11 December 1926 -- 1930 11 December 1926 -- 1930 Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago 61 Robert William Lyall Grant 17 February 1926 -- -- -- 62 Allen Drieberg 19 September 1927 -- -- -- 63 Eugene Wilfred Jayewardene Western 1874 - 1932 May 1928 -- -- -- Fletcher Member of the Colombo Municipal Council 64 Philip James Macdonell 1873 - 1940 3 October 1930 - 1936 3 October 1930 - 1936 Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago 65 Lucian Macull Dominic de Silva -- -- -- 66 William Edward Barber -- -- -- 67 Francis Harold Bertram 19 February 1935 -- -- -- 68 Kenneth Poyser -- -- -- 69 Francis Soertsz - 1951 12 November 1936 -- -- -- 70 Sidney Abrahams England 1885 - 1957 3 July 1936 -- 1939 3 July 1936 -- 1939 University of Cambridge 71 Francis Moseley 2 August 1936 -- -- -- 72 Vincent Fernando 11 November 1937 -- -- -- 73 Hector Hearne 21 May 1937 -- -- -- 74 Arthur Eric Keuneman 4 March 1938 -- -- -- University of Cambridge 75 Oswald Leslie De Kretser II Western 1882 - 1959 8 April 1938 -- 1945 -- -- Caldecott University College , Colombo Commissioner of Assize 76 Arthur Wijewardena 1887 - 1964 22 August 1938 -- 1950 15 January 1949 -- 1950 University of Cambridge Solicitor General of Ceylon 77 J.H.B. Nihill 18 November 1938 -- -- -- 78 John Curtois Howard 1 December 1939 -- 1945 1 December 1939 -- 1945 Attorney General of Cyprus 79 G.H.F. Cannon -- -- -- 80 Edward Jayetileke 14 May 1942 -- 11 October 1951 1950 -- 11 October 1951 3,437 Caldecott Solicitor General of Ceylon 81 Alan Rose 11 January 1945 -- 1956 11 October 1951 -- 1956 82 A.R.H. Canakeratne 1886 - 1960 28 March 1945 -- -- -- Ceylon Law College University of London Commissioner of Assize 83 Manikku Wadumestri Hendrick de Silva -- -- -- Attorney General of Ceylon 84 Felix Reginald Dias Bandaranaike I 1861 - 1947 3 September 1946 -- -- -- University of Cambridge Judge of the District Court of Colombo 85 Chellappah Nagalingam 1893 - 1958 22 July 1947 -- 1958 -- -- Ceylon Law College Attorney General of Ceylon 86 Ralph Windham 23 July 1947 -- -- -- 87 Hema Henry Basnayake 1902 - 23 October 1947 -- 3 August 1964 1 January 1956 -- 3 August 1964 6,129 3,137 Senanayake Attorney General of Ceylon 88 Edward Frederick Noel Gratiaen 22 March 1948 -- -- -- Senanayake Attorney General of Ceylon 89 E.H.T. Gunasekera 1 March 1949 -- 25 January 1962 -- 4,713 -- Senanayake 90 M.F.S. Pulle 28 September 1949 -- -- -- Senanayake 91 V.L. St. C. Swan 1 May 1950 -- -- -- Senanayake 92 H.A. de Silva 30 November 1950 -- -- -- Senanayake 93 Kairshasp Choksy Western -- -- -- 94 Henry Weerasooriya 10 July 1953 -- 24 February 1964 -- 3,881 -- Senanayake 95 K.D. de Silva 10 July 1953 -- -- -- Senanayake 96 Miliani Sansoni 10 May 1954 -- 17 November 1966 3 August 1964 -- 17 November 1966 4,574 836 Kotelawala 97 Hugh Fernando 1910 - 1976 16 May 1955 -- 17 November 1973 20 November 1966 - 17 November 1973 6,760 2,554 Kotelawala 98 Thusew Samuel Fernando 2 May 1956 -- -- -- Bandaranaike Colombo Law College Solicitor General of Sri Lanka 99 Nadaraja Sinnetamby 3 May 1956 -- -- -- Bandaranaike 100 Lionel de Silva 5 November 1959 -- -- -- Dahanayake 101 Leonard de Silva 16 August 1966 -- -- -- Senanayake 102 Henry Thambiah Northern 1906 -- 1997 1 December 1961 -- 27 May 1968 -- 2,369 -- Bandaranaike University College , Colombo Ceylon Law College University of London Commissioner of Assize 103 Kingsley Herath 25 January 1962 -- -- -- Bandaranaike 104 Asoka Abeyesundere Southern 1906 - 1988 20 April 1962 -- 3 May 1968 -- 2,205 -- Bandaranaike Ceylon Law College 105 Ponnuduraiswamy Sriskandarajah 1905 - 1968 22 June 1962 -- 8 February 1967 -- 1,692 -- Bandaranaike Ceylon University College Ceylon Law College Commissioner of Assize 106 Gardiye Punchihewage Amaraseela Silva 22 June 1962 -- 1974 1973 -- 1974 -- Bandaranaike 107 Lionel Sirimanne -- -- -- Bandaranaike 108 Vaithalingam Manicavasagar Western 1906 - 1993 17 December 1964 -- 14 December 1967 -- 1,092 -- Bandaranaike Colombo Law College Commissioner of Assize 109 Anthony Alles Central 1911 -- 2003 1964 -- 1974 -- -- Bandaranaike University of Ceylon Ceylon Law College University of London Solicitor General of Sri Lanka 110 Veeravagu Sivasubramaniam 1908 - 1985 1966 -- 1970 -- -- Senanayake University of London Commissioner of Assize 111 George Samerawickrame 18 November 1966 -- 9 April 1981 -- 5,256 -- Senanayake 112 Victor Tennekoon Central 1914 - 8 February 1967 -- 1 July 1970 1 January 1974 - 8 September 1977 1 January 1974 - 8 September 1977 1,239 + 1,346 1,346 Senanayake University of London Ceylon Law College Judge of the Court of Appeal 113 Christopher Weeramantry Western 1926 - 1967 -- 30 April 1972 -- -- Senanayake University of Ceylon University of London Commissioner of Assize 114 Oswald Leslie De Kretser III Western 1910 - 1968 -- 21 January 1972 -- -- Senanayake University College , Colombo University of London Judge of the District Court of Panadura 115 Samarapilimudalige Wijayatilake Central 1912 - 1990 1968 -- 16 May 1975 -- -- Senanayake University College , Colombo Ceylon Law College Commissioner of Assize 116 Pandita Gunawadena 1968 -- 10 February 1971 -- -- Senanayake 117 Vincent Thamotheram 1915 - 23 March 1970 -- 1980 -- -- Senanayake Ceylon University College Ceylon Law College Commissioner of Assize 118 Hector Deheragoda 22 February 1972 -- 27 December 1976 -- 1,770 -- Bandaranaike 119 Cuda Banda Walgampaya 22 February 1972 -- 3 January 1976 -- 1,411 -- Bandaranaike 120 Jaya Pathirana - 2000 22 February 1972 -- 1978 -- -- Bandaranaike 121 Dharmadasa Wimalaratne 10 April 1972 - ? 20 October 1980 -- 15 September 1985 -- 1,791 -- Bandaranaike 122 Tellipalai Rajaratnam 1920 - 1994 10 April 1972 -- 1978 -- -- Bandaranaike Commissioner of Assize 123 Donald Sirimanne 1973 -- -- -- Gopallawa 124 Cyril Udalagama 1 January 1974 -- -- -- Gopallawa 125 T.A. de S. Wijesundera 1 January 1974 -- -- -- Gopallawa 126 Malcolm Perera 1 January 1974 -- -- -- Gopallawa 127 Izadean Mohamed Ismail 1 January 1974 -- 18 December 1981 -- 2,908 -- Gopallawa 128 Joe Weereratne 1 January 1974 -- -- -- Gopallawa 129 Arulampalam Vythialingam 1 January 1974 -- -- -- Gopallawa 130 Noel Tittawela 1 January 1974 -- -- -- Gopallawa 131 Suppiah Sharvananda Northern 1923 - 2007 1 January 1974 -- 1988 29 October 1984 -- 1988 Gopallawa Colombo Law College University of London 132 Somaratne Walpita 1 January 1974 -- -- -- Gopallawa 133 Wilmot Gunasekera 2 May 1974 -- -- -- Gopallawa 134 Barnes Ratwatte II 1918 - 2004 2 December 1974 -- ? 11 April 1981 -- 22 November 1983 -- 955 -- Gopallawa Jayewardene Ceylon Law College President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka 135 Raja Wanasundera Sabaragamuwa 1924 - 2012 5 June 1975 -- ? -- -- Gopallawa University College , Colombo Ceylon Law College University of London Stanford University Solicitor General of Sri Lanka 136 Percy Colin - Thom\u00e9 Southern 1922 - 12 January 1976 -- 1977 29 December 1981 -- ? -- -- Gopallawa Jayewardene University of Ceylon University of Cambridge Judge of the High Court of Colombo 137 Neville Samarakoon 1919 - 1990 -- 21 October 1984 1977 -- 21 October 1984 Jayewardene University College , Colombo Colombo Law College 138 Victor Perera 24 July 1981 -- 18 August 1983 -- 755 -- Jayewardene 139 Anton Soza Western 1919 - 2013 26 January 1982 -- 3 February 1984 -- 738 -- Jayewardene University of London Judge of the Court of Appeal 140 Parinda Ranasinghe 15 November 1982 -- 1991 1988 -- 1991 Jayewardene Colombo Law College 141 Abdul Cader 8 December 1982 -- 28 May 1985 -- 902 -- Jayewardene 142 Heevi Rodrigo 8 December 1982 -- 4 December 1984 -- 727 -- Jayewardene 143 E.A.D. Atukorale 27 November 1984 -- -- -- Jayewardene 144 Herbert Thambiah Northern 1926 -- 1992 27 November 1984 -- 1992 1991 -- 1991 Jayewardene University of Ceylon Ceylon Law College Judge of the Court of Appeal 145 Lucian Hector de Alwis 27 November 1984 -- -- -- Jayewardene 146 O.S.M. Seneviratne 10 February 1986 -- -- -- Jayewardene 147 H.A.G. de Silva 10 February 1986 -- -- -- Jayewardene Mark Fernando 1941 - 2009 4 March 1988 -- 2005 -- -- Jayewardene University of Ceylon , Peradeniya A.R.B. Amerasinghe 1937 - 2013 -- -- -- A.R.N. Fernando -- -- -- Ameer Ismail 1990 -- 1994 -- -- Premadasa University of Ceylon Ceylon Law College President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka Andrew Ranjan Perera -- -- -- Pathmanathan Ramanathan 1932 - 2006 -- -- -- University of Wales President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka K.M.M.B. Kulatunge -- -- -- G.P.S. de Silva -- 1991 -- 1999 Sarath N. Silva 1995 -- 16 September 1999 16 September 1999 -- 7 June 2009 3,552 Kumaratunga Sri Lanka Law College University of Brussels President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka Shirani Bandaranayake North Western 1958 - 30 October 1996 -- 13 January 2013 28 January 2015 -- 29 January 2015 18 May 2011 -- 13 January 2013 28 January 2015 -- 29 January 2015 5,919 + 1 606 + 1 Kumaratunga University of Colombo University of London Lawyer C.V. Vigneswaran Western 1939 - March 2001 -- October 2004 -- -- Kumaratunga University of Ceylon Ceylon Law College Judge of the Court of Appeal Asoka de Silva 1946 - 1 August 2001 -- 17 May 2011 8 June 2009 -- 17 May 2011 3,576 708 Kumaratunga University of Peradeniya University of Colombo University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka Nihal Jayasinghe 19 February 2003 -- 29 February 2008 -- 1,836 -- Kumaratunga University of Colombo Judge of the Court of Appeal Nimal Dissanayake -- 23 April 2008 -- -- Kumaratunga Shiranee Tilakawardane 19 February 2003 - 5 April 2014 -- 1,901 -- Kumaratunga Sri Lanka Law College President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka Nimal Gamini Amaratunga January 2005 -- March 2014 -- -- Kumaratunga University of Colombo International Maritime Law Institute Judge of the Court of Appeal Saleem Marsoof February 2005 -- 2014 -- -- Kumaratunga University of Colombo , University of San Diego School of Law President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka Andrew Somawansa North Western 28 May 2006 -- October 2008 -- -- Rajapaksa University of Ceylon University of Nevada President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka Jagath Balapatabendi Southern -- -- -- Rajapaksa Ceylon Law College Judge of the Court of Appeal Kanagasabapathy Sripavan \u2020 1952 -- 27 March 2008 -- present 30 January 2015 -- 28 February 2017 7003368200000000000 \u2660 3,682 7003118200000000000 \u2660 1,182 Rajapaksa Sri Lanka Law College Judge of the Court of Appeal P.A. Ratnayake 2 May 2008 -- 15 February 2013 -- 7003175100000000000 \u2660 1,751 -- Rajapaksa University of Brussels Chandra Ekanayake November 2008 -- 2016 -- -- Rajapaksa Sri Lanka Law College President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka S.I. Imam Central 9 January 2009 -- 20 February 2013 -- 1,503 -- Rajapaksa Judge of the Court of Appeal R.K.S. Suresh Chandra 17 June 2010 -- -- -- Rajapaksa Sathya Hettige 10 July 2011 -- 18 April 2014 -- 1,013 -- Rajapaksa University of Colombo President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka Priyasath Dep \u2020 10 July 2011 -- present 02 March 2017 - present -- 7003248200000000000 \u2660 2,482 -- Rajapaksa University of Colombo International Institute of Social Studies Solicitor General of Sri Lanka Eva Wansundera \u2020 North Western 7 July 2012 -- present -- 7003211900000000000 \u2660 2,119 -- Rajapaksa Sri Lanka Law College University of Leicester Attorney General of Sri Lanka Mohan Peiris \u2660 15 January 2013 -- 28 January 2015 15 January 2013 -- 28 January 2015 743 743 Rajapaksa Sri Lanka Law College Attorney General of Sri Lanka Rohini Marasinghe 26 April 2013 -- 2015 -- -- Rajapaksa University of Hartford Judge of the Court of Appeal Buwaneka Aluwihare \u2020 4 December 2013 -- present -- 7003160400000000000 \u2660 1,604 -- Rajapaksa University of London Additional Solicitor General of Sri Lanka Sisira de Abrew \u2020 Western 7 May 2014 -- present -- 7003145000000000000 \u2660 1,450 -- Rajapaksa Sri Lanka Law College President of the Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka Sarath de Abrew 1953 -- 2016 7 May 2014 -- January 2016 -- -- Rajapaksa Sri Lanka Law College Judge of the Court of Appeal Priyantha Jayawardena \u2020 7 May 2014 -- present -- 7003145000000000000 \u2660 1,450 -- Rajapaksa Sri Lanka Law College University of Aberdeen Upali Abeyratne \u2020 17 December 2014 -- present -- 7003122600000000000 \u2660 1,226 -- Rajapaksa Judge of the Court of Appeal Anil Goonaratne \u2020 30 January 2015 -- present -- 7003118200000000000 \u2660 1,182 -- Sirisena Sri Lanka Law College University of Exeter Judge of the Court of Appeal Kankanithanthri Chitrasiri \u2020 3 December 2015 -- present -- 7002875000000000000 \u2660 875 -- Sirisena University of Sri Lanka Queen Mary University of London Judge of the Court of Appeal Nalin Perera \u2020 3 March 2016 -- present -- 7002784000000000000 \u2660 784 -- Sirisena Judge of the Court of Appeal Prasanna Sujeewa Jayawardena \u2020 16 June 2016 -- present -- 7002679000000000000 \u2660 679 -- Sirisena University of Colombo Judge of the Court of Appeal\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Federalism - wikipedia

\n Federalism

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the form of government . For other uses , see Federalism ( disambiguation ) . Federations Unitary states \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Part of a series on
\n Politics
\n
\n Primary topics ( show )
    \n
  • \n Index of politics articles
    • \n
  • \n Politics by country
    • \n
  • \n Politics by subdivision
    • \n
  • \n Political economy
    • \n
  • \n Political history
    • \n
  • \n Political history of the world
    • \n
  • \n Political philosophy
    • \n
\n
\n Political systems ( show )
    \n
  • \n Anarchy
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n City - state
    • \n
  • \n Democracy
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Federacy
    • \n
  • \n Feudalism
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Dictatorship
    • \n
  • \n Directory
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Meritocracy
    • \n
  • \n Monarchy
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Parliamentary
    • \n
  • \n Presidential
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Republic
    • \n
  • \n Semi-parliamentary
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Semi-presidential
    • \n
  • \n Theocracy
    • \n
\n
\n Academic disciplines ( show )
    \n
  • \n Political science ( political scientists )
    • \n
  • \n International relations ( theory )
    • \n
  • \n Comparative politics
    • \n
\n
\n Public administration ( show )
    \n
  • \n Bureaucracy ( street - level )
    • \n
  • \n Adhocracy
    • \n
\n
\n Policy ( show )
    \n
  • \n Public policy ( doctrine )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Domestic and foreign policy
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Civil society
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Public interest
    • \n
\n
\n Organs of government ( show )
    \n
  • \n Separation of powers
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Legislature
    • \n
  • \n Executive
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Judiciary
    • \n
  • \n Election commission
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics ( show )
    \n
  • \n Sovereignty
    • \n
  • \n Theories of political behavior
    • \n
  • \n Political psychology
    • \n
  • \n Biology and political orientation
    • \n
  • \n Political organisations
    • \n
  • \n Foreign electoral intervention
    • \n
\n
\n Subseries ( hide )
    \n
  • \n Electoral systems
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Elections ( voting )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Federalism
    • \n
  • \n Form of government
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Ideology
    • \n
  • \n Political campaigning
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Political parties
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Federalism is the mixed or compound mode of government , combining a general government ( the central or ' federal ' government ) with regional governments ( provincial , state , cantonal , territorial or other sub-unit governments ) in a single political system . Its distinctive feature , exemplified in the founding example of modern federalism by the United States of America under the Constitution of 1787 , is a relationship of parity between the two levels of government established . It can thus be defined as a form of government in which there is a division of powers between two levels of government of equal status .

\n

\n Federalism differs from confederalism , in which the general level of government is subordinate to the regional level , and from devolution within a unitary state , in which the regional level of government is subordinate to the general level . It represents the central form in the pathway of regional integration or separation , bounded on the less integrated side by confederalism and on the more integrated side by devolution within a unitary state .

\n

\n Leading examples of the federation or federal state include the United States , Canada , Brazil , Germany , Switzerland , Argentina , Australia and India . Some also today characterize the European Union as the pioneering example of federalism in a multi-state setting , in a concept termed the federal union of states .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Overview ( edit )

\n The pathway of regional integration or separation

\n The terms ' federalism ' and ' confederalism ' both have a root in the Latin word foedus , meaning `` treaty , pact or covenant . '' Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty . They were therefore initially synonyms . It was in this sense that James Madison in Federalist 39 had referred to the new United States as ' neither a national nor a federal Constitution , but a composition of both ' ( i.e. neither a single large unitary state nor a league / confederation among several small states , but a hybrid of the two ) . In the course of the nineteenth century the meaning of federalism would come to shift , strengthening to refer uniquely to the novel compound political form , while the meaning of confederalism would remain at a league of states . Thus , this article relates to the modern usage of the word ' federalism ' .

\n

\n Modern federalism is a system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial / state governments . The term federalist describes several political beliefs around the world depending on context .

\n

\n Federalism is sometimes viewed as in the context of international negotiation as `` the best system for integrating diverse nations , ethnic groups , or combatant parties , all of whom may have cause to fear control by an overly powerful center . '' However , in some countries , those skeptical of federal prescriptions believe that increased regional autonomy is likely to lead to secession or dissolution of the nation . In Syria , federalization proposals have failed in part because `` Syrians fear that these borders could turn out to be the same as the ones that the fighting parties have currently carved out . ''

\n

\n Federations such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia collapsed as soon as it was possible to put the model to the test .

\n

\n Explanations for adoption of Federalist systems ( edit )

\n

\n According to Daniel Ziblatt 's Structuring the State , there are four competing theoretical explanations in the academic literature for the adoption of federal systems :

\n
    \n
  1. \n Ideational theories , which hold that a greater degree of ideological commitment to decentralist ideas in society makes federalism more likely to be adopted .
    2. \n
  2. \n Cultural - historical theories , which hold that federal institutions are more likely to be adopted in societies with culturally or ethnically fragmented populations .
    3. \n
  3. \n `` Social contract '' theories , which hold that federalism emerges as a bargain between a center and a periphery where the center is not powerful enough to dominate the periphery and the periphery is not powerful enough to secede from the center .
    4. \n
  4. \n `` Infrastructural power '' theories , which hold that federalism is likely to emerge when the subunits of a potential federation already have highly developed infrastructures ( e.g. they are already constitutional , parliamentary , and administratively modernized states ) .
    5. \n
\n

\n European vs. American federalism ( edit )

\n Main articles : Federal Europe and Federalism in the United States

\n In Europe , `` Federalist '' is sometimes used to describe those who favor a common federal government , with distributed power at regional , national and supranational levels . Most European federalists want this development to continue within the European Union . European federalism originated in post-war Europe ; one of the more important initiatives was Winston Churchill 's speech in Z\u00fcrich in 1946 .

\n

\n In the United States , federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government . When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted , the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government , while `` Anti-Federalists '' wanted a weaker central government . This is very different from the modern usage of `` federalism '' in Europe and the United States . The distinction stems from the fact that `` federalism '' is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state . The U.S. Constitution was written as a reaction to the Articles of Confederation , under which the United States was a loose confederation with a weak central government .

\n

\n In contrast , Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America , thus European `` federalism '' argues for a weaker central government , relative to a unitary state . The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense . As the power of the Federal government has increased , some people have perceived a much more unitary state than they believe the Founding Fathers intended . Most people politically advocating `` federalism '' in the United States argue in favor of limiting the powers of the federal government , especially the judiciary ( see Federalist Society , New Federalism ) .

\n

\n In Canada , federalism typically implies opposition to sovereigntist movements ( most commonly Quebec separatism ) .

\n

\n The governments of Argentina , Australia , Brazil , India , and Mexico , among others , are also organized along federalist principles .

\n

\n Federalism may encompass as few as two or three internal divisions , as is the case in Belgium or Bosnia and Herzegovina . In general , two extremes of federalism can be distinguished : at one extreme , the strong federal state is almost completely unitary , with few powers reserved for local governments ; while at the other extreme , the national government may be a federal state in name only , being a confederation in actuality .

\n

\n In 1999 , the Government of Canada established the Forum of Federations as an international network for exchange of best practices among federal and federalizing countries . Headquartered in Ottawa , the Forum of Federations partner governments include Australia , Brazil , Canada , Ethiopia , Germany , India , Mexico , Nigeria , and Switzerland .

\n

\n Examples of federalism ( edit )

\n

\n Australia ( edit )

\n Main articles : Federalism in Australia and Federation of Australia Commonwealth of Australia , consisting of its federal district , Australian Capital Territory ( red ) , the states of New South Wales ( pink ) , Queensland ( blue ) , South Australia ( purple ) , Tasmania ( yellow , bottom ) , Victoria ( green ) , Western Australia ( orange ) and the territories of Northern Territory ( yellow , top ) and Jervis Bay Territory ( not shown ) .

\n On the 1st of January 1901 the nation - state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation . The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788 , which subsequently established six , eventually self - governing , colonies there . In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendums on becoming a unified , self - governing `` Commonwealth '' within the British Empire . When all the colonies voted in favour of federation , the Federation of Australia commenced , resulting in the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901 . The model of Australian federalism adheres closely to the original model of the United States of America , although it does so through a parliamentary Westminster system rather than a presidential system .

\n

\n Brazil ( edit )

\n Brazil is a union of 26 states and its federal district , which is the site of the federal capital , Bras\u00edlia . See also : States of Brazil

\n In Brazil , the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'\u00e9tat led to the rise of the presidential system , headed by Deodoro da Fonseca . Aided by well - known jurist Ruy Barbosa , Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree , but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution since 1891 , although some of them would distort some of the federalist principles . The 1937 federal government had the authority to appoint State Governors ( called intervenors ) at will , thus centralizing power in the hands of President Get\u00falio Vargas . Brazil also uses the Fonseca system to regulate interstate trade . Brazil is one of the biggest federal governments .

\n

\n The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 introduced a new component to the ideas of federalism , including municipalities as federal entities . Brazilian municipalities are now invested with some of the traditional powers usually granted to states in federalism , and they are allowed to have a Constitution like the Constitution of Rio Grande do Sul State

\n

\n Canada ( edit )

\n Main article : Canadian federalism In Canada , the provincial governments derive all their powers directly from the constitution . In contrast , the territories are subordinate to the federal government and are delegated powers by it .

\n In Canada the system of federalism is described by the division of powers between the federal parliament and the country 's provincial governments . Under the Constitution Act ( previously known as the British North America Act ) of 1867 , specific powers of legislation are allotted . Section 91 of the constitution gives rise to federal authority for legislation , whereas section 92 gives rise to provincial powers .

\n

\n For matters not directly dealt with in the constitution , the federal government retains residual powers ; however , conflict between the two levels of government , relating to which level has legislative jurisdiction over various matters , has been a longstanding and evolving issue . Areas of contest include legislation with respect to regulation of the economy , taxation , and natural resources .

\n

\n India ( edit )

\n Main article : Federalism in India Indian state governments led by various political parties

\n The Government of India ( referred to as the Union Government ) was established by the Constitution of India , and is the governing authority of a federal union of 29 states and 7 union territories .

\n

\n The government of India is based on a 3 tiered system , in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers . The Constitution originally provided for a two - tier system of government , the Union Government ( also known as the Central Government ) , representing the Union of India , and the State governments . Later , a third tier was added in the form of Panchayats and Municipalities . In the current arrangement , The Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution delimits the subjects of each level of governmental jurisdiction , dividing them into three lists :

\n \n Asymmetric federalism ( edit )

\n A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism , it is asymmetric . Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession . Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh , Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , Goa , Mizoram , Manipur , Nagaland and Sikkim as per their accession or state - hood deals . Also one more aspect of Indian federalism is system of President 's Rule in which the central government ( through its appointed Governor ) takes control of state 's administration for certain months when no party can form a government in the state or there is violent disturbance in the state .

\n Coalition politics ( edit )

\n Although the Constitution does not say so , India is now a multilingual federation . India has a multi-party system , with political allegiances frequently based on linguistic , regional and caste identities , necessitating coalition politics , especially at the Union level .

\n

\n Nigeria ( edit )

\n Main article : Federalism in Nigeria \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2016 )
\n

\n Malaysia ( edit )

\n

\n Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy .

\n

\n South Africa ( edit )

\n Main article : Federalism in South Africa

\n Although South Africa bears some elements of a federal system , such as the allocation of certain powers to provinces , it is nevertheless constitutionally and functionally a unitary state .

\n

\n Federalism in Europe ( edit )

\n

\n Several federal systems exist in Europe , such as in Switzerland , Austria , Germany , Belgium , Bosnia and Herzegovina and the European Union .

\n

\n In Britain , an Imperial Federation was once seen as ( inter alia ) a method of solving the Home Rule problem in Ireland ; federalism has long been proposed as a solution to the `` Irish Problem '' , and more lately , to the `` West Lothian question '' .

\n French Revolution ( edit )

\n During the French Revolution , especially in 1793 , `` federalism '' had an entirely different meaning . It was a political movement to weaken the central government in Paris by devolving power to the provinces .

\n European Union ( edit )

\n Following the end of World War II , several movements began advocating a European federation , such as the Union of European Federalists and the European Movement , founded in 1948 . Those organizations exercised influence in the European unification process , but never in a decisive way .

\n

\n Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism , the reference never made it to the text of the treaties adopted by consensus . The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany , Italy , Belgium and Luxembourg while those historically most strongly opposed have been the United Kingdom , Denmark and France ( with conservative heads of state and governments ) . Since the presidency of Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand ( 1981 - 1995 ) , the French authorities have adopted a much more pro-European Unification position , as they consider that a strong EU is presenting the best `` insurance '' against a unified Germany which might become too strong and thus a threat for its neighbours .

\n

\n Those uncomfortable using the `` F '' word in the EU context should feel free to refer to it as a quasi-federal or federal - like system . Nevertheless , for the purposes of the analysis here , the EU has the necessary attributes of a federal system . It is striking that while many scholars of the EU continue to resist analyzing it as a federation , most contemporary students of federalism view the EU as a federal system ( See for instance , Bednar , Filippov et al. , McKay , Kelemen , Defigueido and Weingast ) . ( R. Daniel Kelemen )

\n Germany ( edit ) Federal states of Germany Main article : States of Germany Main article : Federalism in Germany

\n Germany and the EU present the only examples of federalism in the world where members of the federal `` upper houses '' ( the German Bundesrat ( Federal Council ) and the European Council ) are neither elected nor appointed but comprise members or delegates of the governments of their constituents . The United States had a similar system until 1913 , where prior to the 17th Amendment , Senators were delegates of the state elected by the state legislatures rather than the citizens .

\n

\n Already the Holy Roman Empire , the Confederation of the Rhine , the German Confederation , the North German Confederation , the German Empire and the Weimar Republic were federal complexes of territories of different political structures . Modern Germany abandoned federalism only during Nazism ( 1933 -- 1945 ) and in the DDR ( German Democratic Republic a.k.a. East Germany ) from 1952 to 1990 . Adolf Hitler viewed federalism as an obstacle to his goals . As he wrote in Mein Kampf , `` National Socialism must claim the right to impose its principles on the whole German nation , without regard to what were hitherto the confines of federal states . ''

\n

\n Accordingly , the idea of a strong , centralized government has very negative connotations in German politics , although the progressive political movements in Germany ( Liberals , Social Democrats ) were advocating at the time of the Second German Empire ( 1871 - 1918 ) to abolish ( or to reshape ) the majority of German federated states of that era , as they were considered to be mostly monarchist remnances of the feudal structures of the Middle Ages .

\n

\n Russian federation ( edit )

\n Main article : Russian federalism Federal subjects of Russia

\n The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR ( of which Russia was governed as part ) . It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union , with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet structure while applying increasingly liberal reforms to the governance of the constituent republics and subjects ( while also coming into conflict with Chechen secessionist rebels during the Chechen War ) . Some of the reforms under Yeltsin were scaled back by Vladimir Putin .

\n

\n All of Russia 's subdivisional entities are known as subjects , with some smaller entities , such as the republics enjoying more autonomy than other subjects on account of having an extant presence of a culturally non-Russian ethnic minority or , in some cases , majority .

\n

\n Currently , there are 85 federal subjects of Russia .

\n

\n United Arab Emirates ( edit )

\n

\n The UAE is a federal absolute monarchy of the six ruling families of the United Arab Emirates with Emir of each Emirate being an absolute monarch and the Emir of Abu Dhabi being also the President of the UAE .

\n

\n United states ( edit )

\n Main article : Federalism in the United States

\n Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States . American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism . In `` Federalist No. 46 , '' James Madison asserted that the states and national government `` are in fact but different agents and trustees of the people , constituted with different powers . '' Alexander Hamilton , writing in `` Federalist No. 28 , '' suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens ' benefit : `` If their ( the peoples ' ) rights are invaded by either , they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress . '' ( 1 )

\n The United States is composed of fifty self - governing states and several territories .

\n Because the states were preexisting political entities , the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government . The federal government has certain express powers ( also called enumerated powers ) which are powers spelled out in the Constitution , including the right to levy taxes , declare war , and regulate interstate and foreign commerce . In addition , the Necessary and Proper Clause gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law `` necessary and proper '' for the execution of its express powers . Other powers -- the reserved powers -- are reserved to the people or the states . The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) , amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War , and by some later amendments -- as well as the overall claim of the Civil War , that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government .

\n

\n The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic - Republicans , including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson . The Democratic - Republicans mainly believed that : the Legislature had too much power ( mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause ) and that they were unchecked ; the Executive had too much power , and that there was no check on the executive ; a dictator would arise ; and that a bill of rights should be coupled with the constitution to prevent a dictator ( then believed to eventually be the president ) from exploiting or tyrannizing citizens . The federalists , on the other hand , argued that it was impossible to list all the rights , and those that were not listed could be easily overlooked because they were not in the official bill of rights . Rather , rights in specific cases were to be decided by the judicial system of courts .

\n

\n After the American Civil War , the federal government increased greatly in influence on everyday life and in size relative to the state governments . Reasons included the need to regulate businesses and industries that span state borders , attempts to secure civil rights , and the provision of social services . The federal government acquired no substantial new powers until the acceptance by the Supreme Court of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act .

\n

\n From 1938 until 1995 , the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress ' power under the Commerce Clause . Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers , such as the Commerce Clause , whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court in recent years . In 1995 the Supreme Court rejected the Gun - Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision , and also rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act of 1994 in the United States v. Morrison decision . Recently , the Commerce Clause was interpreted to include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision .

\n

\n Dual federalism holds that the federal government and the state governments are co-equals , each sovereign .

\n

\n However , since the Civil War Era , the national courts often interpret the federal government as the final judge of its own powers under dual federalism . The establishment of Native American governments ( which are separate and distinct from state and federal government ) exercising limited powers of sovereignty , has given rise to the concept of `` bi-federalism . ''

\n

\n Venezuela ( edit )

\n

\n The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces . The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a `` Federation of Sovereign States '' upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America . In this Federation , each State had a `` President '' of its own that controlled almost every issue , even the creation of `` State Armies , '' while the Federal Army was required to obtain presidential permission to enter any given state .

\n

\n However , more than 140 years later , the original system has gradually evolved into a quasi-centralist form of government . While the 1999 Constitution still defines Venezuela as a Federal Republic , it abolished the Senate , transferred competences of the States to the Federal Government and granted the President of the Republic vast powers to intervene in the States and Municipalities .

\n

\n Federalism with two components ( edit )

\n Belgium ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Federalism '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n Main articles : Belgian federal government ; Belgian federal parliament ; and Communities , regions and language areas of Belgium

\n Federalism in the Kingdom of Belgium is an evolving system .

\n

\n Belgian federalism is a twin system which reflects both the

\n \n

\n On one hand , this means that the Belgian political landscape , generally speaking , consists of only two components : the Dutch - speaking population represented by Dutch - language political parties , and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels , represented by their French - speaking parties . The Brussels region emerges as a third component . This specific dual form of federalism , with the special position of Brussels , consequently has a number of political issues -- even minor ones -- that are being fought out over the Dutch / French - language political division . With such issues , a final decision is possible only in the form of a compromise . This tendency gives this dual federalism model a number of traits that generally are ascribed to confederalism , and makes the future of Belgian federalism contentious .

\n

\n On the other hand , Belgian federalism is federated with three components . An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels ' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels . These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch - speaking parties , who are generally in favour of a federal system with two components ( i.e. the Dutch and French Communities of Belgium ) . However , the Flemish representatives in the Parliament of the Brussels Capital - Region voted in favour of the Brussels resolution , with the exception of one party . The chairman of the Walloon Parliament stated on July 17 , 2008 that , `` Brussels would take an attitude '' . Brussels ' parliament passed the resolution on July 18 , 2008 :

\n
\n
\n The Parliament of the Brussels - Capital Region approves with great majority a resolution claiming the presence of Brussels itself at the negotiations of the reformation of the Belgian State .
\n
\n

\n This aspect of Belgian federalism helps to explain the difficulties of partition ; Brussels , with its importance , is linked to both Wallonia and Flanders and vice versa . This situation , however , does not erase the traits of a confederation in the Belgian system .

\n Other examples ( edit ) Official flag of Iraqi Kurdistan Ratio : 2 : 3

\n Current examples of two - sided federalism :

\n \n

\n Historical examples of two - sided federalism include :

\n \n

\n Proposed federalism ( edit )

\n

\n It has been proposed in several unitary states to establish a federal system , for various reasons .

\n China ( edit ) Main article : Federalism in China

\n China is the largest unitary state in the world by both population and land area . Although China has had long periods of central rule for centuries , it is often argued that the unitary structure of the Chinese government is far too unwieldy to effectively and equitably manage the country 's affairs . On the other hand , Chinese nationalists are suspicious of decentralization as a form of secessionism and a backdoor for national disunity ; still others argue that the degree of autonomy given to provincial - level officials in the People 's Republic of China amounts to a de facto federalism .

\n Libya ( edit )

\n Shortly after the 2011 civil war , some people in Cyrenaica ( in the eastern region of the country ) began to call for the new regime to be federal , with the traditional three regions of Libya ( Cyrenaica , Tripolitania , and Fezzan ) being the constituent units . A group calling itself the `` Cyrenaican Transitional Council '' issued a declaration of autonomy on 6 March 2012 ; this move was rejected by the National Transitional Council in Tripoli .

\n Philippines ( edit ) 11 Proposed `` States '' for the proposed Federal Republic of the Philippines See also : Federalism in the Philippines

\n The Philippines is a unitary state with some powers devolved to Local Government Units ( LGUs ) under the terms of the Local Government Code . There is also one autonomous region , the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao . Over the years various modifications have been proposed to the Constitution of the Philippines , including possible transition to a federal system as part of a shift to a semi-presidential system . In 2004 , Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo established the Consultative Commission which suggested such a Charter Change but no action was taken by the Philippine Congress to amend the 1987 Constitution .

\n Spain ( edit )

\n Spain is a unitary state with a high level of decentralisation , often regarded as a federal system in all but name or a `` federation without federalism '' . The country has been quoted as being `` an extraordinarily decentralized country '' , with the central government accounting for just 18 % of public spending , 38 % for the regional governments , 13 % for the local councils , and the remaining 31 % for the social security system . The current Spanish constitution has been implemented in such a way that , in many respects , Spain can be compared to countries which are undeniably federal .

\n

\n However , in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy , the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as ' federal ' to the territorial arrangements . Besides , unlike in the federal system , the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid ( except for the Basque Country and Navarre , which were recognized in the Spanish democratic constitution as charter territories drawing from historical reasons ) and then distributed to the Autonomous Communities .

\n

\n An explicit and legal recognition of federalism as such is promoted by parties such as Podemos , United Left and , more recently , the Spanish Socialist Workers ' Party . The Spanish Socialist party has recently considered the idea of enshrining a federal Spain , in part , due to the increase of the Spanish peripheral nationalisms and the Catalan proposal of self - determination referenda for creating a Catalan state in Catalonia , either independent or within Spain .

\n Sri Lanka ( edit ) Main article : Federalism in Sri Lanka \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2016 )
\n Syria ( edit ) Main article : Federalization of Syria \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2016 )
\n United Kingdom ( edit ) Map of the Countries of the United Kingdom and Regions of England

\n The United Kingdom has traditionally been governed as a unitary state by the Westminster Parliament in London . Instead of adopting a federal model , the UK has relied on gradual devolution to decentralise political power . Devolution in the UK began with the Government of Ireland Act 1914 which granted home rule to Ireland as a constituent country of the former United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Following the partition of Ireland in 1921 which saw the creation of the sovereign Irish Free State ( which eventually evolved into the modern day Republic of Ireland ) , Northern Ireland retained its devolved government through the Parliament of Northern Ireland , the only part of the UK to have such a body at this time . This body was suspended in 1972 and Northern Ireland was governed by direct rule during the period of conflict known as The Troubles .

\n

\n In modern times , a process of devolution in the United Kingdom has decentralised power once again . Since the 1997 referendums in Scotland and Wales and the Good Friday Agreement in Northern Ireland , three of the four constituent countries of the UK now have some level of autonomy . Government has been devolved to the Scottish Parliament , the National Assembly for Wales and the Northern Ireland Assembly . England does not have its own parliament and English affairs continue to be decided by the Westminster Parliament . In 1998 a set of eight unelected Regional assemblies , or chambers , was created to support the English Regional Development Agencies , but these were abolished between 2008 and 2010 . The Regions of England continue to be used in certain governmental administrative functions .

\n

\n Critics of devolution often cite the West Lothian question , which refers to the voting power of non-English MPs on matters affecting only England in the UK Parliament . Scottish and Welsh nationalism have been increasing in popularity , and since the Scottish independence referendum , 2014 there has been a wider debate about the UK adopting a federal system with each of the four home nations having its own , equal devolved legislatures and law - making powers .

\n

\n UK federal government was proposed as early as 1912 by the Member of Parliament for Dundee , Winston Churchill , in the context of the legislation for Irish Home Rule . In a speech in Dundee on 12 September , he proposed that England should also be governed by regional parliaments , with power devolved to areas such as Lancashire , Yorkshire , the Midlands and London as part of a federal system of government .

\n

\n Federalism as the anarchist and libertarian Socialist mode of political organization ( edit )

\n Main article : Decentralization \u00a7 Libertarian socialist decentralization

\n Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or `` governance '' -- so long as it is self - governance utilizing direct democracy . The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists , in general , is federalism or confederalism . However , the anarchist definition of federalism tends to differ from the definition of federalism assumed by pro-state political scientists . The following is a brief description of federalism from section I. 5 of An Anarchist FAQ :

\n
\n
\n `` The social and political structure of anarchy is similar to that of the economic structure , i.e. , it is based on a voluntary federation of decentralized , directly democratic policy - making bodies . These are the neighborhood and community assemblies and their confederations . In these grassroots political units , the concept of `` self - management '' becomes that of `` self - government '' , a form of municipal organisation in which people take back control of their living places from the bureaucratic state and the capitalist class whose interests it serves .
\n
\n ( ... )
\n
\n The key to that change , from the anarchist standpoint , is the creation of a network of participatory communities based on self - government through direct , face - to - face democracy in grassroots neighborhood and community assemblies ( meetings for discussion , debate , and decision making ) .
\n
\n ( ... )
\n
\n Since not all issues are local , the neighborhood and community assemblies will also elect mandated and re-callable delegates to the larger - scale units of self - government in order to address issues affecting larger areas , such as urban districts , the city or town as a whole , the county , the bio-region , and ultimately the entire planet . Thus the assemblies will confederate at several levels in order to develop and co-ordinate common policies to deal with common problems .
\n
\n ( ... )
\n
\n This need for co-operation does not imply a centralized body . To exercise your autonomy by joining self - managing organisations and , therefore , agreeing to abide by the decisions you help make is not a denial of that autonomy ( unlike joining a hierarchical structure , where you forsake autonomy within the organisation ) . In a centralized system , we must stress , power rests at the top and the role of those below is simply to obey ( it matters not if those with the power are elected or not , the principle is the same ) . In a federal system , power is not delegated into the hands of a few ( obviously a `` federal '' government or state is a centralized system ) . Decisions in a federal system are made at the base of the organisation and flow upwards so ensuring that power remains decentralized in the hands of all . Working together to solve common problems and organize common efforts to reach common goals is not centralization and those who confuse the two make a serious error -- they fail to understand the different relations of authority each generates and confuse obedience with co-operation . ''
\n
\n

\n Christian church ( edit )

\n See also : Subsidiarity

\n Federalism also finds expression in ecclesiology ( the doctrine of the church ) . For example , presbyterian church governance resembles parliamentary republicanism ( a form of political federalism ) to a large extent . In Presbyterian denominations , the local church is ruled by elected elders , some of which are ministerial . Each church then sends representatives or commissioners to presbyteries and further to a general assembly . Each greater level of assembly has ruling authority over its constituent members . In this governmental structure , each component has some level of sovereignty over itself . As in political federalism , in presbyterian ecclesiology there is shared sovereignty .

\n

\n Other ecclesiologies also have significant representational and federalistic components , including the more anarchic congregational ecclesiology , and even in more hierarchical episcopal ecclesiology .

\n

\n Some Christians argue that the earliest source of political federalism ( or federalism in human institutions ; in contrast to theological federalism ) is the ecclesiastical federalism found in the Bible . They point to the structure of the early Christian Church as described ( and prescribed , as believed by many ) in the New Testament . In their arguments , this is particularly demonstrated in the Council of Jerusalem , described in Acts chapter 15 , where the Apostles and elders gathered together to govern the Church ; the Apostles being representatives of the universal Church , and elders being such for the local church . To this day , elements of federalism can be found in almost every Christian denomination , some more than others .

\n

\n Constitutional structure ( edit )

\n

\n Division of powers ( edit )

\n Not to be confused with separation of powers .

\n In a federation , the division of power between federal and regional governments is usually outlined in the constitution . Almost every country allows some degree of regional self - government , in federations the right to self - government of the component states is constitutionally entrenched . Component states often also possess their own constitutions which they may amend as they see fit , although in the event of conflict the federal constitution usually takes precedence .

\n

\n In almost all federations the central government enjoys the powers of foreign policy and national defense as exclusive federal powers . Were this not the case a federation would not be a single sovereign state , per the UN definition . Notably , the states of Germany retain the right to act on their own behalf at an international level , a condition originally granted in exchange for the Kingdom of Bavaria 's agreement to join the German Empire in 1871 . Beyond this the precise division of power varies from one nation to another . The constitutions of Germany and the United States provide that all powers not specifically granted to the federal government are retained by the states . The Constitution of some countries like Canada and India , on the other hand , state that powers not explicitly granted to the provincial governments are retained by the federal government . Much like the US system , the Australian Constitution allocates to the Federal government ( the Commonwealth of Australia ) the power to make laws about certain specified matters which were considered too difficult for the States to manage , so that the States retain all other areas of responsibility . Under the division of powers of the European Union in the Lisbon Treaty , powers which are not either exclusively of European competence or shared between EU and state as concurrent powers are retained by the constituent states .

\n Satiric depiction of late 19th century political tensions in Spain

\n Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers , we are said to find ' symmetric federalism ' . Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers , or some possess greater autonomy than others do . This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a particular region or regions . In Spain , the Basques and Catalans , as well as the Galicians , spearheaded a historic movement to have their national specificity recognized , crystallizing in the `` historical communities '' such as Navarre , Galicia , Catalonia , and the Basque Country . They have more powers than the later expanded arrangement for other Spanish regions , or the Spain of the autonomous communities ( called also the `` coffee for everyone '' arrangement ) , partly to deal with their separate identity and to appease peripheral nationalist leanings , partly out of respect to specific rights they had held earlier in history . However , strictly speaking Spain is not a federalism , but a decentralized administrative organization of the state .

\n

\n It is common that during the historical evolution of a federation there is a gradual movement of power from the component states to the centre , as the federal government acquires additional powers , sometimes to deal with unforeseen circumstances . The acquisition of new powers by a federal government may occur through formal constitutional amendment or simply through a broadening of the interpretation of a government 's existing constitutional powers given by the courts .

\n

\n Usually , a federation is formed at two levels : the central government and the regions ( states , provinces , territories ) , and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities . Brazil is an exception , because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite , encompassing the Union , the States , and the municipalities . Each state is divided into municipalities ( munic\u00edpios ) with their own legislative council ( c\u00e2mara de vereadores ) and a mayor ( prefeito ) , which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government . Each municipality has a `` little constitution '' , called `` organic law '' ( lei org\u00e2nica ) . Mexico is an intermediate case , in that municipalities are granted full - autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities ( municipio libre , `` free municipality '' ) is established by the federal government and can not be revoked by the states ' constitutions . Moreover , the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states . However , municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly .

\n

\n Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states , while still being states ( or having aspects of statehood ) in themselves . For example , James Madison ( author of the US Constitution ) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution `` is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution ; but a composition of both . In its foundation , it is federal , not national ; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn , it is partly federal , and partly national ... '' This stems from the fact that states in the US maintain all sovereignty that they do not yield to the federation by their own consent . This was reaffirmed by the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people .

\n

\n Bicameralism ( edit )

\n

\n The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states . One method , known as ' intrastate federalism ' , is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions . Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole . A federal upper house may be based on a special scheme of apportionment , as is the case in the senates of the United States and Australia , where each state is represented by an equal number of senators irrespective of the size of its population .

\n

\n Alternatively , or in addition to this practice , the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states , as occurred in the United States prior to 1913 , or be actual members or delegates of the state governments , as , for example , is the case in the German Bundesrat and in the Council of the European Union . The lower house of a federal legislature is usually directly elected , with apportionment in proportion to population , although states may sometimes still be guaranteed a certain minimum number of seats .

\n

\n Intergovernmental relations ( edit )

\n

\n In Canada , the provincial governments represent regional interests and negotiate directly with the central government . A First Ministers conference of the prime minister and the provincial premiers is the de facto highest political forum in the land , although it is not mentioned in the constitution .

\n

\n Constitutional change ( edit )

\n

\n Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution . As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self - governing status of the component states can not be abolished without their consent . An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be ratified by three - quarters of either the state legislatures , or of constitutional conventions specially elected in each of the states , before it can come into effect . In referendums to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole , but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons . In Australia , this latter requirement is known as a double majority .

\n

\n Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments can not occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state . The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent . In Australia , if a proposed amendment will specifically impact one or more states , then it must be endorsed in the referendum held in each of those states . Any amendment to the Canadian constitution that would modify the role of the monarchy would require unanimous consent of the provinces . The German Basic Law provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system .

\n

\n Other technical terms ( edit )

\n \n

\n Federalism as a political philosophy ( edit )

\n Main article : Federalist

\n The meaning of federalism , as a political movement , and of what constitutes a ' federalist ' , varies with country and historical context . Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends . For example , at the time those nations were being established , factions known as `` federalists '' in the United States and Australia advocated the formation of strong central government . Similarly , in European Union politics , federalists mostly seek greater EU integration . In contrast , in Spain and in post-war Germany , federal movements have sought decentralisation : the transfer of power from central authorities to local units . In Canada , where Quebec separatism has been a political force for several decades , the `` federalist '' impulse aims to keep Quebec inside Canada .

\n

\n Federalism as a conflict reducing device ( edit )

\n

\n Federalism , and other forms of territorial autonomy , is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order to prevent violence among different groups within countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level . Some scholars have suggested , however , that federalism can divide countries and result in state collapse because it creates proto - states . Still others have shown that federalism is only divisive when it lacks mechanisms that encourage political parties to compete across regional boundaries .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n Notes and references ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ In 1946 , scholar Kenneth Wheare observed that the two levels of government in the US were ' co-equally supreme ' . In this he echoed the perspective of the founding fathers , James Madison in Federalist 39 having seen the several states as forming ' distinct and independent portions of the supremacy ' in relation to the general government . Wheare , Kenneth ( 1946 ) Federal Government , Oxford University Press , London , pp. 10 - 15 . Madison , James , Hamilton , Alexander and Jay , John ( 1987 ) The Federalist Papers , Penguin , Harmondsworth , p. 258 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Law , John ( 2013 ) ' How Can We Define Federalism ? ' , in Perspectives on Federalism , Vol. 5 , No. 3 , pp. E105 - 6 . http://www.on-federalism.eu/attachments/169_download.pdf
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Wheare , Kenneth ( 1946 ) , pp. 31 - 2 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ See diagram below .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Diamond , Martin ( 1961 ) `` The Federalist 's View of Federalism '' , in Benson , George ( ed . ) Essays in Federalism , Institute for Studies in Federalism , Claremont , p. 22 . Downs , William ( 2011 ) ' Comparative Federalism , Confederalism , Unitary Systems ' , in Ishiyama , John and Breuning , Marijke ( eds ) Twenty - first Century Political Science : A Reference Handbook , Sage , Los Angeles , Vol . I , pp. 168 - 9 . Hueglin , Thomas and Fenna , Alan ( 2006 ) Comparative Federalism : A Systematic Inquiry , Broadview , Peterborough , p. 31 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ See Law , John ( 2013 ) , p. 104 . http://www.on-federalism.eu/attachments/169_download.pdf This author identifies two distinct federal forms , where before only one was known , based upon whether sovereignty ( conceived in its core meaning of ultimate authority ) resides in the whole ( in one people ) or in the parts ( in many peoples ) . This is determined by the absence or presence of a right of secession for the parts . The structures are termed , respectively , the federal state ( or federation ) and the federal union of states ( or federal union ) .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Madison , James , Hamilton , Alexander and Jay , John ( 1987 ) The Federalist Papers , Penguin , Harmondsworth , p. 259 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Law , John ( 2012 ) ' Sense on Federalism ' , in Political Quarterly , Vol. 83 , No. 3 , p. 544 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Michael Meyer - Resende , ( https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/03/18/why-talk-of-federalism-wont-help-peace-in-syria-assad/ Why Talk of Federalism Wo n't Help Peace in Syria , Foreign Policy ( March 18 , 2017 ) .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ ' The Federal Experience in Yugoslavia ' , Mihailo Markovic , page 75 ; included in ' Rethinking Federalism : Citizens , Markets , and Governments in a changing world ' , edited by Karen Knop , Sylvia Ostry , Richard Simeon , Katherine Swinton Google books
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Daniel Ziblatt ( 2008 ) . Structuring the State : The Formation of Italy and Germany and the Puzzle of Federalism . Princeton University Press .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` The Churchill Society London . Churchill 's Speeches '' . www.churchill-society-london.org.uk .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : Indian Constitution at Work . NCERT . pp. 232 , 233 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Johnson , A `` Federalism : The Indian Experience `` , HSRC Press , 1996 , Pg 3 , ISBN
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Wright , Jonathan Haydn Faure ( Mar 31 , 2014 ) . `` The type of government in the Republic of South Africa - Examining the presence of federal and unitary state elements in the republic '' . www.researchgate.net . Retrieved 8 November 2016 . After careful research and analysis of various sources and the constitution , it can be confirmed that the government system in the Republic of South Africa is a unitary system . Observance of the government in action as well as analysis of the constitution has contributed to this confirmation . Despite the delocalisation enjoyed within the republic , the federal principle is not evident enough and it failed Wheare 's very simple federal test right in the beginning
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` UK Politics : Talking Politics The West Lothian Question '' . BBC News . 1 June 1998 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Bill Edmonds , `` ' Federalism ' and Urban Revolt in France in 1793 , '' Journal of Modern History ( 1983 ) 55 # 1 pp 22 - 53 in JSTOR
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Fran\u00e7ois Furet and Mona Ozouf , eds . A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) , pp. 54 - 64
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Kelemen , R. Daniel ( September 2005 ) . `` Built to Last ? The durability of EU federalism '' ( PDF ) . Princeton University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Bernt Engelmann , Einig gegen Recht und Freiheit , p7ff , publ . Goldmann , Munich 1975
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA With Explanatory Notes '' . U.S. Department of State 's Bureau of International Information Programs .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ ( in Dutch ) '' Taalgebruik in Brussel en de plaats van het Nederlands . Enkele recente bevindingen '' , Rudi Janssens , Brussels Studies , Nummer 13 , 7 January 2008 ( see page 4 ) .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ See : Witte , Els & Craeybeckx , Jan . Politieke geschiedenis van Belgi\u00eb . Antwerpen , SWU , pp. 455 , 459 - 460 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` ligne.net/Wallonie_Politique/1995_Destatte_Philippe_Wallonia-Identity.htm Wallonia today - The search for an identity without nationalist mania - ( 1995 ) '' Check url = value ( help ) .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Charles Picqu\u00e9 , Minister - President of the Brussels - Capital Region said in a September , 2008 declaration in Namur at the National Walloon Feast : It is , besides , impossible to have a debate about the institutions of Belgium in which Brussels would be excluded . ( French Il n'est d'ailleurs , pas question d'imaginer un d\u00e9bat institutionnel dont Bruxelles serait exclu. ( 1 ) ) The Brussels - Capital Region has claimed and obtained a special place in the current negotiations about the reformation of the Belgian state . ( French Pendant 18 ans , Bruxelles est demeur\u00e9e sans statut ( ... ) L'absence de statut pour Bruxelles s'expliquait par la diff\u00e9rence de vision que partis flamands et partis francophones en avaient : ( les partis flamands \u00e9taient ) allergiques \u00e0 la notion de R\u00e9gion ( ... ) les francophones ( ... ) consid\u00e9raient que Bruxelles devait devenir une R\u00e9gion \u00e0 part enti\u00e8re ( ... ) Les partis flamands ont accept\u00e9 ( en 1988 ) la cr\u00e9ation d'une troisi\u00e8me R\u00e9gion et l'exercice par celle - ci des m\u00eames comp\u00e9tences que celles des deux autres ... C.E. Lagasse , Les nouvelles institutions politiques de la Belgique et de l'Europe , Erasme , Namur , 2003 , pp. 177 - 178 ISBN )
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Brussels '' . Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Bruxelles dans l'oeil du cyclone '' ( in French ) . France 2 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Libre.be , La . `` Les Wallons pour un f\u00e9d\u00e9ralisme \u00e0 trois '' .
    29. \n
  29. \n ^ Jump up to : Libre.be , La . `` La R\u00e9gion bruxelloise veut n\u00e9gocier '' .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` Le Vif '' .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` Eastern Libya declares autonomy '' . Russia Today . 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` Eastern Libya declares semiautonomous region '' . Google News . The Associated Press . 6 March 2012 . Retrieved 6 March 2012 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` Thousands rally in Libya against autonomy for east '' . Reuters. 9 March 2012 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Thomson Reuters Foundation News , Information and Connections for Action Archived June 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Trust.org ( 2012 - 03 - 06 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ The Federal Option and Constitutional Management of Diversity in Spain Xavier Arb\u00f3s Mar\u00edn , page 375 ; included in ' The Ways of Federalism in Western Countries and the Horizons of Territorial Autonomy in Spain ' ( volume 2 ) , edited by Alberto L\u00f3pez - Eguren and Leire Escajedo San Epifanio ; edited by Springer ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 27716 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 27717 - 7 ( eBook )
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Mallet , Victor ( 18 August 2010 ) . `` Flimsier footings '' . Financial Times . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . ( registration required )
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` A survey of Spain : How much is enough ? '' . The Economist. 6 November 2008 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2009 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . ( subscription required )
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ The Federal Option and Constitutional Management of Diversity in Spain Xavier Arb\u00f3s Mar\u00edn , page 381 ; included in ' The Ways of Federalism in Western Countries and the Horizons of Territorial Autonomy in Spain ' ( volume 2 ) , edited by Alberto L\u00f3pez - Eguren and Leire Escajedo San Epifanio ; edited by Springer ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 27716 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 27717 - 7 ( eBook )
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` Why Talk of Federalism Wo n't Help Peace in Syria '' .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Federalism . El Pa\u00eds .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ El PSOE plantea una reforma de la Constituci\u00f3n para una Espa\u00f1a federal . El Pa\u00eds .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Mas encarga el dise\u00f1o de un Estado catal\u00e1n . El Pa\u00eds .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Devolution : A beginner 's guide '' . BBC News . 29 April 2010 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Mitchell , James ( 2011 ) . Devolution in the UK . Manchester University Press . ISBN 9780719053597 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Williams , Shirley ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` How Scotland could lead the way towards a federal UK '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 September 2014 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` Local Parliaments For England . Mr. Churchill 's Outline Of A Federal System , Ten Or Twelve Legislatures '' . The Times . 13 September 1912 . p. 4 . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Mr. Winston Churchill 's speech at Dundee '' . The Spectator : 2 . 14 September 1912 . Retrieved 20 September 2014 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Anarchist Writers . `` I. 5 What could the social structure of anarchy look like ? '' An Anarchist FAQ . http://www.infoshop.org/page/AnarchistFAQSectionI5
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Arend Lijphart. 1977 . Democracy in Plural Societies : A Comparative Exploration . New Haven CT : Yale University Press .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Henry E. Hale . Divided We Stand : Institutional Sources of Ethnofederal State Survival and Collapse . World Politics 56 ( 2 ) : 165 - 193 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Dawn Brancati. 2009 . Peace by Design : Managing Intrastate Conflict through Decentralization . Oxford : Oxford UP .
    52. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Look up federalism in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federalism .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Autonomous types of first - tier subdivision administration
\n Federalism \n
    \n
  • \n Asymmetric federalism
    • \n
  • \n Confederation
    • \n
  • \n Corporative federalism
    • \n
  • \n Dual federalism
    • \n
  • \n Ethnic federalism
    • \n
  • \n Federacy
    • \n
  • \n Federal monarchy
    • \n
  • \n Federal republic
    • \n
  • \n Federated state
    • \n
  • \n Federation
    • \n
  • \n Fiscal federalism
    • \n
  • \n Symmetric federalism
    • \n
\n
\n Unitary state \n
    \n
  • \n Devolution
    • \n
  • \n Regional state
    • \n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n Constituent state
    • \n
  • \n Autonomy
      \n
    • \n Autonomous area
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Decentralization
    • \n
  • \n Home rule
    • \n
  • \n Multinational state
    • \n
  • \n Personal union
    • \n
  • \n Subsidiarity
    • \n
  • \n Supranationalism
    • \n
  • \n Tribal sovereignty
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n GND : 4017754 - 3
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federalism&oldid=821258052 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where in the constitution is the concept of federalism established", "long_answers": ["Because the states were preexisting political entities , the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government . The federal government has certain express powers ( also called enumerated powers ) which are powers spelled out in the Constitution , including the right to levy taxes , declare war , and regulate interstate and foreign commerce . In addition , the Necessary and Proper Clause gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law `` necessary and proper '' for the execution of its express powers . Other powers -- the reserved powers -- are reserved to the people or the states . The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) , amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War , and by some later amendments -- as well as the overall claim of the Civil War , that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Honey bee - wikipedia

\n Honey bee

\n Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Honey bee ( disambiguation ) . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Honey bees Temporal range : Oligocene -- Recent Pre\u0404 \u0404 Pg
\n
\n Western honey bee carrying pollen back to the hive
\n Scientific classification
\n Kingdom : \n Animalia
\n Clade : \n Euarthropoda
\n Class : \n Insecta
\n Order : \n Hymenoptera
\n Family : \n Apidae
\n Subfamily : \n Apinae
\n Tribe : \n Apini Latreille , 1802
\n Genus : \n Apis Linnaeus , 1758
\n Species
\n
    \n
  • \n \u2020 Apis lithohermaea
    • \n
  • \n \u2020 Apis nearctica
    • \n
  • \n Subgenus Micrapis :
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Apis andreniformis
    • \n
  • \n Apis florea
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Subgenus Megapis :
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Apis dorsata
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Subgenus Apis :
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Apis cerana
    • \n
  • \n Apis koschevnikovi
    • \n
  • \n Apis mellifera
    • \n
  • \n Apis nigrocincta
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n

\n A honey bee ( or honeybee ) is any member of the genus Apis , primarily distinguished by the production and storage of honey and the construction of perennial , colonial nests from wax . In the early 21st century , only seven species of honey bee are recognized , with a total of 44 subspecies , though historically six to eleven species are recognized . The best known honey bee is the Western honey bee which has been domesticated for honey production and crop pollination . Honey bees represent only a small fraction of the roughly 20,000 known species of bees . Some other types of related bees produce and store honey , including the stingless honey bees , but only members of the genus Apis are true honey bees . The study of bees , which includes the study of honey bees , is known as melittology .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Etymology and name ( edit )

\n

\n The genus name Apis is Latin for `` bee '' .

\n

\n Although modern dictionaries may refer to Apis as either honey bee or honeybee , entomologist Robert Snodgrass asserts that correct usage requires two words , i.e. honey bee , as it is a kind or type of bee , whereas it is incorrect to run the two words together as in dragonfly or butterfly , because the latter are not flies . Honey bee , not honeybee , is the listed common name in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System , the Entomological Society of America Common Names of Insects Database , and the Tree of Life Web Project . Nonetheless , compounds gradually solidify in the orthography of natural languages in ways that do not always comply with prescription .

\n

\n Origin , systematics and distribution ( edit )

\n Distribution of honey bees around the world Morphology of a female honey bee

\n Honey bees appear to have their center of origin in South and Southeast Asia ( including the Philippines ) , as all the extant species except Apis mellifera are native to that region . Notably , living representatives of the earliest lineages to diverge ( Apis florea and Apis andreniformis ) have their center of origin there .

\n

\n The first Apis bees appear in the fossil record at the Eocene - Oligocene boundary ( 34 mya ) , in European deposits . The origin of these prehistoric honey bees does not necessarily indicate Europe as the place of origin of the genus , only that the bees were present in Europe by that time . Few fossil deposits are known from South Asia , the suspected region of honey bee origin , and fewer still have been thoroughly studied .

\n

\n No Apis species existed in the New World during human times before the introduction of A. mellifera by Europeans . Only one fossil species is documented from the New World , Apis nearctica , known from a single 14 million - year - old specimen from Nevada .

\n

\n The close relatives of modern honey bees -- e.g. bumblebees and stingless bees -- are also social to some degree , and social behavior seems a plesiomorphic trait that predates the origin of the genus . Among the extant members of Apis , the more basal species make single , exposed combs , while the more recently evolved species nest in cavities and have multiple combs , which has greatly facilitated their domestication .

\n

\n Most species have historically been cultured or at least exploited for honey and beeswax by humans indigenous to their native ranges . Only two species have been truly domesticated : Apis mellifera and Apis cerana indica . A. mellifera has been cultivated at least since the time of the building of the Egyptian pyramids , and only that species has been moved extensively beyond its native range .

\n

\n Honey bees are the only extant members of the tribe Apini . Today 's honey bees constitute three clades : Micrapis ( dwarf honey bees ) , Megapis ( giant honey bee ) , and Apis ( domestic honey bees and close relatives ) .

\n

\n Genetics ( edit )

\n Main article : Apis mellifera

\n The genome of Apis has been mapped .

\n

\n The chromosome counts of female bees for the three clades are :

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Clade \n
\n Micrapis \n 16
\n Megapis \n 16
\n Apis \n 32
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

\n Drones ( males ) are produced from unfertilized eggs , so they represent only the DNA of the queen that laid the eggs , i.e. have only a mother . Drones of all bee genera have 1 N chromosome counts -- half of those shown above .

\n

\n Workers and queens ( both female ) result from fertilized eggs , so have both a mother and a father . Arrhenotokous parthenogenesis , a modified form of parthenogenesis , controls sex differentiation . The sex allele is polymorphic , and so long as two different variants are present , a female bee results . If both sex alleles are identical , diploid drones are produced . Honey bees detect and destroy diploid drones after the eggs hatch .

\n

\n Queens typically mate with multiple drones on more than one mating flight . Once mated , they lay eggs and fertilize them as needed from sperm stored in the spermatheca . Since the number of sex alleles is limited at a regional level , a queen will most likely mate with one or more drones having sex alleles identical with one of the sex alleles in the queen . The queen , then , typically produces a percentage of diploid drone eggs .

\n

\n Micrapis ( edit )

\n

\n Apis florea and Apis andreniformis are small honey bees of southern and southeastern Asia . They make very small , exposed nests in trees and shrubs . Their stings are often incapable of penetrating human skin , so the hive and swarms can be handled with minimal protection . They occur largely sympatrically , though they are very distinct evolutionarily and are probably the result of allopatric speciation , their distribution later converging .

\n

\n Given that A. florea is more widely distributed and A. andreniformis is considerably more aggressive , honey is , if at all , usually harvested from the former only . They are the most ancient extant lineage of honey bees , maybe diverging in the Bartonian ( some 40 million years ago or slightly later ) from the other lineages , but do not seem to have diverged from each other a long time before the Neogene . Apis florea have smaller wing spans than its sister species . Apis florea are also completely yellow with the exception of the scutellum of workers , which is black .

\n

\n Megapis ( edit )

\n

\n One species is recognized in the subgenus Megapis . It usually builds single or a few exposed combs on high tree limbs , on cliffs , and sometimes on buildings . They can be very fierce . Periodically robbed of their honey by human `` honey hunters '' , colonies are easily capable of stinging a human being to death if provoked .

\n \n

\n Apis ( edit )

\n

\n Eastern Apis species include three or four species , including A. koschevnikovi and A. cerana . The genetics of the western honey bee A. mellifera are unclear . The domesticated species are A. cerana indica and A. mellifera

\n

\n Borneo honey bee ( edit )

\n

\n The reddish Koschevnikov 's bee ( Apis koschevnikovi ) from Borneo is clearly a distinct species ; it probably derives from the first colonization of the island by cave - nesting honey bees .

\n

\n Eastern honey bee ( edit )

\n

\n Apis cerana , the eastern honey bee proper , is the traditional honey bee of southern and eastern Asia . It was domesticated as subspecies A. c. indica and kept in hives in a fashion similar to A. mellifera , though on a more limited , regional scale .

\n

\n It has not been possible yet to resolve its relationship to the Bornean A. c. nuluensis and Apis nigrocincta from the Philippines to satisfaction ; the most recent hypothesis is that these are indeed distinct species , but that A. cerana is still paraphyletic , consisting of several separate species .

\n

\n Western honey bee ( edit )

\n The European honey bee may have originated from eastern Africa . This bee is pictured in Tanzania .

\n A. mellifera , the most common domesticated species , was the third insect to have its genome mapped . It seems to have originated in eastern tropical Africa and spread from there to Northern Europe and eastwards into Asia to the Tien Shan range . It is variously called the European , western , or common honey bee in different parts of the world . Many subspecies have adapted to the local geographic and climatic environments ; in addition , hybrid strains , such as the Buckfast bee , have been bred . Behavior , color , and anatomy can be quite different from one subspecies or even strain to another .

\n

\n A. mellifera phylogeny is the most enigmatic of all honey bee species . It seems to have diverged from its eastern relatives only during the Late Miocene . This would fit the hypothesis that the ancestral stock of cave - nesting honey bees was separated into the western group of East Africa and the eastern group of tropical Asia by desertification in the Middle East and adjacent regions , which caused declines of food plants and trees that provided nest sites , eventually causing gene flow to cease .

\n

\n The diversity of A. mellifera subspecies is probably the product of a largely Early Pleistocene radiation aided by climate and habitat changes during the last ice age . That the western honey bee has been intensively managed by humans for many millennia -- including hybridization and introductions -- has apparently increased the speed of its evolution and confounded the DNA sequence data to a point where little of substance can be said about the exact relationships of many A. mellifera subspecies .

\n

\n Apis mellifera is not native to the Americas , so was not present upon the arrival of the European explorers and colonists . However , other native bee species were kept and traded by indigenous peoples . In 1622 , European colonists brought the dark bee ( A. m. mellifera ) to the Americas , followed later by Italian bees ( A. m. ligustica ) and others . Many of the crops that depend on honey bees for pollination have also been imported since colonial times . Escaped swarms ( known as `` wild '' bees , but actually feral ) spread rapidly as far as the Great Plains , usually preceding the colonists . Honey bees did not naturally cross the Rocky Mountains ; they were transported by the Mormon pioneers to Utah in the late 1840s , and by ship to California in the early 1850s .

\n An African bee in Tanzania

\n Africanized bee ( edit )

\n Main article : Africanized bee

\n Africanized bees ( known colloquially as `` killer bees '' ) are hybrids between European stock and one of the African subspecies A. m. scutellata ; they are often more aggressive than European bees and do not create as much of a honey surplus , but are more resistant to disease and are better foragers . Originating by accident in Brazil , they have spread to North America and constitute a pest in some regions . However , these strains do not overwinter well , so are not often found in the colder , more northern parts of North America . The original breeding experiment for which the African bees were brought to Brazil in the first place has continued ( though not as intended ) . Novel hybrid strains of domestic and redomesticated Africanized bees combine high resilience to tropical conditions and good yields . They are popular among beekeepers in Brazil .

\n

\n Living and fossil honey bees ( Apini : Apis ) ( edit )

\n

\n Tribe Apini Latreille

\n

\n Genus Apis Linnaeus ( s . lato )

\n \n

\n Life cycle ( edit )

\n

\n As in a few other types of eusocial bees , a colony generally contains one queen bee , a fertile female ; seasonally up to a few thousand drone bees , or fertile males ; and tens of thousands of sterile female worker bees . Details vary among the different species of honey bees , but common features include :

\n
    \n
  1. \n Eggs are laid singly in a cell in a wax honeycomb , produced and shaped by the worker bees . Using her spermatheca , the queen can choose to fertilize the egg she is laying , usually depending on into which cell she is laying . Drones develop from unfertilised eggs and are haploid , while females ( queens and worker bees ) develop from fertilised eggs and are diploid . Larvae are initially fed with royal jelly produced by worker bees , later switching to honey and pollen . The exception is a larva fed solely on royal jelly , which will develop into a queen bee . The larva undergoes several moultings before spinning a cocoon within the cell , and pupating .
    2. \n
  2. \n Young worker bees , sometimes called `` nurse bees '' , clean the hive and feed the larvae . When their royal jelly - producing glands begin to atrophy , they begin building comb cells . They progress to other within - colony tasks as they become older , such as receiving nectar and pollen from foragers , and guarding the hive . Later still , a worker takes her first orientation flights and finally leaves the hive and typically spends the remainder of her life as a forager .
    3. \n
  3. \n Worker bees cooperate to find food and use a pattern of `` dancing '' ( known as the bee dance or waggle dance ) to communicate information regarding resources with each other ; this dance varies from species to species , but all living species of Apis exhibit some form of the behavior . If the resources are very close to the hive , they may also exhibit a less specific dance commonly known as the `` round dance '' .
    4. \n
  4. \n Honey bees also perform tremble dances , which recruit receiver bees to collect nectar from returning foragers .
    5. \n
  5. \n Virgin queens go on mating flights away from their home colony to a drone congregation area , and mate with multiple drones before returning . The drones die in the act of mating . Queen honey bees do not mate with drones from their home colony .
    6. \n
  6. \n Colonies are established not by solitary queens , as in most bees , but by groups known as `` swarms '' , which consist of a mated queen and a large contingent of worker bees . This group moves en masse to a nest site which was scouted by worker bees beforehand and whose location is communicated with a special type of dance . Once the swarm arrives , they immediately construct a new wax comb and begin to raise new worker brood . This type of nest founding is not seen in any other living bee genus , though several groups of vespid wasps also found new nests by swarming ( sometimes including multiple queens ) . Also , stingless bees will start new nests with large numbers of worker bees , but the nest is constructed before a queen is escorted to the site , and this worker force is not a true `` swarm '' .
    7. \n
\n

\n Life cycle ( edit )

\n \n

\n Winter survival ( edit )

\n

\n In cold climates , honey bees stop flying when the temperature drops below about 10 \u00b0 C ( 50 \u00b0 F ) and crowd into the central area of the hive to form a `` winter cluster '' . The worker bees huddle around the queen bee at the center of the cluster , shivering to keep the center between 27 \u00b0 C ( 81 \u00b0 F ) at the start of winter ( during the broodless period ) and 34 \u00b0 C ( 93 \u00b0 F ) once the queen resumes laying . The worker bees rotate through the cluster from the outside to the inside so that no bee gets too cold . The outside edges of the cluster stay at about 8 -- 9 \u00b0 C ( 46 -- 48 \u00b0 F ) . The colder the weather is outside , the more compact the cluster becomes . During winter , they consume their stored honey to produce body heat . The amount of honey consumed during the winter is a function of winter length and severity , but ranges in temperate climates from 15 to 50 kilograms ( 33 to 110 lb ) . In addition , certain bees , including the Western honey bee as well as Apis cerana , are known to engage in effective methods of nest thermoregulation during periods of varying temperature in both summer and winter . During the summer , however , this is achieved through fanning and water evaporation from water collected in various fields .

\n

\n Pollination ( edit )

\n Main articles : Pollination management and List of crop plants pollinated by bees

\n Species of Apis are generalist floral visitors , and pollinate a large variety of plants , but by no means all plants . Of all the honey bee species , only A. mellifera has been used extensively for commercial pollination of crops and other plants . The value of these pollination services is commonly measured in the billions of dollars . Bees collect 66 pounds ( 30 kg ) of pollen per year per hive .

\n

\n Nutrition ( edit )

\n

\n Honey bees obtain all of their nutritional requirements from a diverse combination of pollen and nectar . Pollen is the only natural protein source for honey bees . Adult worker honey bees consume 3.4 - 4.3 mg of pollen per day to meet a dry matter requirement of 66 - 74 % protein . The rearing of one larva requires 125 - 187.5 mg pollen or 25 - 37.5 mg protein for proper development . Dietary proteins are broken down into amino acids , ten of which are considered essential to honey bees : methionine , tryptophan , arginine , lysine , histidine , phenylalanine , isoleucine , threonine , leucine , and valine . Of these amino acids , honey bees require highest concentrations of leucine , isoleucine , and valine , however elevated concentrations of arginine and lysine are required for brood rearing . In addition to these amino acids , some B vitamins including biotin , folic acid , nicotinamide , riboflavin , thiamine , pantothenate , and most importantly , pyridoxine are required to rear larvae . Pyridoxine is the most prevalent B vitamin found in royal jelly and concentrations vary throughout the foraging season with lowest concentrations found in May and highest concentrations found in July and August . Honey bees lacking dietary pyridoxine were unable to rear brood .

\n A forager collecting pollen

\n Pollen is also a lipid source for honey bees ranging from 0.8 % to 18.9 % . Lipids are metabolized during the brood stage for precursors required for future biosynthesis . Fat - soluble vitamins A , D , E , and K are not considered essential but have shown to significantly improve the number of brood reared . Honey bees ingest phytosterols from pollen to produce 24 - methylenecholesterol and other sterols as they can not directly synthesize cholesterol from phytosterols . Nurse bees have the ability to selectively transfer sterols to larvae through brood food .

\n

\n Nectar is collected by foraging worker bees as a source of water and carbohydrates in the form of sucrose . The dominant monosaccharides in honey bee diets are fructose and glucose but the most common circulating sugar in hemolymph is trehalose which is a disaccharide consisting of two glucose molecules . Adult worker honey bees require 4 mg of utilizable sugars per day and larvae require about 59.4 mg of carbohydrates for proper development .

\n

\n Honey bees require water to maintain osmotic homeostasis , prepare liquid brood food , and to cool the hive through evaporation . A colony 's water needs can generally be met by nectar foraging as it has high water content . Occasionally on hot days or when nectar is limited , foragers will collect water from streams or ponds to meet the needs of the hive .

\n

\n Parasites ( edit )

\n

\n Galleria mellonella ( edit )

\n

\n Larval stages of G. mellonella parasitize both wild and cultivated honeybees . Eggs are laid within the hive , and the larva that hatch tunnel through and destroy the honeycombs that contain honeybee larva and their honey stores . The tunnels they create are lined with silk , which entangles and starves emerging bees . Destruction of honeycombs also result in honey leaking and being wasted . Finally , both G. mellonella adults and larvae can be vectors for pathogens that can infect honeybees , including the Israeli acute paralysis virus ( IAPV ) and the black queen cell virus ( BQCV ) .

\n Management ( edit )

\n Temperature treatments are possible , but also distorts wax of the honeycombs . Chemical fumigants , particularly CO , are also used .

\n

\n Beekeeping ( edit )

\n Main article : Beekeeping

\n Two species of honey bee , A. mellifera and A. cerana indica , are often maintained , fed , and transported by beekeepers . Modern hives also enable beekeepers to transport bees , moving from field to field as the crop needs pollinating and allowing the beekeeper to charge for the pollination services they provide , revising the historical role of the self - employed beekeeper , and favoring large - scale commercial operations .

\n

\n Colony collapse disorder ( edit )

\n Main article : Colony collapse disorder

\n Since 2007 , abnormally high die - offs ( 30 -- 70 % of hives ) of European honey bee colonies have occurred in North America . This has been dubbed `` colony collapse disorder '' ( CCD ) and was at first unexplained . It seems to be caused by a combination of factors rather than a single pathogen or poison , possibly including neonicotinoid pesticides or Israeli acute paralysis virus .

\n

\n Bee products ( edit )

\n

\n Honey ( edit )

\n Main article : Honey

\n Honey is the complex substance made when bees ingest nectar , process it , and store the substance into honey combs . All living species of Apis have had their honey gathered by indigenous peoples for consumption . A. mellifera and A. cerana are the only species that have had their honey harvested for commercial purposes .

\n

\n Beeswax ( edit )

\n Main article : Beeswax

\n Worker bees of a certain age secrete beeswax from a series of glands on their abdomens . They use the wax to form the walls and caps of the comb . As with honey , beeswax is gathered by humans for various purposes .

\n

\n Pollen ( edit )

\n Main article : Bee pollen

\n Bees collect pollen in their pollen baskets and carry it back to the hive . In the hive , pollen is used as a protein source necessary during brood - rearing . In certain environments , excess pollen can be collected from the hives of A. mellifera and A. cerana . It is often eaten as a health supplement . It also has been used with moderate success as a source of pollen for hand pollination .

\n

\n Bee bread ( edit )

\n

\n Worker bees combine pollen , honey and glandular secretions and allow it to ferment in the comb to make bee bread . The fermentation process releases additional nutrients from the pollen and can produce antibiotics and fatty acids which inhibit spoilage . Bee bread is eaten by nurse bees ( younger workers ) who then produce the protein - rich royal jelly needed by the queen and developing larvae in their hypopharyngeal glands .

\n

\n Propolis ( edit )

\n Main article : Propolis

\n Propolis is a resinous mixture collected by honey bees from tree buds , sap flows or other botanical sources , which is used as a sealant for unwanted open spaces in the hive . Although propolis is alleged to have health benefits ( tincture of Propolis is marketed as a cold and flu remedy ) , it may cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals . Propolis is also used in wood finishes , and gives a Stradivarius violin its unique red color .

\n

\n Royal jelly ( edit )

\n Main article : Royal jelly

\n Royal jelly is a honey - bee secretion used to nourish the larvae . It is marketed for its alleged but unsupported claims of health benefits . On the other hand , it may cause severe allergic reactions in some individuals .

\n

\n Sexes and castes ( edit )

\n Sexes and roles in a colony of honey bees

\n Honey bees have three castes : drones , workers , and queens . Drones are male , while workers and queens are female .

\n

\n Drones ( edit )

\n Honey bees have a haplodiploid system of sex determination . Main article : Drone ( bee )

\n Males , or drones , are typically haploid , having only one set of chromosomes , and primarily exist for the purpose of reproduction . They are produced by the queen if she chooses not to fertilize an egg or by an unfertilized laying worker . Diploid drones may be produced if an egg is fertilized but is homozygous for the sex - determination allele . Drones take 24 days to develop , and may be produced from summer through to autumn , numbering as many as 500 per hive . They are expelled from the hive during the winter months when the hive 's primary focus is warmth and food conservation . Drones have large eyes used to locate queens during mating flights . They do not defend the hive or kill intruders , and do not have a stinger .

\n

\n Workers ( edit )

\n Main article : Worker bee

\n Workers have two sets of chromosomes . They are produced from an egg that the queen has selectively fertilized from stored sperm . Workers typically develop in 21 days . A typical colony may contain as many as 60,000 worker bees . Workers exhibit a wider range of behaviors than either queens or drones . Their duties change upon the age of the bee in the following order ( beginning with cleaning out their own cell after eating through their capped brood cell ) : feed brood , receive nectar , clean hive , guard duty , and foraging . Some workers engage in other specialized behaviors , such as `` undertaking '' ( removing corpses of their nestmates from inside the hive ) .

\n

\n Workers have morphological specializations , including the pollen basket ( corbicula ) , abdominal glands that produce beeswax , brood - feeding glands , and barbs on the sting . Under certain conditions ( for example , if the colony becomes queenless ) , a worker may develop ovaries .

\n

\n Queens ( edit )

\n Main article : Queen bee

\n Queen honey bees are created when worker bees feed a single female larvae an exclusive diet of a food called `` royal jelly '' . Queens are produced in oversized cells and develop in only 16 days ; they differ in physiology , morphology , and behavior from worker bees . In addition to the greater size of the queen , she has a functional set of ovaries , and a spermatheca , which stores and maintains sperm after she has mated . Apis queens practice polyandry , with one female mating with multiple males . The highest documented mating frequency for an Apis queen is in Apis nigrocincta , where queens mate with an extremely high number of males with observed numbers of different matings ranging from 42 to 69 drones per queen . The sting of queens is not barbed like a worker 's sting , and queens lack the glands that produce beeswax . Once mated , queens may lay up to 2,000 eggs per day . They produce a variety of pheromones that regulate behavior of workers , and helps swarms track the queen 's location during the swarming .

\n

\n Defense ( edit )

\n Main article : Bee sting Apis cerana japonica forming a ball around two hornets : The body heat trapped by the ball will overheat and kill the hornets .

\n All honey bees live in colonies where the workers sting intruders as a form of defense , and alarmed bees release a pheromone that stimulates the attack response in other bees . The different species of honey bees are distinguished from all other bee species ( and virtually all other Hymenoptera ) by the possession of small barbs on the sting , but these barbs are found only in the worker bees . The sting and associated venom sac of honey bees are also modified so as to pull free of the body once lodged ( autotomy ) , and the sting apparatus has its own musculature and ganglion , which allows it to keep delivering venom once detached . The gland which produces the alarm pheromone is also associated with the sting apparatus . The embedded stinger continues to emit additional alarm pheromone after it has torn loose ; other defensive workers are thereby attracted to the sting site . The worker dies after the sting becomes lodged and is subsequently torn loose from the bee 's abdomen . The honey bee 's venom , known as apitoxin , carries several active components , the most abundant of which is melittin , and the most destructive is phospholipase A2 .

\n

\n This complex apparatus , including the barbs on the sting , is thought to have evolved specifically in response to predation by vertebrates , as the barbs do not usually function ( and the sting apparatus does not detach ) unless the sting is embedded in fleshy tissue . While the sting can also penetrate the membranes between joints in the exoskeleton of other insects ( and is used in fights between queens ) , in the case of Apis cerana japonica , defense against larger insects such as predatory wasps ( e.g. Asian giant hornet ) is usually performed by surrounding the intruder with a mass of defending worker bees , which vibrate their muscles vigorously to raise the temperature of the intruder to a lethal level ( `` balling '' ) . Previously , heat alone was thought to be responsible for killing intruding wasps , but recent experiments have demonstrated the increased temperature in combination with increased carbon dioxide levels within the ball produce the lethal effect . This phenomenon is also used to kill a queen perceived as intruding or defective , an action known to beekeepers as ' balling the queen ' , named for the ball of bees formed .

\n

\n Defense can vary based on the habitat of the bee . In the case of those honey bee species with open combs ( e.g. , A. dorsata ) , would - be predators are given a warning signal that takes the form of a `` Mexican wave '' that spreads as a ripple across a layer of bees densely packed on the surface of the comb when a threat is perceived , and consists of bees momentarily arching their bodies and flicking their wings . In cavity dwelling species such as Apis cerana , Apis mellifera , and Apis nigrocincta , entrances to these cavities are guarded and checked for intruders in incoming traffic . Another act of defense against nest invaders , particularly wasps , is `` body shaking , '' a violent and pendulum like swaying of the abdomen , performed by worker bees .

\n

\n Competition ( edit )

\n

\n With an increased number of honey bees in a specific area due to beekeeping , domesticated bees and native wild bees often have to compete for the limited habitat and food sources available . European bees may become defensive in response to the seasonal arrival of competition from other colonies , particularly Africanized bees which may be on the offence and defense year round due to their tropical origin . In the United Kingdom , honey bees are known to compete with Bombus hortorum , a bumblebee species , because they forage at the same sites . To resolve the issue and maximize both their total consumption during foraging , bumblebees forage early in the morning , while honey bees forage during the afternoon .

\n

\n Communication ( edit )

\n Main article : Bee learning and communication

\n Honey bees are known to communicate through many different chemicals and odors , as is common in insects . They also rely on a sophisticated dance language that conveys information about the distance and direction to a specific location ( typically a nutritional source , e.g. , flowers or water ) . The dance language is also used during the process of reproductive fission , or swarming , when scouts communicate the location and quality of nesting sites .

\n

\n The details of the signalling being used vary from species to species ; for example , the two smallest species , Apis andreniformis and A. florea , dance on the upper surface of the comb , which is horizontal ( not vertical , as in other species ) , and worker bees orient the dance in the actual compass direction of the resource to which they are recruiting .

\n

\n Apis mellifera carnica honey bees use their antennae asymmetrically for social interactions with a strong lateral preference to use their right antennae .

\n

\n There has been speculation as to honeybee consciousness .

\n

\n Symbolism ( edit )

\n Main article : Bee ( mythology )

\n The bee was revived as a symbol of government by Emperor Napoleon I of France . Both the Hindu Atharva Veda and the ancient Greeks associated lips anointed with honey with the gift of eloquence and even of prescience . The priestess at Delphi was the `` Delphic Bee '' . The Quran has a chapter titled `` The Bee '' . A community of honey bees has often been employed by political theorists as a model of human society , from Aristotle and Plato to Virgil and Seneca ; in Erasmus and Shakespeare ; in Marx and Tolstoy . Honey bees , signifying immortality and resurrection , were royal emblems of the Merovingians . The bee also is the heraldic emblem of the Barberini . The state of Utah is called the `` Beehive State '' , the state emblem is the beehive , the state insect is the honey bee , and a beehive and the word `` industry '' appear on both the state flag and seal .

\n

\n Gallery ( edit )

\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Work by Lechner in 2013 showed approximately 50 sex alleles in a population of Apis mellifera and estimated worldwide total number of sex alleles in A. mellifera between 116 and 145 . There are likely more sex alleles in Apis cerana given wider distribution and larger number of geographical races . Honeybees are highly sensitive to inbreeding in part because duplication of the sex allele causes significant numbers of diploid drone eggs to be laid and subsequently destroyed as they hatch .
    2. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Michael S. Engel ( 1999 ) . `` The taxonomy of recent and fossil honey bees ( Hymenoptera : Apidae : Apis ) '' . Journal of Hymenoptera Research . 8 : 165 -- 196 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Bees - Facts About Bees - Types of Bees - PestWorldforKids.org '' . pestworldforkids.org . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 26 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Douglas Harper ( 2006 ) . `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 27 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Robert E. Snodgrass ( 1984 ) . Anatomy of the Honey Bee . Cornell University Press . p. vii . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 9302 - 1 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` ITIS '' . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Entomological Society of America Common Names of Insects Database '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Tree of Life Web Project '' . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 25 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Deborah R. Smith ; Lynn Villafuerte ; Gard Otisc ; Michael R. Palmer ( 2000 ) . `` Biogeography of Apis cerana F. and A. nigrocincta Smith : insights from mtDNA studies '' ( PDF ) . Apidologie. 31 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 279 . doi : 10.1051 / apido : 2000121 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 29 , 2012 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Michael S. Engel ; I.A. Hinojosa - Diaz ; A.P. Rasnitsyn ( 2009 ) . `` A honey bee from the Miocene of Nevada and the biogeography of Apis ( Hymenoptera : Apidae : Apini ) '' . Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences . 60 ( 3 ) : 23 -- 38 .
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : Maria C. Arias ; Walter S. Sheppard ( 2005 ) . `` Phylogenetic relationships of honey bees ( Hymenoptera : Apinae : Apini ) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.02. 017 . PMID 16182149 . Maria C. Arias ; Walter S. Sheppard ( 2005 ) . `` Corrigendum to `` Phylogenetic relationships of honey bees ( Hymenoptera : Apinae : Apini ) inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data '' `` . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 40 ( 1 ) : 315 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2006.02. 002 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Lechner , Sarah ; Ferretti , Luca ; Sch\u00f6ning , Caspar ; Kinuthia , Wanja ; Willemsen , David ; Hasselmann , Martin ( 2014 ) . `` Nucleotide Variability at Its Limit ? Insights into the Number and Evolutionary Dynamics of the Sex - Determining Specificities of the Honey Bee Apis mellifera '' . Molecular Biology and Evolution. 31 ( 2 ) : 272 -- 287 . doi : 10.1093 / molbev / mst207 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : Wongsiri , S. , et al. `` Comparative biology of Apis andreniformis and Apis florea in Thailand . '' Bee World 78.1 ( 1997 ) : 23 - 35 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Nathan Lo ; Rosalyn S. Gloag ; Denis L. Anderson ; Benjamin P. Oldroyd ( 2009 ) . `` A molecular phylogeny of the genus Apis suggests that the Giant Honey Bee of the Philippines , A. breviligula Maa , and the Plains Honey Bee of southern India , A. indica Fabricius , are valid species '' . Systematic Entomology. 35 ( 2 ) : 226 -- 233 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2009. 00504. x .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ mostly domesticated or more accurately , `` managed ''
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Head RJ ( 2008 ) . `` A Brief Survey of Ancient Near Eastern Beekeeping ; A Final Note '' . The FARMS Review .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Michael S. Engel , Ismael A. Hinojosa - D\u00edaz & Alexandr P. Rasnitsyn ( 2009 ) . `` A honey bee from the Miocene of Nevada and the biogeography of Apis ( Hymenoptera : Apidae : Apini ) '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences . 4 . 60 ( 3 ) : 23 -- 38 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ James L. Gould ; Carol Grant Gould ( 1995 ) . The Honey Bee . Scientific American Library . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 6010 - 8 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` What do bees do in the winter ? '' . Retrieved 12 March 2016 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Oldroyd , Benjamin P. ; Wongsiri , Siriwat ( 2006 ) . Asian Honey Bees ( Biology , Conservation , and Human Interactions ) . Cambridge , Massachusetts and London , England : Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674021940 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Facts about Honeybees '' . Back Yard Beekeepers Association . 2017 .
    21. \n
  21. \n ^ Jump up to : Brodschneider , Robert ; Crailsheim , Karl ( 2010 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Nutrition and health in honey bees '' . Apidologie. 41 ( 3 ) : 278 -- 294 . doi : 10.1051 / apido / 2010012 . ISSN 0044 - 8435 .
    22. \n
  22. \n ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Leroy M ; Dietz , A. ( 1976 ) . `` Pyridoxine Requirement of the Honey Bee ( Apis mellifera ) For Brood Rearing '' . Apidologie . doi : 10.1051 / apido : 19760105 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Karasov , William H. ; Martinez del Rio , Carlos ( 2008 ) . Physiological Ecology : How Animals Process Energy , Nutrients , and Toxins . Princeton . pp. 63 -- 66 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Kuhnholz , Susanne ( 1997 ) . `` The Control of Water Collection in Honey Bee Colonies '' . Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology . doi : 10.1007 / s002650050402 .
    25. \n
  25. \n ^ Jump up to : Kwadha , Charles A. ; Ong'amo , George O. ; Ndegwa , Paul N. ; Raina , Suresh K. ; Fombong , Ayuka T. ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) . `` The Biology and Control of the Greater Wax Moth , Galleria mellonella '' . Insects. 8 ( 2 ) : 61 . doi : 10.3390 / insects8020061 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Bryony , Bonning ( 11 November 2009 ) . `` Honey Bee Disease Overview '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 103 : s2 - s4 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jip. 2009.07. 015 . Retrieved 21 October 2014 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ McDonald - Gibson , Charlotte . `` ' Victory for bees ' as European Union bans neonicotinoid pesticides blamed for destroying bee population '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2 July 2014 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` Colony Collapse Disorder '' . Beeologics . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 23 October 2014 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Crane E ( 1990 ) . `` Honey from honeybees and other insects '' . Ethology Ecology & Evolution. 3 ( sup1 ) : 100 -- 105 . doi : 10.1080 / 03949370.1991. 10721919 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Sanford , M.T. ; Dietz , A. ( 1976 ) . `` The fine structure of the wax gland of the honey bee ( Apis mellifera L . ) '' . Apidologie. 7 : 197 -- 207 . doi : 10.1051 / apido : 19760301 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Gillott , Cedric ( 1995 ) . Entomology . Springer . p. 79 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Simone - Finstrom , Michael ; Spivak , Marla ( May -- June 2010 ) . `` Propolis and bee health : The natural history and significance of resin use by honey bees '' . Apidologie. 41 ( 3 ) : 295 -- 311 . doi : 10.1051 / apido / 2010016 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` Propolis : MedlinePlus Supplements '' . U.S. National Library of Medicine . January 19 , 2012 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Gambichler T ; Boms S ; Freitag M ( April 2004 ) . `` Contact dermatitis and other skin conditions in instrumental musicians '' . BMC Dermatol. 4 : 3 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 5945 - 4 - 3 . PMC 416484 . PMID 15090069 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Jung - Hoffmann , L ( 1966 ) . `` Die Determination von K\u00f6nigin und Arbeiterin der Honigbiene '' . Z Bienenforsch. 8 : 296 -- 322 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Scientific Opinion '' ( PDF ) . EFSA Journal . 9 ( 4 ) : 2083 . 2011 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Federal Government Seizes Dozens of Misbranded Drug Products : FDA warned company about making medical claims for bee - derived products '' . Food and Drug Administration . Apr 5 , 2010 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Leung , R ; Ho , A ; Chan , J ; Choy , D ; Lai , CK ( March 1997 ) . `` Royal jelly consumption and hypersensitivity in the community '' . Clin. Exp . Allergy. 27 ( 3 ) : 333 -- 6 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2222.1997. tb00712. x . PMID 9088660 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` Bee castes '' . Visual Dictionary , QA International . 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 .
    40. \n
  40. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Getting Started : Honey Bee Biology '' . University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences . 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 .
    41. \n
  41. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Worker , drone and queen bees '' . PerfectBee LLC. 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Harbo JR , Rinderer TE ( 1980 ) . `` Breeding and Genetics of Honey Bees '' . Beesource Beekeeping . Retrieved 18 May 2017 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Morphology of a honeybee : worker '' . Visual Dictionary , QA International . 2017 . Retrieved 18 May 2017 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Hadisoesilo , Soesilawati . `` The Comparative Study of Two Species of Cavity - Nesting Honey Bees of Sulawesi , Indonesia '' ( PDF ) .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ C.H. Thawley . `` Heat tolerance as a weapon '' . Davidson College . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Michio Sugahara ; Fumio Sakamoto ( 2009 ) . `` Heat and carbon dioxide generated by honeybees jointly act to kill hornets '' . Naturwissenschaften. 96 ( 9 ) : 1133 -- 6 . doi : 10.1007 / s00114 - 009 - 0575 - 0 . PMID 19551367 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Victoria Gill ( July 3 , 2009 ) . `` Honeybee mobs overpower hornets '' . BBC News . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Giant Honeybees Use Shimmering ' Mexican Waves ' To Repel Predatory Wasps - ScienceDaily
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Radloff , Sara E. ; Hepburn , H. Randall ; Engel , Michael S. ( 2011 ) . Honeybees of Asia . Berlin : Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 978 - 3642164217 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Hudewenz , Anika ; Klein , Alexandra - Maria ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Competition between honey bees and wild bees and the role of nesting resources in a nature reserve '' . Journal of Insect Conservation. 17 ( 6 ) : 1275 -- 1283 . doi : 10.1007 / s10841 - 013 - 9609 - 1 . ISSN 1366 - 638X .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Johnson , Brian R. ; Nieh , James C. ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Modeling the Adaptive Role of Negative Signaling in Honey Bee Intraspecific Competition '' . Journal of Insect Behavior . 23 ( 6 ) : 459 -- 471 . doi : 10.1007 / s10905 - 010 - 9229 - 5 . ISSN 0892 - 7553 . PMC 2955239 . PMID 21037953 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Thompson , Helen ; Hunt , Lynn ( 1999 ) . `` Extrapolating from Honeybees to Bumblebees in Pesticide Risk Assessment '' . Ecotoxicology : 147 -- 166 . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Tarpy , David ( 2016 ) . `` The Honey Bee Dance Language '' . NC State Extension .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Rogers , Lesley J. ; Elisa Rigosi ; Elisa Frasnelli ; Giorgio Vallortigara ( 27 June 2013 ) . `` A right antenna for social behaviour in honeybees '' . Scientific Reports . Macmillan Publishers . 3 . doi : 10.1038 / srep02045 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Jessica Shugart . `` Honeybees use right antennae to tell friend from foe '' . Science News . Retrieved 12 March 2016 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Gorman , James ( 18 April 2016 ) . `` Do Honeybees Feel ? Scientists Are Entertaining the Idea '' -- via NYTimes.com .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ `` The symbols of empire '' . Napoleon.org . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` O Asvins , lords of brightness , anoint me with the honey of the bee , that I may speak forceful speech among men ! Atharva Veda 91 - 258 , quoted in Maguelonne Toussaint - Samat ( Anthea Bell , tr . ) The History of Food , 2nd ed. 2009 : 14 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Virgil , Georgics , book IV .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Bee Wilson ( 2004 ) . The Hive : The Story of the Honeybee . London : John Murray . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 6598 - 7 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` Utah State Motto and Emblem '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 13 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` Section 1 - 601 '' . Utah Code 63G General Government . 2017 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` Section 1 - 501 '' . Utah Code 63G General Government . 2017 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` Section 1a - 8 '' . Utah Code 67 State Officers and Employees . 2017 .
    65. \n
\n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apis ( insect ) .
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Look up honey bee in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Honey bee types and characteristics
\n Bee castes \n
    \n
  • \n Queen bee
    • \n
  • \n Worker bee
    • \n
  • \n Laying worker bee
    • \n
  • \n Drone
    • \n
\n
\n Lifecycle \n
    \n
  • \n Beehive
    • \n
  • \n Honey bee life cycle
    • \n
  • \n Brood
    • \n
  • \n Bee learning and communication
    • \n
  • \n Swarming
    • \n
\n
\n Western honey bee subspecies and breeds \n
    \n
  • \n Buckfast bee
    • \n
  • \n Carniolan honey bee
    • \n
  • \n European dark bee
    • \n
  • \n Italian bee
    • \n
  • \n Maltese honey bee
    • \n
  • \n Africanized bee
    • \n
  • \n Apis mellifera scutellata
    • \n
  • \n Honey bee race
    • \n
\n
\n Cultivation \n
    \n
  • \n Beekeeping
    • \n
  • \n Apiology
    • \n
  • \n Apiary
    • \n
  • \n Beehive
    • \n
  • \n Langstroth hive
    • \n
  • \n Horizontal top - bar hive
    • \n
  • \n Beeswax
    • \n
  • \n Honey
    • \n
  • \n Honey extraction
    • \n
  • \n Honey extractor
    • \n
  • \n Propolis
    • \n
  • \n Royal jelly
    • \n
\n
\n Lists \n
    \n
  • \n Topics in beekeeping
    • \n
  • \n Diseases of the honey bee
    • \n
\n
\n Beekeeping by countries \n
    \n
  • \n Hungary
    • \n
  • \n India
    • \n
  • \n Ireland
    • \n
  • \n Nepal
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
    • \n
  • \n Ukraine
    • \n
  • \n United Kingdom
    • \n
  • \n United States
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Insects in culture
\n Aspects of insects in culture \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n In the arts \n
    \n
  • \n Insects in art
      \n
    • \n Beetlewing
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Insects in film
    • \n
  • \n Insects in literature
    • \n
  • \n Insects in music
      \n
    • \n List of insect - inspired songs
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Insects on stamps
    • \n
\n
\n In fishing \n
    \n
  • \n Fishing bait
    • \n
  • \n Fly fishing
    • \n
  • \n Artificial fly
    • \n
  • \n Fly tying
    • \n
  • \n Maggot
    • \n
  • \n Mayfly
    • \n
  • \n Mealworm
    • \n
\n
\n In medicine \n
    \n
  • \n Apitherapy
      \n
    • \n Apitoxin
      • \n
    • \n Melittin
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Maggot
    • \n
  • \n Spanish fly
      \n
    • \n Cantharidin
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n In mythology \n
    \n
  • \n Bee
    • \n
  • \n Butterfly
    • \n
  • \n Cicada
    • \n
  • \n Dragonfly
    • \n
  • \n Praying mantis
    • \n
  • \n Scarab
    • \n
\n
\n Entomophagy ( as food ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Adults \n
    \n
  • \n Ant
    • \n
  • \n Cicada
    • \n
  • \n Cricket
    • \n
  • \n Grasshopper
    • \n
  • \n Termite
    • \n
\n
\n Larvae \n
    \n
  • \n Bamboo worm
    • \n
  • \n Darkling beetle
    • \n
  • \n Mealworm
    • \n
  • \n Mopani worm
    • \n
  • \n Rhinoceros beetle
    • \n
  • \n Silkworm
    • \n
  • \n Waxworm
    • \n
  • \n Witchetty grub
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Other aspects \n
    \n
  • \n Biomimicry
    • \n
  • \n Cricket fighting
    • \n
  • \n Entomological warfare
    • \n
  • \n Flea circus
    • \n
  • \n Insects in religion
    • \n
  • \n Jingzhe
    • \n
\n
\n 		\n
\n Economic entomology \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Beneficial insects \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Pest control \n
    \n
  • \n Encarsia formosa
    • \n
  • \n Ichneumon wasp
    • \n
  • \n Ladybird
    • \n
\n
\n Pollination \n
    \n
  • \n Bees
      \n
    • \n crops pollinated
      • \n
    • \n Bumblebee
      • \n
    • \n Honey bee
        \n
      • \n western
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Beetles
    • \n
  • \n Flies
    • \n
  • \n Lepidoptera
    • \n
\n
\n Products \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Beekeeping \n
    \n
  • \n Bee pollen
    • \n
  • \n Beeswax
    • \n
  • \n Honey
    • \n
  • \n Propolis
    • \n
  • \n Royal jelly
    • \n
\n
\n Other insects \n
    \n
  • \n Carmine / Cochineal
      \n
    • \n Polish
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Chitin
    • \n
  • \n Kermes
    • \n
  • \n Sericulture
      \n
    • \n Silk
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Lac / Shellac
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Model organism \n
    \n
  • \n Drosophila melanogaster
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Harmful insects \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Crop pests \n
    \n
  • \n Aphid
    • \n
  • \n Boll weevil
    • \n
  • \n Colorado potato beetle
    • \n
  • \n Cottony cushion scale
    • \n
  • \n Japanese beetle
    • \n
  • \n Locust
    • \n
  • \n Phylloxera
    • \n
  • \n Western corn rootworm
    • \n
\n
\n Livestock pests \n
    \n
  • \n Botfly
    • \n
  • \n Horn fly
    • \n
  • \n Horse - fly
    • \n
  • \n Screwworm fly
    • \n
  • \n Tsetse fly
    • \n
  • \n Warble fly
    • \n
\n
\n Biting / stinging \n
    \n
  • \n Insect bites and stings
    • \n
  • \n Insect sting allergy
    • \n
  • \n Bed bug
    • \n
  • \n Bee sting
    • \n
  • \n Flea
    • \n
  • \n Horse - fly
    • \n
  • \n Louse
    • \n
  • \n Mosquito
    • \n
  • \n Wasp
    • \n
\n
\n Wood - eating \n
    \n
  • \n Deathwatch beetle
    • \n
  • \n Furniture beetle
    • \n
  • \n House longhorn beetle
    • \n
  • \n Termite
    • \n
  • \n Woodworm
    • \n
\n
\n Other pests \n
    \n
  • \n Home - stored product entomology
    • \n
  • \n Clothes moth
    • \n
  • \n Cockroach
    • \n
  • \n Housefly
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Pioneers \n
    \n
  • \n Jan Swammerdam
    • \n
  • \n Alfred Russel Wallace
    • \n
  • \n Jean - Henri Fabre
    • \n
  • \n Hans Zinsser ( Rats , Lice and History )
    • \n
  • \n Lafcadio Hearn ( Insect Literature )
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Living things in culture
      \n
    • \n Arthropods
      • \n
    • \n Birds
      • \n
    • \n Fish
      • \n
    • \n Fungi
      • \n
    • \n Mammals
      • \n
    • \n Microbes
      • \n
    • \n Molluscs
      • \n
    • \n Reptiles
      • \n
    • \n Plants
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Zoomusicology
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Eusociality
\n Topics \n
    \n
  • \n Evolution of eusociality
    • \n
  • \n Presociality
    • \n
  • \n Social insects
      \n
    • \n Gamergate
      • \n
    • \n Group selection
      • \n
    • \n Haplodiploidy
      • \n
    • \n Identity in social insects
      • \n
    • \n Kin recognition
      • \n
    • \n Kin selection
      • \n
    • \n Sexual selection in social insects
      • \n
    • \n Thelytoky
      • \n
    • \n Worker policing
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Groups \n
    \n
  • \n Hymenoptera
      \n
    • \n Ant
      • \n
    • \n Apidae
      • \n
    • \n Crabronidae
      • \n
    • \n Halictidae
      • \n
    • \n Honey bee
      • \n
    • \n Vespidae
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Mammalia
      \n
    • \n Blesmol
      • \n
    • \n Dwarf mongoose
      • \n
    • \n Meerkat
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Crustacea
      \n
    • \n Synalpheus
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Thysanoptera
      \n
    • \n Kladothrips
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Hemiptera
      \n
    • \n Aphididae
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Coleoptera
      \n
    • \n Austroplatypus incompertus
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Isoptera
    • \n
\n
\n In culture \n
    \n
  • \n Bee ( mythology )
    • \n
\n
\n Pioneers , works \n
    \n
  • \n Karl von Frisch
      \n
    • \n The Dancing Bees 1927
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Charles Duncan Michener
      \n
    • \n The Bees of the World 2000
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n E.O. Wilson
      \n
    • \n The Ants 1990
      • \n
    • \n Sociobiology : The New Synthesis 1975
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Taxon identifiers \n
    \n
  • \n Wd : Q102857
    • \n
  • \n ADW : Apis
    • \n
  • \n BugGuide : 3079
    • \n
  • \n EoL : 104135
    • \n
  • \n Fauna Europaea : 164774
    • \n
  • \n GBIF : 1334757
    • \n
  • \n ITIS : 154395
    • \n
  • \n NCBI : 7459
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n LCCN : sh85061857
    • \n
  • \n GND : 4025825 - 7
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honey_bee&oldid=819272778 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where do honey bees live in the world", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Firestone tire and Rubber company - wikipedia

\n Firestone tire and Rubber company

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n Firestone Tire and Rubber Company \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Type \n Subsidiary
\n Industry \n Manufacturing
\n Founded \n Akron , Ohio , United States ( August 3 , 1900 ; 117 years ago ( 1900 - 08 - 03 ) )
\n Founder \n Harvey Firestone
\n Headquarters \n 200 4th Ave S , Nashville , Tennessee , United States
\n Area served \n Worldwide
\n Key people \n
    \n
  • \n Gordon Knapp ( CEO and President )
    • \n
  • \n Bill Thompson ( COO )
    • \n
\n
\n Products \n Tires
\n Revenue \n US $ 2.09 billion ( 2004 )
\n Number of employees \n 40,000
\n Parent \n Bridgestone ( 1988 -- present )
\n Website \n firestone.com
\n

\n The Firestone Tire and Rubber Company is an American tire company founded by Harvey Samuel Firestone in 1900 to supply pneumatic tires for wagons , buggies , and other forms of wheeled transportation common in the era . Firestone soon saw the huge potential for marketing tires for automobiles . The company was a pioneer in the mass production of tires . Harvey Firestone had a friendship with Henry Ford . Firestone used this relationship to become the original equipment supplier of Ford Motor Company automobiles , and was also active in the replacement market .

\n

\n In 1988 , the company was sold to the Japanese Bridgestone Corporation .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n Early - to - mid-20th century ( edit )

\n The First Firestone store Firestone newspaper ad from 1919 , explaining the benefits of their cord tire .

\n Firestone was originally based in Akron , Ohio , also the hometown of its archrival , Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company , and another two mid-sized competitors , General Tire and Rubber and BF Goodrich . Founded on August 3 , 1900 , the company initiated operations with 12 employees . Together , Firestone and Goodyear were the largest suppliers of automotive tires in North America for over 75 years . In 1906 Henry Ford chose Firestone for Model T original equipment tires .

\n

\n In 1918 , Firestone Tire and Rubber Company of Canada was incorporated in Hamilton , Ontario and in 1922 , the first Canadian - made tire rolled off the line on September 15 . During the 1920s , Firestone produced the Oldfield tire , named for racing driver Barney Oldfield .

\n

\n In 1926 , the company opened one of the world 's biggest rubber plantations in Liberia , West Africa , spanning more than 1 million acres . 1926 was also the year that the company opened its first Firestone Complete Auto Care store ( Firestone Complete Auto Care is a division of Firestone that offers automotive maintenance and repair ) .

\n

\n In 1927 , Henry Ford and tire maven Harvey Firestone took a trip to Los Angeles to select locations for their new factories . Friends say Ford wanted to be near the ocean and picked Long Beach and suggested Firestone go to South Gate , California . The tiny community southeast of Downtown was mostly agriculture at the time and Firestone found 40 acres of beanfield to house his new manufacturing plant . Architects Curlett and Beelman created a spectacular four - storey Italianate complex , with its own power plant and gorgeous polychrome murals by Gladding McBean depicting the tire and rubber - making process . A year after the plant opened in 1928 it doubled in size . By 1954 , when they added the Corporal guided missile to their offerings , the plant was nearly a million square feet . The town grew around Firestone , they named the main boulevard through town after Harvey , and Los Angeles became the number one tire market in the country . By the mid-1970s Ford and GM had massive layoffs as Firestone and other manufacturers opened new plants in non-union locales like Wilson , North Carolina . After much downsizing the end came in 1980 when 1,300 workers were laid off and the plant closed . East Los Angeles College has proposed a new satellite campus at the site .

\n

\n In 1928 the company built a factory in Brentford , England , a longtime Art Deco landmark on a major route into the city . This closed in 1979 .

\n

\n In 1936 the company opened a plant in Memphis , Tennessee . With a work force exceeding 3,000 employees , the Memphis plant was the largest tire manufacturer in the company 's worldwide operation . On July 1 , 1963 , the company celebrated the production of 100 million tires in Memphis . The plant was closed in 1982 .

\n

\n During World War II the company was called on by the U.S. Government to make artillery shells , aluminum kegs for food transport and rubberized military products . Firestone ranked 55th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts . In the 1940s , Firestone was given a defense contract to produce plastic helmet liners . While outproduced by Westinghouse Electric they still made a fair amount for the M1 Helmet .

\n Corporal Missile

\n In 1951 , Firestone was given the defense contract for the MGM - 5 Corporal missile . Firestone was given a total of US $ 6,888,796 for the first 200 Missiles . This missile was known as the `` Embryo of the Army '' and was a surface - to - surface guided missile which could deliver a high - explosive warhead up to 75 nautical miles ( 139 km ) . It was later modified to be able to carry a nuclear payload for use in the event of Cold War hostilities in Eastern Europe . This missile was replaced in 1962 by the MGM - 29 Sergeant system .

\n

\n In 1961 , Firestone acquired the Dayton Tire division from the Dayco Corporation .

\n

\n Restructuring and sale to Bridgestone ( edit )

\n Firestone Firehawk 700 195 / 55 R 15 ( 2017 ) Firestone operates a chain of repair shops which perform maintenance on cars . A service representative in Berkeley Heights , New Jersey .

\n In late 1979 , Firestone brought in John Nevin , the ex-head of Zenith Electronics , as president to save the hemorrhaging company from total collapse . It was more than a billion dollars in debt at the time , and losing 250 million dollars a year . Nevin closed nine of the company 's seventeen manufacturing plants , including six in one day . He relocated the company from its ancestral home in Akron to Chicago . He spun off non-tire related businesses , including the Firestone Country Club . It was considered a deliberate plan to boost the stock price , and it paid off . In 1988 , after discussions with Pirelli , Nevin negotiated the sale of the company to the Japanese company Bridgestone . Bridgestone Corporation Japan was able to buy the company for much less than it had been worth a decade and a half earlier . The combined Bridgestone / Firestone North American operations are now based in Nashville , Tennessee . In 2008 , the companies celebrated a 20 - year anniversary of the merger , and changed the tire division name to Bridgestone Americas Tire Operations , LLC . In 2012 , Bridgestone Americas opened a $100 million technical center in Akron .

\n Firestone tires used for the Indianapolis 500 race .

\n Apart from tires , several companies and divisions operate with the Firestone brand in its name . These companies include Firestone Building Products , LLC , Firestone Industrial Products , LLC , Firestone Complete Auto Care , Firestone Natural Rubber Company and Firestone Specialty Products . Firestone Building Products and Firestone Industrial Products are headquartered in Indianapolis , Indiana and operate in 23 U.S. states and ten countries , with 11,000 employees worldwide . The company reports annual sales of more than $2.5 billion .

\n

\n In 1972 , Firestone received a ten - year import `` concession '' by the Kenyan government to secure Firestone 's investment in a domestic tire plant , which gave it a virtual monopoly . This included both general price and foreign exchange controls . When the 10 - year period came to an end in 1979 , Firestone retaliated by increasing production , making entry less attractive . Headquarters eventually canceled expansion and failed negotiations lead to no further investments .

\n

\n In motorsport ( edit )

\n

\n The 1911 Indianapolis 500 auto race was won by a car running Firestone tires . Firestone - shod cars won all editions of the race from 1920 to 1966 . The company also provided tires to Formula One from 1950 to 1974 . Citing rising costs as the cause , Firestone announced its withdrawal from professional motorsport in August 1974 with the exception of Formula 5000 and Formula One . The change was forecast to reduce Firestone 's annual race testing budget from between $6 and $8 million dollars to around $500,000 . Shortly afterwards , Firestone extended this to a complete withdrawal by the end of the 1974 season . The manufacturer returned in 1995 to the CART series with technical assistance from Bridgestone . Goodyear retired after 1999 , thereby leaving Firestone as the single supplier of the IndyCar Series as of 2017 .

\n

\n Corporate troubles ( edit )

\n A service manager explains periodic recommended engine part replacements .

\n Great American streetcar scandal ( edit )

\n

\n In 1950 , Firestone along with General Motors and Standard Oil were charged and convicted of criminal conspiracy for their part in the Great American streetcar scandal . The scandal included purchasing streetcar systems throughout the United States and dismantling and replacing them with buses .

\n

\n Firestone 500 tread separation problem ( edit )

\n

\n Radial tires were introduced to the U.S. market by rivals Goodrich and Michelin in the late 1960s , and Firestone lacked their own radial tire . The first radial tire developed and produced by Firestone was the ill - fated Firestone 500 Radial . Manufacturing of the new tire was performed on equipment designed to manufacture bias - ply tires .

\n

\n During the 1970s , Firestone experienced major problems with the Firestone 500 radial . The Firestone 500 steel - belted radials began to show signs of separation of the tread at high speeds . While the cause was never proved , it is believed that the failure of bonding cements , used by Firestone to hold the tread to the tire carcass , may have allowed water to penetrate the tire which in turn may have caused the internal steel wire to corrode . In March 1978 , the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) announced publicly a formal investigation into defects of the Firestone 500 . The NHTSA investigation found that the tread separation problem was most probably a design defect affecting all Firestone 500 's .

\n

\n In 1973 , only two years after the 500 's debut , Thomas A. Robertson , Firestone 's director of development wrote an internal memo stating `` We are making an inferior quality radial tire which will subject us to belt - edge separation at high mileage '' . Firestone introduced strict quality control measures in an attempt to fix the inherent problems , however they were not successful in totally eliminating the basic faults . In 1977 a recall of 400,000 tires produced at the problematic Decatur plant was initiated . Firestone was considered to be less than cooperative with the NHTSA during the agency 's investigation into the Firestone 500 . Firestone blamed the problems on the consumer , stating underinflation and poor maintenance .

\n

\n On October 20 , 1978 , Firestone recalled over 7 million Firestone 500 tires , the largest tire recall to date . Congressional hearings into the 500 also took place in 1978 . The tire was found to be defective and the cause of 250 deaths . In May 1980 after finding that they knew the tires were defective , the NHTSA fined Firestone $500,000 USD , which at that time was the largest fine imposed on any U.S. corporation and the largest civil penalty imposed since passage of the 1966 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Act . Multiple lawsuits were settled out of court and the constant negative publicity crippled the company 's sales and share price .

\n

\n Harvard Business School and Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania taught classes and wrote papers on the issues of misjudgments and poor decision - making by the management of Firestone . After years of bad publicity and millions paid out in compensation to victims , Firestone was losing vast amounts of money , and its name was severely damaged .

\n

\n Liberian Rubber plantation ( edit )

\n Latex collection Main article : Firestone Natural Rubber Company

\n Firestone established the Firestone Natural Rubber plantation in Harbel , Liberia in 1926 . From 1926 until the outbreak of the First Liberian Civil War in 1990 , the Firestone Natural Rubber Company was the largest plantation of its kind in the world . In September 1990 , rebel NPFL forces ( led by Charles Taylor , who would later be convicted of war crimes ) executed sitting Liberian president Samuel Doe and seized the Harbel plantation . Firestone had to evacuate its American workers as a result . In June 1991 , Firestone sent a delegation to Monrovia in an attempt to restart operations in Harbel . After a month of waiting , the delegation was brought to meet Taylor , and after a further six months of negotiations the company signed a Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU ) with the National Patriotic Reconstruction Assembly Government 's Ministry of Finance in January 1991 . This MOU provided for taxes to be paid by Firestone to the Taylor government , and for the Taylor government to provide protection to Firestone 's employees and assets in Liberia . Firestone resumed operations in March 1992 , but once again had to halt in October that same year as hostilites escalated . Over this period , the company had paid $2.3 million in taxes to the Taylor government , which some say helped legitimize Taylor 's Greater Liberia government and finance and enable its attack on ECOMOG controlled Monrovia . Operations did not fully restart until 2003 at the conclusion of the Second Liberian Civil War . Since the end of the war , Firestone has invested over $100 million in restoring and rebuilding its facilities in Liberia .

\n

\n The company 's ventures in Liberia have been the subject of considerable scrutiny and criticism , including a 2005 Alien Tort Claims Act case brought in California by the International Labor Rights Fund and a 2014 investigative report by ProPublica entitled `` Firestone and the Warlord '' , and a PBS Frontline documentary by the same name .

\n

\n Ford Explorer rollover problem ( edit )

\n Main article : Firestone and Ford tire controversy

\n In 1996 , several state agencies in Arizona began experiencing major issues with Firestone tires on Explorers . According to news reports , various agencies demanded new tires , and Firestone conducted an investigation of the complaints , tested the tires and tried to assert that the tires had been abused or under - inflated .

\n

\n On September 6 , 2000 , in a statement before the U.S. Senate Appropriations Transportation subcommittee the president of the consumer advocacy group Public Citizen , Joan Claybrook , stated :

\n

\n ... There are a number of parallels between this recall in 2000 and the 1978 recall of the Firestone 500 ... there was a documented coverup by Firestone of the 500 defect , spurred by the lack of a Firestone replacement tire . When the coverup was disclosed , the top management of the company was replaced as Firestone was severely damaged in reputation and economically . But a key difference is that the Firestone 500 was used on passenger cars , which rarely rolled over with tire failure . NHTSA documented 41 deaths with the 500 , a recall , involving seven million tires .

\n

\n The report went on to indicate that Ford also had been complicit , stating that The Ford Motor Company had instructed Firestone to add a nylon ply to the tires it manufactured in Venezuela for additional strength and that Ford had made suspension changes to the Explorer model available in Venezuela . Ford did not specify adding the nylon ply for U.S. - made Firestone tires nor did it change the Explorer suspension on U.S. models at this time .

\n Ford Explorer

\n An abnormally high failure rate in Firestone 's Wilderness AT , Firestone ATX , and ATX II tires resulted in multiple lawsuits , as well as an eventual mandatory recall . In 2001 Bridgestone / Firestone severed its ties to Ford citing a lack of trust . The lack of trust stemmed from concerns that Ford had not heeded warnings by Bridgestone / Firestone relating to the design of the Ford Explorer . In 2006 , Firestone announced renewed efforts to recall tires of the same model recalled in 2000 after the tires were linked to recent deaths and injuries . According to Firestone 's last filing with the National Highway Transportation Administration , only 90,259 of more than 2.5 million recalled tires were confirmed as removed from service . In November 2013 , two recalled Wilderness AT tires were found in Atlanta , Georgia . One of the tires was offered for sale as new at a used tire retail shop .

\n

\n Some outside observers have speculated about the blame worthiness of both parties . Firestone 's tires being prone to tread separation and failure , and the SUVs being especially prone to rolling over if a tire fails at speed compared to other vehicles . A subsequent NHTSA investigation of real world accident data showed that the Ford Explorer SUVs in question were no more likely to roll over than any other SUV , after a tread separation .

\n

\n Television advertisement jingle ( edit )

\n Early Firestone Advertisement

\n Where the Rubber Meets the Road is an advertisement jingle that was frequently used in the 1960s and 1970s , especially on televised sporting events . The jingle was sung by Don Rondo .

\n
\n
\n Wherever wheels are rolling ,
\n
\n No matter what the load ,
\n
\n The name that 's known is Firestone
\n
\n Where the rubber meets the road
\n
\n

\n Other brands ( edit )

\n

\n Bridgestone / Firestone also produces tires under the Fuzion brand name . Fuzion is a tire manufactured in China for Bridgestone / Firestone as a budget replacement tire .

\n

\n Makes include the Fuzion UHP Sport A / S , SUV , and Touring .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Newton , James ( June 1989 ) . Uncommon Friends : Life with Thomas Edison , Henry Ford , Harvey Firestone , Alexis Carrel , and Charles Lindbergh . Mariner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 692620 - 1 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` A Global Dream '' . Bridgestone Americas . Retrieved 3 August 2013 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` History of Bridgestone / Firestone '' . Bridgestone / Firestone Canada . 2009 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2010 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Firestone 8000 Tire Order by Ford Ford Chooses Firestone for Model T
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Canada manufactures first Firestone tire Archived 2010 - 05 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Firestone Canada Incorporated
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Chris Nichols ( 2013 - 03 - 01 ) . `` DispL. A. Case # 52 : L.A. 's First Firestone Tire - Los Angeles Magazine '' . Lamag.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Lost Memphis Firestone Tire & Rubber Company
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Firestone Closings
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Peck , Merton J. & Scherer , Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process : An Economic Analysis ( 1962 ) Harvard Business School p. 619
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Corporal '' . Redstone Arsenal . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Old & Dangerous ? '' . Tire Review Online . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Tire industry loses two giants '' . Tire Business . 2006 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Stephen Koepp ( 1997 - 02 - 16 ) . `` The Companies '' . Time . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Firestone Diversified Products
    15. \n
  15. \n ^ Jump up to : Robert Bates . Markets and States in Tropical Africa : University of California Press , 1981 . p. 68
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : Stopford , Strange and Henley . Rival States , Rival Firms : Competition for world market shares , Press syndicate of the University of Cambridge , 1991 , p. 148
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Firestone Cutback Likely '' . The Kingsport Times . Ancestry.com # Newspapers.com. 14 August 1974 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Andretti Dream Threatened '' . The Los Angeles Times . Ancestry.com # Newspapers.com. 30 August 1974 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . development , production and service of U.S Auto Club championship and Formula racing cars will be phased out by the end of the 1974 season . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Chomsky , Noam ( 1999 ) . Year 501 : the Conquest Continues . South End Press . ISBN 0 - 89608 - 444 - 2 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` History '' . Jags.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Forewarnings of Fatal Flaws '' . Time . 1979 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Timeline of key events in the history of Ford and Firestone '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .
    23. \n
  23. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Firestone 's Second Big Tire Blowout '' . Wharton School of University of Pennsylvania . 2000 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Donald N. Sull ( 2000 - 11 - 27 ) . `` The Dynamics of Standing Still : Firestone Tire & Rubber and the Radial Revolution '' . Harvard Business School . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` Joint Committees Deliver Opening Statements at Congressional Hearing on Firestone Recall '' . CNN . 2000 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Keith Bradsher ( 2000 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Stricter Rules for Tire Safety Were Scrapped by Reagan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` A bumpy road for the radial - ply tire '' . USA Today . 2000 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .
    28. \n
  28. \n ^ Jump up to : Miller , T. Christian . `` Firestone and the Warlord - Intro '' . www.propublica.org . Pro Publica .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Liberia Profile - Timeline '' . BBC - British Broadcasting Company .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Miller , T. Christian . `` Firestone and the Warlord - Chapter 3 '' . www.propublica.org . Pro Publica .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Miller , T. Christian . `` Firestone and the Warlord - Chapter 4 '' . www.propublica.org . Pro Publica .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . firestonenaturalrubber.com . Firestone Natural Rubber .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Fienstein A ( 2011 ) The shadow world : Inside the global arms trade . New York , USA : Farrar , Straus and Giroux
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Investing in Liberia '' . firestonenaturalrubber.com . Firestone Natural Rubber .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` Firestone Claim '' . socialfunds.com .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Miller , T. Christian . `` Firestone and the Warlord '' . www.propublica.org . ProPublica .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Firestone and the Warlord '' . www.pbs.org . PBS Frontline .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` Statement of Joan Claybrook On Firestone Tire Defect and Ford Explorer Rollovers Before the Transportation Subcommittee United States Senate Committee on Appropriations '' . Public Citizen. 2000 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 21 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( May 21 , 2001 ) . `` Firestone severs ties to Ford '' . CNN .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ NHTSA Recall Campaign 01T - 016 Q4 Vehicle Safety Recall Quarterly Report Information , January 25 , 2008 ( Amended March 26 , 2009 ) ( from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration )
    41. \n
  41. \n ^ Jump up to : Channel 2 Investigation Finds Recalled Tires for Sale , November 4 , 2013 Archived November 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Firestone Jingle '' ( QuickTime ) . Firestone . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 22 .
    43. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Firestone Tire and Rubber Company .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Bridgestone Corporation
\n Subsidiaries \n
    \n
  • \n Firestone Diversified Products
    • \n
  • \n Firestone Tire and Rubber Company
    • \n
  • \n Firestone - Apsley Rubber Company
    • \n
\n
\n Products \n
    \n
  • \n Bridgestone Picnica
    • \n
  • \n Helmz
    • \n
\n
\n Facilities \n
    \n
  • \n Firestone Tyre Factory
    • \n
\n
\n People \n
    \n
  • \n Harvey Samuel Firestone
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Akron Firestone Non-Skids
    • \n
  • \n Bridgestone Arena
    • \n
  • \n Bridgestone Museum of Art
    • \n
  • \n Bridgestone Open
    • \n
  • \n Firestone and Ford tire controversy
    • \n
  • \n Firestone Country Club
    • \n
  • \n International Labor Rights Forum v Firestone Tire and Rubber Co
    • \n
  • \n The Voice of Firestone
    • \n
  • \n WGC - Bridgestone Invitational
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Automotive industry in the United States
\n
    \n
  • \n Automotive industry
    • \n
  • \n Economy of the United States
    • \n
  • \n Transportation in the United States
    • \n
\n
\n American vehicle manufacturers ( list ) \n
    \n
  • \n AGCO
      \n
    • \n Challenger Tractor
      • \n
    • \n Massey Ferguson
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n AM General
    • \n
  • \n American Expedition Vehicles
    • \n
  • \n American Growler
    • \n
  • \n Amp Electric Vehicles
    • \n
  • \n Anteros Coachworks
    • \n
  • \n Arcimoto
    • \n
  • \n Armour Group , Inc .
    • \n
  • \n ATK motorcycles
    • \n
  • \n Aurica Motors
    • \n
  • \n Autocar
    • \n
  • \n Blue Bird
    • \n
  • \n Boulder Electric Vehicle
    • \n
  • \n Brammo
    • \n
  • \n Brunton Stalker
    • \n
  • \n Caterpillar
    • \n
  • \n FCA US
      \n
    • \n Chrysler
      • \n
    • \n Dodge
      • \n
    • \n Jeep
      • \n
    • \n Ram
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n CNH Industrial
      \n
    • \n Case CE
      • \n
    • \n Case IH
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Commuter Cars
    • \n
  • \n Cushman
    • \n
  • \n Cycle - Scoot
    • \n
  • \n DeLorean
    • \n
  • \n Chenowth Racing Products
    • \n
  • \n Eagle Bus
    • \n
  • \n Environmental Performance Vehicles
    • \n
  • \n Equus
    • \n
  • \n Elio Motors
    • \n
  • \n Faraday Future
    • \n
  • \n Fisker Inc .
    • \n
  • \n Ford
      \n
    • \n Lincoln
      • \n
    • \n SVT
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n General Dynamics Land Systems
    • \n
  • \n General Motors
      \n
    • \n Buick
      • \n
    • \n Cadillac
      • \n
    • \n Chevrolet
      • \n
    • \n GMC
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Gillig
    • \n
  • \n Glaval Bus
    • \n
  • \n GreenTech
    • \n
  • \n Harley - Davidson
    • \n
  • \n HDT Global
    • \n
  • \n Hennessey
    • \n
  • \n HME
    • \n
  • \n John Deere
    • \n
  • \n Karma Automotive
    • \n
  • \n Legacy
    • \n
  • \n Local Motors
    • \n
  • \n Lockheed Martin
    • \n
  • \n Lingenfelter
    • \n
  • \n Lenco Industries
    • \n
  • \n Mack Trucks
    • \n
  • \n Millennium Luxury Coaches
    • \n
  • \n Morgan Olson
    • \n
  • \n Mosler Automotive
    • \n
  • \n MotoCzysz
    • \n
  • \n Motor Coach Industries
    • \n
  • \n Myers Motors
    • \n
  • \n Navistar International
      \n
    • \n IC Bus
      • \n
    • \n International
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Nissan Commercial Vehicles
    • \n
  • \n North American Bus Industries
    • \n
  • \n Oka
    • \n
  • \n Oshkosh
      \n
    • \n Pierce
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Paccar
      \n
    • \n Kenworth
      • \n
    • \n Peterbilt
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Panoz
    • \n
  • \n Phoenix Motorcars
    • \n
  • \n Polaris Industries
      \n
    • \n Global Electric Motorcars
      • \n
    • \n Indian
      • \n
    • \n Victory
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n REV Group
      \n
    • \n Champion Bus
      • \n
    • \n Collins
      • \n
    • \n ElDorado National
      • \n
    • \n E-One
      • \n
    • \n Fleetwood
      • \n
    • \n Goshen Coach
      • \n
    • \n Holiday Rambler
      • \n
    • \n Laymor
      • \n
    • \n Wheeled Coach
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Saleen
    • \n
  • \n Shelby American
    • \n
  • \n SSC North America
    • \n
  • \n Starcraft Bus
    • \n
  • \n Superformance
    • \n
  • \n Tesla
    • \n
  • \n Textron Marine & Land Systems
    • \n
  • \n Trans Tech
    • \n
  • \n TranStar Racing
    • \n
  • \n Ultimaster
    • \n
  • \n VIA Motors
    • \n
  • \n Visionary Vehicles
    • \n
  • \n Wheego Electric Cars
    • \n
  • \n ZAP
    • \n
  • \n Zimmer Motorcars
    • \n
\n
\n Foreign vehicle manufacturers with US operations \n
    \n
  • \n AB Volvo USA
    • \n
  • \n BMW US Manufacturing Company
    • \n
  • \n BYD Auto America
    • \n
  • \n Changan USA
    • \n
  • \n Daimler North America
      \n
    • \n Daimler Trucks North America
        \n
      • \n Thomas
        • \n
      • \n Freightliner
        • \n
      • \n Western Star
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n FAW Group USA
    • \n
  • \n Fiat USA
    • \n
  • \n FHI America
    • \n
  • \n Honda of America
      \n
    • \n Acura
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Hyundai USA
    • \n
  • \n Isuzu America
    • \n
  • \n Kia Motors America
    • \n
  • \n Mazda America
    • \n
  • \n Mitsubishi Motors North America
    • \n
  • \n New Flyer Industries ( 1 )
      \n
    • \n New Flyer
      • \n
    • \n NABI
      • \n
    • \n Motor Coach Industries
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Nissan USA
    • \n
  • \n Peugeot USA
    • \n
  • \n SAIC Motor USA
    • \n
  • \n Suzuki America
    • \n
  • \n Toyota Motor Sales , U.S.A.
      \n
    • \n Lexus
      • \n
    • \n Scion
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Volkswagen Group of America
    • \n
  • \n Wanxiang America
    • \n
\n
\n Active factories \n
    \n
  • \n BMW US Manufacturing Company
    • \n
  • \n Fiat Chrysler factories
    • \n
  • \n Ford factories
    • \n
  • \n General Motors factories
    • \n
  • \n Honda of America factories
    • \n
  • \n Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama
    • \n
  • \n Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia
    • \n
  • \n Mercedes - Benz U.S. International
    • \n
  • \n Nissan North America
    • \n
  • \n Subaru of Indiana Automotive , Inc .
    • \n
  • \n Tesla Factory
    • \n
  • \n Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America
    • \n
  • \n Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant
    • \n
\n
\n Components companies \n
    \n
  • \n Allison
    • \n
  • \n BorgWarner
    • \n
  • \n Caterpillar
    • \n
  • \n Cummins
    • \n
  • \n Delphi
    • \n
  • \n Detroit Diesel
    • \n
  • \n Ingersoll Rand
    • \n
  • \n Eaton
    • \n
  • \n Firestone
    • \n
  • \n Goodyear
    • \n
  • \n Nexteer
    • \n
  • \n Remy International
    • \n
  • \n Timken
    • \n
  • \n Torrington
    • \n
  • \n Visteon
    • \n
\n
\n Insurance and finance companies \n
    \n
  • \n Allstate
      \n
    • \n Ecompass Insurance
      • \n
    • \n Esurance
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ally Financial
    • \n
  • \n Erie Insurance Group
    • \n
  • \n Farmers Insurance Group
      \n
    • \n 21st Century Insurance
      • \n
    • \n Farmers Insurance
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n GM Financial
    • \n
  • \n GMAC Insurance
    • \n
  • \n Kemper Direct
    • \n
  • \n Progressive
    • \n
  • \n Safe Auto
    • \n
  • \n State Farm
    • \n
\n
\n Design studios \n
    \n
  • \n Calty Design Research
    • \n
  • \n Designworks
    • \n
\n
\n By state \n
    \n
  • \n Massachusetts
    • \n
\n
\n Former manufacturers ( 2 ) \n
    \n
  • \n Coda
    • \n
  • \n FMC
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct vehicle manufacturers \n
    \n
  • \n Allis - Chalmers
    • \n
  • \n American Austin
    • \n
  • \n American LaFrance
    • \n
  • \n American Motors
      \n
    • \n Hudson
        \n
      • \n Essex
        • \n
      • \n Terraplane
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Nash
      • \n
    • \n Rambler
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Armor Holdings
    • \n
  • \n Armored Motor Car Company
    • \n
  • \n Auburn Automobile
    • \n
  • \n Avanti Motor Corporation
    • \n
  • \n Avery
    • \n
  • \n BMC
    • \n
  • \n Carbon Motors Corporation
    • \n
  • \n Checker Motors Corporation
    • \n
  • \n Commonwealth
    • \n
  • \n Cord
    • \n
  • \n Case
    • \n
  • \n CNH Global
    • \n
  • \n Duesenberg
    • \n
  • \n Durant
      \n
    • \n Flint
      • \n
    • \n Locomobile
      • \n
    • \n Mason
      • \n
    • \n Rugby
      • \n
    • \n Star
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Excalibur
    • \n
  • \n FCA US
      \n
    • \n Eagle
      • \n
    • \n Plymouth
      • \n
    • \n Street & Racing Technology ( still used as a trim for dodge vehicles )
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Fiberfab
    • \n
  • \n Fitch Four Drive
    • \n
  • \n Fisker Automotive
    • \n
  • \n Fisker Coachbuild
    • \n
  • \n Force Protection
    • \n
  • \n Ford
      \n
    • \n Continental
      • \n
    • \n Edsel
      • \n
    • \n Mercury
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n General Motors
      \n
    • \n Cartercar
      • \n
    • \n Elmore
      • \n
    • \n GM Diesel
      • \n
    • \n Geo
      • \n
    • \n Hummer
      • \n
    • \n LaSalle
      • \n
    • \n Marquette
      • \n
    • \n McLaughlin
      • \n
    • \n Oakland
      • \n
    • \n Oldsmobile
      • \n
    • \n Pontiac
      • \n
    • \n Saturn
      • \n
    • \n Scripps - Booth
      • \n
    • \n Sheridan
      • \n
    • \n Viking
      • \n
    • \n Yellow Coach
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Green Vehicles
    • \n
  • \n Grumman
    • \n
  • \n Henney
    • \n
  • \n International Harvester
    • \n
  • \n Jeffery
    • \n
  • \n Kaiser - Frazer
      \n
    • \n Allstate
      • \n
    • \n Frazer
      • \n
    • \n Henry J
      • \n
    • \n Kaiser
      • \n
    • \n Willys
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Marathon Motor Works
    • \n
  • \n Marmon
      \n
    • \n Roosevelt
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Marvel Motors
    • \n
  • \n Matbro
    • \n
  • \n Mercer
    • \n
  • \n Monaco Coach
    • \n
  • \n Muntz Car Company
    • \n
  • \n Oliver Farm Equipment
    • \n
  • \n Packard
    • \n
  • \n Peerless Motor Company
    • \n
  • \n Pierce - Arrow
    • \n
  • \n Sebring Vanguard
    • \n
  • \n Sterling Trucks
    • \n
  • \n Studebaker
      \n
    • \n Erskine
      • \n
    • \n Rockne
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Stutz
    • \n
  • \n Twentieth Century Motor Car Corporation
    • \n
  • \n United Defense
    • \n
  • \n VL
    • \n
  • \n White
    • \n
  • \n Wildfire
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct factories \n
    \n
  • \n Brampton Assembly ( AMC )
    • \n
  • \n Diamond - Star Motors
    • \n
  • \n Fiat Chrysler factories closed
    • \n
  • \n Ford factories closed
    • \n
  • \n General Motors factories closed
    • \n
  • \n NUMMI
    • \n
  • \n Packard Automotive Plant
    • \n
  • \n Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n AAA
    • \n
  • \n Chicago Auto Show
    • \n
  • \n Interstate Highway System
    • \n
  • \n National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
    • \n
  • \n New York International Auto Show
    • \n
  • \n North American International Auto Show
    • \n
  • \n SAE International
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n ( 1 ) Although New Flyer is Canadian , their Subsidiaries , NABI and Motor Coach Industries , are headquartered in the U.S.
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n ( 2 ) Former meaning the company is no longer in the automotive manufacturing business
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company&oldid=806664689 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "are all firestone tires made in the usa", "long_answers": ["In 1918 , Firestone Tire and Rubber Company of Canada was incorporated in Hamilton , Ontario and in 1922 , the first Canadian - made tire rolled off the line on September 15 . During the 1920s , Firestone produced the Oldfield tire , named for racing driver Barney Oldfield .\n", "Bridgestone / Firestone also produces tires under the Fuzion brand name . Fuzion is a tire manufactured in China for Bridgestone / Firestone as a budget replacement tire .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Address Resolution protocol - wikipedia

\n Address Resolution protocol

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Internet protocol suite
\n Application layer
\n
    \n
  • \n BGP
    • \n
  • \n DHCP
    • \n
  • \n DNS
    • \n
  • \n FTP
    • \n
  • \n HTTP
    • \n
  • \n IMAP
    • \n
  • \n LDAP
    • \n
  • \n MGCP
    • \n
  • \n MQTT
    • \n
  • \n NNTP
    • \n
  • \n NTP
    • \n
  • \n POP
    • \n
  • \n ONC / RPC
    • \n
  • \n RTP
    • \n
  • \n RTSP
    • \n
  • \n RIP
    • \n
  • \n SIP
    • \n
  • \n SMTP
    • \n
  • \n SNMP
    • \n
  • \n SSH
    • \n
  • \n Telnet
    • \n
  • \n TLS / SSL
    • \n
  • \n XMPP
    • \n
  • \n more ...
    • \n
\n
\n Transport layer
\n
    \n
  • \n TCP
    • \n
  • \n UDP
    • \n
  • \n DCCP
    • \n
  • \n SCTP
    • \n
  • \n RSVP
    • \n
  • \n more ...
    • \n
\n
\n Internet layer
\n
    \n
  • \n IP
      \n
    • \n IPv4
      • \n
    • \n IPv6
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n ICMP
    • \n
  • \n ICMPv6
    • \n
  • \n ECN
    • \n
  • \n IGMP
    • \n
  • \n IPsec
    • \n
  • \n more ...
    • \n
\n
\n Link layer
\n
    \n
  • \n ARP
    • \n
  • \n NDP
    • \n
  • \n OSPF
    • \n
  • \n Tunnels
      \n
    • \n L2TP
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n PPP
    • \n
  • \n MAC
      \n
    • \n Ethernet
      • \n
    • \n DSL
      • \n
    • \n ISDN
      • \n
    • \n FDDI
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n more ...
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n The Address Resolution Protocol ( ARP ) is a communication protocol used for discovering the link layer address , such as a MAC address , associated with a given network layer address , typically an IPv4 address . This mapping is a critical function in the Internet protocol suite . ARP was defined in 1982 by RFC 826 , which is Internet Standard STD 37 .

\n

\n ARP has been implemented with many combinations of network and data link layer technologies , such as IPv4 , Chaosnet , DECnet and Xerox PARC Universal Packet ( PUP ) using IEEE 802 standards , FDDI , X. 25 , Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ) . IPv4 over IEEE 802.3 and IEEE 802.11 is the most common usage .

\n

\n In Internet Protocol Version 6 ( IPv6 ) networks , the functionality of ARP is provided by the Neighbor Discovery Protocol ( NDP ) .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Operating scope ( edit )

\n

\n The Address Resolution Protocol is a request - response protocol whose messages are encapsulated by a link layer protocol . It is communicated within the boundaries of a single network , never routed across internetworking nodes . This property places ARP into the link layer of the Internet protocol suite .

\n

\n Packet structure ( edit )

\n

\n The Address Resolution Protocol uses a simple message format containing one address resolution request or response . The size of the ARP message depends on the upper layer and lower layer address sizes , which are given by the type of networking protocol ( usually IPv4 ) in use and the type of hardware or virtual link layer that the upper layer protocol is running on . The message header specifies these types , as well as the size of addresses of each . The message header is completed with the operation code for request ( 1 ) and reply ( 2 ) . The payload of the packet consists of four addresses , the hardware and protocol address of the sender and receiver hosts .

\n

\n The principal packet structure of ARP packets is shown in the following table which illustrates the case of IPv4 networks running on Ethernet . In this scenario , the packet has 48 - bit fields for the sender hardware address ( SHA ) and target hardware address ( THA ) , and 32 - bit fields for the corresponding sender and target protocol addresses ( SPA and TPA ) . Thus , the ARP packet size in this case is 28 bytes . The EtherType for ARP is 0x0806 . ( This appears in the Ethernet frame header when the payload is an ARP packet . Not to be confused with PTYPE below , which appears within this encapsulated ARP packet . )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Internet Protocol ( IPv4 ) over Ethernet ARP packet
\n octet offset \n 0 \n
\n 0 \n Hardware type ( HTYPE )
\n \n Protocol type ( PTYPE )
\n \n Hardware address length ( HLEN ) \n Protocol address length ( PLEN )
\n 6 \n Operation ( OPER )
\n 8 \n Sender hardware address ( SHA ) ( first 2 bytes )
\n 10 \n ( next 2 bytes )
\n 12 \n ( last 2 bytes )
\n 14 \n Sender protocol address ( SPA ) ( first 2 bytes )
\n 16 \n ( last 2 bytes )
\n 18 \n Target hardware address ( THA ) ( first 2 bytes )
\n 20 \n ( next 2 bytes )
\n 22 \n ( last 2 bytes )
\n 24 \n Target protocol address ( TPA ) ( first 2 bytes )
\n 26 \n ( last 2 bytes )
\n
\n
\n Hardware type ( HTYPE )
\n
\n This field specifies the network protocol type . Example : Ethernet is 1 .
\n
\n Protocol type ( PTYPE )
\n
\n This field specifies the internetwork protocol for which the ARP request is intended . For IPv4 , this has the value 0x0800 . The permitted PTYPE values share a numbering space with those for EtherType .
\n
\n Hardware length ( HLEN )
\n
\n Length ( in octets ) of a hardware address . Ethernet addresses size is 6 .
\n
\n Protocol length ( PLEN )
\n
\n Length ( in octets ) of addresses used in the upper layer protocol . ( The upper layer protocol specified in PTYPE . ) IPv4 address size is 4 .
\n
\n Operation
\n
\n Specifies the operation that the sender is performing : 1 for request , 2 for reply .
\n
\n Sender hardware address ( SHA )
\n
\n Media address of the sender . In an ARP request this field is used to indicate the address of the host sending the request . In an ARP reply this field is used to indicate the address of the host that the request was looking for . ( Not necessarily address of the host replying as in the case of virtual media . ) Switches do not pay attention to this field , particularly in learning MAC addresses . The ARP PDU is encapsulated in Ethernet frame , and that is what Layer 2 devices examine .
\n
\n Sender protocol address ( SPA )
\n
\n Internetwork address of the sender .
\n
\n Target hardware address ( THA )
\n
\n Media address of the intended receiver . In an ARP request this field is ignored . In an ARP reply this field is used to indicate the address of the host that originated the ARP request .
\n
\n Target protocol address ( TPA )
\n
\n Internetwork address of the intended receiver .
\n
\n

\n ARP protocol parameter values have been standardized and are maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority ( IANA ) .

\n

\n Example ( edit )

\n

\n Two computers in an office ( computer 1 and computer 2 ) are connected to each other in a local area network by Ethernet cables and network switches , with no intervening gateways or routers . Computer 1 has a packet to send to Computer 2 . Through DNS , it determines that Computer 2 has the IP address 192.168. 0.55 . To send the message , it also requires Computer 2 's MAC address . First , Computer 1 uses a cached ARP table to look up 192.168. 0.55 for any existing records of Computer 2 's MAC address ( 00 : eb : 24 : b2 : 05 : ac ) . If the MAC address is found , it sends an Ethernet frame with destination address 00 : eb : 24 : b2 : 05 : ac , containing the IP packet onto the link . If the cache did not produce a result for 192.168. 0.55 , Computer 1 has to send a broadcast ARP message ( destination FF : FF : FF : FF : FF : FF MAC address ) , which is accepted by all computers , requesting an answer for 192.168. 0.55 . Computer 2 responds with its MAC and IP addresses . Computer 2 may insert an entry for Computer 1 into its ARP table for future use . Computer 1 caches the response information in its ARP table and can now send the packet .

\n

\n ARP probe ( edit )

\n

\n An ARP probe is an ARP request constructed with an all - zero sender IP address ( SPA ) . The term is used in the IPv4 Address Conflict Detection specification ( RFC 5227 ) . Before beginning to use an IPv4 address ( whether received from manual configuration , DHCP , or some other means ) , a host implementing this specification must test to see if the address is already in use , by broadcasting ARP probe packets .

\n

\n ARP announcements ( edit )

\n

\n ARP may also be used as a simple announcement protocol . This is useful for updating other hosts ' mappings of a hardware address when the sender 's IP address or MAC address has changed . Such an announcement , also called a gratuitous ARP message , is usually broadcast as an ARP request containing the sender 's protocol address ( SPA ) in the target field ( TPA = SPA ) , with the target hardware address ( THA ) set to zero . An alternative way is to broadcast an ARP reply with the sender 's hardware and protocol addresses ( SHA and SPA ) duplicated in the target fields ( TPA = SPA , THA = SHA ) .

\n

\n The gratuitous ARP request message and the gratuitous ARP reply messages are standards - based methods , but the `` ARP Request '' is preferred . Some devices may be configured for the use of either of these two types of GARP .

\n

\n An ARP announcement is not intended to solicit a reply ; instead it updates any cached entries in the ARP tables of other hosts that receive the packet . The operation code may indicate a request or a reply because the ARP standard specifies that the opcode is only processed after the ARP table has been updated from the address fields .

\n

\n Many operating systems perform gratuitous ARP during startup . That helps to resolve problems which would otherwise occur if , for example , a network card was recently changed ( changing the IP - address - to - MAC - address mapping ) and other hosts still have the old mapping in their ARP caches .

\n

\n Gratuitous ARP is also used by some interface drivers to provide load balancing for incoming traffic . In a team of network cards , it is used to announce a different MAC address within the team that should receive incoming packets .

\n

\n ARP announcements can be used to defend link - local IP addresses in the Zeroconf protocol ( RFC 3927 ) , and for IP address takeover within high - availability clusters .

\n

\n ARP mediation ( edit )

\n

\n ARP mediation refers to the process of resolving Layer 2 addresses through a Virtual Private Wire Service ( VPWS ) when different resolution protocols are used on the connected circuits , e.g. , Ethernet on one end and Frame Relay on the other . In IPv4 , each Provider Edge ( PE ) device discovers the IP address of the locally attached Customer Edge ( CE ) device and distributes that IP address to the corresponding remote PE device . Then each PE device responds to local ARP requests using the IP address of the remote CE device and the hardware address of the local PE device . In IPv6 , each PE device discovers the IP address of both local and remote CE devices and then intercepts local Neighbor Discovery ( ND ) and Inverse Neighbor Discovery ( IND ) packets and forwards them to the remote PE device .

\n

\n

\n

\n Inverse ARP and Reverse ARP ( edit )

\n

\n Inverse Address Resolution Protocol ( Inverse ARP or InARP ) is used to obtain Network Layer addresses ( for example , IP addresses ) of other nodes from Data Link Layer ( Layer 2 ) addresses . It is primarily used in Frame Relay ( DLCI ) and ATM networks , in which Layer 2 addresses of virtual circuits are sometimes obtained from Layer 2 signaling , and the corresponding Layer 3 addresses must be available before those virtual circuits can be used .

\n

\n Since ARP translates Layer 3 addresses to Layer 2 addresses , InARP may be described as its inverse . In addition , InARP is implemented as a protocol extension to ARP : it uses the same packet format as ARP , but different operation codes .

\n

\n The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol ( Reverse ARP or RARP ) , like InARP , translates Layer 2 addresses to Layer 3 addresses . However , in ARP the requesting station queries the Layer 3 address of another node , whereas RARP is used to obtain the Layer 3 address of the requesting station itself for address configuration purposes . RARP is obsolete ; it was replaced by BOOTP , which was later superseded by the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( DHCP ) .

\n

\n ARP spoofing and proxy ARP ( edit )

\n A successful ARP spoofing attack allows an attacker to perform a man - in - the - middle attack . Main article : ARP spoofing Main article : Proxy ARP

\n Because ARP does not provide methods for authenticating ARP replies on a network , ARP replies can come from systems other than the one with the required Layer 2 address . An ARP proxy is a system which answers the ARP request on behalf of another system for which it will forward traffic , normally as a part of the network 's design , such as for a dialup internet service . By contrast , in ARP spoofing the answering system , or spoofer , replies to a request for another system 's address with the aim of intercepting data bound for that system . A malicious user may use ARP spoofing to perform a man - in - the - middle or denial - of - service attack on other users on the network . Various software exists to both detect and perform ARP spoofing attacks , though ARP itself does not provide any methods of protection from such attacks .

\n

\n Alternatives to ARP ( edit )

\n

\n Each computer maintains a database of the mapping of Layer 3 addresses ( e.g. , IP addresses ) to Layer 2 addresses ( e.g. , Ethernet MAC addresses ) , which is maintained primarily by the reception of ARP packets form the local network link . Thus , it is often called the ARP cache . Traditionally , other methods were also used to maintain this table , such as static configuration files , or centrally maintained lists .

\n

\n Since at least the 1980s , networked computers have a utility called ' arp ' for interrogating or manipulating this table .

\n

\n ARP stuffing ( edit )

\n

\n Embedded systems such as networked cameras and networked power distribution devices , which lack a user interface , can use so - called ARP stuffing to make an initial network connection , although this is a misnomer , as ARP is not involved .

\n

\n This is a solution to an issue in network management of consumer devices , specifically the allocation of IP addresses of ethernet devices where :

\n
    \n
  1. \n the user does n't have the ability to control DHCP or similar address allocation protocols
    2. \n
  2. \n the device does n't have a user interface to configure it with
    3. \n
  3. \n the user 's computer ca n't communicate with it because it has no suitable IP address .
    4. \n
\n

\n The solution adopted is as follows :

\n \n

\n Such devices typically have a method to disable this process once the device is operating normally , as it is vulnerable to attack .

\n

\n Standards documents ( edit )

\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ David C. Plummer ( November 1982 ) . `` RFC 826 , An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol -- or -- Converting Network Protocol Addresses to 48. bit Ethernet Address for Transmission on Ethernet Hardware '' . Internet Engineering Task Force , Network Working Group .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Braden , R. ( October 1989 ) . `` RFC 1122 - Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication Layers '' . Internet Engineering Task Force .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ IANA ARP - `` Protocol Type ''
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ IANA - Ethertype values
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ RFC 5342
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` IANA ARP parameter assignments '' . IANA. 2009 - 04 - 24 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Chappell , Laura A. and Tittel , Ed . Guide to TCP / IP , Third Edition . Thomson Course Technology , 2007 , pp. 115 - 116 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Cheshire , S. ( July 2008 ) . `` RFC 5227 - IPv4 Address Conflict Detection '' . Internet Engineering Task Force .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Perkins , C. ( November 2010 ) . `` RFC 5944 - IP Mobility Support for IPv4 , Revised '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . A gratuitous ARP MAY use either an ARP Request or an ARP Reply packet . ( ... ) any node receiving any ARP packet ( Request or Reply ) MUST update its local ARP cache with the Sender Protocol and Hardware Addresses in the ARP packet ( ... )
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Perkins , C. ( October 1996 ) . `` RFC 2002 - IP Mobility Support '' . Internet Engineering Task Force .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Cheshire , S. ( July 2008 ) . `` RFC 5227 - IPv4 Address Conflict Detection '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . Why Are ARP Announcements Performed Using ARP Request Packets and Not ARP Reply Packets ?
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` FAQ : The Firewall Does not Update the Address Resolution Protocol Table '' . Citrix. 2015 - 01 - 16 . ( ... ) garpReply enabled ( ... ) generates ARP packets that ( ... ) are of OPCODE type REPLY , rather than REQUEST .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Gratuitous ARP in DHCP vs. IPv4 ACD Draft Archived October 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ RFC 2002 Section 4.6
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ RFC 2131 DHCP -- Last lines of Section 4.4. 1
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Shah , H. ; et al. ( June 2012 ) . `` RFC 6575 Address Resolution Protocol ( ARP ) Mediation for IP Interworking of Layer 2 VPNs '' . Internet Engineering Task Force .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ T. Bradley ; et al. ( September 1998 ) . `` RFC 2390 - Inverse Address Resolution Protocol '' . Internet Engineering Task Force .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Finlayson , Mann , Mogul , Theimer ( June 1984 ) . `` RFC 903 - A Reverse Address Resolution Protocol '' . Internet Engineering Task Force . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link )
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Steve Gibson ( 2005 - 12 - 11 ) . `` ARP Cache Poisoning '' . GRC .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Sun Microsystems . `` SunOS manual page for ethers ( 5 ) file '' . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ University of California , Berkeley . `` BSD manual page for arp ( 8C ) command '' . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Canonical . `` Ubuntu manual page for arp ( 8 ) command '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Apple Computer . `` Mac OS X manual page for arp ( 8 ) command '' . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Microsoft . `` Windows help for arp command '' . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Axis Communication . `` Axis P13 Network Camera Series Installation Guide '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ American Power Corporation . `` Switched Rack Power Distribution Unit Installation and Quick Start Manual '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 .
    27. \n
\n

\n This article is based on material taken from the Free On - line Dictionary of Computing prior to 1 November 2008 and incorporated under the `` relicensing '' terms of the GFDL , version 1.3 or later .

\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikiversity has learning resources about Address Resolution Protocol
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Windows command - line programs and shell builtins
\n
    \n
  • \n COMMAND.COM
    • \n
  • \n Command Prompt
    • \n
  • \n Windows PowerShell
    • \n
  • \n Recovery Console
    • \n
\n
\n File system navigation \n
    \n
  • \n cd ( chdir )
    • \n
  • \n dir
    • \n
  • \n popd
    • \n
  • \n pushd
    • \n
  • \n tree
    • \n
\n
\n File management \n
    \n
  • \n attrib
    • \n
  • \n cacls
    • \n
  • \n cipher
    • \n
  • \n compact
    • \n
  • \n copy
    • \n
  • \n del ( erase )
    • \n
  • \n deltree
    • \n
  • \n expand
    • \n
  • \n icacls
    • \n
  • \n makecab
    • \n
  • \n md ( mkdir )
    • \n
  • \n move
    • \n
  • \n rd ( rmdir )
    • \n
  • \n recover
    • \n
  • \n ren ( rename )
    • \n
  • \n replace
    • \n
  • \n rmdir
    • \n
  • \n robocopy
    • \n
  • \n xcopy
    • \n
\n
\n Disk management \n
    \n
  • \n chkdsk
    • \n
  • \n convert
    • \n
  • \n defrag
    • \n
  • \n diskcomp
    • \n
  • \n diskcopy
    • \n
  • \n diskpart
    • \n
  • \n fdisk
    • \n
  • \n format
    • \n
  • \n label
    • \n
  • \n subst
    • \n
  • \n scandisk
    • \n
  • \n sys
    • \n
  • \n vol
    • \n
  • \n vssadmin
    • \n
\n
\n Processes \n
    \n
  • \n exit
    • \n
  • \n kill
    • \n
  • \n powercfg
    • \n
  • \n runas
    • \n
  • \n sc
    • \n
  • \n shutdown
    • \n
  • \n start
    • \n
  • \n taskkill
    • \n
  • \n tasklist
    • \n
\n
\n Registry \n
    \n
  • \n assoc
    • \n
  • \n ftype
    • \n
  • \n reg
    • \n
  • \n regini
    • \n
  • \n regsvr32
    • \n
\n
\n User environment \n
    \n
  • \n date
    • \n
  • \n mode
    • \n
  • \n path
    • \n
  • \n set
    • \n
  • \n setx
    • \n
  • \n time
    • \n
  • \n title
    • \n
  • \n ver
    • \n
  • \n whoami
    • \n
\n
\n File contents \n
    \n
  • \n comp
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n edlin
    • \n
  • \n fc
    • \n
  • \n find
    • \n
  • \n findstr
    • \n
  • \n print
    • \n
  • \n type
    • \n
\n
\n Scripting \n
    \n
  • \n choice
    • \n
  • \n clip
    • \n
  • \n cscript
    • \n
  • \n doskey
    • \n
  • \n echo
    • \n
  • \n for
    • \n
  • \n goto
    • \n
  • \n if
    • \n
  • \n more
    • \n
  • \n pause
    • \n
  • \n prompt
    • \n
  • \n rem
    • \n
\n
\n Networking \n
    \n
  • \n arp
    • \n
  • \n getmac
    • \n
  • \n hostname
    • \n
  • \n ipconfig
    • \n
  • \n net use
    • \n
  • \n netsh
    • \n
  • \n netstat
    • \n
  • \n nslookup
    • \n
  • \n PathPing
    • \n
  • \n ping
    • \n
  • \n route
    • \n
  • \n tracert
    • \n
\n
\n Maintenance and care \n
    \n
  • \n driverquery
    • \n
  • \n msiexec
    • \n
  • \n ntbackup
    • \n
  • \n sfc
    • \n
  • \n systeminfo
    • \n
  • \n w32tm
    • \n
  • \n WBAdmin
    • \n
  • \n winsat
    • \n
  • \n wmic
    • \n
\n
\n Boot management \n
    \n
  • \n bcdedit
    • \n
  • \n bootcfg
    • \n
  • \n fixboot
    • \n
  • \n fixmbr
    • \n
\n
\n Software development \n
    \n
  • \n debug
    • \n
  • \n exe2bin
    • \n
  • \n QBasic
    • \n
\n
\n Miscellaneous \n
    \n
  • \n cls
    • \n
  • \n help
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n List of DOS commands
    • \n
  • \n Environment variables
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Address_Resolution_Protocol&oldid=837015833 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "the arp request is sent to which of the following layer 2 destination addresses", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Central London Property Trust Ltd v. High Trees House Ltd - wikipedia

\n Central London Property Trust Ltd v. High Trees House Ltd

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n High Trees case
\n
\n Court \n King 's Bench Division
\n Decided \n 18 July 1946
\n Citation ( s ) \n ( 1947 ) KB 130 ; ( 1956 ) 1 All ER 256 ; 62 TLR 557 ; ( 1947 ) LJR 77 ; 175 LT 333
\n Court membership
\n Judge ( s ) sitting \n Denning J
\n Keywords
\n Promissory estoppel
\n

\n Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd ( 1947 ) KB 130 ( or the High Trees case ) is an English contract law decision in the High Court . It reaffirmed and extended the doctrine of promissory estoppel in contract law in England and Wales . However , the most significant part of the judgment is obiter dicta as it relates to hypothetical facts ; that is , the landlord did not seek repayment of the full wartime rent .

\n

\n Denning J held estoppel to be applicable if ...

\n

\n ... a promise was made which was intended to create legal relations and which , to the knowledge of the person making the promise , was going to be acted on by the person to whom it was made and which was in fact so acted on .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Facts ( edit )

\n

\n In 1937 , High Trees House Ltd leased a block of flats in Clapham , London , for a rate \u00a3 2500 / year from Central London Property Trust Ltd . Due to the conditions during the beginning of World War II occupancy rates were drastically lower than normal .

\n

\n In January 1940 , to ameliorate the situation , the parties made an agreement in writing to reduce rent by half . However , neither party stipulated the period for which this reduced rental was to apply . Over the next five years , High Trees paid the reduced rate while the flats began to fill , and by 1945 , the flats were back at full occupancy . Central London sued for payment of the full rental costs from June 1945 onwards ( i.e. for last two quarters of 1945 ) .

\n

\n Judgment ( edit )

\n

\n Based on previous judgments as Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co , Denning J held that the full rent was payable from the time that the flats became fully occupied in mid-1945 . However , he continued in an obiter statement that if Central London had tried to claim for the full rent from 1940 onwards , they would not have been able to . This was reasoned on the basis that if a party leads another party to believe that he will not enforce his strict legal rights , then the Courts will prevent him from doing so at a later stage . Being obiter dicta and in a court of first instance this was doubly not a binding precedent , yet it essentially created the doctrine of promissory estoppel .

\n

\n If I were to consider this matter without regard to recent developments in the law , there is no doubt that had the plaintiffs claimed it , they would have been entitled to recover ground rent at the rate of \u00a3 2,500 a year from the beginning of the term , since the lease under which it was payable was a lease under seal which , according to the old common law , could not be varied by an agreement by parol ( whether in writing or not ) , but only by deed . Equity , however stepped in , and said that if there has been a variation of a deed by a simple contract ( which in the case of a lease required to be in writing would have to be evidenced by writing ) , the courts may give effect to it as is shown in Berry v. Berry ( 1929 ) 2 K.B. 316 . That equitable doctrine , however , could hardly apply in the present case because the variation here might be said to have been made without consideration . With regard to estoppel , the representation made in relation to reducing the rent was not a representation of an existing fact . It was a representation , in effect , as to the future , namely , that payment of the rent would not be enforced at the full rate but only at the reduced rate . Such a representation would not give rise to an estoppel , because , as was said in Jorden v. Money ( 1854 ) 5 H.L.C. 185 , a representation as to the future must be embodied as a contract or be nothing .

\n

\n But what is the position in view of developments in the law in recent years ? The law has not been standing still since Jorden v. Money ( 1854 ) 5 H.L.C. 185 . There has been a series of decisions over the last fifty years which , although they are said to be cases of estoppel are not really such . They are cases in which a promise was made which was intended to create legal relations and which , to the knowledge of the person making the promise , was going to be acted on by the person to whom it was made and which was in fact so acted on . In such cases the courts have said that the promise must be honoured . The cases to which I particularly desire to refer are : Fenner v. Blake ( 1900 ) 1 Q.B. 426 , In re Wickham ( 1917 ) 34 T.L.R. 158 , Re William Porter & Co. , Ld. ( 1937 ) 2 All E.R. 361 and Buttery v. Pickard ( 1946 ) W.N. 25 . As I have said they are not cases of estoppel in the strict sense . They are really promises - promises intended to be binding , intended to be acted on , and in fact acted on . Jorden v. Money ( 1854 ) 5 H.L.C. 185 can be distinguished , because there the promisor made it clear that she did not intend to be legally bound , whereas in the cases to which I refer the proper inference was that the promisor did intend to be bound . In each case the court held the promise to be binding on the party making it , even though under the old common law it might be difficult to find any consideration for it . The courts have not gone so far as to give a cause of action in damages for the breach of such a promise , but they have refused to allow the party making it to act inconsistently with it . It is in that sense , and that sense only , that such a promise gives rise to an estoppel . The decisions are a natural result of the fusion of law and equity : for the cases of Hughes v. Metropolitan Ry. Co. ( 1877 ) 2 App . Cas. 439 , 448 , Birmingham and District Land Co. v. London & North Western Ry. Co. ( 1888 ) 40 Ch . D. 268 , 286 and Salisbury ( Marquess ) v. Gilmore ( 1942 ) 2 K.B. 38 , 51 , afford a sufficient basis for saying that a party would not be allowed in equity to go back on such a promise . In my opinion , the time has now come for the validity of such a promise to be recognized . The logical consequence , no doubt is that a promise to accept a smaller sum in discharge of a larger sum , if acted upon , is binding notwithstanding the absence of consideration : and if the fusion of law and equity leads to this result , so much the better . That aspect was not considered in Foakes v. Beer ( 1884 ) 9 App . Cas. 605 . At this time of day however , when law and equity have been joined together for over seventy years , principles must be reconsidered in the light of their combined effect . It is to be noticed that in the Sixth Interim Report of the Law Revision Committee , pars. 35 , 40 , it is recommended that such a promise as that to which I have referred should be enforceable in law even though no consideration for it has been given by the promisee . It seems to me that , to the extent I have mentioned , that result has now been achieved by the decisions of the courts .

\n

\n I am satisfied that a promise such as that to which I have referred is binding and the only question remaining for my consideration is the scope of the promise in the present case . I am satisfied on all the evidence that the promise here was that the ground rent should be reduced to \u00a3 1,250 a year as a temporary expedient while the block of flats was not fully , or substantially fully let , owing to the conditions prevailing . That means that the reduction in the rent applied throughout the years down to the end of 1944 , but early in 1945 it is plain that the flats were fully let , and , indeed the rents received from them ( many of them not being affected by the Rent Restrictions Acts ) , were increased beyond the figure at which it was originally contemplated that they would be let . At all events the rent from them must have been very considerable . I find that the conditions prevailing at the time when the reduction in rent was made , had completely passed away by the early months of 1945 . I am satisfied that the promise was understood by all parties only to apply under the conditions prevailing at the time when it was made , namely , when the flats were only partially let , and that it did not extend any further than that . When the flats became fully let , early in 1945 , the reduction ceased to apply .

\n

\n In those circumstances , under the law as I hold it , it seems to me that rent is payable at the full rate for the quarters ending September 29 and December 25 , 1945 .

\n

\n If the case had been one of estoppel , it might be said that in any event the estoppel would cease when the conditions to which the representation applied came to an end , or it also might be said that it would only come to an end on notice . In either case it is only a way of ascertaining what is the scope of the representation . I prefer to apply the principle that a promise intended to be binding , intended to be acted on and in fact acted on , is binding so far as its terms properly apply . Here it was binding as covering the period down to the early part of 1945 , and as from that time full rent is payable .

\n

\n I therefore give judgment for the plaintiff company for the amount claimed .

\n

\n Significance ( edit )

\n

\n Advances have been made in promissory estoppel since its inception in High Trees to create a new inroad into the rule in Pinnel 's case that an agreement to accept part payment of a debt in full satisfaction of it is unenforceable for want of consideration . Denning commented that such an agreement should now be enforceable under the doctrine of promissory estoppel , and indeed the plaintiff did not seek the full debt on the basis of what was fair and , perhaps , thought was the law . However , the courts were at first reluctant to overrule or distinguish cases like Pinnel 's case and Foakes v Beer having formed part of the common law for so long . Lady Justice Arden in Collier v P & MJ Wright ( Holdings ) Ltd ( 2007 ) accepted in principle that High Trees could be used to extinguish a creditor 's right to full payment of a debt in such circumstances .

\n

\n In Amalgamated Investment Co v Texas Bank it was decided that proprietory estoppel can act as a sword and not merely as a shield ( that is , it can be used as a cause of action rather than merely providing a defence to an action ) .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Collier v P & MJ Wright ( Holdings ) Ltd ( 2007 ) EWCA Civ 1329
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Amalgamated Investment Co v Texas Bank , ( 1982 ) EWHC 84 ( QB ) .
    3. \n
\n

\n

\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_London_Property_Trust_Ltd_v_High_Trees_House_Ltd&oldid=837737647 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "central london properties v high trees house 1947", "long_answers": ["Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd ( 1947 ) KB 130 ( or the High Trees case ) is an English contract law decision in the High Court . It reaffirmed and extended the doctrine of promissory estoppel in contract law in England and Wales . However , the most significant part of the judgment is obiter dicta as it relates to hypothetical facts ; that is , the landlord did not seek repayment of the full wartime rent .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "New Earswick - wikipedia

\n New Earswick

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n New Earswick
\n New Earswick New Earswick shown within North Yorkshire
\n Population \n 2,737 ( 2011 )
\n OS grid reference \n SE609555
\n Civil parish \n
    \n
  • \n New Earswick
    • \n
\n
\n Unitary authority \n
    \n
  • \n City of York
    • \n
\n
\n Ceremonial county \n
    \n
  • \n North Yorkshire
    • \n
\n
\n Region \n
    \n
  • \n Yorkshire and the Humber
    • \n
\n
\n Country \n England
\n Sovereign state \n United Kingdom
\n Post town \n YORK
\n Postcode district \n YO32
\n Dialling code \n 01904
\n
\n Police \n North Yorkshire
\n Fire \n North Yorkshire
\n Ambulance \n Yorkshire
\n
\n EU Parliament \n Yorkshire and the Humber
\n UK Parliament \n
    \n
  • \n York Outer
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n List of places
\n
\n UK
\n
\n England
\n
\n Yorkshire
\n
\n 53 \u00b0 59 \u2032 31 '' N 1 \u00b0 04 \u2032 21 '' W \ufeff / \ufeff 53.992020 \u00b0 N 1.072380 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 53.992020 ; - 1.072380 Coordinates : 53 \u00b0 59 \u2032 31 '' N 1 \u00b0 04 \u2032 21 '' W \ufeff / \ufeff 53.992020 \u00b0 N 1.072380 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 53.992020 ; - 1.072380
\n

\n New Earswick is a model village and civil parish in the unitary authority of City of York in North Yorkshire , England , near the River Foss , north of York and south of Haxby . According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 2,812 , reducing to 2,737 at the 2011 Census . Before 1996 it had been part of the Ryedale district .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n The village of New Earswick was built as a genuine mixed community . There was housing for both workers and managers , in a green setting with gardens for each home with its own 2 fruit trees . It was founded by the York philanthropist , Joseph Rowntree , who was quoted as saying , `` I do not want to establish communities bearing the stamp of charity but rather of rightly ordered and self governing communities '' . The first 28 houses were built between 1902 and 1904 by the architect Raymond Unwin , after which the Joseph Rowntree Village Trust ( now the Joseph Rowntree Housing Trust ) was established to continue building and manage the new village . The Joseph Rowntree Housing Trust is part of the Joseph Rowntree Foundation .

\n

\n The village had contemporaries such as Bournville , Saltaire , Port Sunlight and others . This was in sharp contrast to the slums that had developed in York and other cities during the previous century , the deprivation of which had been revealed in Seebohm Rowntree 's report of 1901 , entitled Poverty : a study of town life . It revealed appalling statistics of dark , overcrowded and insanitary housing .

\n

\n As a result of the report , Joseph Rowntree 's conviction that it must be possible to provide better housing for people on low incomes led him to acquire 150 acres of land near the village of Earswick , two and a half miles to the north of the centre of York . The planner Raymond Unwin and the architect Barry Parker were commissioned to produce an overall plan for a new ' garden ' village and the detailed designs for its first houses . They also designed the garden cities of Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City .

\n

\n The building of New Earswick created a balanced village community where rents were kept low , but still represented a modest commercial return on the capital invested . Houses were open to any working people , not just Rowntree employees . The village was to be a demonstration of good practice .

\n

\n The Trust Deed of the Joseph Rowntree Village Trust , which was set up in 1904 to build and manage New Earswick , safeguarded generous open green space . All the grass verges were planted with trees after which almost all the roads are named . The village was built with bricks that were made in the brickworks on the outskirts of New Earswick . From 1950 the brickyard , which closed down in the 1930s , was developed into a nature reserve .

\n

\n Due to their religious beliefs , The Rowntree family decreed there would not be a public house in the village . There never has been , although the Sports Club obtained a drink 's license in the 1980s .

\n

\n Governance ( edit )

\n

\n New Earswick is part of the Huntington & New Earswick Ward of the City of York Council . As of 2010 it is represented by Keith Hyman , Keith Orrel and Carol Runciman who are all members of the local Liberal Democrat Party .

\n

\n A Parish Council was created in 1934 consisting of ten elected councillors and a clerk .

\n

\n Community ( edit )

\n

\n There is a local community centre , the Folk Hall , which hosts activities such as keep - fit , yoga , snooker , and a junior youth club . New Earswick has recreational facilities , including a swimming pool ( due for closure without public consultation ) , tennis courts and football , rugby and cricket pitches at the New Earswick Sports and Social Club . There were two open access play areas close to the Folk Hall , including a hard surface play area which have recently been bulldozed for a development of houses . There is a library based in the Integrated Children 's Centre at the local primary school , a doctor 's surgery and a range of shops , including two general stores , a pet shop and Post Office . As of 2017 the Post Office is situated within the Folk Hall .

\n

\n The village has 36 allotments in two areas , Willow Bank and Sleeper Path .

\n

\n In the 1960s , the Folk Hall was a live music venue featuring the likes of Procol Harum and Pink Floyd .

\n

\n Geography ( edit )

\n

\n The River Foss runs along the eastern boundary of New Earswick with the York to Scarborough Line running to the west . The Nestle factory and grounds mark the southern border with the northern border being the A1237 York Outer Ring Road . The village was built using bricks from the brickworks on the outskirts of the village . From 1950 the brickyard was developed into a nature reserve . The reserve is the home of New Earswick Angling Club , which was formed in 1948 .

\n

\n Economy ( edit )

\n

\n Unlike the villages of Port Sunlight , Saltaire and Bournville the village was not designed specifically for the workforce of the nearby Joseph Rowntree Cocoa Works although some do earn their living at the factory which was taken over by Swiss firm , Nestle .

\n

\n Transport ( edit )

\n

\n Transdev York operate a bus service that stops in the village as part of the Askham Bar to Clifton Moor route . First Group operate two bus services that stop in the village as part of the Wigginton to Acomb and Haxby to York City Centre routes .

\n

\n New Earswick was served by Earswick railway station on the York to Beverley Line between 1847 and 1965 .

\n

\n Education ( edit )

\n

\n There are both primary and secondary schools in New Earswick . New Earswick Primary School was built in 1912 . The primary school is one of eight Integrated Children 's Centres in York . Joseph Rowntree School is a secondary school and was built in 1941 . In 2006 , the Joseph Rowntree School secured \u00a3 27million for a complete rebuild that was completed in late 2009 . The catchement area for the secondary school is from the village itself , Huntington , The Groves and the villages of Haxby and Wigginton .

\n

\n Religious sites ( edit )

\n

\n In 1914 the Anglican church of St. Andrew 's was built on the edge of the parish . The church was extended in 1939 to cater for the new housing in South Huntington just across the River Foss . A Methodist chapel and meeting house for the Society of Friends were added later . St. Andrew 's Church is now part of the ecclesiastical parish of Huntington and New Earswick .

\n

\n Sport ( edit )

\n

\n New Earswick Cricket Club play at the recreation ground on White Rose Avenue . As of 2014 their two teams will play in Division 3 ( South ) and Division 4 ( Central ) of the York and District Senior Cricket League .

\n

\n The recreation ground is shared with New Earswick All Blacks , an open age rugby league club that was founded in the 1980s and currently play in The Pennines Amateur Rugby League competition , in 2013 / 4 , playing in the Championship ( the second tier ) .

\n

\n Steve Webster , 10 times FIM Sidecar World Championships , world champion was born and raised in the village. .

\n

\n Gallery ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Views of New Earswick
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n The Folk Hall in New Earswick
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n White Rose Avenue in New Earswick
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Westfield Beck behind housing on the west of New Earswick
\n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Civil Parish population 2011 '' . Neighbourhood Statistics . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 19 February 2016 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Village History '' . Retrieved 12 December 2010 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Village planning '' . Retrieved 12 December 2010 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` New Earswick : a village of new ideas '' . BBC . Retrieved 29 March 2014 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Couoncillors '' . Retrieved 12 December 2010 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Village Information '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Procol Harum and Pink Floyd play New Earswick '' . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Transdev Bus Service '' . Retrieved 12 December 2010 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` First Bus Services '' . Retrieved 12 December 2010 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Butt , R.V.J. ( 1995 ) . The Directory of Railway Stations : details every public and private passenger station , halt , platform and stopping place , past and present ( 1st ed . ) . Sparkford : Patrick Stephens Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85260 - 508 - 7 . OCLC 60251199 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Primary School '' . Retrieved 12 December 2010 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Catchment Area '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 12 December 2010 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Cricket '' . Retrieved 16 March 2014 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` New Earswick All Blacks '' . Archived from the original on 16 January 2008 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Havard , Jane ( 1992 ) . A Bit On The Side . Menoshire . p. 1 . ISBN 0947981667 .
    16. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Earswick&oldid=826057861 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who designed the garden city of new earswick", "long_answers": ["As a result of the report , Joseph Rowntree 's conviction that it must be possible to provide better housing for people on low incomes led him to acquire 150 acres of land near the village of Earswick , two and a half miles to the north of the centre of York . The planner Raymond Unwin and the architect Barry Parker were commissioned to produce an overall plan for a new ' garden ' village and the detailed designs for its first houses . They also designed the garden cities of Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City .\n", "The village of New Earswick was built as a genuine mixed community . There was housing for both workers and managers , in a green setting with gardens for each home with its own 2 fruit trees . It was founded by the York philanthropist , Joseph Rowntree , who was quoted as saying , `` I do not want to establish communities bearing the stamp of charity but rather of rightly ordered and self governing communities '' . The first 28 houses were built between 1902 and 1904 by the architect Raymond Unwin , after which the Joseph Rowntree Village Trust ( now the Joseph Rowntree Housing Trust ) was established to continue building and manage the new village . The Joseph Rowntree Housing Trust is part of the Joseph Rowntree Foundation .\n"], "short_answers": ["The planner Raymond Unwin and the architect Barry Parker\n", "planner Raymond Unwin and the architect Barry Parker\n", "planner Raymond Unwin\n", "architect Barry Parker\n", "Raymond Unwin\n"]} {"text": "Now That I 've Found You : a Collection - wikipedia

\n Now That I 've Found You : a Collection

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Now That I 've Found You : A Collection
\n
\n Compilation album by Alison Krauss
\n Released \n February 7 , 1995
\n Genre \n Bluegrass / Country
\n Length \n 42 : 31
\n Label \n Rounder
\n Producer \n Alison Krauss & Union Station
\n Alison Krauss chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n I Know Who Holds Tomorrow ( 1994 ) I Know Who Holds Tomorrow 1994 \n Now That I 've Found You : A Collection ( 1995 ) \n So Long So Wrong ( 1997 ) So Long So Wrong 1997
\n
\n
\n Singles from Now That I 've Found You : A Collection
\n
    \n
  1. \n `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' Released : 1995
    2. \n
  2. \n `` Oh , Atlanta '' Released : 1995
    3. \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Professional ratings
\n Review scores
\n Source \n Rating
\n Allmusic \n
\n Robert Christgau \n A \u2212
\n Rolling Stone \n
\n

\n Now That I 've Found You : A Collection is an album by Alison Krauss , released February 7 , 1995 . It is a retrospective of the early part of Krauss ' recording career . It includes songs that appeared on her solo albums , albums by Alison Krauss & Union Station , and some that appeared on an album by Alison Krauss & the Cox Family . It also contains some new material .

\n

\n The album features the hit country single `` When You Say Nothing at All '' , sold over two million copies earning double platinum RIAA certification . The title single `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' won the Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance and `` When You Say Nothing at All '' was named Single of the Year by the Country Music Association .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Track listing ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n `` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' ( Tony Macaulay , John MacLeod ) -- 3 : 49 \n
    2. \n
  2. \n `` Oh , Atlanta '' ( Mick Ralphs ) -- 4 : 41 \n
    3. \n
  3. \n `` Broadway '' ( Sidney & Suzanne Cox ) -- 3 : 57 \n
    4. \n
  4. \n `` Every Time You Say Goodbye '' ( John Pennell ) -- 3 : 13 \n
    5. \n
  5. \n `` Tonight I 'll Be Lonely Too '' ( Sidney Cox ) -- 3 : 25 \n
    6. \n
  6. \n `` Teardrops Will Kiss the Morning Dew '' ( Paul Craft ) -- 3 : 38 \n
    7. \n
  7. \n `` Sleep On '' ( Nelson Mandrell ) -- 2 : 23 \n
    8. \n
  8. \n `` When God Dips His Pen of Love in My Heart '' ( Cleavant Derricks ) -- 2 : 26 \n
    9. \n
  9. \n `` I Will '' ( John Lennon , Paul McCartney ) -- 4 : 04 \n
    10. \n
  10. \n `` I Do n't Believe You 've Met My Baby '' ( Autry Inman ) -- 3 : 10 \n
    11. \n
  11. \n `` In the Palm of Your Hand '' ( Ron Block ) -- 3 : 24 \n
    12. \n
  12. \n `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( Paul Overstreet , Don Schlitz ) -- 4 : 21 \n
    13. \n
\n

\n Personnel ( edit )

\n \n

\n Chart performance ( edit )

\n

\n Album ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 1995 ) \n Peak position
\n Canadian RPM Country Albums \n
\n U.S. Billboard 200 \n 13
\n U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Allmusic review
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Robert Christgau review
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Rolling Stone review
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Alison Krauss Artist Chart Position at Billboard
    5. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Preceded by The Woman in Me by Shania Twain \n RPM Country Albums number - one album October 30 - November 5 , 1995 \n Succeeded by Starting Over by Reba McEntire
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Alison Krauss & Union Station
\n
    \n
  • \n Alison Krauss
    • \n
  • \n Barry Bales
    • \n
  • \n Ron Block
    • \n
  • \n Jerry Douglas
    • \n
  • \n Dan Tyminski
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n John Pennell
    • \n
  • \n Jeff White
    • \n
  • \n Brent Truitt
    • \n
  • \n Mike Harman
    • \n
  • \n Adam Steffey
    • \n
  • \n Tim Stafford
    • \n
\n
\n Studio albums \n
    \n
  • \n Different Strokes
    • \n
  • \n Too Late to Cry
    • \n
  • \n Two Highways
    • \n
  • \n I 've Got That Old Feeling
    • \n
  • \n Every Time You Say Goodbye
    • \n
  • \n I Know Who Holds Tomorrow
    • \n
  • \n So Long So Wrong
    • \n
  • \n Forget About It
    • \n
  • \n New Favorite
    • \n
  • \n Lonely Runs Both Ways
    • \n
  • \n Paper Airplane
    • \n
  • \n Windy City
    • \n
\n
\n Compilation albums \n
    \n
  • \n Now That I 've Found You : A Collection
    • \n
  • \n Live
    • \n
  • \n A Hundred Miles or More : A Collection
    • \n
  • \n Essential Alison Krauss
    • \n
\n
\n With Robert Plant \n
    \n
  • \n Raising Sand
    • \n
\n
\n Singles \n
    \n
  • \n `` When You Say Nothing at All ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Baby Now That I 've Found You ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Baby Mine ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Lucky One ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Missing You ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Please Read the Letter ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Rich Woman ''
    • \n
\n
\n Featured singles \n
    \n
  • \n `` Teach Your Children ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Somewhere in the Vicinity of the Heart ''
    • \n
  • \n `` It 's Not Over ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Buy Me a Rose ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Whiskey Lullaby ''
    • \n
\n
\n Related articles \n
    \n
  • \n Discography
    • \n
  • \n Awards and nominations
    • \n
  • \n Alison Brown
    • \n
  • \n Robert Plant
    • \n
  • \n Viktor Krauss
    • \n
  • \n Up ! Close and Personal
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Now_That_I%27ve_Found_You:_A_Collection&oldid=808197945 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "alison krauss now that i've found you album", "long_answers": ["`` Baby , Now That I 've Found You '' ( Tony Macaulay , John MacLeod ) -- 3 : 49 ( Previously Unreleased ) `` Oh , Atlanta '' ( Mick Ralphs ) -- 4 : 41 ( Previously Unreleased ) `` Broadway '' ( Sidney & Suzanne Cox ) -- 3 : 57 ( Previously Unreleased ) `` Every Time You Say Goodbye '' ( John Pennell ) -- 3 : 13 ( From the Album `` Every Time You Say Goodbye '' by Alison Krauss & Union Station ) `` Tonight I 'll Be Lonely Too '' ( Sidney Cox ) -- 3 : 25 ( From the Album `` I 've Got That Old Feeling '' by Alison Krauss ) `` Teardrops Will Kiss the Morning Dew '' ( Paul Craft ) -- 3 : 38 ( From the Album `` Two Highways '' by Alison Krauss & Union Station ) `` Sleep On '' ( Nelson Mandrell ) -- 2 : 23 ( From the Album `` Too Late to Cry '' by Alison Krauss ) `` When God Dips His Pen of Love in My Heart '' ( Cleavant Derricks ) -- 2 : 26 ( From the Album `` Everybody 's Reaching Out for Someone '' by The Cox Family ) `` I Will '' ( John Lennon , Paul McCartney ) -- 4 : 04 ( From the Album `` Within Reach '' by Tony Furtado ) `` I Do n't Believe You 've Met My Baby '' ( Autry Inman ) -- 3 : 10 ( From the Album `` Slide Rule '' by Jerry Douglas ) `` In the Palm of Your Hand '' ( Ron Block ) -- 3 : 24 ( From the Album `` I Know Who Holds Tomorrow '' by Alison Krauss & The Cox Family ) `` When You Say Nothing at All '' ( Paul Overstreet , Don Schlitz ) -- 4 : 21 ( From the Album `` Keith Whitley : A Tribute Album '' performed by Alison Krauss & Union Station )\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Evolution of the eye - wikipedia

\n Evolution of the eye

\n Jump to : navigation , search Major stages in the evolution of the eye in vertebrates .

\n The evolution of the eye is attractive to study , because the eye distinctively exemplifies an analogous organ found in many animal forms . Complex , image - forming eyes have evolved independently several times . The evolutionary geneticist Walter Gering holds a different opinion . According his theory , the genes engaged with photoreceptor cells ( so called Pax 6 genes ) appeared probably at once in the life history , at a very early stage of the evolution . Probably , the complex , image forming kinds of eyes are at least five : Chidaria - lens eye , complex eye ; Molluscs - lens eye , everse retina ; Annelids - lens eye , everse retina ; Arthropods - facet eye ; Vertebrate - lens eye , inverse retina

\n

\n Complex eyes appeared first within the few million years of the Cambrian explosion . From before the Cambrian , no evidence of eyes has survived , but diverse eyes are known from the Burgess shale of the Middle Cambrian , and from the slightly older Emu Bay Shale . Eyes are adapted to the various requirements of their owners . They vary in their visual acuity , the range of wavelengths they can detect , their sensitivity in low light , their ability to detect motion or to resolve objects , and whether they can discriminate colours .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History of research ( edit )

\n The human eye , showing the iris

\n In 1802 , philosopher William Paley called it a miracle of `` design '' . Charles Darwin himself wrote in his Origin of Species , that the evolution of the eye by natural selection seemed at first glance `` absurd in the highest possible degree '' . However , he went on that despite the difficulty in imagining it , its evolution was perfectly feasible :

\n

\n ... if numerous gradations from a simple and imperfect eye to one complex and perfect can be shown to exist , each grade being useful to its possessor , as is certainly the case ; if further , the eye ever varies and the variations be inherited , as is likewise certainly the case and if such variations should be useful to any animal under changing conditions of life , then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection , though insuperable by our imagination , should not be considered as subversive of the theory .

\n

\n He suggested a stepwise evolution from `` an optic nerve merely coated with pigment , and without any other mechanism '' to `` a moderately high stage of perfection '' , and gave examples of existing intermediate steps . Darwin 's suggestions were soon shown to be correct , and current research is investigating the genetic mechanisms underlying eye development and evolution .

\n

\n Biologist D.E. Nilsson has independently theorized about four general stages in the evolution of a vertebrate eye from a patch of photoreceptors . Nilsson and S. Pelger estimated in a classical paper how many generations are needed to evolve a complex eye in vertebrates . Another researcher , G.C. Young , has used the fossil record to infer evolutionary conclusions , based on the structure of eye orbits and openings in fossilized skulls for blood vessels and nerves to go through . All this adds to the growing amount of evidence that supports Darwin 's theory .

\n

\n Rate of evolution ( edit )

\n

\n The first fossils of eyes found to date are from the lower Cambrian period ( about 540 million years ago ) . The lower Cambrian had a burst of apparently rapid evolution , called the `` Cambrian explosion '' . One of the many hypotheses for `` causes '' of the Cambrian explosion is the `` Light Switch '' theory of Andrew Parker : It holds that the evolution of eyes started an arms race that accelerated evolution . Before the Cambrian explosion , animals may have sensed light , but did not use it for fast locomotion or navigation by vision .

\n

\n The rate of eye evolution is difficult to estimate , because the fossil record , particularly of the lower Cambrian , is poor . How fast a circular patch of photoreceptor cells evolve into a fully functional vertebrate eye has been estimated based on rates of mutation , relative advantage to the organism , and natural selection . However , the time needed for each state was consistently overestimated and the generation time was set to one year , which is common in small animals . Even with these pessimistic values , the vertebrate eye would still evolve from a patch of photoreceptor cells in less than 364,000 years .

\n

\n One origin or many ? ( edit )

\n

\n Whether the eye evolved once or many times depends on the definition of an eye . All eyed animals share much of the genetic machinery for eye development . This suggests that the ancestor of eyed animals had some form of light - sensitive machinery -- even if it was not a dedicated optical organ . However , even photoreceptor cells may have evolved more than once from molecularly similar chemoreceptor cells . Probably , photoreceptor cells existed long before the Cambrian explosion . Higher - level similarities -- such as the use of the protein crystallin in the independently derived cephalopod and vertebrate lenses -- reflect the co-option of a more fundamental protein to a new function within the eye .

\n

\n A shared trait common to all light - sensitive organs are opsins . Opsins belong to a family of photo - sensitive proteins and fall into nine groups , which already existed in the urbilaterian , the last common ancestor of all bilateral symmetrical animals . Additionally , the genetic toolkit for positioning eyes is shared by all animals : The PAX6 gene controls where eyes develop in animals ranging from octopuses to mice and fruit flies . Such high - level genes are , by implication , much older than many of the structures that they control today ; they must originally have served a different purpose , before they were co-opted for eye development .

\n

\n Eyes and other sensory organs probably evolved before the brain : There is no need for an information - processing organ ( brain ) before there is information to process .

\n

\n Stages of eye evolution ( edit )

\n The stigma ( 2 ) of the euglena hides a light - sensitive spot .

\n The earliest predecessors of the eye were photoreceptor proteins that sense light , found even in unicellular organisms , called `` eyespots '' . Eyespots can only sense ambient brightness : they can distinguish light from dark , sufficient for photoperiodism and daily synchronization of circadian rhythms . They are insufficient for vision , as they can not distinguish shapes or determine the direction light is coming from . Eyespots are found in nearly all major animal groups , and are common among unicellular organisms , including euglena . The euglena 's eyespot , called a stigma , is located at its anterior end . It is a small splotch of red pigment which shades a collection of light sensitive crystals . Together with the leading flagellum , the eyespot allows the organism to move in response to light , often toward the light to assist in photosynthesis , and to predict day and night , the primary function of circadian rhythms . Visual pigments are located in the brains of more complex organisms , and are thought to have a role in synchronising spawning with lunar cycles . By detecting the subtle changes in night - time illumination , organisms could synchronise the release of sperm and eggs to maximise the probability of fertilisation .

\n

\n Vision itself relies on a basic biochemistry which is common to all eyes . However , how this biochemical toolkit is used to interpret an organism 's environment varies widely : eyes have a wide range of structures and forms , all of which have evolved quite late relative to the underlying proteins and molecules .

\n

\n At a cellular level , there appear to be two main `` designs '' of eyes , one possessed by the protostomes ( molluscs , annelid worms and arthropods ) , the other by the deuterostomes ( chordates and echinoderms ) .

\n

\n The functional unit of the eye is the photoreceptor cell , which contains the opsin proteins and responds to light by initiating a nerve impulse . The light sensitive opsins are borne on a hairy layer , to maximise the surface area . The nature of these `` hairs '' differs , with two basic forms underlying photoreceptor structure : microvilli and cilia . In the eyes of protostomes , they are microvilli : extensions or protrusions of the cellular membrane . But in the eyes of deuterostomes , they are derived from cilia , which are separate structures . However , outside the eyes an organism may use the other type of photoreceptor cells , for instance the clamworm Platynereis dumerilii uses microvilliar cells in the eyes but has additionally deep brain ciliary photoreceptor cells . The actual derivation may be more complicated , as some microvilli contain traces of cilia -- but other observations appear to support a fundamental difference between protostomes and deuterostomes . These considerations centre on the response of the cells to light -- some use sodium to cause the electric signal that will form a nerve impulse , and others use potassium ; further , protostomes on the whole construct a signal by allowing more sodium to pass through their cell walls , whereas deuterostomes allow less through .

\n

\n This suggests that when the two lineages diverged in the Precambrian , they had only very primitive light receptors , which developed into more complex eyes independently .

\n

\n Early eyes ( edit )

\n

\n The basic light - processing unit of eyes is the photoreceptor cell , a specialized cell containing two types of molecules in a membrane : the opsin , a light - sensitive protein , surrounding the chromophore , a pigment that distinguishes colors . Groups of such cells are termed `` eyespots '' , and have evolved independently somewhere between 40 and 65 times . These eyespots permit animals to gain only a very basic sense of the direction and intensity of light , but not enough to discriminate an object from its surroundings .

\n

\n Developing an optical system that can discriminate the direction of light to within a few degrees is apparently much more difficult , and only six of the thirty - some phyla possess such a system . However , these phyla account for 96 % of living species .

\n The planarian has `` cup '' eyespots that can slightly distinguish light direction .

\n These complex optical systems started out as the multicellular eyepatch gradually depressed into a cup , which first granted the ability to discriminate brightness in directions , then in finer and finer directions as the pit deepened . While flat eyepatches were ineffective at determining the direction of light , as a beam of light would activate exactly the same patch of photo - sensitive cells regardless of its direction , the `` cup '' shape of the pit eyes allowed limited directional differentiation by changing which cells the lights would hit depending upon the light 's angle . Pit eyes , which had arisen by the Cambrian period , were seen in ancient snails , and are found in some snails and other invertebrates living today , such as planaria . Planaria can slightly differentiate the direction and intensity of light because of their cup - shaped , heavily pigmented retina cells , which shield the light - sensitive cells from exposure in all directions except for the single opening for the light . However , this proto - eye is still much more useful for detecting the absence or presence of light than its direction ; this gradually changes as the eye 's pit deepens and the number of photoreceptive cells grows , allowing for increasingly precise visual information .

\n

\n When a photon is absorbed by the chromophore , a chemical reaction causes the photon 's energy to be transduced into electrical energy and relayed , in higher animals , to the nervous system . These photoreceptor cells form part of the retina , a thin layer of cells that relays visual information , including the light and day - length information needed by the circadian rhythm system , to the brain . However , some jellyfish , such as Cladonema , have elaborate eyes but no brain . Their eyes transmit a message directly to the muscles without the intermediate processing provided by a brain .

\n

\n During the Cambrian explosion , the development of the eye accelerated rapidly , with radical improvements in image - processing and detection of light direction .

\n The primitive nautilus eye functions similarly to a pinhole camera .

\n After the photosensitive cell region invaginated , there came a point when reducing the width of the light opening became more efficient at increasing visual resolution than continued deepening of the cup . By reducing the size of the opening , organisms achieved true imaging , allowing for fine directional sensing and even some shape - sensing . Eyes of this nature are currently found in the nautilus . Lacking a cornea or lens , they provide poor resolution and dim imaging , but are still , for the purpose of vision , a major improvement over the early eyepatches .

\n

\n Overgrowths of transparent cells prevented contamination and parasitic infestation . The chamber contents , now segregated , could slowly specialize into a transparent humour , for optimizations such as colour filtering , higher refractive index , blocking of ultraviolet radiation , or the ability to operate in and out of water . The layer may , in certain classes , be related to the moulting of the organism 's shell or skin . An example of this can be observed in Onychophorans where the cuticula of the shell continues to the cornea . The cornea is composed of either one or two cuticular layers depending on how recently the animal has moulted . Along with the lens and two humors , the cornea is responsible for converging light and aiding the focusing of it on the back of the retina . The cornea protects the eyeball while at the same time accounting for approximately 2 / 3 of the eye 's total refractive power .

\n

\n It is likely that a key reason eyes specialize in detecting a specific , narrow range of wavelengths on the electromagnetic spectrum -- the visible spectrum -- is because the earliest species to develop photosensitivity were aquatic , and only two specific wavelength ranges of electromagnetic radiation , blue and green visible light , can travel through water . This same light - filtering property of water also influenced the photosensitivity of plants .

\n

\n Lens formation and diversification ( edit )

\n Light from a distant object and a near object being focused by changing the curvature of the lens

\n In a lensless eye , the light emanating from a distant point hits the back of the eye with about the same size as the eye 's aperture . With the addition of a lens this incoming light is concentrated on a smaller surface area , without reducing the overall intensity of the stimulus . The focal length of an early lobopod with lens - containing simple eyes focused the image behind the retina , so while no part of the image could be brought into focus , the intensity of light allowed the organism to see in deeper ( and therefore darker ) waters . A subsequent increase of the lens 's refractive index probably resulted in an in - focus image being formed .

\n

\n The development of the lens in camera - type eyes probably followed a different trajectory . The transparent cells over a pinhole eye 's aperture split into two layers , with liquid in between . The liquid originally served as a circulatory fluid for oxygen , nutrients , wastes , and immune functions , allowing greater total thickness and higher mechanical protection . In addition , multiple interfaces between solids and liquids increase optical power , allowing wider viewing angles and greater imaging resolution . Again , the division of layers may have originated with the shedding of skin ; intracellular fluid may infill naturally depending on layer depth .

\n

\n Note that this optical layout has not been found , nor is it expected to be found . Fossilization rarely preserves soft tissues , and even if it did , the new humour would almost certainly close as the remains desiccated , or as sediment overburden forced the layers together , making the fossilized eye resemble the previous layout .

\n Compound eye of Antarctic krill

\n Vertebrate lenses are composed of adapted epithelial cells which have high concentrations of the protein crystallin . These crystallins belong to two major families , the \u03b1 - crystallins and the \u03b2\u03b3 - crystallins . Both were categories of proteins originally used for other functions in organisms , but eventually were adapted for the sole purpose of vision in animal eyes . In the embryo , the lens is living tissue , but the cellular machinery is not transparent so must be removed before the organism can see . Removing the machinery means the lens is composed of dead cells , packed with crystallins . These crystallins are special because they have the unique characteristics required for transparency and function in the lens such as tight packing , resistance to crystallization , and extreme longevity , as they must survive for the entirety of the organism 's life . The refractive index gradient which makes the lens useful is caused by the radial shift in crystallin concentration in different parts of the lens , rather than by the specific type of protein : it is not the presence of crystallin , but the relative distribution of it , that renders the lens useful .

\n

\n It is biologically difficult to maintain a transparent layer of cells . Deposition of transparent , nonliving , material eased the need for nutrient supply and waste removal . Trilobites used calcite , a mineral which today is known to be used for vision only in a single species of brittle star . In other compound eyes and camera eyes , the material is crystallin . A gap between tissue layers naturally forms a biconvex shape , which is optically and mechanically ideal for substances of normal refractive index . A biconvex lens confers not only optical resolution , but aperture and low - light ability , as resolution is now decoupled from hole size -- which slowly increases again , free from the circulatory constraints .

\n

\n Independently , a transparent layer and a nontransparent layer may split forward from the lens : a separate cornea and iris . ( These may happen before or after crystal deposition , or not at all . ) Separation of the forward layer again forms a humour , the aqueous humour . This increases refractive power and again eases circulatory problems . Formation of a nontransparent ring allows more blood vessels , more circulation , and larger eye sizes . This flap around the perimeter of the lens also masks optical imperfections , which are more common at lens edges . The need to mask lens imperfections gradually increases with lens curvature and power , overall lens and eye size , and the resolution and aperture needs of the organism , driven by hunting or survival requirements . This type is now functionally identical to the eye of most vertebrates , including humans . Indeed , `` the basic pattern of all vertebrate eyes is similar . ''

\n

\n Other developments ( edit )

\n Color vision ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n Five classes of visual opsins are found in vertebrates . All but one of these developed prior to the divergence of Cyclostomata and fish . The five opsin classes are variously adapted depending on the light spectrum encountered . As light travels through water , longer wavelengths , such as reds and yellows , are absorbed more quickly than the shorter wavelengths of the greens and blues . This creates a gradient of light as the depth of water increases . The visual opsins in fish are more sensitive to the range of light in their habitat and depth . However , land environments do not vary in wavelength composition , so that the opsin sensitivities among land vertebrates does not vary much . This directly contributes to the significant presence of communication colors . Color vision gives distinct selective advantages , such as better recognition of predators , food , and mates . Indeed , it is thought that simple sensory - neural mechanisms may selectively control general behavior patterns , such as escape , foraging , and hiding . Many examples of wavelength - specific behaviors have been identified , in two primary groups : Below 450 nm , associated with direct light , and above 450 nm , associated with reflected light . As opsin molecules were tuned to detect different wavelengths of light , at some point color vision developed when the photoreceptor cells used differently tuned opsins . This may have happened at any of the early stages of the eye 's evolution , and may have disappeared and reevolved as organisms became predator or prey . Similarly , night and day vision emerged when photoreceptor cells differentiated into rods and cones , respectively .

\n Further information : Evolution of color vision Polarization vision ( edit )

\n As discussed earlier , the properties of light under water differ from those in air . One example of this is the polarization of light . Polarization is the organization of originally disordered light , from the sun , into linear arrangements . This occurs when light passes through slit like filters , as well as when passing into a new medium . Sensitivity to polarized light is especially useful for organisms whose habitats are located more than a few meters under water . In this environment , color vision is less dependable , and therefore a weaker selective factor . While most photoreceptors have the ability to distinguish partially polarized light , terrestrial vertebrates ' membranes are orientated perpendicularly , such that they are insensitive to polarized light . However , some fish can discern polarized light , demonstrating that they possess some linear photoreceptors . Additionally , cuttlefish are capable of perceiving the polarization of light with high visual fidelity , although they appear to lack any significant capacity for color differentiation . Like color vision , sensitivity to polarization can aid in an organism 's ability to differentiate surrounding objects and individuals . Because of the marginal reflective interference of polarized light , it is often used for orientation and navigation , as well as distinguishing concealed objects , such as disguised prey .

\n Focusing mechanism ( edit )

\n By utilizing the iris sphincter muscle , some species move the lens back and forth , some stretch the lens flatter . Another mechanism regulates focusing chemically and independently of these two , by controlling growth of the eye and maintaining focal length . In addition , the pupil shape can be used to predict the focal system being utilized . A slit pupil can indicate the common multifocal system , while a circular pupil usually specifies a monofocal system . When using a circular form , the pupil will constrict under bright light , increasing the focal length , and will dilate when dark in order to decrease the depth of focus . Note that a focusing method is not a requirement . As photographers know , focal errors increase as aperture increases . Thus , countless organisms with small eyes are active in direct sunlight and survive with no focus mechanism at all . As a species grows larger , or transitions to dimmer environments , a means of focusing need only appear gradually .

\n Location ( edit )

\n Prey generally have eyes on the sides of their head so to have a larger field of view , from which to avoid predators . Predators , however , have eyes in front of their head in order to have better depth perception . Flatfish are predators which lie on their side on the bottom , and have eyes placed asymmetrically on the same side of the head . A transitional fossil from the common symmetric position is Amphistium .

\n

\n Evolutionary baggage ( edit )

\n Vertebrate Octopus Vertebrates and octopodes developed the camera eye independently . In the vertebrate version the nerve fibers pass in front of the retina , and there is a blind spot where the nerves pass through the retina . In the vertebrate example , 4 represents the blind spot , which is notably absent from the octopus eye . In both vertebrates and octopodes , 1 represents the retina , 2 represents the nerve fibers , and 3 represents the optic nerve . Main article : Evolutionary baggage

\n The eyes of many animals record their evolutionary history in their contemporary anatomy . The vertebrate eye , for instance , is built `` backwards and upside down '' , requiring `` photons of light to travel through the cornea , lens , aqueous fluid , blood vessels , ganglion cells , amacrine cells , horizontal cells , and bipolar cells before they reach the light - sensitive rods and cones that transduce the light signal into neural impulses , which are then sent to the visual cortex at the back of the brain for processing into meaningful patterns . '' While such a construct has some drawbacks , it also allows the outer retina of the vertebrates to sustain higher metabolic activities as compared to the non-inverted design . It also allowed for the evolution of the choroid layer , including the retinal pigment epithelial ( RPE ) cells , which play an important role in protecting the photoreceptive cells from photo - oxidative damage .

\n

\n The camera eyes of cephalopods , in contrast , are constructed the `` right way out '' , with the nerves attached to the rear of the retina . This means that they do not have a blind spot . This difference may be accounted for by the origins of eyes ; in cephalopods they develop as an invagination of the head surface whereas in vertebrates they originate as an extension of the brain .

\n

\n Footnotes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ David Berlinski , an intelligent design proponent , questioned the basis of the calculations , and the author of the original paper refuted Berlinski 's criticism . \n
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ The precise number varies from author to author .
    3. \n
\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` '' An important cue for understanding eye evolution is the distinction between different types of photoreceptor cells . Salvini - Plawen and Mayr ( 1977 ) noted a remarkable diversity of photoreceptor cell morphology across the animal kingdom , and suggested that photoreceptors evolved independently numerous times . '' - Land , M.F. and Nilsson , D. - E. , Animal Eyes ( 2 - nd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , Oxford ( 2012 ) , p. 7 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` '' About 65 % of genes expressed in the retina of the fruit fly are also active in the retina of the mouse '' - Glaeser G. , Paulus H.F. - The Evolution of the Eye , Springer ( 2015 ) , ch. 7 , Pax and homology : the third act in the history of evolution - p. 148
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Glaeser G. , Paulus H.F. - The Evolution of the Eye , Springer ( 2015 ) , ch. 7 , Pax and homology : the third act in the history of evolution - p. 149
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Lee , M.S.Y. ; Jago , J.B. ; Garcia - Bellido , D.C. ; Edgecombe , G.E. ; Gehling , J. G ; Paterson , J.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Modern optics in exceptionally preserved eyes of Early Cambrian arthropods from Australia '' . Nature . 474 : 631 -- 634 . doi : 10.1038 / nature10097 . PMID 21720369 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Darwin , Charles ( 1859 ) . On the Origin of Species . London : John Murray .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Gehring WJ ( 2005 ) . `` New perspectives on eye development and the evolution of eyes and photoreceptors '' . J. Hered. 96 ( 3 ) : 171 -- 84 . doi : 10.1093 / jhered / esi027 . PMID 15653558 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Nilsson , D. - E. ( 2013 ) . `` Eye evolution and its functional basis '' . Visual Neuroscience. 30 : 5 -- 20 . doi : 10.1017 / s0952523813000035 .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Nilsson , D. - E. ; Pelger , S. ( 1994 ) . `` A pessimistic estimate of the time required for an eye to evolve '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 256 : 53 -- 58 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 1994.0048 . PMID 8008757 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Young , G.C. ( 2008 ) . `` Early evolution of the vertebrate eye -- fossil evidence '' . Evo Edu Outreach. 1 : 427 -- 438 . doi : 10.1007 / s12052 - 008 - 0087 - y .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Parker , A.R. ( 2009 ) . `` On the origin of optics '' . Optics & Laser Technology . 43 ( 2 ) : 323 -- 329 . Bibcode : 2011OptLT ... 43 ... 323P . doi : 10.1016 / j. optlastec. 2008.12. 020 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Parker , Andrew ( 2003 ) . In the Blink of an Eye : How Vision Sparked the Big Bang of Evolution . Cambridge , MA : Perseus Pub . ISBN 0 - 7382 - 0607 - 5 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : Nilsson , D-E ; Pelger S ( 1994 ) . `` A pessimistic estimate of the time required for an eye to evolve '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 256 ( 1345 ) : 53 -- 58 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 1994.0048 . PMID 8008757 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Nilsson , D.E. ( 1996 ) . `` Eye ancestry : old genes for new eyes '' . Current Biology . 6 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 42 . doi : 10.1016 / S0960 - 9822 ( 02 ) 00417 - 7 . PMID 8805210 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Zinovieva , R. ; Piatigorsky , J. ; Tomarev , S.I. ( 1999 ) . `` O - Crystallin , arginine kinase and ferritin from the octopus lens '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta ( BBA ) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology. 1431 ( 2 ) : 512 -- 517 . doi : 10.1016 / S0167 - 4838 ( 99 ) 00066 - 7 .
    15. \n
  15. \n ^ Jump up to : Scotland , R.W. ( 2010 ) . `` Deep homology : A view from systematics '' . BioEssays. 32 ( 5 ) : 438 -- 449 . doi : 10.1002 / bies. 200900175 . PMID 20394064 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Ramirez , MD ; Pairett , AN ; Pankey , MS ; Serb , JM ; Speiser , DI ; Swafford , AJ ; Oakley , TH ( 26 October 2016 ) . `` The last common ancestor of most bilaterian animals possessed at least 9 opsins '' . Genome Biology and Evolution : evw248 . doi : 10.1093 / gbe / evw248 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Yoshida , Masa - aki ; Yura , Kei ; Ogura , Atsushi ( 5 March 2014 ) . `` Cephalopod eye evolution was modulated by the acquisition of Pax - 6 splicing variants '' . Scientific Reports . nature.com. 4 . Bibcode : 2014NatSR ... 4E4256Y . doi : 10.1038 / srep04256 . PMC 3942700 . PMID 24594543 . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Halder , G. ; Callaerts , P. ; Gehring , W.J. ( 1995 ) . `` New perspectives on eye evolution '' . Current Opinion in Genetics & Development . 5 ( 5 ) : 602 -- 609 . doi : 10.1016 / 0959 - 437X ( 95 ) 80029 - 8 . PMID 8664548 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Halder , G. ; Callaerts , P. ; Gehring , W. ( 1995 ) . `` Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila '' . Science . 267 ( 5205 ) : 1788 -- 92 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 267.1788 H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7892602 . PMID 7892602 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Tomarev , S.I. ; Callaerts , P. ; Kos , L. ; Zinovieva , R. ; Halder , G. ; Gehring , W. ; Piatigorsky , J. ( 1997 ) . `` Squid Pax - 6 and eye development '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 94 ( 6 ) : 2421 -- 2426 . Bibcode : 1997PNAS ... 94.2421 T . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 94.6. 2421 . PMC 20103 . PMID 9122210 .
    21. \n
  21. \n ^ Jump up to : Gehring , W.J. ( 13 January 2005 ) . `` New Perspectives on Eye Development and the Evolution of Eyes and Photoreceptors '' ( Full text ) . Journal of Heredity . Oxford Journals. 96 ( 3 ) : 171 -- 184 . doi : 10.1093 / jhered / esi027 . PMID 15653558 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 26 .
    22. \n
  22. \n ^ Jump up to : MF Land ; RD Fernald ( 1992 ) . `` The Evolution of Eyes '' . Annual Review of Neuroscience. 15 : 1 -- 29 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ne. 15.030192. 000245 . PMID 1575438 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Autrum , H ( 1979 ) . `` Introduction '' . In H. Autrum . Comparative Physiology and Evolution of Vision in Invertebrates - A : Invertebrate Photoreceptors . Handbook of Sensory Physiology . VII / 6A . New York : Springer - Verlag . pp. 6 -- 9 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 08837 - 7 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Arendt , D. ; Tessmar - Raible , K. ; Snyman , H. ; Dorresteijn , A.W. ; Wittbrodt , J. ( 29 October 2004 ) . `` Ciliary Photoreceptors with a Vertebrate - Type Opsin in an Invertebrate Brain '' . Science . 306 ( 5697 ) : 869 -- 871 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1099955 . PMID 15514158 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Eye - Evolution ? Archived 15 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine .
    26. \n
  26. \n ^ Jump up to : Fernald , Russell D. ( 2001 ) . The Evolution of Eyes : How Do Eyes Capture Photons ? Karger Gazette 64 : `` The Eye in Focus '' .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Conway - Morris , S. ( 1998 ) . The Crucible of Creation . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Dawkins , Richard ( 1986 ) . The Blind Watchmaker .
    29. \n
  29. \n ^ Jump up to : Schoenemann , B. ; Liu , J.N. ; Shu , D.G. ; Han , J. ; Zhang , Z.F. ( 2008 ) . `` A miniscule optimized visual system in the Lower Cambrian '' . Lethaia. 42 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 273 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1502 - 3931.2008. 00138. x .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Ali , M.A. and M.A. Klyne. 1985 . Vision in vertebrates . New York : Plenum Press
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Fernald , Russell D. ( 2001 ) . The Evolution of Eyes : Why Do We See What We See ? Karger Gazette 64 : `` The Eye in Focus '' .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Fernald , Russell D. ( 1998 ) . Aquatic Adaptations in Fish Eyes . New York , Springer .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Fernald RD ( 1997 ) . `` The evolution of eyes '' . Brain Behav . Evol. 50 ( 4 ) : 253 -- 9 . doi : 10.1159 / 000113339 . PMID 9310200 .
    34. \n
  34. \n ^ Jump up to : Slingsby , C. ; Wistow , G.J. ; Clark , A.R. ( 2013 ) . `` Evolution of crystallins for a role in the vertebrate eye lens '' . Protein Science . 22 : 367 -- 380 . doi : 10.1002 / pro. 2229 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Fernald , Russell D. ( 2001 ) . The Evolution of Eyes : Where Do Lenses Come From ? Karger Gazette 64 : `` The Eye in Focus '' .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Burgess , Daniel S. ( 2001 ) . Brittle Star Features Calcite Lenses , Photonics Spectra
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Ali , Mohamed Ather ; Klyne , M.A. ( 1985 ) . Vision in Vertebrates . New York : Plenum Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 42065 - 1 .
    38. \n
  38. \n ^ Jump up to : Osorio , D ; Vorobyev , M ( 2005 ) . `` Photo - receptor spectral sensitivities in terrestrial animals : adaptations for luminescence and color vision '' . Proc. R. Soc . B .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ G\u00fchmann , Martin ; Jia , Huiyong ; Randel , Nadine ; Veraszt\u00f3 , Csaba ; Bezares - Calder\u00f3n , Luis A. ; Michiels , Nico K. ; Yokoyama , Shozo ; J\u00e9kely , G\u00e1sp\u00e1r ( August 2015 ) . `` Spectral Tuning of Phototaxis by a Go - Opsin in the Rhabdomeric Eyes of Platynereis '' . Current Biology . 25 ( 17 ) : 2265 -- 2271 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2015.07. 017 . PMID 26255845 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Menzel , Randolf ( 1979 ) . `` Spectral Sensitivity and Color Vision in Invertebrates '' . In H. Autrum . Comparative Physiology and Evolution of Vision in Invertebrates - A : Invertebrate Photo - receptors . Handbook of Sensory Physiology . VII / 6A . New York : Springer - Verlag . pp. 504 -- 506 ; 551 -- 558 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 08837 - 7 .
    41. \n
  41. \n ^ Jump up to : Cronin , T ; Shashar , N ; Caldwell , R ; Marshall , J ; Cheroske , A ; Chiou , T ( 2003 ) . `` Polarization vision and its role in biological signaling '' . Integr . Comp. Biol .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ M\u00e4thger , Lydia M. ; Barbosa , Alexandra ; Miner , Simon ; Hanlon , Roger T. ( 2006 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Color blindness and contrast perception in cuttlefish ( Sepia officinalis ) determined by a visual sensorimotor assay '' . Vision Research . 46 ( 11 ) : 1746 -- 1753 . doi : 10.1016 / j. visres. 2005.09. 035 . PMID 16376404 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Malstrom , T ; Kroger , R ( 2006 ) . `` pupil shape and lens optics in the eyes of terrestrial vertebrates '' . The Journal of Experimental Biology .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` Carnivores '' . U.S. Department of the Interior , Bureau of Land Management . 2009 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 28 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Boroditsky , Lera ( 1999 - 06 - 24 ) . `` Light & Eyes : Lecture Notes '' . Lecture Notes . Stanford . Retrieved 11 May 2010 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Dr. Michael Shermer , as quoted by Christopher Hitchens in his book `` God is Not Great '' ( pg. 82 )
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Reichenbach A , Bringmann A. ( 2010 ) . M\u00fcller cells in the healthy and diseased retina . New York : Springer . pp 15 - 20 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ http://www.photobiology.info/Rozanowska.html
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Diagrammatic representation of disc shedding and phagosome retrieval into the pigment epithelial cell. ( 1 )
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Serb , Jeanne M. ; Eernisse , Douglas J. ( 2008 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Charting Evolution 's Trajectory : Using Molluscan Eye Diversity to Understand Parallel and Convergent Evolution '' . Evolution : Education and Outreach. 1 ( 4 ) : 439 -- 447 . doi : 10.1007 / s12052 - 008 - 0084 - 1 . ISSN 1936 - 6426 .
    51. \n
\n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Evolutionary biology
\n
    \n
  • \n Evolutionary history of life
    • \n
  • \n Index of evolutionary biology articles
    • \n
  • \n Introduction
    • \n
  • \n Outline of evolution
    • \n
  • \n Timeline of evolution
    • \n
\n
\n Evolution \n
    \n
  • \n Abiogenesis
    • \n
  • \n Adaptation
    • \n
  • \n Adaptive radiation
    • \n
  • \n Cladistics
    • \n
  • \n Coevolution
    • \n
  • \n Common descent
    • \n
  • \n Convergence
    • \n
  • \n Divergence
    • \n
  • \n Earliest known life forms
    • \n
  • \n Evidence of common descent
    • \n
  • \n Extinction
      \n
    • \n Event
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Gene - centered view
    • \n
  • \n Homology
    • \n
  • \n Last universal common ancestor
    • \n
  • \n Macroevolution
    • \n
  • \n Microevolution
    • \n
  • \n Origin of life
    • \n
  • \n Panspermia
    • \n
  • \n Parallel evolution
    • \n
  • \n Prehistoric Autopsy
    • \n
  • \n Speciation
    • \n
  • \n Taxonomy
    • \n
\n
\n Population genetics \n
    \n
  • \n Biodiversity
    • \n
  • \n Gene flow
    • \n
  • \n Genetic drift
    • \n
  • \n Mutation
    • \n
  • \n Natural selection
    • \n
  • \n Variation
    • \n
\n
\n Development \n
    \n
  • \n Canalisation
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary developmental biology
    • \n
  • \n Inversion
    • \n
  • \n Modularity
    • \n
  • \n Phenotypic plasticity
    • \n
\n
\n Of taxa \n
    \n
  • \n Birds
      \n
    • \n origin
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Brachiopods
    • \n
  • \n Molluscs
      \n
    • \n Cephalopods
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Dinosaurs
    • \n
  • \n Fish
    • \n
  • \n Fungi
    • \n
  • \n Insects
      \n
    • \n butterflies
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Life
    • \n
  • \n Mammals
      \n
    • \n cats
      • \n
    • \n canids
        \n
      • \n wolves
        • \n
      • \n dogs
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n hyenas
      • \n
    • \n dolphins and whales
      • \n
    • \n horses
      • \n
    • \n primates
        \n
      • \n humans
        • \n
      • \n lemurs
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n sea cows
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Plants
    • \n
  • \n Reptiles
    • \n
  • \n Spiders
    • \n
  • \n Tetrapods
    • \n
  • \n Viruses
      \n
    • \n influenza
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Of organs \n
    \n
  • \n Cell
    • \n
  • \n DNA
    • \n
  • \n Flagella
    • \n
  • \n Eukaryotes
      \n
    • \n symbiogenesis
      • \n
    • \n chromosome
      • \n
    • \n endomembrane system
      • \n
    • \n mitochondria
      • \n
    • \n nucleus
      • \n
    • \n plastids
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n In animals
      \n
    • \n eye
      • \n
    • \n hair
      • \n
    • \n auditory ossicle
      • \n
    • \n nervous system
      • \n
    • \n brain
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Of processes \n
    \n
  • \n Aging
      \n
    • \n Death
      • \n
    • \n Programmed cell death
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Avian flight
    • \n
  • \n Biological complexity
    • \n
  • \n Cooperation
    • \n
  • \n Color vision
      \n
    • \n in primates
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Emotion
    • \n
  • \n Empathy
    • \n
  • \n Ethics
    • \n
  • \n Eusociality
    • \n
  • \n Immune system
    • \n
  • \n Metabolism
    • \n
  • \n Monogamy
    • \n
  • \n Morality
    • \n
  • \n Mosaic evolution
    • \n
  • \n Multicellularity
    • \n
  • \n Sexual reproduction
      \n
    • \n Gamete differentiation / sexes
      • \n
    • \n Life cycles / nuclear phases
      • \n
    • \n Mating types
      • \n
    • \n Sex - determination
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Snake venom
    • \n
\n
\n Tempo and modes \n
    \n
  • \n Gradualism / Punctuated equilibrium / Saltationism
    • \n
  • \n Micromutation / Macromutation
    • \n
  • \n Uniformitarianism / Catastrophism
    • \n
\n
\n Speciation \n
    \n
  • \n Allopatric
    • \n
  • \n Anagenesis
    • \n
  • \n Catagenesis
    • \n
  • \n Cladogenesis
    • \n
  • \n Cospeciation
    • \n
  • \n Ecological
    • \n
  • \n Hybrid
    • \n
  • \n Parapatric
    • \n
  • \n Peripatric
    • \n
  • \n Reinforcement
    • \n
  • \n Sympatric
    • \n
\n
\n History \n
    \n
  • \n Renaissance and Enlightenment
    • \n
  • \n Transmutation of species
    • \n
  • \n Charles Darwin
      \n
    • \n On the Origin of Species
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n History of paleontology
    • \n
  • \n Transitional fossil
    • \n
  • \n Blending inheritance
    • \n
  • \n Mendelian inheritance
    • \n
  • \n The eclipse of Darwinism
    • \n
  • \n Modern synthesis
    • \n
  • \n History of molecular evolution
    • \n
  • \n Extended evolutionary synthesis
    • \n
\n
\n Philosophy \n
    \n
  • \n Darwinism
    • \n
  • \n Alternatives
      \n
    • \n Catastrophism
      • \n
    • \n Lamarckism
      • \n
    • \n Orthogenesis
      • \n
    • \n Mutationism
      • \n
    • \n Saltationism
      • \n
    • \n Structuralism
        \n
      • \n Spandrel
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Theistic
      • \n
    • \n Vitalism
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Teleology in biology
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Biogeography
    • \n
  • \n Ecological genetics
    • \n
  • \n Molecular evolution
    • \n
  • \n Phylogenetics
      \n
    • \n Tree
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Polymorphism
    • \n
  • \n Protocell
    • \n
  • \n Systematics
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Commons
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
  • \n WikiProject
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Vision in animals
\n Vision \n
    \n
  • \n Birds
    • \n
  • \n Cats
    • \n
  • \n Chameleons
    • \n
  • \n Dinosaurs
    • \n
  • \n Dogs
    • \n
  • \n Fishes
    • \n
  • \n Horses
    • \n
  • \n Toads
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Eyes \n
    \n
  • \n Arthropod eye
    • \n
  • \n Compound eye
    • \n
  • \n Eagle eye
    • \n
  • \n Eye shine
    • \n
  • \n Simple eye in invertebrates
    • \n
  • \n Mammalian eye
      \n
    • \n Human eye
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Mollusc eye
      \n
    • \n Cephalopod eye
      • \n
    • \n Gastropod eye
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Holochroal eye
    • \n
  • \n Parietal eye
    • \n
  • \n Schizochroal eye
    • \n
\n
\n Evolution \n
    \n
  • \n Evolution of the eye
    • \n
  • \n Evolution of color vision
    • \n
  • \n Evolution of color vision in primates
    • \n
\n
\n Coloration \n
    \n
  • \n Albinism in biology
    • \n
  • \n Animal coloration
    • \n
  • \n Aposematism
    • \n
  • \n Camouflage
    • \n
  • \n Chromatophore
    • \n
  • \n Counter-illumination
    • \n
  • \n Countershading
    • \n
  • \n Crypsis
    • \n
  • \n Deimatic behaviour
    • \n
  • \n Disruptive coloration
    • \n
  • \n Eyespot ( mimicry )
    • \n
  • \n Mimicry
    • \n
  • \n Structural coloration
    • \n
  • \n Underwater camouflage
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Animal senses
    • \n
  • \n Blindness in animals
    • \n
  • \n Eyespot apparatus
    • \n
  • \n Feature detection
    • \n
  • \n Infrared sensing in snakes
    • \n
  • \n Monocular deprivation
    • \n
  • \n Ommatidium
    • \n
  • \n Palpebral ( bone )
    • \n
  • \n Pseudopupil
    • \n
  • \n Rhopalium
    • \n
  • \n Underwater vision
    • \n
  • \n Visual perception
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Evolution_of_the_eye&oldid=838517245 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what is the first step in the evolution of the eye", "long_answers": ["The earliest predecessors of the eye were photoreceptor proteins that sense light , found even in unicellular organisms , called `` eyespots '' . Eyespots can only sense ambient brightness : they can distinguish light from dark , sufficient for photoperiodism and daily synchronization of circadian rhythms . They are insufficient for vision , as they can not distinguish shapes or determine the direction light is coming from . Eyespots are found in nearly all major animal groups , and are common among unicellular organisms , including euglena . The euglena 's eyespot , called a stigma , is located at its anterior end . It is a small splotch of red pigment which shades a collection of light sensitive crystals . Together with the leading flagellum , the eyespot allows the organism to move in response to light , often toward the light to assist in photosynthesis , and to predict day and night , the primary function of circadian rhythms . Visual pigments are located in the brains of more complex organisms , and are thought to have a role in synchronising spawning with lunar cycles . By detecting the subtle changes in night - time illumination , organisms could synchronise the release of sperm and eggs to maximise the probability of fertilisation .\n"], "short_answers": ["photoreceptor proteins that sense light\n", "eyespots\n", "photoreceptor proteins that sense light , found even in unicellular organisms , called `` eyespots ''\n"]} {"text": "The Curse of Oak Island - wikipedia

\n The Curse of Oak Island

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n The Curse of Oak Island
\n
\n Genre \n Reality
\n Narrated by \n Robert Clotworthy
\n Country of origin \n Canada
\n Original language ( s ) \n English
\n No. of seasons \n 5
\n No. of episodes \n 62
\n Production
\n Executive producer ( s ) \n Kevin Burns
\n Camera setup \n Multiple
\n Running time \n 43 minutes
\n Production company ( s ) \n Prometheus Entertainment
\n Distributor \n A&E Networks
\n Release
\n Original network \n History Canada
\n Original release \n January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) -- present
\n External links
\n Website
\n Production website
\n

\n The Curse of Oak Island is an active reality television series that first premiered in Canada on the History network on January 5 , 2014 . The show features what is known as the Oak Island mystery , showing efforts to search for historical artifacts and treasure .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Overview ( edit )

\n

\n The Curse of Oak Island follows brothers Marty and Rick Lagina , originally from Kingsford , Michigan , through their efforts to find the speculated treasure or historical artifacts believed to be on Oak Island . The series discusses the history of the island , recent discoveries , theories , and prior attempts to investigate the site . Areas of interest include the `` Money Pit '' , Borehole 10 - x , Smith 's Cove , `` Nolan 's Cross '' , the `` Hatch '' , the `` Watchtower '' and the `` Swamp '' .

\n

\n Background ( edit )

\n

\n The Lagina brothers became fascinated with the island after reading the January 1965 issue of Reader 's Digest magazine that features an article on the Restall family 's work to investigate the so - called `` Money Pit '' . Marty and his brother Rick obtained a controlling interest in Oak Island Tours , which reportedly owns most of the island . The brothers were later approached by Prometheus Entertainment to do a reality show . Rick and Marty have engaged the assistance of father - and - son Dan and Dave Blankenship , permanent residents of the island who have likewise been searching for treasure since the 1960s .

\n

\n Theories ( edit )

\n

\n The series explores various Oak Island theories and conjectures through conversations with independent researchers . Persons featured have included Zena Halpern discussing her theory about North African gold and sharing copies of a French map of the island which she claims is dated 1347 ; J. Hutton Pulitzer discussing his theory of ancient mariner visitations ; Petter Amundsen discussing his theory about codes hidden in Shakespearen literature and a secret project involving Sir Francis Bacon and the Rosicrucians ; Daniel Ronnstam discussing his theory about the 90 foot stone being a dual cypher containing instructions as how to defeat the money pit flood tunnels with corn ; authors Kathleen McGowen and Alen Butler discussing their theory involving the fabled Knights Templar treasure and an alleged relocation of historical religious artifacts to the island ; and John O'Brien discussing his theory that the island contains treasures of the Aztec Empire . It has also been suggested by Zena Halpern , without evidence , that the Templars worshipped the Phoenician goddess Tanit .

\n

\n Series overview ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Season \n Episodes \n Originally aired
\n First aired \n Last aired
\n \n \n 5 \n January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) \n February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 )
\n \n \n 10 \n November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) \n January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 )
\n \n \n 13 \n November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) \n February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 )
\n \n \n 16 \n November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) \n February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 )
\n \n 5 \n 18 \n November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) \n March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 )
\n

\n Production ( edit )

\n

\n Having started in 2014 , The Curse of Oak Island is currently in its fifth season . On August 2 , 2016 , it was announced that Nova Scotia Business Inc. approved $1,271,546 in film funding for the production of the 4th season . In October 2017 , a fifth season was announced , which began airing on November 7 , 2017 .

\n

\n Episodes ( edit )

\n

\n Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Original air date \n Viewers ( millions )
\n \n \n `` What Lies Below '' \n January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) \n 2.53
\n Brothers Rick and Marty Lagina now own most of Oak Island . Determined to resume the search for treasure on the island , they explore an abandoned shaft called Borehole 10 - X and use water pressure to pump material to the surface . They find a tiny piece of metal .
\n \n \n `` The Mystery of Smith 's Cove '' \n January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) \n 2.35
\n A scuba team that includes Marty 's son Alex Lagina dives Smith 's Cove and finds what are claimed to be non-indigenous coconut fibres and anomalous stones . Meanwhile , more metal fragments and cat bones are found in the slurry from 10 - X .
\n \n \n `` Voices from the Grave '' \n January 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 19 ) \n 2.33
\n As Rick and Marty Lagina begin working to drain a swamp , they are visited by a woman who lost her father and brother to a tragic accident on Oak Island .
\n \n \n `` The Secret of Solomon 's Temple '' \n January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) \n 2.72
\n A visitor to the island presents Rick and Marty Lagina with his theory about where the treasure on Oak Island is located and the idea that the Menorah might be among the treasures for which they are searching .
\n 5 \n 5 \n `` The Find '' \n February 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 09 ) \n 2.97
\n The team digs in a shallow muddy swamp and finds what appears to be an antique Spanish copper coin . A diver is later sent into the swamp and finds no additional objects .
\n

\n Season 2 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Original air date \n Viewers ( millions )
\n 6 \n \n `` Once In , Forever In '' \n November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) \n 2.60
\n After dating the Spanish coin they found last summer to 1652 , brothers Rick and Marty Lagina return to Oak Island and begin searching the swamp again . Two men perform a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance test in which they present a map of ground voids and metals under the ground .
\n 7 \n \n `` Return To The Money Pit '' \n November 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 11 ) \n 2.15
\n The team drills in the area of the money pit but is unable to drill through the underground material . A visitor shows them alleged evidence that the treasures from King Solomon 's Temple could be buried on Oak Island .
\n 8 \n \n `` The Eight - Pointed Star '' \n November 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) \n 2.23
\n A treasure hunter presents a theory that Phoenicians visited the island 2500 years ago and left behind the ark of the covenant . Rick and Marty Lagina unsuccessfully look for evidence to prove it while also trying to locate the original Money Pit .
\n 9 \n \n `` The Breakthrough '' \n November 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 25 ) \n 2.15
\n A tree stump in the swamp is examined . Core samples extracted by drilling are discovered to contain rocks and wood .
\n 10 \n 5 \n `` The 90 - Foot Stone '' \n December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) \n 2.46
\n A visitor comes to the island suggesting that he has discovered a secret method of getting to the treasure . He claims that Francis Bacon has left behind instructions to the effect that the `` flood tunnels '' can be disabled by pouring corn into the money pit . The team declines to test the theory and instead visits a masonic lodge . The team searches the swamp again and finds nothing .
\n 11 \n 6 \n `` Seven Must Dye '' \n December 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 09 ) \n 2.90
\n Rick searches for man - made flood tunnels without success ; Marty and John visit Europe to track down a lead .
\n 12 \n 7 \n `` The Trail of the Templars '' \n December 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 16 ) \n 2.47
\n While work begins in the swamp , Rick and Marty travel to Scotland to investigate more corn - related theories about the money pit . They are also presented with a theory that Oak Island is a copy of King Solomon 's Temple and that the entrance to the Money Pit is in the swamp .
\n 13 \n 8 \n `` X Marks the Spot '' \n December 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 23 ) \n 2.72
\n Rick and Marty search the swamp for an alternate entrance into the Money Pit , without success .
\n 14 \n 9 \n `` A Dangerous Dive '' \n January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) \n 2.59
\n Rick and Marty take a team of divers to Oak Island .
\n 15 \n 10 \n `` The Big Reveal '' \n January 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 13 ) \n 3.06
\n Rick and Marty use sonar to map out the bottom chamber of the 10 - X borehole .
\n

\n Season 3 ( 2015 -- 2016 ) ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Original air date \n Viewers ( millions )
\n 16 \n \n `` The Hole Truth '' \n November 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 10 ) \n 2.26
\n Rick and Marty search for underground tunnels on Oak Island and prep borehole 10 - X for a dive .
\n 17 \n \n `` Pipe Down '' \n November 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 17 ) \n 2.56
\n Prep work for a dive in borehole 10X continues while the team simultaneously searches the area near the Money Pit for shallow treasure .
\n 18 \n \n `` Time to Dig '' \n November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) \n 2.60
\n Rick , Marty and the team go shopping for excavation equipment , investigate the location of a possible Knight 's Templar treasure and search for the original location of the Money Pit .
\n 19 \n \n `` The Overton Stone '' \n December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) \n 3.05
\n Work continues to locate the Money Pit while the team investigates a stone with purported Portuguese carvings .
\n 20 \n 5 \n `` Disappearing Act '' \n December 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 08 ) \n 3.22
\n The team completes preparations for a dive expedition down borehole 10X by investigating the shaft with a camera .
\n 21 \n 6 \n `` Carved in Stone '' \n December 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 15 ) \n 2.47
\n Rick , Marty and the team investigate rocks on Oak Island . A researcher visits the island and claims that the Aztecs may have visited the island in the past .
\n 22 \n 7 \n `` The Missing Peace '' \n December 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 22 ) \n 3.40
\n Rick and Marty welcome long - time rival Fred Nolan into the team .
\n 23 \n 8 \n `` Phantoms of the Deep '' \n December 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 29 ) \n 3.30
\n The team conducts a sonar sweep of the waters surrounding Oak Island and begin digging on Fred Nolan 's property .
\n 24 \n 9 \n `` Columbus Day '' \n January 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 05 ) \n 2.79
\n The team preps for a dive of borehole 10X . They also listen to a theory about Christopher Columbus visiting the Island .
\n 25 \n 10 \n `` Silence in the Dark '' \n January 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 12 ) \n 3.11
\n Difficulties are encountered during the dive to the bottom of borehole 10X , the team further investigates Fred Nolan 's property and an alleged Roman sword found in the waters off Oak Island is presented to the team .
\n 26 \n 11 \n `` Sword Play '' \n January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) \n 2.82
\n The team has the Roman sword investigated and find that it is a modern reproduction . There is an unproductive search for treasure north of the Money Pit .
\n 27 \n 12 \n `` Voices from Below '' \n January 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 26 ) \n 3.17
\n The team dives to the bottom of borehole 10X . In a separate investigation , a cavity is found far underground near the Money Pit .
\n 28 \n 13 \n `` Secrets and Revelations '' \n February 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 02 ) \n 3.41
\n The diving investigation of borehole 10X concludes with nothing found . Relatives of the original Oak Island treasure hunters present a gold cross which is said to have come from the treasure .
\n

\n Season 4 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Original air date \n Viewers ( millions )
\n 29 \n \n `` Going for Broke '' \n November 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 15 ) \n 2.62
\n The team agrees to turn focus over to the Money Pit and review what they have collected . Researcher Zena Halpern presents a handmade copy of what she claims is a French map from 1347 of Oak Island . The map shows locations for a `` hatch '' , a `` valve '' and an `` anchor '' on the Island . A theory is presented based on a purported decoding of a cipher that Joab at the time of King David transported the Ark of the Covenant to North Africa from which it was later transported onward by the Knights Templar from the then - Portuguese town of Safi in Morocco to Oak Island .
\n 30 \n \n `` Always Forward '' \n November 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 22 ) \n 2.66
\n While preparing to excavate the Money Pit , the team investigates an 18th century well on mainland Nova Scotia . The team brings in an archaeologist to inspect a hole on Dave Blankenship 's property which they think is a potential `` hatch '' .
\n 31 \n \n `` Swamp Things '' \n November 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 29 ) \n 2.97
\n A piece of rock with scratches is found , before the team revisits the swamp for another look and finds very little .
\n 32 \n \n `` No Stone Unturned '' \n December 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 06 ) \n 2.95
\n Part of the team unsuccessfully attempts to track down the ' 90 - foot stone ' in nearby Halifax ; while the first excavation in over 50 years begins in the Money Pit .
\n 33 \n 5 \n `` Bullseye '' \n December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) \n 2.82
\n A new theory that Inca gold is buried on Oak Island is offered , albeit without evidence to support it . Meanwhile the team supposedly inches their way to the alleged target in the Money Pit .
\n 34 \n 6 \n `` Circles in Wood '' \n December 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 20 ) \n 3.44
\n A few coins are found on the island , a long way from the money pit . The money pit search for the ' Chappel Vault ' ends in failure so a new target is set for 170ft C - 1 shaft in the Money Pit area .
\n 35 \n 7 \n `` All That Glitters '' \n December 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 27 ) \n 3.68
\n The swamp is drained and searched with a metal detector revealing an old spike . Object not dated . C - 1 Dig Site is drilled to target depth of 170 ft. where previously inserted camera may have seen something shiny and gold colored .
\n 36 \n 8 \n `` The Mystery of Samuel Ball '' \n January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) \n 3.43
\n A tiny amount of evidence is offered supposedly linking an 18th - century slave to the mystery .
\n 37 \n 9 \n `` Echoes from the Deep '' \n January 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 10 ) \n 3.35
\n A camera sent down 10X confirms the divers impression that there is nothing there of note , undermining the camera 's operators previous assertion that they were 90 % certain there was a chest there . Some of the team are in denial about this and insist there is still some point in exploring 10 - X further on the basis that Dan Blankenship has spent so much time on it , it must be the key to the alleged puzzle .
\n 38 \n 10 \n `` About Face '' \n January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) \n 3.04
\n Divers are sent to the bottom of borehole C - 1 . Nothing is found . A rock fifty miles from Oak Island is examined . The team decides to do a new examination of borehole 10X .
\n 39 \n 11 \n `` Presidential Secrets '' \n January 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 24 ) \n 3.20
\n The new examination of borehole 10X concludes . Equipment failure delays excavation of a new hole . Rick heads to the Franklin D. Roosevelt library to learn why the late President was interested in Oak Island .
\n 40 \n 12 \n `` Hyde Park & Seek '' \n January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) \n 3.15
\n A cofferdam is built at Smith 's Cove and the beach is excavated . The team debates where the `` money pit '' might have been .
\n 41 \n 13 \n `` One Of Seven '' \n February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) \n 3.24
\n The team attempts to decode a cipher and concludes that they only possess 1 / 7th of the cipher . Rocks are found at Smith 's Cove . The investigation of the cove is halted for the year . A man from Arizona claims , without any evidence , that several hundred tons of gold are hidden in tunnels near Oak Island .
\n 42 \n 14 \n `` Sticks and Stones '' \n February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) \n 3.20
\n Rocks are examined on Oak Island . Pieces of wood are carbon dated . The third excavation on the island this season reaches bedrock with nothing found . The team decides to dig another hole .
\n 43 \n 15 \n `` Blood is Thicker '' \n February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) \n 3.79
\n

\n The final excavation of the season leads to the discovery of scrap metal pieces , a washer , several hex nuts and a button . Season finale featured McGinnis gold cross , iron spike , and other artifacts evaluated by antiques appraiser Dr. Lori Verderame ( Ph. D. - History of Art and Architecture ) .

\n Note : This episode aired as a 2 - hour special .
\n 44 \n 16 \n `` Drilling Down '' \n February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) \n 1.72
\n

\n The team is interviewed at the end of season . The wood from borehole 10 - X is carbon dated as being from 1670 - 1780 . A new cipher is decoded leading the team to once again believe that there is a `` hatch '' somewhere on the island . The team wants to continue searching the swamp . The team proposes pumping borehole 10 - X dry to enable yet another round of searches . The team wants to search more of the Island with metal detectors in the future .

\n Note : This episode is a special .
\n

\n Season 5 ( 2017 -- 2018 ) ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Original air date \n Viewers ( millions )
\n 45 \n \n `` Forever Family '' \n November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) \n 2.95
\n A diver is sent to the bottom of borehole C - 1 . Mud is recovered . A nail is found in an old spoils pile from GAL - 1 . A copper coin is found in the woods near Issac 's Point .
\n 46 \n \n `` Dead Man 's Chest '' \n November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) \n 2.98
\n The sea chest of a captain who lived in Nova Scotia in the 1780s is examined . Salt water starts coming out the top of borehole C - 1 . Another copper coin is found on the island .
\n 47 \n \n `` Obstruction '' \n November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) \n 2.85
\n Two old British copper coins are found in the woods . The Province of Nova Scotia requests that an archaeologist be on site on Oak Island as an adviser to the treasure hunters . Part of a metal spoon and round rocks are discovered under tree stumps . Based on the rocks and the spoon pieces , Marty Lagina concludes that `` something must have happened here '' . A small piece of scrap metal is found in the mud brought up from one of the new boreholes being drilled in the `` money pit '' area .
\n 48 \n \n `` Close Call '' \n November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) \n 3.36
\n Drilling below bedrock , the team discovers a void in the rock . A hose on the drill detaches resulting in a worker falling backward and suffering a minor injury to his wrist . Drilling is halted for over a week . A toy gun is found in the woods and the team launches an investigation of it . Lee Lamb and Richard Restall visit the island . Richard Restall is identified conclusively as the owner of the toy gun .
\n 49 \n 5 \n `` Bone Dry '' \n December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) \n 3.16
\n An iron spike is found on the beach . Some small pottery fragments are brought up from one of the boreholes . Two human bone fragments were recovered and sent in for testing .
\n 50 \n 6 \n `` Remains of the Day '' \n December 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 12 ) \n 3.01
\n A piece of leather is found . Rick Lagina has headaches and a rash . He is later diagnosed as having lyme disease . The team intends to have the previously discovered human bone fragments carbon dated .
\n 51 \n 7 \n `` The Lot Thickens '' \n December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) \n 3.13
\n A theory is presented that Sir Francis Drake is buried on Oak Island in a vault with gold treasure . It is suggested that the lack of any records documenting Drake travelling to Canada is proof that he must have travelled to Canada . A theory is presented that the scrap leather piece found is from a book binding . A patch of ground is excavated and nothing is found .
\n 52 \n 8 \n `` Dan 's Breakthrough '' \n January 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 02 ) \n 3.31
\n The team discovers a horseshoe , a piece of shot and another coin . It is discovered that one of the words on the Zena Halpern map is the name of a French family ( Rochefoucauld ) who participated in the Crusades . The team presents an unsupported theory that Samuel de Champlain was ordered to incorrectly map Nova Scotia to hide Oak Island by Pierre Dugua , Sieur de Mons at the direction of Rochefoucauld family . The team decides to send several members to France for further investigation of the theory . The testing on the human bone fragments ( found in episode 5 ) indicated that they dated in a range from 1682 AD to 1764 AD .
\n 53 \n 9 \n `` The French Connection '' \n January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) \n 3.02
\n A small pottery fragment is found on Lot 24 . It is determined that the rocks found in Season Five Episode 3 are not consistent with the foundation of a house . The team theorizes , without evidence , that there must have been a `` watchtower '' on Lot 24 . In France , the team establishes that there is no connection between the Rochefoucauld family and the Knights Templar . A Zena Halpern map is examined again and it is determined that the English translations of the map done to present have been incorrect . The team looks at cave carvings in France and consults an expert in the Knights Templar . The team observes a pattern in part of a cave carving that they claim is roughly similar to an upside - down image of the Rochefoucauld family coat of arms and conclude that the family must be linked to the Knights Templar . They find a carving of a multi-armed cross and offer an unsupported theory that it is a representation of the `` Tree of Life '' and that it is the same as Nolan 's Cross on the island . A theory is presented that the cave carving may represent an `` earlier version '' of the `` Tree of Life '' . Based on the information discovered in France , the team concludes that the Oak Island swamp should be excavated again .
\n 54 \n 10 \n `` The Signs Of A Cross '' \n January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) \n 3.34
\n Eight pages of what is alleged to be a transcript of an incomplete log of an unnamed ship are presented . It is claimed , without any evidence , that the log is from a French ship which participated in the Duc d'Anville Nova Scotia expedition of 1746 . More wood , a bone and a metal spike are brought up from a borehole in the money pit area . The shaft excavation reaches an obstruction at 170 feet . A small lead cross is found at Smith 's Cove . It is theorized , with no supporting evidence , that crosses with an attaching loop at the top were used by members of the Knights Templar and that this lead cross dates from the years 1200 to 1600 .
\n 55 \n 11 \n `` Moving Targets '' \n January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) \n 3.32
\n A spoon handle and a piece of brass are found at Smith 's Cove . More pottery fragments , another bone and small bits of leather are found in the material brought up from borehole H8 . The team debates the location of the `` Chappel Vault '' .
\n 56 \n 12 \n `` A Key to the Mystery '' \n January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) \n 3.25
\n The team gains access to Fred Nolan 's survey maps of the island but have difficulty interpreting them . A folding metal key is examined . Searching for a local dumpsite , the team digs a trench on Lot 12 near the former house of Fred Nolan . Pottery fragments are found in the trench .
\n 57 \n 13 \n `` Unhinged '' \n February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) \n 3.32
\n More pottery fragments and a metal hinge are found at the Nolan dumpsite . A part of the swamp is drained and a wooden stake is found . Zena Halpern is shown a picture of the lead cross and claims it is not a cross , but the symbol of the Phoenician goddess Tanit . She further makes unsupported claims that the cross is around 3200 years old ( dating to 1200 BC ) and that the Knights Templar worshiped Tanit . The drilling of the latest borehole encounters an obstruction at 75 feet .
\n 58 \n 14 \n `` The Templar Connection '' \n February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) \n 2.34
\n

\n A history of the Knights Templar is presented along with speculative theories about how they might have been involved with Oak Island .

\n Note : This episode is a special .
\n 59 \n 15 \n `` Steel Trapped '' \n February 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) \n 2.99
\n Independent researcher Kathleen McGowan Coppens offers an unsupported theory that the lead cross was part of a necklace used by Templars to smuggle gold . She also claims that the country of Canada was named by the Templars after the town of Sarlat - la - Can\u00e9da in France . A rusty keyhole plate is found in the woods . On examination , the exposed surface of the drilling obstruction at the money pit appears to be rocks and clay soil . The borehole later fills with water . The team arranges for a diver to go down the borehole .
\n 60 \n 16 \n `` Seeing Red '' \n February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) \n 3.02
\n An excavation is done at Smith 's cove and wood is found . The team plans for further excavations at Smith 's cove next year . A button claimed to be from the 1700s and an old jewelry fragment are located by metal detector .
\n 61 \n 17 \n `` A Family Album '' \n February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) \n 1.98
\n

\n The episode includes accounts of activities on the Oak Island by the McGinnis family , descendants of Samuel Ball , William Chappell 's family , the Restall Family and the family of Robert Dunfield . The Blankenship / Nolan disputes on Oak Island are discussed . The episode ends with a short history of the Lagina brothers ' interest in Oak Island .

\n Note : This episode is a special .
\n 62 \n 18 \n `` Amazing Discoveries '' \n March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) \n 2.89
\n The gem in the Jewelry fragment found on the island is a Rhodolite Garnet stone of small value . The drilling obstruction in the `` money pit '' borehole is determined by divers to be a granite boulder .
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - curse of oak island , the on history '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` History to Premiere New Series ' The Curse of Oak Island ' , 1 / 5 '' . BroadwayWorld . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` History Announces New Series ' The Curse of Oak Island ' '' . Zap2It . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Treasure Hunters : U.P. Natives on History Channel tonight '' . The Mining Journal . Marquette , MI . Associated Press . January 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Marty Lagina 's Wiki : Net Worth , Brother , Wife & Facts to Know '' . Earn The Necklace. 2017 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` About ' The Curse of Oak Island ' '' . History Channel . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Matthes , Ilsa ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Treasure or Money Pit ? : History Channel Star Visits Escanaba School '' . Daily Press . Escanaba , Michigan .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Conaton , Chris ( January 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Curse of Oak Island ' : Slow Going '' . PopMatters . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` History Channel 's Curse of Oak Island gets film funding for Season 4 '' . The Chronicle Herald . 2016 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Facebook , `` Curse of Oak Island '' . Accessed October 6 , 2017 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' Blood , Sweat & Heels ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' Thicker Than Water ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' True Detective ' , ' Ax Men ' , ' Shameless ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Shameless ' , ' True Detective ' , ' Girls ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Live From the Red Carpet ' , ' Curse of Oak Island ' , ' Sister Wives ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.4. 2014 '' .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals Ratings ( & Network Update ) : 11.11. 2014 '' .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.18. 2014 '' .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 11.25. 2014 '' .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.2. 2014 '' .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.9. 2014 '' .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.16. 2014 '' .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.23. 2014 '' .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Real World ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' & More - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Hole Truth Episode Guide '' . history.ca .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : Republican debate sets a Fox Business record '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Pipe Down Episode Guide '' . history.ca .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : ESPN leads quiet primetime , plus ' Curse of Oak Island , ' ' Being Mary Jane ' - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Time To Dig Episode Guide '' . history.ca .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : NBA on TNT leads , plus ' Chrisley Knows Best , ' ' Curse of Oak Island ' - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Overton Stone Episode Guide '' . history.ca .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : It 's a ' Big Bang ' kind of day - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Disappearing Act Episode Guide '' . history.ca .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Family Guy ' leads day , ' Curse of Oak Island ' and ' Moonshiners ' top originals - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Carved In Stone Episode Guide '' . history.ca .
    37. \n
  37. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Shows A-Z - curse of oak island , the on history - TheFutonCritic.com '' .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : Republican debate delivers big numbers for CNN '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Missing Peace Episode Guide '' . history.ca .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' Curse of Oak Island ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' win the day - TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Phantoms of the Deep Episode Guide '' . history.ca .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 12.29. 2015 '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Curse of Oak Island : Columbus Day '' . history.ca .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.5. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Silence in the Dark Episode Guide '' . history.ca .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.12. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` History.ca : Sword Play Episode Guide '' . history.ca .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.19. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` History.ca : The Curse of Oak Island : Voices From Below '' . history.ca .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Update : 1.26. 2016 '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.2. 2016 '' . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ history.com , `` The Curse of Oak Island : Season 4 '' . Accessed November 13 , 2016 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.15. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.29. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.6. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.13. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.20. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.27. 2016 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.3. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.24. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.31. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.7. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.12. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 20 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.19. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 .
    84. \n
  84. \n ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 .
    86. \n
\n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n History original programming
\n Current \n
    \n
  • \n Alone
    • \n
  • \n American Pickers
    • \n
  • \n American Restoration
    • \n
  • \n Ancient Aliens
    • \n
  • \n Counting Cars
    • \n
  • \n The Curse of Oak Island
    • \n
  • \n Forged in Fire
    • \n
  • \n Hunting Hitler
    • \n
  • \n Ice Road Truckers
    • \n
  • \n Knightfall
    • \n
  • \n Mountain Men
    • \n
  • \n Ozzy & Jack 's World Detour
    • \n
  • \n Pawn Stars
    • \n
  • \n Six
    • \n
  • \n Swamp People
    • \n
  • \n Vikings
    • \n
\n
\n Former \n
    \n
  • \n 20th Century with Mike Wallace
    • \n
  • \n Appalachian Outlaws
    • \n
  • \n Alaska Off - Road Warriors
    • \n
  • \n America Unearthed
    • \n
  • \n American Eats
    • \n
  • \n Ancient Discoveries
    • \n
  • \n Ancients Behaving Badly
    • \n
  • \n Around the World in 80 Ways
    • \n
  • \n Ax Men
    • \n
  • \n Barbarians
    • \n
  • \n Battle 360 \u00b0
    • \n
  • \n Battlefield Detectives
    • \n
  • \n Battles BC
    • \n
  • \n Big Easy Motors
    • \n
  • \n Big Rig Bounty Hunters
    • \n
  • \n Big Shrimpin '
    • \n
  • \n Billion Dollar Wreck
    • \n
  • \n Boneyard
    • \n
  • \n Brad Meltzer 's Decoded
    • \n
  • \n Breaking Vegas
    • \n
  • \n Cajun Pawn Stars
    • \n
  • \n Cities of the Underworld
    • \n
  • \n Civil War Combat
    • \n
  • \n Clash of the Gods
    • \n
  • \n The Conquerors
    • \n
  • \n Conquest
    • \n
  • \n The Crusades : Crescent and the Cross
    • \n
  • \n Decisive Battles
    • \n
  • \n Declassified
    • \n
  • \n Decoding the Past
    • \n
  • \n Deep Sea Detectives
    • \n
  • \n Digging for the Truth
    • \n
  • \n Dogfights
    • \n
  • \n Down East Dickering
    • \n
  • \n Engineering an Empire
    • \n
  • \n Evolve
    • \n
  • \n Expedition Africa
    • \n
  • \n Extreme Trains
    • \n
  • \n Food Tech
    • \n
  • \n Full Metal Jousting
    • \n
  • \n Gangland
    • \n
  • \n Gangland Undercover
    • \n
  • \n Great Minds with Dan Harmon
    • \n
  • \n Greatest Tank Battles
    • \n
  • \n God , Guns & Automobiles
    • \n
  • \n Great Lake Warriors
    • \n
  • \n Hairy Bikers
    • \n
  • \n Haunted History
    • \n
  • \n The History of Sex
    • \n
  • \n History 's Business
    • \n
  • \n History 's Lost & Found
    • \n
  • \n History 's Mysteries
    • \n
  • \n How the Earth Was Made
    • \n
  • \n How the States Got Their Shapes
    • \n
  • \n Human Weapon
    • \n
  • \n Ice Pilots NWT
    • \n
  • \n Join or Die with Craig Ferguson
    • \n
  • \n Jurassic Fight Club
    • \n
  • \n Last Stand of the 300
    • \n
  • \n Life After People
    • \n
  • \n The Lost Evidence
    • \n
  • \n Lost in Transmission
    • \n
  • \n Lost Worlds
    • \n
  • \n MadHouse
    • \n
  • \n Mail Call
    • \n
  • \n Man , Moment , Machine
    • \n
  • \n Mega Disasters
    • \n
  • \n Mega Movers
    • \n
  • \n Military Blunders
    • \n
  • \n Modern Marvels ( episodes )
    • \n
  • \n MonsterQuest
    • \n
  • \n Monumental Challenge
    • \n
  • \n The Most
    • \n
  • \n Mounted in Alaska
    • \n
  • \n MysteryQuest
    • \n
  • \n Nostradamus Effect
    • \n
  • \n Only in America with Larry the Cable Guy
    • \n
  • \n Patton 360 \u00b0
    • \n
  • \n Pawnography
    • \n
  • \n Prehistoric Megastorms
    • \n
  • \n The Presidents
    • \n
  • \n Reel to Real
    • \n
  • \n Rome : Rise and Fall of an Empire
    • \n
  • \n Save Our History
    • \n
  • \n Shark Wranglers
    • \n
  • \n Shootout
    • \n
  • \n Shockwave
    • \n
  • \n Sliced
    • \n
  • \n The States
    • \n
  • \n Stan Lee 's Superhumans
    • \n
  • \n Surviving History
    • \n
  • \n Tactical to Practical
    • \n
  • \n Tales of the Gun
    • \n
  • \n That 's Impossible
    • \n
  • \n Top Gear
    • \n
  • \n Top Guns
    • \n
  • \n Top Shot
    • \n
  • \n Tougher In Alaska
    • \n
  • \n UFO Files
    • \n
  • \n UFO Hunters
    • \n
  • \n United Stats of America
    • \n
  • \n The Universe
    • \n
  • \n Warriors
    • \n
  • \n Weird U.S.
    • \n
  • \n Wild West Tech
    • \n
  • \n The XY Factor
    • \n
\n
\n Upcoming \n
    \n
  • \n Blue Book
    • \n
  • \n The Commanders
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Curse_of_Oak_Island&oldid=832882458 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where is the tv show the curse of oak island filmed", "long_answers": ["The Curse of Oak Island follows brothers Marty and Rick Lagina , originally from Kingsford , Michigan , through their efforts to find the speculated treasure or historical artifacts believed to be on Oak Island . The series discusses the history of the island , recent discoveries , theories , and prior attempts to investigate the site . Areas of interest include the `` Money Pit '' , Borehole 10 - x , Smith 's Cove , `` Nolan 's Cross '' , the `` Hatch '' , the `` Watchtower '' and the `` Swamp '' .\n"], "short_answers": ["Oak Island\n", "Oak Island\n"]} {"text": "Gallbladder - Wikipedia

\n Gallbladder

\n This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 18 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Gallbladder
\n
\n The gallbladder sits beneath the liver .
\n Details
\n Precursor \n Foregut
\n System \n Digestive system
\n Artery \n Cystic artery
\n Vein \n Cystic vein
\n Nerve \n Celiac ganglia , Vagus nerve
\n Identifiers
\n Latin \n Vesica biliaris , vesica fellea
\n MeSH \n A03. 159.439
\n Dorlands / Elsevier \n 12383343
\n TA \n A05. 8.02. 001
\n FMA \n 7202
\n Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )
\n

\n In vertebrates , the gallbladder is a small hollow organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine . In humans , the pear - shaped gallbladder lies beneath the liver , although the structure and position of the gallbladder can vary significantly among animal species . It receives and stores bile , produced by the liver , via the common hepatic duct , and releases it via the common bile duct into the duodenum , where the bile helps in the digestion of fats .

\n

\n The gallbladder can be affected by gallstones , formed by material that can not be dissolved -- usually cholesterol or bilirubin , a product of haemoglobin breakdown . These may cause significant pain , particularly in the right upper corner of the abdomen , and are often treated with removal of the gallbladder called a cholecystectomy . Cholecystitis , inflammation of the gallbladder , has a wide range of causes , including result from the impaction of gallstones , infection , and autoimmune disease .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Structure ( edit )

\n

\n The gallbladder is a hollow organ that sits in a shallow depression below the right lobe of the liver , that is grey - blue in life . In adults , the gallbladder measures approximately 7 to 10 centimetres ( 2.8 to 3.9 inches ) in length and 4 centimetres ( 1.6 in ) in diameter when fully distended . The gallbladder has a capacity of about 50 millilitres ( 1.8 imperial fluid ounces ) .

\n

\n The gallbladder is shaped like a pear , with its tip opening into the cystic duct . The gallbladder is divided into three sections : the fundus , body , and neck . The fundus is the rounded base , angled so that it faces the abdominal wall . The body lies in a depression in the surface of the lower liver . The neck tapers and is continuous with the cystic duct , part of the biliary tree . The gallbladder fossa , against which the fundus and body of the gallbladder lie , is found beneath the junction of hepatic segments IVB and V . The cystic duct unites with the common hepatic duct to become the common bile duct . At the junction of the neck of the gallbladder and the cystic duct , there is an out - pouching of the gallbladder wall forming a mucosal fold known as `` Hartmann 's pouch '' .

\n

\n Microanatomy ( edit )

\n Micrograph of a normal gallbladder wall . H&E stain .

\n The gallbladder wall is composed of a number of layers . The gallbladder wall 's innermost surface is lined by a single layer of columnar cells with a brush border of microvilli , very similar to intestinal absorptive cells . Underneath the epithelium is an underlying lamina propria , a muscular layer , an outer perimuscular layer and serosa . Unlike elsewhere in the intestinal tract , the gallbladder does not have a muscularis mucosae , and the muscular fibres are not arranged in distinct layers .

\n

\n The mucosa , the inner portion of the gallbladder wall , consists of a lining of a single layer of columnar cells , with cells possessing small hair - like attachments called microvilli . This sits on a thin layer of connective tissue , the lamina propria . The mucosa is curved and collected into tiny outpouchings called rugae .

\n

\n A muscular layer sits beneath the mucosa . This is formed by smooth muscle , with fibres that lie in longitudinal , oblique and transverse directions , and are not arranged in separate layers . The muscle fibres here contract to expel bile from the gallbladder . A distinctive feature of the gallbladder is the presence of Rokitansky -- Aschoff sinuses , deep outpouchings of the mucosa that can extend through the muscular layer . The muscular layer is surrounded by a layer of connective and fat tissue .

\n

\n The outer layer of the fundus of gallbladder , and the surfaces not in contact with the liver , are covered by a thick serosa , which is exposed to the peritoneum . The serosa contains blood vessels and lymphatics . The surfaces in contact with the liver are covered in connective tissue .

\n

\n Variation ( edit )

\n

\n The gallbladder varies in size , shape , and position between different people . Rarely , two or even three gallbladders may coexist , either as separate bladders draining into the cystic duct , or sharing a common branch that drains into the cystic duct . Additionally , the gallbladder may fail to form at all . Gallbladders with two lobes separated by a septum may also exist . These abnormalities are not likely to affect function and are generally asymptomatic .

\n

\n The location of the gallbladder in relation to the liver may also vary , with documented variants including gallbladders found within , above , on the left side of , behind , and detached or suspended from the liver . Such variants are very rare : from 1886 to 1998 , only 110 cases of left - lying liver , or less than one per year , were reported in scientific literature .

\n

\n An anatomical variation can occur , known as a Phrygian cap , which is an innocuous fold in the fundus , named after its resemblance to the Phrygian cap .

\n

\n Development ( edit )

\n

\n The gallbladder develops from an endodermal outpouching of the embryonic gut tube . Early in development , the human embryo has three germ layers and abuts an embryonic yolk sac . During the second week of embryogenesis , as the embryo grows , it begins to surround and envelop portions of this sac . The enveloped portions form the basis for the adult gastrointestinal tract . Sections of this foregut begin to differentiate into the organs of the gastrointestinal tract , such as the esophagus , stomach , and intestines .

\n

\n During the fourth week of embryological development , the stomach rotates . The stomach , originally lying in the midline of the embryo , rotates so that its body is on the left . This rotation also affects the part of the gastrointestinal tube immediately below the stomach , which will go on to become the duodenum . By the end of the fourth week , the developing duodenum begins to spout a small outpouching on its right side , the hepatic diverticulum , which will go on to become the biliary tree . Just below this is a second outpouching , known as the cystic diverticulum , that will eventually develop into the gallbladder .

\n

\n Function ( edit )

\n 1 . Bile ducts : 2 . Intrahepatic bile ducts , 3 . Left and right hepatic ducts , 4 . Common hepatic duct , 5 . Cystic duct , 6 . Common bile duct , 7 . Ampulla of Vater , 8 . Major duodenal papilla 9 . Gallbladder , 10 -- 11 . Right and left lobes of liver . 12 . Spleen . 13 . Esophagus. 14 . Stomach . 15 . Pancreas : 16 . Accessory pancreatic duct , 17 . Pancreatic duct . 18 . Small intestine : 19 . Duodenum , 20 . Jejunum 21 -- 22 . Right and left kidneys . The front border of the liver has been lifted up ( brown arrow ) .

\n The main purpose of the gallbladder is to store bile , also called gall , needed for the digestion of fats in food . Produced by the liver , bile flows through small vessels into the larger hepatic ducts and ultimately though the cystic duct ( parts of the biliary tree ) into the gallbladder , where it is stored . At any one time , 30 to 60 millilitres ( 1.0 to 2.0 US fl oz ) of bile is stored within the gallbladder .

\n

\n When food containing fat enters the digestive tract , it stimulates the secretion of cholecystokinin ( CCK ) from I cells of the duodenum and jejunum . In response to cholecystokinin , the gallbladder rhythmically contracts and releases its contents into the common bile duct , eventually draining into the duodenum . The bile emulsifies fats in partly digested food , thereby assisting their absorption . Bile consists primarily of water and bile salts , and also acts as a means of eliminating bilirubin , a product of hemoglobin metabolism , from the body .

\n

\n The bile that is secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder is not the same as the bile that is secreted by the gallbladder . During gallbladder storage of bile , it is concentrated by removal of some water and electrolytes . This is through the active transport of sodium ions across the epithelium of the gallbladder , which creates an osmotic pressure that also causes water and other electrolytes such as chloride to be reabsorbed .

\n

\n Clinical significance ( edit )

\n Main article : Gallbladder disease

\n Gallstones ( edit )

\n Main article : Gallstones

\n Gallstones form when the bile is saturated , usually with either cholesterol or bilirubin . Most gallstones do not cause symptoms , with stones either remaining in the gallbladder or passed along the biliary system . When symptoms occur , severe `` colicky '' pain in the upper right part of the abdomen is often felt . If the stone blocks the gallbladder , inflammation known as cholecystitis may result . If the stone lodges in the biliary system , jaundice may occur ; and if the stone blocks the pancreatic duct , then pancreatitis may occur . Gallstones are diagnosed using ultrasound . When a symptomatic gallstone occurs , it is often managed by waiting it to be passed naturally . Given the likelihood of recurrent gallstones , surgery to remove the gallbladder is often considered . Some medication , such as ursodeoxycholic acid , may be used ; and lithotripsy , a procedure used to break down the stones , may also be used .

\n

\n Inflammation ( edit )

\n Main article : Cholecystitis

\n Known as cholecystitis , inflammation of the gallbladder is commonly caused by obstruction of the duct with gallstones , which is known as cholelithiasis . Blocked bile accumulates , and pressure on the gallbladder wall may lead to the release of substances that cause inflammation , such as phospholipase . There is also the risk of bacterial infection . An inflamed gallbladder is likely to cause pain and fever , and tenderness in the upper , right corner of the abdomen , and may have a positive Murphy 's sign . Cholecystitis is often managed with rest and antibiotics , particularly cephalosporins and , in severe cases , metronidazole .

\n

\n Gallbladder removal ( edit )

\n Main article : Cholecystectomy

\n A cholecystectomy is a procedure in which the gallbladder is removed . It may be removed because of recurrent gallstones , and is considered an elective procedure . A cholecystectomy may be an open procedure , or one conducted by laparoscopy . In the surgery , the gallbladder is removed from the neck to the fundus , and so bile will drain directly from the liver into the biliary tree . About 30 percent of patients may experience some degree of indigestion following the procedure , although severe complications are much rarer . About 10 percent of surgeries lead to a chronic condition of postcholecystectomy syndrome .

\n

\n Cancer ( edit )

\n Main article : Gallbladder carcinoma

\n Cancer of the gallbladder is uncommon and mostly occurs in later life . When cancer occurs , it is mostly of the glands lining the surface of the gallbladder ( adenocarcinoma ) . Gallstones are thought to be linked to the formation of cancer , and other risk factors include large ( > 1 cm ) gallbladder polyps and having a highly calcified `` porcelain '' gallbladder .

\n

\n Cancer of the gallbladder can cause attacks of biliary pain , yellowing of the skin ( jaundice ) , and weight loss . A large gallbladder may be able to felt in the abdomen . Liver function tests may be elevated , particularly involving GGT and ALP , with ultrasound and CT scans being considered medical imaging investigations of choice . Cancer of the gallbladder is managed by removing the gallbladder , however As of 2010 the prognosis remains poor .

\n

\n Cancer of the gallbladder may also be found incidentally after surgical removal of the gallbladder , with 1 - 3 % of cancers identified in this way . Gallbladder polyps are mostly benign growths or lesions resembling growths that form in the gallbladder wall , and are only associated with cancer when they are larger in size ( > 1 cm ) . Cholesterol polyps , often associated with cholesterolosis ( `` strawberry gallbladder '' , a change in the gallbladder wall due to excess cholesterol. ) Such polyps often cause no symptoms and so are often detected in this way .

\n

\n Tests ( edit )

\n An ultrasound showing the gallbladder ( central dark area ) with a large gallstone ( white circular area found near the middle ) .

\n Tests used to investigate for gallbladder disease include blood tests and medical imaging . A full blood count may reveal an increased white cell count suggestive of inflammation or infection . Tests such as bilirubin and liver function tests may reveal if there is inflammation linked to the biliary tree or gallbladder , and whether this is associated with inflammation of the liver , and a lipase or amylase may be elvated if there is pancreatitis . Bilirubin may rise when there is obstruction of the flow of bile . A CA 19 - 9 level may be taken to investigate for cholangiocarcinoma .

\n

\n Ultrasound is often the first medical imaging test performed when gallbladder disease such as gallstones are suspected . An abdominal X-ray or CT scan is another form of imaging that may be used to examine the gallbladder and surrounding organs . Other imaging options include MRCP ( magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography ) , ERCP and percutaneous or intraoperative cholangiography . A cholescintigraphy scan is a nuclear imaging procedure used to assess the condition of the gallbladder .

\n

\n Society and Culture ( edit )

\n

\n To have ' gall ' is associated with bold behaviour , whereas to have ' bile ' is associated with bitterness .

\n

\n In the Chinese language , the gallbladder ( Chinese : \u81bd ) is associated with courage and a myriad of related idioms , including using terms such as `` a body completely ( of ) gall '' ( Chinese : \u6e3e\u8eab \u662f \u81bd ) to describe a brave person , and `` single gallbladder hero '' ( Chinese : \u5b64\u81bd \u82f1\u96c4 ) to describe a lone hero .

\n

\n In the Zangfu theory of Chinese medicine , the gallbladder not only has a digestive role , but is seen as the seat of decision - making .

\n

\n Other animals ( edit )

\n

\n Most vertebrates have gallbladders , but the form and arrangement of the bile ducts may vary considerably . In many species , for example , there are several separate ducts running to the intestine , rather than the single common bile duct found in humans . Several species of mammals ( including horses , deer , rats , and laminoids ) , several species of birds , lampreys and all invertebrates lack a gallbladder altogether .

\n

\n The bile from several species of bears is used in Traditional Chinese medicine ; bile bears are kept alive in captivity while their bile is painfully extracted , in an industry characterized by animal cruelty .

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n Depictions of the gallbladder and biliary tree are found in Babylonian models found from 2000 BCE , and in ancient Etruscan model from 200 BCE , with models associated with divine worship .

\n

\n Diseases of the gallbladder have affected humans since antiquity , with gallstones found in the mummy of Princess Amenen of Thebes dating to 1500 BCE . Some historians believe the death of Alexander the Great may have been associated with an acute episode of cholecystitis . The existence of the gallbladder has been noted since the 5th century , but it is only relatively recently that the function and the diseases of the gallbladder has been documented , particularly in the last two centuries .

\n

\n The first descriptions of gallstones appear to have been in the Renaissance , perhaps because of the low incidence of gallstones in earlier times owing to a diet with more cereals and vegetables , and less meat . Anthonius Benevinius in 1506 was the first to draw a connection between symptoms and the presence of gallstones . Courvoisier after examining a number of cases in 1890 that gave rise to the eponymous Courvoisier 's law stating that in an enlarged , nontender gallbladder , the cause of jaundice is unlikely to be gallstones .

\n

\n The first surgical removal of a gallstone ( cholecystolithotomy ) was in 1676 by physician Joenisius , who removed the stones from a spontaneously occurring biliary fistula . Stough Hobbs in 1867 performed the first recorded cholecystotomy , although such an operation was in fact described earlier by French surgeon Jean Louis Petit in the mid eighteenth century . German surgeon Carl Langenbuch performed the first cholecystectomy in 1882 for a sufferer of cholelithiasis . Before this , surgery had focused on creating a fistula for drainage of gallstones . Langenbuch reasoned that given several other species of mammal has no gallbladder , humans could survive without one .

\n

\n The debate whether surgical removal of the gallbladder or simply gallstones was preferred was settled in the 1920s , with consensus that removal of the gallbladder was preferred . It was only in the mid and late parts of the twentieth century that medical imaging techniques such as use of contrast medium and CT scans were used to view the gallbladder . The first laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed by Erich M\u00fche of Germany in 1985 , although French surgeons Phillipe Mouret and Francois Dubois are often credited for their operations in 1987 and 1988 respectively .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Ginsburg , Ph. D. , J.N. ( August 22 , 2005 ) . `` Control of Gastrointestinal Function '' . In Thomas M. Nosek , Ph. D. Gastrointestinal Physiology . Essentials of Human Physiology . Augusta , Georgia , United State : Medical College of Georgia . pp. p. 30 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2008 . Retrieved June 29 , 2007 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Gray 's Anatomy 2008 , p. 1187 - 81 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Jon W. Meilstrup ( 1994 ) . Imaging Atlas of the Normal Gallbladder and Its Variants . Boca Raton : CRC Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 4788 - 2 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Nagral , Sanjay ( 2005 ) . `` Anatomy relevant to cholecystectomy '' . Journal of Minimal Access Surgery . 1 ( 2 ) : 53 . doi : 10.4103 / 0972 - 9941.16527 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Shakelford 's Surgery of Alimentary Tract , ed. 7 . 2013
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Young , Barbara ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Wheater 's functional histology : a text and colour atlas ( 5th ed . ) . ( Edinburgh ? ) : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . p. 298 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06850 - 8 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Ross , M. ; Pawlina , W. ( 2011 ) . Histology : A Text and Atlas ( 6th ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 646 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 7200 - 6 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Leeuw , Th. G. ; Verbeek , P.C.M. ; Rauws , E.A.J. ; Gouma , D.J. ( September 1995 ) . `` A double or bilobar gallbladder as a cause of severe complications after ( laparoscopic ) cholecystectomy '' . Surgical Endoscopy. 9 ( 9 ) : 998 -- 1000 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00188459 . PMID 7482221 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Segura - Sampedro , JJ ; Navarro - S\u00e1nchez , A ; Ashrafian , H ; Mart\u00ednez - Isla , A ( February 2015 ) . `` Laparoscopic approach to the intrahepatic gallbladder . A case report '' . Revista espanola de enfermedades digestivas : organo oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Patologia Digestiva. 107 ( 2 ) : 122 -- 3 . PMID 25659400 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Dhulkotia , A ; Kumar , S ; Kabra , V ; Shukla , HS ( March 1 , 2002 ) . `` Aberrant gallbladder situated beneath the left lobe of liver '' . HPB. 4 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 136518202753598726 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Naganuma , S. ; Ishida , H. ; Konno , K. ; Hamashima , Y. ; Hoshino , T. ; Naganuma , H. ; Komatsuda , T. ; Ohyama , Y. ; Yamada , N. ; Ishida , J. ; Masamune , O. ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sonographic findings of anomalous position of the gallbladder '' . Abdominal Imaging. 23 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 72 . doi : 10.1007 / s002619900287 . PMID 9437066 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Meilstrup JW ; Hopper KD ; Thieme GA ( December 1991 ) . `` Imaging of gallbladder variants '' . AJR Am J Roentgenol. 157 ( 6 ) : 1205 -- 8 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 157.6. 1950867 . PMID 1950867 .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : Gary C. Schoenwolf ; et al. ( 2009 ) . Larsen 's human embryology ( Thoroughly rev. and updated 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. `` Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract '' . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06811 - 9 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ editor - in - chief , Susan Standring ; section editors , Neil R. Borley ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Gray 's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice ( 40th ed . ) . London : Churchill Livingstone . pp. 1163 , 1177 , 1185 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2371 - 8 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link )
    15. \n
  15. \n ^ Jump up to : Hall , Arthur C. Guyton , John E. ( 2005 ) . Textbook of medical physiology ( 11th ed . ) . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders . pp. 802 -- 804 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7216 - 0240 - 0 .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Cholelithiasis - Hepatic and Biliary Disorders - MSD Manual Professional Edition '' . MSD Manual Professional Edition . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .
    17. \n
  17. \n ^ Jump up to : Britton , the editors Nicki R. Colledge , Brian R. Walker , Stuart H. Ralston ; illustrated by Robert ( 2010 ) . Davidson 's principles and practice of medicine ( 21st ed . ) . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . pp. 977 -- 984 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3085 - 7 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Neri V ; Ambrosi A ; Fersini A ; Tartaglia N ; Valentino TP ( 2007 ) . `` Antegrade dissection in laparoscopic cholecystectomy '' . JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons / Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons. 11 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 8 . PMC 3015719 . PMID 17761085 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ nhs.uk , Complications of a gallbladder removal
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Gallbladder Polyps '' . MayoClinic . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Strawberry gallbladder -- cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` HIDA scan - Overview '' . Mayo Clinic . Retrieved 18 October 2017 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ J.A. Simpson ( 1989 ) . The Oxford English dictionary ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . gall , bile . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 861186 - 8 .
    24. \n
  24. \n ^ Jump up to : Yu , Ning ( January 1 , 2003 ) . `` Metaphor , Body , and Culture : The Chinese Understanding of Gallbladder and Courage '' . Metaphor and Symbol. 18 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 31 . doi : 10.1207 / S15327868MS1801_2 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2008 . Guanaco : Lama guanicoe , GlobalTwitcher.com , ed . N. Str\u00f6mberg Archived March 4 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Higashiyama , H ; Sumitomo , H ; Ozawa , A ; Igarashi , H ; Tsunekawa , N ; Kurohmaru , M ; Kanai , Y ( 2016 ) . `` Anatomy of the Murine Hepatobiliary System : A Whole - Organ - Level Analysis Using a Transparency Method '' . The Anatomical Record . 299 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 172 . doi : 10.1002 / ar. 23287 . PMID 26559382 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . p. 355 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Actman , Jani ( 5 May 2016 ) . `` Inside the Disturbing World of Bear - Bile Farming '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 23 October 2017 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Hance , Jeremy ( 9 April 2015 ) . `` Is the end of ' house of horror ' bear bile factories in sight ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 October 2017 .
    30. \n
  30. \n ^ Jump up to : Eachempati , Soumitra R. ; II , R. Lawrence Reed ( 2015 ) . Acute Cholecystitis . Springer . pp. 1 -- 16 . ISBN 9783319148243 .
    31. \n
  31. \n ^ Jump up to : Jarnagin , William R. ( 2012 ) . Blumgart 's Surgery of the Liver , Pancreas and Biliary Tract E-Book : Expert Consult - Online . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 511 . ISBN 1455746061 .
    32. \n
  32. \n ^ Jump up to : Bateson , M.C. ( 2012 ) . Gallstone Disease and its Management . Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 1 -- 2 . ISBN 9789400941731 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Reynolds , Walker ( January -- March 2001 ) . `` The First Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy '' . Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic surgeons. 5 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 94 .
    34. \n
\n
\n
\n Books
\n
\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gallbladder .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Anatomy of the liver , pancreas and biliary tree
\n Liver \n
    \n
  • \n Bare area
    • \n
  • \n Cantlie line
    • \n
  • \n Ligamentum venosum
    • \n
  • \n Porta hepatis
    • \n
  • \n Round ligament
    • \n
  • \n Lobes of liver
      \n
    • \n Caudate
      • \n
    • \n Quadrate
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Fibrous capsule of Glisson
    • \n
  • \n Perisinusoidal space
    • \n
  • \n Liver sinusoid
      \n
    • \n Periportal space
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal triad
    • \n
  • \n Lobules of liver
    • \n
  • \n Liver segment
    • \n
  • \n Microanatomy
      \n
    • \n Hepatocyte
      • \n
    • \n Hepatic stellate cell
      • \n
    • \n Kupffer cell
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Biliary tract \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Bile ducts \n
    \n
  • \n Intrahepatic bile ducts
      \n
    • \n Bile canaliculus
      • \n
    • \n Canals of Hering
      • \n
    • \n Interlobular
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Left hepatic duct
    • \n
  • \n Right hepatic duct
    • \n
  • \n Common hepatic duct
    • \n
\n
\n Gallbladder \n
    \n
  • \n Cystic duct
    • \n
  • \n Common bile duct
    • \n
  • \n Ampulla of Vater
      \n
    • \n Sphincter of Oddi
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Cells
      \n
    • \n Cholecystocyte
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Pancreas \n
    \n
  • \n Gross
      \n
    • \n Tail
      • \n
    • \n Body
      • \n
    • \n Neck
      • \n
    • \n Head ( Uncinate process )
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ducts
      \n
    • \n main
      • \n
    • \n accessory
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Microanatomy
      \n
    • \n Pancreatic islets
      • \n
    • \n Centroacinar cell
      • \n
    • \n Stellate cell
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n GND : 4071544 - 9
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 00572670
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gallbladder&oldid=821194740 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where is gall bladder situated in human body", "long_answers": ["In vertebrates , the gallbladder is a small hollow organ where bile is stored and concentrated before it is released into the small intestine . In humans , the pear - shaped gallbladder lies beneath the liver , although the structure and position of the gallbladder can vary significantly among animal species . It receives and stores bile , produced by the liver , via the common hepatic duct , and releases it via the common bile duct into the duodenum , where the bile helps in the digestion of fats .\n"], "short_answers": ["beneath the liver\n", "beneath the liver\n", "beneath the liver\n", "beneath the liver\n"]} {"text": "Director of the United States Mint - wikipedia

\n Director of the United States Mint

\n Jump to : navigation , search Seal of the United States Mint .

\n The Director of the United States Mint is the head of the United States Mint . The position is currently vacant . Since January 20 , 2017 , the senior career official at the Mint has been Acting Principal Deputy Director David Motl .

\n

\n The office of Director has existed since the creation of the Mint by the Coinage Act of 1792 . Initially appointed serving at the pleasure of the President of the United States , the Coinage Act of 1873 specified a five - year term for Directors . The Director operates with general directions provided by the United States Secretary of the Treasury .

\n

\n Since the resignation of Edmund C. Moy in 2011 the mint has been without an official director . Initially Matthew Rhett Jeppson was nominated by US President Barack Obama to become the mint 's 39th director and was given the temporary title of principal deputy director , however the nomination was never confirmed by the Senate . Jeppson stepped down as principal deputy director in January 2017 , being replaced by Acting Principal Deputy Director David Motl .

\n

\n List of Directors of the United States Mint ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Name \n Assumed Office \n Left Office \n President Appointed By
\n David Rittenhouse \n April 1792 \n June 1795 \n George Washington
\n Henry William de Saussure \n July 1795 \n October 1795
\n Elias Boudinot \n October 1795 \n July 1805
\n Robert Patterson \n January 1806 \n July 1824 \n Thomas Jefferson
\n Samuel Moore \n July 1824 \n July 1835 \n James Monroe
\n Robert M. Patterson \n May 1835 \n July 1851 \n Andrew Jackson
\n George Nicholas Eckert \n July 1851 \n April 1853 \n Millard Fillmore
\n Thomas M. Pettit \n April 1853 \n May 1853 \n Franklin Pierce
\n James Ross Snowden \n June 1853 \n May 1861
\n James Pollock \n May 1861 \n September 1866 \n Abraham Lincoln
\n William Millward \n October 1866 \n April 1867 \n Andrew Johnson
\n Henry Linderman \n April 1867 \n May 1869
\n James Pollock \n May 1869 \n March 1873 \n Ulysses S. Grant
\n Henry Linderman \n April 1873 \n December 1878
\n Horatio C. Burchard \n February 1879 \n June 1885 \n Rutherford B. Hayes
\n James P. Kimball \n July 1885 \n October 1889 \n Grover Cleveland
\n Edward O. Leech \n October 1889 \n May 1893 \n Benjamin Harrison
\n Robert E. Preston \n November 1893 \n February 1898 \n Grover Cleveland
\n George E. Roberts \n February 1898 \n July 1907 \n William McKinley
\n Frank A. Leach \n September 1907 \n August 1909 \n Theodore Roosevelt
\n A. Piatt Andrew \n November 1909 \n June 1910 \n William Howard Taft
\n George E. Roberts \n July 1910 \n November 1914
\n Robert W. Woolley \n March 1915 \n July 1916 \n Woodrow Wilson
\n F.H. von Engelken \n September 1916 \n March 1917
\n Raymond T. Baker \n March 1917 \n March 1922
\n Frank Edgar Scobey \n March 1922 \n September 1923 \n Warren G. Harding
\n Robert J. Grant \n November 1923 \n May 1933 \n Calvin Coolidge
\n Nellie Tayloe Ross \n May 1933 \n April 1953 \n Franklin D. Roosevelt
\n William H. Brett \n July 1954 \n January 1961 \n Dwight D. Eisenhower
\n Eva Adams \n October 1961 \n August 1969 \n John F. Kennedy
\n Mary Brooks \n September 1969 \n February 1977 \n Richard Nixon
\n Stella Hackel Sims \n November 1977 \n April 1981 \n Jimmy Carter
\n Donna Pope \n July 1981 \n August 1991 \n Ronald Reagan
\n David J. Ryder \n September 1992 \n November 1993 \n George H.W. Bush
\n Philip N. Diehl \n June 1994 \n March 2000 \n Bill Clinton
\n Jay W. Johnson \n May 2000 \n August 2001
\n Henrietta H. Fore \n August 2001 \n August 2005 \n George W. Bush
\n Edmund C. Moy \n September 2006 \n January 2011
\n David J. Ryder \n April 2018 \n Incumbent \n Donald Trump
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ About the Mint at usmint.gov ( retrieved 20 April 2015 ) .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Gilkes , Paul ( 23 January 2017 ) . `` Rhett Jeppson leaves U.S. Mint as principal deputy director '' . coinworld.com . Retrieved 13 April 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Director 's Office '' . US Mint . Retrieved 13 April 2017 .
    4. \n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Director_of_the_United_States_Mint&oldid=836791366 '' Categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "who is the current director of the us mint", "long_answers": ["The Director of the United States Mint is the head of the United States Mint . The position is currently vacant . Since January 20 , 2017 , the senior career official at the Mint has been Acting Principal Deputy Director David Motl .\n", "Name Assumed Office Left Office President Appointed By David Rittenhouse April 1792 June 1795 George Washington Henry William de Saussure July 1795 October 1795 Elias Boudinot October 1795 July 1805 Robert Patterson January 1806 July 1824 Thomas Jefferson Samuel Moore July 1824 July 1835 James Monroe Robert M. Patterson May 1835 July 1851 Andrew Jackson George Nicholas Eckert July 1851 April 1853 Millard Fillmore Thomas M. Pettit April 1853 May 1853 Franklin Pierce James Ross Snowden June 1853 May 1861 James Pollock May 1861 September 1866 Abraham Lincoln William Millward October 1866 April 1867 Andrew Johnson Henry Linderman April 1867 May 1869 James Pollock May 1869 March 1873 Ulysses S. Grant Henry Linderman April 1873 December 1878 Horatio C. Burchard February 1879 June 1885 Rutherford B. Hayes James P. Kimball July 1885 October 1889 Grover Cleveland Edward O. Leech October 1889 May 1893 Benjamin Harrison Robert E. Preston November 1893 February 1898 Grover Cleveland George E. Roberts February 1898 July 1907 William McKinley Frank A. Leach September 1907 August 1909 Theodore Roosevelt A. Piatt Andrew November 1909 June 1910 William Howard Taft George E. Roberts July 1910 November 1914 Robert W. Woolley March 1915 July 1916 Woodrow Wilson F.H. von Engelken September 1916 March 1917 Raymond T. Baker March 1917 March 1922 Frank Edgar Scobey March 1922 September 1923 Warren G. Harding Robert J. Grant November 1923 May 1933 Calvin Coolidge Nellie Tayloe Ross May 1933 April 1953 Franklin D. Roosevelt William H. Brett July 1954 January 1961 Dwight D. Eisenhower Eva Adams October 1961 August 1969 John F. Kennedy Mary Brooks September 1969 February 1977 Richard Nixon Stella Hackel Sims November 1977 April 1981 Jimmy Carter Donna Pope July 1981 August 1991 Ronald Reagan David J. Ryder September 1992 November 1993 George H.W. Bush Philip N. Diehl June 1994 March 2000 Bill Clinton Jay W. Johnson May 2000 August 2001 Henrietta H. Fore August 2001 August 2005 George W. Bush Edmund C. Moy September 2006 January 2011 David J. Ryder April 2018 Incumbent Donald Trump\n"], "short_answers": ["David Motl\n", "David J. Ryder\n"]} {"text": "Do n't Lose My Number - wikipedia

\n Do n't Lose My Number

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Do n't Lose My Number ''
\n
\n Single by Phil Collins
\n from the album No Jacket Required
\n B - side \n `` We Said Hello Goodbye ''
\n Released \n 30 May 1985
\n Format \n 7 `` , 12 ''
\n Recorded \n 1984
\n Genre \n Pop rock
\n Length \n 4 : 48
\n Label \n Atlantic , Virgin Records
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n Phil Collins
\n Producer ( s ) \n Phil Collins , Hugh Padgham
\n Phil Collins singles chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Sussudio '' ( 1985 ) \n `` Do n't Lose My Number '' ( 1985 ) \n `` Take Me Home '' ( 1985 )
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Sussudio '' ( 1985 ) \n `` Do n't Lose My Number '' ( 1985 ) \n `` Take Me Home '' ( 1985 )
\n
\n

\n `` Do n't Lose My Number '' is a song by Phil Collins from his third solo album No Jacket Required . The single was not released in the UK , though it peaked at No. 4 in the U.S. in September 1985 . The B - side , `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' was released as a bonus track on the CD for No Jacket Required . In Australia , the single was released with the title `` ( Billy ) Do n't Lose My Number '' .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n The song is about a young man named Billy whom the singer is hoping to find , and also hoping that Billy still has the singer 's number . The song describes Billy being pursued by some shadowy organization , as he flees from some accidental crime . Collins has said that he actually wrote most of the song during the recordings for his debut solo album , Face Value . Collins also states that the lyrics were improvised , and that he himself does not fully understand what they mean . Stephen Holden of the New York Times also agreed that the lyrics were very `` vague , sketching the outlines of a melodrama but withholding the full story '' .

\n

\n Music video ( edit )

\n

\n Collins did not know what he would use as a video theme for `` Do n't Lose My Number '' , so he decided to create a video showing his decision process in selecting a theme for it . In the video , Collins talks to various `` directors '' , who all give him bad ideas for the video . Their suggestions allow Collins to parody several other music videos of the time , including videos by David Lee Roth ( `` California Girls '' ) , Elton John ( `` I 'm Still Standing '' ) , The Police ( `` Every Breath You Take '' ) , and The Cars ( `` You Might Think '' ) , as well as movies such as Mad Max 2 and various samurai movies and Westerns .

\n

\n Track listing ( edit )

\n

\n 7 `` : Atlantic / 7 - 89536 ( US ) ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n `` Do n't Lose My Number '' ( 4 : 46 )
    2. \n
  2. \n `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' ( 4 : 15 )
    3. \n
\n

\n 7 `` : WEA / 7 - 259001 ( Australia ) ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n `` ( Billy ) Do n't Lose My Number '' ( 4 : 46 )
    2. \n
  2. \n `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' ( 4 : 15 )
    3. \n
\n

\n 12 `` : Atlantic / 0 - 86863 ( US ) ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n `` Do n't Lose My Number '' ( Extended Mix ) ( 6 : 36 )
    2. \n
  2. \n `` Do n't Lose My Number '' ( LP Version ) ( 4 : 46 )
    3. \n
  3. \n `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' ( 4 : 15 )
    4. \n
\n

\n 12 `` : WEA / 0 - 259001 ( Australia ) ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n `` ( Billy ) Do n't Lose My Number '' ( Extended Mix ) ( 6 : 36 )
    2. \n
  2. \n `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' ( 4 : 15 )
    3. \n
\n

\n CD : WEA International / WPCR 2063 ( Japan ) ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n `` Do n't Lose My Number ( Edit ) '' ( 4 : 11 )
    2. \n
  2. \n `` We Said Hello Goodbye '' ( 4 : 15 )
    3. \n
\n

\n Charts ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 1985 ) \n Peak position
\n Australia ( Kent Music Report ) \n 10
\n Canadian Singles Chart \n 11
\n Dutch Singles Chart \n 44
\n New Zealand ( RIANZ ) \n 22
\n U.S. Billboard Hot 100 \n
\n U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks \n 25
\n U.S. Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks \n 33
\n

\n Personnel ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` allmusic ( ( ( No Jacket Required > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles ) ) ) '' . allmusic . Retrieved 19 September 2008 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Phil Collins -- ( Billy ) Do n't Lose My Number '' . discogs.com . Retrieved 16 February 2016 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Readers ' Poll : The 10 Best Phil Collins Songs '' . Rolling Stone . 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 5 November 2017 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Holden , Stephen ( 7 April 1985 ) . `` Phil Collins : Pop Music 's Answer to Alfred Hitchcock '' . New York Times . Retrieved 1 November 2008 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( 2 November 1986 ) . `` HOME VIDEO ; Recent Releases Of Video Cassettes : Photos and ' White Suit ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved 6 November 2008 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 ( Illustrated ed . ) . St. Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . N.B. the Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid 1983 and 19 June 1988 .
    7. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Phil Collins songs
\n
    \n
  • \n Discography
    • \n
\n
\n Face Value \n
    \n
  • \n `` In the Air Tonight ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Missed Again ''
    • \n
  • \n `` If Leaving Me Is Easy ''
    • \n
\n
\n Hello , I Must Be Going ! \n
    \n
  • \n `` Thru These Walls ''
    • \n
  • \n `` You Ca n't Hurry Love ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Do n't Care Anymore ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Do n't Let Him Steal Your Heart Away ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Why Ca n't It Wait ' Til Morning ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Cannot Believe It 's True ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Like China ''
    • \n
\n
\n No Jacket Required \n
    \n
  • \n `` Sussudio ''
    • \n
  • \n `` One More Night ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Do n't Lose My Number ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Take Me Home ''
    • \n
\n
\n Buster \n
    \n
  • \n `` A Groovy Kind of Love ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Two Hearts ''
    • \n
\n
\n ... But Seriously \n
    \n
  • \n `` Another Day in Paradise ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Wish It Would Rain Down ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Something Happened on the Way to Heaven ''
    • \n
  • \n `` That 's Just the Way It Is ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Do You Remember ? ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Hang in Long Enough ''
    • \n
\n
\n Serious Hits ... Live ! \n
    \n
  • \n `` Do You Remember ? '' ( live )
    • \n
  • \n `` Who Said I Would '' ( live )
    • \n
\n
\n Both Sides \n
    \n
  • \n `` Both Sides of the Story ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Everyday ''
    • \n
  • \n `` We Wait and We Wonder ''
    • \n
\n
\n Dance into the Light \n
    \n
  • \n `` Dance into the Light ''
    • \n
  • \n `` It 's in Your Eyes ''
    • \n
  • \n `` No Matter Who ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Wear My Hat ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Same Moon ''
    • \n
\n
\n ... Hits \n
    \n
  • \n `` True Colors ''
    • \n
\n
\n Tarzan \n
    \n
  • \n `` You 'll Be in My Heart ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Strangers Like Me ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Son of Man ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Two Worlds ''
    • \n
\n
\n Testify \n
    \n
  • \n `` Ca n't Stop Loving You ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Come with Me ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Wake Up Call '' / `` The Least You Can Do ''
    • \n
\n
\n Brother Bear \n
    \n
  • \n `` Look Through My Eyes ''
    • \n
  • \n `` No Way Out ''
    • \n
\n
\n Going Back \n
    \n
  • \n `` ( Love Is Like a ) Heatwave ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Going Back ''
    • \n
\n
\n Featured singles \n
    \n
  • \n `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Easy Lover ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Hero ''
    • \n
  • \n `` In the Air Tonite ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Home ''
    • \n
\n
\n Other singles \n
    \n
  • \n `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Separate Lives ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Somewhere ''
    • \n
\n
\n Other songs \n
    \n
  • \n `` The Man with the Horn ''
    • \n
  • \n `` You Ought to Know ... ''
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Lose_My_Number&oldid=833447176 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "youtube phil collins don't lose my number", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Alex Karev - wikipedia

\n Alex Karev

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Alex Karev
\n Grey 's Anatomy character
\n The season nine promotional photograph of Justin Chambers as Dr. Alex Karev
\n First appearance \n `` A Hard Day 's Night '' 1x01 , March 27 , 2005
\n Created by \n Shonda Rhimes
\n Portrayed by \n Justin Chambers
\n Information
\n Full name \n Alexander Michael Karev
\n Nickname ( s ) \n Alex Karev Evil Spawn Frat Boy Mother Theresa Dr. Junior Butthole Boy Wonder Dr. Douche Face Lil ' butthole Dr. Where 's the Cabbage Patch
\n Aliases \n Alexander Michael Evans
\n Occupation \n Chief of Pediatric Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. at Grey - Sloan Memorial Hospital
\n Title \n Chief of Pediatric Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S.
\n Family \n Aaron Karev ( brother ) Amber Karev ( sister ) Helen Karev ( mother ) Jimmy Evans ( father , deceased ) Nicky Evans ( half - brother )
\n Spouse ( s ) \n Izzie Stevens ( divorced )
\n Significant other ( s ) \n Olivia Harper Addison Montgomery Lexie Grey Rebecca `` Ava '' Pope Callie Torres Lucy Fields Leah Murphy Jo Wilson Heather Brooks
\n Relatives \n Naomi Evans ( stepmother )
\n

\n Alexander `` Alex '' Michael Karev , M.D. is a fictional character on the ABC television series Grey 's Anatomy , portrayed by actor Justin Chambers . Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital , Karev eventually obtained the position of resident , later becoming a pediatric surgical fellow . His relationships with colleagues Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , and George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) formed a focal point of the series .

\n

\n The character is initially disliked by his fellow interns , and is often accused of being brusque and dismissive with his patients and co-workers . As a resident , Karev 's negative attitude , temper and rudeness has occasionally earned the ire of the attendings , with former neonatal surgeon Addison Montgomery requesting him on her service as punishment for his rudeness to her and neurosurgeon Derek Shepherd , amongst others , throwing him out of their service for his inappropriate comments about patients . He demonstrates profound skill for the specialty which prompts praise from Montgomery and contributes to Karev 's interest in pediatric surgery for the rest of the series . As the character developed , he displayed more empathy for patients and is shown to have a gift for connecting with young children , despite his repeated claims to dislike them .

\n

\n Although Karev and Stevens had an on - off romantic history in previous seasons , it was not until the fifth season that the two formed a lasting relationship . Despite Stevens ' advanced skin cancer , the two marry . Justin Chambers commented on his character 's inability to tell Stevens that he loves her in the beginning of their relationship , saying that Karev has difficulty expressing himself . Though Stevens departs in season 6 , series creator Shonda Rhimes has said that she would like the chance to create closure for both Karev and Stevens . Rhimes later retracted her comments and stated that she has no plans to ever re-approach Izzie 's storyline again . In the ninth season , Karev befriends intern Jo Wilson . They begin a relationship in the tenth season until their break - up in the twelfth season . However , they get back together again in the fourteenth season .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Storylines ( edit )

\n

\n His mother had a mental illness , and his father was often absent , as well as often becoming violent towards Alex and his mother . Alex began wrestling in high school , and eventually physically confronted his father - after this , his father did not return . Alex has a younger brother , Aaron , and a younger sister , Amber ; they were all placed in foster care for 5 years . Though Aaron and Amber only had a few foster families , Alex went through 17 foster families in 5 years before he reunited with his siblings . It is revealed in later seasons that Aaron was diagnosed with schizophrenia and tried to kill Amber . Alex was present when Aaron had to be committed to a psychiatric ward .

\n

\n Alex secured a position in the surgical residency program at Seattle Grace Hospital after graduating from the University of Iowa . He initially makes a poor impression on his fellow interns meeting fellow interns Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) , and Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) whom he later taunts when he discovers she used to be a lingerie model . After initial disagreements , Alex reveals to Izzie that his father was a heroin addict who used to beat his mother . He became a wrestler so he could defend his mother , and attended university on a wrestling scholarship . He and Izzie begin a friendship . At the end of the first season , George contracts syphilis from Alex through nurse Olivia Harper , causing animosity between the two .

\n

\n Alex asks Izzie out on a date , but he is thrown by the news that he has failed his medical board exams . Izzie is offended since he pays no attention to her during their date and so informs him that she no longer wants to go out with him . He later freezes during an emergency operation , needing George to take over from him . Alex 's relationship with Izzie is damaged when he experiences erectile dysfunction with her . He goes on to sleep with Olivia again , and is caught by Izzie and they break up . After retaking his exams , Alex manages a pass , and reunites with Izzie after a bomb scare in the hospital . They break up again , however , when Izzie falls for cardiothoracic patient Denny Duquette .

\n

\n Alex helps Izzie recover from Denny 's death and advances Izzie but Izzie backs away since she is still in the process of getting over her loss and they remain friends . Alex spends a period of time working under neonatal surgeon Dr. Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) , and though he is later released to work for plastic surgeon Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , he finds his interest returning to Addison 's firm . Addison is attracted to Alex , and the two share a kiss and later sleep together . In the aftermath of a ferry accident , Alex rescues a pregnant woman ( Elizabeth Reaser ) who awakes with amnesia , and grows close to Alex as he helps her forging an identity for herself , picking out the name Ava . After she gives birth to her daughter , Ava 's memory eventually returns , although she tries to hide it from Alex as she had recently left a bad marriage . He convinces her to tell him her true identity , and she reveals herself to be Rebecca Pope . Alex turns her down after realizing she 's married , feeling that he is not good enough for her .

\n

\n Rebecca returns and she and Alex sleep together before she goes back to her husband . Alex has a brief relationship with intern Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , but chooses to be with Rebecca when she returns and tells him she is pregnant . After Rebecca attempted suicide , Izzie convinces Alex to admit her for psychiatric help due to Rebecca 's hallucinations of her pregnancy . Alex later breaks down in Izzie 's arms , and the two kiss .

\n

\n Later in their relationship , Izzie begins hallucinating about Denny , and uncovers the fact she has metastatic melanoma ( Stage IV ) with an estimated chance of 5 % survival . It is revealed that Izzie 's hallucinations of Denny are , in fact , caused by her tumor . Alex is shocked by the news , but finds the strength to stay by her side . Izzie plans a wedding for Meredith and Derek , but when Derek finds Izzie has another inoperable tumor in her brain , they give the wedding to Izzie and Alex , who marry in front of all their friends . Izzie debates whether or not she should undergo a risky surgery to remove her tumor and Alex supports her , but eventually insists that she should have the surgery . Alex performs CPR on Izzie after she flatlines .

\n

\n Izzie regains a heartbeat but is soon fired leaving Alex a Dear John letter and no clue as to her whereabouts . She later returns to the hospital and says to Alex , thinking he had a hand in getting her fired , that she could not forgive him for talking to the Chief . Alex says he could not forgive her either for not giving him the benefit of the doubt and leaving without talking to him first . Alex re-kindles an old flame with Lexie . Alex seems to have recently found that his calling is actually Peds and not Plastics as he had decided in the earlier seasons . Seeing Alex 's ability to handle child patients , Dr. Arizona Robbins shows an interest in mentoring him for that specialization . Alex 's brother Aaron comes to Seattle Grace for surgery , and lots of painful memories resurface because of this . Meredith discovers Alex , along with Aaron and their sister Amber , had been in foster care for five years when their mother could not take care of them . Alex is also served with divorce papers from Izzie . Alex is shot in the hospital by a deceased patient 's husband , but survives with the help of Lexie and Mark . While undergoing treatment , he mistakes Lexie for Izzie .

\n

\n Following the shooting , Lexie has a mental breakdown in front of Alex and he walks away . Dr. Bailey bars Alex from surgery until he has the bullet removed , which he later allows her to do . Alex realizes that his passion lies in Pediatric Surgery . He is further shown to be excellent with children , comforting with a young patient while growing her a new trachea . He immediately gets on the wrong side of new Pediatric attending Stark while Arizona is on leave . Alex then attempts to sleep with virgin April Kepner after visiting his mom in Iowa when his brother was diagnosed schizophrenia . Alex and Meredith perform an emergent surgery on a young boy by themselves during the night shift , dealing with the angry fallout from Stark ( who would not answer his pager ) but gaining the wordless approval of the Chief . Alex is thrilled when Arizona returns from Africa and hopes she will come to work for the hospital again . In the meantime , Alex falls for the new OBGYN attending , Lucy Fields , and they start a relationship after she kisses him . Alex finds out about Meredith sabotaging her Alzheimer 's clinical trial and rats her out in attempt to get Chief Resident .

\n

\n The adoption counselor takes away Zola , the child Meredith wanted to adopt . Realizing his mistake , Alex apologizes to Meredith who forgives him shortly after . As the end of the fifth year of residency is near , the surgical residents , including Alex , prepare for their board exams for the different fellowships they plan on joining . Though Alex is late for his exam because he had to treat a patient , he ends up passing . Dr. Webber tells him that Johns Hopkins Hospital , which has the top program in the country , has been very impressed with him and has decided to create a position in pediatrics surgery for him and accepts the position . After finding out his decision , his current boss , Dr. Arizona Robbins , yells at him and takes his place on a plane that later crashes .

\n

\n Following the rescue of his colleagues , Robbins ' health deteriorates and amputates her leg . He extends his stay at Seattle Grace until a replacement for Robbins is found , but when he learns that the replacement will send the exchange program to UCLA , he decides not to leave . Karev buys Meredith 's old house from her , and Cristina becomes his roommate . Karev forms a friendship with new intern , Jo Wilson that eventually develops into romantic feelings towards each other . Alex admits his love for Jo , and the two kiss and become a couple .

\n

\n Alex 's estranged father , Jimmy , who he has n't seen in 18 years , is admitted to the ER as a patient . After being discharged , Jimmy plays with his band at a bar , and Alex spends several nights watching his father perform onstage . Unknowing that Alex is his son , Jimmy confides in Alex that he had another family that he has n't seen in years . This made Alex upset and he punched Jimmy at the bar . Once returning home , Alex unleashes his hurt and anger on Jo for having encouraged him to reconnect with his father . His father returns suffering from symptoms of withdrawal and hallucinations of the past where more is revealed about Alex 's childhood . Jimmy tells Alex he knows that he is his son and Alex yells at his dad stating that `` I WAS THE DAD '' . His dad later goes into cardiac arrest and is brought into surgery , fate unknown . Alex kisses Jo at April 's wedding wanting to start a family with her . That night his dad died , due to a mistake by intern , Shane Ross , and Alex is upset . He punches Ross and is later comforted by Meredith .

\n

\n Upon the completion of his fellowship in Pediatric Surgery , Alex is given an offer to work at Dr. Oliver Lebackes ' private practice office , claiming that he will have more flexible hours and `` a big fat paycheck '' . Alex takes this offer happily . Robbins is initially angered by this decision and thinks that Alex is choosing money over substance . Eventually she realizes that he has become a wonderful surgeon and that she is happy to see him go . He later discovers that he is n't happy working at the private practice and expresses a desire to return full - time to Grey Sloan . When Cristina leaves for Switzerland , she leaves Alex her share of the board , including her seat .

\n

\n Alex is fired by Dr. Lebackes when Maggie Pierce accidentally reveals to him that Karev was thinking about leaving the job . Webber recommended Bailey to fill Yang 's board seat after she left , so Bailey and Alex fight over the chair . They both make presentations to the board and eventually Bailey wins , with a unanimous vote in her favor . He is hired back as an attending Peds surgeon and takes over full - time as Arizona pursues a fellowship with Dr. Herman . Alex continues to date Jo and his friendship with Meredith grows stronger than ever , with him taking on the role of her new person . When Derek dies and Meredith runs away , Alex is upset by her leaving without telling him where she went and calls her everyday . Eventually she calls him , tells him she is okay , and to stop calling . When she goes into labor and gives birth to Ellis Shepherd , Alex goes to see her since he is her emergency contact . He brings Meredith and her kids back to her house . She asks to move back in with him in her old house . Alex sells Meredith back the house and he and Jo rent a loft .

\n

\n Alex and Jo continue to struggle with their relationship . Alex wants to settle down , marry Jo , and have kids . However , Jo continues to resist . When Karev proposes to her , Jo tells him she ca n't marry him , so he breaks up with her . Later , Alex realizes that he misses Jo and gets her back . They seem to be doing well for some time , until Alex brings up marriage again and the two fight , as Jo still continues to argue that she can not marry him . Alex storms out , leaving their relationship uncertain . During Owen and Amelia 's wedding , Alex realizes that even though she wo n't marry him , he loves Jo and goes back to her again . However , when he arrives at their loft , he finds Jo highly intoxicated , wearing nothing but her bra and underwear , and surgical intern , Andrew Deluca lying on top of her . Alex assumes that Deluca was attempting to take advantage of Jo while she was inebriated and is filled with rage . He beats Deluca to a pulp with his bare hands .

\n

\n Andrew is badly injured , with his face bruised beyond recognition . He is unconscious and on the verge of dying . Alex realizes what he 's done and quickly rushes Deluca to the hospital . There , the doctors call the police as they struggle to save Andrew and discover who did this to him . Alex lies to everyone and says that he found Andrew in this state and brought him to Grey Sloan . However , Ben Warren is suspicious of Karev . Meredith also quickly realizes that Alex was in fact the one who beat Deluca . She covers for him and the two continue to lie to everyone in the hospital about Alex 's actions . Soon , Karev learns that Andrew was n't doing anything wrong and that he had beaten up a good guy . Meredith decides that even though she loves Alex , she needs to turn him in . She goes to Bailey and tells her the truth . But , when the two rush to the police they find Alex being arrested for aggravated assault , as he had turned himself in . He is taken to jail and Meredith bails him out . While they wait for a trial , Bailey suspends Alex as an attending and makes him work in the clinic . Eventually , Jo finally tells Alex that the reason she could n't marry Alex is because she is already married . Her husband is abusive and so she ran away and changed her name to Jo Wilson so that he would n't find her . Alex realizes that when Jo is called to the stand as a witness in the trial , this information about her past and lack of records under the name Jo Wilson may be revealed , and when the information goes public , her husband may find her . To keep her safe , he decides to take the plea deal without a trial , ensuring that he goes to jail for 2 years . However , when Alex tells Meredith this , she begs him not to and tells him that she ca n't lose him too because she 's already lost everyone else important in her life . Alex struggles to decide whether or not to take the plea deal .

\n

\n Meredith searches for Alex 's case online , to find that the trial had been put off indefinitely . She assumes that he took the plea , and began calling and visiting various local jails to find him . After a full day of searching without finding him , she goes home to sleep , and discovers him sleeping in her bed . He explains he slept there all day . He explains that during his meeting with the D.A. Deluca came in and dropped all charges . Alex was then free to continue being Alex .

\n

\n After returning to work , Alex and Jo try to ignore each other and eventually build up a tolerance of sorts towards each other . Deluca and Alex continue to be at odds , especially when he becomes closer to Jo . However , nothing comes of it and they both keep their distance . At the end of the season , Alex hitters an investigator to look for Jo 's abusive husband . The investigator funds him and tells Alex that he will be at a conference . Meredith tells him it 's a horrible idea and that he should n't go , especially considering Jo doesnt know about the situation . Alex flys out to the conference with the intention of telling him to get out of her life , no matter the means . When he meets him , Alex decides against confronting him over Jo , avoiding exposing her current identity and location and potentially stopping himself from assaulting someone yet again . He returns to Seattle , leaving the convention early .

\n

\n At the start of season 14 , Alex and Jo start to warm to each other . Jo tells Deluca that she is still in love with Alex . Because Stephanie has left the hospital after an explosion that almost killed her , Jo turns to Warren to confide in . After she tells him her true feelings about whole situation with Alex , Warren tells him that Jo is scared that he might hurt her . Alex goes to Jo and tells her that he could never abuse her like her husband did because he delt with the same trauma as a kid as his father was abusive . He then tells her that he found her husband . Jo is taken back by this but when Alex tells her that he did n't kill or injur him in anyway , she is relieved and finally trusts him again . They then have sex .

\n

\n Development ( edit )

\n

\n Casting and creation ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section is empty . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2012 )
\n

\n Characterization ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( September 2012 )
\n

\n The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Karev as `` honest '' , `` always tells it like it is '' , while also citing his mouth , his punctuality and him being a `` smart - ass '' as his weaknesses . Shonda Rhimes said of Karev : `` I love that we have a character who can do something wonderful but still be a selfish cranky ass about it . Alex gets to be complex in ways most characters do n't because even though he 's got a moral code , his moral code is totally twisted and dark . But he 's essentially good -- deep down inside . '' Carolina Paiz , one of the writers of the series , wrote : `` He has so much going on inside ... you think you 've got him figured out but then he just reveals this whole other side to him . ''

\n

\n `` He is superficial sleazeball who turns out to be a nice guy and a talented doctor with an amazing bedside manner , as well as the budding love interest of Katherine Heigl 's character Isobel . '' DVD Verdict wrote of the character 's development in the fourth season : `` Love him , hate him , or both , Karev speaks his mind , rough edges and all . But ultimately his cold heart seems to be softened by his blossoming relationship with Jane Doe / Ava / Rebecca . '' Rhimes felt that the 100th episode during which Karev marries Stevens showed how he had grown up : `` Look at him . Standing at the altar and saying those vows like a man . ( ... ) He 's become a man who can step up . And I love him for it . ''

\n

\n Reception ( edit )

\n

\n Analyzing Alex Karev , Rachel Simon called him `` underrated ; '' she pointed out that Alex 's personal growth never seems to get acknowledged , as `` Alex begins Grey 's as an arrogant , obnoxious intern who pushes away anyone who tries to care about him . He breaks Izzie 's heart 1,000 times , and then acts surprised when she falls for someone else . He sleeps with any girl who will have him , insults everyone who does n't , and generally enjoys being the hospital asshole . Yet , over the course of 10 seasons Alex has evolved , slowly and realistically , into a genuinely good person whose faults do n't miraculously disappear , but take a backseat to much better qualities . ''

\n

\n Former television columnist for The Star - Ledger Alan Sepinwall disapproved of Karev 's flirt with Addison as `` he should take interest in a woman 's speciality and respect his boss without getting in her pants . '' Reviewing the fifth season , Chris Monfette of IGN wrote : `` Alex , who 'd become simply the cast 's angry outcast , was uplifted as his relationship with Izzie became more and more substantial , and his bedside scenes with her toward the end were some of his character 's best material yet . ''

\n

\n On his career path as a Pediatric Surgeon Examiner wrote , `` Despite his rough exterior , Alex has a certain child - like innocence and need for acceptance . He is keen in recognizing these traits in kids , as well . He reaches out to kids on many levels . '' and added , `` Alex has major trust issues . Maybe it was the constant beatings from his father . Or , his mother 's mental illness . Or , being shuffled through 17 foster homes over a 5 year period . Who would n't have issues with a childhood like that ? ''

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n

\n Specific

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 22 . 2009 - 05 - 07 . ABC .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Character Bios '' . ABC.com .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` About.com Interviews Justin Chambers '' . tvfanatic.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 29 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' boss vetoes controversial Alex / Izzie plot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ ABC - Alex Karev bio , archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 , retrieved December 13 , 2011
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 7 , 2006 ) . `` Shonda on `` Damage Case '' `` . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Paiz , Carolina ( November 30 , 2006 ) . `` Carolina Paiz on `` Do n't Stand So Close To Me '' `` . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Justin Chambers Biography '' . Yahoo . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Buy Grey 's Anatomy : Season Four ( Blu - ray ) at Amazon Grey 's Anatomy : Season Four ( Blu - ray ) '' . DVD Verdict . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Rhimes , Shonda ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Shonda Rhimes on `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' ... `` . Grey Matter . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( January 19 , 2007 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Break like the wind '' . What 's Alan Watching . Blogpsot . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Monfette , Chris ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 .
    14. \n
\n

\n General

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Grey 's Anatomy
\n Episodes \n
    \n
  • \n Season 1
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 5
    • \n
  • \n 6
    • \n
  • \n 7
    • \n
  • \n 8
    • \n
  • \n 9
    • \n
  • \n 10
    • \n
  • \n 11
    • \n
  • \n 12
    • \n
  • \n 13
    • \n
  • \n 14
    • \n
\n
\n Characters ( cast members ) \n
    \n
  • \n Meredith Grey
    • \n
  • \n Cristina Yang
    • \n
  • \n Izzie Stevens
    • \n
  • \n Alex Karev
    • \n
  • \n George O'Malley
    • \n
  • \n Miranda Bailey
    • \n
  • \n Richard Webber
    • \n
  • \n Derek Shepherd
    • \n
  • \n Preston Burke
    • \n
  • \n Addison Montgomery
    • \n
  • \n Mark Sloan
    • \n
  • \n Callie Torres
    • \n
  • \n Lexie Grey
    • \n
  • \n Erica Hahn
    • \n
  • \n Owen Hunt
    • \n
  • \n Sadie Harris
    • \n
  • \n Arizona Robbins
    • \n
  • \n Teddy Altman
    • \n
  • \n Jackson Avery
    • \n
  • \n April Kepner
    • \n
  • \n Amelia Shepherd
    • \n
  • \n Stephanie Edwards
    • \n
  • \n Maggie Pierce
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Awards and nominations
    • \n
  • \n Soundtrack
    • \n
  • \n Video game
    • \n
  • \n Private Practice
    • \n
  • \n A Coraz\u00f3n Abierto ( Mexican telenovela )
    • \n
  • \n A Coraz\u00f3n Abierto ( Colombian telenovela )
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_Karev&oldid=806916198 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "when does karev die in grey's anatomy", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "African Footballer of the Year - wikipedia

\n African Footballer of the Year

\n Jump to : navigation , search

\n The African Footballer of the Year award , presented to the best African footballer each year , has been conferred by the Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) since 1992 . An earlier African Footballer of the Year Golden Ball award was given out between 1970 and 1994 by France Football magazine . The changes resulted in parallel Golden Ball awards given out to Abedi Pele and George Weah in 1993 and 1994 by the magazine although the CAF sponsored awards for those years were won respectively by Rashidi Yekini and Emmanuel Amuneke , as well as two awards given to Abedi Pel\u00e9 in 1992 . France Football discontinued the election from 1995 after the European Ballon d'Or -- also awarded by the magazine -- had been opened to all players in the European leagues .

\n

\n On 2 February 2008 , Sevilla 's Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Kanout\u00e9 was named the 2007 African Footballer of the Year . Kanout\u00e9 , who was born in France , is the first European - born player to win the award ( he plays for his father 's native country of Mali ) .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Winners ( edit )

\n

\n France Football award ( 1970 -- 1994 ) ( edit )

\n Roger Milla , two - time winner of the award given by France Football . Lakhdar Belloumi , winner of the award in 1981 . Mahmoud El Khatib was the first player from Egypt to win the award in 1983 .

\n The award by France Football magazine was awarded to the best African footballer between 1970 and 1994 . The award was discontinued in 1995 after the European Footballer of the Year ( Ballon d'Or ) was opened to players of non-European nationality , the award being given to George Weah that year . It had already been replaced by an official award given out by the Confederation of African Football since 1992 .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Rank \n Player \n Team \n Points
\n 1970 \n 1st \n Salif Ke\u00efta \n Saint - \u00c9tienne \n 54
\n 2nd \n Laurent Pokou \n ASEC Abidjan \n 28
\n Ali Abo Greisha \n Ismaily
\n
\n 1971 \n 1st \n Ibrahim Sunday \n Asante Kotoko \n 29
\n 2nd \n Robert Mensah \n Asante Kotoko \n 15
\n 3rd \n Fran\u00e7ois Ndoumb\u00e9 \n Canon Yaound\u00e9 \n 13
\n
\n 1972 \n 1st \n Ch\u00e9rif Souleymane \n Hafia \n 21
\n 2nd \n Bwanga Tshimen \n TP Mazembe \n 16
\n 3rd \n Petit Sory \n Hafia \n 14
\n
\n 1973 \n 1st \n Bwanga Tshimen \n TP Mazembe \n 49
\n 2nd \n Kazadi Mwamba \n TP Mazembe \n 44
\n 3rd \n Laurent Pokou \n ASEC Abidjan \n 41
\n
\n \n 1st \n Paul Moukila \n CARA Brazzaville \n 57
\n 2nd \n Lobilo Boba \n Vita Club \n 32
\n 3rd \n Hassan Shehata \n Zamalek \n 28
\n
\n \n 1st \n Ahmed Faras \n Mohamm\u00e9dia \n 28
\n 2nd \n Roger Milla \n Tonnerre Yaound\u00e9 \n 24
\n Mamadou Aliou K\u00e9\u00efta \n Hafia
\n
\n 1976 \n 1st \n Roger Milla \n Tonnerre Yaound\u00e9 \n 33
\n 2nd \n Papa Camara \n Hafia \n 32
\n 3rd \n Ali Bencheikh \n MC Alger \n 27
\n
\n 1977 \n 1st \n Tarak Dhiab \n Esp\u00e9rance Tunis \n 45
\n 2nd \n Papa Camara \n Hafia \n 33
\n 3rd \n Segun Odegbami \n Shooting Stars \n 29
\n
\n 1978 \n 1st \n Karim Abdul Razak \n Asante Kotoko \n 58
\n 2nd \n Ali Bencheikh \n MC Alger \n 33
\n 3rd \n Thomas N'Kono \n Canon Yaound\u00e9 \n 29
\n
\n 1979 \n 1st \n Thomas N'Kono \n Canon Yaound\u00e9 \n 55
\n 2nd \n Adolf Armah \n Hearts of Oak \n 23
\n 3rd \n Kerfalla Bangoura \n Horoya \n 15
\n
\n 1980 \n 1st \n Jean Manga - Ongu\u00e9n\u00e9 \n Canon Yaound\u00e9 \n 64
\n 2nd \n Segun Odegbami \n Shooting Stars \n 41
\n 3rd \n Th\u00e9ophile Abega \n Canon Yaound\u00e9 \n 18
\n
\n 1981 \n 1st \n Lakhdar Belloumi \n GC Mascara \n 78
\n 2nd \n Thomas N'Kono \n Canon Yaound\u00e9 \n 54
\n 3rd \n Ali Fergani \n JS Kabylie \n 26
\n
\n 1982 \n 1st \n Thomas N'Kono \n Espanyol \n 83
\n 2nd \n Salah Assad \n Mulhouse \n 54
\n 3rd \n Lakhdar Belloumi \n GC Mascara \n 36
\n
\n \n 1st \n Mahmoud El Khatib \n Al Ahly \n 98
\n 2nd \n Opoku Nti \n Asante Kotoko \n 89
\n 3rd \n Rafiou Moutairou \n OC Agaza \n 19
\n
\n 1984 \n 1st \n Th\u00e9ophile Abega \n Toulouse \n 124
\n 2nd \n Joseph - Antoine Bell \n El Mokawloon \n 65
\n Ibrahim Youssef \n Zamalek
\n
\n 1985 \n 1st \n Mohamed Timoumi \n AS FAR \n 113
\n 2nd \n Rabah Madjer \n Porto \n 45
\n 3rd \n Ibrahim Youssef \n Zamalek \n 39
\n
\n 1986 \n 1st \n Ezzaki Badou \n Mallorca \n 125
\n 2nd \n Aziz Bouderbala \n Sion \n 88
\n 3rd \n Roger Milla \n Montpellier \n 80
\n
\n \n 1st \n Rabah Madjer \n Porto \n 130
\n 2nd \n Youssouf Falikou Fofana \n Monaco \n 63
\n 3rd \n Fran\u00e7ois Omam - Biyik \n Laval \n 52
\n
\n \n 1st \n Kalusha Bwalya \n Cercle Brugge \n 111
\n 2nd \n Roger Milla \n Montpellier \n 68
\n 3rd \n Youssouf Falikou Fofana \n Monaco \n 40
\n
\n \n 1st \n George Weah \n Monaco \n 133
\n 2nd \n Joseph - Antoine Bell \n Bordeaux \n 105
\n 3rd \n Kalusha Bwalya \n PSV \n 49
\n
\n \n 1st \n Roger Milla \n Saint - Pierroise \n 209
\n 2nd \n Tahar Ch\u00e9rif El - Ouazzani \n Ayd\u0131nspor \n 64
\n 3rd \n Rabah Madjer \n Porto \n 60
\n Fran\u00e7ois Omam - Biyik \n Rennes
\n
\n 1991 \n 1st \n Abedi Pele \n Marseille \n 152
\n 2nd \n George Weah \n Monaco \n 106
\n 3rd \n Fran\u00e7ois Omam - Biyik \n Cannes \n 52
\n
\n 1992 \n 1st \n Abedi Pele \n Marseille \n 198
\n 2nd \n George Weah \n Paris Saint - Germain \n 161
\n 3rd \n Tony Yeboah \n Eintracht Frankfurt \n 64
\n
\n 1993 \n 1st \n Abedi Pele \n Marseille \n 119
\n 2nd \n Tony Yeboah \n Eintracht Frankfurt \n 117
\n 3rd \n Rashidi Yekini \n Vit\u00f3ria de Set\u00fabal \n 104
\n
\n 1994 \n 1st \n George Weah \n Paris Saint - Germain \n 148
\n 2nd \n Emmanuel Amunike \n Sporting CP \n 133
\n 3rd \n Daniel Amokachi \n Everton \n 99
\n

\n CAF award ( 1992 -- present ) ( edit )

\n Samuel Eto'o won the award four times . Yaya Tour\u00e9 won the award four consecutive times from 2011 to 2014 . Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang was the first player from Gabon to win the award in 2015 . Mohamed Salah is the latest player to win the award in 2017 . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Rank \n Player \n Team \n Points
\n 1992 \n 1st \n Abedi Pele \n Marseille \n --
\n
\n 1993 \n 1st \n Rashidi Yekini \n Vit\u00f3ria de Set\u00fabal \n --
\n
\n 1994 \n 1st \n Emmanuel Amunike \n Sporting CP \n 48
\n 2nd \n George Weah \n Paris Saint - Germain \n 44
\n Rashidi Yekini \n Olympiacos
\n
\n 1995 \n 1st \n George Weah \n Milan \n --
\n 2nd \n Emmanuel Amunike \n Sporting CP \n --
\n 3rd \n Daniel Amokachi \n Everton \n --
\n
\n \n 1st \n Nwankwo Kanu \n Internazionale \n --
\n 2nd \n George Weah \n Milan \n --
\n 3rd \n Daniel Amokachi \n Be\u015fikta\u015f \n --
\n
\n \n 1st \n Victor Ikpeba \n Monaco \n 56
\n 2nd \n Japhet N'Doram \n Monaco \n 40
\n 3rd \n Taribo West \n Internazionale \n 35
\n
\n 1998 \n 1st \n Mustapha Hadji \n Deportivo La Coru\u00f1a \n 76
\n 2nd \n Jay - Jay Okocha \n Paris Saint - Germain \n 74
\n 3rd \n Sunday Oliseh \n Ajax \n 58
\n
\n 1999 \n 1st \n Nwankwo Kanu \n Arsenal \n 46
\n 2nd \n Samuel Kuffour \n Bayern Munich \n 44
\n 3rd \n Ibrahima Bakayoko \n Marseille \n 42
\n
\n 2000 \n 1st \n Patrick M'Boma \n Parma \n 123
\n 2nd \n Lauren \n Mallorca \n 36
\n 3rd \n Samuel Eto'o \n Mallorca \n 29
\n
\n \n 1st \n El Hadji Diouf \n Lens \n 93
\n 2nd \n Samuel Kuffour \n Bayern Munich \n 66
\n 3rd \n Samuel Eto'o \n Mallorca \n 34
\n
\n 2002 \n 1st \n El Hadji Diouf \n Liverpool \n 93
\n 2nd \n Papa Bouba Diop \n Lens \n 46
\n 3rd \n Mido \n Ajax \n 42
\n
\n 2003 \n 1st \n Samuel Eto'o \n Mallorca \n --
\n 2nd \n Didier Drogba \n Marseille \n --
\n 3rd \n Jay - Jay Okocha \n Bolton Wanderers \n --
\n
\n \n 1st \n Samuel Eto'o \n Barcelona \n 116
\n 2nd \n Didier Drogba \n Chelsea \n 90
\n 3rd \n Jay - Jay Okocha \n Bolton Wanderers \n 68
\n
\n 2005 \n 1st \n Samuel Eto'o \n Barcelona \n 108
\n 2nd \n Didier Drogba \n Chelsea \n 106
\n 3rd \n Michael Essien \n Chelsea \n 50
\n
\n 2006 \n 1st \n Didier Drogba \n Chelsea \n 79
\n 2nd \n Samuel Eto'o \n Barcelona \n 76
\n 3rd \n Michael Essien \n Chelsea \n 36
\n
\n 2007 \n 1st \n Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Kanout\u00e9 \n Sevilla \n --
\n 2nd \n Michael Essien \n Chelsea \n --
\n 3rd \n Didier Drogba \n Chelsea \n --
\n
\n 2008 \n 1st \n Emmanuel Adebayor \n Arsenal \n 74
\n 2nd \n Mohamed Aboutrika \n Al - Ahly \n 53
\n 3rd \n Michael Essien \n Chelsea \n 36
\n
\n 2009 \n 1st \n Didier Drogba \n Chelsea \n 92
\n 2nd \n Samuel Eto'o \n Internazionale \n 69
\n 3rd \n Michael Essien \n Chelsea \n 43
\n
\n \n 1st \n Samuel Eto'o \n Internazionale \n --
\n 2nd \n Asamoah Gyan \n Sunderland \n --
\n 3rd \n Didier Drogba \n Chelsea \n --
\n
\n 2011 \n 1st \n Yaya Tour\u00e9 \n Manchester City \n --
\n 2nd \n Seydou Keita \n Barcelona \n --
\n 3rd \n Andr\u00e9 Ayew \n Marseille \n --
\n
\n 2012 \n 1st \n Yaya Tour\u00e9 \n Manchester City \n --
\n 2nd \n Didier Drogba \n Shanghai Shenhua \n --
\n 3rd \n Alex Song \n Barcelona \n --
\n
\n 2013 \n 1st \n Yaya Tour\u00e9 \n Manchester City \n 373
\n 2nd \n John Obi Mikel \n Chelsea \n 265
\n 3rd \n Didier Drogba \n Galatasaray \n 236
\n
\n 2014 \n 1st \n Yaya Tour\u00e9 \n Manchester City \n 175
\n 2nd \n Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang \n Borussia Dortmund \n 120
\n 3rd \n Vincent Enyeama \n Lille \n 105
\n
\n 2015 \n 1st \n Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang \n Borussia Dortmund \n 143
\n 2nd \n Yaya Tour\u00e9 \n Manchester City \n 136
\n 3rd \n Andr\u00e9 Ayew \n Swansea City \n 112
\n
\n 2016 \n 1st \n Riyad Mahrez \n Leicester City \n 361
\n 2nd \n Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang \n Borussia Dortmund \n 313
\n 3rd \n Sadio Man\u00e9 \n Liverpool \n 186
\n
\n 2017 \n 1st \n Mohamed Salah \n Liverpool \n 625
\n 2nd \n Sadio Man\u00e9 \n Liverpool \n 507
\n 3rd \n Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang \n Borussia Dortmund \n 311
\n

\n Wins By Country ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Nation \n Winners \n Runners - up \n Third places
\n Cameroon \n 11 \n 8 \n 11
\n Ivory Coast \n 8 \n 6 \n 7
\n Ghana \n 6 \n 7 \n 7
\n Nigeria \n 5 \n 6 \n 7
\n Morocco \n \n \n 0
\n Algeria \n \n \n 5
\n Liberia \n \n \n --
\n Egypt \n \n \n
\n Mali \n \n \n --
\n Senegal \n \n \n
\n Guinea \n \n \n
\n DR Congo \n \n \n --
\n Gabon \n \n \n
\n Zambia \n \n -- \n
\n Togo \n \n -- \n
\n Tunisia \n \n -- \n --
\n Congo \n \n -- \n --
\n Chad \n -- \n \n --
\n

\n Wins By Club ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Club \n Winners \n Runners - up \n Third places
\n Olympique Marseille \n \n \n
\n Manchester City \n \n \n --
\n Chelsea \n \n \n 6
\n AS Monaco \n \n \n
\n Barcelona \n \n \n
\n Asante Kotoko \n \n \n --
\n Canon Yaound\u00e9 \n \n \n
\n RCD Mallorca \n \n \n
\n Inter Milan \n \n \n
\n Liverpool \n \n \n
\n Arsenal \n \n -- \n --
\n Paris SG \n \n \n --
\n Hafia Conacry \n \n \n
\n TP Mazembe \n \n \n --
\n Borussia Dortmund \n \n \n --
\n Sporting CP \n \n \n --
\n Al Ahly \n \n \n
\n FC Porto \n \n \n
\n Tonnerre Yaound\u00e9 \n \n \n --
\n RC Lens \n \n \n --
\n Milan \n \n \n --
\n Sporting CP \n \n \n --
\n GC Mascara \n \n -- \n
\n Vit\u00f3ria de Set\u00fabal \n \n -- \n
\n Cercle Brugge \n \n -- \n --
\n CARA Brazzaville \n \n -- \n --
\n Leicester City \n \n -- \n --
\n AS Saint - \u00c9tienne \n \n -- \n --
\n Toulouse FC \n \n -- \n --
\n Parma \n \n -- \n --
\n FAR Rabat \n \n -- \n --
\n SCC Mohamm\u00e9dia \n \n -- \n --
\n JS Saint - Pierroise \n \n -- \n --
\n Deportivo de La Coru\u00f1a \n \n -- \n --
\n Espanyol \n \n -- \n --
\n Sevilla \n \n -- \n --
\n Esp\u00e9rance ST \n \n -- \n --
\n Bayern Munich \n -- \n \n --
\n MC Alger \n -- \n \n
\n ASEC Mimosas \n -- \n \n
\n Montpellier \n -- \n \n
\n Eintracht Frankfurt \n -- \n \n
\n Shooting Stars \n -- \n \n
\n Shanghai Shenhua \n -- \n \n --
\n Vita Club \n -- \n \n --
\n El Mokawloon \n -- \n \n --
\n Sunderland \n -- \n \n --
\n Girondins Bordeaux \n -- \n \n --
\n FC Mulhouse \n -- \n \n --
\n Hearts of Oak \n -- \n \n --
\n FC Sion \n -- \n \n --
\n Ayd\u0131nspor \n -- \n \n --
\n JS Kabylie \n -- \n -- \n
\n Bolton Wanderers \n -- \n -- \n
\n Everton FC \n -- \n -- \n
\n Ajax Amsterdam \n -- \n -- \n
\n Ismaily SC \n -- \n -- \n
\n Zamalek SC \n -- \n \n
\n AS Cannes \n -- \n -- \n
\n Stade Lavallois \n -- \n -- \n
\n Lille OSC \n -- \n -- \n
\n Stade Rennais \n -- \n -- \n
\n Olympiacos \n -- \n -- \n
\n Horoya AC \n -- \n -- \n
\n PSV Eindhoven \n -- \n -- \n
\n OC Agaza \n -- \n -- \n
\n Be\u015fikta\u015f \n -- \n -- \n
\n Galatasaray \n -- \n -- \n
\n Swansea City \n -- \n -- \n
\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` African Player of the Year 1993 '' . Rsssf.com. 2001 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` African Player of the Year 1994 '' . Rsssf.com. 2001 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 09 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` African Player of the Year '' . rsssf.com. 2000 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 02 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` African Player of the Year '' . rsssf.com. 2000 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Kanoute named Africa 's best
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Furious Drogba Slams CAF Over Kanoute Award And Pulls Out
    7. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Football in Africa ( CAF )
\n National competitions \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Men \n
    \n
  • \n Africa Cup of Nations
    • \n
  • \n African Nations Championship
    • \n
  • \n Africa Futsal Cup of Nations
    • \n
  • \n Africa Beach Soccer Cup of Nations
    • \n
\n
\n Women \n
    \n
  • \n Africa Women Cup of Nations
    • \n
  • \n Women 's Olympic Qualifying Tournament
    • \n
  • \n African Games
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Youth competitions \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Men \n
    \n
  • \n U-23 Cup of Nations
    • \n
  • \n U-20 Cup of Nations
    • \n
  • \n U-17 Cup of Nations
    • \n
  • \n African Games
    • \n
\n
\n Women \n
    \n
  • \n U-20 Cup for Women
    • \n
  • \n U-17 Cup for Women
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Club competitions \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Current \n
    \n
  • \n Champions League
    • \n
  • \n Confederation Cup
    • \n
  • \n Super Cup
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct \n
    \n
  • \n CAF Cup
    • \n
  • \n Cup Winners ' Cup
    • \n
  • \n Afro - Asian Championship
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Lists and awards \n
    \n
  • \n African Footballer of the Year
    • \n
  • \n African Women 's Footballer of the Year
    • \n
  • \n CAF Awards
    • \n
  • \n CAF 5 - Year Ranking
    • \n
  • \n List of African national football team managers
    • \n
\n
\n Sub-regions \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Northern Africa \n
    \n
  • \n UNAF
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Western Africa \n
    \n
  • \n WAFU
    • \n
\n
\n Central Africa \n
    \n
  • \n UNIFFAC
    • \n
\n
\n Eastern Africa \n
    \n
  • \n CECAFA
    • \n
\n
\n Southern Africa \n
    \n
  • \n COSAFA
    • \n
\n
\n
\n CAFOnline.com
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n African Footballer of the Year
\n France Football award \n
    \n
  • \n 1970 : Ke\u00efta
    • \n
  • \n 1971 : Sunday
    • \n
  • \n 1972 : Souleymane
    • \n
  • \n 1973 : Bwanga
    • \n
  • \n 1974 : Moukila
    • \n
  • \n 1975 : Faras
    • \n
  • \n 1976 : Milla
    • \n
  • \n 1977 : Dhiab
    • \n
  • \n 1978 : Abdul Razak
    • \n
  • \n 1979 : N'Kono
    • \n
  • \n 1980 : Manga - Ongu\u00e9n\u00e9
    • \n
  • \n 1981 : Belloumi
    • \n
  • \n 1982 : N'Kono
    • \n
  • \n 1983 : El Khatib
    • \n
  • \n 1984 : Abega
    • \n
  • \n 1985 : Timoumi
    • \n
  • \n 1986 : Zaki
    • \n
  • \n 1987 : Madjer
    • \n
  • \n 1988 : Bwalya
    • \n
  • \n 1989 : Weah
    • \n
  • \n 1990 : Milla
    • \n
  • \n 1991 : Abedi Pele
    • \n
  • \n 1992 : Abedi Pele
    • \n
  • \n 1993 : Abedi Pele
    • \n
  • \n 1994 : Weah
    • \n
\n
\n CAF award \n
    \n
  • \n 1992 : Abedi Pele
    • \n
  • \n 1993 : Yekini
    • \n
  • \n 1994 : Amunike
    • \n
  • \n 1995 : Weah
    • \n
  • \n 1996 : Kanu
    • \n
  • \n 1997 : Ikpeba
    • \n
  • \n 1998 : Hadji
    • \n
  • \n 1999 : Kanu
    • \n
  • \n 2000 : M'Boma
    • \n
  • \n 2001 : Diouf
    • \n
  • \n 2002 : Diouf
    • \n
  • \n 2003 : Eto'o
    • \n
  • \n 2004 : Eto'o
    • \n
  • \n 2005 : Eto'o
    • \n
  • \n 2006 : Drogba
    • \n
  • \n 2007 : Kanout\u00e9
    • \n
  • \n 2008 : Adebayor
    • \n
  • \n 2009 : Drogba
    • \n
  • \n 2010 : Eto'o
    • \n
  • \n 2011 : Tour\u00e9
    • \n
  • \n 2012 : Tour\u00e9
    • \n
  • \n 2013 : Tour\u00e9
    • \n
  • \n 2014 : Tour\u00e9
    • \n
  • \n 2015 : Aubameyang
    • \n
  • \n 2016 : Mahrez
    • \n
  • \n 2017 : Salah
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_Footballer_of_the_Year&oldid=822578197 '' Categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who was named african footballer of the year 2014", "long_answers": ["Year Rank Player Team Points 1992 1st Abedi Pele Marseille -- 1993 1st Rashidi Yekini Vit\u00f3ria de Set\u00fabal -- 1994 1st Emmanuel Amunike Sporting CP 48 2nd George Weah Paris Saint - Germain 44 Rashidi Yekini Olympiacos 1995 1st George Weah Milan -- 2nd Emmanuel Amunike Sporting CP -- 3rd Daniel Amokachi Everton -- 1st Nwankwo Kanu Internazionale -- 2nd George Weah Milan -- 3rd Daniel Amokachi Be\u015fikta\u015f -- 1st Victor Ikpeba Monaco 56 2nd Japhet N'Doram Monaco 40 3rd Taribo West Internazionale 35 1998 1st Mustapha Hadji Deportivo La Coru\u00f1a 76 2nd Jay - Jay Okocha Paris Saint - Germain 74 3rd Sunday Oliseh Ajax 58 1999 1st Nwankwo Kanu Arsenal 46 2nd Samuel Kuffour Bayern Munich 44 3rd Ibrahima Bakayoko Marseille 42 2000 1st Patrick M'Boma Parma 123 2nd Lauren Mallorca 36 3rd Samuel Eto'o Mallorca 29 1st El Hadji Diouf Lens 93 2nd Samuel Kuffour Bayern Munich 66 3rd Samuel Eto'o Mallorca 34 2002 1st El Hadji Diouf Liverpool 93 2nd Papa Bouba Diop Lens 46 3rd Mido Ajax 42 2003 1st Samuel Eto'o Mallorca -- 2nd Didier Drogba Marseille -- 3rd Jay - Jay Okocha Bolton Wanderers -- 1st Samuel Eto'o Barcelona 116 2nd Didier Drogba Chelsea 90 3rd Jay - Jay Okocha Bolton Wanderers 68 2005 1st Samuel Eto'o Barcelona 108 2nd Didier Drogba Chelsea 106 3rd Michael Essien Chelsea 50 2006 1st Didier Drogba Chelsea 79 2nd Samuel Eto'o Barcelona 76 3rd Michael Essien Chelsea 36 2007 1st Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Kanout\u00e9 Sevilla -- 2nd Michael Essien Chelsea -- 3rd Didier Drogba Chelsea -- 2008 1st Emmanuel Adebayor Arsenal 74 2nd Mohamed Aboutrika Al - Ahly 53 3rd Michael Essien Chelsea 36 2009 1st Didier Drogba Chelsea 92 2nd Samuel Eto'o Internazionale 69 3rd Michael Essien Chelsea 43 1st Samuel Eto'o Internazionale -- 2nd Asamoah Gyan Sunderland -- 3rd Didier Drogba Chelsea -- 2011 1st Yaya Tour\u00e9 Manchester City -- 2nd Seydou Keita Barcelona -- 3rd Andr\u00e9 Ayew Marseille -- 2012 1st Yaya Tour\u00e9 Manchester City -- 2nd Didier Drogba Shanghai Shenhua -- 3rd Alex Song Barcelona -- 2013 1st Yaya Tour\u00e9 Manchester City 373 2nd John Obi Mikel Chelsea 265 3rd Didier Drogba Galatasaray 236 2014 1st Yaya Tour\u00e9 Manchester City 175 2nd Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang Borussia Dortmund 120 3rd Vincent Enyeama Lille 105 2015 1st Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang Borussia Dortmund 143 2nd Yaya Tour\u00e9 Manchester City 136 3rd Andr\u00e9 Ayew Swansea City 112 2016 1st Riyad Mahrez Leicester City 361 2nd Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang Borussia Dortmund 313 3rd Sadio Man\u00e9 Liverpool 186 2017 1st Mohamed Salah Liverpool 625 2nd Sadio Man\u00e9 Liverpool 507 3rd Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang Borussia Dortmund 311\n"], "short_answers": ["Yaya Tour\u00e9\n", "Yaya Tour\u00e9\n", "Yaya Tour\u00e9\n", "Yaya Tour\u00e9\n"]} {"text": "Joy to the World ( Three Dog Night song ) - wikipedia

\n Joy to the World ( Three Dog Night song )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Joy to the World ''
\n 1971 French release
\n Single by Three Dog Night
\n from the album Naturally
\n B - side \n `` I Can Hear You Calling ''
\n Released \n February 1971 ( 1971 - 02 )
\n Format \n 7 '' 45 RPM
\n Recorded \n 1970 at American Recording Co .
\n Genre \n Rock
\n Length \n 3 : 50 ( album ) 3 : 17 ( single )
\n Label \n Dunhill
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n Hoyt Axton
\n Producer ( s ) \n Richard Podolor
\n Three Dog Night singles chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` One Man Band '' ( 1970 ) \n `` Joy to the World '' ( 1971 ) \n `` Liar '' ( 1971 )
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` One Man Band '' ( 1970 ) \n `` Joy to the World '' ( 1971 ) \n `` Liar '' ( 1971 )
\n
\n

\n `` Joy to the World '' is a song written by Hoyt Axton , and made famous by the band Three Dog Night . The song is also popularly known by its opening lyric , `` Jeremiah was a bullfrog '' . Three Dog Night originally released the song on their fourth studio album , Naturally in November 1970 and subsequently released an edited version of the song as a single in February 1971 .

\n

\n The song , which has been described by members of Three Dog Night as a `` kid 's song '' and a `` silly song '' , topped the main singles charts in North America , was certified gold by the RIAA , and has since been covered by multiple artists .

\n

\n The song is featured prominently in the film The Big Chill . It is sung by a child character at the beginning and the Three Dog Night recording is played over the end credits .

\n

\n It is also played at the end of every Denver Broncos home victory . Notable playings of this song after Broncos victories included then - Chicago Bears head coach Abe Gibron 's singing along with the song in 1973 ; and at the end of Super Bowl XXXII , played at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego . It was also played at the end of Super Bowl XXXIII at Pro Player ( now Hard Rock ) Stadium in Miami Gardens , Florida and Super Bowl 50 in Santa Clara , California .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Background and Recording ( edit )

\n

\n Some of the words are nonsensical . Axton wanted to persuade his record producers to record a new melody he had written and the producers asked him to sing any words to the tune . A member of Three Dog Night said that the original lyrics to the song were `` Jeremiah was a prophet '' but `` no one liked that '' .

\n

\n When Hoyt Axton performed the song to the group , two of the three main vocalists -- Danny Hutton and Cory Wells -- rejected the song , but Chuck Negron felt that the band needed a `` silly song '' to help bring the band back together as a working unit . Negron also felt that the song `` was n't even close to our best record , but it might have been one of our most honest . ''

\n

\n The song was recorded by Three Dog Night at American Recording Company , produced by Richard Podolor , and engineered by Bill Cooper . Unlike most Three Dog Night songs recorded at that point , instead of having just the three main vocalists singing harmony , the song was recorded with all seven members of the band singing . Drummer Floyd Sneed sings the deep lyric `` I wan na tell you '' towards the end of the song .

\n

\n When the song hit number 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1971 , Axton and his mother , Mae Axton , became the first mother and son to each have written a number one pop single in the rock era . Mae Axton co-wrote `` Heartbreak Hotel '' , which was the first number one hit for Elvis Presley .

\n

\n In a 1994 case , David P. Jackson filed suit claiming co-authorship of the song and alleging that Axton fraudulently claimed sole authorship . In the suit Jackson claimed that Axton regularly credited him with co-authorship .

\n

\n Charts and awards ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Weekly charts ( 1971 ) \n Peak position
\n Australia KMR \n 8
\n Canadian Top Singles \n
\n Germany ( Official German Charts ) \n 17
\n Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) \n 25
\n New Zealand ( Listener ) \n 12
\n UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) \n 24
\n US Billboard Hot 100 \n
\n 		\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year - end charts ( 1971 ) \n Rank
\n Australia \n 50
\n Canadian Top Singles \n
\n US Billboard Hot 100 \n
\n
\n

\n The single had been out less than two months , when on April 9 , 1971 , `` Joy to the World '' was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America , for shipments of over 1,000,000 units across the United States . The record was also given a Gold Leaf award by RPM magazine for sales of over a million units . The record won the award for the Best Selling Hit Single Record by the National Association of Recording Merchandisers in March 1972 . It was also ranked by Billboard magazine as the year - end # 1 pop single of 1971 .

\n

\n The single went on to sell 5 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best - selling singles of all time .

\n

\n In popular culture ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Preceded by `` Just My Imagination ( Running Away with Me ) '' by The Temptations \n Billboard Hot 100 number - one single April 17 , 1971 ( six weeks ) \n Succeeded by `` Brown Sugar '' by The Rolling Stones
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Celebrate : The Three Dog Night Story , 1965 -- 1975 ( CD liner ) . Three Dog Night . United States : MCA Records . 1993 . pp. 27 , 30 , 31 . MCAD2 - 10956 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Leaf , David ( 1993 ) . Celebrate : The Three Dog Night Story , 1965 -- 1975 ( CD liner ) . Three Dog Night . United States : MCA Records . p. 20 . MCAD2 - 10956 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Three Dog Night Headlines the Fair Tonight '' . Bainbridge Island Review . Entertainment section . August 20 , 2008 . ISSN 1053 - 2889 . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Jackson v. Axton '' . Law.justia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` 100 Singles '' ( PHP ) . RPM. 15 ( 15 ) . May 29 , 1971 . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Three Dog Night Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Three Dog Night -- Joy To The World '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Flavour of New Zealand , 31 May 1971
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Three Dog Night Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` 100 Top Singles of ' 71 '' ( PHP ) . RPM. 16 ( 20 ) : 5 . January 8 , 1972 . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1971 / Top 100 Songs of 1971 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Three Dog Night -- Joy to the World '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Highlights of ABC / Dunhill Convention '' . Billboard. 83 ( 34 ) : 50 . August 21 , 1971 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Sippel , John , ed . ( March 18 , 1972 ) . `` NARM Award Winners '' . Billboard. 84 ( 12 ) : 12 . Retrieved April 6 , 2011 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Year End Charts - Year - end Singles - The Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 29 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Murrells , Joseph ( 1978 ) . The Book of Golden Discs ( 2 , illustrated ed . ) . Barrie & Jenkins . ISBN 0 - 214 - 20480 - 4 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/j/johnston_daniel.htm
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ https://www.lambiek.net/artists/j/johnston_daniel.htm
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Big Lots TV Commercial , ' Joy : Recliners ' Song by Three Dog Night '' . ispot.tv . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 .
    23. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Three Dog Night
\n
    \n
  • \n Danny Hutton
    • \n
  • \n Michael Allsup
    • \n
  • \n Paul Kingery
    • \n
  • \n Pat Bautz
    • \n
  • \n Eddie Reasoner
    • \n
  • \n David Morgan
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Cory Wells
    • \n
  • \n Chuck Negron
    • \n
  • \n Jimmy Greenspoon
    • \n
  • \n Floyd Sneed
    • \n
  • \n Joe Schermie
    • \n
  • \n Skip Konte
    • \n
  • \n Al Ciner
    • \n
  • \n Gary Moon
    • \n
  • \n Richard Campbell
    • \n
\n
\n Studio albums \n
    \n
  • \n Three Dog Night ( 1968 )
    • \n
  • \n Suitable for Framing ( 1969 )
    • \n
  • \n It Ai n't Easy ( 1970 )
    • \n
  • \n Naturally ( 1970 )
    • \n
  • \n Harmony ( 1971 )
    • \n
  • \n Seven Separate Fools ( 1972 )
    • \n
  • \n Cyan ( 1973 )
    • \n
  • \n Hard Labor ( 1974 )
    • \n
  • \n Coming Down Your Way ( 1975 )
    • \n
  • \n American Pastime ( 1976 )
    • \n
  • \n It 's a Jungle ( 1983 )
    • \n
\n
\n Live albums \n
    \n
  • \n Captured Live at the Forum ( 1969 )
    • \n
  • \n Around the World with Three Dog Night ( 1973 )
    • \n
\n
\n Compilations \n
    \n
  • \n Golden Bisquits ( 1971 )
    • \n
  • \n Joy to the World : Their Greatest Hits ( 1975 )
    • \n
  • \n The Best of 3 Dog Night ( 1982 )
    • \n
  • \n Celebrate : The Three Dog Night Story , 1965 -- 1975 ( 1993 )
    • \n
  • \n 20th Century Masters -- The Millennium Collection : The Best of Three Dog Night ( 1999 )
    • \n
\n
\n Singles \n
    \n
  • \n `` Nobody ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Try a Little Tenderness ''
    • \n
  • \n `` One ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Easy to Be Hard ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Eli 's Coming ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Celebrate ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Mama Told Me ( Not to Come ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Out in the Country ''
    • \n
  • \n `` One Man Band ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Joy to the World ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Liar ''
    • \n
  • \n `` An Old Fashioned Love Song ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Never Been to Spain ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Family of Man ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Black & White ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Pieces of April ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Shambala ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Let Me Serenade You ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Show Must Go On ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Sure As I 'm Sittin ' Here ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Play Something Sweet ( Brickyard Blues ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Til the World Ends ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Everybody Is a Masterpiece ''
    • \n
  • \n `` It 's a Jungle Out There ''
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Discography
    • \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1960 -- 1979 )
\n
    \n
  • \n 1960 : `` Theme from A Summer Place '' -- Percy Faith
    • \n
  • \n 1961 : `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' -- Bobby Lewis
    • \n
  • \n 1962 : `` Stranger on the Shore '' -- Mr. Acker Bilk
    • \n
  • \n 1963 : `` Sugar Shack '' -- Jimmy Gilmer and the Fireballs
    • \n
  • \n 1964 : `` I Want to Hold Your Hand '' -- The Beatles
    • \n
  • \n 1965 : `` Wooly Bully '' -- Sam the Sham & the Pharaohs
    • \n
  • \n 1966 : `` Ballad of the Green Berets '' -- S / Sgt . Barry Sadler
    • \n
  • \n 1967 : `` To Sir , with Love '' -- Lulu
    • \n
  • \n 1968 : `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles
    • \n
  • \n 1969 : `` Sugar , Sugar '' -- The Archies
    • \n
  • \n 1970 : `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Simon & Garfunkel
    • \n
  • \n 1971 : `` Joy to the World '' -- Three Dog Night
    • \n
  • \n 1972 : `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Roberta Flack
    • \n
  • \n 1973 : `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn
    • \n
  • \n 1974 : `` The Way We Were '' -- Barbra Streisand
    • \n
  • \n 1975 : `` Love Will Keep Us Together '' -- Captain & Tennille
    • \n
  • \n 1976 : `` Silly Love Songs '' -- Wings
    • \n
  • \n 1977 : `` Tonight 's the Night ( Gonna Be Alright ) '' -- Rod Stewart
    • \n
  • \n 1978 : `` Shadow Dancing '' -- Andy Gibb
    • \n
  • \n 1979 : `` My Sharona '' -- The Knack
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Complete list
    • \n
  • \n ( 1946 -- 1959 )
    • \n
  • \n ( 1960 -- 1979 )
    • \n
  • \n ( 1980 -- 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n ( 2000 -- 2019 )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joy_to_the_World_(Three_Dog_Night_song)&oldid=835489072 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "meaning of joy to the world by three dog night", "long_answers": ["When Hoyt Axton performed the song to the group , two of the three main vocalists -- Danny Hutton and Cory Wells -- rejected the song , but Chuck Negron felt that the band needed a `` silly song '' to help bring the band back together as a working unit . Negron also felt that the song `` was n't even close to our best record , but it might have been one of our most honest . ''\n", "The song , which has been described by members of Three Dog Night as a `` kid 's song '' and a `` silly song '' , topped the main singles charts in North America , was certified gold by the RIAA , and has since been covered by multiple artists .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Lithium - wikipedia

\n Lithium

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the chemical element . For the use of lithium as a medication , see Lithium ( medication ) . For other uses , see Lithium ( disambiguation ) . \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n It has been suggested that Lithium as an investment be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since June 2017 .
\n \n Lithium , Li \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Lithium floating in oil
\n General properties
\n Pronunciation \n
    \n
  • \n / \u02c8l\u026a\u03b8i\u0259m / \u200b ( LI - thee - \u0259m )
    • \n
\n
\n Appearance \n silvery - white
\n Standard atomic weight ( A ) \n ( 7000693800000000000 \u2660 6.938 , 7000699700000000000 \u2660 6.997 ) conventional : 7000694000000000000 \u2660 6.94
\n Lithium in the periodic table
\n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Hydrogen \n \n Helium
\n Lithium \n Beryllium \n \n Boron \n Carbon \n Nitrogen \n Oxygen \n Fluorine \n Neon
\n Sodium \n Magnesium \n \n Aluminium \n Silicon \n Phosphorus \n Sulfur \n Chlorine \n Argon
\n Potassium \n Calcium \n Scandium \n \n Titanium \n Vanadium \n Chromium \n Manganese \n Iron \n Cobalt \n Nickel \n Copper \n Zinc \n Gallium \n Germanium \n Arsenic \n Selenium \n Bromine \n Krypton
\n Rubidium \n Strontium \n Yttrium \n \n \n Zirconium \n Niobium \n Molybdenum \n Technetium \n Ruthenium \n Rhodium \n Palladium \n Silver \n Cadmium \n Indium \n Tin \n Antimony \n Tellurium \n Iodine \n Xenon
\n Caesium \n Barium \n Lanthanum \n Cerium \n Praseodymium \n Neodymium \n Promethium \n Samarium \n Europium \n Gadolinium \n Terbium \n Dysprosium \n Holmium \n Erbium \n Thulium \n Ytterbium \n Lutetium \n Hafnium \n Tantalum \n Tungsten \n Rhenium \n Osmium \n Iridium \n Platinum \n Gold \n Mercury ( element ) \n Thallium \n Lead \n Bismuth \n Polonium \n Astatine \n Radon
\n Francium \n Radium \n Actinium \n Thorium \n Protactinium \n Uranium \n Neptunium \n Plutonium \n Americium \n Curium \n Berkelium \n Californium \n Einsteinium \n Fermium \n Mendelevium \n Nobelium \n Lawrencium \n Rutherfordium \n Dubnium \n Seaborgium \n Bohrium \n Hassium \n Meitnerium \n Darmstadtium \n Roentgenium \n Copernicium \n Nihonium \n Flerovium \n Moscovium \n Livermorium \n Tennessine \n Oganesson
\n 		\n \u2191 Li \u2193 Na
\n helium \u2190 lithium \u2192 beryllium
\n
\n
\n Atomic number ( Z ) \n
\n Group , period \n group 1 ( alkali metals ) , period 2
\n Block \n s - block
\n Element category \n alkali metal
\n Electron configuration \n ( He ) 2s
\n Electrons per shell \n 2 , 1
\n Physical properties
\n Phase ( at STP ) \n solid
\n Melting point \n 453.65 K \u200b ( 180.50 \u00b0 C , \u200b 356.90 \u00b0 F )
\n Boiling point \n 1603 K \u200b ( 1330 \u00b0 C , \u200b 2426 \u00b0 F )
\n Density ( near r.t. ) \n 0.534 g / cm
\n when liquid ( at m.p. ) \n 0.512 g / cm
\n Critical point \n 3220 K , 67 MPa ( extrapolated )
\n Heat of fusion \n 3.00 kJ / mol
\n Heat of vaporization \n 136 kJ / mol
\n Molar heat capacity \n 24.860 J / ( mol K )
\n Vapor pressure \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n P ( Pa ) \n \n 10 \n 100 \n 1 k \n 10 k \n 100 k
\n at T ( K ) \n 797 \n 885 \n 995 \n 1144 \n 1337 \n 1610
\n
\n Atomic properties
\n Oxidation states \n + 1 \u200b ( a strongly basic oxide )
\n Electronegativity \n Pauling scale : 0.98
\n Ionization energies \n
    \n
  • \n 1st : 520.2 kJ / mol
    • \n
  • \n 2nd : 7298.1 kJ / mol
    • \n
  • \n 3rd : 11815.0 kJ / mol
    • \n
\n
\n Atomic radius \n empirical : 152 pm
\n Covalent radius \n 128 \u00b1 7 pm
\n Van der Waals radius \n 182 pm
\n \n \n \n \n
\n Spectral lines
\n
\n Miscellanea
\n Crystal structure \n \u200b body - centered cubic ( bcc )
\n Speed of sound thin rod \n 6000 m / s ( at 20 \u00b0 C )
\n Thermal expansion \n 46 \u03bcm / ( m K ) ( at 25 \u00b0 C )
\n Thermal conductivity \n 84.8 W / ( m K )
\n Electrical resistivity \n 92.8 n\u03a9 m ( at 20 \u00b0 C )
\n Magnetic ordering \n paramagnetic
\n Magnetic susceptibility \n + 14.2 10 cm / mol ( 298 K )
\n Young 's modulus \n 4.9 GPa
\n Shear modulus \n 4.2 GPa
\n Bulk modulus \n 11 GPa
\n Mohs hardness \n 0.6
\n Brinell hardness \n 5 MPa
\n CAS Number \n 7439 - 93 - 2
\n History
\n Discovery \n Johan August Arfwedson ( 1817 )
\n First isolation \n William Thomas Brande ( 1821 )
\n Main isotopes of lithium
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Isotope \n Abundance \n Half - life ( t ) \n Decay mode \n Product
\n Li \n 5 % \n stable
\n Li \n 95 % \n stable
\n
\n Li content may be as low as 3.75 % in natural samples . Li would therefore have a content of up to 96.25 % .
\n
    \n
  • \n view
    • \n
  • \n talk
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n references in Wikidata
\n

\n Lithium ( from Greek : \u03bb\u03af\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2 , translit . lithos , lit . ' stone ' ) is a chemical element with symbol Li and atomic number 3 . It is a soft , silvery - white alkali metal . Under standard conditions , it is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element . Like all alkali metals , lithium is highly reactive and flammable , and is stored in mineral oil . When cut open , it exhibits a metallic luster , but moist air corrodes it quickly to a dull silvery gray , then black tarnish . It never occurs freely in nature , but only in ( usually ionic ) compounds , such as pegmatitic minerals which were once the main source of lithium . Due to its solubility as an ion , it is present in ocean water and is commonly obtained from brines . Lithium metal is isolated electrolytically from a mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride .

\n

\n The nucleus of the lithium atom verges on instability , since the two stable lithium isotopes found in nature have among the lowest binding energies per nucleon of all stable nuclides . Because of its relative nuclear instability , lithium is less common in the solar system than 25 of the first 32 chemical elements even though its nuclei are very light : it is an exception to the trend that heavier nuclei are less common . For related reasons , lithium has important uses in nuclear physics . The transmutation of lithium atoms to helium in 1932 was the first fully man - made nuclear reaction , and lithium deuteride serves as a fusion fuel in staged thermonuclear weapons .

\n

\n Lithium and its compounds have several industrial applications , including heat - resistant glass and ceramics , lithium grease lubricants , flux additives for iron , steel and aluminium production , lithium batteries , and lithium - ion batteries . These uses consume more than three quarters of lithium production .

\n

\n Lithium is present in biological systems in trace amounts ; its functions are uncertain . Lithium salts have proven to be useful as a mood - stabilizing drug in the treatment of bipolar disorder in humans .

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n Properties ( edit )

\n

\n Atomic and physical ( edit )

\n Lithium ingots with a thin layer of black nitride tarnish

\n Like the other alkali metals , lithium has a single valence electron that is easily given up to form a cation . Because of this , lithium is a good conductor of heat and electricity as well as a highly reactive element , though it is the least reactive of the alkali metals . Lithium 's low reactivity is due to the proximity of its valence electron to its nucleus ( the remaining two electrons are in the 1s orbital , much lower in energy , and do not participate in chemical bonds ) .

\n

\n Lithium metal is soft enough to be cut with a knife . When cut , it possesses a silvery - white color that quickly changes to gray as it oxidizes to lithium oxide . While it has one of the lowest melting points among all metals ( 180 \u00b0 C ) , it has the highest melting and boiling points of the alkali metals .

\n

\n Lithium has a very low density ( 0.534 g / cm ) , comparable with pine wood . It is the least dense of all elements that are solids at room temperature ; the next lightest solid element ( potassium , at 0.862 g / cm ) is more than 60 % denser . Furthermore , apart from helium and hydrogen , it is less dense than any liquid element , being only two thirds as dense as liquid nitrogen ( 0.808 g / cm ) . Lithium can float on the lightest hydrocarbon oils and is one of only three metals that can float on water , the other two being sodium and potassium .

\n Lithium floating in oil

\n Lithium 's coefficient of thermal expansion is twice that of aluminium and almost four times that of iron . Lithium is superconductive below 400 \u03bcK at standard pressure and at higher temperatures ( more than 9 K ) at very high pressures ( > 20 GPa ) . At temperatures below 70 K , lithium , like sodium , undergoes diffusionless phase change transformations . At 4.2 K it has a rhombohedral crystal system ( with a nine - layer repeat spacing ) ; at higher temperatures it transforms to face - centered cubic and then body - centered cubic . At liquid - helium temperatures ( 4 K ) the rhombohedral structure is prevalent . Multiple allotropic forms have been identified for lithium at high pressures .

\n

\n Lithium has a mass specific heat capacity of 3.58 kilojoules per kilogram - kelvin , the highest of all solids . Because of this , lithium metal is often used in coolants for heat transfer applications .

\n

\n Chemistry and compounds ( edit )

\n

\n Lithium reacts with water easily , but with noticeably less vigor than other alkali metals . The reaction forms hydrogen gas and lithium hydroxide in aqueous solution . Because of its reactivity with water , lithium is usually stored in a hydrocarbon sealant , often petroleum jelly . Though the heavier alkali metals can be stored in more dense substances , such as mineral oil , lithium is not dense enough to be fully submerged in these liquids . In moist air , lithium rapidly tarnishes to form a black coating of lithium hydroxide ( LiOH and LiOH H O ) , lithium nitride ( Li N ) and lithium carbonate ( Li CO , the result of a secondary reaction between LiOH and CO ) .

\n Hexameric structure of the n - butyllithium fragment in a crystal

\n When placed over a flame , lithium compounds give off a striking crimson color , but when it burns strongly the flame becomes a brilliant silver . Lithium will ignite and burn in oxygen when exposed to water or water vapors . Lithium is flammable , and it is potentially explosive when exposed to air and especially to water , though less so than the other alkali metals . The lithium - water reaction at normal temperatures is brisk but nonviolent because the hydrogen produced does not ignite on its own . As with all alkali metals , lithium fires are difficult to extinguish , requiring dry powder fire extinguishers ( Class D type ) . Lithium is one of the few metals that react with nitrogen under normal conditions .

\n

\n Lithium has a diagonal relationship with magnesium , an element of similar atomic and ionic radius . Chemical resemblances between the two metals include the formation of a nitride by reaction with N , the formation of an oxide ( Li 2O ) and peroxide ( Li 2O 2 ) when burnt in O , salts with similar solubilities , and thermal instability of the carbonates and nitrides . The metal reacts with hydrogen gas at high temperatures to produce lithium hydride ( LiH ) .

\n

\n Other known binary compounds include halides ( LiF , LiCl , LiBr , LiI ) , sulfide ( Li 2S ) , superoxide ( LiO 2 ) , and carbide ( Li 2 ) . Many other inorganic compounds are known in which lithium combines with anions to form salts : borates , amides , carbonate , nitrate , or borohydride ( LiBH 4 ) . Lithium aluminium hydride ( LiAlH 4 ) is commonly used as a reducing agent in organic synthesis .

\n

\n Multiple organolithium reagents are known in which there is a direct bond between carbon and lithium atoms , effectively creating a carbanion . These are extremely powerful bases and nucleophiles . In many of these organolithium compounds , the lithium ions tend to aggregate into high - symmetry clusters by themselves , which is relatively common for alkali cations . LiHe , a very weakly interacting van der Waals compound , has been detected at very low temperatures .

\n

\n Isotopes ( edit )

\n Main article : Isotopes of lithium

\n Naturally occurring lithium is composed of two stable isotopes , Li and Li , the latter being the more abundant ( 92.5 % natural abundance ) . Both natural isotopes have anomalously low nuclear binding energy per nucleon ( compared to the neighboring elements on the periodic table , helium and beryllium ) ; lithium is the only low numbered element that can produce net energy through nuclear fission . The two lithium nuclei have lower binding energies per nucleon than any other stable nuclides other than deuterium and helium - 3 . As a result of this , though very light in atomic weight , lithium is less common in the Solar System than 25 of the first 32 chemical elements . Seven radioisotopes have been characterized , the most stable being Li with a half - life of 838 ms and Li with a half - life of 178 ms . All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half - lives that are shorter than 8.6 ms . The shortest - lived isotope of lithium is Li , which decays through proton emission and has a half - life of 7.6 \u00d7 10 s .

\n

\n Li is one of the primordial elements ( or , more properly , primordial nuclides ) produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis . A small amount of both Li and Li are produced in stars , but are thought to be `` burned '' as fast as produced . Additional small amounts of lithium of both Li and Li may be generated from solar wind , cosmic rays hitting heavier atoms , and from early solar system Be and Be radioactive decay . While lithium is created in stars during stellar nucleosynthesis , it is further burned . Li can also be generated in carbon stars .

\n

\n Lithium isotopes fractionate substantially during a wide variety of natural processes , including mineral formation ( chemical precipitation ) , metabolism , and ion exchange . Lithium ions substitute for magnesium and iron in octahedral sites in clay minerals , where Li is preferred to Li , resulting in enrichment of the light isotope in processes of hyperfiltration and rock alteration . The exotic Li is known to exhibit a nuclear halo . The process known as laser isotope separation can be used to separate lithium isotopes , in particular Li from Li .

\n

\n Nuclear weapons manufacture and other nuclear physics applications are a major source of artificial lithium fractionation , with the light isotope Li being retained by industry and military stockpiles to such an extent that it has caused slight but measurable change in the Li to Li ratios in natural sources , such as rivers . This has led to unusual uncertainty in the standardized atomic weight of lithium , since this quantity depends on the natural abundance ratios of these naturally - occurring stable lithium isotopes , as they are available in commercial lithium mineral sources .

\n

\n Both stable isotopes of lithium can be laser cooled and were used to produce the first quantum degenerate Bose - Fermi mixture .

\n

\n Occurrence ( edit )

\n Lithium is about as common as chlorine in the Earth 's upper continental crust , on a per - atom basis .

\n Astronomical ( edit )

\n Main article : Nucleosynthesis

\n Though it was synthesized in the Big Bang , lithium ( together with beryllium and boron ) , is markedly less abundant in the universe than other elements . This is a result of the comparatively low stellar temperatures necessary to destroy lithium , along with a lack of common processes to produce it .

\n

\n According to modern cosmological theory , lithium -- in both stable isotopes ( lithium - 6 and lithium - 7 ) -- was one of the 3 elements synthesized in the Big Bang . Though the amount of lithium generated in Big Bang nucleosynthesis is dependent upon the number of photons per baryon , for accepted values the lithium abundance can be calculated , and there is a `` cosmological lithium discrepancy '' in the Universe : older stars seem to have less lithium than they should , and some younger stars have much more . The lack of lithium in older stars is apparently caused by the `` mixing '' of lithium into the interior of stars , where it is destroyed , while lithium is produced in younger stars . Though it transmutes into two atoms of helium due to collision with a proton at temperatures above 2.4 million degrees Celsius ( most stars easily attain this temperature in their interiors ) , lithium is more abundant than current computations would predict in later - generation stars .

\n Nova Centauri 2013 is the first in which evidence of lithium has been found .

\n Lithium is also found in brown dwarf substellar objects and certain anomalous orange stars . Because lithium is present in cooler , less - massive brown dwarfs , but is destroyed in hotter red dwarf stars , its presence in the stars ' spectra can be used in the `` lithium test '' to differentiate the two , as both are smaller than the Sun . Certain orange stars can also contain a high concentration of lithium . Those orange stars found to have a higher than usual concentration of lithium ( such as Centaurus X-4 ) orbit massive objects -- neutron stars or black holes -- whose gravity evidently pulls heavier lithium to the surface of a hydrogen - helium star , causing more lithium to be observed .

\n

\n Terrestrial ( edit )

\n \n Lithium mine production ( 2016 ) , reserves and resources in tonnes according to USGS \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Country \n Production \n Reserves \n Resources
\n Argentina \n 5,700 \n 2,000,000 \n 9,000,000
\n Australia \n 14,300 \n 1,600,000 \n 2,000,000 +
\n Austria \n - \n - \n 100,000 +
\n Bolivia \n - \n - \n 9,000,000
\n Brazil \n 200 \n 48,000 \n 200,000
\n Canada ( 2010 ) \n 480 \n 180,000 \n 2,000,000
\n Chile \n 12,000 \n 7,500,000 \n 7,500,000 +
\n DR Congo \n - \n - \n 1,000,000
\n Mexico \n - \n - \n 200,000
\n People 's Republic of China \n 2,000 \n 3,200,000 \n 7,000,000
\n Portugal \n 200 \n 60,000 \n N / A
\n Russia \n - \n - \n 1,000,000
\n Serbia \n - \n - \n 1,000,000
\n United States \n \n 38,000 \n 6,900,000
\n Zimbabwe \n 900 \n 23,000 \n 100,000 +
\n World total \n 32,500 \n 14,000,000 \n 46,900,000
\n See also : Lithium minerals

\n Although lithium is widely distributed on Earth , it does not naturally occur in elemental form due to its high reactivity . The total lithium content of seawater is very large and is estimated as 230 billion tonnes , where the element exists at a relatively constant concentration of 0.14 to 0.25 parts per million ( ppm ) , or 25 micromolar ; higher concentrations approaching 7 ppm are found near hydrothermal vents .

\n

\n Estimates for the Earth 's crustal content range from 20 to 70 ppm by weight . In keeping with its name , lithium forms a minor part of igneous rocks , with the largest concentrations in granites . Granitic pegmatites also provide the greatest abundance of lithium - containing minerals , with spodumene and petalite being the most commercially viable sources . Another significant mineral of lithium is lepidolite . A newer source for lithium is hectorite clay , the only active development of which is through the Western Lithium Corporation in the United States . At 20 mg lithium per kg of Earth 's crust , lithium is the 25th most abundant element .

\n

\n According to the Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium , `` Lithium is a comparatively rare element , although it is found in many rocks and some brines , but always in very low concentrations . There are a fairly large number of both lithium mineral and brine deposits but only comparatively few of them are of actual or potential commercial value . Many are very small , others are too low in grade . ''

\n

\n The US Geological Survey estimates that in 2010 , Chile had the largest reserves by far ( 7.5 million tonnes ) and the highest annual production ( 8,800 tonnes ) . One of the largest reserve bases of lithium is in the Salar de Uyuni area of Bolivia , which has 5.4 million tonnes . Other major suppliers include Australia , Argentina and China . As of 2015 Czech Geological Survey considered the entire Ore Mountains in the Czech Republic as lithium province . Five deposits are registered , one near C\u00ednovec ( cs ) is considered as potentially economic deposit with 160 000 tonnes of lithium .

\n

\n In June 2010 , The New York Times reported that American geologists were conducting ground surveys on dry salt lakes in western Afghanistan believing that large deposits of lithium are located there . `` Pentagon officials said that their initial analysis at one location in Ghazni Province showed the potential for lithium deposits as large as those of Bolivia , which now has the world 's largest known lithium reserves . '' These estimates are `` based principally on old data , which was gathered mainly by the Soviets during their occupation of Afghanistan from 1979 -- 1989 '' . Stephen Peters , the head of the USGS 's Afghanistan Minerals Project , said that he was unaware of USGS involvement in any new surveying for minerals in Afghanistan in the past two years . ' We are not aware of any discoveries of lithium , ' he said . ''

\n

\n Lithia ( `` lithium brine '' ) is associated with tin mining areas in Cornwall , England and an evaluation project from 400 - metre deep test boreholes is under consideration . If successful the hot brines will also provide geothermal energy to power the lithium extraction and refining process .

\n

\n Biological ( edit )

\n

\n Lithium is found in trace amount in numerous plants , plankton , and invertebrates , at concentrations of 69 to 5,760 parts per billion ( ppb ) . In vertebrates the concentration is slightly lower , and nearly all vertebrate tissue and body fluids contain lithium ranging from 21 to 763 ppb . Marine organisms tend to bioaccumulate lithium more than terrestrial organisms . Whether lithium has a physiological role in any of these organisms is unknown .

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n Johan August Arfwedson is credited with the discovery of lithium in 1817

\n Petalite ( LiAlSi O ) was discovered in 1800 by the Brazilian chemist and statesman Jos\u00e9 Bonif\u00e1cio de Andrada e Silva in a mine on the island of Ut\u00f6 , Sweden . However , it was not until 1817 that Johan August Arfwedson , then working in the laboratory of the chemist J\u00f6ns Jakob Berzelius , detected the presence of a new element while analyzing petalite ore . This element formed compounds similar to those of sodium and potassium , though its carbonate and hydroxide were less soluble in water and more alkaline . Berzelius gave the alkaline material the name `` lithion / lithina '' , from the Greek word \u03bb\u03b9\u03b8o\u03c2 ( transliterated as lithos , meaning `` stone '' ) , to reflect its discovery in a solid mineral , as opposed to potassium , which had been discovered in plant ashes , and sodium , which was known partly for its high abundance in animal blood . He named the metal inside the material `` lithium '' .

\n

\n Arfwedson later showed that this same element was present in the minerals spodumene and lepidolite . In 1818 , Christian Gmelin was the first to observe that lithium salts give a bright red color to flame . However , both Arfwedson and Gmelin tried and failed to isolate the pure element from its salts . It was not isolated until 1821 , when William Thomas Brande obtained it by electrolysis of lithium oxide , a process that had previously been employed by the chemist Sir Humphry Davy to isolate the alkali metals potassium and sodium . Brande also described some pure salts of lithium , such as the chloride , and , estimating that lithia ( lithium oxide ) contained about 55 % metal , estimated the atomic weight of lithium to be around 9.8 g / mol ( modern value ~ 6.94 g / mol ) . In 1855 , larger quantities of lithium were produced through the electrolysis of lithium chloride by Robert Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen . The discovery of this procedure led to commercial production of lithium in 1923 by the German company Metallgesellschaft AG , which performed an electrolysis of a liquid mixture of lithium chloride and potassium chloride .

\n

\n The production and use of lithium underwent several drastic changes in history . The first major application of lithium was in high - temperature lithium greases for aircraft engines and similar applications in World War II and shortly after . This use was supported by the fact that lithium - based soaps have a higher melting point than other alkali soaps , and are less corrosive than calcium based soaps . The small demand for lithium soaps and lubricating greases was supported by several small mining operations , mostly in the US .

\n

\n The demand for lithium increased dramatically during the Cold War with the production of nuclear fusion weapons . Both lithium - 6 and lithium - 7 produce tritium when irradiated by neutrons , and are thus useful for the production of tritium by itself , as well as a form of solid fusion fuel used inside hydrogen bombs in the form of lithium deuteride . The US became the prime producer of lithium between the late 1950s and the mid 1980s . At the end , the stockpile of lithium was roughly 42,000 tonnes of lithium hydroxide . The stockpiled lithium was depleted in lithium - 6 by 75 % , which was enough to affect the measured atomic weight of lithium in many standardized chemicals , and even the atomic weight of lithium in some `` natural sources '' of lithium ion which had been `` contaminated '' by lithium salts discharged from isotope separation facilities , which had found its way into ground water .

\n

\n Lithium was used to decrease the melting temperature of glass and to improve the melting behavior of aluminium oxide when using the Hall - H\u00e9roult process . These two uses dominated the market until the middle of the 1990s . After the end of the nuclear arms race , the demand for lithium decreased and the sale of Department of Energy stockpiles on the open market further reduced prices . In the mid 1990s , several companies started to extract lithium from brine which proved to be a less expensive than underground or open - pit mining . Most of the mines closed or shifted their focus to other materials because only the ore from zoned pegmatites could be mined for a competitive price . For example , the US mines near Kings Mountain , North Carolina closed before the beginning of the 21st century .

\n

\n The development of lithium ion batteries increased the demand for lithium and became the dominant use in 2007 . With the surge of lithium demand in batteries in the 2000s , new companies have expanded brine extraction efforts to meet the rising demand .

\n

\n Production ( edit )

\n Satellite images of the Salar del Hombre Muerto , Argentina ( left ) , and Uyuni , Bolivia ( right ) , salt flats that are rich in lithium . The lithium - rich brine is concentrated by pumping it into solar evaporation ponds ( visible in the left image ) . World production trend of lithium

\n Lithium production has greatly increased since the end of World War II . The metal is separated from other elements in igneous minerals . The metal is produced through electrolysis from a mixture of fused 55 % lithium chloride and 45 % potassium chloride at about 450 \u00b0 C .

\n

\n As of 2015 , most of the world 's lithium production is in South America , where lithium - containing brine is extracted from underground pools and concentrated by solar evaporation . The standard extraction technique is to evaporate water from brine . Each batch takes from 18 to 24 months .

\n

\n In 1998 , the price of lithium was about 95 USD / kg ( or 43 USD / lb ) .

\n

\n Reserves ( edit )

\n

\n Worldwide identified reserves in 2008 were estimated by the US Geological Survey ( USGS ) to be 13 million tonnes , though an accurate estimate of world lithium reserves is difficult . One reason for this is that most lithium classification schemes are developed for solid ore deposits , whereas brine is a fluid that is problematic to treat with the same classification scheme due to varying concentrations and pumping effects . The world has been estimated to contain about 15 million tonnes of lithium reserves , while 65 million tonnes of known resources are reasonable . A total of 75 % of everything can typically be found in the ten largest deposits of the world . Another study noted that 83 % of the geological resources of lithium are located in six brine , two pegmatite , and two sedimentary deposits .

\n

\n Deposits are found in South America throughout the Andes mountain chain . Chile is the leading producer , followed by Argentina . Both countries recover lithium from brine pools . According to USGS , Bolivia 's Uyuni Desert has 5.4 million tonnes of lithium .

\n

\n In the US , lithium is recovered from brine pools in Nevada . Half the world 's known reserves are located in Bolivia along the central eastern slope of the Andes . In 2009 , Bolivia negotiated with Japanese , French , and Korean firms to begin extraction . A deposit discovered in 2013 in Wyoming 's Rock Springs Uplift is estimated to contain 228,000 tons . Additional deposits in the same formation were estimated to be as much as 18 million tons .

\n

\n Opinions differ about potential growth . A 2008 study concluded that `` realistically achievable lithium carbonate production will be sufficient for only a small fraction of future PHEV and EV global market requirements '' , that `` demand from the portable electronics sector will absorb much of the planned production increases in the next decade '' , and that `` mass production of lithium carbonate is not environmentally sound , it will cause irreparable ecological damage to ecosystems that should be protected and that LiIon propulsion is incompatible with the notion of the ' Green Car ' '' .

\n

\n According to a 2011 study by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of California , Berkeley , the currently estimated reserve base of lithium should not be a limiting factor for large - scale battery production for electric vehicles because an estimated 1 billion 40 kWh Li - based batteries could be built with current reserves - about 10 kg of lithium per car . Another 2011 study at the University of Michigan and Ford Motor Company found enough resources to support global demand until 2100 , including the lithium required for the potential widespread transportation use . The study estimated global reserves at 39 million tons , and total demand for lithium during the 90 - year period analyzed at 12 -- 20 million tons , depending on the scenarios regarding economic growth and recycling rates .

\n

\n On June 9 , 2014 , the Financialist stated that demand for lithium was growing at more than 12 % a year . According to Credit Suisse , this rate exceeds projected availability by 25 % . The publication compared the 2014 lithium situation with oil , whereby `` higher oil prices spurred investment in expensive deepwater and oil sands production techniques '' ; that is , the price of lithium will continue to rise until more expensive production methods that can boost total output receive the attention of investors .

\n

\n Pricing ( edit )

\n

\n After the 2007 financial crisis , major suppliers such as Sociedad Qu\u00edmica y Minera ( SQM ) dropped lithium carbonate pricing by 20 % . Prices rose in 2012 . A 2012 Business Week article outlined the oligopoly in the lithium space : `` SQM , controlled by billionaire Julio Ponce , is the second - largest , followed by Rockwood , which is backed by Henry Kravis 's KKR & Co. , and Philadelphia - based FMC '' . Global consumption may jump to 300,000 metric tons a year by 2020 from about 150,000 tons in 2012 , to match the demand for lithium batteries that has been growing at about 25 % a year , outpacing the 4 % to 5 % overall gain in lithium production .

\n

\n Extraction ( edit )

\n

\n Lithium salts are extracted from water in mineral springs , brine pools , and brine deposits .

\n

\n Lithium is present in seawater , but commercially viable methods of extraction have yet to be developed .

\n

\n Another potential source of lithium is the leachates of geothermal wells , which are carried to the surface . Recovery of lithium has been demonstrated in the field ; the lithium is separated by simple filtration . The process and environmental costs are primarily those of the already - operating well ; net environmental impacts may thus be positive .

\n

\n Uses ( edit )

\n Estimates of global lithium uses in 2015 Ceramics and glass ( 32 % ) Batteries ( 35 % ) Lubricating greases ( 9 % ) Continuous casting ( 5 % ) Air treatment ( 5 % ) Polymers ( 4 % ) Primary aluminum production ( 1 % ) Pharmaceuticals ( < 1 % ) Other ( 9 % )

\n Ceramics and glass ( edit )

\n

\n Lithium oxide is widely used as a flux for processing silica , reducing the melting point and viscosity of the material and leading to glazes with improved physical properties including low coefficients of thermal expansion . Worldwide , this is one of the largest use for lithium compounds . Glazes containing lithium oxides are used for ovenware . Lithium carbonate ( Li CO ) is generally used in this application because it converts to the oxide upon heating .

\n

\n Electrical and electronics ( edit )

\n

\n Late in the 20th century , lithium became an important component of battery electrolytes and electrodes , because of its high electrode potential . Because of its low atomic mass , it has a high charge - and power - to - weight ratio . A typical lithium - ion battery can generate approximately 3 volts per cell , compared with 2.1 volts for lead - acid or 1.5 volts for zinc - carbon cells . Lithium - ion batteries , which are rechargeable and have a high energy density , should not be confused with lithium batteries , which are disposable ( primary ) batteries with lithium or its compounds as the anode . Other rechargeable batteries that use lithium include the lithium - ion polymer battery , lithium iron phosphate battery , and the nanowire battery .

\n

\n Lubricating greases ( edit )

\n Main article : Lithium grease

\n The third most common use of lithium is in greases . Lithium hydroxide is a strong base and , when heated with a fat , produces a soap made of lithium stearate . Lithium soap has the ability to thicken oils , and it is used to manufacture all - purpose , high - temperature lubricating greases .

\n

\n Metallurgy ( edit )

\n

\n Lithium ( e.g. as lithium carbonate ) is used as an additive to continuous casting mould flux slags where it increases fluidity , a use which accounts for 5 % of global lithium use ( 2011 ) . Lithium compounds are also used as additives ( fluxes ) to foundry sand for iron casting to reduce veining .

\n

\n Lithium ( as lithium fluoride ) is used as an additive to aluminium smelters ( Hall -- H\u00e9roult process ) , reducing melting temperature and increasing electrical resistance , a use which accounts for 3 % of production ( 2011 ) .

\n

\n When used as a flux for welding or soldering , metallic lithium promotes the fusing of metals during the process and eliminates the forming of oxides by absorbing impurities . Alloys of the metal with aluminium , cadmium , copper and manganese are used to make high - performance aircraft parts ( see also Lithium - aluminium alloys ) .

\n

\n Silicon nano - welding ( edit )

\n

\n Lithium has been found effective in assisting the perfection of silicon nano - welds in electronic components for electric batteries and other devices .

\n

\n Other chemical and industrial uses ( edit )

\n Lithium use in flares and pyrotechnics is due to its rose - red flame . Pyrotechnics ( edit )

\n Lithium compounds are used as pyrotechnic colorants and oxidizers in red fireworks and flares .

\n Air purification ( edit )

\n Lithium chloride and lithium bromide are hygroscopic and are used as desiccants for gas streams . Lithium hydroxide and lithium peroxide are the salts most used in confined areas , such as aboard spacecraft and submarines , for carbon dioxide removal and air purification . Lithium hydroxide absorbs carbon dioxide from the air by forming lithium carbonate , and is preferred over other alkaline hydroxides for its low weight .

\n

\n Lithium peroxide ( Li O ) in presence of moisture not only reacts with carbon dioxide to form lithium carbonate , but also releases oxygen . The reaction is as follows :

\n
\n
\n 2 Li O + 2 CO \u2192 2 Li CO + O .
\n
\n

\n Some of the aforementioned compounds , as well as lithium perchlorate , are used in oxygen candles that supply submarines with oxygen . These can also include small amounts of boron , magnesium , aluminum , silicon , titanium , manganese , and iron .

\n Optics ( edit )

\n Lithium fluoride , artificially grown as crystal , is clear and transparent and often used in specialist optics for IR , UV and VUV ( vacuum UV ) applications . It has one of the lowest refractive indexes and the furthest transmission range in the deep UV of most common materials . Finely divided lithium fluoride powder has been used for thermoluminescent radiation dosimetry ( TLD ) : when a sample of such is exposed to radiation , it accumulates crystal defects which , when heated , resolve via a release of bluish light whose intensity is proportional to the absorbed dose , thus allowing this to be quantified . Lithium fluoride is sometimes used in focal lenses of telescopes .

\n

\n The high non-linearity of lithium niobate also makes it useful in non-linear optics applications . It is used extensively in telecommunication products such as mobile phones and optical modulators , for such components as resonant crystals . Lithium applications are used in more than 60 % of mobile phones .

\n Organic and polymer Chemistry ( edit )

\n Organolithium compounds are widely used in the production of polymer and fine - chemicals . In the polymer industry , which is the dominant consumer of these reagents , alkyl lithium compounds are catalysts / initiators. in anionic polymerization of unfunctionalized olefins . For the production of fine chemicals , organolithium compounds function as strong bases and as reagents for the formation of carbon - carbon bonds . Organolithium compounds are prepared from lithium metal and alkyl halides .

\n

\n Many other lithium compounds are used as reagents to prepare organic compounds . Some popular compounds include lithium aluminium hydride ( LiAlH ) , lithium triethylborohydride , n - Butyllithium and tert - butyllithium are commonly used as extremely strong bases called superbase .

\n Military applications ( edit )

\n Metallic lithium and its complex hydrides , such as Li ( AlH ) , are used as high - energy additives to rocket propellants . Lithium aluminum hydride can also be used by itself as a solid fuel .

\n The launch of a torpedo using lithium as fuel

\n The Mark 50 torpedo stored chemical energy propulsion system ( SCEPS ) uses a small tank of sulfur hexafluoride gas , which is sprayed over a block of solid lithium . The reaction generates heat , creating steam to propel the torpedo in a closed Rankine cycle .

\n

\n Lithium hydride containing lithium - 6 is used in thermonuclear weapons , where it serves as fuel for the fusion stage of the bomb .

\n

\n Nuclear ( edit )

\n

\n Lithium - 6 is valued as a source material for tritium production and as a neutron absorber in nuclear fusion . Natural lithium contains about 7.5 % lithium - 6 from which large amounts of lithium - 6 have been produced by isotope separation for use in nuclear weapons . Lithium - 7 gained interest for use in nuclear reactor coolants .

\n Lithium deuteride was used as fuel in the Castle Bravo nuclear device .

\n Lithium deuteride was the fusion fuel of choice in early versions of the hydrogen bomb . When bombarded by neutrons , both Li and Li produce tritium -- this reaction , which was not fully understood when hydrogen bombs were first tested , was responsible for the runaway yield of the Castle Bravo nuclear test . Tritium fuses with deuterium in a fusion reaction that is relatively easy to achieve . Although details remain secret , lithium - 6 deuteride apparently still plays a role in modern nuclear weapons as a fusion material .

\n

\n Lithium fluoride , when highly enriched in the lithium - 7 isotope , forms the basic constituent of the fluoride salt mixture LiF - BeF used in liquid fluoride nuclear reactors . Lithium fluoride is exceptionally chemically stable and LiF - BeF mixtures have low melting points . In addition , Li , Be , and F are among the few nuclides with low enough thermal neutron capture cross-sections not to poison the fission reactions inside a nuclear fission reactor .

\n

\n In conceptualized ( hypothetical ) nuclear fusion power plants , lithium will be used to produce tritium in magnetically confined reactors using deuterium and tritium as the fuel . Naturally occurring tritium is extremely rare , and must be synthetically produced by surrounding the reacting plasma with a ' blanket ' containing lithium where neutrons from the deuterium - tritium reaction in the plasma will fission the lithium to produce more tritium :

\n
\n
\n Li + n \u2192 He + H .
\n
\n

\n Lithium is also used as a source for alpha particles , or helium nuclei . When Li is bombarded by accelerated protons Be is formed , which undergoes fission to form two alpha particles . This feat , called `` splitting the atom '' at the time , was the first fully man - made nuclear reaction . It was produced by Cockroft and Walton in 1932 .

\n

\n In 2013 , the US Government Accountability Office said a shortage of lithium - 7 critical to the operation of 65 out of 100 American nuclear reactors `` places their ability to continue to provide electricity at some risk '' . The problem stems from the decline of US nuclear infrastructure . The equipment needed to separate lithium - 6 from lithium - 7 is mostly a cold war leftover . The US shut down most of this machinery in 1963 , when it had a huge surplus of separated lithium , mostly consumed during the twentieth century . The report said it would take five years and $10 million to $12 million to reestablish the ability to separate lithium - 6 from lithium - 7 .

\n

\n Reactors that use lithium - 7 heat water under high pressure and transfer heat through heat exchangers that are prone to corrosion . The reactors use lithium to counteract the corrosive effects of boric acid , which is added to the water to absorb excess neutrons .

\n

\n Medicine ( edit )

\n Main article : Lithium ( medication )

\n Lithium is useful in the treatment of bipolar disorder . Lithium salts may also be helpful for related diagnoses , such as schizoaffective disorder and cyclic major depression . The active part of these salts is the lithium ion Li . They may increase the risk of developing Ebstein 's cardiac anomaly in infants born to women who take lithium during the first trimester of pregnancy .

\n

\n Lithium has also been researched as a possible treatment for cluster headaches .

\n

\n Biological role ( edit )

\n

\n Primary food sources of lithium are grains and vegetables , and , in some areas , drinking water also contains significant amounts . Human intake varies depending on location and diet .

\n

\n Lithium was first detected in human organs and fetal tissues in the late 19th century . In humans there are no defined lithium deficiency diseases , but low lithium intakes from water supplies were associated with increased rates of suicides , homicides and the arrest rates for drug use and other crimes . The biochemical mechanisms of action of lithium appear to be multifactorial and are intercorrelated with the functions of several enzymes , hormones and vitamins , as well as with growth and transforming factors . Evidence now appears to be sufficient to accept lithium as essential ; a provisional RDA of 1,000 \u03bcg / day is suggested for a 70 kg adult .

\n

\n Precautions ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n NFPA 704 fire diamond
\n
\n Fire diamond hazard sign for lithium metal
\n

\n Lithium is corrosive and requires special handling to avoid skin contact . Breathing lithium dust or lithium compounds ( which are often alkaline ) initially irritate the nose and throat , while higher exposure can cause a buildup of fluid in the lungs , leading to pulmonary edema . The metal itself is a handling hazard because contact with moisture produces the caustic lithium hydroxide . Lithium is safely stored in non-reactive compounds such as naphtha .

\n

\n Regulation ( edit )

\n

\n Some jurisdictions limit the sale of lithium batteries , which are the most readily available source of lithium for ordinary consumers . Lithium can be used to reduce pseudoephedrine and ephedrine to methamphetamine in the Birch reduction method , which employs solutions of alkali metals dissolved in anhydrous ammonia .

\n

\n Carriage and shipment of some kinds of lithium batteries may be prohibited aboard certain types of transportation ( particularly aircraft ) because of the ability of most types of lithium batteries to fully discharge very rapidly when short - circuited , leading to overheating and possible explosion in a process called thermal runaway . Most consumer lithium batteries have built - in thermal overload protection to prevent this type of incident , or are otherwise designed to limit short - circuit currents . Internal shorts from manufacturing defect or physical damage can lead to spontaneous thermal runaway .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Books View or order collections of articles \n
    \n
  • \n Lithium
    • \n
  • \n Period 2 elements
    • \n
  • \n Alkali metals
    • \n
  • \n Chemical elements ( sorted alphabetically )
    • \n
  • \n Chemical elements ( sorted by number )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Portals Access related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Chemistry portal
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects \n
    \n
  • \n Media from Commons
    • \n
  • \n Definitions from Wiktionary
    • \n
  • \n Textbooks from Wikibooks
    • \n
  • \n Learning resources from Wikiversity
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Apendixes Archived 6 November 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... By USGS definitions , the reserve base `` may encompass those parts of the resources that have a reasonable potential for becoming economically available within planning horizons beyond those that assume proven technology and current economics . The reserve base includes those resources that are currently economic ( reserves ) , marginally economic ( marginal reserves ) , and some of those that are currently subeconomic ( subeconomic resources ) . ''
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Beryllium and fluorine occur only as one isotope , Be and F respectively . These two , together with Li , as well as H , B , N , Bi , and the stable isotopes of C , and O , are the only nuclides with low enough thermal neutron capture cross sections aside from actinides to serve as major constituents of a molten salt breeder reactor fuel .
    4. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 88 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 91 . doi : 10.1515 / pac - 2015 - 0305 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Weast , Robert ( 1984 ) . CRC , Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton , Florida : Chemical Rubber Company Publishing . pp. E110 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0464 - 4 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Numerical data from : Lodders , Katharina ( 10 July 2003 ) . `` Solar System Abundances and Condensation Temperatures of the Elements '' ( PDF ) . The Astrophysical Journal . The American Astronomical Society . 591 ( 2 ) : 1220 -- 1247 . Bibcode : 2003ApJ ... 591.1220 L . doi : 10.1086 / 375492 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 November 2015 . Graphed at File : SolarSystemAbundances. jpg
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Nuclear Weapon Design . Federation of American Scientists ( 1998 - 10 - 21 ) . fas.org
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Krebs , Robert E. ( 2006 ) . The History and Use of Our Earth 's Chemical Elements : A Reference Guide . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33438 - 2 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Lide , D.R. , ed. ( 2005 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 86th ed . ) . Boca Raton ( FL ) : CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0486 - 5 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Nitrogen , N2 , Physical properties , safety , MSDS , enthalpy , material compatibility , gas liquid equilibrium , density , viscosity , inflammability , transport properties '' . Encyclopedia.airliquide.com . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Coefficients of Linear Expansion '' . Engineering Toolbox . Archived from the original on 30 November 2012 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Tuoriniemi , Juha ; Juntunen - Nurmilaukas , Kirsi ; Uusvuori , Johanna ; Pentti , Elias ; Salmela , Anssi ; Sebedash , Alexander ( 2007 ) . `` Superconductivity in lithium below 0.4 millikelvin at ambient pressure '' . Nature . 447 ( 7141 ) : 187 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 447 ... 187T . doi : 10.1038 / nature05820 . PMID 17495921 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Struzhkin , V.V. ; Eremets , M.I. ; Gan , W ; Mao , H.K. ; Hemley , R.J. ( 2002 ) . `` Superconductivity in dense lithium '' . Science . 298 ( 5596 ) : 1213 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2002Sci ... 298.1213 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1078535 . PMID 12386338 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Overhauser , A.W. ( 1984 ) . `` Crystal Structure of Lithium at 4.2 K '' . Physical Review Letters. 53 : 64 -- 65 . Bibcode : 1984PhRvL ... 53 ... 64O . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 53.64 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Schwarz , Ulrich ( 2004 ) . `` Metallic high - pressure modifications of main group elements '' . Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Kristallographie. 219 ( 6 -- 2004 ) : 376 -- 390 . Bibcode : 2004ZK ... 219 ... 376S . doi : 10.1524 / zkri. 219.6. 376.34637 .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : Hammond , C.R. ( 2000 ) . The Elements , in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 81st ed . ) . CRC press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0481 - 4 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ SPECIFIC HEAT OF SOLIDS . bradley.edu
    15. \n
  15. \n ^ Jump up to : Emsley , John ( 2001 ) . Nature 's Building Blocks . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 850341 - 5 .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : Kamienski , Conrad W. ; McDonald , Daniel P. ; Stark , Marshall W. ; Papcun , John R. ( 2004 ) . `` Lithium and lithium compounds '' . Kirk - Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology . John Wiley & Sons , Inc . doi : 10.1002 / 0471238961.1209200811011309. a01. pub2 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` XXIV. -- On chemical analysis by spectrum - observations '' . Quarterly Journal of the Chemical Society of London . 13 ( 3 ) : 270 . 1861 . doi : 10.1039 / QJ8611300270 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Krebs , Robert E. ( 2006 ) . The history and use of our earth 's chemical elements : a reference guide . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 47 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 33438 - 2 . Archived from the original on 4 August 2016 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Institute , American Geological ; Union , American Geophysical ; Society , Geochemical ( 1 January 1994 ) . `` Geochemistry international '' . 31 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 115 . Archived from the original on 4 June 2016 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1984 ) . Chemistry of the Elements . Oxford : Pergamon Press . pp. 97 -- 99 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 022057 - 6 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Beckford , Floyd . `` University of Lyon course online ( powerpoint ) slideshow '' . Archived from the original on 4 November 2005 . Retrieved 27 July 2008 . definitions : Slides 8 -- 10 ( Chapter 14 )
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Sapse , Anne - Marie & von R. Schleyer , Paul ( 1995 ) . Lithium chemistry : a theoretical and experimental overview . Wiley - IEEE . pp. 3 -- 40 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 54930 - 4 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2016 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Bretislav Friedrich ( 8 April 2013 ) . `` APS Physics '' . 6 : 42 . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Isotopes of Lithium '' . Berkeley National Laboratory , The Isotopes Project . Archived from the original on 13 May 2008 . Retrieved 21 April 2008 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ File : Binding energy curve - common isotopes. svg shows binding energies of stable nuclides graphically ; the source of the data - set is given in the figure background .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Sonzogni , Alejandro . `` Interactive Chart of Nuclides '' . National Nuclear Data Center : Brookhaven National Laboratory . Archived from the original on 23 July 2007 . Retrieved 6 June 2008 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Asplund , M. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Lithium Isotopic Abundances in Metal - poor Halo Stars '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 644 : 229 -- 259 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0510636 . Bibcode : 2006ApJ ... 644 ... 229A . doi : 10.1086 / 503538 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Chaussidon , M. ; Robert , F. ; McKeegan , K.D. ( 2006 ) . `` Li and B isotopic variations in an Allende CAI : Evidence for the in situ decay of short - lived Be and for the possible presence of the short \u2212 lived nuclide Be in the early solar system '' ( PDF ) . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 70 ( 1 ) : 224 -- 245 . Bibcode : 2006GeCoA ... 70 ... 224C . doi : 10.1016 / j. gca. 2005.08. 016 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 July 2010 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Denissenkov , P.A. ; Weiss , A. ( 2000 ) . `` Episodic lithium production by extra-mixing in red giants '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 358 : L49 -- L52 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0005356 . Bibcode : 2000A&A ... 358L ... 49D .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Seitz , H.M. ; Brey , G.P. ; Lahaye , Y. ; Durali , S. ; Weyer , S. ( 2004 ) . `` Lithium isotopic signatures of peridotite xenoliths and isotopic fractionation at high temperature between olivine and pyroxenes '' . Chemical Geology. 212 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 163 -- 177 . Bibcode : 2004ChGeo. 212 ... 163S . doi : 10.1016 / j. chemgeo. 2004.08. 009 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Duarte , F. J ( 2009 ) . Tunable Laser Applications . CRC Press . p. 330 . ISBN 1 - 4200 - 6009 - 0 .
    32. \n
  32. \n ^ Jump up to : Coplen , T.B. ; Bohlke , J.K. ; De Bievre , P. ; Ding , T. ; Holden , N.E. ; Hopple , J.A. ; Krouse , H.R. ; Lamberty , A. ; Peiser , H.S. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Isotope - abundance variations of selected elements ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure and Applied Chemistry . 74 ( 10 ) : 1987 . doi : 10.1351 / pac200274101987 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Truscott , Andrew G. ; Strecker , Kevin E. ; McAlexander , William I. ; Partridge , Guthrie B. ; Hulet , Randall G. ( 30 March 2001 ) . `` Observation of Fermi Pressure in a Gas of Trapped Atoms '' . Science . 291 ( 5513 ) : 2570 -- 2572 . Bibcode : 2001Sci ... 291.2570 T . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1059318 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 11283362 . Archived from the original on 15 August 2017 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Element Abundances '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 September 2006 . Retrieved 17 November 2009 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Boesgaard , A.M. ; Steigman , G. ( 1985 ) . `` Big bang nucleosynthesis -- Theories and observations '' . Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics . Palo Alto , CA . 23 : 319 -- 378 . Bibcode : 1985ARA&A ... 23 ... 319B . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. aa. 23.090185. 001535 . A86 - 14507 04 -- 90 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Woo , Marcus ( 21 February 2017 ) . `` The Cosmic Explosions That Made the Universe '' . earth . BBC . Archived from the original on 21 February 2017 . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . A mysterious cosmic factory is producing lithium . Scientists are now getting closer at finding out where it comes from
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Cain , Fraser ( 16 August 2006 ) . `` Why Old Stars Seem to Lack Lithium '' . Archived from the original on 4 June 2016 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` First Detection of Lithium from an Exploding Star '' . Archived from the original on 29 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Cain , Fraser . `` Brown Dwarf '' . Universe Today . Archived from the original on 25 February 2011 . Retrieved 17 November 2009 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Reid , Neill ( 10 March 2002 ) . `` L Dwarf Classification '' . Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 6 March 2013 .
    41. \n
  41. \n ^ Jump up to : Lithium Statistics and Information , U.S. Geological Survey , 2017 , archived from the original on 3 March 2016
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Lithium Occurrence '' . Institute of Ocean Energy , Saga University , Japan . Archived from the original on 2 May 2009 . Retrieved 13 March 2009 .
    43. \n
  43. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Some Facts about Lithium '' . ENC Labs . Archived from the original on 10 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2010 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` Extraction of metals from sea water '' . Topics in Current Chemistry . Springer Berlin Heidelberg : 91 -- 133 . 1984 . doi : 10.1007 / 3 - 540 - 13534 - 0_3 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Atkins , Peter ( 2010 ) . Shriver & Atkins ' Inorganic Chemistry ( 5th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company . p. 296 . ISBN 0199236178 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Moores , S. ( June 2007 ) . `` Between a rock and a salt lake '' . Industrial Minerals . 477 : 58 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Taylor , S.R. ; McLennan , S.M. ; The continental crust : Its composition and evolution , Blackwell Sci. Publ. , Oxford , 330 pp. ( 1985 ) . Cited in Abundances of the elements ( data page )
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Garrett , Donald ( 2004 ) Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium , Academic Press , cited in The Trouble with Lithium 2 Archived 14 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , Meridian International Research ( 2008 )
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Clarke , G.M. and Harben , P.W. , `` Lithium Availability Wall Map '' . Published June 2009 . Referenced at International Lithium Alliance Archived 20 October 2012 at Archive.is
    50. \n
  50. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Trouble with Lithium 2 '' ( PDF ) . Meridian International Research . 2008 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Czech Geological Survey ( October 2015 ) . Mineral Commodity Summaries of the Czech Republic 2015 ( PDF ) . Prague : Czech Geological Survey . p. 373 . ISBN 978 - 80 - 7075 - 904 - 2 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 6 January 2017 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Risen , James ( 13 June 2010 ) . `` U.S. Identifies Vast Riches of Minerals in Afghanistan '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 17 June 2010 . Retrieved 13 June 2010 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Page , Jeremy ; Evans , Michael ( 15 June 2010 ) . `` Taleban zones mineral riches may rival Saudi Arabia says Pentagon '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Morris , Steven ( 20 January 2017 ) . `` Mining firm hopes to extract lithium from Cornwall 's hot springs '' . The Guardian . p. 31 . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Chassard - Bouchaud , C. ; Galle , P. ; Escaig , F. ; Miyawaki , M. ( 1984 ) . `` Bioaccumulation of lithium by marine organisms in European , American , and Asian coastal zones : microanalytic study using secondary ion emission '' . Comptes Rendus de l'Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences , S\u00e9rie III . 299 ( 18 ) : 719 -- 24 . PMID 6440674 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ D'Andraba ( 1800 ) . `` Des caract\u00e8res et des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de plusieurs nouveaux min\u00e9rauxde Su\u00e8de et de Norw\u00e8ge , avec quelques observations chimiques faites sur ces substances '' . Journal de chimie et de physique. 51 : 239 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2015 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ `` Petalite Mineral Information '' . Mindat.org . Archived from the original on 16 February 2009 . Retrieved 10 August 2009 .
    58. \n
  58. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Lithium : Historical information '' . Archived from the original on 16 October 2009 . Retrieved 10 August 2009 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Weeks , Mary ( 2003 ) . Discovery of the Elements . Whitefish , Montana , United States : Kessinger Publishing . p. 124 . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 3872 - 0 . Retrieved 10 August 2009 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Berzelius ( 1817 ) . `` Ein neues mineralisches Alkali und ein neues Metall '' ( A new mineral alkali and a new metal ) . Journal f\u00fcr Chemie und Physik. 21 : 44 -- 48 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2016 . From p. 45 : `` Herr August Arfwedson , ein junger sehr verdienstvoller Chemiker , der seit einem Jahre in meinem Laboratorie arbeitet , fand bei einer Analyse des Petalits von Uto 's Eisengrube , einen alkalischen Bestandtheil , ... Wir haben es Lithion genannt , um dadurch auf seine erste Entdeckung im Mineralreich anzuspielen , da die beiden anderen erst in der organischen Natur entdeckt wurden . Sein Radical wird dann Lithium genannt werden . '' ( Mr. August Arfwedson , a young , very meritorious chemist , who has worked in my laboratory for a year , found during an analysis of petalite from Uto 's iron mine , an alkaline component ... We 've named it lithion , in order to allude thereby to its first discovery in the mineral realm , since the two others were first discovered in organic nature . Its radical will then be named `` lithium '' . )
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` Johan August Arfwedson '' . Periodic Table Live ! . Archived from the original on 7 October 2010 . Retrieved 10 August 2009 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` Johan Arfwedson '' . Archived from the original on 5 June 2008 . Retrieved 10 August 2009 .
    63. \n
  63. \n ^ Jump up to : van der Krogt , Peter . `` Lithium '' . Elementymology & Elements Multidict . Archived from the original on 16 June 2011 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Clark , Jim ( 2005 ) . `` Compounds of the Group 1 Elements '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2009 . Retrieved 10 August 2009 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ See : \n
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ Gmelin , C.G. ( 1818 ) . `` Von dem Lithon '' ( On lithium ) . Annalen der Physik. 59 : 238 -- 241 . Bibcode : 1818AnP ... 59 ... 229G . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 18180590702 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2015 . p. 238 Es l\u00f6ste sich in diesem ein Salz auf , das an der Luft zerfloss , und nach Art der Strontiansalze den Alkohol mit einer purpurrothen Flamme brennen machte . ( There dissolved in this ( solvent ; namely , absolute alcohol ) a salt that deliquesced in air , and in the manner of strontium salts , caused the alcohol to burn with a purple - red flame . )
    67. \n
  67. \n ^ Jump up to : Enghag , Per ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Elements : Technical Data -- History -- Processing -- Applications . Wiley . pp. 287 -- 300 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 30666 - 4 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Brande , William Thomas ( 1821 ) A Manual of Chemistry , 2nd ed . London , England : John Murray , vol. 2 , pp. 57 - 58 . Archived 22 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Various authors ( 1818 ) . `` The Quarterly journal of science and the arts '' ( PDF ) . The Quarterly Journal of Science and the Arts . Royal Institution of Great Britain . 5 : 338 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ `` Timeline science and engineering '' . DiracDelta Science & Engineering Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 18 September 2008 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Brande , William Thomas ; MacNeven , William James ( 1821 ) . A manual of chemistry . Long . p. 191 . Retrieved 8 October 2010 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Bunsen , R. ( 1855 ) . `` Darstellung des Lithiums '' ( Preparation of lithium ) . Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie. 94 : 107 -- 111 . doi : 10.1002 / jlac. 18550940112 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ Green , Thomas ( 11 June 2006 ) . `` Analysis of the Element Lithium '' . echeat . Archived from the original on 21 April 2012 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ Garrett , Donald E. ( 5 April 2004 ) . Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium Chloride . p. 99 . ISBN 9780080472904 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2016 .
    75. \n
  75. \n ^ Jump up to : Ober , Joyce A. ( 1994 ) . `` Commodity Report 1994 : Lithium '' ( PDF ) . United States Geological Survey . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 June 2010 . Retrieved 3 November 2010 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Deberitz , J\u00fcrgen ; Boche , Gernot ( 2003 ) . `` Lithium und seine Verbindungen - Industrielle , medizinische und wissenschaftliche Bedeutung '' . Chemie in unserer Zeit. 37 ( 4 ) : 258 -- 266 . doi : 10.1002 / ciuz. 200300264 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Bauer , Richard ( 1985 ) . `` Lithium - wie es nicht im Lehrbuch steht '' . Chemie in unserer Zeit. 19 ( 5 ) : 167 -- 173 . doi : 10.1002 / ciuz. 19850190505 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Ober , Joyce A. ( 1994 ) . `` Minerals Yearbook 2007 : Lithium '' ( PDF ) . United States Geological Survey . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 July 2010 . Retrieved 3 November 2010 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ Kogel , Jessica Elzea ( 2006 ) . `` Lithium '' . Industrial minerals & rocks : commodities , markets , and uses . Littleton , Colo. : Society for Mining , Metallurgy , and Exploration . p. 599 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87335 - 233 - 8 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ McKetta , John J. ( 18 July 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design : Volume 28 -- Lactic Acid to Magnesium Supply - Demand Relationships . M. Dekker . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 2478 - 8 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 73 . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 .
    82. \n
  82. \n ^ Jump up to : Martin , Richard ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) . `` Quest to Mine Seawater for Lithium Advances '' . MIT Technology Review . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ Ober , Joyce A. `` Lithium '' ( PDF ) . United States Geological Survey . pp. 77 -- 78 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 19 August 2007 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ Tarascon , J.M. ( 2010 ) . `` Is lithium the new gold ? '' . Nature Chemistry . 2 ( 6 ) : 510 . Bibcode : 2010NatCh ... 2 ... 510T . doi : 10.1038 / nchem. 680 . PMID 20489722 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ Lithium : The New California Gold Rush Archived 29 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. , Forbes magazine . 2011 - 10 - 19
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Houston , J. ; Butcher , A. ; Ehren , P. ; Evans , K. ; Godfrey , L. ( 2011 ) . `` The Evaluation of Brine Prospects and the Requirement for Modifications to Filing Standards '' . Economic Geology. 106 ( 7 ) : 1225 -- 1239 . doi : 10.2113 / econgeo. 106.7. 1225 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ Vikstr\u00f6m , H. ; Davidsson , S. ; H\u00f6\u00f6k , M. ( 2013 ) . `` Lithium availability and future production outlooks '' . Applied Energy . 110 ( 10 ) : 252 -- 266 . doi : 10.1016 / j. apenergy. 2013.04. 005 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2017 . Retrieved 11 October 2017 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Grosjean , P.W. ; Medina , P.A. ; Keoleian , G.A. ; Kesler , S.E. ; Everson , M.P ; Wallington , T.J. ( 2011 ) . `` Global Lithium Availability : A Constraint for Electric Vehicles ? '' . 15 ( 5 ) : 760 -- 775 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1530 - 9290.2011. 00359. x .
    89. \n
  89. \n ^ Jump up to : Romero , Simon ( 2 February 2009 ) . `` In Bolivia , a Tight Grip on the Next Big Resource '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 July 2017 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` USGS Mineral Commodities Summaries 2009 '' ( PDF ) . USGS . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 June 2010 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ Money Game Contributors ( 26 April 2013 ) . `` New Wyoming Lithium Deposit '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on 3 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 May 2013 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ Wadia , Cyrus ; Albertus , Paul ; Srinivasan , Venkat ( 2011 ) . `` Resource constraints on the battery energy storage potential for grid and transportation applications '' . Journal of Power Sources . 196 ( 3 ) : 1593 -- 8 . Bibcode : 2011JPS ... 196.1593 W . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpowsour. 2010.08. 056 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Gaines , LL . Nelson , P. ( 2010 ) . `` Lithium - Ion Batteries : Examining Material Demand and Recycling Issues '' . Argonne National Laboratory . Archived from the original on 3 August 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link )
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ `` University of Michigan and Ford researchers see plentiful lithium resources for electric vehicles '' . Green Car Congress . 3 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 September 2011 . Retrieved 11 August 2011 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ `` The Precious Mobile Metal '' . The Financialist . Credit Suisse . 9 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2016 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ `` SQM Announces New Lithium Prices -- SANTIAGO , Chile , September 30 / PRNewswire - FirstCall / '' . PR Newswire. 30 September 2009 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 . Retrieved 1 May 2013 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Riseborough , Jesse . `` IPad Boom Strains Lithium Supplies After Prices Triple '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on 22 June 2012 . Retrieved 1 May 2013 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Parker , Ann . Mining Geothermal Resources Archived 17 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ Patel , P. ( 2011 - 11 - 16 ) Startup to Capture Lithium from Geothermal Plants . technologyreview.com
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ Wald , M. ( 2011 - 09 - 28 ) Start - Up in California Plans to Capture Lithium , and Market Share Archived 8 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times
    101. \n
  101. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Lithium '' ( PDF ) . 2016 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 -- via US Geological Survey ( USGS ) .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ Worldwide demand by sector Archived 7 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ Clark , Jim ( 2005 ) . `` Some Compounds of the Group 1 Elements '' . chemguide.co.uk . Archived from the original on 27 June 2013 . Retrieved 8 August 2013 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` Disposable Batteries - Choosing between Alkaline and Lithium Disposable Batteries '' . Batteryreview.org . Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ `` Battery Anodes > Batteries & Fuel Cells > Research > The Energy Materials Center at Cornell '' . Emc2.cornell.edu . Archived from the original on 22 December 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2013 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ Totten , George E. ; Westbrook , Steven R. & Shah , Rajesh J. ( 2003 ) . Fuels and lubricants handbook : technology , properties , performance , and testing . 1 . ASTM International . p. 559 . ISBN 0 - 8031 - 2096 - 6 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2016 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ Rand , Salvatore J. ( 2003 ) . Significance of tests for petroleum products . ASTM International . pp. 150 -- 152 . ISBN 0 - 8031 - 2097 - 4 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2016 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ The Theory and Practice of Mold Fluxes Used in Continuous Casting : A Compilation of Papers on Continuous Casting Fluxes Given at the 61st and 62nd Steelmaking Conference , Iron and Steel Society
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ Lu , Y.Q. ; Zhang , G.D. ; Jiang , M.F. ; Liu , H.X. ; Li , T. ( 2011 ) . `` Effects of Li CO on Properties of Mould Flux for High Speed Continuous Casting '' . Materials Science Forum. 675 -- 677 : 877 -- 880 . doi : 10.4028 / www.scientific.net/MSF.675-677.877 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ `` Testing 1 - 2 - 3 : Eliminating Veining Defects '' , Modern Casting , July 2014 , archived from the original on 2 April 2015
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ Haupin , W. ( 1987 ) , Mamantov , Gleb ; Marassi , Roberto , eds. , `` Chemical and Physical Properties of the Hall - H\u00e9roult Electrolyte '' , Molten Salt Chemistry : An Introduction and Selected Applications , Springer , p. 449
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ Garrett , Donald E. ( 5 April 2004 ) . Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium Chloride . Academic Press . p. 200 . ISBN 9780080472904 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2016 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ Prasad , N. Eswara ; Gokhale , Amol ; Wanhill , R.J.H. ( 2013 - 09 - 20 ) . Aluminum - Lithium Alloys : Processing , Properties , and Applications . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 9780124016798 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ Davis , Joseph R. ASM International . Handbook Committee ( 1993 ) . Aluminum and aluminum alloys . ASM International . pp. 121 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87170 - 496 - 2 . Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 . Retrieved 16 May 2011 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ Karki , Khim ; Epstein , Eric ; Cho , Jeong - Hyun ; Jia , Zheng ; Li , Teng ; Picraux , S. Tom ; Wang , Chunsheng ; Cumings , John ( 2012 ) . `` Lithium - Assisted Electrochemical Welding in Silicon Nanowire Battery Electrodes '' ( PDF ) . Nano Letters. 12 ( 3 ) : 1392 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2012NanoL ... 12.1392 K . doi : 10.1021 / nl204063u . PMID 22339576 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 10 August 2017 .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ Koch , Ernst - Christian ( 2004 ) . `` Special Materials in Pyrotechnics : III . Application of Lithium and its Compounds in Energetic Systems '' . Propellants , Explosives , Pyrotechnics. 29 ( 2 ) : 67 -- 80 . doi : 10.1002 / prep. 200400032 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ Wiberg , Egon ; Wiberg , Nils and Holleman , Arnold Frederick ( 2001 ) Inorganic chemistry Archived 18 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Academic Press . ISBN 0 - 12 - 352651 - 5 , p. 1089
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ Mulloth , L.M. & Finn , J.E. ( 2005 ) . `` Air Quality Systems for Related Enclosed Spaces : Spacecraft Air '' . The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry . 4H . pp. 383 -- 404 . doi : 10.1007 / b107253 .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ `` Application of lithium chemicals for air regeneration of manned spacecraft '' . Lithium Corporation of America & Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories . 1965 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2012 .
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ Markowitz , M.M. ; Boryta , D.A. ; Stewart , Harvey ( 1964 ) . `` Lithium Perchlorate Oxygen Candle . Pyrochemical Source of Pure Oxygen '' . Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development . 3 ( 4 ) : 321 -- 30 . doi : 10.1021 / i360012a016 .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ Hobbs , Philip C.D. ( 2009 ) . Building Electro - Optical Systems : Making It All Work . John Wiley and Sons . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 40229 - 6 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2016 .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ Point Defects in Lithium Fluoride Films Induced by Gamma Irradiation . Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Advanced Technology & Particle Physics : ( ICATPP - 7 ) : Villa Olmo , Como , Italy . 2001 . World Scientific . 2002 . p. 819 . ISBN 981 - 238 - 180 - 5 . Archived from the original on 6 June 2016 .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ Sinton , William M. ( 1962 ) . `` Infrared Spectroscopy of Planets and Stars '' . Applied Optics. 1 ( 2 ) : 105 . Bibcode : 1962ApOpt ... 1 ... 105S . doi : 10.1364 / AO. 1.000105 .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ `` You 've got the power : the evolution of batteries and the future of fuel cells '' ( PDF ) . Toshiba . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 May 2009 .
    125. \n
  125. \n Jump up ^ `` Organometallics '' . IHS Chemicals . February 2012 .
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ Yurkovetskii , A.V. ; Kofman , V.L. ; Makovetskii , K.L. ( 2005 ) . `` Polymerization of 1 , 2 - dimethylenecyclobutane by organolithium initiators '' . Russian Chemical Bulletin . 37 ( 9 ) : 1782 -- 1784 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00962487 .
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ Quirk , Roderic P. ; Cheng , Pao Luo ( 1986 ) . `` Functionalization of polymeric organolithium compounds . Amination of poly ( styryl ) lithium '' . Macromolecules. 19 ( 5 ) : 1291 -- 1294 . Bibcode : 1986MaMol ... 19.1291 Q . doi : 10.1021 / ma00159a001 .
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ Stone , F.G.A. ; West , Robert ( 1980 ) . Advances in organometallic chemistry . Academic Press . p. 55 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 031118 - 6 .
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ Bansal , Raj K. ( 1996 ) . Synthetic approaches in organic chemistry . p. 192 . ISBN 0 - 7637 - 0665 - 5 . Archived from the original on 18 June 2016 .
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ LiAl - hydride
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ Hughes , T.G. ; Smith , R.B. & Kiely , D.H. ( 1983 ) . `` Stored Chemical Energy Propulsion System for Underwater Applications '' . Journal of Energy . 7 ( 2 ) : 128 -- 133 . doi : 10.2514 / 3.62644 .
    132. \n
  132. \n Jump up ^ Emsley , John ( 2011 ) . Nature 's Building Blocks .
    133. \n
  133. \n Jump up ^ Makhijani , Arjun & Yih , Katherine ( 2000 ) . Nuclear Wastelands : A Global Guide to Nuclear Weapons Production and Its Health and Environmental Effects . MIT Press . pp. 59 -- 60 . ISBN 0 - 262 - 63204 - 7 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2016 .
    134. \n
  134. \n Jump up ^ National Research Council ( U.S. ) . Committee on Separations Technology and Transmutation Systems ( 1996 ) . Nuclear wastes : technologies for separations and transmutation . National Academies Press . p. 278 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 05226 - 2 . Archived from the original on 13 June 2016 .
    135. \n
  135. \n Jump up ^ Barnaby , Frank ( 1993 ) . How nuclear weapons spread : nuclear - weapon proliferation in the 1990s . Routledge . p. 39 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 07674 - 9 . Archived from the original on 9 June 2016 .
    136. \n
  136. \n Jump up ^ Baesjr , C. ( 1974 ) . `` The chemistry and thermodynamics of molten salt reactor fuels '' . Journal of Nuclear Materials. 51 : 149 -- 162 . Bibcode : 1974JNuM ... 51 ... 149B . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 3115 ( 74 ) 90124 - X .
    137. \n
  137. \n Jump up ^ Agarwal , Arun ( 2008 ) . Nobel Prize Winners in Physics . APH Publishing . p. 139 . ISBN 81 - 7648 - 743 - 0 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2016 .
    138. \n
  138. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Splitting the Atom ' : Cockcroft and Walton , 1932 : 9 . Rays or Particles ? '' Archived 2 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Department of Physics , University of Cambridge
    139. \n
  139. \n ^ Jump up to : Wald , Matthew L. ( 8 October 2013 ) . `` Report Says a Shortage of Nuclear Ingredient Looms '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 July 2017 .
    140. \n
  140. \n ^ Jump up to : Kean , Sam ( 2011 ) . The Disappearing Spoon .
    141. \n
  141. \n Jump up ^ Yacobi S ; Ornoy A ( 2008 ) . `` Is lithium a real teratogen ? What can we conclude from the prospective versus retrospective studies ? A review '' . Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 45 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 106 . PMID 18982835 .
    142. \n
  142. \n Jump up ^ Lieb , J. ; Zeff ( 1978 ) . `` Lithium treatment of chronic cluster headaches '' . The British Journal of Psychiatry . 133 ( 6 ) : 556 -- 558 . doi : 10.1192 / bjp. 133.6. 556 .
    143. \n
  143. \n ^ Jump up to : Schrauzer , G. N ( 2002 ) . `` Lithium : Occurrence , dietary intakes , nutritional essentiality '' . Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 21 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 21 . doi : 10.1080 / 07315724.2002. 10719188 . PMID 11838882 .
    144. \n
  144. \n Jump up ^ Marshall , Timothy M. ( 2015 ) . `` Lithium as a Nutrient '' ( PDF ) . Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons. 20 ( 4 ) : 104 -- 9 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 15 February 2017 .
    145. \n
  145. \n Jump up ^ Technical data for Lithium Archived 23 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... periodictable.com
    146. \n
  146. \n Jump up ^ Furr , A.K. ( 2000 ) . CRC handbook of laboratory safety . Boca Raton : CRC Press . pp. 244 -- 246 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 2523 - 6 .
    147. \n
  147. \n Jump up ^ `` Illinois Attorney General -- Basic Understanding Of Meth '' . Illinoisattorneygeneral.gov . Archived from the original on 10 September 2010 . Retrieved 6 October 2010 .
    148. \n
  148. \n Jump up ^ Harmon , Aaron R. ( 2006 ) . `` Methamphetamine remediation research act of 2005 : Just what the doctor ordered for cleaning up methfields -- or sugar pill placebo ? '' ( PDF ) . North Carolina Journal of Law & Technology . 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 5 October 2010 .
    149. \n
  149. \n Jump up ^ Bro , Per & Levy , Samuel C. ( 1994 ) . Battery hazards and accident prevention . New York : Plenum Press . pp. 15 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 44758 - 7 .
    150. \n
  150. \n Jump up ^ `` TSA : Safe Travel with Batteries and Devices '' . Tsa.gov. 1 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 4 January 2012 .
    151. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Periodic table
\n ( Large cells )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 5 \n 6 \n 7 \n 8 \n 9 \n 10 \n 11 \n 12 \n 13 \n 14 \n 15 \n 16 \n 17 \n 18
\n \n \n \n He
\n \n Li \n Be \n \n \n \n \n O \n \n Ne
\n \n Na \n Mg \n \n Al \n Si \n \n \n Cl \n Ar
\n \n \n Ca \n Sc \n \n Ti \n V \n Cr \n Mn \n Fe \n Co \n Ni \n Cu \n Zn \n Ga \n Ge \n As \n Se \n Br \n Kr
\n 5 \n Rb \n Sr \n Y \n \n Zr \n Nb \n Mo \n Tc \n Ru \n Rh \n Pd \n Ag \n Cd \n In \n Sn \n Sb \n Te \n \n Xe
\n 6 \n Cs \n Ba \n La \n Ce \n Pr \n Nd \n Pm \n Sm \n Eu \n Gd \n Tb \n Dy \n Ho \n Er \n Tm \n Yb \n Lu \n Hf \n Ta \n \n Re \n Os \n Ir \n Pt \n Au \n Hg \n Tl \n Pb \n Bi \n Po \n At \n Rn
\n 7 \n Fr \n Ra \n Ac \n Th \n Pa \n U \n Np \n Pu \n Am \n Cm \n Bk \n Cf \n Es \n Fm \n Md \n No \n Lr \n Rf \n Db \n Sg \n Bh \n Hs \n Mt \n Ds \n Rg \n Cn \n Nh \n Fl \n Mc \n Lv \n Ts \n Og
\n
\n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Alkali metal \n Alkaline earth metal \n Lanthanide \n Actinide \n Transition metal \n Post - \u200b transition metal \n Metalloid \n Polyatomic nonmetal \n Diatomic nonmetal \n Noble gas \n Unknown chemical properties
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Lithium compounds
\n Inorganic \n
    \n
  • \n LiAlCl
    • \n
  • \n LiAlH
    • \n
  • \n LiAlO
    • \n
  • \n LiBF
    • \n
  • \n LiBH
    • \n
  • \n LiBO
    • \n
  • \n LiB O
    • \n
  • \n Li B O
    • \n
  • \n LiBr
    • \n
  • \n Li CO
    • \n
  • \n Li C
    • \n
  • \n LiCl
    • \n
  • \n LiClO
    • \n
  • \n LiClO
    • \n
  • \n LiClO
    • \n
  • \n LiCoO
    • \n
  • \n LiF
    • \n
  • \n LiH
    • \n
  • \n LiI
    • \n
  • \n LiIO
    • \n
  • \n Li IrO
    • \n
  • \n Li MoO
    • \n
  • \n LiNH
    • \n
  • \n Li NH
    • \n
  • \n LiN
    • \n
  • \n Li N
    • \n
  • \n LiNO
    • \n
  • \n LiNO
    • \n
  • \n LiNbO
    • \n
  • \n LiOH
    • \n
  • \n LiO
    • \n
  • \n Li O
    • \n
  • \n Li O
    • \n
  • \n LiPF
    • \n
  • \n Li PtO
    • \n
  • \n Li Po
    • \n
  • \n Li RuO
    • \n
  • \n Li S
    • \n
  • \n Li SO
    • \n
  • \n Li SO
    • \n
  • \n Li SiO
    • \n
  • \n LiTaO
    • \n
  • \n Li TiO
    • \n
\n
\n Organic \n
    \n
  • \n 12 - hydroxystearate
    • \n
  • \n acetate
    • \n
  • \n aspartate
    • \n
  • \n citrate
    • \n
  • \n diisopropylamide
    • \n
  • \n orotate
    • \n
  • \n succinate
    • \n
  • \n stearate
    • \n
  • \n organolithiums
    • \n
\n
\n Minerals \n
    \n
  • \n Amblygonite
    • \n
  • \n Elbaite
    • \n
  • \n Eucryptite
    • \n
  • \n Jadarite
    • \n
  • \n Lepidolite
    • \n
  • \n Lithiophilite
    • \n
  • \n Petalite
    • \n
  • \n Pezzottaite
    • \n
  • \n Saliotite
    • \n
  • \n Spodumene
    • \n
  • \n Sugilite
    • \n
  • \n Tourmaline
    • \n
  • \n Zabuyelite
    • \n
  • \n Zinnwaldite
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n LCCN : sh85077577
    • \n
  • \n GND : 4036037 - 4
    • \n
  • \n BNF : cb119338639 ( data )
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 00569575
    • \n
  • \n BNE : XX531331
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lithium&oldid=819518707 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what is the main mineral in lithium batteries", "long_answers": ["Late in the 20th century , lithium became an important component of battery electrolytes and electrodes , because of its high electrode potential . Because of its low atomic mass , it has a high charge - and power - to - weight ratio . A typical lithium - ion battery can generate approximately 3 volts per cell , compared with 2.1 volts for lead - acid or 1.5 volts for zinc - carbon cells . Lithium - ion batteries , which are rechargeable and have a high energy density , should not be confused with lithium batteries , which are disposable ( primary ) batteries with lithium or its compounds as the anode . Other rechargeable batteries that use lithium include the lithium - ion polymer battery , lithium iron phosphate battery , and the nanowire battery .\n", "Lithium and its compounds have several industrial applications , including heat - resistant glass and ceramics , lithium grease lubricants , flux additives for iron , steel and aluminium production , lithium batteries , and lithium - ion batteries . These uses consume more than three quarters of lithium production .\n"], "short_answers": ["lithium\n", "Lithium\n"]} {"text": "Alex P. Keaton - wikipedia

\n Alex P. Keaton

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Alex P. Keaton
\n Family Ties character
\n First appearance \n `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 )
\n Last appearance \n `` Alex Does n't Live Here Anymore '' ( episode 7.24 )
\n Created by \n Gary David Goldberg
\n Portrayed by \n Michael J. Fox
\n Information
\n Full name \n Alexander P. Keaton
\n Gender \n Male
\n Occupation \n Works on WallStreet
\n Family \n Steven Keaton ( father ) Elyse Keaton ( mother ) Mallory Keaton ( sister ) Jennifer Keaton ( sister ) Andrew Keaton ( brother )
\n Nationality \n American
\n Political party \n Republican
\n

\n Alex P. Keaton is a fictional character on the United States television sitcom Family Ties , which aired on NBC for seven seasons , from 1982 to 1989 . Family Ties reflected the move in the United States away from the cultural liberalism of the 1960s and 1970s to the conservatism of the 1980s . This was particularly expressed through the relationship between Young Republican Alex ( Michael J. Fox ) and his hippie parents , Steven ( Michael Gross ) and Elyse Keaton ( Meredith Baxter ) . President of the United States Ronald Reagan once stated that Family Ties was his favorite television show .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Character arc ( edit )

\n

\n Background ( edit )

\n

\n Alex ( Michael J. Fox ) is the oldest child of Steven and Elyse Keaton ( Michael Gross and Meredith Baxter ) , who were baby boomers and Democrats during the early years of the Presidency of Ronald Reagan . Married in 1964 , Steven , a manager in a local Public Broadcasting Service station , and Elyse , an independent architect , were hippies during the 1960s . According to the episode `` A Christmas Story '' in season one , Alex was born in 1965 while his parents were on assignment in Africa , having been influenced by John F. Kennedy to participate in the Peace Corps . Alex has two younger sisters , Mallory ( Justine Bateman ) and Jennifer ( Tina Yothers ) . Mallory was born while her parents were students at the University of California , Berkeley in 1967 , Jennifer was born the night of Richard Nixon 's presidential election in 1972 , and Andrew was born in 1984 . The family lives in suburban Columbus , Ohio .

\n

\n Storylines ( edit )

\n

\n At the beginning of the series , Alex is a cheeky chappy high - school student who has a passion for economics and wealth . In particular , he is an advocate of supply - side economics . His heroes are Richard Nixon ( going so far as to have a lunchbox with Nixon 's likeness ) , William F. Buckley , Jr. , Ronald Reagan , and Milton Friedman . His favorite television show is Wall $ treet Week and he is an avid reader of The Wall Street Journal . He also enjoys music of the big band and swing era but secretly enjoys rock music ( as seen in the episode `` A , My Name is Alex '' ) . Alex spends the first two seasons of the series preparing to attend Princeton University . While he is attending an on - campus interview , Mallory , who tagged along to pay a surprise visit to her boyfriend , Jeff , who was attending Princeton , has an emotional crisis when she finds Jeff is seeing another woman . Ultimately , Alex chooses to tend to Mallory rather than complete his interview , thus destroying any possibility of attending Princeton and getting into the Ivy League .

\n

\n Alex receives a scholarship to fictional Leland University , which is located close enough for Alex to continue to live at home and commute . Keaton excels at Leland University and teaches an economics course as a teaching assistant . Alex also holds a disdain for nearby Grant College ( which Mallory later attends ) , and goes as far as mocking their classes . While attending Leland , he has two serious girlfriends . His first was artist / feminist , Ellen Reed ( Tracy Pollan , whom Fox later married ) . After they break up , Keaton pursues a liberal psychology student with feminist leanings , Lauren Miller , who was played by Courteney Cox . This relationship ends when he has an affair with music major Martie Brodie ( played by Jane Adams ) while Lauren is out of town . After graduation , Alex accepts a job on Wall Street .

\n

\n Reception and influence ( edit )

\n Fox in September 1987 .

\n The humor of the series focused on a real cultural divide during the 1980s , between the baby boomers and Generation X . According to Stephen Kiehl , this was when the `` Alex Keaton generation was rejecting the counterculture of the 1960s and embracing the wealth and power that came to define the ' 80s . '' While the youngest , Jennifer ( an athletic tomboy ) shares the values of her parents , Alex and Mallory embraced Reaganomics and consequent conservative values : Alex is a Young Republican and Mallory is a more traditional young woman in contrast to her feminist mother .

\n

\n In the Museum of Broadcast Communications entry for Family Ties , Michael Saenz argues that few shows better demonstrate the resonance between collectively held fictional imagination and what cultural critic Raymond Williams called `` the structure of feeling '' of a historical moment than Family Ties . Airing on NBC from 1982 to 1989 , this highly successful domestic comedy explored one of the intriguing cultural inversions characterizing the Reagan era : a conservative younger generation aspiring to wealth , business success , and traditional values , serves as inheritor to the politically liberal , presumably activist , culturally experimental generation of adults who had experienced the 1960s . The result was a decade , paradoxical by America 's usual post -- World War II standards , in which youthful ambition and social renovation became equated with pronounced political conservatism . `` When else could a boy with a briefcase become a national hero ? '' queried Family Ties ' creator , Gary David Goldberg , during the show 's final year .

\n

\n In 1999 TV Guide ranked him number 17 on its `` 50 Greatest TV Characters of All Time '' list .

\n

\n References in other media ( edit )

\n

\n When Michael J. Fox left his next series Spin City a decade after Family Ties , his final episodes as a regular ( `` Goodbye : Part 1 & 2 '' , Season 4 , Episodes 25 and 26 ) made numerous allusions to Family Ties . Michael Gross ( Alex 's father Steven ) portrays Michael Patrick Flaherty 's ( Michael J. Fox ) therapist and there is a reference to the therapist 's unseen receptionist named `` Mallory '' . After Flaherty becomes an environmental lobbyist in Washington , he makes a reference to having met the junior senator from Ohio , Alex P. Keaton . Actress Meredith Baxter , who played Alex Keaton 's mother on Family Ties , also played Michael Flaherty 's mother on Spin City .

\n

\n Florida ska / punk band Victims of Circumstance 's debut album Roll the Dice featured a track titled `` Me and Alex P. Keaton '' . The lyrics parody a typical day spent with a modern , socially conservative Republican .

\n

\n LFO 's 1999 single `` Summer Girls '' name - checks `` Alex P. Keaton '' alongside other 1980s cultural references such as Footloose , Home Alone ( which was released in 1990 ) , and New Edition 's song `` Candy Girl '' .

\n

\n In the Family Guy episode `` Movin ' Out ( Brian 's Song ) '' , after Brian gets dumped by Jillian when he admits he did not want to move in with her , Stewie tries to help him get over her by comparing the situation to when Alex P. Keaton lost his own girlfriend before getting another one . Stewie also mentions the fact that Michael J. Fox has Parkinson 's disease .

\n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : The Museum of Broadcast Communications : Family Ties
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Nation 's split is part of Ohio 's fabric
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ What he left behind : From Tom Clancy to Alex P. Keaton , Ronald Reagan 's legacy extends beyond the political and into the cultural
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ TV Guide Book of Lists . Running Press . 2007 . p. 190 . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 3007 - 9 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Putting His Own Spin on ' City 's ' Season Finale
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Shales , Tom . `` Michael J. Fox , Playing ' Spin City ' to a Fare - Thee - Well '' . The Washington Post , May 24 , 2000 , p . C1 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Michael J. Fox Database
    8. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alex_P._Keaton&oldid=802189493 '' Categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "why did alex and ellen break up on family ties", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Fundamental rights in India - Wikipedia

\n Fundamental rights in India

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Part of a series on
\n Constitution of India
\n
\n Preamble
\n Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I \u2219 II \u2219 III \u2219 IV \u2219 IVA \u2219 V \u2219 VI \u2219 VII VIII \u2219 IX \u2219 IXA \u2219 IXB \u2219 X \u2219 XI \u2219 XII \u2219 XIII \u2219 XIV XV \u2219 XVI \u2219 XVIA \u2219 XVII \u2219 XVIII \u2219 XIX \u2219 XX \u2219 XXI XXII
\n Schedules ( show ) First \u2219 Second \u2219 Third \u2219 Fourth \u2219 Fifth Sixth \u2219 Seventh \u2219 Eighth \u2219 Ninth Tenth \u2219 Eleventh \u2219 Twelfth
\n Appendices ( show ) I \u2219 II \u2219 III \u2219 IV \u2219 V
\n Amendments ( show ) List \u2219 1 \u2219 2 \u2219 3 \u2219 4 \u2219 5 \u2219 6 \u2219 7 \u2219 8 \u2219 9 \u2219 10 \u2219 11 \u2219 12 \u2219 13 \u2219 14 \u2219 15 \u2219 16 \u2219 17 \u2219 18 \u2219 19 \u2219 20 \u2219 21 \u2219 22 \u2219 23 \u2219 24 \u2219 25 \u2219 26 \u2219 27 \u2219 28 \u2219 29 \u2219 30 \u2219 31 \u2219 32 \u2219 33 \u2219 34 \u2219 35 \u2219 36 \u2219 37 \u2219 38 \u2219 39 \u2219 40 \u2219 41 \u2219 42 \u2219 43 \u2219 44 \u2219 45 \u2219 46 \u2219 47 \u2219 48 \u2219 49 \u2219 50 \u2219 51 \u2219 52 \u2219 53 \u2219 54 \u2219 55 \u2219 56 \u2219 57 \u2219 58 \u2219 59 \u2219 60 \u2219 61 \u2219 62 \u2219 63 \u2219 64 \u2219 65 \u2219 66 \u2219 67 \u2219 68 \u2219 69 \u2219 70 \u2219 71 \u2219 72 \u2219 73 \u2219 74 \u2219 75 \u2219 76 \u2219 77 \u2219 78 \u2219 79 \u2219 80 \u2219 81 \u2219 82 \u2219 83 \u2219 84 \u2219 85 \u2219 86 \u2219 87 \u2219 88 \u2219 89 \u2219 90 \u2219 91 \u2219 92 \u2219 93 \u2219 94 \u2219 95 \u2219 96 \u2219 97 \u2219 98 \u2219 99 \u2219 100 \u2219 101
\n Related topics ( show )
    \n
  • \n Union List
    • \n
  • \n State List
    • \n
  • \n Concurrent List
    • \n
  • \n Basic structure doctrine
    • \n
  • \n Uniform civil code
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Fundamental Rights are the basic rights of the people and the charter of rights contained in Part III ( Article 12 to 35 ) of Constitution of India . It guarantees civil liberties such that all Indians can lead their lives in peace and harmony as citizens of India . These include individual rights common to most liberal democracies , such as equality before law freedom of speech and expression , religious and cultural freedom and peaceful assembly , freedom to practice religion , and the right to constitutional remedies for the protection of civil rights by means of writs such as habeas corpus , Mandamus , Prohibition , Certiorari and Quo Warranto . Violation of these rights result in punishments as prescribed in the Indian Penal Code or other special laws , subject to discretion of the judiciary . The Fundamental Rights are defined as basic human freedoms that every Indian citizen has the right to enjoy for a proper and harmonious development of personality . These rights universally apply to all citizens , irrespective of race , place of birth , religion , caste or gender . Though the rights conferred by the constitution other than fundamental rights are equally valid and their enforcement in case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process . However , in case of fundamental rights violation , Supreme court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32 . The Rights have their origins in many sources , including England 's Bill of Rights , the United States Bill of Rights and France 's Declaration of the Rights of Man .

\n

\n The six fundamental rights recognised by the Indian constitution are the right to equality , right to freedom , right against exploitation , right to freedom of religion , cultural and educational rights , right to constitutional remedies and right to privacy . The right to equality includes equality before law , prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion , race , caste , gender or place of birth , and equality of opportunity in matters of employment , abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles . The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression , assembly , association or union or cooperatives , movement , residence , and right to practice any profession or occupation , right to life and liberty , protection in respect to conviction in offences and protection against arrest and detention in certain cases . The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour , child labour and trafficking of human beings . The right to freedom of religion includes freedom of conscience and free profession , practice , and propagation of religion , freedom to manage religious affairs , freedom from certain taxes and freedom from religious instructions in certain educational institutes . Cultural and educational rights preserve the right of any section of citizens to conserve their culture , language or script , and right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice . The right to constitutional remedies is present for enforcement of Fundamental Rights . The right to privacy is an intrinsic part of Article 21 that protects life and liberty of the citizens .

\n

\n Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices . Specifically , they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion , race , caste , sex , or place of birth . They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour ( a crime ) . They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions . They are covered in Part III ( Articles 12 to 35 ) of Indian constitution .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Genesis ( edit )

\n

\n The development of constitutionally guaranteed fundamental human rights in India was inspired by historical examples such as England 's Bill of Rights ( 1689 ) , the United States Bill of Rights ( approved on 17 September 1787 , final ratification on 15 December 1791 ) and France 's Declaration of the Rights of Man ( created during the revolution of 1789 , and ratified on 26 August 1789 ) .

\n

\n In 1919 , the Rowlatt Act gave extensive powers to the British government and police , and allowed indefinite arrest and detention of individuals , warrant-less searches and seizures , restrictions on public gatherings , and intensive censorship of media and publications . The public opposition to this act eventually led to mass campaigns of non-violent civil disobedience throughout the country demanding guaranteed civil freedoms , and limitations on government power . Indians , who were seeking independence and their own government , were particularly influenced by the independence of Ireland and the development of the Irish constitution . Also , the directive principles of state policy in Irish constitution were looked upon by the people of India as an inspiration for the independent India 's government to comprehensively tackle complex social and economic challenges across a vast , diverse nation and population .

\n

\n In 1928 , the Nehru Commission composing of representatives of Indian political parties proposed constitutional reforms for India that apart from calling for dominion status for India and elections under universal suffrage , would guarantee rights deemed fundamental , representation for religious and ethnic minorities , and limit the powers of the government . In 1931 , the Indian National Congress ( the largest Indian political party of the time ) adopted resolutions committing itself to the defence of fundamental civil rights , as well as socio - economic rights such as the minimum wage and the abolition of untouchability and serfdom . Committing themselves to socialism in 1936 , the Congress leaders took examples from the Constitution of the Soviet Union , which inspired the fundamental duties of citizens as a means of collective patriotic responsibility for national interests and challenges .

\n

\n Task of developing a constitution for the nation was undertaken by the Constituent Assembly of India , composing of elected representatives . The Constituent Assembly first met on 9 December 1946 under the presidency of Dr. Sachidanand later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was made its president . While members of Congress composed of a large majority , Congress leaders appointed persons from diverse political backgrounds to responsibilities of developing the constitution and national laws . Notably , Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar became the chairperson of the drafting committee , while Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became chairpersons of committees and sub-committees responsible for different subjects . A notable development during that period having significant effect on the Indian constitution took place on 10 December 1948 when the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and called upon all member states to adopt these rights in their respective constitutions .

\n

\n The fundamental rights were included in the First Draft Constitution ( February 1948 ) , the Second Draft Constitution ( 17 October 1948 ) and final Third Draft Constitution ( 26 November 1949 ) , prepared by the Drafting Committee .

\n

\n Significance and characteristics ( edit )

\n

\n The fundamental rights were included in the constitution because they were considered essential for the development of the personality of every individual and to preserve human dignity . The writers of the constitution regarded democracy of no avail if civil liberties , like freedom of speech and religion were not recognised and protected by the State . According to them , `` democracy '' is , in essence , a government by opinion and therefore , the means of formulating public opinion should be secured to the people of a democratic nation . For this purpose , the constitution guaranteed to all the citizens of India the freedom of speech and expression and various other freedoms in the form of the fundamental rights .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Rights
\n Theoretical distinctions
\n
    \n
  • \n Claim rights and liberty rights
    • \n
  • \n Individual and group rights
    • \n
  • \n Natural and legal rights
    • \n
  • \n Negative and positive rights
    • \n
\n
\n Human rights
\n
    \n
  • \n Civil and political
    • \n
  • \n Economic , social and cultural
    • \n
  • \n Three generations
    • \n
\n
\n Rights by beneficiary
\n
    \n
  • \n Animals
    • \n
  • \n Authors
    • \n
  • \n Children
    • \n
  • \n Consumers
    • \n
  • \n Creditors
    • \n
  • \n Elders
    • \n
  • \n Fathers
    • \n
  • \n Fetuses
    • \n
  • \n Gun owners
    • \n
  • \n Humans
    • \n
  • \n Natives
    • \n
  • \n Intersex
    • \n
  • \n Kings
    • \n
  • \n LGBT
    • \n
  • \n Men
    • \n
  • \n Minorities
    • \n
  • \n Mothers
    • \n
  • \n Patients
    • \n
  • \n Plants
    • \n
  • \n Prisoners
    • \n
  • \n Students
    • \n
  • \n Victims
    • \n
  • \n Women
    • \n
  • \n Workers
    • \n
  • \n Youth
    • \n
  • \n Disabled persons
    • \n
\n
\n Other groups of rights
\n
    \n
  • \n Civil liberties
    • \n
  • \n Digital
    • \n
  • \n Linguistic
    • \n
  • \n Property
    • \n
  • \n Reproductive
    • \n
  • \n Self - determination of people
    • \n
  • \n Water and sanitation
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n All people , irrespective of race , religion , caste or sex , have been given the right to petition directly the Supreme Court or the High Courts for the enforcement of their fundamental rights . It is not necessary that the aggrieved party has to be the one to do so . Poverty stricken people may not have the means to do so and therefore , in the public interest , anyone can commence litigation in the court on their behalf . This is known as `` Public interest litigation '' . In some cases , High Court judges have acted suo moto on their own on the basis of newspaper reports .

\n

\n These fundamental rights help not only in protection but also the prevention of gross violations of human rights . They emphasise on the fundamental unity of India by guaranteeing to all citizens the access and use of the same facilities , irrespective of background . Some fundamental rights apply for persons of any nationality whereas others are available only to the citizens of India . The right to life and personal liberty is available to all people and so is the right to freedom of religion . On the other hand , freedoms of speech and expression and freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country are reserved to citizens alone , including non-resident Indian citizens . The right to equality in matters of public employment can not be conferred to overseas citizens of India .

\n

\n Fundamental rights primarily protect individuals from any arbitrary state actions , but some rights are enforceable against individuals . For instance , the Constitution abolishes untouchability and also prohibits begar . These provisions act as a check both on state action as well as the action of private individuals . However , these rights are not absolute or uncontrolled and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of general welfare . They can also be selectively curtailed . The Supreme Court has ruled that all provisions of the Constitution , including fundamental rights can be amended . However , the Parliament can not alter the basic structure of the constitution . Since the fundamental rights can be altered only by a constitutional amendment , their inclusion is a check not only on the executive branch but also on the Parliament and state legislatures .

\n

\n A state of national emergency has an adverse effect on these rights . Under such a state , the rights conferred by Article 19 ( freedoms of speech , assembly and movement , etc . ) remain suspended . Hence , in such a situation , the legislature may make laws that go against the rights given in Article 19 . Also , the President may by order suspend the right to move court for the enforcement of other rights as well .

\n

\n Right to equality ( edit )

\n

\n Right to equality is an important and meaningful right provided for in Articles 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 and 18 of the constitution . It is the principal foundation of all other rights and liberties , and guarantees the following :

\n \n \n

\n Right to freedom ( edit )

\n

\n The Constitution of India contains the right to freedom , given in articles 19 , 20 , 21 , 21A , and 22 , and with the view of guaranteeing individual rights that were considered vital by the framers of the constitution . It is a cluster of four main laws . The right to freedom in Article 19 guarantees the following six freedoms :

\n \n \n

\n Article 21A gives education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may , by law , determine .

\n

\n The constitution also imposes restrictions on these rights . The government restricts these freedoms in the interest of the independence , sovereignty and integrity of India . In the interest of morality and public order , the government can also impose restrictions . However , the right to life and personal liberty can not be suspended . The six freedoms are also automatically suspended or have restrictions imposed on them during a state of emergency .

\n

\n Right to Information ( RTI )

\n

\n Right to Information has been given the status of a fundamental right under Article 19 ( 1 ) of the Constitution in 2005 . Article 19 ( 1 ) under which every citizen has freedom of speech and expression and have the right to know how the government works , what role does it play , what are its functions and so on .

\n

\n Right against exploitation ( edit )

\n Child labour and Begar is prohibited under Right against exploitation .

\n The right against exploitation , given in Articles 23 and 24 , provides for two provisions , namely the abolition of trafficking in human beings and Begar ( forced labour ) , and abolition of employment of children below the age of 14 years in dangerous jobs like factories , mines , etc . Child labour is considered a gross violation of the spirit and provisions of the constitution . Begar , practised in the past by landlords , has been declared a crime and is punishable by law . Trafficking in humans for the purpose of slave trade or prostitution is also prohibited by law . An exception is made in employment without payment for compulsory services for public purposes . Compulsory military conscription is covered by this provision .

\n

\n Right to freedom of religion ( edit )

\n

\n Right to freedom of religion , covered in Articles 25 , 26 , 27 and 28 , provides religious freedom to all citizens of India . The objective of this right is to sustain the principle of secularism in India . According to the Constitution , all religions are equal before the State and no religion shall be given preference over the other . Citizens are free to preach , practice and propagate any religion of their choice .

\n

\n Religious communities can set up charitable institutions of their own . However , activities in such institutions that are not religious are performed according to the laws laid down by the government . Establishing a charitable institution can also be restricted in the interest of public order , morality and health . No person shall be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of a particular religion . A State run institution can not be impart education that is pro-religion . Also , nothing in this article shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any further law regulating or restricting any economic , financial , political or other secular activity that may be associated with religious practice , or providing for social welfare and reform .

\n

\n Right to life ( edit )

\n

\n The constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty , which in turn cites specific provisions in which these rights are applied and enforced :

\n \n

\n Cultural and educational rights ( edit )

\n The Flag of India

\n As India is a country of many languages , religions , and cultures , the Constitution provides special measures , in Articles 29 and 30 , to protect the rights of the minorities . Any community that has a language and a script of its own has the right to conserve and develop it . No citizen can be discriminated against for admission in State or State aided institutions .

\n

\n All minorities , or linguistic , can set up their own educational institutions to preserve and develop their own culture . In granting aid to institutions , the State can not discriminate against any institution on the basis of the fact that it is administered by a minority institution . But the right to administer does not mean that the State can not interfere in case of maladministration . In a precedent - setting judgement in 1980 , the Supreme Court held that the State can certainly take regulatory measures to promote the efficiency and excellence of educational standards . It can also issue guidelines for ensuring the security of the services of the teachers or other employees of the institution . In another landmark judgement delivered on 31 October 2002 , the Supreme Court ruled that in case of aided minority institutions offering professional courses , admission could be only through a common entrance test conducted by State or a university . Even an unaided minority institution ought not to ignore the merit of the students for admission .

\n

\n Right to constitutional remedies ( edit )

\n

\n Right to constitutional remedies ( Article 32 to 35 ) empowers the citizens to move to a court of law in case of any denial of the fundamental rights . For instance , in case of imprisonment , any citizen can ask the court to see if it is according to the provisions of the law of the country by lodging a PIL . If the court finds that it is not , the person will have to be freed . This procedure of asking the courts to preserve or safeguard the citizens ' fundamental rights can be done in various ways . The courts can issue various kinds of writs . These writs are habeas corpus , mandamus , prohibition , quo warranto and certiorari . Dr. B.R. Ambedkar rightly declared Right to constitutional remedies as `` the heart and soul '' of Indian constitution . When a national or state emergency is declared , this right is suspended by the central government .

\n

\n Article 32 is also called citizens right to protect and defend the constitution as it can be used by the citizens to enforce the constitution through the judiciary .

\n

\n Right to Privacy ( edit )

\n

\n The right to privacy is protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty under Article 21 and as a part of the freedoms guaranteed by Part III of the Constitution . It protects the inner sphere of the individual from interference from both State , and non-State actors and allows the individuals to make autonomous life choices . On 24 August 2017 the Supreme Court ruled that :

\n

\n `` Right to Privacy is an integral part of Right to Life and Personal Liberty guaranteed in Article 21 of the Constitution , ''

\n -- Supreme Court

\n Critical analysis ( edit )

\n

\n The fundamental rights have been revised for many reasons . Political groups have demanded that the right to work , the right to economic assistance in case of unemployment , old age , and similar rights be enshrined as constitutional guarantees to address issues of poverty and economic insecurity , though these provisions have been enshrined in the Directive Principles of state policy . The right to freedom and personal liberty has a number of limiting clauses , and thus have been criticised for failing to check the sanctioning of powers often deemed `` excessive '' . There is also the provision of preventive detention and suspension of fundamental rights in times of Emergency . The provisions of acts like the Maintenance of Internal Security Act ( MISA ) , Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act and the National Security Act ( NSA ) are a means of countering the fundamental rights , because they sanction excessive powers with the aim of fighting internal and cross-border terrorism and political violence , without safeguards for civil rights . The phrases `` security of State '' , `` public order '' and `` morality '' are of wide implication . People of alternate sexuality are criminalised in India with prison term up to 10 years . The meaning of phrases like `` reasonable restrictions '' and `` the interest of public order '' have not been explicitly stated in the constitution , and this ambiguity leads to unnecessary litigation . The freedom to assemble peaceably and without arms is exercised , but in some cases , these meetings are broken up by the police through the use of non-fatal methods .

\n

\n `` Freedom of press '' has not been included in the right to freedom , which is necessary for formulating public opinion and to make freedom of expression more legitimate . Employment of child labour in hazardous job environments has been reduced , but their employment even in non-hazardous jobs , including their prevalent employment as domestic help violates the spirit and ideals of the constitution . More than 16.5 million children are employed and working in India . India was ranked 88 out of 159 in 2005 , according to the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians worldwide . But in 2014 , India has improved marginally to a rank of 85 . The right to equality in matters regarding public employment shall not be conferred to overseas citizens of India , according to the Citizenship ( Amendment ) Bill , 2003 .

\n

\n As per Article 19 of Part III of the Indian constitution , the fundamental rights of people such as freedom of speech and expression , gathering peaceably without arms and forming associations or unions shall not effect the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India but not unity of India . The words sovereignty and integrity are the qualities to be cultivated / emulated by Indian people as urged by the Indian constitution but not used related to territory of India . Article 1 of Part 1 of the Indian constitution , defines India ( Bharat ) as union of states . In nutshell , India is its people not its land as enshrined in its constitution .

\n

\n Since speedy trial is not the constitutional right of the citizens , the cases involving violations of fundamental rights take inordinate time for resolution by the Supreme Court which is against the legal maxim ' justice delayed is justice denied ' .

\n

\n Amendments ( edit )

\n

\n Changes to the fundamental rights require a constitutional amendment , which has to be passed by a special majority of both houses of Parliament . This means that an amendment requires the approval of two - thirds of the members present and voting . However , the number of members voting in support of the amendment shall not be less than the simple majority of the total members of a house -- whether the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha .

\n

\n Fundamental rights not sacrosanct ( edit )

\n

\n While deciding the Golaknath case in February 1967 , Supreme Court ruled that the Parliament has no power to curtail the fundamental rights . They were made permanent and sacrosanct reversing the Supreme Court 's earlier decision which had upheld Parliament 's power to amend all parts of the Constitution , including Part III related to Fundamental Rights . Up till the 24th constitutional amendment in 1971 , the fundamental rights given to the people were permanent and can not be repealed or diluted by the Parliament . 24th constitutional amendment introduced a new Article 13 ( 4 ) enabling Parliament to legislate on the subjects of Part III of the constitution using its constituent powers per Article 368 ( 1 ) . In the year 1973 , the 13 member constitutional bench of supreme court also upheld with majority the validity of 24th constitutional amendment . However it ruled that Basic structure of the constitution which is built on the basic foundation representing the dignity and freedom of the individual , can not be altered . This is of supreme importance and can not be destroyed by any form of amendment to the constitution . Many constitutional amendments to Part III of the constitution were made deleting or adding or diluting the fundamental rights before the judgement of Golaknath case ( Constitutional amendments 1 , 4 , 7 and 16 ) and after the validity of 24th constitutional amendment is upheld by the Supreme Court ( Constitutional amendments 25 , 42 , 44 , 50 , 77 , 81 , 85 , 86 , 93 and 97 ) .

\n

\n Validity of Article 31B ( edit )

\n

\n Articles 31A and Article 31B are added by First constitutional amendment in 1951 . Article 31B says that any acts and regulations included in the Ninth Schedule of the constitution by the Parliament can override the fundamental rights and such laws can not be repealed or made void by the judiciary on the grounds of violating fundamental rights . Thus fundamental rights given in Part III are not equally applicable in each state / region and can be made different by making additions / deletions to Ninth Schedule by constitutional amendments . In 2007 , Supreme Court ruled that there could not be any blanket immunity from judicial review for the laws inserted in the Ninth Schedule . Apex court also stated it shall examine laws included in the Ninth Schedule after 1973 for any incompatibility with the basic structure doctrine .

\n

\n Amendment to Article 31C ( edit )

\n

\n Section 4 of the 42nd Amendment , had changed Article 31C of the constitution to accord precedence to the Directive Principles ( earlier applicable only to clauses b & c of Article 39 ) over the fundamental rights of individuals . In Minerva Mills v. Union of India case , supreme court ruled that the amendment to the Article 31C is not valid and ultra vires .

\n

\n Right to property ( edit )

\n

\n The Constitution originally provided for the right to property under Articles 19 and 31 . Article 19 guaranteed to all citizens the right to acquire , hold and dispose of property . Article 31 provided that `` no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law . '' It also provided that compensation would be paid to a person whose property has been taken for public purposes .

\n

\n The provisions relating to the right to property were changed a number of times . The Forty - Fourth Amendment of 1978 deleted the right to property from the list of fundamental rights A new provision , Article 300 - A , was added to the constitution , which provided that `` no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law '' . Thus if a legislature makes a law depriving a person of his property , there would be no obligation on the part of the State to pay anything as compensation . The aggrieved person shall have no right to move the court under Article 32 . Thus , the right to property is no longer a fundamental right , though it is still a constitutional right . If the government appears to have acted unfairly , the action can be challenged in a court of law by aggrieved citizens .

\n

\n The liberalisation of the economy and the government 's initiative to set up special economic zones has led to many protests by farmers and have led to calls for the reinstatement of the fundamental right to private property . The Supreme Court has sent a notice to the government questioning why the right should not be brought back but in 2010 the court rejected the PIL

\n

\n Right to education ( edit )

\n

\n The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights in 2002 under the Eighty - Sixth Amendment of 2002 . However this right was brought in to implementation after eight years in 2010 . Article 21A -- On 2 April 2010 , India joined a group of few countries in the world , with a historic law making education a fundamental right of every child coming into force . Making elementary education an entitlement for children in the 6 -- 14 age group , the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act will directly benefit children who do not go to school at present . This act provides for appointment of teachers with the requisite entry and academic qualifications .

\n

\n The former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh announced the operationalisation of the Act . Children , who had either dropped out of schools or never been to any educational institution , will get elementary education as it will be binding on the part of the local and State governments to ensure that all children in the 6 -- 14 age group get schooling . As per the Act , private educational institutions should reserve 25 per cent seats for children from the weaker sections of society . The Centre and the States have agreed to share the financial burden in the ratio of 55 : 45 , while the Finance Commission has given Rs. 250 billion to the States for implementing the Act . The Centre has approved an outlay of Rs. 150 billion for 2010 -- 2011 .

\n

\n The school management committee or the local authority will identify the drop - outs or out - of - school children aged above six and admit them in classes appropriate to their age after giving special training .

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikisource has original text related to this article : Constitution of India / Part III
\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-41033954
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-23
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . p. 206 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ UNI . `` Sardar Patel was the real architect of the Constitution '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 15 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : The term `` State '' includes all authorities within the territory of India . It includes the Government of India , the Parliament of India , the Government and legislature of the states of India . It also includes all local or other authorities such as Municipal Corporations , Municipal Boards , District Boards , Panchayats etc . To avoid confusion with the term states and territories of India , State ( encompassing all the authorities in India ) has been capitalised and the term state ( referring to the state governments ) is in lowercase .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Laski , Harold Joseph ( 1930 ) . Liberty in the Modern State . New York and London : Harpers and Brothers .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty ; 1995 ICHRL 69 '' . www.worldlii.org , World Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . This was the case where Public interest litigation was introduced ( date of ruling 15 December 1995 ) .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-25
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Citizenship ( Amendment ) Bill , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . rajyasabha.nic.in/ , Rajya Sabha . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 April 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Bodhisattwa Gautam vs. Subhra Chakraborty ; 1995 ICHRL 69 '' . www.worldlii.org , World Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 25 . This was the case where fundamental rights were enforced against private individuals ( date of ruling 15 December 1995 ) .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Kesavananda Bharati vs. The State of Kerala ; AIR 1973 S.C. 1461 , ( 1973 ) 4 SCC 225 -- In what became famously known as the `` Fundamental Rights case '' , the Supreme Court decided that the basic structure of the Constitution of India was unamendable
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-24
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Basu , Durga Das ( 1988 ) . Shorter Constitution of India . New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India . Basu , Durga Das ( 1993 ) . Introduction to the Constitution of India . New Delhi : Prentice Hall of India .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Democratic Politics Class 9 . NCERT .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Article 19 in The Constitution Of India 1949 '' . Indiankanoon.org . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 29 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Pylee , M.V. ( 1999 ) . India 's Constitution . New Delhi : S. Chand and Company . ISBN 81 - 219 - 1907 - X .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Vasudha Dhagamwar ( 4 May 2004 ) . `` The price of a Bill '' . Retrieved 24 March 2009 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Home : Central Information Commission ( CIC ) Online '' . rti.india.gov.in . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Nandan G ( May 1994 ) . `` Indian grants right to suicide '' . BMJ. 308 ( 6941 ) : 1392 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 308.6941. 1392 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Paper 3 : Abolition and Restoration of Section 309 IPC -- an overview by BR Sharma , A Sharma , D Harish : Anil Aggrawal 's Internet Journal of Forensic Medicine : Vol. 7 , No. 1 ( January -- June 2006 ) Archived 25 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India ; AIR 1978 S.C. 597 , ( 1978 ) .
    22. \n
  22. \n ^ Jump up to : 86th Amendment Act , 2002 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ right to education bill Archived 26 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine ...
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Justice KS Puttaswamy v. Union of India '' ( PDF ) .
    25. \n
  25. \n ^ Jump up to : Tayal , B.B. & Jacob , A. ( 2005 ) , Indian History , World Developments and Civics , pg . A-33
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Constitution of India - Part IV Article 41 Directive Principles of State Policy .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Senior Inspector justifies lathi - charge during the 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Lathi Charge in Mumbai during the 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Child labour in India '' . Archived from the original on 12 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 June 2006 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Index of perception of corruption , published by Transparency International .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Sovereign means possessing supreme or ultimate power . `` in modern democracies the people 's will is in theory sovereign '' synonyms : supreme , absolute , unlimited , unrestricted , unrestrained , unbounded , boundless , infinite , ultimate , total , unconditional , full , utter , paramount ; principal , chief , dominant , predominant
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` What causes judicial delay ? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments '' . Retrieved 13 September 2017 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Paras 316 and 317 of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala , ( AIR 1973 SC 1461 ) '' . 1973 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` IX Schedule laws open to review '' . 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2017 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ 44th Amendment Act , 1978 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Mahapatra , Dhananjay ( 28 February 2009 ) . `` Should right to property return ? '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 8 July 2010 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` Court rejects plea to make property a fundamental right '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 19 October 2010 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` Education is now a fundamental right of every child '' . Hindustan Times . 1 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2010 . Retrieved 8 July 2010 .
    40. \n
\n

\n Footnotes ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Links to related articles
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Government of India
\n Constitution \n
    \n
  • \n Constitution
    • \n
  • \n Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties
    • \n
  • \n Federalism ( Union List State List Concurrent List )
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Executive \n
    \n
  • \n Union Government
    • \n
  • \n Prime Minister ( list )
    • \n
  • \n Cabinet Ministers
    • \n
  • \n President ( list )
    • \n
  • \n Vice President ( list )
    • \n
  • \n Civil Services
    • \n
  • \n All India Services ( IAS IFS / IFoS IPS )
    • \n
  • \n Cabinet Secretary
    • \n
  • \n Secretaries ( Defence Finance Foreign Home )
    • \n
  • \n State governments
    • \n
  • \n Chief Minister ( list )
    • \n
  • \n Chief Secretary
    • \n
  • \n Governors ( list )
    • \n
\n
\n Legislative \n
    \n
  • \n Parliament
    • \n
  • \n Lok Sabha ( Speaker )
    • \n
  • \n Rajya Sabha ( Chairman )
    • \n
  • \n Vidhan Sabha
    • \n
  • \n Vidhan Parishad
    • \n
  • \n Leader of the Opposition
    • \n
\n
\n Judiciary \n
    \n
  • \n Supreme Court ( Chief Justice )
    • \n
  • \n High Courts
    • \n
  • \n District Courts
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fundamental_rights_in_India&oldid=837658190 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "right to property according to the constitution of india is a", "long_answers": ["The provisions relating to the right to property were changed a number of times . The Forty - Fourth Amendment of 1978 deleted the right to property from the list of fundamental rights A new provision , Article 300 - A , was added to the constitution , which provided that `` no person shall be deprived of his property save by authority of law '' . Thus if a legislature makes a law depriving a person of his property , there would be no obligation on the part of the State to pay anything as compensation . The aggrieved person shall have no right to move the court under Article 32 . Thus , the right to property is no longer a fundamental right , though it is still a constitutional right . If the government appears to have acted unfairly , the action can be challenged in a court of law by aggrieved citizens .\n"], "short_answers": ["constitutional right\n", "constitutional right\n"]} {"text": "President of the United States - wikipedia

\n President of the United States

\n Jump to : navigation , search `` POTUS '' redirects here . For the political talk radio channel , see P.O.T.U.S. ( Sirius XM ) . For other uses , see President of the United States ( disambiguation ) . For a list , see List of Presidents of the United States . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n President of the United States of America
\n Presidential Seal
\n Presidential Standard
\n Incumbent Donald Trump since January 20 , 2017
\n Executive Branch of the U.S. Government Executive Office of the President
\n Style \n Mr. President ( informal ) The Honorable ( formal ) His Excellency ( international correspondence )
\n Status \n Head of State Head of Government
\n Member of \n Cabinet Domestic Policy Council National Economic Council National Security Council
\n Residence \n White House
\n Seat \n Washington , D.C.
\n Appointer \n Electoral College of the United States
\n Term length \n Four years , renewable once ( Amendment XXII )
\n Constituting instrument \n United States Constitution
\n Inaugural holder \n George Washington
\n Formation \n March 4 , 1789 ( 229 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 )
\n Salary \n $400,000 annually
\n Website \n whitehouse.gov
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n This article is part of a series on the
\n Politics of the United States of America
\n
\n Federal Government ( show )
    \n
  • \n Constitution of the United States
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Law
    • \n
  • \n Taxation
    • \n
\n
\n Legislature ( show )
    \n
  • \n United States Congress
    • \n
\n

\n

\n

\n

\n
    \n
  • \n House of Representatives
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Speaker Paul Ryan ( R )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Congressional districts
    • \n
\n

\n

\n
    \n
  • \n United States Senate
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n President Mike Pence ( R )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D )
    • \n
\n
\n Executive ( show )
    \n
  • \n President of the United States
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Donald Trump ( R )
    • \n
\n

\n

\n
    \n
  • \n Vice President of the United States
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Mike Pence ( R )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Cabinet
    • \n
  • \n Federal agencies
    • \n
  • \n Executive Office
    • \n
\n
\n Judiciary ( show )
    \n
  • \n Supreme Court of the United States
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Chief Justice John Roberts
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Kennedy
    • \n
  • \n Thomas
    • \n
  • \n Ginsburg
    • \n
  • \n Breyer
    • \n
  • \n Alito
    • \n
  • \n Sotomayor
    • \n
  • \n Kagan
    • \n
  • \n Gorsuch
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Courts of Appeals
    • \n
  • \n District Courts ( list )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Other tribunals
    • \n
\n
\n Elections ( show )
    \n
  • \n Presidential elections
    • \n
  • \n Midterm elections
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Off - year elections
    • \n
\n
\n Political parties ( show )
    \n
  • \n Democratic
    • \n
  • \n Republican
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Third parties
    • \n
\n
\n Federalism ( show )
    \n
  • \n State Government
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Governors
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Legislatures ( List )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n State courts
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
      \n
    • \n Local government
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Other countries
    • \n
  • \n Atlas
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n The President of the United States ( POTUS / \u02c8po\u028at\u0259s / POH - t\u0259s ) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America . The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander - in - chief of the United States Armed Forces .

\n

\n In contemporary times , the president is looked upon as the world 's most powerful political figure and as the leader of the only current global superpower . The role includes responsibility for the world 's most expensive military that has the second largest nuclear arsenal . The president also leads the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP . The president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power .

\n

\n Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the federal government . It vests the executive power of the United States in the president . The power includes the execution and enforcement of federal law , alongside the responsibility of appointing federal executive , diplomatic , regulatory and judicial officers , and concluding treaties with foreign powers with the advice and consent of the Senate . The president is further empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves , and to convene and adjourn either or both houses of Congress under extraordinary circumstances . The president directs the foreign and domestic policies of the United States , and takes an active role in promoting his policy priorities to members of Congress . In addition , as part of the system of checks and balances , Article One of the United States Constitution gives the president the power to sign or veto federal legislation . Since the office of president was established in 1789 , its power has grown substantially , as has the power of the federal government as a whole .

\n

\n Through the Electoral College , the registered voters indirectly elect the president and vice president to a four - year term . This is the only federal election in the United States which is not decided by popular vote . Nine vice presidents became president by virtue of a president 's intra-term death or resignation .

\n

\n The Twenty - second Amendment precludes any United States citizen from being elected president for a third term . It also prohibits a person from being elected to the presidency more than once if that person previously had served as president , or acting president , for more than two years of another person 's term as president . In all , 44 individuals have served 45 presidencies ( counting Grover Cleveland 's two non-consecutive terms separately ) spanning 57 full four - year terms .

\n

\n Donald Trump is the 45th and current president , inaugurated on January 20 , 2017 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Origin

\n

\n During the American Revolution in 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies , acting through the Second Continental Congress , declared political independence from Great Britain . The new states were independent of each other as nation states and recognized the necessity of closely coordinating their efforts against the British . Congress desired to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy and negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish an alliance between the states . Under the Articles , Congress was a central authority without any legislative power . It could make its own resolutions , determinations , and regulations , but not any laws , and could not impose any taxes or enforce local commercial regulations upon its citizens . This institutional design reflected how Americans believed the deposed British system of Crown and Parliament ought to have functioned with respect to the royal dominion : a superintending body for matters that concerned the entire empire . The states were out from under any monarchy and assigned some formerly royal prerogatives ( e.g. , making war , receiving ambassadors , etc . ) to Congress ; the remaining prerogatives were lodged within their own respective state governments . The states agreed to a resolution that settled competing western land claims . The Articles took effect on March 1 , 1781 , when Maryland became the final state to ratify them .

\n

\n In 1783 , the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies . With peace at hand , the states each turned toward their own internal affairs . By 1786 , Americans found their continental borders besieged and weak and their respective economies in crises as neighboring states agitated trade rivalries with one another . They witnessed their hard currency pouring into foreign markets to pay for imports , their Mediterranean commerce preyed upon by North African pirates , and their foreign - financed Revolutionary War debts unpaid and accruing interest . Civil and political unrest loomed .

\n

\n Following the successful resolution of commercial and fishing disputes between Virginia and Maryland at the Mount Vernon Conference in 1785 , Virginia called for a trade conference between all the states , set for September 1786 in Annapolis , Maryland , with an aim toward resolving further - reaching interstate commercial antagonisms . When the convention failed for lack of attendance due to suspicions among most of the other states , Alexander Hamilton led the Annapolis delegates in a call for a convention to offer revisions to the Articles , to be held the next spring in Philadelphia . Prospects for the next convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washington 's attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia .

\n

\n When the Constitutional Convention convened in May 1787 , the 12 state delegations in attendance ( Rhode Island did not send delegates ) brought with them an accumulated experience over a diverse set of institutional arrangements between legislative and executive branches from within their respective state governments . Most states maintained a weak executive without veto or appointment powers , elected annually by the legislature to a single term only , sharing power with an executive council , and countered by a strong legislature . New York offered the greatest exception , having a strong , unitary governor with veto and appointment power elected to a three - year term , and eligible for reelection to an indefinite number of terms thereafter . It was through the closed - door negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U.S. Constitution emerged .

\n

\n Powers and duties

\n

\n Article I legislative role

\n President Ronald Reagan signs the Martin Luther King bill , 1983 .

\n The Presentment Clause requires that any bill passed by Congress must be presented to the president before it can become law . Once the legislation has been presented , the president has three options :

\n
    \n
  1. \n Sign the legislation within ten days , excluding Sundays -- the bill becomes law .
    2. \n
  2. \n Veto the legislation within the above timeframe and return it to the house of Congress from which it originated , expressing any objections -- the bill does not become law , unless both houses of Congress vote to override the veto by a two - thirds vote .
    3. \n
  3. \n Take no action on the legislation within the above timeframe -- the bill becomes law , as if the president had signed it , unless Congress is adjourned at the time , in which case it does not become law ( a pocket veto ) .
    4. \n
\n

\n In 1996 , Congress attempted to enhance the president 's veto power with the Line Item Veto Act . The legislation empowered the president to sign any spending bill into law while simultaneously striking certain spending items within the bill , particularly any new spending , any amount of discretionary spending , or any new limited tax benefit . Congress could then repass that particular item . If the president then vetoed the new legislation , Congress could override the veto by its ordinary means , a two - thirds vote in both houses . In Clinton v. City of New York , 524 U.S. 417 ( 1998 ) , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled such a legislative alteration of the veto power to be unconstitutional .

\n

\n Article II executive powers

\n War and foreign Affairs powers Abraham Lincoln , the 16th president of the United States , successfully preserved the Union during the American Civil War

\n One of the most important of all executive powers is the president 's role as commander - in - chief of the United States Armed Forces . The power to declare war is constitutionally vested in Congress , but the president has ultimate responsibility for the direction and disposition of the military . The present - day operational command of the Armed Forces is delegated to the Department of Defense and is normally exercised through the Secretary of Defense . The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Combatant Commands assist with the operation as outlined in the presidentially approved Unified Command Plan ( UCP ) . The framers of the Constitution took care to limit the president 's powers regarding the military ; Alexander Hamilton explained this in Federalist No. 69 :

\n

\n The President is to be commander - in - chief of the army and navy of the United States ... It would amount to nothing more than the supreme command and direction of the military and naval forces ... while that ( the power ) of the British king extends to the DECLARING of war and to the RAISING and REGULATING of fleets and armies , all ( of ) which ... would appertain to the legislature . ( Emphasis in the original . )

\n

\n Pursuant to the War Powers Resolution , Congress must authorize any troop deployments longer than 60 days , although that process relies on triggering mechanisms that have never been employed , rendering it ineffectual . Additionally , Congress provides a check to presidential military power through its control over military spending and regulation . Presidents have historically initiated the process for going to war , but critics have charged that there have been several conflicts in which presidents did not get official declarations , including Theodore Roosevelt 's military move into Panama in 1903 , the Korean War , the Vietnam War , and the invasions of Grenada in 1983 and Panama in 1990 .

\n Administrative powers Suffice it to say that the President is made the sole repository of the executive powers of the United States , and the powers entrusted to him as well as the duties imposed upon him are awesome indeed .

\n William Rehnquist , Nixon v. General Services Administration , 433 U.S. 425 ( 1977 ) ( dissenting opinion )

\n

\n The president is the head of the executive branch of the federal government and is constitutionally obligated to `` take care that the laws be faithfully executed '' . The executive branch has over four million employees , including members of the military .

\n

\n Presidents make numerous executive branch appointments : an incoming president may make up to 6,000 before taking office and 8,000 more while serving . Ambassadors , members of the Cabinet , and other federal officers , are all appointed by a president with the `` advice and consent '' of a majority of the Senate . When the Senate is in recess for at least ten days , the president may make recess appointments . Recess appointments are temporary and expire at the end of the next session of the Senate .

\n

\n The power of a president to fire executive officials has long been a contentious political issue . Generally , a president may remove executive officials purely at will . However , Congress can curtail and constrain a president 's authority to fire commissioners of independent regulatory agencies and certain inferior executive officers by statute .

\n

\n To manage the growing federal bureaucracy , presidents have gradually surrounded themselves with many layers of staff , who were eventually organized into the Executive Office of the President of the United States . Within the Executive Office , the president 's innermost layer of aides ( and their assistants ) are located in the White House Office .

\n

\n Additionally , the president possesses the power to manage operations of the federal government through issuing various types of directives , such as presidential proclamation and executive orders . When the president is lawfully exercising one of his constitutionally conferred responsibilities , the scope of this power is broad . Even so , these directives are subject to judicial review by U.S. federal courts , which can find them to be unconstitutional . Moreover , Congress can overturn an executive order though legislation .

\n Juridical powers

\n The president also has the power to nominate federal judges , including members of the United States courts of appeals and the Supreme Court of the United States . However , these nominations require Senate confirmation . Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance . When nominating judges to U.S. district courts , presidents often respect the long - standing tradition of senatorial courtesy . Presidents may also grant pardons and reprieves . Gerald Ford pardoned Richard Nixon a month after taking office . Bill Clinton pardoned Patty Hearst on his last day in office , as is often done just before the end of a second presidential term , but not without controversy .

\n

\n Historically , two doctrines concerning executive power have developed that enable the president to exercise executive power with a degree of autonomy . The first is executive privilege , which allows the president to withhold from disclosure any communications made directly to the president in the performance of executive duties . George Washington first claimed the privilege when Congress requested to see Chief Justice John Jay 's notes from an unpopular treaty negotiation with Great Britain . While not enshrined in the Constitution , or any other law , Washington 's action created the precedent for the privilege . When Richard Nixon tried to use executive privilege as a reason for not turning over subpoenaed evidence to Congress during the Watergate scandal , the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Nixon , 418 U.S. 683 ( 1974 ) , that executive privilege did not apply in cases where a president was attempting to avoid criminal prosecution . When President Bill Clinton attempted to use executive privilege regarding the Lewinsky scandal , the Supreme Court ruled in Clinton v. Jones , 520 U.S. 681 ( 1997 ) , that the privilege also could not be used in civil suits . These cases established the legal precedent that executive privilege is valid , although the exact extent of the privilege has yet to be clearly defined . Additionally , federal courts have allowed this privilege to radiate outward and protect other executive branch employees , but have weakened that protection for those executive branch communications that do not involve the president .

\n President George W. Bush delivers the 2007 State of the Union Address , with Vice President Dick Cheney and Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi .

\n The state secrets privilege allows the president and the executive branch to withhold information or documents from discovery in legal proceedings if such release would harm national security . Precedent for the privilege arose early in the 19th century when Thomas Jefferson refused to release military documents in the treason trial of Aaron Burr and again in Totten v. United States 92 U.S. 105 ( 1876 ) , when the Supreme Court dismissed a case brought by a former Union spy . However , the privilege was not formally recognized by the U.S. Supreme Court until United States v. Reynolds 345 U.S. 1 ( 1953 ) , where it was held to be a common law evidentiary privilege . Before the September 11 attacks , use of the privilege had been rare , but increasing in frequency . Since 2001 , the government has asserted the privilege in more cases and at earlier stages of the litigation , thus in some instances causing dismissal of the suits before reaching the merits of the claims , as in the Ninth Circuit 's ruling in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan , Inc . Critics of the privilege claim its use has become a tool for the government to cover up illegal or embarrassing government actions .

\n Legislative facilitator

\n The Constitution 's Ineligibility Clause prevents the president ( and all other executive officers ) from simultaneously being a member of Congress . Therefore , the president can not directly introduce legislative proposals for consideration in Congress . However , the president can take an indirect role in shaping legislation , especially if the president 's political party has a majority in one or both houses of Congress . For example , the president or other officials of the executive branch may draft legislation and then ask senators or representatives to introduce these drafts into Congress . The president can further influence the legislative branch through constitutionally or statutorily mandated , periodic reports to Congress . These reports may be either written or oral , but today the greatest in importance are given as the oral State of the Union addresses , which often outline the president 's legislative proposals for the coming year . Additionally , the president may attempt to have Congress alter proposed legislation by threatening to veto that legislation unless requested changes are made .

\n

\n In the 20th century , critics charged that too many legislative and budgetary powers that should have belonged to Congress had slid into the hands of presidents . As the head of the executive branch , presidents control a vast array of agencies that can issue regulations with little oversight from Congress . One critic charged that presidents could appoint a `` virtual army of ' czars ' -- each wholly unaccountable to Congress yet tasked with spearheading major policy efforts for the White House '' . Presidents have been criticized for making signing statements when signing congressional legislation about how they understand a bill or plan to execute it . This practice has been criticized by the American Bar Association as unconstitutional . Conservative commentator George Will wrote of an `` increasingly swollen executive branch '' and `` the eclipse of Congress '' .

\n

\n According to Article II , Section 3 of the Constitution , the president may convene either or both houses of Congress . If both houses can not agree on a date of adjournment , the president may appoint a date for Congress to adjourn . For example , Franklin Delano Roosevelt convened a special session of Congress immediately after the December 7 , 1941 , Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor and asked for a declaration of war .

\n

\n Ceremonial roles

\n President Woodrow Wilson throws out the ceremonial first ball on Opening Day , 1916

\n As head of state , the president can fulfill traditions established by previous presidents . William Howard Taft started the tradition of throwing out the ceremonial first pitch in 1910 at Griffith Stadium , Washington , D.C. , on the Washington Senators ' Opening Day . Every president since Taft , except for Jimmy Carter , threw out at least one ceremonial first ball or pitch for Opening Day , the All - Star Game , or the World Series , usually with much fanfare .

\n

\n The President of the United States has served as the honorary president of the Boy Scouts of America since the founding of the organization .

\n

\n Other presidential traditions are associated with American holidays . Rutherford B. Hayes began in 1878 the first White House egg rolling for local children . Beginning in 1947 , during the Harry S. Truman administration , every Thanksgiving the president is presented with a live domestic turkey during the annual National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation held at the White House . Since 1989 , when the custom of `` pardoning '' the turkey was formalized by George H.W. Bush , the turkey has been taken to a farm where it will live out the rest of its natural life .

\n

\n Presidential traditions also involve the president 's role as head of government . Many outgoing presidents since James Buchanan traditionally give advice to their successor during the presidential transition . Ronald Reagan and his successors have also left a private message on the desk of the Oval Office on Inauguration Day for the incoming president .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Four ruffles and flourishes and ' Hail to the Chief ' ( long version )
\n Problems playing this file ? See media help .
\n

\n During a state visit by a foreign head of state , the president typically hosts a State Arrival Ceremony held on the South Lawn , a custom begun by John F. Kennedy in 1961 . This is followed by a state dinner given by the president which is held in the State Dining Room later in the evening .

\n

\n The modern presidency holds the president as one of the nation 's premier celebrities . Some argue that images of the presidency have a tendency to be manipulated by administration public relations officials as well as by presidents themselves . One critic described the presidency as `` propagandized leadership '' which has a `` mesmerizing power surrounding the office '' . Administration public relations managers staged carefully crafted photo - ops of smiling presidents with smiling crowds for television cameras . One critic wrote the image of John F. Kennedy was described as carefully framed `` in rich detail '' which `` drew on the power of myth '' regarding the incident of PT 109 and wrote that Kennedy understood how to use images to further his presidential ambitions . As a result , some political commentators have opined that American voters have unrealistic expectations of presidents : voters expect a president to `` drive the economy , vanquish enemies , lead the free world , comfort tornado victims , heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit - card fees '' .

\n

\n Critics of presidency 's evolution

\n Main articles : Imperial Presidency and Imperiled Presidency

\n The nation 's Founding Fathers expected the Congress -- which was the first branch of government described in the Constitution -- to be the dominant branch of government ; they did not expect a strong executive department . However , presidential power has shifted over time , which has resulted in claims that the modern presidency has become too powerful , unchecked , unbalanced , and `` monarchist '' in nature . Critic Dana D. Nelson believes presidents over the past thirty years have worked towards `` undivided presidential control of the executive branch and its agencies '' . She criticizes proponents of the unitary executive for expanding `` the many existing uncheckable executive powers -- such as executive orders , decrees , memorandums , proclamations , national security directives and legislative signing statements -- that already allow presidents to enact a good deal of foreign and domestic policy without aid , interference or consent from Congress '' . Activist Bill Wilson opined that the expanded presidency was `` the greatest threat ever to individual freedom and democratic rule '' .

\n

\n Selection process

\n George Washington , the first president of the United States

\n Eligibility

\n

\n Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency :

\n \n

\n A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of president under any of the following conditions :

\n \n

\n Campaigns and nomination

\n Main articles : United States presidential primary , United States presidential nominating convention , United States presidential election debates , and United States presidential election

\n The modern presidential campaign begins before the primary elections , which the two major political parties use to clear the field of candidates before their national nominating conventions , where the most successful candidate is made the party 's nominee for president . Typically , the party 's presidential candidate chooses a vice presidential nominee , and this choice is rubber - stamped by the convention . The most common previous profession of U.S. presidents is lawyer .

\n

\n Nominees participate in nationally televised debates , and while the debates are usually restricted to the Democratic and Republican nominees , third party candidates may be invited , such as Ross Perot in the 1992 debates . Nominees campaign across the country to explain their views , convince voters and solicit contributions . Much of the modern electoral process is concerned with winning swing states through frequent visits and mass media advertising drives .

\n

\n Election and oath

\n Map of the United States showing the number of electoral votes allocated following the 2010 census to each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections ; it also notes that Maine and Nebraska distribute electors by way of the Congressional District Method. 270 electoral votes are required for a majority out of 538 votes possible . Main articles : Electoral College ( United States ) and Oath of office of the President of the United States

\n The president is elected indirectly . A number of electors , collectively known as the Electoral College , officially select the president . On Election Day , voters in each of the states and the District of Columbia cast ballots for these electors . Each state is allocated a number of electors , equal to the size of its combined delegation in both Houses of Congress . Generally , the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state 's electoral votes and thus has its slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College .

\n

\n The winning slate of electors meet at its state 's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December , about six weeks after the election , to vote . They then send a record of that vote to Congress . The vote of the electors is opened by the sitting vice president -- acting in that role 's capacity as President of the Senate -- and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress , which was elected at the same time as the president .

\n

\n Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment , the president 's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election . This date , known as Inauguration Day , marks the beginning of the four - year terms of both the president and the vice president . Before executing the powers of the office , a president is constitutionally required to take the presidential oath :

\n

\n I do solemnly swear ( or affirm ) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States , and will to the best of my Ability , preserve , protect , and defend the Constitution of the United States .

\n

\n Presidents have traditionally palmed a Bible while taking the oath and have added , `` So help me God ! '' to the end of the oath . Although the oath may be administered by any person authorized by law to administer oaths , presidents are traditionally sworn in by the Chief Justice of the United States , except when vice presidents have succeeded to the presidency due to a president 's death or resignation .

\n

\n Tenure and term limits

\n Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected to four terms as President of the United States . Since ratification of the Twenty - second Amendment in 1951 , no one can be elected president more than twice .

\n The term of office for the president is four years . As the first president , George Washington set an unofficial precedent by serving only two terms . Prior to Franklin D. Roosevelt , Ulysses S. Grant and Theodore Roosevelt both unsuccessfully sought a third term . In 1940 , FDR was elected to a third term after being `` drafted '' by his party . In 1941 , the United States entered World War II , which led voters to elect Roosevelt to a fourth term in 1944 despite his declining physical health ; he died 82 days into his fourth term on April 12 , 1945 .

\n

\n In response to the unprecedented length of Roosevelt 's presidency , the Twenty - second Amendment was adopted in 1951 . The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice , or once if that person served more than two years ( 24 months ) of another president 's four - year term . Harry S. Truman , president when this term limit came into force , was exempted from its limitations , and briefly sought a second full term -- to which he would have otherwise inelegible for election to , as he had been president for more than two years of Roosevelt 's fourth term -- before he withdrew from the 1952 election .

\n

\n Since the amendment 's adoption , five presidents have served two full terms : Dwight D. Eisenhower , Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton , George W. Bush , and Barack Obama . Both Jimmy Carter and George H.W. Bush sought a second term , but were defeated . Richard Nixon was elected to a second term , but resigned before completing it . Lyndon B. Johnson , having held the presidency for one full term in addition to only 14 months of John F. Kennedy 's unexpired term , was eligible for a second full term in 1968 , but withdrew from Democratic Primary . Additionally , Gerald Ford , who served out the last two years and five months of Nixon 's second term , sought a full term , but was defeated by Jimmy Carter in the 1976 election .

\n

\n Succession , vacancy , or disability

\n See also : Twenty - fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution , United States presidential line of succession , Presidential Succession Act , and Impeachment in the United States

\n Succession to or vacancies in the office of president may arise under several possible circumstances : death , resignation , and removal from office . Deaths have occurred a number of times , resignation has occurred only once , and removal from office has never occurred .

\n

\n Article II , Section 4 of the Constitution allows for the removal of high federal officials , including the president , from office for `` treason , bribery , or other high crimes and misdemeanors . '' Article I , Section 2 , Clause 5 gives the House of Representatives the power to impeach such officials by a majority vote . Article I , Section 3 , Clause 6 gives the Senate the power to remove impeached officials from office , given a two - thirds vote to convict . The House has thus far impeached two presidents : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 . Neither was convicted by the Senate . Johnson was acquitted by just one vote and Clinton by 17 votes .

\n

\n Under Section 3 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , the president may transfer the presidential powers and duties to the vice president , who then becomes acting president , by transmitting a statement to the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate stating the reasons for the transfer . The president resumes the discharge of the presidential powers and duties upon transmitting , to those two officials , a written declaration stating that resumption . This transfer of power may occur for any reason the president considers appropriate ; in 2002 and again in 2007 , President George W. Bush briefly transferred presidential authority to Vice President Dick Cheney . In both cases , this was done to accommodate a medical procedure that required Bush to be sedated ; both times , Bush returned to duty later the same day .

\n

\n Under Section 4 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment , the vice president , in conjunction with a majority of the Cabinet , may transfer the presidential powers and duties from the president to the vice president by transmitting a written declaration to the Speaker of the House and the president pro tempore of the Senate that the president is unable to discharge the presidential powers and duties . If this occurs , then the vice president will assume the presidential powers and duties as acting president ; however , the president can declare that no such inability exists and resume the discharge of the presidential powers and duties . If the vice president and Cabinet contest this claim , it is up to Congress , which must meet within two days if not already in session , to decide the merit of the claim .

\n

\n The United States Constitution mentions the resignation of the president , but does not regulate its form or the conditions for its validity . Pursuant to federal law , the only valid evidence of the president 's resignation is a written instrument to that effect , signed by the president and delivered to the office of the Secretary of State . This has only occurred once , when Richard Nixon delivered a letter to Henry Kissinger to that effect .

\n

\n Section 1 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment states that the vice president becomes president upon the removal from office , death , or resignation of the preceding president . The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 provides that if the offices of president and vice president are each either vacant or are held by a disabled person , the next officer in the presidential line of succession , the Speaker of the House , becomes acting president . The line then extends to the President pro tempore of the Senate , followed by every member of the Cabinet . The constitutionality of having congressional officials in the line of succession has been questioned . A person must fulfill all eligibility requirements of the office of president to be eligible to become acting president ; ineligible individuals are skipped .

\n

\n Political affiliation

\n

\n Throughout most of its history , politics of the United States have been dominated by political parties . Political parties had not been anticipated when the U.S. Constitution was drafted in 1787 , nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788 -- 1789 . Organized political parties developed in the U.S. in the mid -- 1790s , but political factions , from which organized parties evolved , began to appear almost immediately after the Federal government came into existence . Those who supported the Washington administration were referred to as `` pro-administration '' and would eventually form the Federalist Party , while those in opposition joined the emerging Democratic - Republican Party .

\n

\n Greatly concerned about the very real capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together , Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight - year presidency . He was , and remains , the only U.S. president never to be affiliated with a political party . Since George Washington , 43 persons have been sworn into the office of president , and each has been affiliated with a political party at the time of assuming office . The number of presidents per political party are :

\n \n

\n Compensation

\n \n Presidential pay history \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Date established \n Salary \n Salary in 2016 dollars
\n September 24 , 1789 \n $25,000 \n $702,755
\n March 3 , 1873 \n $50,000 \n $1,032,868
\n March 4 , 1909 \n $75,000 \n $2,045,483
\n January 19 , 1949 \n $100,000 \n $1,008,433
\n January 20 , 1969 \n $200,000 \n $1,307,940
\n January 20 , 2001 \n $400,000 \n $542,082
\n Sources :
\n

\n Since 2001 , the president has earned a $400,000 annual salary , along with a $50,000 annual expense account , a $100,000 nontaxable travel account , and $19,000 for entertainment . The most recent raise in salary was approved by Congress and President Bill Clinton in 1999 and went into effect in 2001 .

\n

\n Residence

\n

\n The White House in Washington , D.C. serves as the official residence of the president . Facilities that are available to the president include access to the White House staff , medical care , recreation , housekeeping , and security services . The government pays for state dinners and other official functions , but the president pays for personal , family , and guest dry cleaning and food ; the high food bill often amazes new residents . Camp David , officially titled Naval Support Facility Thurmont , is a mountain - based military camp in Frederick County , Maryland , used as a country retreat and for high alert protection of the president and guests . Blair House , located next to the Eisenhower Executive Office Building at the White House Complex and Lafayette Park , is a complex of four connected townhouses exceeding 70,000 square feet ( 6,500 m ) of floor space that serves as the president 's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed .

\n

\n Travel

\n

\n The primary means of long distance air travel for the president is one of two identical Boeing VC - 25 aircraft , which are extensively modified Boeing 747 airliners and are referred to as Air Force One while the president is on board ( although any U.S. Air Force aircraft the president is aboard is designated as `` Air Force One '' for the duration of the flight ) . In - country trips are typically handled with just one of the two planes , while overseas trips are handled with both , one primary and one backup . The president also has access to smaller Air Force aircraft , most notably the Boeing C - 32 , which are used when the president must travel to airports that can not support a jumbo jet . Any civilian aircraft the president is aboard is designated Executive One for the flight .

\n

\n For short distance air travel , the president has access to a fleet of U.S. Marine Corps helicopters of varying models , designated Marine One when the president is aboard any particular one in the fleet . Flights are typically handled with as many as five helicopters all flying together and frequently swapping positions as to disguise which helicopter the president is actually aboard to any would - be threats .

\n

\n For ground travel , the president uses the presidential state car , which is an armored limousine designed to look like a Cadillac sedan , but built on a truck chassis . The US Secret Service operates and maintains the fleet of several limousines . The president also has access to two armored motorcoaches , which are primarily used for touring trips .

\n

\n Protection

\n

\n The U.S. Secret Service is charged with protecting the president and the first family . As part of their protection , presidents , first ladies , their children and other immediate family members , and other prominent persons and locations are assigned Secret Service codenames . The use of such names was originally for security purposes and dates to a time when sensitive electronic communications were not routinely encrypted ; today , the names simply serve for purposes of brevity , clarity , and tradition .

\n \n

\n Post-presidency

\n Five presidents : George H.W. Bush , Barack Obama , George W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and Jimmy Carter . Photo taken in the Oval Office on January 7 , 2009 .

\n Under the Former Presidents Act , all living former presidents are granted a pension , an office , and a staff . The pension has increased numerous times with Congressional approval . Retired presidents now receive a pension based on the salary of the current administration 's cabinet secretaries , which was $199,700 each year in 2012 . Former presidents who served in Congress may also collect congressional pensions . The act also provides former presidents with travel funds and franking privileges . Prior to 1997 , all former presidents , their spouses , and their children until age 16 were protected by the Secret Service until the president 's death . In 1997 , Congress passed legislation limiting secret service protection to no more than 10 years from the date a president leaves office . On January 10 , 2013 , President Obama signed legislation reinstating lifetime secret service protection for him , George W. Bush , and all subsequent presidents . A spouse who remarries is no longer eligible for secret service protection .

\n

\n Some presidents have had significant careers after leaving office . Prominent examples include William Howard Taft 's tenure as Chief Justice of the United States and Herbert Hoover 's work on government reorganization after World War II . Grover Cleveland , whose bid for reelection failed in 1888 , was elected president again four years later in 1892 . Two former presidents served in Congress after leaving the White House : John Quincy Adams was elected to the House of Representatives , serving there for seventeen years , and Andrew Johnson returned to the Senate in 1875 . John Tyler served in the provisional Congress of the Confederate States during the Civil War and was elected to the Confederate House of Representatives , but died before that body first met .

\n

\n Presidents may use their predecessors as emissaries to deliver private messages to other nations or as official representatives of the United States to state funerals and other important foreign events . Richard Nixon made multiple foreign trips to countries including China and Russia and was lauded as an elder statesman . Jimmy Carter has become a global human rights campaigner , international arbiter , and election monitor , as well as a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize . Bill Clinton has also worked as an informal ambassador , most recently in the negotiations that led to the release of two American journalists , Laura Ling and Euna Lee , from North Korea . Clinton has also been active politically since his presidential term ended , working with his wife Hillary on her 2008 and 2016 presidential bids and President Obama on his 2012 reelection campaign .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n The five living former presidents
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Jimmy Carter ( age 93 ) since 1981
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n George H.W. Bush ( age 93 ) since 1993
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Bill Clinton ( age 71 ) since 2001
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n George W. Bush ( age 71 ) since 2009
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Barack Obama ( age 56 ) since 2017
\n
\n

\n Presidential libraries

\n Main article : Presidential library

\n Every president since Herbert Hoover has created a repository known as a presidential library for preserving and making available his papers , records , and other documents and materials . Completed libraries are deeded to and maintained by the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) ; the initial funding for building and equipping each library must come from private , non-federal sources . There are currently thirteen presidential libraries in the NARA system . There are also presidential libraries maintained by state governments and private foundations and Universities of Higher Education , such as the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by the State of Illinois , the George W. Bush Presidential library and Museum , which is run by Southern Methodist University , the George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by Texas A&M University , and the Lyndon Baines Johnson Presidential Library and Museum , which is run by the University of Texas at Austin .

\n

\n A number of presidents have lived for many years after leaving office , and several of them have personally overseen the building and opening of their own presidential libraries . Some have even made arrangements for their own burial at the site . Several presidential libraries contain the graves of the president they document , including the Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library , Museum and Boyhood Home in Abilene , Kansas , Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum in Yorba Linda , California , and the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library in Simi Valley , California . These gravesites are open to the general public .

\n

\n Timeline of presidents

\n Main article : List of Presidents of the United States \u00a7 Presidents

\n See also

\n \n \n

\n Notes

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Donald Trump has announced he will take a salary of only 1 dollar per annum .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ The informal term POTUS originated in the Phillips Code , a shorthand method created in 1879 by Walter P. Phillips for the rapid transmission of press reports by telegraph .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ The nine vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor 's death or resignation and finished - out that unexpired term are John Tyler ( 1841 ) ; Millard Fillmore ( 1850 ) ; Andrew Johnson ( 1865 ) ; Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 ) ; Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 ) ; Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 ) ; Harry S. Truman ( 1945 ) ; Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 ) ; and Gerald Ford ( 1974 ) .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Foreign - born American citizens who met the age and residency requirements at the time the Constitution was adopted were also eligible for the presidency . However , this allowance has since become obsolete .
    5. \n
\n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` How To Address The President ; He Is Not Your Excellency Or Your Honor , But Mr. President '' . The New York Times . August 2 , 1891 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` USGS Correspondence Handbook -- Chapter 4 '' . Usgs.gov . July 18 , 2007 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Models of Address and Salutation '' . Ita.doc.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Heads of State , Heads of Government , Ministers for Foreign Affairs , Protocol and Liaison Service , United Nations . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ The White House Office of the Press Secretary ( September 1 , 2010 ) . `` Remarks by President Obama , President Mubarak , His Majesty King Abdullah , Prime Minister Netanyahu and President Abbas Before Working Dinner '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved July 19 , 2011 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Exchanges of Letters '' . Jimmy Carter Library . September 1978 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Owings v. Speed , 18 U.S. 420 ( 1820 )
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Lawson , Gary ; Seidman , Guy ( 2001 ) . `` When Did the Constitution Become Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 77 : 1 -- 37 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` How common is Trump 's $1 salary ? '' . BBC World Service . November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Safire , William ( 2008 ) . Safire 's Political Dictionary . Oxford University Press . p. 564 . ISBN 9780195340617 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Von Drehle , David ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Is Steve Bannon the Second Most Powerful Man in the World ? '' . Time .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Who should be the world 's most powerful person ? '' . The Guardian . London . January 3 , 2008 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Meacham , Jon ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` Meacham : The History of Power '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Zakaria , Fareed ( December 20 , 2008 ) . `` The NEWSWEEK 50 : Barack Obama '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the Constitution of the United States -- Official '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Pfiffner , J.P. ( 1988 ) . `` The President 's Legislative Agenda '' . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 499 : 22 -- 35 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002716288499001002 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ The Influence of State Politics in Expanding Federal Power , ' Henry Jones Ford , Proceedings of the American Political Science Association , Vol. 5 , Fifth Annual Meeting ( 1908 ) . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Executive Branch '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . , The White House .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` Executive Branch '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov ... Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms , so he is counted twice ; as the 22nd and 24th presidents .
    20. \n
  20. \n ^ Jump up to : Milkis , Sidney M. ; Nelson , Michael ( 2008 ) . The American Presidency : Origins and Development ( 5th ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : CQ Press . pp. 1 -- 25 . ISBN 0 - 87289 - 336 - 7 .
    21. \n
  21. \n ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Alfred H. ; Harbison , Winfred A. ; Belz , Herman ( 1991 ) . The American Constitution : Its Origins and Development . I ( 7th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Co. pp. 76 -- 81 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96056 - 0 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Beeman , Richard ( 2009 ) . Plain , Honest Men : The Making of the American Constitution . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 7684 - 3 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` DOD Releases Unified Command Plan 2011 '' . United States Department of Defense . April 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. \u00a7 164
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Joint Chiefs of Staff . About the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Retrieved February 25 , 2013 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander . The Federalist # 69 ( reposting ) . Retrieved June 15 , 2007 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Christopher , James A. ; Baker , III ( July 8 , 2008 ) . `` The National War Powers Commission Report '' . The Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . No clear mechanism or requirement exists today for the president and Congress to consult . The War Powers Resolution of 1973 contains only vague consultation requirements . Instead , it relies on reporting requirements that , if triggered , begin the clock running for Congress to approve the particular armed conflict . By the terms of the 1973 Resolution , however , Congress need not act to disapprove the conflict ; the cessation of all hostilities is required in 60 to 90 days merely if Congress fails to act . Many have criticized this aspect of the Resolution as unwise and unconstitutional , and no president in the past 35 years has filed a report `` pursuant '' to these triggering provisions .
    28. \n
  28. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Law : The President 's War Powers '' . Time . June 1 , 1970 . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison ( May 2 , 1999 ) . `` The World ; Only Congress Can Declare War . Really . It 's True '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Presidents have sent forces abroad more than 100 times ; Congress has declared war only five times : the War of 1812 , the Mexican War , the Spanish -- American War , World War I and World War II .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Mitchell , Alison ( May 2 , 1999 ) . `` The World ; Only Congress Can Declare War . Really . It 's True '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . President Reagan told Congress of the invasion of Grenada two hours after he had ordered the landing . He told Congressional leaders of the bombing of Libya while the aircraft were on their way .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael R. ( December 20 , 1990 ) . `` U.S. troops move in panama in effort to seize noriega ; gunfire is heard in capital '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . It was not clear whether the White House consulted with Congressional leaders about the military action , or notified them in advance . Thomas S. Foley , the Speaker of the House , said on Tuesday night that he had not been alerted by the Administration .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` Article II , Section 3 , U.S. Constitution '' . law.cornell.edu . Legal Information Institute . 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` The Executive Branch '' . The White House website . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning , 572 U.S. __ ( 2014 ) .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Shurtleff v. United States , 189 U.S. 311 ( 1903 ) ; Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 ( 1926 ) .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Humphrey 's Executor v. United States , 295 U.S. 602 ( 1935 ) and Morrison v. Olson , 487 U.S. 654 ( 1988 ) , respectively .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Gaziano , Todd ( February 21 , 2001 ) . `` Executive Summary : The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives '' . Washington , D.C. : The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( December 24 , 1992 ) . `` Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair , Aborting a Weinberger Trial ; Prosecutor Assails ' Cover - Up ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . But not since President Gerald R. Ford granted clemency to former President Richard M. Nixon for possible crimes in Watergate has a Presidential pardon so pointedly raised the issue of whether the President was trying to shield officials for political purposes .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Johnston , David ( December 24 , 1992 ) . `` Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair , Aborting a Weinberger Trial ; Prosecutor Assails ' Cover - Up ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . The prosecutor charged that Mr. Weinberger 's efforts to hide his notes may have ' forestalled impeachment proceedings against President Reagan ' and formed part of a pattern of ' deception and obstruction . ' ... In light of President Bush 's own misconduct , we are gravely concerned about his decision to pardon others who lied to Congress and obstructed official investigations .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Eisler , Peter ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Clinton - papers release blocked '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . Former president Clinton issued 140 pardons on his last day in office , including several to controversial figures , such as commodities trader Rich , then a fugitive on tax evasion charges . Rich 's ex-wife , Denise , contributed $2,000 in 1999 to Hillary Clinton 's Senate campaign ; $5,000 to a related political action committee ; and $450,000 to a fund set up to build the Clinton library .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Millhiser , Ian ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` Executive Privilege 101 '' . Center for American Progress . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Part III of the opinion in Mohamed v. Jeppesen Dataplan '' . Caselaw.findlaw.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 .
    43. \n
  43. \n ^ Jump up to : Frost , Amanda ; Florence , Justin ( 2009 ) . `` Reforming the State Secrets Privilege '' ( PDF ) . American Constitution Society . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Weaver , William G. ; Pallitto , Robert M. ( 2005 ) . `` State Secrets and Executive Power '' . Political Science Quarterly . The Academy of Political Science . 120 ( 1 ) : 85 -- 112 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 1538 - 165x. 2005. tb00539. x . Use of the state secrets privilege in courts has grown significantly over the last twenty - five years . In the twenty - three years between the decision in Reynolds ( 1953 ) and the election of Jimmy Carter , in 1976 , there were four reported cases in which the government invoked the privilege . Between 1977 and 2001 , there were a total of fifty - one reported cases in which courts ruled on invocation of the privilege . Because reported cases only represent a fraction of the total cases in which the privilege is invoked or implicated , it is unclear precisely how dramatically the use of the privilege has grown . But the increase in reported cases is indicative of greater willingness to assert the privilege than in the past .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Court Dismisses a Case Asserting Torture by C.I.A '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Finn , Peter ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Suit dismissed against firm in CIA rendition case '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Greenwald , Glenn ( February 10 , 2009 ) . `` The 180 - degree reversal of Obama 's State Secrets position '' . Salon . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Background on the State Secrets Privilege '' . American Civil Liberties Union . January 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 8 , 2010 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Cantor , Eric ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Obama 's 32 Czars '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` The ' unitary executive ' question '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Suarez , Ray ; et al. ( July 24 , 2006 ) . `` President 's Use of ' Signing Statements ' Raises Constitutional Concerns '' . PBS Online NewsHour . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2007 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . The American Bar Association said President Bush 's use of `` signing statements '' , which allow him to sign a bill into law but not enforce certain provisions , disregards the rule of law and the separation of powers . Legal experts discuss the implications .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( December 21 , 2008 ) . `` Making Congress Moot '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 28 , 2009 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Duggan , Paul ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Balking at the First Pitch '' . The Washington Post . p . A01 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ `` History of the BSA Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Boy Scouts of America . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Grier , Peter ( April 25 , 2011 ) . `` The ( not so ) secret history of the White House Easter Egg Roll '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Hesse , Monica ( November 21 , 2007 ) . `` Turkey Pardons , The Stuffing of Historic Legend '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Gibbs , Nancy ( November 13 , 2008 ) . `` How Presidents Pass The Torch '' . Time . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Dorning , Mike ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` A note from Bush starts morning in the Oval Office '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 6 , 2011 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Abbott , James A. ; Rice , Elaine M. ( 1998 ) . Designing Camelot : The Kennedy White House Restoration . Van Nostrand Reinhold . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 442 - 02532 - 7 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` The White House State Dinner '' . The White House Historical Association . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Dykoski , Rachel ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Book note : Presidential idolatry is `` Bad for Democracy '' `` . Twin Cities Daily Planet . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Dana D. Nelson 's book makes the case that we 've had 200 + years of propagandized leadership ...
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Neffinger , John ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Democrats vs. Science : Why We 're So Damn Good at Losing Elections '' . HuffPost . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 ... back in the 1980s Lesley Stahl of 60 Minutes ran a piece skewering Reagan 's policies on the elderly ... But while her voiceover delivered a scathing critique , the video footage was all drawn from carefully - staged photo - ops of Reagan smiling with seniors and addressing large crowds ... Deaver thanked ... Stahl ... for broadcasting all those images of Reagan looking his best .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( 2008 ) . `` Bad for democracy : how the Presidency undermines the power of the people '' . U of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5677 - 6 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . in rich detail how Kennedy drew on the power of myth as he framed his experience during World War II , when his PT boat was sliced in half by a Japanese ...
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Nelson , Dana D. ( 2008 ) . `` Bad for democracy : how the Presidency undermines the power of the people '' . U of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8166 - 5677 - 6 . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Even before Kennedy ran for Congress , he had become fascinated , through his Hollywood acquaintances and visits , with the idea of image ... ( p. 54 )
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Lexington ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` The Cult of the Presidency '' . The Economist . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Gene Healy argues that because voters expect the president to do everything ... When they inevitably fail to keep their promises , voters swiftly become disillusioned . Yet they never lose their romantic idea that the president should drive the economy , vanquish enemies , lead the free world , comfort tornado victims , heal the national soul and protect borrowers from hidden credit - card fees .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Unchecked and Unbalanced '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . the founding fathers had ' scant affection for strong executives ' like England 's king , and ... Bush White House 's claims are rooted in ideas `` about the ' divine ' right of kings '' ... and that certainly did not find their ' way into our founding documents , the 1776 Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of 1787 . '
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ `` The Conquest of Presidentialism '' . HuffPost . August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Schimke , David ( September -- October 2008 ) . `` Presidential Power to the People -- Author Dana D. Nelson on why democracy demands that the next president be taken down a notch '' . Utne Reader . Retrieved September 20 , 2009 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Linker , Ross ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Critical of Presidency , Prof. Ginsberg and Crenson unite '' . The Johns - Hopkins Newsletter . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . presidents slowly but surely gain more and more power with both the public at large and other political institutions doing nothing to prevent it .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Unchecked and Unbalanced '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2009 . Unchecked and Unbalanced : Presidential Power in a Time of Terror By Frederick A.O. Schwarz Jr. and Aziz Z . Huq ( authors )
    71. \n
  71. \n ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Dana D. ( October 11 , 2008 ) . `` Opinion -- The ' unitary executive ' question -- What do McCain and Obama think of the concept ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Shane , Scott ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` A Critic Finds Obama Policies a Perfect Target '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2009 . There is the small , minority - owned firm with deep ties to President Obama 's Chicago backers , made eligible by the Federal Reserve to handle potentially lucrative credit deals . ' I want to know how these firms are picked and who picked them , ' Mr. Wilson , the group 's president , tells his eager researchers .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ See : Peabody , Bruce G. ; Gant , Scott E. ( 1999 ) . `` The Twice and Future President : Constitutional Interstices and the Twenty - Second Amendment '' . Minnesota Law Review . Minneapolis , MN : Minnesota Law Review . 83 ( 565 ) . ; alternatively , see : Albert , Richard ( 2005 ) . `` The Evolving Vice Presidency '' . Temple Law Review . Philadelphia , PA : Temple University of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education . 78 ( 811 , at 856 -- 9 ) .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ See GPO Annotated U.S. Constitution , 2002 Ed . Archived August 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , at 611 & nn. 772 -- 773 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ International Law , US Power : The United States ' Quest for Legal Security , p 10 , Shirley V. Scott -- 2012
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ U.S. Const . art . II , \u00a7 1 , cl. 8 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ `` Judge does n't ban `` God '' in inaugural oath `` . Associated Press . January 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Guardian , `` Bush colonoscopy leaves Cheney in charge '' , July 20 , 2007 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. \u00a7 20
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Party Division '' . senate.gov . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Jamison , Dennis ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` George Washington 's views on political parties in America '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Chambers , William Nisbet ( 1963 ) . Political parties in a new Nation : the American experience , 1776 -- 1809 . New York : Oxford University Press .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` Presidential and Vice Presidential Salaries Exclusive of Perquisites '' . University of Michigan . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ Relative Value in US Dollars . Measuring Worth . Retrieved May 30 , 2006 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ Dept. of Labor Inflation Calculator . Inflation Calculator . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ `` How much does the U.S. president get paid ? '' . Howstuffworks . Retrieved July 24 , 2007 .
    87. \n
  87. \n ^ Jump up to : Salaries of Federal Officials : A Fact Sheet Archived April 26 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... United States Senate website . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Bumiller , Elizabeth ( January 2009 ) . `` Inside the Presidency '' . National Geographic . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ `` President 's Guest House ( includes Lee House and Blair House ) , Washington , DC '' . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` Air Force One '' . whitehouse.gov/about/air-force-one/ . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2012 ... White House Military Office . Retrieved June 17 , 2007 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ Any U.S. Air Force aircraft carrying the president will use the call sign `` Air Force One . '' Similarly , `` Navy One '' , `` Army One '' , and `` Coast Guard One '' are the call signs used if the president is aboard a craft belonging to these services . `` Executive One '' becomes the call sign of any civilian aircraft when the president boards .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ New Presidential Limousine enters Secret Service Fleet U.S. Secret Service Press Release ( January 14 , 2009 ) Retrieved on January 20 , 2009 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Ahlers , Mike M. ; Marrapodi , Eric ( January 6 , 2009 ) . `` Obama 's wheels : Secret Service to unveil new presidential limo '' . CNN . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ Farley , Robert ( August 25 , 2011 ) . `` Obama 's Canadian - American Bus '' . FactCheck . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ `` Junior Secret Service Program : Assignment 7 . Code Names '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2007 . Retrieved August 18 , 2007 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ `` Candidate Code Names Secret Service Monikers Used on the Campaign Trail '' . CBS . September 16 , 2008 . Retrieved November 12 , 2008 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Schwemle , Barbara L. ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` President of the United States : Compensation '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ `` Former presidents cost U.S. taxpayers big bucks '' . Toledo Blade . January 7 , 2007 . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ 18 U.S.C. \u00a7 3056
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ `` Obama signs bill granting lifetime Secret Service protection to former presidents and spouses '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . January 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 .
    101. \n
  101. \n ^ Jump up to : `` United States Secret Service : Protection '' . United States Secret Service . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ `` Obama signs protection bill for former presidents '' . The Washington Times . January 10 , 2013 . Retrieved August 14 , 2013 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ `` Shock and Anger Flash Throughout the United States '' . Associated Press . March 31 , 1981 . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` Four Presidents '' . Reagan Presidential Library , National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved April 3 , 2011 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ `` Biography of Richard M. Nixon '' . obamawhitehouse.archives.gov . , The White House .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ 44 U.S.C. \u00a7 2112
    107. \n
\n

\n Further reading

\n \n

\n Primary sources

\n \n

\n External links

\n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikisource has original text related to this article : President of the United States
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Presidents of the United States .
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikiquote has quotations related to : President of the United States
\n
\n
\n
\n Official
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Presidential histories
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Miscellaneous
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Presidents of the United States ( list )
\n
    \n
  1. \n George Washington ( 1789 -- 1797 )
    2. \n
  2. \n John Adams ( 1797 -- 1801 )
    3. \n
  3. \n Thomas Jefferson ( 1801 -- 1809 )
    4. \n
  4. \n James Madison ( 1809 -- 1817 )
    5. \n
  5. \n James Monroe ( 1817 -- 1825 )
    6. \n
  6. \n John Quincy Adams ( 1825 -- 1829 )
    7. \n
  7. \n Andrew Jackson ( 1829 -- 1837 )
    8. \n
  8. \n Martin Van Buren ( 1837 -- 1841 )
    9. \n
  9. \n William Henry Harrison ( 1841 )
    10. \n
  10. \n John Tyler ( 1841 -- 1845 )
    11. \n
  11. \n James K. Polk ( 1845 -- 1849 )
    12. \n
  12. \n Zachary Taylor ( 1849 -- 1850 )
    13. \n
  13. \n Millard Fillmore ( 1850 -- 1853 )
    14. \n
  14. \n Franklin Pierce ( 1853 -- 1857 )
    15. \n
  15. \n James Buchanan ( 1857 -- 1861 )
    16. \n
  16. \n Abraham Lincoln ( 1861 -- 1865 )
    17. \n
  17. \n Andrew Johnson ( 1865 -- 1869 )
    18. \n
  18. \n Ulysses S. Grant ( 1869 -- 1877 )
    19. \n
  19. \n Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1877 -- 1881 )
    20. \n
  20. \n James A. Garfield ( 1881 )
    21. \n
  21. \n Chester A. Arthur ( 1881 -- 1885 )
    22. \n
  22. \n Grover Cleveland ( 1885 -- 1889 )
    23. \n
  23. \n Benjamin Harrison ( 1889 -- 1893 )
    24. \n
  24. \n Grover Cleveland ( 1893 -- 1897 )
    25. \n
  25. \n William McKinley ( 1897 -- 1901 )
    26. \n
  26. \n Theodore Roosevelt ( 1901 -- 1909 )
    27. \n
  27. \n William H. Taft ( 1909 -- 1913 )
    28. \n
  28. \n Woodrow Wilson ( 1913 -- 1921 )
    29. \n
  29. \n Warren G. Harding ( 1921 -- 1923 )
    30. \n
  30. \n Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 1929 )
    31. \n
  31. \n Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 1933 )
    32. \n
  32. \n Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 )
    33. \n
  33. \n Harry S. Truman ( 1945 -- 1953 )
    34. \n
  34. \n Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 )
    35. \n
  35. \n John F. Kennedy ( 1961 -- 1963 )
    36. \n
  36. \n Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1963 -- 1969 )
    37. \n
  37. \n Richard Nixon ( 1969 -- 1974 )
    38. \n
  38. \n Gerald Ford ( 1974 -- 1977 )
    39. \n
  39. \n Jimmy Carter ( 1977 -- 1981 )
    40. \n
  40. \n Ronald Reagan ( 1981 -- 1989 )
    41. \n
  41. \n George H.W. Bush ( 1989 -- 1993 )
    42. \n
  42. \n Bill Clinton ( 1993 -- 2001 )
    43. \n
  43. \n George W. Bush ( 2001 -- 2009 )
    44. \n
  44. \n Barack Obama ( 2009 -- 2017 )
    45. \n
  45. \n Donald Trump ( 2017 -- present )
    46. \n
\n 		\n
\n Presidency timelines \n
    \n
  • \n Wilson
    • \n
  • \n Harding
    • \n
  • \n Coolidge
    • \n
  • \n Hoover
    • \n
  • \n F.D. Roosevelt
    • \n
  • \n Truman
    • \n
  • \n Eisenhower
    • \n
  • \n Kennedy
    • \n
  • \n L.B. Johnson
    • \n
  • \n Nixon
    • \n
  • \n Ford
    • \n
  • \n Carter
    • \n
  • \n Reagan
    • \n
  • \n G.H.W. Bush
    • \n
  • \n Clinton
    • \n
  • \n G.W. Bush
    • \n
  • \n Obama
    • \n
  • \n Trump
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Chief executives of the United States
\n Federal \n
    \n
  • \n President of the United States
    • \n
\n
\n State governors ( current list ) \n
    \n
  • \n Alabama
    • \n
  • \n Alaska
    • \n
  • \n Arizona
    • \n
  • \n Arkansas
    • \n
  • \n California
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Colorado
    • \n
  • \n Connecticut
    • \n
  • \n Delaware
    • \n
  • \n Florida
    • \n
  • \n Georgia
    • \n
  • \n Hawaii
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Idaho
    • \n
  • \n Illinois
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Indiana
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Iowa
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Kansas
    • \n
  • \n Kentucky
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Louisiana
    • \n
  • \n Maine
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Maryland
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Massachusetts
    • \n
  • \n Michigan
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Minnesota
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Mississippi
    • \n
  • \n Missouri
    • \n
  • \n Montana
    • \n
  • \n Nebraska
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Nevada
    • \n
  • \n New Hampshire
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n New Jersey
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n New Mexico
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n New York
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n North Carolina
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n North Dakota
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ohio
    • \n
  • \n Oklahoma
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Oregon
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Pennsylvania
    • \n
  • \n Rhode Island
    • \n
  • \n South Carolina
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n South Dakota
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Tennessee
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Texas
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Utah
    • \n
  • \n Vermont
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Virginia
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Washington
    • \n
  • \n West Virginia
    • \n
  • \n Wisconsin
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Wyoming
    • \n
\n
\n Territorial ( current list ) \n
    \n
  • \n American Samoa
    • \n
  • \n District of Columbia
    • \n
  • \n Guam
    • \n
  • \n Northern Mariana Islands
    • \n
  • \n Puerto Rico
    • \n
  • \n United States Virgin Islands
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct \n
    \n
  • \n Pre-state territories
    • \n
  • \n Panama Canal Zone
    • \n
  • \n Cuba
    • \n
  • \n Philippine Islands ( until 1935 )
    • \n
  • \n Philippine Commonwealth ( until 1946 )
    • \n
  • \n Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n United States presidential elections
\n Elections by year \n
    \n
  • \n 1788 -- 89
    • \n
  • \n 1792
    • \n
  • \n 1796
    • \n
  • \n 1800
    • \n
  • \n 1804
    • \n
  • \n 1808
    • \n
  • \n 1812
    • \n
  • \n 1816
    • \n
  • \n 1820
    • \n
  • \n 1824
    • \n
  • \n 1828
    • \n
  • \n 1832
    • \n
  • \n 1836
    • \n
  • \n 1840
    • \n
  • \n 1844
    • \n
  • \n 1848
    • \n
  • \n 1852
    • \n
  • \n 1856
    • \n
  • \n 1860
    • \n
  • \n 1864
    • \n
  • \n 1868
    • \n
  • \n 1872
    • \n
  • \n 1876
    • \n
  • \n 1880
    • \n
  • \n 1884
    • \n
  • \n 1888
    • \n
  • \n 1892
    • \n
  • \n 1896
    • \n
  • \n 1900
    • \n
  • \n 1904
    • \n
  • \n 1908
    • \n
  • \n 1912
    • \n
  • \n 1916
    • \n
  • \n 1920
    • \n
  • \n 1924
    • \n
  • \n 1928
    • \n
  • \n 1932
    • \n
  • \n 1936
    • \n
  • \n 1940
    • \n
  • \n 1944
    • \n
  • \n 1948
    • \n
  • \n 1952
    • \n
  • \n 1956
    • \n
  • \n 1960
    • \n
  • \n 1964
    • \n
  • \n 1968
    • \n
  • \n 1972
    • \n
  • \n 1976
    • \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n 1984
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2000
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2008
    • \n
  • \n 2012
    • \n
  • \n 2016
    • \n
  • \n 2020
    • \n
\n
\n Elections by state \n
    \n
  • \n Alabama
    • \n
  • \n Alaska
    • \n
  • \n Arizona
    • \n
  • \n Arkansas
    • \n
  • \n California
    • \n
  • \n Colorado
    • \n
  • \n Connecticut
    • \n
  • \n Delaware
    • \n
  • \n Florida
    • \n
  • \n Georgia
    • \n
  • \n Hawaii
    • \n
  • \n Idaho
    • \n
  • \n Illinois
    • \n
  • \n Indiana
    • \n
  • \n Iowa
    • \n
  • \n Kansas
    • \n
  • \n Kentucky
    • \n
  • \n Louisiana
    • \n
  • \n Maine
    • \n
  • \n Maryland
    • \n
  • \n Massachusetts
    • \n
  • \n Michigan
    • \n
  • \n Minnesota
    • \n
  • \n Mississippi
    • \n
  • \n Missouri
    • \n
  • \n Montana
    • \n
  • \n Nebraska
    • \n
  • \n Nevada
    • \n
  • \n New Hampshire
    • \n
  • \n New Jersey
    • \n
  • \n New Mexico
    • \n
  • \n New York
    • \n
  • \n North Carolina
    • \n
  • \n North Dakota
    • \n
  • \n Ohio
    • \n
  • \n Oklahoma
    • \n
  • \n Oregon
    • \n
  • \n Pennsylvania
    • \n
  • \n Rhode Island
    • \n
  • \n South Carolina
    • \n
  • \n South Dakota
    • \n
  • \n Tennessee
    • \n
  • \n Texas
    • \n
  • \n Utah
    • \n
  • \n Vermont
    • \n
  • \n Virginia
    • \n
  • \n Washington
    • \n
  • \n Washington , D.C.
    • \n
  • \n West Virginia
    • \n
  • \n Wisconsin
    • \n
  • \n Wyoming
    • \n
\n
\n Primaries and caucuses \n
    \n
  • \n Iowa caucuses
    • \n
  • \n New Hampshire primary
    • \n
  • \n South Carolina primary
    • \n
  • \n Super Tuesday
    • \n
\n
\n Nominating conventions \n
    \n
  • \n Brokered convention
    • \n
  • \n Convention bounce
    • \n
  • \n Superdelegate
    • \n
\n
\n Electoral College and Popular vote \n
    \n
  • \n Results
      \n
    • \n Summary
      • \n
    • \n Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote
      • \n
    • \n Electoral College margins
      • \n
    • \n Electoral College results by state
      • \n
    • \n Electoral vote changes between elections
      • \n
    • \n Electoral vote recipients
      • \n
    • \n Popular vote margins
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Contingent election
    • \n
  • \n Faithless elector
    • \n
  • \n Unpledged elector
    • \n
  • \n Voter turnout
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Campaign slogans
    • \n
  • \n Historical election polling
    • \n
  • \n Election Day
    • \n
  • \n Major party tickets
    • \n
  • \n Major party losers
    • \n
  • \n Presidential debates
    • \n
  • \n October surprise
    • \n
  • \n Red states and blue states
    • \n
  • \n Swing state
    • \n
  • \n Election recount
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n House elections
    • \n
  • \n Senate elections
    • \n
  • \n Gubernatorial elections
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n United States Armed Forces
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n Portal
      \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n MC
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Category
      \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n MC
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Navbox
      \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n MC
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Leadership \n
    \n
  • \n Commander - in - chief : President of the United States
    • \n
  • \n Secretary of Defense
    • \n
  • \n Deputy Secretary of Defense
    • \n
  • \n Secretary of Homeland Security
    • \n
  • \n Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security
    • \n
  • \n Joint Chiefs of Staff :
      \n
    • \n Chairman
      • \n
    • \n Vice Chairman
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services :
      \n
    • \n Senate
      • \n
    • \n House
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Active duty four - star officers
    • \n
  • \n United States military seniority
    • \n
  • \n National Security Act of 1947
    • \n
  • \n Goldwater -- Nichols Act
    • \n
\n
\n Organization \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Service departments \n
    \n
  • \n Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary )
    • \n
  • \n Navy ( Secretary )
    • \n
  • \n Air Force ( Secretary )
    • \n
  • \n Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard
    • \n
\n
\n Branches \n
    \n
  • \n Army ( Chief of Staff )
    • \n
  • \n Marine Corps ( Commandant )
    • \n
  • \n Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations )
    • \n
  • \n Air Force ( Chief of Staff )
    • \n
  • \n Coast Guard ( Commandant )
    • \n
\n
\n Reserve components \n
    \n
  • \n Reserves :
      \n
    • \n A
      • \n
    • \n MC
      • \n
    • \n N
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n National Guard :
      \n
    • \n A
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Civilian auxiliaries \n
    \n
  • \n Military Auxiliary Radio System
    • \n
  • \n Merchant Marine
    • \n
  • \n Civil Air Patrol
    • \n
  • \n Coast Guard Auxiliary
    • \n
\n
\n Unified Combatant Command \n
    \n
  • \n Northern
    • \n
  • \n Central
    • \n
  • \n European
    • \n
  • \n Pacific
    • \n
  • \n Southern
    • \n
  • \n Africa
    • \n
  • \n Special Operations
    • \n
  • \n Strategic
    • \n
  • \n Transportation
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Structure \n
    \n
  • \n United States Code
      \n
    • \n Title 10
      • \n
    • \n Title 14
      • \n
    • \n Title 32
      • \n
    • \n Title 50
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n The Pentagon
    • \n
  • \n Installations
    • \n
  • \n Units :
      \n
    • \n A
      • \n
    • \n MC
      • \n
    • \n N
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Logistics
    • \n
  • \n Media
    • \n
  • \n Unit mottoes
    • \n
\n
\n Operations and history \n
    \n
  • \n Current deployments
    • \n
  • \n Conflicts
    • \n
  • \n Wars
    • \n
  • \n Timeline
    • \n
  • \n History :
      \n
    • \n A
      • \n
    • \n MC
      • \n
    • \n N
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Colonial
    • \n
  • \n World War II
    • \n
  • \n Civil affairs
    • \n
  • \n Officers ' clubs
    • \n
  • \n African Americans
    • \n
  • \n Asian Americans
    • \n
  • \n Buddhist Americans
    • \n
  • \n Jewish Americans
    • \n
  • \n Muslim Americans
    • \n
  • \n Pakistani Americans
    • \n
  • \n Sikh Americans
    • \n
  • \n Historiography :
      \n
    • \n Army Center of Military History
      • \n
    • \n MC History Division
      • \n
    • \n Naval History and Heritage Command
      • \n
    • \n Air Force Historical Research Agency
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n American official war artists :
      \n
    • \n Army Art Program
      • \n
    • \n AF Art Program
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Personnel \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Training \n
    \n
  • \n MEPS
    • \n
  • \n ASVAB
    • \n
  • \n Recruit training :
      \n
    • \n A
      • \n
    • \n MC
      • \n
    • \n N
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Officer candidate school :
      \n
    • \n A
      • \n
    • \n MC
      • \n
    • \n N
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Warrant :
      \n
    • \n A
      • \n
    • \n MC
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Service academies :
      \n
    • \n A ( prep )
      • \n
    • \n N ( prep )
      • \n
    • \n AF ( prep )
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    • \n Merchant Marine
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n ROTC
      \n
    • \n A : ECP
      • \n
    • \n MC / N
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Medical
    • \n
  • \n Other education
    • \n
\n
\n Uniforms \n
    \n
  • \n Uniforms :
      \n
    • \n A
      • \n
    • \n MC
      • \n
    • \n N
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Awards & decorations :
      \n
    • \n Inter-service
      • \n
    • \n A
      • \n
    • \n MC / N
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    • \n Foreign
      • \n
    • \n International
      • \n
    • \n Devices
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Badges :
      \n
    • \n Identification
      • \n
    • \n A
      • \n
    • \n MC
      • \n
    • \n N
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Ranks \n
    \n
  • \n Enlisted :
      \n
    • \n A
      • \n
    • \n MC
      • \n
    • \n N
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Warrant officers
    • \n
  • \n Officer :
      \n
    • \n A
      • \n
    • \n MC
      • \n
    • \n N
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Oath :
      \n
    • \n Enlistment
      • \n
    • \n Office
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Creeds & Codes :
      \n
    • \n Code of Conduct
      • \n
    • \n NCO
      • \n
    • \n A
      • \n
    • \n MC
      • \n
    • \n N
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Service numbers :
      \n
    • \n A
      • \n
    • \n MC
      • \n
    • \n N
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code
    • \n
  • \n Pay
    • \n
  • \n Uniform Code of Military Justice
    • \n
  • \n Judge Advocate General 's Corps
    • \n
  • \n Military Health System / TRICARE
    • \n
  • \n Separation
    • \n
  • \n Veterans Affairs
    • \n
  • \n Conscription
    • \n
  • \n Chiefs of Chaplains :
      \n
    • \n A
      • \n
    • \n MC
      • \n
    • \n N
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Equipment \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n MC :
      \n
    • \n vehicles
      • \n
    • \n weapons
      • \n
    • \n other
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n AF
    • \n
  • \n CG
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Land \n
    \n
  • \n Individual weapons
    • \n
  • \n Crew - served weapons
    • \n
  • \n Vehicles ( active )
    • \n
\n
\n Sea \n
    \n
  • \n All watercraft
    • \n
  • \n Ships :
      \n
    • \n A
      • \n
    • \n N ( active )
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    • \n MSC
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Weapons :
      \n
    • \n N
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Reactors
    • \n
\n
\n Air \n
    \n
  • \n Aircraft
      \n
    • \n World War I
      • \n
    • \n active
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Aircraft designation
    • \n
  • \n Missiles
    • \n
  • \n Helicopter arms
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Nuclear football
    • \n
  • \n Electronics ( designations )
    • \n
  • \n Flags :
      \n
    • \n A
      • \n
    • \n MC
      • \n
    • \n N
      • \n
    • \n AF
      • \n
    • \n CG
      • \n
    • \n Ensign
      • \n
    • \n Jack
      • \n
    • \n Guidons
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Food
    • \n
  • \n WMDs :
      \n
    • \n Nuclear
      • \n
    • \n Biological
      • \n
    • \n Chemical
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n Legend
\n
\n A = Army
\n
\n MC = Marine Corps
\n
\n N = Navy
\n
\n AF = Air Force
\n
\n CG = Coast Guard
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n United States articles
\n History \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n By event \n
    \n
  • \n Timeline of U.S. history
    • \n
  • \n Pre-Columbian era
    • \n
  • \n Colonial era
      \n
    • \n Thirteen Colonies
      • \n
    • \n military history
      • \n
    • \n Continental Congress
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n American Revolution
      \n
    • \n War
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n American frontier
    • \n
  • \n Confederation Period
    • \n
  • \n Drafting and ratification of Constitution
    • \n
  • \n Federalist Era
    • \n
  • \n War of 1812
    • \n
  • \n Territorial acquisitions
    • \n
  • \n Territorial evolution
    • \n
  • \n Mexican -- American War
    • \n
  • \n Civil War
    • \n
  • \n Reconstruction Era
    • \n
  • \n Indian Wars
    • \n
  • \n Gilded Age
    • \n
  • \n Progressive Era
    • \n
  • \n African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968
    • \n
  • \n Spanish -- American War
    • \n
  • \n Imperialism
    • \n
  • \n World War I
    • \n
  • \n Roaring Twenties
    • \n
  • \n Great Depression
    • \n
  • \n World War II
      \n
    • \n home front
      • \n
    • \n Nazism in the United States
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n American Century
    • \n
  • \n Cold War
    • \n
  • \n Korean War
    • \n
  • \n Space Race
    • \n
  • \n Feminist Movement
    • \n
  • \n Vietnam War
    • \n
  • \n Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n War on Terror
      \n
    • \n War in Afghanistan
      • \n
    • \n Iraq War
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Recent events ( 2008 -- present )
    • \n
\n
\n By topic \n
    \n
  • \n Outline of U.S. history
    • \n
  • \n Demographic
    • \n
  • \n Discoveries
    • \n
  • \n Economic
      \n
    • \n debt ceiling
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Inventions
      \n
    • \n before 1890
      • \n
    • \n 1890 -- 1945
      • \n
    • \n 1946 -- 91
      • \n
    • \n after 1991
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Military
    • \n
  • \n Postal
    • \n
  • \n Technological and industrial
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Geography \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Territory
      \n
    • \n counties
      • \n
    • \n federal district
      • \n
    • \n federal enclaves
      • \n
    • \n Indian reservations
      • \n
    • \n insular zones
      • \n
    • \n minor outlying islands
      • \n
    • \n populated places
      • \n
    • \n states
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Earthquakes
    • \n
  • \n Extreme points
    • \n
  • \n Islands
    • \n
  • \n Mountains
      \n
    • \n peaks
      • \n
    • \n ranges
      • \n
    • \n Appalachian
      • \n
    • \n Rocky
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n National Park Service
      \n
    • \n National Parks
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Regions
      \n
    • \n East Coast
      • \n
    • \n West Coast
      • \n
    • \n Great Plains
      • \n
    • \n Gulf
      • \n
    • \n Mid-Atlantic
      • \n
    • \n Midwestern
      • \n
    • \n New England
      • \n
    • \n Pacific
      • \n
    • \n Central
      • \n
    • \n Eastern
      • \n
    • \n Northern
      • \n
    • \n Northeastern
      • \n
    • \n Northwestern
      • \n
    • \n Southern
      • \n
    • \n Southeastern
      • \n
    • \n Southwestern
      • \n
    • \n Western
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Rivers
      \n
    • \n Colorado
      • \n
    • \n Columbia
      • \n
    • \n Mississippi
      • \n
    • \n Missouri
      • \n
    • \n Ohio
      • \n
    • \n Rio Grande
      • \n
    • \n Yukon
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Time
    • \n
  • \n Water supply and sanitation
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Politics \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Federal \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Executive \n
    \n
  • \n Cabinet
    • \n
  • \n Civil service
    • \n
  • \n Executive departments
    • \n
  • \n Executive Office
    • \n
  • \n Independent agencies
    • \n
  • \n Law enforcement
    • \n
  • \n President of the United States
    • \n
  • \n Public policy
    • \n
\n
\n Legislative \n
    \n
  • \n House of Representatives
      \n
    • \n current members
      • \n
    • \n Speaker
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Senate
      \n
    • \n current members
      • \n
    • \n President pro tempore
      • \n
    • \n Vice President
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Judicial \n
    \n
  • \n Courts of appeals
    • \n
  • \n District courts
    • \n
  • \n Supreme Court
    • \n
\n
\n Law \n
    \n
  • \n Bill of Rights
      \n
    • \n civil liberties
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Code of Federal Regulations
    • \n
  • \n Constitution
      \n
    • \n federalism
      • \n
    • \n preemption
      • \n
    • \n separation of powers
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Federal Reporter
    • \n
  • \n United States Code
    • \n
  • \n United States Reports
    • \n
\n
\n Intelligence \n
    \n
  • \n Central Intelligence Agency
    • \n
  • \n Defense Intelligence Agency
    • \n
  • \n Federal Bureau of Investigation
    • \n
  • \n National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency
    • \n
  • \n National Reconnaissance Office
    • \n
  • \n National Security Agency
    • \n
  • \n Office of the Director of National Intelligence
    • \n
\n
\n Uniformed \n
    \n
  • \n Armed Forces
      \n
    • \n Army
      • \n
    • \n Marine Corps
      • \n
    • \n Navy
      • \n
    • \n Air Force
      • \n
    • \n Coast Guard
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n National Guard
    • \n
  • \n NOAA Corps
    • \n
  • \n Public Health Service Corps
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n 51st state
      \n
    • \n political status of Puerto Rico
      • \n
    • \n District of Columbia statehood movement
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Elections
      \n
    • \n Electoral College
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Foreign relations
      \n
    • \n Foreign policy
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Hawaiian sovereignty movement
    • \n
  • \n Ideologies
      \n
    • \n anti-Americanism
      • \n
    • \n exceptionalism
      • \n
    • \n nationalism
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Local government
    • \n
  • \n Parties
      \n
    • \n Democratic
      • \n
    • \n Republican
      • \n
    • \n Third parties
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Red states and blue states
      \n
    • \n Purple America
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Scandals
    • \n
  • \n State government
      \n
    • \n governor
      • \n
    • \n state legislature
      • \n
    • \n state court
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Uncle Sam
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Economy \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n By sector
      \n
    • \n Agriculture
      • \n
    • \n Banking
      • \n
    • \n Communications
      • \n
    • \n Energy
      • \n
    • \n Insurance
      • \n
    • \n Manufacturing
      • \n
    • \n Mining
      • \n
    • \n Tourism
      • \n
    • \n Trade
      • \n
    • \n Transportation
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Companies
      \n
    • \n by state
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Currency
    • \n
  • \n Exports
    • \n
  • \n Federal budget
    • \n
  • \n Federal Reserve System
    • \n
  • \n Financial position
    • \n
  • \n Labor unions
    • \n
  • \n Public debt
    • \n
  • \n Social welfare programs
    • \n
  • \n Taxation
    • \n
  • \n Unemployment
    • \n
  • \n Wall Street
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Society \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Culture \n
    \n
  • \n Americana
    • \n
  • \n Architecture
    • \n
  • \n Cinema
    • \n
  • \n Cuisine
    • \n
  • \n Dance
    • \n
  • \n Demography
    • \n
  • \n Education
    • \n
  • \n Family structure
    • \n
  • \n Fashion
    • \n
  • \n Flag
    • \n
  • \n Folklore
    • \n
  • \n Languages
      \n
    • \n American English
      • \n
    • \n Indigenous languages
      • \n
    • \n ASL
        \n
      • \n Black American Sign Language
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n HSL
      • \n
    • \n Plains Sign Talk
      • \n
    • \n Arabic
      • \n
    • \n Chinese
      • \n
    • \n French
      • \n
    • \n German
      • \n
    • \n Italian
      • \n
    • \n Russian
      • \n
    • \n Spanish
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Literature
    • \n
  • \n Media
      \n
    • \n Journalism
      • \n
    • \n Internet
      • \n
    • \n Newspapers
      • \n
    • \n Radio
      • \n
    • \n Television
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Music
    • \n
  • \n Names
    • \n
  • \n People
    • \n
  • \n Philosophy
    • \n
  • \n Public holidays
    • \n
  • \n Religion
    • \n
  • \n Sexuality
    • \n
  • \n Sports
    • \n
  • \n Theater
    • \n
  • \n Visual art
    • \n
\n
\n Social class \n
    \n
  • \n Affluence
    • \n
  • \n American Dream
    • \n
  • \n Educational attainment
    • \n
  • \n Homelessness
    • \n
  • \n Home - ownership
    • \n
  • \n Household income
    • \n
  • \n Income inequality
    • \n
  • \n Middle class
    • \n
  • \n Personal income
    • \n
  • \n Poverty
    • \n
  • \n Professional and working class conflict
    • \n
  • \n Standard of living
    • \n
  • \n Wealth
    • \n
\n
\n Issues \n
    \n
  • \n Ages of consent
    • \n
  • \n Capital punishment
    • \n
  • \n Crime
      \n
    • \n incarceration
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Criticism of government
    • \n
  • \n Discrimination
      \n
    • \n affirmative action
      • \n
    • \n antisemitism
      • \n
    • \n intersex rights
      • \n
    • \n islamophobia
      • \n
    • \n LGBT rights
      • \n
    • \n racism
      • \n
    • \n same - sex marriage
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Drug policy
    • \n
  • \n Energy policy
    • \n
  • \n Environmental movement
    • \n
  • \n Gun politics
    • \n
  • \n Health care
      \n
    • \n abortion
      • \n
    • \n health insurance
      • \n
    • \n hunger
      • \n
    • \n obesity
      • \n
    • \n smoking
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Human rights
    • \n
  • \n Immigration
      \n
    • \n illegal
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n International rankings
    • \n
  • \n National security
      \n
    • \n Mass surveillance
      • \n
    • \n Terrorism
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Separation of church and state
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Outline
    • \n
  • \n Index
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Heads of state and government of North America
\n Heads of state \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Sovereign states \n
    \n
  • \n Antigua and Barbuda
    • \n
  • \n Bahamas
    • \n
  • \n Barbados
    • \n
  • \n Belize
    • \n
  • \n Canada
    • \n
  • \n Costa Rica
    • \n
  • \n Cuba
    • \n
  • \n Dominica
    • \n
  • \n Dominican Republic
    • \n
  • \n El Salvador
    • \n
  • \n Grenada
    • \n
  • \n Guatemala
    • \n
  • \n Haiti
    • \n
  • \n Honduras
    • \n
  • \n Jamaica
    • \n
  • \n Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Nicaragua
    • \n
  • \n Panama
    • \n
  • \n Saint Kitts and Nevis
    • \n
  • \n Saint Lucia
    • \n
  • \n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
    • \n
  • \n Trinidad and Tobago
    • \n
  • \n United States
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Heads of government \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Sovereign states \n
    \n
  • \n Antigua and Barbuda
    • \n
  • \n Bahamas
    • \n
  • \n Barbados
    • \n
  • \n Belize
    • \n
  • \n Canada
    • \n
  • \n Costa Rica
    • \n
  • \n Cuba
    • \n
  • \n Dominica
    • \n
  • \n Dominican Republic
    • \n
  • \n El Salvador
    • \n
  • \n Grenada
    • \n
  • \n Guatemala
    • \n
  • \n Haiti
    • \n
  • \n Honduras
    • \n
  • \n Jamaica
    • \n
  • \n Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Nicaragua
    • \n
  • \n Panama
    • \n
  • \n Saint Kitts and Nevis
    • \n
  • \n Saint Lucia
    • \n
  • \n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
    • \n
  • \n Trinidad and Tobago
    • \n
  • \n United States
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n VIAF : 123879793
    • \n
  • \n LCCN : n80001199
    • \n
  • \n ISNI : 0000 0001 2106 1812
    • \n
  • \n GND : 2033432 - 1
    • \n
  • \n SUDOC : 026377519
    • \n
  • \n BNF : cb11863688j ( data )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_United_States&oldid=837764569 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n Languages

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who is the president of usa right now", "long_answers": ["President of the United States of America Presidential Seal Presidential Standard Incumbent Donald Trump since January 20 , 2017 Executive Branch of the U.S. Government Executive Office of the President Style Mr. President ( informal ) The Honorable ( formal ) His Excellency ( international correspondence ) Status Head of State Head of Government Member of Cabinet Domestic Policy Council National Economic Council National Security Council Residence White House Seat Washington , D.C. Appointer Electoral College of the United States Term length Four years , renewable once ( Amendment XXII ) Constituting instrument United States Constitution Inaugural holder George Washington Formation March 4 , 1789 ( 229 years ago ) ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Salary $400,000 annually Website whitehouse.gov\n", "Donald Trump is the 45th and current president , inaugurated on January 20 , 2017 .\n"], "short_answers": ["Donald Trump\n", "Donald Trump\n", "Donald Trump\n", "Donald Trump\n", "Donald Trump\n"]} {"text": "Adobe Flash - Wikipedia

\n Adobe Flash

\n Jump to : navigation , search For the application / animation - maker , see Adobe Animate . For other uses , see Adobe Flash ( disambiguation ) . \n Adobe Flash \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Developer ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Adobe Systems
    • \n
  • \n Macromedia
    • \n
  • \n FutureWave
    • \n
\n
\n Target platform ( s ) \n Web browsers , iOS , Android , Windows , macOS
\n Editor software \n
    \n
  • \n Adobe Animate ,
    • \n
  • \n Flash Builder ,
    • \n
  • \n FlashDevelop ,
    • \n
  • \n Powerflasher FDT ,
    • \n
  • \n Flash Catalyst
    • \n
  • \n Scaleform
    • \n
\n
\n Player software \n
    \n
  • \n Flash Player
    • \n
  • \n Adobe AIR
    • \n
  • \n OpenFL
    • \n
  • \n Scaleform
    • \n
  • \n Gnash
    • \n
  • \n Lightspark
    • \n
\n
\n Format ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n SWF
    • \n
  • \n FLV
    • \n
  • \n FLA
    • \n
\n
\n Programming language ( s ) \n ActionScript
\n Application ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Animation
    • \n
  • \n Browser games
    • \n
  • \n Rich Internet applications
    • \n
  • \n Desktop applications
    • \n
  • \n Mobile apps
    • \n
  • \n Mobile games
    • \n
  • \n console games
    • \n
  • \n computer games
    • \n
\n
\n Status \n Active ( Until 2020 )
\n License \n Proprietary
\n

\n Adobe Flash is a multimedia software platform used for production of animations , rich Internet applications , desktop applications , mobile applications , mobile games and embedded web browser video players . Flash displays text , vector graphics and raster graphics to provide animations , video games and applications . It allows streaming of audio and video , and can capture mouse , keyboard , microphone and camera input .

\n

\n Artists may produce Flash graphics and animations using Adobe Animate . Software developers may produce applications and video games using Adobe Flash Builder , FlashDevelop , Flash Catalyst , or any text editor when used with the Apache Flex SDK .

\n

\n End - users can view Flash content via Flash Player ( for web browsers ) , AIR ( for desktop or mobile apps ) or third - party players such as Scaleform ( for video games ) . Adobe Flash Player ( supported on Microsoft Windows , macOS and Linux ) enables end - users to view Flash content using web browsers . Adobe Flash Lite enabled viewing Flash content on older smartphones , but has been discontinued and superseded by Adobe AIR .

\n

\n The ActionScript programming language allows the development of interactive animations , video games , web applications , desktop applications and mobile applications . Programmers can implement Flash software using an IDE such as Adobe Animate , Adobe Flash Builder , Adobe Director , FlashDevelop and Powerflasher FDT . Adobe AIR enables full - featured desktop and mobile applications to be developed with Flash and published for Windows , macOS , Android , iOS , Xbox One , PlayStation 4 , and Nintendo Wii U and Switch .

\n

\n Although Flash was previously a dominant platform for online multimedia content , it is slowly being abandoned as Adobe favors a transition to HTML5 . Flash Player has been deprecated and has an official end - of - life by 2020 . However , Adobe will continue to develop Adobe AIR , a technology for building applications and games with Flash . OpenFL , an open - source implementation of the Flash Player is also actively developed .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Applications ( edit )

\n

\n Websites ( edit )

\n

\n In the early 2000s , Flash was widely installed on desktop computers , and was commonly used to display interactive web pages , online games , and to playback video and audio content . In 2005 , YouTube was founded by former PayPal employees , and it used Flash Player as a means to display compressed video content on the web .

\n

\n Between 2000 and 2010 , numerous businesses used Flash - based websites to launch new products , or to create interactive company portals . Notable users include Nike , Hewlett - Packard , Nokia , General Electric , World Wildlife Fund , HBO , Cartoon Network and Disney . After Adobe introduced hardware - accelerated 3D for Flash ( Stage3D ) , Flash websites saw a growth of 3D content for product demonstrations and virtual tours .

\n

\n In 2007 , YouTube offered videos in HTML5 format to support the iPhone and iPad , which did not support Flash Player . After a controversy with Apple , Adobe stopped developing Flash Player for Mobile , focussing its efforts on Adobe AIR applications and HTML5 animation . In 2015 , Google introduced Google Swiffy to convert Flash animation to HTML5 , a tool Google would use to automatically convert Flash web ads for mobile devices . In 2015 , YouTube switched to HTML5 technology on all devices , however it will preserve the Flash - based video player for older web browsers .

\n

\n RIAs ( edit )

\n

\n After Flash 5 introduced ActionScript in 2000 , developers combined the visual and programming capabilities of Flash to produce interactive experiences and applications for the Web . Such Web - based applications eventually came to be known as `` Rich Internet Applications '' ( RIAs ) .

\n

\n In 2004 , Macromedia Flex was released , and specifically targeted the application development market . Flex introduced new user interface components , advanced data visualization components , data remoting , and a modern IDE ( Flash Builder ) . Flex competed with Asynchronous JavaScript and XML ( AJAX ) and Microsoft Silverlight during its tenure . Flex was upgraded to support integration with remote data sources , using AMF , BlazeDS , Adobe LiveCycle , Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud , and others . As of 2015 , Flex applications can be published for desktop platforms using Adobe AIR .

\n

\n Between 2006 and 2016 , the Speedtest.net web service conducted over 9.0 billion speed tests using an RIA built with Adobe Flash . In 2016 , the service shifted to HTML5 due to the decreasing availability of Adobe Flash Player on PCs .

\n

\n As of 2016 , Web applications and RIAs can be developed with Flash using the ActionScript 3.0 programming language and related tools such as Adobe Flash Builder . Third - party IDEs such as FlashDevelop and Powerflasher FDT also enable developers to create Flash games and applications , and are generally similar to Microsoft Visual Studio . Flex applications are typically built using Flex frameworks such as PureMVC .

\n

\n Video games ( edit )

\n Play media Screenshots and footage of Flash games QWOP , Solipskier , and Hundreds

\n Flash video games were popular on the Internet , with portals like Newgrounds dedicated to hosting of Flash - based games . Popular games developed with Flash include Angry Birds , Clash of Clans , FarmVille , AdventureQuest , Machinarium , Hundreds , N , QWOP and Solipskier .

\n

\n Adobe introduced various technologies to help build video games , including Adobe AIR ( to release games for desktop or mobile platforms ) , Adobe Scout ( to improve performance ) , CrossBridge ( to convert C++ - based games to run in Flash ) , and Stage3D ( to support GPU - accelerated video games ) . 3D frameworks like Away3D and Flare3D simplified creation of 3D content for Flash .

\n

\n Adobe AIR allows creation of Flash - based mobile games , which may be published to the Google Play and iTunes app stores .

\n

\n Flash is also used to build interfaces and HUDs for 3D video games using Scaleform GFx , a technology that renders Flash content within non-Flash video games . Scaleform is supported by more than 10 major video game engines including Unreal Engine , UDK , CryEngine and PhyreEngine , and has been used to provide 3D interfaces for more than 150 major video game titles since its launch in 2003 .

\n

\n Film and animation ( edit )

\n Main articles : List of Flash animated films and List of Flash animated television series

\n Adobe Animate is one of the common animation programs for low - cost 2D television and commercial animation , in competition with Anime Studio and Toon Boom Animation .

\n

\n Notable users of Flash include DHX Media Vancouver for productions including Pound Puppies and My Little Pony : Friendship Is Magic , Fresh TV for Total Drama , Nelvana for 6teen and Clone High , Williams Street for Metalocalypse and Squidbillies , Nickelodeon Animation Studios for Wow ! Wow ! Wubbzy ! El Tigre : The Adventures of Manny Rivera , Danny Phantom , and more .

\n

\n Flash is less commonly used for feature - length animated films ; however , 2009 's The Secret of Kells , an Irish film , was animated primarily in Adobe Flash , and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature at the 82nd Academy Awards .

\n

\n Several popular online series are currently produced in Flash , such as the Emmy Award - winning Off - Mikes , produced by ESPN and Animax Entertainment ; Happy Tree Friends ; Gotham Girls , produced by Warner Brothers ; Crime Time , produced by Future Thought Productions and Homestar Runner produced by Mike and Matt Chapman .

\n

\n Various third - party software packages designed for traditionally trained cartoonists and animators can publish animations in the SWF format .

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n FutureWave ( edit )

\n

\n The precursor to Flash was a product named SmartSketch , published by FutureWave Software . The company was founded by Charlie Jackson , Jonathan Gay , and Michelle Welsh . SmartSketch was a vector drawing application for pen computers running the PenPoint OS . When PenPoint failed in the marketplace , SmartSketch was ported to Microsoft Windows and Mac OS .

\n

\n As the Internet became more popular , FutureWave realized the potential for a vector - based web animation tool that might challenge Macromedia Shockwave technology . In 1995 , FutureWave modified SmartSketch by adding frame - by - frame animation features and released this new product as FutureSplash Animator on Macintosh and PC .

\n

\n FutureWave approached Adobe Systems with an offer to sell them FutureSplash in 1995 , but Adobe turned down the offer at that time . Microsoft wanted to create an `` online TV network '' ( MSN 2.0 ) and adopted FutureSplash animated content as a central part of it . Disney Online used FutureSplash animations for their subscription - based service Disney 's Daily Blast . Fox Broadcasting Company launched The Simpsons using FutureSplash .

\n

\n Macromedia ( edit )

\n

\n In November 1996 , FutureSplash was acquired by Macromedia , and Macromedia re-branded and released FutureSplash Animator as Macromedia Flash 1.0 . Flash was a two - part system , a graphics and animation editor known as Macromedia Flash , and a player known as Macromedia Flash Player .

\n

\n FutureSplash Animator was an animation tool originally developed for pen - based computing devices . Due to the small size of the FutureSplash Viewer , it was particularly suited for download on the Web . Macromedia distributed Flash Player as a free browser plugin in order to quickly gain market share . By 2005 , more computers worldwide had Flash Player installed than any other Web media format , including Java , QuickTime , RealNetworks and Windows Media Player .

\n

\n Macromedia upgraded the Flash system between 1996 and 1999 adding MovieClips , Actions ( the precursor to ActionScript ) , Alpha transparency , and other features . As Flash matured , Macromedia 's focus shifted from marketing it as a graphics and media tool to promoting it as a Web application platform , adding scripting and data access capabilities to the player while attempting to retain its small footprint .

\n

\n In 2000 , the first major version of ActionScript was developed , and released with Flash 5 . Actionscript 2.0 was released with Flash MX 2004 and supported object - oriented programming , improved UI components and other programming features . The last version of Flash released by Macromedia was Flash 8 , which focused on graphical upgrades such as filters ( blur , drop shadow , etc . ) , blend modes ( similar to Adobe Photoshop ) , and advanced features for FLV video .

\n

\n Adobe ( edit )

\n

\n Macromedia was acquired by Adobe Systems in 2005 , and the entire Macromedia product line including Flash , Dreamweaver , Director / Shockwave , Fireworks ( which has since been discontinued ) and Authorware is now handled by Adobe .

\n

\n In 2007 , Adobe 's first version release was Adobe Flash CS3 Professional , the ninth major version of Flash . It introduced the ActionScript 3.0 programming language , which supported modern programming practices and enabled business applications to be developed with Flash . Adobe Flex Builder ( built on Eclipse ) targeted the enterprise application development market , and was also released the same year . Flex Builder included the Flex SDK , a set of components that included charting , advanced UI , and data services ( Flex Data Services ) .

\n

\n In 2008 , Adobe released the tenth version of Flash , Adobe Flash CS4 . Flash 10 improved animation capabilities within the Flash editor , adding a motion editor panel ( similar to Adobe After Effects ) , inverse kinematics ( bones ) , basic 3D object animation , object - based animation , and other text and graphics features . Flash Player 10 included an in - built 3D engine ( without GPU acceleration ) that allowed basic object transformations in 3D space ( position , rotation , scaling ) .

\n

\n Also in 2008 , Adobe released the first version of Adobe Integrated Runtime ( later re-branded as Adobe AIR ) , a runtime engine that replaced Flash Player , and provided additional capabilities to the ActionScript 3.0 language to build desktop and mobile applications . With AIR , developers could access the file system ( the user 's files and folders ) , and connected devices suxh as joystick , gamepad and sensors for the first time .

\n

\n In 2011 , Adobe Flash Player 11 was released , and with it the first version of Stage3D , allowing GPU - accelerated 3D rendering for Flash applications and games on desktop platforms such as Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X . Adobe further improved 3D capabilities from 2011 to 2013 , adding support for 3D rendering on Android and iOS platforms , alpha - channels , compressed textures , texture atlases , and other features . Adobe AIR was upgraded to support 64 - bit computers , and to allow developers to add additional functionality to the AIR runtime using AIR Native Extensions ( ANE ) .

\n

\n In 2014 , Adobe AIR reached a milestone with over 100,000 unique applications built , and over 1 billion installations logged across the world ( May 2014 ) . Adobe AIR was voted the Best Mobile Application Development product at the Consumer Electronics Show on two consecutive years ( CES 2014 and CES 2015 ) . In 2016 , Adobe renamed Flash Professional , the primary authoring software for Flash content , to Adobe Animate to reflect its growing use for authoring HTML5 content in favour of Flash content .

\n

\n Open Screen Project ( edit )

\n

\n On May 1 , 2008 , Adobe announced the Open Screen Project , with the intent of providing a consistent application interface across devices such as personal computers , mobile devices , and consumer electronics . When the project was announced , seven goals were outlined : the abolition of licensing fees for Adobe Flash Player and Adobe Integrated Runtime , the removal of restrictions on the use of the Shockwave Flash ( SWF ) and Flash Video ( FLV ) file formats , the publishing of application programming interfaces for porting Flash to new devices , and the publishing of The Flash Cast protocol and Action Message Format ( AMF ) , which let Flash applications receive information from remote databases .

\n

\n As of February 2009 , the specifications removing the restrictions on the use of SWF and FLV / F4V specs have been published . The Flash Cast protocol -- now known as the Mobile Content Delivery Protocol -- and AMF protocols have also been made available , with AMF available as an open source implementation , BlazeDS .

\n

\n The list of mobile device providers who have joined the project includes Palm , Motorola , and Nokia , who , together with Adobe , have announced a $10 million Open Screen Project fund . As of 2012 , the Open Screen Project is no longer accepting new applications according to partner BSQuare . However paid licensing is still an option for device makers who want to use Adobe software .

\n

\n End of life ( edit )

\n

\n Although Flash was previously a dominant platform for online multimedia content , it is slowly being abandoned as Adobe favors a transition to HTML5 due to inherent security flaws and significant resources required to maintain the platform . Apple restricted the use of Flash on iOS due to concerns that it performed poorly on its mobile devices , had negative impact on battery life , and was deemed unnecessary for online content . As a result , it was not adopted by Apple for its smartphone and tablet devices , which also reduced its user base and encouraged wider adoption of HTML5 features such as the canvas and video elements , which can replace Flash without the need for plugins . In 2015 , Adobe rebranded its Flash authoring environment as Adobe Animate to emphasize its expanded support for HTML5 authoring , and stated that it would `` encourage content creators to build with new web standards '' rather than using Flash . In July 2017 , Adobe announced that it would declare Flash to be end - of - life in 2020 , and will cease support , distribution , and security updates to Flash Player . After the announcement , developers have started a petition to turn Flash into an open - source project , leading to controversy .

\n

\n The Flash Platform will continue in the form of Adobe AIR , which Adobe will continue to develop , and OpenFL , an open - source implementation of the Flash Player .

\n

\n Format ( edit )

\n

\n FLA ( edit )

\n

\n Flash source files are in the FLA format , and contain graphics and animation , as well as embedded assets such as bitmap images , audio files and FLV video files . The Flash source file format is a proprietary format and Adobe Animate is the only available authoring tool capable of editing such files . Flash source files (. fla ) may be compiled into Flash movie files (. swf ) using Adobe Animate . Note that FLA files can be edited , but output (. swf ) files can not .

\n

\n SWF ( edit )

\n Main article : SWF

\n Flash movie files are in the SWF format , traditionally called `` ShockWave Flash '' movies , `` Flash movies '' , or `` Flash applications '' , usually have a . swf file extension , and may be used in the form of a web page plug - in , strictly `` played '' in a standalone Flash Player , or incorporated into a self - executing Projector movie ( with the . exe extension in Microsoft Windows ) . Flash Video files have a . flv file extension and are either used from within . swf files or played through a flv - aware player , such as VLC , or QuickTime and Windows Media Player with external codecs added .

\n

\n The use of vector graphics combined with program code allows Flash files to be smaller -- and thus allows streams to use less bandwidth -- than the corresponding bitmaps or video clips . For content in a single format ( such as just text , video , or audio ) , other alternatives may provide better performance and consume less CPU power than the corresponding Flash movie , for example when using transparency or making large screen updates such as photographic or text fades .

\n

\n In addition to a vector - rendering engine , the Flash Player includes a virtual machine called the ActionScript Virtual Machine ( AVM ) for scripting interactivity at run - time , with video , MP3 - based audio , and bitmap graphics . As of Flash Player 8 , it offers two video codecs : On2 Technologies VP6 and Sorenson Spark , and run - time JPEG , Progressive JPEG , PNG , and GIF capability .

\n

\n 3D ( edit )

\n Main article : Stage3D

\n Flash Player 11 introduced a full 3D shader API , called Stage3D , which is fairly similar to WebGL . Stage3D enables GPU - accelerated rendering of 3D graphics within Flash games and applications , and has been used to build Angry Birds , and a couple of other notable games .

\n

\n Various 3D frameworks have been built for Flash using Stage3D , such as Away3D 4 , CopperCube , Flare3D , Starling , . Professional game engines like Unreal Engine and Unity also export Flash versions which use Stage3D to render 3D graphics .

\n

\n Flash video ( edit )

\n Main article : Flash Video

\n Virtually all browser plugins for video are free of charge and cross-platform , including Adobe 's offering of Flash Video , which was first introduced with Flash version 6 . Flash Video has been a popular choice for websites due to the large installed user base and programmability of Flash . In 2010 , Apple publicly criticized Adobe Flash , including its implementation of video playback for not taking advantage of hardware acceleration , one reason Flash is not to be found on Apple 's mobile devices . Soon after Apple 's criticism , Adobe demoed and released a beta version of Flash 10.1 , which takes advantage of GPU hardware acceleration even on a Mac . Flash 10.2 beta , released December 2010 , adds hardware acceleration for the whole video rendering pipeline .

\n

\n Flash Player supports two distinct modes of video playback , and hardware accelerated video decoding may not be used for older video content . Such content causes excessive CPU usage compared to comparable content played with other players .

\n \n

\n In tests done by Ars Technica in 2008 and 2009 , Adobe Flash Player performed better on Windows than Mac OS X and Linux with the same hardware . Performance has later improved for the latter two , on Mac OS X with Flash Player 10.1 , and on Linux with Flash Player 11 .

\n

\n Flash audio ( edit )

\n

\n Flash Audio is most commonly encoded in MP3 or AAC ( Advanced Audio Coding ) however it can also use ADPCM , Nellymoser ( Nellymoser Asao Codec ) and Speex audio codecs . Flash allows sample rates of 11 , 22 and 44.1 kHz . It can not have 48 kHz audio sample rate , which is the standard TV and DVD sample rate .

\n

\n On August 20 , 2007 , Adobe announced on its blog that with Update 3 of Flash Player 9 , Flash Video will also implement some parts of the MPEG - 4 international standards . Specifically , Flash Player will work with video compressed in H. 264 ( MPEG - 4 Part 10 ) , audio compressed using AAC ( MPEG - 4 Part 3 ) , the F4V , MP4 ( MPEG - 4 Part 14 ) , M4V , M4A , 3GP and MOV multimedia container formats , 3GPP Timed Text specification ( MPEG - 4 Part 17 ) , which is a standardized subtitle format and partial parsing capability for the ' ilst ' atom , which is the ID3 equivalent iTunes uses to store metadata . MPEG - 4 Part 2 and H. 263 will not work in F4V file format . Adobe also announced that it will be gradually moving away from the FLV format to the standard ISO base media file format ( MPEG - 4 Part 12 ) owing to functional limits with the FLV structure when streaming H. 264 . The final release of the Flash Player implementing some parts of MPEG - 4 standards had become available in Fall 2007 .

\n

\n Adobe Flash Player 10.1 does not have acoustic echo cancellation , unlike the VoIP offerings of Skype and Google Voice , making this and earlier versions of Flash less suitable for group calling or meetings . Flash Player 10.3 Beta incorporates acoustic echo cancellation .

\n

\n Scripting language ( edit )

\n Further information : ActionScript

\n ActionScript is the programming language used by Flash . It is an enhanced superset of the ECMAScript programming language , with a classical Java - style class model , rather than JavaScript 's prototype model .

\n

\n Specifications ( edit )

\n

\n In October 1998 , Macromedia disclosed the Flash Version 3 Specification on its website . It did this in response to many new and often semi-open formats competing with SWF , such as Xara 's Flare and Sharp 's Extended Vector Animation formats . Several developers quickly created a C library for producing SWF . In February 1999 , MorphInk 99 was introduced , the first third - party program to create SWF files . Macromedia also hired Middlesoft to create a freely available developers ' kit for the SWF file format versions 3 to 5 .

\n

\n Macromedia made the Flash Files specifications for versions 6 and later available only under a non-disclosure agreement , but they are widely available from various sites .

\n

\n In April 2006 , the Flash SWF file format specification was released with details on the then newest version format ( Flash 8 ) . Although still lacking specific information on the incorporated video compression formats ( On2 , Sorenson Spark , etc . ) , this new documentation covered all the new features offered in Flash v8 including new ActionScript commands , expressive filter controls , and so on . The file format specification document is offered only to developers who agree to a license agreement that permits them to use the specifications only to develop programs that can export to the Flash file format . The license does not allow the use of the specifications to create programs that can be used for playback of Flash files . The Flash 9 specification was made available under similar restrictions .

\n

\n In June 2009 , Adobe launched the Open Screen Project ( Adobe link ) , which made the SWF specification available without restrictions . Previously , developers could not use the specification for making SWF - compatible players , but only for making SWF - exporting authoring software . The specification still omits information on codecs such as Sorenson Spark , however .

\n

\n Animation tools ( edit )

\n

\n Official tools ( edit )

\n Main article : Adobe Animate

\n The Adobe Animate authoring program is primarily used to design graphics and animation and publish the same for websites , web applications , and video games . The program also offers limited support for audio and video embedding , and ActionScript scripting .

\n

\n Adobe released Adobe LiveMotion , designed to create interactive animation content and export it to a variety of formats , including SWF . LiveMotion failed to gain any notable user base .

\n

\n In February 2003 , Macromedia purchased Presedia , which had developed a Flash authoring tool that automatically converted PowerPoint files into Flash . Macromedia subsequently released the new product as Breeze , which included many new enhancements .

\n

\n Third - party tools ( edit )

\n Main article : Comparison of vector graphics editors

\n Various free and commercial software packages can output animations into the Flash SWF format , suitable for display on the web , including :

\n \n

\n The Flash 4 Linux project was an initiative to develop an open source Linux application as an alternative to Adobe Animate . Development plans included authoring capacity for 2D animation , and tweening , as well as outputing SWF file formats . F4L evolved into an editor that was capable of authoring 2D animation and publishing of SWF files . Flash 4 Linux was renamed UIRA . UIRA intended to combine the resources and knowledge of the F4L project and the Qflash project , both of which were Open Source applications that aimed to provide an alternative to the proprietary Adobe Flash .

\n

\n Programming tools ( edit )

\n

\n Official tools ( edit )

\n

\n Adobe provides a series of tools to develop software applications and video games for Flash :

\n \n

\n Third - party tools ( edit )

\n

\n Third - party development tools have been created to assist developers in creating software applications and video games with Flash .

\n \n

\n Players ( edit )

\n

\n Proprietary ( edit )

\n

\n Adobe Flash Player is the multimedia and application player originally developed by Macromedia and acquired by Adobe Systems . It plays SWF files , which can be created by Adobe Animate , Apache Flex , or a number of other Adobe Systems and 3rd party tools . It has support for a scripting language called ActionScript , which can be used to display Flash Video from an SWF file .

\n

\n Scaleform GFx is a commercial alternative Flash player that features fully hardware - accelerated 2D graphics rendering using the GPU . Scaleform has high conformance with both Flash 10 ActionScript 3 and Flash 8 ActionScript 2 . Scaleform GFx is a game development middleware solution that helps create graphical user interfaces or HUDs within 3D video games . It does not work with web browsers .

\n

\n IrfanView , an image viewer , uses Flash Player to display SWF files .

\n

\n Open source ( edit )

\n

\n OpenFL is an open - source implementation of the Adobe Flash player and runtime . It allows developers to build a single application against the OpenFL APIs , and simultaneously target multiple platforms including Flash / AIR , HTML5 , Windows , Android , Tizen , Neko , BlackBerry and webOS . OpenFL mirrors the Flash API for graphical operations . OpenFL applications are written in Haxe , a modern multi-platform programming language .

\n

\n Lightspark is a free and open source SWF player that supports most of ActionScript 3.0 and has a Mozilla - compatible plug - in . It will fall back on Gnash , a free SWF player supporting ActionScript 1.0 and 2.0 ( AVM1 ) code . Lightspark supports OpenGL - based rendering for 3D content . The player is also compatible with H. 264 Flash videos on YouTube .

\n

\n Gnash aims to create a software player and browser plugin replacement for the Adobe Flash Player . Gnash can play SWF files up to version 7 , and 80 % of ActionScript 2.0 . Gnash run on Windows , Linux and other platforms for the 32 - bit , 64 - bit , and other operating systems , but development has slowed significantly in recent years .

\n

\n Shumway was an open source Flash Player released by Mozilla in November 2012 . It was built in JavaScript and is thus compatible with modern web - browsers . In early October 2013 , Shumway was included by default in the Firefox nightly branch . Shumway rendered Flash contents by translating contents inside Flash files to HTML5 elements , and running an ActionScript interpreter in JavaScript . It supported both AVM1 and AVM2 , and ActionScript versions 1 , 2 , and 3 . Development of Shumway ceased in early 2016 .

\n

\n Adobe Flash Player can not ship as part of a pure open source , or completely free operating system , as its distribution is bound to the Macromedia Licensing Program and subject to proposition first from Adobe .

\n

\n Availability ( edit )

\n

\n Desktop computers ( edit )

\n Flash Player ( edit )

\n The latest version of Adobe Flash Player is available for three major desktop platforms , including Windows , macOS and Linux . On Linux the PPAPI plug - in is available ; the NPAPI version was n't updated to new major versions for a while until Adobe changed its mind on stopping support and its former plan to discontinue `` in 2017 '' .

\n

\n Adobe Flash Player is available in four flavors :

\n \n

\n The ActiveX version is an ActiveX control for use in Internet Explorer and any other Windows applications that supports ActiveX technology . The Plug - in versions are available for browsers supporting either NPAPI or PPAPI plug - ins on Microsoft Windows , macOS and Linux . The projector version is a standalone player that can open SWF files directly .

\n

\n The following table documents Flash Player and Adobe AIR support on desktop operating systems :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Operating System \n Prerequisites \n Usage \n Latest Adobe Flash Player \n Browser Support
\n Microsoft Windows \n Windows XP ( 32 - bit , AIR only ) / Vista ( 32 - bit , AIR only ) / 7 / 8.1 / 10 \n Internet Browser , Standalone Applications \n Flash Player 25.0 , AIR 25.0 \n Internet Explorer , Edge , Firefox , Chrome , Chromium , Opera
\n macOS \n OS X 10.9 or newer ( Flash Player ) / Mac OS X 10.7 or newer ( AIR ) \n Internet Browser , Standalone Applications \n Flash Player 25.0 , AIR 25.0 \n Safari , Firefox , Chrome , Chromium , Opera
\n Linux \n Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.6 or newer / openSUSE 11.3 or newer / Ubuntu 10.04 or newer \n Internet Browser \n Flash Player 25.0. 0.127 ( NPAPI ) , Flash Player 25.0. 0.127 ( PPAPI ) \n Firefox ( NPAPI ) / Chrome , Chromium , Opera ( PPAPI )
\n Adobe AIR ( edit )

\n The latest version of Adobe AIR , version 18 , contains Adobe Flash Player 18 , and is available for Windows XP and later , as well as macOS . Official support for desktop Linux distributions ceased in June 2011 with version 2.6 .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Platform \n Installer file support \n App Store support
\n Windows \n . air , . exe and . msi \n None
\n macOS \n . air and . dmg \n With captive runtime
\n Android \n . apk \n Google Play
\n iOS \n . ipa \n iTunes Store
\n PlayBook \n . bar \n BlackBerry App World
\n

\n Mobile devices ( edit )

\n Flash Player ( edit )

\n Adobe Flash Player was available for a variety of mobile operating systems , including Android ( between versions 2.2 and 4.0. 4 ) , Pocket PC / Windows CE , QNX ( e.g. on BlackBerry PlayBook ) , Symbian , Palm OS , and webOS ( since version 2.0 ) . Flash Player for smart phones was made available to handset manufacturers at the end of 2009 .

\n

\n However , in November 2011 , Adobe announced the withdrawal of support for Flash Player on mobile devices . Adobe continues to support deploying Flash - based content as mobile applications via Adobe AIR .

\n

\n Adobe is reaffirming its commitment to `` aggressively contribute '' to HTML5 . Adobe announced the end of Flash for mobile platforms or TV , instead focusing on HTML5 for browser content and Adobe AIR for the various mobile application stores and described it as `` the beginning of the end '' . BlackBerry LTD ( formerly known as RIM ) announced that it would continue to develop Flash Player for the PlayBook .

\n

\n There is no Adobe Flash Player for iOS devices ( iPhone , iPad and iPod Touch ) . However , Flash content can be made to run on iOS devices in a variety of ways :

\n \n

\n The mobile version of Internet Explorer for Windows Phone can not play Flash content , however Flash support is still present on the tablet version of Windows .

\n Adobe AIR ( edit ) Main article : Adobe AIR \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2016 )
\n

\n Adobe AIR was released in 2008 , and allows the creation of mobile applications and mobile games using Flash and ActionScript . Notable mobile games built with Flash include Angry Birds , Machinarium and Defend Your Castle .

\n

\n Using AIR , developers can access the full Adobe Flash functionality , including text , vector graphics , raster graphics , video , audio , camera and microphone capability . Adobe AIR also includes additional features such as file system integration , native client extensions , desktop integration and access to connected devices and sensors .

\n

\n AIR applications can be published as native phone applications on certain mobile operating systems , such as Android ( ARM Cortex - A8 and above ) and Apple iOS .

\n

\n The following table explains to what extent Adobe AIR can run on various mobile operating systems :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Operating System \n Prerequisites \n Latest Adobe Flash Player \n AIR Framework
\n Android \n Android 2.3 + , ARM Cortex - A8 + or Android x86 \n AIR 3.6. 0.597 ( uses Flash Player 11.6 ) \n Option 1 : The AIR player can be embedded as a ' captive ' runtime , which increases APK size but makes the application standalone .

\n Option 2 : The runtime is not included with the app , and must installed as a separate app from the app market .

\n
\n Apple iOS \n iOS 4.3 or later \n AIR 3.6. 0.597 ( uses Flash Player 11.6 ) \n Not applicable : each app includes its own ' captive ' runtime .
\n BlackBerry Tablet OS \n None \n AIR 3.1 ( uses Flash Player 11.1 ) \n Already pre-installed on each device .
\n BlackBerry 10 \n Blackberry 10.2 and lower ( no longer supported from 10.3 ) \n AIR 3.5 ( uses Flash Player 11.1 ) \n Already pre-installed on each device .
\n

\n Portable electronic devices ( edit )

\n

\n Adobe Flash Lite is a lightweight version of Adobe Flash Player intended for mobile phones and other portable electronic devices like Chumby and iRiver .

\n

\n On the emerging single - board enthusiast market , as substantially popularized by the Raspberry Pi , support from Adobe is lacking . However , the open - source player Gnash has been ported and found to be useful .

\n

\n Alternatives ( edit )

\n

\n OpenFL ( edit )

\n Main article : OpenFL

\n OpenFL is an open - source implementation of the Adobe Flash technology . It allows developers to build a single application against the OpenFL APIs , and simultaneously target multiple platforms including Flash / AIR , HTML5 , Windows , Android , Tizen , Neko , BlackBerry and webOS . OpenFL mirrors the Flash API for graphical operations . OpenFL applications are written in Haxe , a modern multi-platform programming language .

\n

\n More than 500 video games have been developed with OpenFL , including the BAFTA - award - winning game Papers , Please , Rymdkapsel , Lightbot and Madden NFL Mobile .

\n

\n HTML5 ( edit )

\n Main article : Comparison of HTML5 and Flash

\n HTML5 is often cited as an alternative to Adobe Flash technology usage on web pages . Adobe released a tool that converts Flash to HTML5 , and in June 2011 , Google released an experimental tool that does the same . In January 2015 , YouTube defaulted to HTML5 players to better support more devices .

\n

\n Flash to HTML5 ( edit )

\n

\n The following tools allow running Flash content in web browsers using HTML5 :

\n \n

\n Criticisms ( edit )

\n

\n Mobile support ( edit )

\n

\n Websites built with Adobe Flash will not function on most modern mobile devices running Google Android or iOS ( iPhone , iPad ) . The only alternative is using HTML5 and responsive web design to build websites that support both desktop and mobile devices .

\n

\n However , Flash is still used to build mobile games using Adobe AIR . Such games will not work in mobile web browsers , but must be installed via the appropriate app store .

\n

\n Vendor dependence ( edit )

\n See also : Vendor lock - in

\n The reliance on Adobe for decoding Flash makes its use on the World Wide Web a concern -- the completeness of its public specifications are debated , and no complete implementation of Flash is publicly available in source code form with a license that permits reuse . Generally , public specifications are what makes a format re-implementable ( see future proofing data storage ) , and reusable codebases can be ported to new platforms without the endorsement of the format creator .

\n

\n Adobe 's restrictions on the use of the SWF / FLV specifications were lifted in February 2009 ( see Adobe 's Open Screen Project ) . However , despite efforts of projects like Gnash , Swfdec and Lightspark , a complete free Flash player is yet to be seen , as of September 2011 . For example , Gnash can not use SWF v10 yet . Notably , Gnash was listed on the Free Software Foundation 's high priority list , from at least 2007 , to its overdue removal in January 2017 .

\n

\n Notable advocates of free software , open standards , and the World Wide Web have warned against the use of Flash :

\n

\n The founder of Mozilla Europe , Tristan Nitot , stated in 2008 :

\n

\n Companies building websites should beware of proprietary rich - media technologies like Adobe 's Flash and Microsoft 's Silverlight . ( ... ) You 're producing content for your users and there 's someone in the middle deciding whether users should see your content .

\n

\n Representing open standards , inventor of CSS and co-author of HTML5 , H\u00e5kon Wium Lie explained in a Google tech talk of 2007 , entitled `` the < video > element '' , the proposal of Theora as the format for HTML5 video :

\n

\n I believe very strongly , that we need to agree on some kind of baseline video format if ( the video element ) is going to succeed . Flash is today the baseline format on the web . The problem with Flash is that it 's not an open standard .

\n

\n Representing the free software movement , Richard Stallman stated in a speech in 2004 that : `` The use of Flash in websites is a major problem for our community . ''

\n

\n Accessibility ( edit )

\n

\n Usability consultant Jakob Nielsen published an Alertbox in 2000 entitled , Flash : 99 % Bad , stating that `` Flash tends to degrade websites for three reasons : it encourages design abuse , it breaks with the Web 's fundamental interaction principles , and it distracts attention from the site 's core value . '' Some problems have been at least partially fixed since Nielsen 's complaints : Text size can be controlled using full page zoom and it has been possible for authors to include alternative text in Flash since Flash Player 6 .

\n

\n Flash blocking in web browsers ( edit )

\n Some websites rely heavily on Flash and become unusable without Flash Player , or with Flash blocked .

\n Flash content is usually embedded using the object or embed HTML element . A web browser that does not fully implement one of these elements displays the replacement text , if supplied by the web page . Often , a plugin is required for the browser to fully implement these elements , though some users can not or will not install it .

\n

\n Since Flash can be used to produce content ( such as advertisements ) that some users find obnoxious or take a large amount of bandwidth to download , some web browsers , by default , do not play Flash content until the user clicks on it , e.g. Konqueror , K - Meleon .

\n

\n Most current browsers have a feature to block plugins , playing one only when the user clicks it . Opera versions since 10.5 feature native Flash blocking . Opera Turbo requires the user to click to play Flash content , and the browser also allows the user to enable this option permanently . Both Chrome and Firefox have an option to enable `` click to play plugins '' . Equivalent `` Flash blocker '' extensions are also available for many popular browsers : Firefox has Flashblock and NoScript , Internet Explorer has Foxie , which contains a number of features , one of them named Flashblock . WebKit - based browsers under macOS , such as Apple 's Safari , have ClickToFlash . In June 2015 , Google announced that Chrome will `` pause '' advertisements and `` non-central '' Flash content by default .

\n

\n Firefox ( from version 46 ) rewrites old Flash - only YouTube embed code into YouTube 's modern embedded player that is capable of using either HTML5 or Flash . Such embed code is used by non-YouTube sites to embed YouTube 's videos , and can still be encountered , for example , on old blogs and forums .

\n

\n Security ( edit )

\n See also : Adobe Flash Player \u00a7 Security , and Browser security \u00a7 Plugins and extensions

\n For many years Adobe Flash Player 's security record has led many security experts to recommend against installing the player , or to block Flash content . The US - CERT has recommended blocking Flash , and security researcher Charlie Miller recommended `` not to install Flash '' ; however , for people still using Flash , Intego recommended that users get trusted updates `` only directly from the vendor that publishes them . '' As of February 12 , 2015 , Adobe Flash Player has over 400 CVE entries , of which over 300 lead to arbitrary code execution , and past vulnerabilities have enabled spying via web cameras . Security experts have long predicted the demise of Flash , saying that with the rise of HTML5 `` ... the need for browser plugins such as Flash is diminishing '' , as only 7 to 10 percent of websites still use it .

\n

\n Active moves by third parties to limit the risk began with Steve Jobs in 2010 saying that Apple would not allow Flash on the iPhone , iPod touch and iPad -- citing abysmal security as one reason . Flash often used the ability to dynamically change parts of the runtime on languages on OSX to improve their own performance , but caused general instability . In July 2015 , a series of newly discovered vulnerabilities resulted in Facebook 's chief security officer , Alex Stamos , issuing a call to Adobe to discontinue the software entirely and the Mozilla Firefox web browser , Google Chrome and Apple Safari to blacklist all earlier versions of Flash Player .

\n

\n As a result , `` Adobe has essentially stopped trying to do anything new and innovative with Flash . ''

\n

\n Flash cookies ( edit )

\n Main article : Local shared object

\n Like the HTTP cookie , a flash cookie ( also known as a `` Local Shared Object '' ) can be used to save application data . Flash cookies are not shared across domains . An August 2009 study by the Ashkan Soltani and a team of researchers at UC Berkeley found that 50 % of websites using Flash were also employing flash cookies , yet privacy policies rarely disclosed them , and user controls for privacy preferences were lacking . Most browsers ' cache and history suppress or delete functions did not affect Flash Player 's writing Local Shared Objects to its own cache in version 10.2 and earlier , at which point the user community was much less aware of the existence and function of Flash cookies than HTTP cookies . Thus , users with those versions , having deleted HTTP cookies and purged browser history files and caches , may believe that they have purged all tracking data from their computers when in fact Flash browsing history remains . Adobe 's own Flash Website Storage Settings panel , a submenu of Adobe 's Flash Settings Manager web application , and other editors and toolkits can manage settings for and delete Flash Local Shared Objects .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n Footnotes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ FLV and F4V F4V is based on ISO base media file format standard , available as a free download ( 1 )
    2. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` FLASH & THE FUTURE OF INTERACTIVE CONTENT '' . Adobe Systems . July 25 , 2017 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ AIR Roadmap Update , Chris Campbell , Adobe Blog , Jul 25 , 2017 9 : 08 AM
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : WARREN , CHRISTINA ( 2012 - 11 - 20 ) . `` The Life , Death and Rebirth of Adobe Flash '' . Mashable . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 11 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Pinho , Carlos ( 2009 - 07 - 07 ) . `` 50 Beautiful Flash Websites '' . Smashing Magazine . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 11 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Looking back at the best Flash sites of 2009 , Adobe Developer Connection , 14 December 2009
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ DAVLIN , ANN ( 2011 - 06 - 15 ) . `` 35 Of The Best 3D Flash Websites Ever '' . Smashing 3D . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 11 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ 20 Best 3D Websites , Web Designer Drops , September 15 , 2012
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Google to automatically convert Flash web ads to HTML5 , IT Pro Magazine , Caroline Preece , 27 Feb 2015
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ YOUTUBE NOW PLAYS HTML5 VIDEO BY DEFAULT , ESCHEWS ADOBE FLASH , Popular Science , Dan Moren , January 28 , 2015
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ YouTube ditches Adobe Flash for HTML5 on most browsers , The Inquirer , Chris Merriman , Jan 28 2015
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ So long , Flash ! YouTube now defaults to HTML5 on the web , PC World Magazine , Ian Paul , Jan 28 , 2015
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : McCune , Doug ( 2009 - 02 - 23 ) . Adobe Flex 3.0 For Dummies . John Wiley & Sons . p . Chapter 1 , `` From HTML to RIA '' . ISBN 0470436824 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 11 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Rocchi , Cesare ( 2011 ) . Data Visualization with Flash Builder . Focal Press . ISBN 0240815033 .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : Fain , Yakov ( 2010 - 03 - 16 ) . Enterprise Development with Flex : Best Practices for RIA Developers . O'Reilly Media , Inc . ISBN 1449388736 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Speedtest.net by Ookla -- The Global Broadband Speed Test '' .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ What are the requirements to use Speedtest.net ? , Speedtest.net
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ The world 's most popular internet speed test finally drops Adobe Flash , The Next Web , Owen Williams , 7 December 2015
    18. \n
  18. \n ^ Jump up to : Grandmasters of Flash : An Interview with the Creators of Flash , Cold Hard Flash
    19. \n
  19. \n ^ Jump up to : MACROMEDIA FLASH BACK , Digital Archaeology
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ PC Graphics & Video , Volume 6 , Issues 1 -- 6 , Advanstar Communications , 1997
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Personal Computer Magazine , PC Communications Corporation , 1995
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Waldron , Rick ( August 27 , 2006 ) . `` The Flash History '' . Flashmagazine . Retrieved June 18 , 2001 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Gay , Jonathan ( 2001 ) . `` The History of Flash '' . Adobe Systems Inc . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved October 18 , 2009 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ The History of Flash : Back to Graphics Archived January 1 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ The History of Flash : The Dawn of Web Animation
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Grandmasters of Flash : An Interview with the Creators of Flash '' . ColdHardFlash.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2008 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash Player in 2005 '' . ZDNet . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 26 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Joseph Labrecque ( 2011 ) . What 's New in Flash Player 11 . O'Reilly Media , Inc. p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4493 - 1110 - 0 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Adobe Flash Roadmap , Adobe
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Introducing Flash Player 11.4 / AIR 3.4 beta ! , by Thibault Imbert ( Adobe employee ) , ByteArray
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ AIR app installs cross a billion , Adobe AIR and Adobe Flash Player Team Blog
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ 1 Billion AIR Installations , Ben Forta
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Compass Intelligence Announces Winners of the 2014 Mobility Awards , Compass Intelligence
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Compass Intelligence Announces Winners of the 2015 Mobility Awards , Compass Intelligence
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Barrett , Brian . `` Sadly , Adobe Flash Is n't Dead . It Just Changed Its Name '' . WIRED . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 22 .
    36. \n
  36. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Adobe and Industry Leaders Establish Open Screen Project '' . May 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 .
    37. \n
  37. \n ^ Jump up to : Murarka , Anup . `` Inside the Open Screen Project '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` Open Screen Project partners '' . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2009 . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe and Nokia Announce $10 Million Open Screen Project Fund '' . February 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Valentino - Devries , Jennifer ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Highlights : The Journal 's Exclusive Interview With Adobe CEO '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Adobe CEO hits back in row with Steve Jobs over Flash on Apple 's iPhone '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Adobe is telling people to stop using Flash '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash & The Future of Interactive Content '' . Latest company news & updates Adobe Conversations Blog . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Sharwood , Simon ; tweet_btn ( ) , APAC Editor 31 Jul 2017 at 02 : 58 . `` Petition calls for Adobe Flash to survive as open source zombie '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 02 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Matt Fisher ( 2013 ) . HTML5 for Flash Developers . Packt Publishing Ltd . \u00a7 Stage3D versus WebGL , p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84969 - 333 - 2 .
    46. \n
  46. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Stage3D vs WebGL Performance -- Airtight Interactive '' . Airtightinteractive.com. 2011 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Tools Spotlight : CopperCube 4.0 '' . evelop-online.net. 2014 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 22 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Keith Gladstien ( 2013 ) . Flash Game Development In a Social , Mobile and 3D World . Cengage Learning . pp. 383 -- 421 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4354 - 6021 - 8 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Thibault Imbert ( 2012 ) . Introducing Starling . O'Reilly Media , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4493 - 2089 - 8 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Wagner James Au ( 2012 ) . Game Design Secrets . John Wiley & Sons . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 46391 - 8 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Flash 11 adopts Unreal Engine 3 for better browser games The Verge '' . theverge.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 04 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Melanson , Mike ( January 27 , 2010 ) . `` Solving Different Problems '' . Penguin. SWF . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash benchmarks on different operating systems '' .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Paul , Ryan ( October 16 , 2009 ) . `` Hands - on : Hulu Desktop for Linux beta a big resource hog '' . Arstechnica.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash Player 10.1 : Performance improvements for Mac OS X '' .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash Player 11 : More stable and faster for Linux '' .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ `` What just happened to video on the web '' . Adobe . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2010 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Press release on MPEG - 4 in Flash Player 9 '' . Adobe.com . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe File Format Specification FAQ '' . Adobe Systems . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2007 . Retrieved November 15 , 2007 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` Free Flash community reacts to Adobe Open Screen Project '' . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2008 . Retrieved November 29 , 2008 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ AS3 vs haXe performance , SplashDust website Archived July 7 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Kris Graft . `` Scaleform GFx 4 Supports Flash 10 AS3 '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 01 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` Lightspark flash player continues to advance '' . Linux.be. 2010 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 03 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` Gnash Reference Manual '' . www.gnu.org . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 12 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Duckett , Chris ( 2012 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Shumway looks to replace Flash with JavaScript '' . ZDNet . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` Shumway : Mozilla 's open SWF runtime project -- The H Open : News and Features '' . H-online.com. 2012 - 11 - 13 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ `` Mozilla publicly announces the open - source Flash - renderer Mozilla - sponsored Shumway project Iloveubuntu : Ubuntu blog '' . Iloveubuntu. 2012 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` ( Phoronix ) X.Org vs. XMir On KDE , Xfce , Unity Desktops '' . Phoronix.com. 2013 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 04 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Villegas , Jet ( November 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Shumway Open SWF Runtime Project '' . Mozilla .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Willis , Nathan ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` Gnash , Lightspark , and Shumway '' . LWN.net . Retrieved 13 June 2014 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash Replacement Shumway is as good as dead -- gHacks Tech News '' . 2016 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Sfetcu , Nicolae ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) . Web Design & Development . Nicolae Sfetcu .
    73. \n
  73. \n ^ Jump up to : Adobe Flash Player Tech specs , Adobe.com
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe and Google Partnering for Flash Player on Linux '' . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ `` Beta News -- Flash Player NPAPI for Linux '' .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ `` Downloads '' . Adobe Flash Player Support Center . Retrieved October 1 , 2016 .
    77. \n
  77. \n ^ Jump up to : Adobe AIR Tech specs , Adobe.com
    78. \n
  78. \n ^ Jump up to : Adobe Flash Player Versions , Adobe.com
    79. \n
  79. \n ^ Jump up to : Get Adobe Air , Adobe.com
    80. \n
  80. \n ^ Jump up to : iOS features in Adobe AIR 2.6 , Adobe Devnet
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` Install Adobe AIR 2 -- 64 - bit Linux '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Generating a Windows installer for your AIR captive runtime application , Adobe Developer Connection
    83. \n
  83. \n ^ Jump up to : Packaging a desktop native installer , Adobe Help Center
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` Post Adobe AIR app to Mac app store '' .
    85. \n
  85. \n ^ Jump up to : Using Flash Builder 4.5 to package applications for Google Android devices , Adobe Developer Connection
    86. \n
  86. \n ^ Jump up to : Using Flash Builder 4.5 to package applications for Apple iOS devices , Adobe Developer Connection
    87. \n
  87. \n ^ Jump up to : Using Flash Builder 4.5 to package applications for BlackBerry Tablet OS devices , Adobe Developer Connection
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Phil Nickinson ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` Andy Rubin says Flash is coming in Froyo version of Android operating system '' . Androidcentral.com . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ `` Today Is The Last Day To Get Flash For Android '' . WebProNews . August 14 , 2012 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ Sascha Segan ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` HP WebOS 2.0 with Flash : Hands On '' . PCMAG.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ `` Palm Latest Mobile Industry Leader to Join Open Screen Project '' . February 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 20 , 2009 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ Winokur , Danny ( November 9 , 2011 ) . `` Flash to Focus on PC Browsing and Mobile Apps ; Adobe to More Aggressively Contribute to HTML5 ( Adobe Featured Blogs ) '' . Blogs.adobe.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Stevens , Tim . ( 2011 - 11 - 09 ) Adobe confirms Flash Player is dead for mobile devices . Engadget.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 21 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Flash Player Turfed for Mobile Devices '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ `` Web designers : Time to ditch Flash , Silverlight , and embrace HTML5 '' .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash is dead . Long live HTML5 '' . ZDNet . November 9 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash to Focus on PC Browsing and Mobile Apps ; Adobe to More Aggressively Contribute to HTML5 '' . Adobe Systems . November 9 , 2011 . Retrieved November 12 , 2011 . We will no longer continue to develop Flash Player in the browser to work with new mobile device configurations ( chipset , browser , OS version , etc . ) following the upcoming release of Flash Player 11.1 for Android and BlackBerry PlayBook
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ `` PlayBook has a Flash - filled future ; RIM 's worst decision to date ? '' .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ `` The beginning of the end for Adobe 's Flash '' . CNN . November 10 , 2011 . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ `` PlayBook has a Flash - filled future ; RIM 's worst decision to date ? '' . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ Joseph Menn ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` Apple relaxes app developer rules '' . Financial Times . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ Gary Marshall ( March 8 , 2011 ) . `` Flash is coming to the iPad , iPad 2 and iPhone '' . techradar.com . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ Jonny Evans ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` Adobe brings Flash - free - Flash to Apple iPad , iPhone '' . COMPUTERWORLD . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` Photon Browser '' . Retrieved 5 March 2014 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ `` Puffin Web Browser -- About '' . Retrieved 12 February 2014 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ Hemphill , Kenny ( September 15 , 2011 ) . `` Microsoft ditches Flash support in tablet version of Internet Explorer '' . MacUser . London : Dennis Publishing . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2012 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ Bott , Ed . `` Microsoft changes default Flash behavior in Windows 8 and RT '' . zdnet.com . Retrieved 2 February 2015 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash Player 10.1 -- Installations and updates '' . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2010 . Retrieved November 19 , 2010 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe AIR -- Tech specs -- Adobe AIR -- System requirements '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe AIR now supports x86 Android '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 .
    111. \n
  111. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Release Notes -- Flash Player \u00ae 11.6 AIR \u00ae 3.6 '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ `` java -- Install Air Application in Android without Adobe Air -- Stack Overflow '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ `` Android -- must install adobe air ? '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 .
    114. \n
  114. \n ^ Jump up to : `` How are Adobe AIR applications packaged and dep ... -- Adobe Community '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ Announcing Flash Player 11 and AIR 3 Archived May 4 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Adobe Flash Platform Blog
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ https://www.adobe.com/flashplatform/certified_devices/tablets.html Retrieved on September 19 , 2011 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ BlackBerry . `` End of Support -- BlackBerry SDK for Adobe AIR -- BlackBerry Developer '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ Moll , Cameron ( 2007 ) . Mobile Web Design . Lulu.com . ISBN 9780615185910 .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ Christopher Kramer ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Flash on the Raspberry Pi '' . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 .
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ OpenFL Showcase
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash to HTML5 : Learn more about the CreateJS toolkit '' . Adobe.com .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ `` Google Swiffy '' . Google Labs .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ L. , Maxime . `` Google just announced a SWF to HTML5 converter '' . Linked In Groups : HTML5 Technologies .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ `` YouTube now defaults to HTML5 < video > '' . Retrieved 16 July 2015 .
    125. \n
  125. \n Jump up ^ RJ Owen ; Luke Stevens ( 2013 ) . The Truth About HTML5 . Apress . p. 83 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4302 - 6415 - 6 .
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ http://data.fen-om.com/siggraph/sd/tutorials/html_css_animation/html_css_animation.pdf
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ http://www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/products/flash/pdfs/html_extension_faq_ue.pdf
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 05 .
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ http://www.adobe.com/inspire/2014/02/flash-html5-canvas.html
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ `` Gnash homepage '' . Gnu.org . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 .
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ `` Changelog for the High Priority Projects list '' . Free Software Foundation .
    132. \n
  132. \n Jump up ^ Nitot , Tristan ( April 29 , 2008 ) . `` Mozilla warns of Flash and Silverlight ' agenda ' '' . ZDNet . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2008 . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 .
    133. \n
  133. \n Jump up ^ `` H\u00e5kon Wium Lie on the video element in HTML 5 '' . Google Video . 2007 - 03 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 .
    134. \n
  134. \n Jump up ^ `` Richard Stallman on The free software movement and its challenges '' . Australian National University , Canberra , Australia : Google Video . 2004 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 14 .
    135. \n
  135. \n Jump up ^ Nielsen , Jakob ( October 29 , 2000 ) . `` Flash : 99 % Bad '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2009 .
    136. \n
  136. \n Jump up ^ `` Help for The W3C Markup Validation Service '' . Validator.w3.org . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 .
    137. \n
  137. \n Jump up ^ `` How to Enable Flashblock in Chrome ( And Make it 5000 % More Secure ) '' . How - to Geek . 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 .
    138. \n
  138. \n Jump up ^ `` Firefox 14 To Get Click To Play Plugin Feature '' . ghacks.net. 29 March 2012 . Retrieved 18 August 2012 .
    139. \n
  139. \n Jump up ^ `` ClickToFlash '' . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 .
    140. \n
  140. \n Jump up ^ `` Better battery life for your laptop '' .
    141. \n
  141. \n Jump up ^ `` QA / Youtube Embedded Rewrite '' . Retrieved 21 May 2016 .
    142. \n
  142. \n Jump up ^ `` Security bulletins and advisories '' . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2010 . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 .
    143. \n
  143. \n Jump up ^ `` Expert says Adobe Flash policy is risky '' . ZDNet . November 12 , 2009 . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 .
    144. \n
  144. \n Jump up ^ `` Protect yourself from Flash attacks in Internet Explorer '' . September 9 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . I recommend that you disable the Shockwave Flash add - on in IE completely
    145. \n
  145. \n Jump up ^ `` Securing Your Web Browser '' . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 .
    146. \n
  146. \n Jump up ^ `` Pwn2Own 2010 : interview with Charlie Miller '' . March 1 , 2010 . Retrieved March 27 , 2010 .
    147. \n
  147. \n Jump up ^ `` How to Tell if Adobe Flash Player Update is Valid '' . Intego . Retrieved 9 April 2013 .
    148. \n
  148. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Flash Player : CVE security vulnerabilities , versions and detailed reports '' . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . 291 total vulnerabilities
    149. \n
  149. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe remedies webcam spy hole in Flash '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 .
    150. \n
  150. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash Player as a spy system '' . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 .
    151. \n
  151. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Flash Player Settings Manager '' . Adobe Systems . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 1 , 2010 .
    152. \n
  152. \n Jump up ^ `` Global Privacy Settings panel '' . Adobe Systems . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 .
    153. \n
  153. \n Jump up ^ `` Sophos Security Threat Report 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Sophos . December 2012 . pp. 11 , 24 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 .
    154. \n
  154. \n Jump up ^ `` Historical trends in the usage of client - side programming languages for websites '' , http://w3techs.com/
    155. \n
  155. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Agonizingly Slow Decline Of Adobe Flash Player '' , JARED NEWMAN 08.18. 15 , fastcompany.com
    156. \n
  156. \n Jump up ^ Jobs , Steve ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Thoughts on Flash '' . Apple.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 18 .
    157. \n
  157. \n Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Facebook 's new chief security officer wants to set a date to kill Flash '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 .
    158. \n
  158. \n Jump up ^ `` Firefox blacklists Flash player due to unpatched 0 - day vulnerabilities '' . Ars Technica . Cond\u00e9 Nast . Retrieved 15 July 2015 .
    159. \n
  159. \n Jump up ^ `` Google and Mozilla pull the plug on Adobe Flash : Tech giants disable the program on browsers following ' critical ' security flaw '' . DailyMail . Victoria Woollaston . Retrieved 20 October 2015 .
    160. \n
  160. \n Jump up ^ `` Adobe Flash has been blocked because it 's out of date '' . Google Support . Retrieved 20 October 2015 .
    161. \n
  161. \n Jump up ^ `` Apple blocks old , unsafe Adobe Flash plug - in versions in OS X Safari '' . Apple Insider . Retrieved 24 October 2015 .
    162. \n
  162. \n Jump up ^ `` Soltani , Ashkan , Canty , Shannon , Mayo , Quentin , Thomas , Lauren and Hoofnagle , Chris Jay : Flash Cookies and Privacy '' . August 10 , 2009 . SSRN 1446862 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help )
    163. \n
  163. \n Jump up ^ `` Local Shared Objects -- `` Flash Cookies '' `` . Electronic Privacy Information Center . July 21 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2010 . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 .
    164. \n
  164. \n Jump up ^ `` How to manage and disable Local Shared Objects '' . Adobe Systems Inc . September 9 , 2005 . Retrieved March 8 , 2010 .
    165. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Adobe Flash
\n File formats \n
    \n
  • \n ActionScript ( AS )
    • \n
  • \n Action Message Format ( AMF )
    • \n
  • \n Flash Video ( FLV )
    • \n
  • \n Flash XML Graphics ( FXG )
    • \n
  • \n Local shared objects ( LSOs )
    • \n
  • \n MXML
    • \n
  • \n Flash Movie ( SWF )
    • \n
  • \n Flash Code Library ( SWC )
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Software ( list ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Players \n
    \n
  • \n Adobe AIR
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Flash Player
    • \n
  • \n OpenFL
    • \n
  • \n Gnash
    • \n
  • \n Lightspark
    • \n
  • \n Gameswf
    • \n
  • \n Tamarin
    • \n
\n
\n Animation tools \n
    \n
  • \n Adobe Animate
    • \n
  • \n Toon Boom
    • \n
  • \n Moho
    • \n
  • \n GoAnimate
    • \n
  • \n Stencyl
    • \n
\n
\n Programming tools \n
    \n
  • \n FlashDevelop
    • \n
  • \n Powerflasher FDT
    • \n
  • \n Apache Flex
    • \n
  • \n Haxe
    • \n
  • \n CrossBridge
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Scout
    • \n
  • \n FlashFirebug
    • \n
\n
\n Libraries \n
    \n
  • \n Starling Framework
    • \n
  • \n Away3D
    • \n
  • \n Flare3D
    • \n
  • \n Stage3D
    • \n
  • \n PureMVC
    • \n
  • \n Ming
    • \n
  • \n List of Flex frameworks
    • \n
\n
\n Converters \n
    \n
  • \n Adobe Flash Media Live Encoder
    • \n
  • \n SWFTools
    • \n
  • \n swfmill
    • \n
  • \n Google Swiffy
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Wallaby
    • \n
\n
\n Server - side \n
    \n
  • \n Adobe Flash Media Server
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Obsolete software \n
    \n
  • \n Adobe Flash Builder
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Flash Catalyst
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Flash Lite
    • \n
  • \n SWFAddress
    • \n
  • \n SWFObject
    • \n
  • \n MTASC
    • \n
  • \n Scaleform GFx
    • \n
  • \n SWiSH Max
    • \n
  • \n Swift 3D
    • \n
  • \n Papervision3D
    • \n
  • \n Ajax Animator
    • \n
  • \n Shumway
    • \n
  • \n Swfdec
    • \n
  • \n OpenLaszlo
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Comparison of HTML5 and Flash
    • \n
  • \n Apple and Adobe Flash controversy
    • \n
  • \n Flash animation
      \n
    • \n films
      • \n
    • \n television
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Protected Streaming
    • \n
  • \n Real - Time Messaging Protocol
    • \n
  • \n Real - Time Media Flow Protocol
    • \n
\n
\n Developers \n
    \n
  • \n FutureWave Software
    • \n
  • \n Macromedia
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Systems
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Adobe Creative Suite and Creative Cloud
\n Current products \n
    \n
  • \n Acrobat
    • \n
  • \n After Effects
    • \n
  • \n Animate
    • \n
  • \n Audition
    • \n
  • \n Bridge
    • \n
  • \n Dreamweaver
    • \n
  • \n Flash Builder
    • \n
  • \n Illustrator
    • \n
  • \n InCopy
    • \n
  • \n InDesign
    • \n
  • \n Lightroom
    • \n
  • \n Media Encoder
    • \n
  • \n Muse
    • \n
  • \n Photoshop
    • \n
  • \n Prelude
    • \n
  • \n Premiere Pro
    • \n
  • \n Spark
    • \n
  • \n XD
    • \n
\n
\n Creative Cloud services \n
    \n
  • \n Behance
    • \n
  • \n Business Catalyst
    • \n
  • \n Story
    • \n
  • \n Typekit
    • \n
\n
\n Former products \n
    \n
  • \n Contribute
    • \n
  • \n Device Central
    • \n
  • \n Edge
      \n
    • \n Edge Animate
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Encore
    • \n
  • \n Flash Catalyst
    • \n
  • \n Fireworks
    • \n
  • \n GoLive
    • \n
  • \n ImageReady
    • \n
  • \n OnLocation
    • \n
  • \n Soundbooth
    • \n
  • \n Stock Photos
    • \n
  • \n Ultra
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Adobe eLearning Suite
\n Current products \n
    \n
  • \n Captivate
    • \n
  • \n Flash
    • \n
  • \n Dreamweaver
    • \n
  • \n Photoshop
    • \n
  • \n Acrobat
    • \n
  • \n Presenter
    • \n
  • \n Soundbooth
    • \n
\n
\n Shared applications \n
    \n
  • \n Bridge
    • \n
  • \n Device Central
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Adobe Systems
\n Software \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Suites \n
    \n
  • \n Creative Cloud ( Creative Suite )
    • \n
  • \n eLearning Suite
    • \n
  • \n Technical Communication Suite
    • \n
\n
\n Desktop \n
    \n
  • \n Animate
    • \n
  • \n Acrobat
    • \n
  • \n After Effects
    • \n
  • \n Brackets
    • \n
  • \n Edge Code
    • \n
  • \n Edge Reflow
    • \n
  • \n Digital Editions
    • \n
  • \n Director
    • \n
  • \n Dreamweaver
    • \n
  • \n FrameMaker
    • \n
  • \n FreeHand
    • \n
  • \n Flash Player
    • \n
  • \n Flex Builder
    • \n
  • \n GoLive
    • \n
  • \n Illustrator
    • \n
  • \n InDesign
    • \n
  • \n Media Encoder
    • \n
  • \n Media Player
    • \n
  • \n Muse
    • \n
  • \n PageMaker
    • \n
  • \n Photoshop
    • \n
  • \n Photoshop Lightroom
    • \n
  • \n Premiere Pro
    • \n
  • \n Reader
    • \n
  • \n Shockwave Player
    • \n
\n
\n Server \n
    \n
  • \n LiveCycle
    • \n
  • \n Flash Media Server
    • \n
  • \n BlazeDS
    • \n
  • \n ColdFusion
    • \n
  • \n JRun
    • \n
  • \n PhoneGap Build
    • \n
\n
\n 		\n
\n Technologies \n
    \n
  • \n ActionScript
    • \n
  • \n Adobe AIR
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Flash
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Flex
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Shockwave
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Font Folio
    • \n
  • \n Digital Negative ( DNG )
    • \n
  • \n Authorware
    • \n
  • \n FlashPaper
    • \n
  • \n Portable Document Format ( PDF )
    • \n
  • \n PostScript
    • \n
\n
\n Web services \n
    \n
  • \n Acrobat.com
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Solutions Network
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Photoshop Express
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Premiere Express
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Spark
    • \n
  • \n Adobe Stock
    • \n
\n
\n Acquisitions \n
    \n
  • \n Aldus
    • \n
  • \n Macromedia
    • \n
  • \n Scene7
    • \n
  • \n Omniture
    • \n
  • \n Behance
    • \n
  • \n Fotolia
    • \n
\n
\n People \n
    \n
  • \n Bruce Chizen
    • \n
  • \n Charles Geschke
    • \n
  • \n Shantanu Narayen
    • \n
  • \n John Warnock
    • \n
  • \n Del Yocam
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Commons
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adobe_Flash&oldid=821675124 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what is the use of adobe flash cs3 professional", "long_answers": ["In 2007 , Adobe 's first version release was Adobe Flash CS3 Professional , the ninth major version of Flash . It introduced the ActionScript 3.0 programming language , which supported modern programming practices and enabled business applications to be developed with Flash . Adobe Flex Builder ( built on Eclipse ) targeted the enterprise application development market , and was also released the same year . Flex Builder included the Flex SDK , a set of components that included charting , advanced UI , and data services ( Flex Data Services ) .\n"], "short_answers": ["supported modern programming practices and enabled business applications to be developed with Flash\n"]} {"text": "Ebola virus cases in the United States - wikipedia

\n Ebola virus cases in the United States

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Ebola virus cases in the United States starting in 2014 . For the 2013 - 2016 outbreak in Africa , see Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa . For the U.S. discovery of a different species of the Ebolavirus genus in 1989 , see Reston virus . \n Ebola virus disease in the U.S. \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Map of Ebola cases and infrastructure throughout the U.S.
\n Cases contracted in the U.S. \n
\n Cases first diagnosed in U.S. \n
\n Cases evacuated to U.S. from other countries \n 7
\n Total cases \n 11
\n Deaths \n
\n Recoveries from Ebola \n 9
\n Active cases \n 0
\n

\n In December 2014 , Ebola virus cases in the United States occurred due to four laboratory - confirmed cases of Ebola virus disease ( commonly known as `` Ebola '' ) in the United States . Eleven cases have been reported , including these four cases and seven cases medically evacuated from other countries ; the first was reported in September 2014 . Nine of the people contracted the disease outside the US and traveled into the country , either as regular airline passengers or as medical evacuees ; of those nine , two died . Two people have contracted Ebola in the United States . Both were nurses who treated an Ebola patient ; both have recovered .

\n

\n On September 30 , 2014 , the CDC announced that Thomas Eric Duncan , a reportedly 42 - year - old ( later corrected by CDC reports as a 45 - year - old ) Liberian national visiting the United States from Liberia , had been diagnosed with Ebola in Dallas , Texas . Duncan , who had been visiting family in Dallas , was treated at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas . By October 4 , Duncan 's condition had deteriorated from `` serious but stable '' to `` critical '' . On October 8 , Duncan died of Ebola. The other three cases diagnosed in the United States as of October 2014 were :

\n \n

\n Hundreds of people were tested or monitored for potential Ebola virus infection , but the two nurses were the only confirmed cases of locally transmitted Ebola . Public health experts and the Obama administration opposed instituting a travel ban on Ebola endemic areas , stating that it would be ineffective and would paradoxically worsen the situation .

\n

\n No one both contracted and died of Ebola virus disease while in the United States . No new cases have been diagnosed in the United States since Craig Spencer was released from a New York City hospital on November 11 , 2014 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Cases diagnosed in U.S. ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Articles related to the
\n West African Ebola virus epidemic
\n
\n Overview
\n
    \n
  • \n Ebola virus disease
    • \n
  • \n Timeline of the epidemic
    • \n
  • \n Responses to the epidemic
    • \n
  • \n Timeline , tables and graphs
    • \n
  • \n Ebola virus disease treatment research
    • \n
  • \n Post-Ebola virus syndrome
    • \n
  • \n Ebola vaccine
    • \n
\n
\n Nations with widespread cases
\n
    \n
  • \n Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Liberia
    • \n
  • \n Sierra Leone
    • \n
\n
\n Other affected nations
\n
    \n
  • \n Mali
    • \n
  • \n Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Senegal
    • \n
  • \n Spain
    • \n
  • \n United States
    • \n
  • \n United Kingdom
    • \n
  • \n Italy
    • \n
\n
\n Other outbreaks
\n
    \n
  • \n List of Ebola outbreaks
    • \n
  • \n 1976 Zaire outbreak
    • \n
  • \n 2014 DR Congo outbreak
    • \n
  • \n List of epidemics
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n First case : Thomas Eric Duncan ( edit )

\n Main article : Thomas Eric Duncan Thomas Eric Duncan in Liberia ( edit )

\n Thomas Eric Duncan was from Monrovia , Liberia , to date the country hit hardest by the Ebola virus epidemic . Duncan worked as a personal driver for the general manager of Safeway Cargo , a FedEx contractor in Liberia . According to manager Henry Brunson , Duncan had abruptly quit his job on September 4 , 2014 , giving no reason .

\n

\n On September 15 , 2014 , the family of Marthalene Williams , who later died of Ebola virus disease , could not call an ambulance to transfer the pregnant Williams to a hospital . Duncan , their tenant , helped to transfer Williams by taxi to an Ebola treatment ward in Monrovia . Duncan rode in the taxi to the treatment ward with Williams , her father and her brother .

\n

\n On September 19 , Duncan went to Monrovia Airport , where , according to Liberian officials , Duncan lied about his history of contact with the disease on an airport questionnaire before boarding a Brussels Airlines flight to Brussels . In Brussels , Duncan boarded United Airlines Flight 951 to Washington Dulles Airport . From Dulles , he boarded United Airlines Flight 822 to Dallas / Fort Worth . He arrived in Dallas at 7 : 01 p.m. CDT on September 20 , 2014 , and stayed with his partner and her five children , who lived in the Fair Oaks neighborhood of Dallas . Vickery Meadow , the region of Dallas where Duncan resided , has a large African immigrant population and is Dallas 's densest neighborhood .

\n Duncan 's illness in Dallas ( edit ) Texas Presbyterian Hospital , where Duncan was treated

\n Duncan began experiencing symptoms on September 24 , 2014 , and arrived at the Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital emergency room at 10 : 37 p.m. on September 25 . At 11 : 36 p.m. , a triage nurse asked Duncan about his symptoms , and Duncan reported feeling `` abdominal pain , dizziness , nausea and headache ( new onset ) . '' The nurse recorded a fever of 100.1 \u00b0 F ( 37.8 \u00b0 C ) , but did not inquire as to his travel history as this was not triage protocol at the time . At 12 : 05 a.m. , Duncan was admitted into a treatment area room where the on - duty physician accessed the electronic health record ( EHR ) . The physician noted nasal congestion , a runny nose , and abdominal tenderness . Duncan was given paracetamol ( acetaminophen ) at 1 : 24 a.m. CT scan results came back noting `` no acute disease '' for the abdominal and pelvic areas and `` unremarkable '' for the head . Lab results returned showing slightly low white blood cells , low platelets , increased creatinine , and elevated levels of the liver enzyme AST . His temperature was noted at 103.0 \u00b0 F ( 39.4 \u00b0 C ) at 3 : 02 a.m. and 101.2 \u00b0 F ( 38.4 \u00b0 C ) at 3 : 32 a.m. Duncan was diagnosed with sinusitis and abdominal pain and sent home at 3 : 37 a.m. with a prescription for antibiotics , which are not effective for treating viral diseases .

\n `` What we 're seeing now is not an ' outbreak ' or an ' epidemic ' of Ebola in America . This is a serious disease , but we ca n't give in to hysteria or fear . '' -- President Barack Obama on the Ebola outbreak

\n Duncan 's condition worsened , and he was transported on September 28 to the same Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital emergency room by ambulance . Duncan arrived in the emergency room at 10 : 07 a.m. , experiencing diarrhea , abdominal pain , and fever . Within fifteen minutes , a doctor noted that Duncan had recently come from Liberia and needed to be tested for Ebola . The doctor described following `` strict C.D.C. protocol '' including wearing a mask , gown , and gloves . At 12 : 58 p.m. , the doctor called the CDC directly . By 9 : 40 p.m. , Duncan was experiencing explosive diarrhea and projectile vomiting . At 8 : 28 a.m. the next morning , the doctor noted that Duncan `` appeared to be deteriorating . '' By 11 : 32 a.m. , Duncan was suffering from fatigue severe enough to prevent him from using the bedside toilet . Later that day , Duncan was transferred to an intensive care unit ( ICU ) after all other patients had been evacuated . The next day , September 30 , Duncan was diagnosed with Ebola virus disease after a positive test result .

\n

\n Duncan 's diagnosis was publicly confirmed during a CDC news conference the same day . That evening , Duncan reported feeling better and requested to watch a movie . The following morning , Duncan was breathing rapidly and complaining of `` pain all over '' . By the afternoon , however , he was able to eat , and the doctor noted that he was feeling better . The next day , October 3 , Duncan again reported feeling abdominal pain . That evening , the hospital contacted Chimerix , a biotechnology company developing Brincidofovir to combat the disease . The next day , Duncan 's organs were failing , and he was intubated to help him breathe . In the afternoon , the hospital began administering Brincidofovir . Nurses Nina Pham and Amber Joy Vinson continued to care for Duncan around the clock . On October 7 , the hospital reported that Duncan 's condition was improving . However , Duncan died at 7 : 51 a.m. on October 8 , becoming the first person to die in the United States of Ebola virus disease and the index patient for the later infections of nurses Pham and Vinson .

\n Contact tracing ( edit )

\n On October 5 , the CDC announced it had lost track of a homeless man who had been in the same ambulance as Duncan . They announced efforts were underway to find the man and place him in a comfortable and compassionate monitoring environment . Later that day , the CDC announced that the man had been found and was being monitored .

\n

\n Up to 100 people may have had contact with those who had direct contact with Duncan after he showed symptoms . Health officials later monitored 50 low - and 10 high - risk contacts , the high - risk contacts being Duncan 's close family members and three ambulance workers who took him to the hospital . Everyone who came into contact with Duncan was being monitored daily to watch for symptoms of the virus , until October 20 , when health officials removed 43 out of the 48 initial contacts of Thomas Duncan from isolation . On November 7 , 2014 , Dallas was officially declared `` Ebola free '' after 177 monitored people cleared the 21 day threshold without becoming ill .

\n Reactions ( edit )

\n On October 2 , Liberian authorities said they could prosecute Duncan if he returned because before flying he had filled out a form in which he had falsely stated he had not come into contact with an Ebola case . Liberian President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf told the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation she was angry with Duncan for what he had done , especially given how much the United States was doing to help tackle the crisis : `` One of our compatriots did n't take due care , and so , he 's gone there and in a way put some Americans in a state of fear , and put them at some risk , and so I feel very saddened by that and very angry with him. ... The fact that he knew ( he might be a carrier ) and he left the country is unpardonable , quite frankly . '' Before his death , Duncan brazenly claimed that he did not know at the time of boarding the flight that he had been exposed to Ebola ; he said he believed the woman he helped was having a miscarriage , which contradicts corroborated accounts from family members who also helped transport the woman to an Ebola ward .

\n

\n Duncan 's family said the care Duncan received was at best `` incompetent '' and at worst `` racially motivated '' . Family members threatened legal action against the hospital where Duncan received treatment . In response , Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital issued a statement , `` Our care team provided Mr. Duncan with the same high level of attention and care that would be given any patient , regardless of nationality or ability to pay for care . We have a long history of treating a multicultural community in this area . '' The hospital spent an estimated $500,000 on Duncan 's treatment . He had no health insurance .

\n

\n Officials at Texas Presbyterian Hospital have said the hospital has become like a `` ghost town '' as patients have canceled scheduled surgeries and those seeking emergency care have avoided the emergency room .

\n

\n The reaction to the care and treatment of Thomas Duncan , and the subsequent transmission to two of the nurses on his care team , have caused several hospitals to question the extent to which they are obligated to treat Ebola patients . Discussions on curtailing treatment are underway at Geisinger Health System , which operates hospitals in Pennsylvania , and Intermountain Healthcare , which runs facilities in Utah , according to their spokesmen . Their concern surrounds the reality that understaffed and poorly equipped hospitals performing invasive procedures , like renal dialysis and intubation , both of which Duncan received at Texas Presbyterian , could put staff at too much risk for contracting the virus . Emory University Hospital in Atlanta also used renal dialysis in treating patients at their biocontainment unit , but no health care workers became infected . In October 2014 Vickery Meadow residents stated that people were discriminating against them because of the incident .

\n

\n Second case : Nina Pham ( edit )

\n President Obama hugs Nina Pham at the White House after her treatment at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda , Maryland .

\n On the night of October 10 , Nina Pham , a 26 - year - old nurse who had treated Duncan at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital , reported a low - grade fever and was placed in isolation . On October 11 , she tested positive for Ebola virus , becoming the first person to contract the virus in the U.S. On October 12 , the CDC confirmed the positive test results . Hospital officials said Pham had worn the recommended protective gear when treating Duncan on his second visit to the hospital and had `` extensive contact '' with him on `` multiple occasions '' . Pham was in stable condition as of October 12 .

\n

\n On October 16 , Pham was transferred to the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center in Bethesda , Maryland . On October 24 , the NIH declared Pham free of the Ebola virus . That day Pham traveled to the White House where she met with President Obama .

\n Controversies and lawsuit ( edit )

\n Tom Frieden , director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , initially blamed a breach in protocol for the infection . The hospital 's chief clinical officer , Dr. Dan Varga , said all staff had followed CDC recommendations . Bonnie Costello of National Nurses United said , `` You do n't scapegoat and blame when you have a disease outbreak . We have a system failure . That is what we have to correct . '' Frieden later spoke to `` clarify '' that he had not found `` fault with the hospital or the healthcare worker '' . National Nurses United criticized the hospital for its lack of Ebola protocols and for guidelines that were `` constantly changing '' . Briana Aguirre , a nurse who had cared for Nina Pham , criticized the hospital in an appearance on NBC 's Today Show . Aguirre said that she and others had not received proper training or personal protective equipment , and that the hospital had not provided consistent protocols for handling potential Ebola patients into the second week of the crisis . A report indicated that healthcare workers did not wear hazmat suits until Duncan 's test results confirmed his infection due to Ebola , two days after his admission to the hospital . Frieden later said that the CDC could have been more aggressive in the management and control of the virus at the hospital .

\n

\n On March 2 , 2015 The New York Times reported that Pham filed a suit against Texas Health Resources , her hospital 's parent company , accusing it of `` negligence , fraud and invasion of privacy '' . Pham was described as still suffering from numerous physical and psychological problems , listing lack of proper training as the reason for her illness .

\n

\n Third case : Amber Vinson ( edit )

\n An Aeromedical Biological Containment System ( ABCS ) , the same model used to transport both Nina Pham and Amber Vinson to isolation units

\n On October 14 , a second nurse at the same hospital , identified as 29 - year - old Amber Vinson , reported a fever . Amber Joy Vinson was among the nurses who had provided treatment for Duncan . Vinson was isolated within 90 minutes of reporting the fever . By the next day , Vinson had tested positive for Ebola virus . On October 13 , Vinson had flown Frontier Airlines Flight 1143 from Cleveland to Dallas , after spending the weekend in Tallmadge and Akron , Ohio . Vinson had an elevated temperature of 99.5 \u00b0 F ( 37.5 \u00b0 C ) before boarding the 138 - passenger jet , according to public health officials . Vinson had flown to Cleveland from Dallas on Frontier Airlines Flight 1142 on October 10 . Flight crew members from Flight 1142 were put on paid leave for 21 days .

\n

\n During a press conference , CDC Director Tom Frieden stated she should not have traveled since she was one of the health care workers known to have had exposure to Duncan . Passengers of both flights were asked to contact the CDC as a precautionary measure .

\n

\n It was later discovered that the CDC had , in fact , given Vinson permission to board a commercial flight to Cleveland . Before her trip back to Dallas , she spoke to Dallas County Health Department and called the CDC several times to report her 99.5 \u00b0 F ( 37.5 \u00b0 C ) temperature before boarding her flight . A CDC employee who took her call checked a CDC chart , noted that Vinson 's temperature was not a true fever -- a temperature of 100.4 \u00b0 F ( 38.0 \u00b0 C ) or higher -- which the CDC deemed as `` high risk '' , and let her board the commercial flight . On October 19 , Vinson 's family released a statement detailing her government - approved travel clearances and announcing that they had hired a Washington , DC , attorney , Billy Martin . As a precaution , sixteen people in Ohio who had had contact with Vinson were voluntarily quarantined .

\n

\n On October 15 , Vinson was transferred to the Emory University Hospital in Atlanta . Seven days later , Vinson was declared Ebola free by Emory University Hospital .

\n Monitoring of other health care workers ( edit )

\n As of October 15 , 2014 , there were 76 Texas Presbyterian Hospital health care workers being monitored because they had had some level of contact with Thomas Duncan . On October 16 , after learning that Vinson had traveled on a plane before her Ebola diagnosis , the Texas Department of State Health Services advised all health care workers exposed to Duncan to avoid travel and public places until 21 days after their last known exposure .

\n

\n Fourth case : Craig Spencer ( edit )

\n

\n On October 23 , Craig Spencer , a physician who treated Ebola patients in West Africa , tested positive for Ebola at Bellevue Hospital Center after having a 100.3 \u00b0 F ( 37.9 \u00b0 C ) fever . Officials said he was hospitalized with fever , nausea , pain , and fatigue . He had flown to New York City from Guinea within the previous ten days , and contacted the city 's Department of Health and Doctors without Borders after showing symptoms . Spencer traveled to Guinea to treat Ebola victims on September 16 and returned on October 16 . Spencer had been self - monitoring for symptoms of the disease , and began to feel sluggish on October 21 , but did not show any symptoms for two days . His case was the first to be diagnosed in New York . The city was trying to find people who may have been in contact with Spencer between October 21 -- 23 .

\n

\n On October 22 , the day before he had symptoms , Spencer rode the New York City Subway , walked on the High Line park , went to a bowling alley and a restaurant in Brooklyn , took an Uber cab to his home in Manhattan , and took a 3 - mile ( 4.8 km ) jog in Harlem near where he lived . Three other people who were with Spencer in the previous few days were quarantined as well . Spencer 's apartment and the bowling alley he went to were cleaned by hazmat company Bio Recovery Corporation . Health officials stated it was unlikely that Spencer could have transmitted the disease through subway poles , hand railings , or via bowling balls .

\n

\n New York hospitals , health - workers , and officials had conducted weeks of drills and training in preparation for Craig Spencer . Upon arrival at the hospital , he was put in a specially designed isolation center for treatment . Not many details about the treatment were given , except that he participated in decisions relating to his medical care . On October 25 , the New York Post reported that an anonymous source had said that nurses at Bellevue had been calling in sick to avoid having to care for Spencer . A hospital spokesperson denied there was a sick out . On November 1 , his condition was upgraded to `` stable '' , and on November 7 the hospital announced he was free of Ebola . Spencer was released from the hospital on November 11 . He was cheered and applauded by medical staff members , and hugged by the Mayor of New York , Bill de Blasio as he walked out of the hospital . The Mayor also declared : `` New York City is Ebola free '' .

\n

\n As a result of Spencer 's Ebola case , U.S. Senator Charles Schumer ( D - NY ) , has proposed an Ebola fund in an omnibus bill to be considered in fiscal year 2015 . Schumer said the funds are needed to compensate New York City , as well as other cities treating Ebola patients , in the same way the federal government covers communities that suffer after a natural disaster . Schumer said Craig Spencer 's care at Bellevue Hospital involved around 100 health care workers . In addition , the city 's health department has established a 24 - hour - a-day operation involving 500 staffers to keep track of the approximately 300 persons from West Africa hot spots who arrive in New York every day .

\n

\n Medical evacuations from West Africa ( edit )

\n Local transmissions -- no deaths : Texas Initial cases -- deaths : Texas Initial cases -- no deaths : New York Medically evacuated cases -- no deaths : Georgia , Maryland Medically evacuated cases -- deaths : Nebraska

\n By the time the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa was over in June 2016 , seven Americans had been evacuated to the U.S. for treatment after contracting Ebola virus while working with medical teams trying to stop the epidemic . Kent Brantly , a physician and medical director in Liberia for the aid group Samaritan 's Purse , and co-worker Nancy Writebol were infected in July 2014 , while working in Monrovia . Both were flown to the United States at the beginning of August via the CDC 's Aeromedical Biological Containment System for further treatment in Atlanta 's Emory University Hospital . On August 21 , Brantly and Writebol recovered and were discharged . Brantly has since donated blood to three others with Ebola ( Sacra , Mukpo and Pham ) .

\n

\n On September 4 , a Massachusetts physician , Rick Sacra , was airlifted from Liberia to be treated in Omaha , Nebraska at the Nebraska Medical Center . Working for Serving In Mission ( SIM ) , he was the third U.S. missionary to contract Ebola . He thinks he probably contracted Ebola while performing a caesarean section on a patient who had not been diagnosed with the disease . While in hospital , Sacra received a blood transfusion from Brantly , who had recently recovered from the disease . On September 25 , Sacra was declared Ebola - free and released from the hospital .

\n

\n On September 9 , the fourth U.S. citizen who contracted the Ebola virus arrived at Emory University Hospital in Atlanta for treatment . On October 16 , he released a statement saying he has improved and expects to be discharged in the near future . The doctor was identified as Dr. Ian Crozier , and according to the hospital the sickest patient treated . He was scheduled to receive a blood or serum transfusion from a British man who had recently recovered from the disease . In addition , on September 21 , a CDC employee , who showed no symptoms of the disease , was flown back to the United States as a preventative measure after low - risk exposure with a healthcare worker ; he posed no risks to his family or the United States , and he is not known to have died . On September 28 , a fourth American doctor was admitted to National Institutes of Health hospital .

\n

\n On October 2 , NBC News photojournalist Ashoka Mukpo , covering the outbreak in Liberia , tested positive for Ebola after showing symptoms . Four other members of the NBC team , including physician Nancy Snyderman , were being closely monitored for symptoms . Mukpo was evacuated on October 6 to the University of Nebraska Medical Center for treatment in their isolation unit . On October 21 , Mukpo was declared Ebola - free and allowed to return to his home in Rhode Island .

\n

\n A government official in Sierra Leone announced on November 13 , that a doctor from Sierra Leone , a permanent resident of the United States married to a U.S. citizen , would be transported to the Nebraska Medical Center for treatment for Ebola . The doctor , identified later as Dr. Martin Salia , became symptomatic while in Sierra Leone . His initial Ebola test came back negative , but his symptoms persisted . He attempted to treat his symptoms , which included vomiting and diarrhea , believing he had malaria . A second test for Ebola came back positive . His family have expressed concern that the delay in diagnosis might impact his recovery . Dr. Salia arrived at Eppley Airfield in Omaha on November 15 , and was transported to the Nebraska Medical Center . According to the team that assisted in the transport , he was critically ill and considered to be the sickest patient to be evacuated , but stable enough to fly . On November 17 , Dr. Salia died from the disease . Dr. Philip Smith , medical director of the biocontainment unit at Nebraska Medical Center , said Salia 's disease was already `` extremely advanced '' by the time he arrived in Omaha . By then , Salia 's kidneys had failed and he was in acute respiratory distress . Salia 's treatment included a blood plasma transfusion from an Ebola survivor , as well as the experimental drug ZMapp . Dr. Salia had been working as a general surgeon in Freetown , Sierra Leone when he fell ill . It was not clear when or where he had had contact with Ebola patients .

\n

\n A U.S. clinician contracted Ebola while working in Port Loko , Sierra Leone . He collapsed in the hospital and colleagues who assisted him are being monitored for exposure . He was diagnosed with Ebola on March 10 , 2015 and medically evacuated to the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda , Maryland on March 13 . His condition was downgraded from serious to critical on March 16 . The ten exposed colleagues were flown back to the U.S. , going into isolation near the Ebola - rated hospitals at Nebraska , Georgia , and Maryland . On March 26 , 2015 , the NIH upgraded the medically evacuated health worker being treated in Bethesda from critical to serious . A further 16 volunteers are being monitored for possible exposure . On April 9 , 2015 , the clinician was upgraded to good condition and discharged .

\n

\n Containment efforts ( edit )

\n

\n Operation United Assistance ( edit )

\n The 25 - bed Monrovia Medical Unit was constructed for health care workers supporting Operation United Assistance . Main article : Operation United Assistance

\n The U.S. military released plans to send up to 4,000 troops to West Africa to establish treatment centers starting September 29 . The troops are tasked with building modular hospitals known as Expeditionary Medical Support Systems ( EMEDS ) . Plans included building a 25 - bed hospital for health care workers and 17 treatment centers with 100 beds each in Liberia . By the end of September 2014 150 military personnel were helping USAID in the capital , Monrovia .

\n

\n U.S. Army Chief of Staff Ray Odierno ordered on October 27 a 21 - day quarantine of all soldiers returning from Operation United Assistance . Up to 12 soldiers have been quarantined so far in a U.S. base in Italy .

\n

\n Revised CDC guidelines ( edit )

\n

\n Since 2007 , US hospitals have relied on CDC infection control protocols to contain Ebola virus disease . Until October 20 , 2014 , the CDC guidelines allowed hospitals wide latitude to select gear based on interaction between healthcare workers and patients and on the mode of transmission of the disease being handled . The guidelines suggested gowns with `` full coverage of the arms and body front , from neck to the mid-thigh or below , will ensure that clothing and exposed upper body areas are protected '' , and additionally recommend masks and goggles .

\n

\n Some infection control experts said that many American hospitals improperly trained their personnel to handle Ebola cases because they were following federal guidelines that were too lax . US officials abruptly changed their guidelines on October 14 . The New York Times stated that this was an effective acknowledgment that there were problems with the procedures for protecting health care workers . Sean Kaufman , who oversaw infection control at Emory University Hospital while it treated Ebola patients , has said the previous CDC guidelines were `` absolutely irresponsible and dead wrong '' . Kaufman called to warn the agency about its lax guidelines but , according to Kaufman , `` They kind of blew me off . ''

\n

\n A Doctors Without Borders representative , whose organization has been treating Ebola patients in Africa , criticized a CDC poster for lax guidelines on containing Ebola , saying , `` It does n't say anywhere that it 's for Ebola . I was surprised that it was only one set of gloves , and the rest bare hands . It seems to be for general cases of infectious disease . ''

\n

\n The national nursing union National Nurses United criticized the CDC for making the guidelines voluntary . There were complaints at the Texas hospital that healthcare professionals had to use tape to cover their exposed necks . According to Frieden , the CDC is appointing a hospital site manager to oversee Ebola containment efforts and are making `` intensive efforts '' to retrain and supervise staff .

\n

\n On October 14 , the WHO reported that 125 contacts in the United States were being traced and monitored . On October 20 , the CDC updated its guidance on Personal Protective Equipment with new detailed instructions that include specifying that no skin should be exposed and adding extensive instructions for donning and doffing the equipment . On October 20 CDC updated its guidance to add clarification that Ebola may spread through wet droplets such as sneezes .

\n

\n Ebola Response coordinator ( edit )

\n

\n In mid-October 2014 , President Barack Obama appointed Ron Klain as the `` Ebola response coordinator '' of the United States . Klain is a lawyer who previously served as Joe Biden 's and Al Gore 's chief of staff . Klain has no medical or health care experience . After previous criticism , Obama said , `` It may make sense for us to have one person ... so that after this initial surge of activity , we can have a more regular process just to make sure that we 're crossing all the T 's and dotting all the I 's going forward '' . Klain will report to White House Homeland Security Adviser Lisa Monaco and National Security Advisor Susan Rice . Klain will not coordinate with hospitals and the United States Public Health Service , as this is the responsibility of Nicole Lurie , Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response ( ASPR ) . President Barack Obama attempted to calm public fears by hugging nurse Nina Pham who had been cured of Ebola .

\n

\n Rapid Response teams ( edit )

\n

\n President Obama announced the formation of rapid response teams to travel to hospitals with newly diagnosed patients . A second set of teams will prep hospitals in cities deemed most likely to see an Ebola virus case . Three of those teams are already operating . In announcing the formation of the teams , President Obama explained , `` We want a rapid response team , a SWAT team essentially , from the CDC to be on the ground as quickly as possible , hopefully within 24 hours , so that they are taking the local hospital step by step through what needs to be done . '' The CDC has developed two sets of teams , identified by the acronyms CERT ( CDC Ebola Response Team ) and FAST ( Facility Assessment and Support Teams ) . The CERTs have 10 to 20 people each , who can be sent to a hospital with a suspected and / or laboratory confirmed Ebola virus case . The teams are drawn from 100 CDC workers and others . The FAST teams assist hospitals that have indicated they are willing to take on Ebola cases .

\n

\n Airport screening ( edit )

\n Ebola screening of a passenger who arrived from Sierra Leone at Chicago 's O'Hare airport

\n Starting in October 2014 , U.S. government officials began questioning airplane passengers and screening them for fever at five U.S. airports : John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York , Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey , O'Hare International Airport in Illinois , Washington Dulles International Airport in Virginia , and Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Georgia . Combined , these airports receive more than 94 % of passengers from Guinea , Liberia , and Sierra Leone , the three countries most affected by Ebola .

\n

\n Although no plans have been announced for other airports , screening in the U.S. represents a second layer of protection since passengers are already being screened upon exiting these three countries . However , the risk can never be totally eliminated . On October 21 , the Department of Homeland Security announced that all passengers from Liberia , Sierra Leone , and Guinea will be required to fly into one of these five airports . On October 23 , the CDC announced that all passengers from these countries would receive 21 - day monitoring .

\n

\n A physician with the WHO , Aileen Marty , who had spent 31 days in Nigeria , criticized the complete lack of screening for Ebola on her recent return to the United States through Miami International Airport on October 12 .

\n

\n There have also been calls by congressional leaders , including U.S. Representative Ed Royce , Chairman of the House Foreign Relations Committee , and U.S. Representative Michael McCaul of Texas , Chair of the Homeland Security Committee , to suspend issuing visas to travelers from the affected West African countries , including Liberia , Sierra Leone , and Guinea .

\n

\n Mandatory 21 - day quarantine ( edit )

\n 21 day mandatory quarantine for people exposed to people with Ebola : New York , New Jersey , Connecticut , California 21 day mandatory quarantine for people exposed to people with Ebola without wearing protective gear or otherwise at high risk : Illinois , Virginia 21 day mandatory twice daily temperature reporting and voluntary in - home quarantine for people exposed to people with Ebola : Maine 21 day mandatory twice daily health screening or temperature reporting for people who have been in West African Ebola - afflicted countries : Florida , Georgia , Maryland , Pennsylvania

\n On October 7 , Connecticut governor Dannel Malloy signed an order authorizing the mandatory quarantine for 21 days of anyone , even if asymptomatic , who had direct contact with Ebola patients . Nine people were quarantined on October 22 , in accordance with the Connecticut order .

\n

\n At a joint news conference on October 24 , New York Governor Andrew Cuomo and New Jersey Governor Chris Christie announced that they were imposing a mandatory 21 - day quarantine on all air travelers returning to New York and New Jersey from West Africa who have had contact with Ebola patients . In explaining the move from the CDC 's voluntary quarantine to a state ordered mandatory one , Cuomo cited the case of Dr. Spencer . `` In a region like this , you go out three times , you ride the subway , you ride the bus , you could affect hundreds of people . '' Cuomo praised Spencer 's work but stated , `` He 's a doctor and even he did n't follow the voluntary quarantine . Let 's be honest . ''

\n

\n Governors Cuomo and Christie stated that their two states needed to go beyond the federal CDC guidelines . Cuomo said Dr. Spencer 's activity in the days before his diagnosis showed the guidelines , which includes urging health care workers and others who have had contact with Ebola patients to voluntarily quarantine themselves , were not enough .

\n

\n Late on October 26 , Governor Cuomo modified the state 's quarantine procedure , stating that people entering New York who have had contact with Ebola patients in West Africa will be quarantined in their homes for the 21 days , with twice daily checks to ensure their health has not changed and that they are complying with the order , and would receive some compensation for lost wages , if any . President Obama and his staff had been attempting to persuade New York Governor Cuomo , New Jersey Governor Christie , and the government of Illinois to reverse their mandatory quarantines .

\n

\n Illinois Governor Pat Quinn issued a similar quarantine authorization the same day as New York and New Jersey initially did , with Florida Governor Rick Scott on October 25 , authorizing mandatory twice daily monitoring for 21 days of people identified as coming from countries affected by Ebola . Illinois health officials later said that only people at high risk of Ebola exposure , such as not wearing protective gear near Ebola patients , will be quarantined .

\n

\n Pennsylvania , Maryland , and Georgia have all authorized mandatory twice daily health monitoring and / or temperature reporting for 21 days for people exposed to people with Ebola . Virginia has also implemented mandatory twice daily temperature reporting and daily monitoring from health authorities , but has also authorized mandatory quarantine for higher risk patients . California mandated a 21 - day quarantine for all health workers who have had contact with Ebola patients .

\n Interior of the isolation tent used by University Hospital in New Jersey to quarantine Kaci Hickox

\n Kaci Hickox , an American nurse who treated Ebola patients in Sierra Leone became the first person placed under the new mandatory quarantine rules on her arrival at Newark Liberty International Airport , in New Jersey . A low - accuracy ( forehead ) thermometer indicated Hickox developed a fever on Friday night and was taken to University Hospital in Newark . She later tested negative for the Ebola virus but remained quarantined in a medical tent . Hickox and Doctors Without Borders criticized the condition of the quarantine in a tent with a bed and a portable toilet , but without shower facility . Hickox expressed that it was inhumane . The hospital responded that they tried their best to accommodate Hickox by allowing her to have computer access , cell phone , reading materials , and providing take - out food and drink . On October 27 , after being symptom free for an additional 24 - hour period , testing negative for Ebola , and after the state 's quarantine policy was relaxed the night before , Hickox was released from quarantine in New Jersey . She has filed suit .

\n

\n Hickox was escorted out of New Jersey and into Maine the following day by a private convoy of SUVs . Maine Governor Paul LePage announced he was joining with his state 's health department in seeking legal authority to enforce the quarantine after Hickox announced she would not comply with the isolation protocols in Maine . She left her house on October 29 and October 30 . The governor said : `` She 's violated every promise she 's made so far , so I ca n't trust her . I do n't trust her . '' A Maine judge ruled against a mandatory quarantine on October 31 , but required Hickox to comply with `` direct active monitoring , '' to coordinate her travel with Maine health officials , and to notify health officials if she develops symptoms of Ebola .

\n

\n On October 29 , Texas Governor Rick Perry announced that a Texas nurse returning from Sierra Leone where she treated Ebola patients , had agreed to self - quarantine at her Austin home for 21 days and undergo frequent monitoring from state health officials . The nurse was not named to protect her privacy . Governor Perry said she agreed to the self - quarantine despite not having any symptoms of Ebola virus . Texas health officials met the nurse after she landed at Austin -- Bergstrom International Airport . Perry spoke with the nurse over the phone to thank her for working to fight Ebola . `` In Texas , we have a great tradition of welcoming our heroes back home , and this heroic individual deserves our appreciation , our compassion and our utmost respect , '' he said in a statement . `` The tremendous work that she and so many other health care workers are doing in West Africa is making life better for those in afflicted countries and helps protect the rest of the world from the spread of this terrible disease ; they are doing vitally important work that makes us all proud . ''

\n

\n U.S. Army Chief of Staff Ray Odierno also ordered on October 27 a 21 - day quarantine of all soldiers returning from Operation United Assistance in Liberia . Up to 12 soldiers have been quarantined so far in a U.S. base in Italy .

\n

\n Legal protection for government contractors ( edit )

\n

\n On November 13 , President Obama issued a memorandum that protects contractors hired by the U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) from liability should they import Ebola virus into the United States . `` This authority may be exercised solely for the purpose of holding harmless and indemnifying contractors with respect to claims , losses , or damage arising out of or resulting from exposure , in the course of performance of the contracts , to Ebola , '' the memorandum stated .

\n

\n School closures ( edit )

\n

\n There were numerous overreactions to the perceived threat of an ebola outbreak , particularly on the part of school officials . On October 16 , a building housing two schools in the Solon City School District near Cleveland , Ohio , was closed for a single day of disinfection procedures after finding that a staff member may have been on the aircraft that Amber Vinson used on a previous flight . Another school in the Cleveland Metropolitan School District was disinfected overnight due to similar concerns but remained open . In both cases , affected staff were sent home until cleared by health officials . School officials said that they had been assured by city health officials that there was no risk and that the disinfection was `` strictly precautionary '' . Three schools in the Belton Independent School District in Belton , Texas , were also closed . Infectious disease experts considered these closures to be an overreaction and were concerned that it would frighten the public into believing that Ebola is a greater danger than it actually is .

\n

\n In Hazlehurst , Mississippi , in response to numerous parents keeping their children from attending school , a principal at Hazlehurst Middle School , agreed to take personal vacation time after he had traveled to Zambia , a country with no current Ebola cases and 3,000 miles away from West Africa .

\n

\n Treatment ( edit )

\n

\n Biocontainment units in the U.S. ( edit )

\n Corridor of NIH Special Clinical Studies Unit , a specialized biocontainment unit . The negative - pressure anterooms on the left lead to negative - pressure patient rooms ( not shown in the picture ) .

\n The United States has the capacity to isolate and manage 11 patients in four specialized biocontainment units . These include the University of Nebraska Medical Center in Omaha , Nebraska , the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda , Maryland , St. Patrick Hospital and Health Sciences Center in Missoula , Montana and Emory University Hospital in Atlanta , Georgia .

\n

\n Experimental treatments ( edit )

\n Main article : Ebola virus disease treatment research

\n There is as yet no FDA - approved medication or vaccine . The director of the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases , Dr. Anthony Fauci , has stated that the scientific community is still in the early stages of understanding how infection with the Ebola virus can be treated and prevented . There is no cure or specific treatment that is currently approved . However , survival is improved by early supportive care with rehydration and symptomatic treatment . Treatment is primarily supportive in nature . A number of experimental treatments are being considered for use in the context of this outbreak , and are currently or will soon undergo clinical trials .

\n

\n In late August 2014 , both Kent Brantly and Nancy Writebol became the first people to be given the experimental drug ZMapp . They both recovered , but there was no confirmation or proof that the drug was a factor . A Spanish priest with Ebola had taken ZMapp but died afterward . Up until that time , ZMapp had only been tested on primates and looked promising , causing no serious side effects and protecting the animals from infection . The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation has donated $150,000 to help Amgen increase its production , and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has asked a number of centers to also increase production .

\n

\n There have been at least two promising treatments for those already infected . The first is Brincidofovir , an experimental antiviral drug , which was given to Duncan , Mukpo , and Spencer .

\n

\n Treatment using a transfusion of plasma from Ebola survivors , a form of `` passive immunotherapy , '' since it contains antibodies able to fight the virus , has been used with apparent success on a number of patients . Survivor Kent Brantly donated his blood to Rick Sacra , Ashoka Mukpo and nurse Nina Pham . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) has made it a priority to try the treatment , and has been telling affected countries how to do it .

\n

\n Experimental preventative vaccines ( edit )

\n Main article : Ebola vaccine

\n Many Ebola vaccine candidates had been developed in the decade before 2014 , but none has yet been approved for clinical use in humans . Several promising vaccine candidates have been shown to protect nonhuman primates ( usually macaques ) against lethal infection , and some are now going through the clinical trial process .

\n

\n In late October 2014 , Canada planned to ship 800 vials of an experimental vaccine to the World Health Organization ( WHO ) in Geneva , the drug having been licensed by NewLink Genetics Corporation , of Iowa . British drugmaker GlaxoSmithKline also announced it had expedited research and development of a vaccine , which , if successful , could be available in 2015 . Although it 's still unknown which ones will be approved , WHO hopes to have millions of vaccine doses ready sometime in 2015 , and expects that five more experimental vaccines will start being tested in March 2015 .

\n

\n Public reactions ( edit )

\n

\n In October 2014 , Navarro College , a two - year public school located in Texas , received media attention for admission rejection letters sent to two prospective students from Nigeria . The letters informed the applicants that the college was `` not accepting international students from countries with confirmed Ebola cases . '' On October 16 , Navarro 's Vice-President Dewayne Gragg issued a statement confirming that there had indeed been a decision to `` postpone our recruitment in those nations that the Center for Disease Control and the U.S. State Department have identified as at risk . '' Nigeria 's outbreak was among the least severe in West Africa and was considered over by the WHO on 20 October ; the Nigerian health ministry had previously announced on 22 September that there were no confirmed cases of Ebola within the country .

\n

\n In October 2014 , the S.I. Newhouse School of Public Communications at Syracuse University withdrew an invitation it had extended to Pulitzer Prize winning photojournalist Michel du Cille because he 'd returned three weeks earlier from covering the Ebola outbreak in Liberia . In October 2014 , Case Western Reserve University withdrew their speaking invitation to Dr. Richard E. Besser , chief health editor at ABC News and former director of the Centers for Disease Control . Besser had recently returned from a trip to Liberia .

\n

\n On October 17 , Harvard University imposed limits on travel to Ebola - affected countries ( Sierra Leone , Guinea and Liberia ) for its students , staff , and faculty . All travel to these countries is `` strongly discourage ( d ) '' , and such travel as part of a Harvard program requires approval from the provost .

\n

\n On October 25 , CDC allowed state and local officials to set tighter control policies and Barbara Reynolds , a CDC spokeswoman released a statement saying `` we will consider any measures that we believe have the potential to make the American people safer '' . On November 1 , Ohio tightened restrictions on people travelling to Western African countries impacted by Ebola. Time Magazine 's 2014 Person of the Year issue honored health professionals dedicated to fighting Ebola , including Kent Brantly .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Duncan contracted Ebola in Liberia and was diagnosed in the U.S. \n
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : This takes into account the seven Americans who were medically evacuated from West Africa with Ebola .
    3. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Who are the American Ebola patients ? '' , CNN , October 6 , 2014
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Hospital : Surgeon With Ebola Has Died '' . ABC News . November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` 2014 Ebola Outbreak - Case Count '' . CDC . December 15 , 2014 . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` First diagnosed case of Ebola in the U.S. '' CNN . September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` New Details About Ebola In Dallas Revealed In CDC Report '' . HuffingtonPost . November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ CDC confirms first ever Ebola case in United States , cdc.gov ; accessed October 9 , 2014 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny ; Philipps , Dave ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Death of Thomas Eric Duncan in Dallas Fuels Alarm Over Ebola '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Manny ; Onishi , Norimitsu ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. Patient Aided Ebola Victim in Liberia '' . The New York Times .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Thomas Eric Duncan : From healthy to Ebola '' . WYFF4 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` First US Ebola case Thomas Duncan ' critical ' '' . BBC News . October 4 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Texas Ebola patient dies '' . CNN . October 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Manny ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` Texas Health Worker Tests Positive for Ebola '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Ebola outbreak : Second Texas health worker ' tests positive ' '' . BBC News . October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : `` New York Doctor Just Back From Africa Has Ebola '' . NBC News . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Dan Diamond ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Maps : Who 's Been Exposed To Ebola In The U.S. And Where They 're Being Treated '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ MOUAWAD , JAD ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Experts Oppose Ebola Travel Ban , Saying It Would Cut Off Worst - Hit Countries '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Ebola Weakens Liberia Food Security '' . VOA . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Liberia says Dallas Ebola patient lied on exit documents '' . USA Today . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Onishi , Norimitsu ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Liberian Officials Identify Ebola Victim in Texas as Thomas Eric Duncan '' . The New York Times .
    20. \n
  20. \n ^ Jump up to : Thomas Eric Duncan timeline , nytimes.com ; accessed October 8 , 2014 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Ebola Patient in Dallas Lied on Screening Form , Liberian Airport Official Says '' , New York Times , October 2 , 2014
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` History \u2708 United # 822 \u2708 FlightAware '' . FlightAware . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Frosch , Dan ( October 2 , 2014 ) . `` Dallas Man Tells of U.S. Ebola Patient 's Decline '' . WSJ . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Retracing the Steps of the Dallas Ebola Patient '' . The New York Times . October 1 , 2014 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` Vickery Meadow neighborhood is ' melting pot of America ' '' ( Archive ) . The Dallas Morning News . October 11 , 2014 . Updated October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved on July 14 , 2015 .
    26. \n
  26. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Congressional committee releases timeline detailing how Presbyterian treated Ebola patient Thomas Eric Duncan '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 25 October 2014 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Notable Elements of Mr. Duncan 's Initial Emergency Department Visit '' ( PDF ) . US Congress . Retrieved 27 October 2014 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ( October 1 , 2014 ) . `` Texas Ebola patient told hospital of travel from West Africa but was released '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Gilblom , Kelly ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Electronic - Record Gap Allowed Ebola Patient to Leave Hospital '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` Dallas hospital says Ebola patient denied being around sick people '' . Los Angeles Times . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 .
    31. \n
  31. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Details of Duncan 's Treatment Reveal a Wobbly First Response to Ebola '' . The New York Times . October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` Ebola in the US -- Ebola in Dallas '' . 2014 Ebola Outbreak . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Maggie Fox . `` How Did The Ebola Patient Escape for Two Days ? '' . NBC News . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Dallas Ebola Patient Receives Experimental Drug '' . The Huffington Post . October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` Chimerix Announces Emergency Investigational New Drug Applications for Brincidofovir Authorized by FDA for Patients With Ebola Virus Disease '' . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Sifferlin , Alexandra ( October 7 , 2014 ) . `` Dallas Ebola Patient Improves Slightly '' . TIME.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Texas Ebola Patient Thomas Eric Duncan Has Died '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` Cases of Ebola Diagnosed in the United States '' . CDCP . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` Found : Homeless Man Sought in Ebola Case Being Monitored '' . NBC News . October 5 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` 10 people at ' high risk ' for Ebola as 50 people monitored daily after contact with Dallas Ebola patient '' . New York Daily News . October 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Hospital : Dallas Ebola patient in critical condition '' . CNN . October 4 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Phillip , Abby ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Dallas officials plead for compassion , not stigma as 43 leave Ebola isolation '' . Washington Post . Washington Post . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Rice , Chelsea ; Levingston , Katie ; Allison , Meghan . `` Ebola Today : Dallas is Officially Ebola - Free ; Fewer Americans Googling Ebola '' . Boston.com . Boston Globe . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` Liberia to Prosecute Man Who Brought Ebola to United States '' . NBC News . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` Liberian President criticizes Ebola patient in Dallas '' . CNN . October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Selk , Avi ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` Before his death , Duncan said he mistook Ebola case in Liberia for miscarriage ; never lied '' . Dallas News .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Ebola Outbreak and Outcry : Saving Thomas Eric Duncan '' . The Huffington Post . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Family of Thomas Eric Duncan says his death from Ebola is ' racially motivated ' '' . WGN - TV . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` Dallas ' Ebola patient waited days for experimental drug '' . CNN . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Ebola Victim Thomas Eric Duncan 's 9 - Day Treatment Cost Hospital Estimated $500 K and He Had No Insurance , ChristianPost.com , October 10 , 2014 ; accessed October 27 , 2014 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ ABC News . `` Dallas Hospital ' Feels Like a Ghost Town ' in Wake of Ebola Cases '' . ABC News .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ `` Some U.S. hospitals weigh withholding care to Ebola patients '' . Reuters . October 22 , 2014 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Hunt , Dianna and Diane Sol\u00eds . `` Dallas ' Vickery Meadow residents enduring backlash over Ebola '' ( Archive ) . The Dallas Morning News . October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved on July 20 , 2015 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ `` Ebola : Texas nurse tests positive '' . CNN . October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Ebola : Health care worker tests positive at Texas hospital . BBC News October 12 , 2014 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` Nurse with Ebola heads to Maryland for care '' . USA Today . October 16 , 2014 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ `` Virus Free : Ebola - Infected Nurse Nina Pham to Go Home '' . NBC News . October 24 , 2014 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Nina Pham free of ebola , nytimes.com , October 25 , 2014 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Phillip , Abby ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` CDC confirms second Ebola case in Texas . Health worker wore ' full ' protective gear '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` U.S. CDC head criticized for blaming ' protocol breach ' as nurse gets Ebola '' , Chicago Tribune , October 13 , 2014 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` Fort Worth Alcon worker exposed to Ebola '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` Nurses ' union slams Texas hospital for lack of Ebola protocol '' . CNN . October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Lauer , Matt . `` Dallas nurse Briana Aguirre '' . Today . ABC . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` Was CDC Too Quick To Blame Dallas Nurses In Care Of Ebola Patient ? '' . NPR.org . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` Second Health Care Worker With Ebola Was In Isolation Within 90 Minutes : Official '' . Huffington Post . October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 .
    66. \n
  66. \n ^ Jump up to : Richard Perez - Pena , `` Nurse Who Contracted Ebola in the U.S. Sues Her Hospital Employer '' The New York Times . Retrieved on March 3 , 2015 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ `` Second Ebola - infected nurse ID 'd ; flew domestic flight day before diagnosis '' . Fox News . October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Justin Ray ( October 18 , 2014 ) . `` What We Know About Amber Joy Vinson , 2nd Dallas Nurse Diagnosed With Ebola '' . KXAS - TV NBC5 DFW .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` Second Health Care Worker Tests Positive for Ebola '' . Texas Department of State Health Services . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Health - care worker with Ebola flew on commercial flight a day before being diagnosed '' . Washington Post .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Jack Healy ; Sabrina Tavernise ; Abby Goodnough ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Obama May Name ' Czar ' to Oversee Ebola Response '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Perez , Chris ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Dallas nurse with Ebola should not have been traveling : CDC '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ `` CDC and Frontier Airlines Announce Passenger Notification Underway -- Media Statement '' . CDC .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` The Second Ebola Nurse Was On Commercial Flights And Now The CDC Is Looking For The Other Passengers '' . Business Insider . October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ `` Health - care worker with Ebola visited family in Summit County , traveled to Dallas from Cleveland '' . www.ohio.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ `` Ebola nurse got CDC OK for Cleveland trip '' . October 15 , 2014 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ `` CDC : Ebola Patient Traveled By Air With `` Low - Grade '' Fever `` .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Raab , Lauren ( October 19 , 2014 ) . `` Ebola patient Amber Vinson 's family disputes CDC story , gets a lawyer '' . www.latimes.com . LA Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ WKYC Staff , WKYC ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Amber Vinson 's family releases updated statement '' .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ `` Amber Joy Vinson 's stepfather under strict Ebola quarantine , 16 Ohioans had contact with Vinson '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` Second Nurse With Ebola Arrives at Emory '' . ABC News . October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ `` Nurse Amber Vinson free of Ebola virus , family says '' . Yahoo News . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` Ebola outbreak in the U.S. , by the numbers '' . NJ.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` Movement of Persons with Possible Exposure to Ebola '' . Texas Department of State Health Services . October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 .
    85. \n
  85. \n ^ Jump up to : Shimon Prokupecz ; Catherine E. Shoichet ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` New York doctor now Ebola free , will be released from hospital '' . CNN .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Susman , Tina ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Manhattan doctor tests positive for Ebola '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ `` Patient at New York City hospital tests positive for Ebola , reports say '' . Fox News . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Alchindor , Yaminche ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Ebola hits New York City '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ Marc Santora ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Doctor in New York City Tests Positive for Ebola '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ Phillip , Abby ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` New York City physician tests positive for Ebola '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ Ellis , Jonathan ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` Timeline of Everywhere the NYC Ebola Patient Went During His ' Self - Isolation ' '' . Mashable . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ `` New York Ebola case no cause for alarm , mayor says '' . CNN . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ `` After 1st Ebola case in NYC , 3 others quarantined '' . NW Georgia News . Associated Press . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ Laura Davison ; Sonali Basak ; Madeline McMahon ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Bio-Recovery Leads Cleanup of Ebola Spaces in New York '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ Mueller , Benjamin ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` For Crew in New York , Ebola Virus Is Fought With Scrub Brushes and Cleanser '' . The New York Times .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ Donald G. McNeil Jr . ( October 3 , 2014 ) . `` Ask Well : How Does Ebola Spread ? How Long Can the Virus Survive ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Donald G. McNeil Jr . ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Can You Get Ebola From a Bowling Ball ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Melanie Grey West ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Dr. Craig Spencer , New York Ebola Patient , Is Released '' . The Wall Street Journal .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ Schram , Jamie ; Celona , Larry ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Bellevue staffers call in ' sick ' after Ebola arrives '' . New York Post .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ Queally , James ( 1 November 2014 ) . `` NYC Ebola patient improves ; Oregon patient is ' low - risk ' for virus '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 3 November 2014 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ Hartocollis , Anemona ( 10 November 2014 ) . `` Craig Spencer , New York Doctor With Ebola , Will Leave Bellevue Hospital '' . New York Times .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ Malo , Sebastien ( 11 November 2014 ) . `` UPDATE 1 - New York doctor now free of Ebola discharged from hospital '' . Reuters . Retrieved 11 November 2014 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ Perez , Chris ( November 16 , 2014 ) . `` Schumer to Obama : Reimburse NYC for $20 M Ebola treatment '' . New York Post .
    104. \n
  104. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Journalist With Ebola Being Evaluated at US Hospital '' , Voice of America , October 6 , 2014 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ `` Two Americans Stricken With Deadly Ebola Virus in Liberia '' . July 28 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ `` Ebola outbreak : U.S. missionary Nancy Writebol leaves Liberia Tuesday '' . CBC News . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ `` Ebola drug likely saved American patients '' . CNN.com . August 8 , 2014 . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ Steenhuysen , Julie . `` Ebola patient coming to U.S. as aid workers ' health worsens '' . MSN News . Retrieved August 1 , 2014 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ `` American Ebola doc : ' I am thrilled to be alive ' '' . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ `` A Third US missionary with Ebola virus leaves Liberia '' . London : The Telegraph . September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ `` American Doctor With Ebola Is ' Grateful ' Following Release From Hospital '' . ABC News . September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ Grady , Denise ( December 7 , 2014 ) . `` An Ebola Doctor 's Return From the Edge of Death '' . New York Times . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ du Lac , J. Freedom ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Little mentioned patient at Emory expects to be discharged very soon free from the Ebola virus '' . Washington Post .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ `` Ebola patient arrives at Atlanta hospital '' . WCVB Boston . September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ Addison , Stephen ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` British Ebola survivor flies to United States for blood donation '' . Reuters . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ `` 2014 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa - September 25 , 2014 '' . CDC . September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 28 , 2014 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ Maggie Fox . `` Possible Ebola Patient Arrives at U.S. NIH Lab '' . NBC News . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 .
    118. \n
  118. \n ^ Jump up to : `` US Journalist Believes He Got Ebola While Cleaning Infected Car '' , ABC News , October 6 , 2014
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ `` US cameraman tests positive for Ebola '' . News24 . Retrieved October 3 , 2014 .
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ Johnson , Alex ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` NBC News Freelancer Ashoka Mukpo Declared Free of Ebola '' . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ Elizabeth Cohen , Senior Medical Correspondent ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Ebola patient from Sierra Leone heading to Nebraska - CNN.com '' . CNN .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ `` Ebola outbreak : Doctor infected in Sierra Leone to be treated in Omaha , Nebraska '' . CBS News . November 13 , 2014 .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ Sieff , Kevin ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` A doctor 's mistaken Ebola test : ' We were celebrating ... Then everything fell apart ' '' . Washington Post .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ `` Martin Salia , Surgeon With Ebola , Arrives in Nebraska From Sierra Leone '' . New York Times . November 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 .
    125. \n
  125. \n Jump up ^ Goodnough , Abby ; Trenchard , Tommy ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` Doctor Being Treated for Ebola in Omaha Dies '' . The New York Times .
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ U.S. Clinician With Ebola Under Care in Maryland , The New York Times , SHERI FINK , MARCH 13 , 2015
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ Doctors treating patient with Ebola at NIH downgrade condition to critical , The Washington Post , Brady Dennis , March 16 , 2015
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ Americans exposed to Ebola patient return from Africa for monitoring , Elizabeth Cohen , CNN , March 16 , 2015
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ Sifferlin , Alexandra ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` American Patient With Ebola Has Condition Upgraded '' . Time Inc . Retrieved 27 March 2015 .
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ Patient admitted with Ebola virus disease discharged from NIH Clinical Center
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ du Lac , J. Freedom ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` The U.S. military 's new enemy : Ebola . Operation United Assistance is now underway . '' Washington Post .
    132. \n
  132. \n Jump up ^ `` Operation United Assistance Helps in Liberian Ebola Fight '' .
    133. \n
  133. \n Jump up ^ ABC News . `` US Army to Quarantine Troops Who Were Fighting Ebola '' . ABC News .
    134. \n
  134. \n ^ Jump up to : `` With Ebola cases , CDC zeros in on lapses in protocol , protective gear '' . latimes.com . October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 .
    135. \n
  135. \n Jump up ^ `` Element IV : Personal Protective Equipment '' . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 .
    136. \n
  136. \n ^ Jump up to : McNeil , Donald G. Jr ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Lax U.S. guidelines on Ebola led to poor hospital training , experts say '' . New York Times .
    137. \n
  137. \n Jump up ^ EBOLA RESPONSE ROADMAP UPDATE - October 15 , 2014 , World Health Organization , who.int .
    138. \n
  138. \n Jump up ^ `` Procedures for PPE '' . www.cdc.gov . CDC . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 .
    139. \n
  139. \n Jump up ^ `` Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Hospitalized Patients with Known or Suspected Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in U.S. Hospitals -- Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever -- CDC '' . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 .
    140. \n
  140. \n Jump up ^ Fredericks , Bob ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` CDC admits droplets from a sneeze could spread Ebola '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 .
    141. \n
  141. \n Jump up ^ `` CDC admits Ebola can be passed to others by sneezing '' . The Washingtion Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 .
    142. \n
  142. \n Jump up ^ Kuhnhenn , Jim ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` President Obama appoints Ebola ' czar ' '' . AP News . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 .
    143. \n
  143. \n Jump up ^ `` Obama 's New Ebola ' Czar ' Does Not Have Medical , Health Care Background '' . CBS DC . October 17 , 2014 . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 .
    144. \n
  144. \n Jump up ^ Davis , Julie Hirschfeld ; Shear , Michael D. ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Ron Klain , Chief of Staff to 2 Vice Presidents , Is Named Ebola Czar '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 .
    145. \n
  145. \n Jump up ^ Loney , Jim ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Obama appoints Ebola czar ; Texas health worker isolated on ship '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 .
    146. \n
  146. \n Jump up ^ Tapper , Jake ( October 19 , 2014 ) . `` First on CNN : Obama will name Ron Klain as Ebola Czar '' . CNN . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 .
    147. \n
  147. \n Jump up ^ Lavender , Paige ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Obama To Appoint Ron Klain As Ebola Czar '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 .
    148. \n
  148. \n Jump up ^ Kelley Beaucar Vlahos ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` White House statement '' . Fox News . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 .
    149. \n
  149. \n Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama ' not at all concerned ' about hugging cured Ebola patient -- video '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 .
    150. \n
  150. \n Jump up ^ `` CDC Details New Ebola Response and Prep Teams '' . ABC News .
    151. \n
  151. \n ^ Jump up to : Sabrina Tavernise ; Michael D. Shear ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. to Begin Ebola Screenings at 5 Airports '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link )
    152. \n
  152. \n Jump up ^ Zeke J. Miller ; Alexandra Sifferlin ( October 8 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. to Screen Passengers From West Africa for Ebola at 5 Airports '' . ' Time . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link )
    153. \n
  153. \n Jump up ^ Karen Matthews ( October 11 , 2014 ) . `` Stepped - up Ebola screening starts at NYC airport '' . AP.org . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . ' Already there are 100 percent of the travelers leaving the three infected countries are being screened on exit . Sometimes multiple times temperatures are checked along that process , ' Dr. Martin Cetron , director of the Division of Global Migration and Quarantine for the federal Centers of Disease Control and Prevention , said at a briefing at Kennedy ... The screening will be expanded over the next week to New Jersey 's Newark Liberty , Washington Dulles , Chicago O'Hare and Hartsfield - Jackson in Atlanta .
    154. \n
  154. \n Jump up ^ `` DHS imposes new restrictions on travelers from Ebola - stricken countries '' . Fox News . October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 .
    155. \n
  155. \n Jump up ^ McNeil , Donald ( October 22 , 2014 ) . `` U.S. Plans 21 - Day Watch of Travelers From Ebola - Hit Nations '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 .
    156. \n
  156. \n Jump up ^ `` Lawmakers call to halt visas to travelers from Ebola - infected nations '' . Fox News . October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 .
    157. \n
  157. \n Jump up ^ Bart Jansen ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Republicans call for West Africa travel ban to curb Ebola '' . usatoday.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 .
    158. \n
  158. \n Jump up ^ `` Malloy signs Ebola emergency declaration '' . WTNH . Retrieved 26 October 2014 .
    159. \n
  159. \n Jump up ^ Anemoma Hartocollis ; Emma G. Fitzsimmons ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` Tested Negative for Ebola , Nurse Criticizes Her Quarantine '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 .
    160. \n
  160. \n Jump up ^ `` Officials : A Family of six is Quarantined In West Haven After Returning From West Africa . Three other individuals also are being quarantined '' . Hartford Courant . October 22 , 2014 . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 .
    161. \n
  161. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Travelers in contact with Ebola patients , including returning nurse with fever , now face mandatory 21 - day quarantine in New York , New Jersey '' . NY Daily News . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 .
    162. \n
  162. \n Jump up ^ Marchione , Marilynn ; Stobbe , Mike ( October 24 , 2014 ) . `` NY , NJ Order Ebola Quarantine for Doctors , Others '' . ABC News . Associated Press . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 .
    163. \n
  163. \n ^ Jump up to : Matt Flegenheimer , Michael D. Shear , and Michael Barbaro , `` Ebola quarantine guidelines for NY and NJ '' , New York Times , October 27 , 2014 .
    164. \n
  164. \n Jump up ^ Aamer Madhani ; David Jackson ( October 26 , 2014 ) . `` White House working on new Ebola guidelines '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 .
    165. \n
  165. \n Jump up ^ `` Illinois Ebola quarantine '' . Chicago Tribune . October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 .
    166. \n
  166. \n Jump up ^ Florida Governor Rick Scott on October 25 authorized mandatory twice daily monitoring for 21 days of people identified as coming from countries affected by Ebola Archived October 26 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , abc7news.com ; accessed October 26 , 2014 .
    167. \n
  167. \n Jump up ^ `` Illinois clarifies mandatory 21 - day Ebola quarantine '' . Chicago Tribune . October 27 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 .
    168. \n
  168. \n Jump up ^ Weiner , Rachel ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Virginia and Maryland increase Ebola monitoring for travelers from West Africa '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 .
    169. \n
  169. \n Jump up ^ `` Protocol outlined for Pennsylvania Ebola monitoring '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 .
    170. \n
  170. \n Jump up ^ Morin , Monte ; Adolfo Flores ( 29 October 2014 ) . `` State orders quarantine for workers who had contact with Ebola '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 30 October 2014 .
    171. \n
  171. \n Jump up ^ Bashan , Yoni ; West , Melanie Grayce ; Haddon , Heather ( 26 October 2014 ) . `` Nurse Detained in New Jersey for Ebola Calls Conditions ' Really Inhumane ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 7 December 2014 .
    172. \n
  172. \n Jump up ^ Cohen , Elizabeth ; Holland , Leslie ; Ellis , Ralph ( 27 October 2014 ) . `` Nurse describes Ebola quarantine ordeal : ' I was in shock . Now I 'm angry ' '' . CNN . Retrieved 7 December 2014 .
    173. \n
  173. \n Jump up ^ Chappell , Bill ( 26 October 2014 ) . `` Nurse Criticizes Quarantine After Negative Ebola Test , Hires Lawyer '' . NPR . Retrieved 7 December 2014 .
    174. \n
  174. \n Jump up ^ `` New Jersey Releases Nurse Quarantined for Suspected Ebola '' . NBC News . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 .
    175. \n
  175. \n Jump up ^ Rutgers University -- New Brunswick
    176. \n
  176. \n Jump up ^ Shayna Jacobs ; Sasha Goldstein , Corky Siemaszko ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` Nurse Kaci Hickox heading for Maine after leaving New Jersey Ebola quarantine : officials '' . NY Daily News . New York . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link )
    177. \n
  177. \n Jump up ^ Michelle Kaske ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Maine Governor Seeks to Make Nurse Abide by Quarantine '' . Bloomberg .
    178. \n
  178. \n Jump up ^ Julia Bayly ; Jackie Farwell ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` After Kaci Hickox wins court reprieve , LePage says he does n't trust her '' . Bangor Daily News .
    179. \n
  179. \n Jump up ^ Ray Sanchez ; Catherine E. Shoichet ; Faith Karimi ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Maine judge rejects quarantine for nurse Kaci Hickox '' . CNN . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 .
    180. \n
  180. \n Jump up ^ Bryan Preston ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Ebola : Austin Nurse Self - Quarantines After Arriving from West Africa '' . The PJ Tatler .
    181. \n
  181. \n Jump up ^ Luis Martinez ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` US Army to Quarantine Troops Who Were Fighting Ebola '' . ABC News . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 .
    182. \n
  182. \n Jump up ^ `` Presidential Memorandum -- Authorizing the Exercise of Authority Under Public Law 85 - 804 '' . The White House .
    183. \n
  183. \n Jump up ^ `` Obama Indemnifies Gov 't Contractors From Damages Arising from Importing Ebola to US '' . CNS News .
    184. \n
  184. \n Jump up ^ WKYC Staff ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Solon closes two schools Thursday as Ebola precaution '' . wkyc.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 .
    185. \n
  185. \n Jump up ^ Kara Sutyak ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Ebola precautions taken at Cranwood School in Cleveland '' . fox8 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 .
    186. \n
  186. \n Jump up ^ `` Ohio , Texas schools close amid Ebola scare '' . USA Today . October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Three Central Texas schools were closed Thursday over health concerns surrounding two students who traveled on a Monday flight with Vinson .
    187. \n
  187. \n Jump up ^ `` Kids pulled out of class over concerns about principal 's trip to Zambia '' . WAPT.com . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 .
    188. \n
  188. \n Jump up ^ Mendoza , Dorrine ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` Ebola hysteria : An epic , epidemic overreaction '' . CNN.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 .
    189. \n
  189. \n Jump up ^ `` Design of a Specialized Airborne - Infection - Isolation Suite '' ( PDF ) . HPAC Engineering : 25 -- 33 . February 2011 . Retrieved 15 November 2014 .
    190. \n
  190. \n Jump up ^ `` Pre-application Webinar Agenda `` Opportunities for Collaborative Research at the NIH Clinical Center '' X02 ( PAR - 13 - 357 ) and U01 ( PAR - 13 - 358 ) '' ( PDF ) . NIH Office of Extramural Research . Retrieved 15 November 2014 .
    191. \n
  191. \n Jump up ^ ABC News . `` US Has Capacity for 11 Ebola Patients at Specialized Hospitals '' . ABC News .
    192. \n
  192. \n Jump up ^ Rob Chaney . `` St. Patrick Hospital 1 of 4 sites in U.S. ready for Ebola patients '' . Missoulian.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 .
    193. \n
  193. \n Jump up ^ `` CDC director at today 's Biocontainment Unit unveiling -- UNMC '' .
    194. \n
  194. \n Jump up ^ Roberts , Dan - News World news Ebola CDC director warns Ebola like ' forest fire ' as Congress readies for hearing - Ebola crisis live updates - The Guardian . Retrieved 16 October 2014 .
    195. \n
  195. \n Jump up ^ Choi JH , Croyle MA ; Croyle ( December 2013 ) . `` Emerging targets and novel approaches to Ebola virus prophylaxis and treatment '' . BioDrugs. 27 ( 6 ) : 565 -- 83 . doi : 10.1007 / s40259 - 013 - 0046 - 1 . PMC 3833964 . PMID 23813435 .
    196. \n
  196. \n Jump up ^ Clark DV , Jahrling PB , Lawler JV ; Jahrling ; Lawler ( September 2012 ) . `` Clinical management of filovirus - infected patients '' . Viruses. 4 ( 9 ) : 1668 -- 86 . doi : 10.3390 / v4091668 . PMC 3499825 . PMID 23170178 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link )
    197. \n
  197. \n Jump up ^ Briggs , Helen ( 7 August 2014 ) `` Ebola : Experimental drugs and vaccines '' , BBC News , Health , Retrieved 8 August 2014
    198. \n
  198. \n Jump up ^ Rush , James ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Ebola virus : Clinical trials of three new treatments for disease to start in West Africa '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 13 November 2014 .
    199. \n
  199. \n Jump up ^ `` What Cured Ebola Patients Kent Brantly and Nancy Writebol ? '' , NBC News , August 21 , 2014
    200. \n
  200. \n Jump up ^ Moffett , Matt ( August 13 , 2014 ) . `` Ebola Virus : Infected Priest Has Died in Spain '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 26 October 2014 .
    201. \n
  201. \n ^ Jump up to : `` 12 Answers To Ebola 's Hard Questions '' , Time magazine , Oct. 23 , 2014
    202. \n
  202. \n Jump up ^ `` Amgen works with Gates Foundation to ramp up Ebola drug ZMapp production '' , Puget Sound Business Journal , October 20 , 2014 .
    203. \n
  203. \n Jump up ^ `` Ebola patient Dr. Craig Spencer enters ' next phase ' of illness despite treatment with experimental drug Brincidofovir '' , NY Daily News , Oct. 25 , 2014
    204. \n
  204. \n Jump up ^ `` Immune Response Key to Beating Ebola '' , UConn Today , Univ. of Connecticut , Oct. 30 , 2014
    205. \n
  205. \n Jump up ^ `` Ebola survivor Kent Brantly donates blood to help treat NBC cameraman Ashoka Mukpo '' , Washington Post , Oct. 8 , 2014
    206. \n
  206. \n Jump up ^ `` The decades - old treatment that may save a young Dallas nurse infected with Ebola '' , Washington Post , Oct. 14 , 2014
    207. \n
  207. \n Jump up ^ `` A Plan to Use Survivors ' Blood for Ebola Treatment in Africa '' , New York Times , Oct. 3 , 2014
    208. \n
  208. \n Jump up ^ Alison P. Galvani with three others ( 21 August 2014 ) . `` Ebola Vaccination : If Not Now , When ? '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 161 ( 10 ) : 749 -- 50 . doi : 10.7326 / M14 - 1904 . PMC 4316820 . PMID 25141813 .
    209. \n
  209. \n Jump up ^ Fausther - Bovendo H , Mulangu S , Sullivan NJ ( June 2012 ) . `` Ebolavirus vaccines for humans and apes '' . Curr Opin Virol. 2 ( 3 ) : 324 -- 29 . doi : 10.1016 / j. coviro. 2012.04. 003 . PMC 3397659 . PMID 22560007 .
    210. \n
  210. \n Jump up ^ Walsh , Fergus ( 6 January 2015 ) . `` Ebola : New vaccine trial begins '' . BBC News . Retrieved 6 January 2015 .
    211. \n
  211. \n Jump up ^ `` Americans ' ca n't give in to hysteria or fear ' over Ebola : Obama '' . Reuters . October 18 , 2014 .
    212. \n
  212. \n Jump up ^ `` WHO : Millions of Ebola Vaccine Doses Ready in 2015 '' , BBC News , Oct. 24 , 2014
    213. \n
  213. \n Jump up ^ Dan Mangan . `` Texas College Rejects Nigerian Applicants , Cites Ebola Cases -- NBC News '' . NBCNews.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 .
    214. \n
  214. \n Jump up ^ `` Navarro College says in a new statement it will postpone recruitment of students from countries at risk for Ebola -- Corsicana Daily Sun : Local News '' . Corsicana Daily Sun . Retrieved October 17 , 2014 .
    215. \n
  215. \n Jump up ^ Bever , Lindsay ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Syracuse University disinvites Washington Post photographer because he was in Liberia 3 weeks ago '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 .
    216. \n
  216. \n ^ Jump up to : Kingkade , Tyloe ( October 17 , 2014 ) . `` Colleges Isolate , Disinvite People Out Of An ' Abundance Of Caution ' Over Ebola '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 .
    217. \n
  217. \n Jump up ^ Rice , Chelsea . `` Ebola Today '' . Boston.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 .
    218. \n
  218. \n Jump up ^ Besser , Richard E. ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` Fight fear of ebola with the facts '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 18 , 2014 .
    219. \n
  219. \n Jump up ^ `` Harvard update on West Africa Ebola outbreak : October 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Harvard University : Office of the Provost . October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 .
    220. \n
  220. \n Jump up ^ Spencer S. Hsu ; Nia - Malika HendersonSpencer S. Hsu ; Nia - Malika Henderson ( October 25 , 2014 ) . `` No mandatory Ebola quarantine for health workers coming to Washington area '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 .
    221. \n
  221. \n Jump up ^ Jen Christensen . `` ' Out of control ' : How the world reacted as Ebola spread '' . CNN .
    222. \n
  222. \n Jump up ^ `` Time Magazine honors ebola fighters : Samaritan 's Purse doctor Kent Brantly is among those honored as Time 's Person of the Year '' . 2014 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 10 .
    223. \n
\n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Family Filoviridae
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Cuevavirus \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Species \n
    \n
  • \n Lloviu cuevavirus ( LLOV )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Ebolavirus \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Species \n
    \n
  • \n Bundibugyo ebolavirus ( BDBV )
    • \n
  • \n Reston ebolavirus ( RESTV )
    • \n
  • \n Sudan ebolavirus ( SUDV )
    • \n
  • \n Ta\u00ef Forest ebolavirus ( TAFV )
    • \n
  • \n Zaire ebolavirus ( EBOV )
    • \n
\n
\n Outbreaks \n
    \n
  • \n 1976 Sudan outbreak
    • \n
  • \n 1976 Zaire outbreak
    • \n
  • \n 2013 \u2212 2016 West African Ebola virus epidemic
      \n
    • \n Timeline
      • \n
    • \n Reported cases and deaths
      • \n
    • \n Responses
      • \n
    • \n United Nations Ebola Response Fund
      • \n
    • \n Operation United Assistance
      • \n
    • \n in Guinea
      • \n
    • \n in Liberia
      • \n
    • \n in Mali
      • \n
    • \n in Nigeria
      • \n
    • \n in Sierra Leone
      • \n
    • \n in Spain
      • \n
    • \n in the US
      • \n
    • \n in the UK
      • \n
    • \n Ouse to Ouse Tock
      • \n
    • \n Womey massacre
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n 2014 DR Congo outbreak
    • \n
  • \n 2017 DR Congo outbreak
    • \n
\n
\n Drug candidates \n
    \n
  • \n BCX4430
    • \n
  • \n Brincidofovir
    • \n
  • \n DZNep
    • \n
  • \n Favipiravir
    • \n
  • \n FGI - 103
    • \n
  • \n FGI - 104
    • \n
  • \n FGI - 106
    • \n
  • \n JK - 05
    • \n
  • \n Lamivudine
    • \n
  • \n TKM - Ebola ( failed )
    • \n
  • \n Triazavirin
    • \n
  • \n ZMapp
    • \n
  • \n Vaccines
      \n
    • \n cAd3 - ZEBOV
      • \n
    • \n rVSV - ZEBOV
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Notable people \n
    \n
  • \n William Close
    • \n
  • \n Peter Piot
    • \n
  • \n Selected patients
      \n
    • \n Ameyo Adadevoh
      • \n
    • \n Kent Brantly
      • \n
    • \n Pauline Cafferkey
      • \n
    • \n Thomas Eric Duncan
      • \n
    • \n Salome Karwah
      • \n
    • \n Sheik Umar Khan
      • \n
    • \n Matthew Lukwiya
      • \n
    • \n Mayinga N'Seka
      • \n
    • \n Patrick Sawyer
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Popular culture \n
    \n
  • \n The Hot Zone ( 1995 book by Richard Preston )
    • \n
  • \n Outbreak ( 1995 film )
    • \n
  • \n Ebola Syndrome ( 1996 film )
    • \n
  • \n Executive Orders ( 1996 novel )
    • \n
  • \n 93 Days ( 2016 film )
    • \n
\n
\n Miscellaneous \n
    \n
  • \n Ebola virus disease
      \n
    • \n Treatment research
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ebola River
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Marburgvirus \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Species \n
    \n
  • \n Marburg marburgvirus
      \n
    • \n MARV
      • \n
    • \n RAVV
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Outbreaks \n
    \n
  • \n 2017 Uganda Marburg virus outbreak
    • \n
\n
\n Drug candidates \n
    \n
  • \n BCX4430
    • \n
  • \n FGI - 103
    • \n
  • \n FGI - 106
    • \n
\n
\n Popular culture \n
    \n
  • \n The Hot Zone ( 1995 book )
    • \n
\n
\n Miscellaneous \n
    \n
  • \n Marburg virus disease
    • \n
  • \n Marburg
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Commons
    • \n
  • \n Wikispecies
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ebola_virus_cases_in_the_United_States&oldid=834124413 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "did anyone die from ebola in the us", "long_answers": ["Ebola virus disease in the U.S. Map of Ebola cases and infrastructure throughout the U.S. Cases contracted in the U.S. Cases first diagnosed in U.S. Cases evacuated to U.S. from other countries 7 Total cases 11 Deaths Recoveries from Ebola 9 Active cases 0\n", "On September 30 , 2014 , the CDC announced that Thomas Eric Duncan , a reportedly 42 - year - old ( later corrected by CDC reports as a 45 - year - old ) Liberian national visiting the United States from Liberia , had been diagnosed with Ebola in Dallas , Texas . Duncan , who had been visiting family in Dallas , was treated at Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas . By October 4 , Duncan 's condition had deteriorated from `` serious but stable '' to `` critical '' . On October 8 , Duncan died of Ebola. The other three cases diagnosed in the United States as of October 2014 were :\n", "In December 2014 , Ebola virus cases in the United States occurred due to four laboratory - confirmed cases of Ebola virus disease ( commonly known as `` Ebola '' ) in the United States . Eleven cases have been reported , including these four cases and seven cases medically evacuated from other countries ; the first was reported in September 2014 . Nine of the people contracted the disease outside the US and traveled into the country , either as regular airline passengers or as medical evacuees ; of those nine , two died . Two people have contracted Ebola in the United States . Both were nurses who treated an Ebola patient ; both have recovered .\n", "Duncan 's diagnosis was publicly confirmed during a CDC news conference the same day . That evening , Duncan reported feeling better and requested to watch a movie . The following morning , Duncan was breathing rapidly and complaining of `` pain all over '' . By the afternoon , however , he was able to eat , and the doctor noted that he was feeling better . The next day , October 3 , Duncan again reported feeling abdominal pain . That evening , the hospital contacted Chimerix , a biotechnology company developing Brincidofovir to combat the disease . The next day , Duncan 's organs were failing , and he was intubated to help him breathe . In the afternoon , the hospital began administering Brincidofovir . Nurses Nina Pham and Amber Joy Vinson continued to care for Duncan around the clock . On October 7 , the hospital reported that Duncan 's condition was improving . However , Duncan died at 7 : 51 a.m. on October 8 , becoming the first person to die in the United States of Ebola virus disease and the index patient for the later infections of nurses Pham and Vinson .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "John 's Incredible pizza company - wikipedia

\n John 's Incredible pizza company

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n John 's Incredible Pizza Company \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n
\n Type \n Private
\n Industry \n Entertainment / restaurant
\n Founded \n 1997 in Victorville , California
\n Founder \n John Parlet
\n Headquarters \n Rancho Santa Margarita , California
\n Number of locations \n 13 locations in California , Oregon , and Nevada
\n Website \n www.johnspizza.com
\n

\n John 's Incredible Pizza Company is an American all - you - can - eat buffet restaurant and entertainment business founded by John Parlet in 1997 . The company has 13 locations on the United States West Coast . Its corporate office is located in Rancho Santa Margarita , California .

\n John 's National City Pizza

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Themed dining rooms ( edit )

\n

\n Each John 's location is approximately 60,000 square feet and has five or six themed dining rooms depending on location . Cabin Fever is similar to a Lake Tahoe - style environment with pine chairs , log covered walls and a fireplace . The Toon Time Theatre plays cartoons on the television ( either programming by Cartoon Network 's Boomerang or Disney Junior depending on location ) and projection screens throughout the room . The Hall of Fame is like a sports bar with team memorabilia and games on the big - screen televisions . The Vertical Room is an extreme sports room where the customer can watch motocross racing , extreme golf , surfing or snowboarding . The Fusion Room , or the retreat room , is a room that plays music videos . The Veranda Room is an adult - centered tropical - themed dining room that presents a resort - like atmosphere with windows and wood furnishings .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Luna , Nancy ( July 13 , 2009 ) . `` Is new pizza parlor biggest in O.C. ? '' . Orange County Register .
    2. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Pizza chains ( list )
\n International \n
    \n
  • \n Boston Pizza
    • \n
  • \n California Pizza Kitchen
    • \n
  • \n Chuck E. Cheese 's
    • \n
  • \n Domino 's Pizza
    • \n
  • \n Little Caesars
    • \n
  • \n Papa John 's Pizza
    • \n
  • \n Pizza Hut
    • \n
  • \n Pizza Inn
    • \n
  • \n PizzaExpress
    • \n
  • \n Rossopomodoro
    • \n
  • \n Sbarro
    • \n
  • \n Shakey 's Pizza
    • \n
  • \n Sarpino 's Pizzeria
    • \n
  • \n Telepizza
    • \n
  • \n The Pizza Company
    • \n
  • \n Uno Pizzeria & Grill
    • \n
  • \n Vapiano
    • \n
  • \n Yellow Cab Pizza Co .
    • \n
\n
\n Regional \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Asia \n
    \n
  • \n Origus ( CN )
    • \n
  • \n Aoki 's Pizza ( JP )
    • \n
  • \n Greenwich Pizza ( PH )
    • \n
  • \n Mr. Pizza ( KR )
    • \n
  • \n Smokin ' Joe 's ( IN )
    • \n
  • \n Pizza Corner ( IN )
    • \n
  • \n Pizza - La ( JP )
    • \n
\n
\n Europe \n
    \n
  • \n Ask Restaurant ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n EasyPizza ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n Kotipizza ( FI )
    • \n
  • \n Peppes Pizza ( NO )
    • \n
  • \n Prezzo Restaurant ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n Speed Rabbit Pizza ( FR )
    • \n
  • \n Spizzico ( IT )
    • \n
  • \n Tops Pizza ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n Zizzi ( UK )
    • \n
\n
\n North America \n
    \n
  • \n Anthony 's Pizza ( AAFES )
    • \n
  • \n Benedetti 's Pizza ( MX )
    • \n
  • \n Blaze Pizza ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Cicis ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Donatos Pizza ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Fox 's Pizza Den ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Gatti 's Pizza ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Giordano 's ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Godfather 's Pizza ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Greco Pizza Restaurant ( CA )
    • \n
  • \n Happy 's Pizza ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Home Run Inn ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Hot Lips Pizza ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Hungry Howie 's Pizza ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Hunt Brothers Pizza ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Imo 's Pizza ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Jerry 's Subs & Pizza ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Jet 's Pizza ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Ledo Pizza ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Lou Malnati 's ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Marco 's Pizza ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Mazzio 's ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Mellow Mushroom ( US )
    • \n
  • \n MOD Pizza ( US ) ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n Mountain Mike 's Pizza ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Noble Roman 's ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Panago ( CA )
    • \n
  • \n Papa Gino 's ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Papa Murphy 's ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Peter Piper Pizza ( US ) ( MX )
    • \n
  • \n Pie Five ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Pizza 73 ( CA )
    • \n
  • \n Pizza Delight ( CA )
    • \n
  • \n Pizza Factory ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Pizza Haven ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Pizza Nova ( CA )
    • \n
  • \n Pizza Patr\u00f3n ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Pizza Pizza ( CA )
    • \n
  • \n Pizza Ranch ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Rosati 's ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Round Table Pizza ( US )
    • \n
\n
\n South America \n
    \n
  • \n Jeno 's Pizza ( CO )
    • \n
  • \n Mario 's ( TT )
    • \n
  • \n Mister Pizza ( BR )
    • \n
\n
\n Oceania \n
    \n
  • \n Eagle Boys ( AU )
    • \n
  • \n Hell Pizza ( NZ )
    • \n
  • \n Pizza Capers ( AU )
    • \n
  • \n Pizza Haven ( AU )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Master franchisees \n
    \n
  • \n Domino 's Pizza Enterprises ( AU , BE , FR , MC , NL , NZ )
    • \n
  • \n Domino 's Pizza Group ( CH , DE , IE , UK )
    • \n
  • \n Jubilant FoodWorks ( Domino 's - BD , IN , LK , NP )
    • \n
\n
\n List articles \n
    \n
  • \n List of Canadian pizza chains
    • \n
  • \n List of pizza chains of the United States
    • \n
  • \n List of pizza franchises
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John%27s_Incredible_Pizza_Company&oldid=832318419 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "how much is john incredible pizza to get in", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Middle cranial fossa - wikipedia

\n Middle cranial fossa

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Middle cranial fossa
\n Base of the skull . Upper surface . ( Middle cranial fossa is the centermost of the three indentations , in pink and yellow . )
\n Details
\n Identifiers
\n Latin \n fossa cranii media
\n TA \n A02. 1.00. 049
\n FMA \n 54369
\n Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )
\n

\n The middle cranial fossa , deeper than the anterior cranial fossa , is narrow medially and widens laterally to the sides of the skull . It is separated from the posterior fossa by the clivus and the petrous crest .

\n

\n It is bounded in front by the posterior margins of the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone , the anterior clinoid processes , and the ridge forming the anterior margin of the chiasmatic groove ; behind , by the superior angles of the petrous portions of the temporal bones and the dorsum sell\u00e6 ; laterally by the temporal squam\u00e6 , sphenoidal angles of the parietals , and greater wings of the sphenoid . It is traversed by the squamosal , sphenoparietal , sphenosquamosal , and sphenopetrosal sutures .

\n

\n It houses the temporal lobes of the brain and the pituitary gland . A middle fossa craniotomy is one means to surgically remove acoustic neuromas ( vestibular schwannoma ) growing within the internal auditory canal of the temporal bone .

\n Middle cranial fossa surgical anatomy as demonstrated in a right cadaver temporal bone by Dr Jack M Kartush - view from above .

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Middle part ( edit )

\n

\n The middle part of the fossa presents , in front , the chiasmatic groove and tuberculum sellae ; the chiasmatic groove ends on either side at the optic foramen , which transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery to the orbital cavity .

\n

\n Behind the optic foramen the anterior clinoid process is directed backward and medialward and gives attachment to the tentorium cerebelli .

\n

\n Behind the tuberculum sell\u00e6 is a deep depression , the sella turcica , containing the fossa hypophyseos , which lodges the hypophysis , and presents on its anterior wall the middle clinoid processes .

\n

\n The sella turcica is bounded posteriorly by a quadrilateral plate of bone , the dorsum sellae , the upper angles of which are surmounted by the posterior clinoid processes : these afford attachment to the tentorium cerebelli , and below each is a notch for the abducent nerve .

\n

\n On either side of the sella turcica is the carotid groove , which is broad , shallow , and curved somewhat like the italic letter f .

\n

\n It begins behind at the foramen lacerum , and ends on the medial side of the anterior clinoid process , where it is sometimes converted into a foramen ( carotico - clinoid ) by the union of the anterior with the middle clinoid process ; posteriorly , it is bounded laterally by the lingula .

\n

\n This groove lodges the cavernous sinus and the internal carotid artery , the latter being surrounded by a plexus of sympathetic nerves .

\n

\n Lateral parts ( edit )

\n

\n The lateral parts of the middle fossa are of considerable depth , and support the temporal lobes of the brain .

\n

\n They are marked by depressions for the brain convolutions and traversed by furrows for the anterior and posterior branches of the middle meningeal vessels .

\n

\n These furrows begin near the foramen spinosum , and the anterior runs forward and upward to the sphenoidal angle of the parietal , where it is sometimes converted into a bony canal ; the posterior runs lateralward and backward across the temporal squama and passes on to the parietal near the middle of its lower border .

\n

\n The following apertures are also to be seen .

\n

\n In front is the superior orbital fissure , bounded above by the small wing , below , by the great wing , and medially , by the body of the sphenoid ; it is usually completed laterally by the orbital plate of the frontal bone .

\n

\n It transmits to the orbital cavity the oculomotor , the trochlear , the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal , and the abducent nerves , some filaments from the cavernous plexus of the sympathetic , and the orbital branch of the middle meningeal artery ; and from the orbital cavity a recurrent branch from the lacrimal artery to the dura mater , and the ophthalmic veins .

\n

\n Behind the medial end of the superior orbital fissure is the foramen rotundum , for the passage of the maxillary nerve .

\n

\n Behind and lateral to the foramen rotundum is the foramen ovale , which transmits the mandibular nerve , the accessory meningeal artery , and the lesser superficial petrosal nerve .

\n

\n Medial to the foramen ovale is the foramen Vesalii , which varies in size in different individuals , and is often absent ; when present , it opens below at the lateral side of the scaphoid fossa , and transmits a small vein .

\n

\n Lateral to the foramen ovale is the foramen spinosum , for the passage of the middle meningeal vessels , and a recurrent branch from the mandibular nerve .

\n

\n Medial to the foramen ovale is the foramen lacerum ; in the fresh state the lower part of this aperture is filled up by a layer of fibrocartilage , while its upper and inner parts transmit the internal carotid artery surrounded by a plexus of sympathetic nerves .

\n

\n The nerve of the pterygoid canal and a meningeal branch from the ascending pharyngeal artery pierce the layer of fibrocartilage .

\n

\n On the anterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone are seen the eminence caused by the projection of the superior semicircular canal ; in front of and a little lateral to this a depression corresponding to the roof of the tympanic cavity ; the groove leading to the hiatus of the facial canal , for the transmission of the greater superficial petrosal nerve and the petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery ; beneath it , the smaller groove , for the passage of the lesser superficial petrosal nerve ; and , near the apex of the bone , the depression for the semilunar ganglion and the orifice of the carotid canal .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n

\n This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Mancall , Elliott L. ; Brock , David G. , eds. ( 2011 ) . `` Cranial Fossae '' . Gray 's Clinical Anatomy . Elsevier Health Sciences . p. 154 . ISBN 9781437735802 .
    2. \n
\n

\n Additional images ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Middle cranial fossa .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Compound structures of skull
\n Neurocranium \n
    \n
  • \n Calvaria
      \n
    • \n Diplo\u00eb
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Asterion
    • \n
  • \n Pterion
    • \n
  • \n Stephanion
    • \n
  • \n Inion
    • \n
  • \n Bregma
    • \n
  • \n Lambda
    • \n
  • \n Fossae
      \n
    • \n anterior
      • \n
    • \n middle
      • \n
    • \n posterior
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n cranial cavity
    • \n
  • \n Base of skull
    • \n
  • \n Fontanelle
      \n
    • \n anterior
      • \n
    • \n posterior
      • \n
    • \n sphenoidal
      • \n
    • \n mastoid
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Facial skeleton \n
    \n
  • \n Nasion
    • \n
  • \n Gonion
    • \n
\n
\n Both \n
    \n
  • \n dacryon
    • \n
  • \n zygomatic arch
    • \n
  • \n temporal fossa
    • \n
  • \n infratemporal fossa
    • \n
  • \n pterygomaxillary fissure
    • \n
  • \n pterygopalatine fossa
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Foramina of the skull ( and canals , fissures , meatus , and hiatus )
\n Anterior cranial fossa \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n to Orbit : \n
    \n
  • \n ethmoidal foramina
      \n
    • \n anterior
      • \n
    • \n posterior
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n to Nasal cavity : \n
    \n
  • \n olfactory foramina ( CN - I )
    • \n
  • \n foramen cecum
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Middle cranial fossa \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n to Orbit : \n
    \n
  • \n optic canal ( CN - II )
    • \n
  • \n superior orbital fissure ( CN - III , IV , V1 , VI )
    • \n
\n
\n to Pterygopalatine fossa : \n
    \n
  • \n foramen rotundum ( CN - V2 )
    • \n
  • \n pterygoid canal
    • \n
\n
\n to Infratemporal fossa : \n
    \n
  • \n foramen ovale ( CN - V3 )
    • \n
  • \n foramen spinosum / carotid canal
    • \n
\n
\n other : \n
    \n
  • \n foramen lacerum
    • \n
  • \n hiatus for greater petrosal nerve
    • \n
  • \n hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve
    • \n
  • \n sphenoidal emissary foramen
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Posterior cranial fossa \n
    \n
  • \n internal auditory meatus / facial canal / stylomastoid foramen ( CN - VII , VIII )
    • \n
  • \n jugular foramen ( CN - IX , X , XI )
    • \n
  • \n foramen magnum ( CN - XI )
    • \n
  • \n hypoglossal canal ( CN - XII )
    • \n
  • \n condylar canal
    • \n
  • \n mastoid foramen
    • \n
\n
\n Orbit \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n to Nasal cavity : \n
    \n
  • \n nasolacrimal canal
    • \n
\n
\n to face : \n
    \n
  • \n supraorbital
      \n
    • \n notch
      • \n
    • \n foramen
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n infraorbital
      \n
    • \n foramen
      • \n
    • \n groove
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n zygomatic foramen
      \n
    • \n - facial
      • \n
    • \n - temporal
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n to Pterygopalatine fossa : \n
    \n
  • \n inferior orbital fissure
    • \n
\n
\n other : \n
    \n
  • \n Inferior orbital fissure
    • \n
  • \n Fossa for lacrimal sac
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Pterygopalatine fossa \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n to Nasal cavity : \n
    \n
  • \n sphenopalatine foramen
    • \n
\n
\n to Oral cavity : \n
    \n
  • \n greater palatine canal
      \n
    • \n foramen
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n lesser palatine canals
      \n
    • \n foramina
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n to Infratemporal fossa : \n
    \n
  • \n pterygomaxillary fissure
    • \n
\n
\n to Nasopharynx : \n
    \n
  • \n palatovaginal canal
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n to oral cavity : \n
    \n
  • \n incisive canals
    • \n
  • \n incisive foramen
    • \n
\n
\n to nasal cavity : \n
    \n
  • \n Foramen vomerinum
    • \n
  • \n Meatus vomerinus
    • \n
  • \n Fissura vomerina
    • \n
  • \n Hiatus vomerinus
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n external acoustic meatus
    • \n
  • \n mandibular foramen
    • \n
  • \n mental foramen
    • \n
  • \n parietal foramen
    • \n
  • \n petrotympanic fissure
    • \n
  • \n semilunar hiatus
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_cranial_fossa&oldid=808415657 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what part of the brain is in the middle cranial fossa", "long_answers": ["It houses the temporal lobes of the brain and the pituitary gland . A middle fossa craniotomy is one means to surgically remove acoustic neuromas ( vestibular schwannoma ) growing within the internal auditory canal of the temporal bone .\n"], "short_answers": ["the temporal lobes\n", "temporal lobes\n", "pituitary gland\n", "the temporal lobes\n", "the pituitary gland\n", "the temporal lobes\n", "the pituitary gland\n"]} {"text": "The Outsiders ( novel ) - wikipedia

\n The Outsiders ( novel )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n The Outsiders \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n First hardcover edition , 1967
\n Author \n S.E. Hinton
\n Cover artist \n Robert Hunt
\n Country \n United States
\n Language \n English
\n Genre \n Young adult fiction
\n Publisher \n Viking Press , Dell Publishing
\n Publication date \n April 24 , 1967
\n Media type \n Print ( hardcover , paperback ) , Audiobook
\n Pages \n 192
\n ISBN \n 0 - 670 - 53257 - 6
\n OCLC \n 64396432
\n Followed by \n That Was Then , This Is Now
\n

\n The Outsiders is a coming - of - age novel by S.E. Hinton , first published in 1967 by Viking Press . Hinton was 15 when she started writing the novel , but did most of the work when she was 16 and a junior in high school . Hinton was 18 when the book was published . The book details the conflict between two rival gangs divided by their socioeconomic status : the working - class `` greasers '' and the upper - class `` Socs '' ( pronounced / \u02c8so\u028a\u0283\u026az / -- short for Socials ) . The story is told in first - person perspective by teenaged protagonist Ponyboy Curtis .

\n

\n The story in the book takes place in Tulsa , Oklahoma , in 1965 , but this is never explicitly stated in the book .

\n

\n A film adaptation was produced in 1983 , and a little - known short - lived television series appeared in 1990 , picking up where the movie left off . A stage adaptation was written by Christopher Sergel and published in 1990 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Plot summary

\n

\n Ponyboy Curtis , a teenaged member of a loose gang of `` greasers '' , is leaving a movie theater when he is jumped by `` Socs '' , the greasers ' rival gang . Several greasers , including Ponyboy 's two older brothers -- the paternal Darry and the popular Sodapop -- come to his rescue . The next night , Ponyboy and two greaser friends , the hardened Dally and the quiet Johnny , meet Cherry and Marcia , a pair of Soc girls , at a drive - in movie theater . Cherry spurns Dally 's rude advances , but Ponyboy ends up speaking civilly with Cherry , emotionally connecting with a Soc for the first time in his life .

\n

\n Afterward , Ponyboy , Johnny , and their wisecracking friend Two - Bit begin to walk Cherry and Marcia home , when they are stopped by Cherry 's boyfriend Bob , who badly beat up Johnny a few months back . Bob and the greasers exchange taunts , but Cherry prevents a fight by willingly leaving with Bob . Ponyboy gets home at two in the morning , enraging Darry until he suddenly slaps Ponyboy . Ponyboy runs out the door and meets up with Johnny , expressing his anger at Darry 's increasing coldness in the wake of his parents ' recent deaths in a car crash .

\n

\n Ponyboy and Johnny wander into a park , where Bob and four other Socs surround them . After some heated talk , Ponyboy spits at the Socs , prompting them to try to drown him in a nearby fountain , but Johnny stabs Bob , killing him and dispersing the Socs . Terrified of what to do next , Ponyboy and Johnny rush to find Dally , who gives them money and a loaded gun , directing them to hide in an abandoned church in Windrixville . During their stay there , Pony cuts and dyes his hair as a disguise , reads Gone with the Wind to Johnny , and , upon viewing a beautiful sunrise , recites the poem `` Nothing Gold Can Stay '' by Robert Frost .

\n

\n Days later , Dally comes to check on them , revealing that violence between the greasers and Socs has escalated since Bob 's death into all - out city - wide warfare , with Cherry acting out of guilt as a spy for the greasers . Johnny decides to turn himself in and Dally agrees to take the boys back home . As they attempt to leave , they notice the church has caught fire and several local schoolchildren have become trapped inside . The greasers run inside the burning church to save the children , but Ponyboy is rendered unconscious by the fumes . At the hospital he discovers that he and Dally are not badly injured , but a piece of the church roof fell on Johnny and broke his back . Sodapop and Darry come to the hospital ; Darry breaks down and cries . Ponyboy then realizes that Darry cares about him , and is only hard on Ponyboy because he loves him and cares about his future .

\n

\n The following morning the newspapers declare Pony and Johnny heroes , but Johnny will be charged with manslaughter for Bob 's death . Two - Bit tells them that the greaser -- Soc rivalry is to be settled in a final rumble . Ponyboy and Two - Bit are approached by a Soc named Randy , Bob 's best friend , who expresses remorse for his involvement in the gang war , lacks confidence about the rumble ending the feud , and says he will not participate .

\n

\n Later , Ponyboy visits Johnny at the hospital , where he is in critical condition . On their way home , Pony spots Cherry and they talk . Cherry says she is unwilling to visit Johnny in the hospital because he killed her boyfriend . Pony calls her a traitor , but after explaining herself , they end on good terms . After escaping the hospital , Dally shows up just in time for the rumble . The greasers win the brutal fight . Afterward , Pony and Dally hurry back to the hospital to see Johnny , but he dies moments later and a maniacal Dally runs out of the room . Pony returns home that night feeling confused and disoriented . Dally calls the house to say that he has robbed a store and is running from the police . The greasers find Dally deliberately pointing an unloaded gun at the police , causing them to shoot and kill him . Overwhelmed , Ponyboy faints and is sick in bed for several days due to the resulting concussion . When the hearing finally comes , the judge frees Ponyboy from responsibility for Bob 's death and allows Pony to remain at home with Darry and Soda .

\n

\n Ponyboy returns to school , but his grades drop . Although he is failing English , his teacher , Mr. Syme , says he will pass him if he writes a decent theme . In the copy of Gone with the Wind that Johnny gave him before dying , Ponyboy finds a note from Johnny describing how he will die proudly after saving the kids from the fire . Johnny also urges Ponyboy to `` stay gold '' . Ponyboy decides to write his English assignment about the recent events , and begins his essay with the opening line of the novel : `` When I stepped out into the bright sunlight from the darkness of the movie house , I had only two things on my mind : Paul Newman and a ride home ... ''

\n

\n Major Characters

\n

\n Greasers

\n \n

\n Socs

\n \n

\n Other Characters

\n \n

\n Controversy

\n

\n The Outsiders was a controversial book at the time of its publication ; it is still currently challenged and debated . It was ranked # 38 on the American Library Association 's Top 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 1999 . This book has been banned from some schools and libraries because of the portrayal of gang violence , underage smoking and drinking , strong language / slang , and family dysfunction . However , in many U.S. schools , the book is part of the English curriculum at the middle - or high - school level .

\n

\n See also

\n \n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Hinton , S.E. ( 2005 ) ( 1977 ) . `` speaking with S.E. Hinton '' . The Outsiders . Speak / Penguin Putnam . p. 162 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 038572 - X .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Frequently Asked Questions at sehinton.com
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Hinton 1967 , p. 180 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Fallon , Claire ( 2017 ) . `` 50 Years After ' The Outsiders , ' S.E. Hinton Is Sure The Characters Are n't Gay '' . The Huffington Post . HuffPost News ( Oath Inc . ) .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` 100 most frequently challenged books : 1990 -- 1999 American Library Association '' . Ala.org . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 24 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Banned Books Awareness : The Outsiders Banned Books Awareness '' . World.edu. 2011 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 24 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Cummings , Siena ( 2017 ) . `` ( www.standard.net/TX/2017/09/24/After-50-years-Outsiders After 50 years , ' Outsiders ' continues to ' stay gold ' ) . '' Standard - Examiner . Ogden Publishing Corporation .
    8. \n
\n

\n Bibliography

\n

\n Hinton , S.E. ( 1997 ) . The Outsiders . New York : SPEAK . ISBN 9780140385724 .

\n

\n External links

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n S.E. Hinton
\n Books \n
    \n
  • \n The Outsiders
    • \n
  • \n Rumble Fish
    • \n
  • \n That Was Then , This Is Now
    • \n
  • \n Tex
    • \n
  • \n Taming the Star Runner
    • \n
  • \n Hawkes Harbor
    • \n
  • \n Some of Tim 's Stories
    • \n
  • \n Big David , Little David
    • \n
  • \n The Puppy Sister
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Books I Love Best Yearly : Older Readers Award
\n
    \n
  • \n The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole , Aged 133\u20444 by Sue Townsend ( 1990 )
    • \n
  • \n The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton ( 1991 )
    • \n
  • \n Where 's Wally ? by Martin Handford ( 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n Flowers in the Attic by V.C. Andrews ( 1993 )
    • \n
  • \n Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton ( 1996 )
    • \n
  • \n The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1997 )
    • \n
  • \n Tomorrow , When the War Began by John Marsden ( 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Bumface by Morris Gleitzman ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Two of a Kind series by various authors ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince by J.K. Rowling ( 2006 )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Outsiders_(novel)&oldid=837955086 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where do the greasers live in the outsiders", "long_answers": ["The story in the book takes place in Tulsa , Oklahoma , in 1965 , but this is never explicitly stated in the book .\n"], "short_answers": ["Tulsa , Oklahoma\n"]} {"text": "Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy ) - wikipedia

\n Flight ( Grey 's Anatomy )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Flight ''
\n Grey 's Anatomy episode
\n Shepherd 's mangled hand , following an aviation accident .
\n Episode no . \n Season 8 Episode 24
\n Directed by \n Rob Corn
\n Written by \n Shonda Rhimes
\n Featured music \n
    \n
  • \n `` Featherstone ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Graveyard ''
    • \n
\n
\n Original air date \n May 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 17 )
\n Running time \n 43 minutes
\n Guest appearance ( s )
\n
    \n
  • \n Jason George as Dr. Ben Warren
    • \n
  • \n James LeGros as Jerry
    • \n
\n
\n Episode chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \u2190 Previous `` Migration '' \n Next \u2192 `` Going , Going , Gone ''
\n
\n Grey 's Anatomy ( season 8 ) List of Grey 's Anatomy episodes
\n

\n `` Flight '' is the twenty - fourth and final episode of the eighth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 172nd episode overall . It was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 17 , 2012 . In the episode , six doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital who are victims of an aviation accident fight to stay alive , but Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) ultimately dies . Other storylines occur in Seattle where Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) plans his annual dinner for the departing residents , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) fires Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) gets engaged .

\n

\n The episode marked Leigh 's and Raver 's final appearance to the series . Exterior filming of the accident took place at Big Bear Lake , California . Jason George reprised his role as a guest star , whereas James LeGros made his first appearance . The episode opened to mixed reviews from television critics , with some criticizing the death of Lexie , but praising Leigh 's performance , in addition to Ellen Pompeo ( Dr. Meredith Grey ) 's and Eric Dane ( Dr. Mark Sloan ) 's . `` Flight '' earned Rhimes an NAACP Image Award nomination and it was also nominated under several categories of Entertainment Weekly 's finale awards . Upon its initial airing , the episode was viewed in the United States by 11.44 million people , garnered a 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic , ranking fourth for the night in terms of viewership , and registering as Thursday 's highest - rated drama .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Plot ( edit )

\n

\n After their plane crashes in the woods , Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , and Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) desperately fight to stay alive . Meredith is relatively unscathed , while the rest have serious injuries : the pilot , Jerry ( James LeGros ) , has a major spine injury , and Yang dislocates her arm . Robbins ' femur is broken and sticking through the skin , Sloan has serious internal injuries ; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet . Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood ; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane . However , none are in as bad shape as Lexie , who is crushed under a piece of the plane . While Meredith searches for Shepherd , Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie . Eventually , the two realize that they can not save her , so Sloan holds her hand while she dies , telling her that he loves her . As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together , Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching .

\n

\n Lexie 's death devastates Meredith , who is still desperately trying to find her husband . Eventually , she and Shepherd reunite and they fix his hand as best as they can . Meanwhile , back at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital , no one is aware of what has happened to the other doctors . Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) prepares the annual dinner for the departing residents , which Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) , Dr. Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) , and Dr. April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) are dreading . Avery makes the choice to take a job offer at Tulane Medical Center , and he and Kepner share a moment . Dr. Ben Warren ( Jason George ) and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) decide to get married , even though Warren is going to start his surgical internship in Los Angeles . After realizing Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) was offered a chief position at United States Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) and is refusing to leave Seattle out of loyalty , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) , the chief of surgery , fires her to free her from the hospital where her husband died . As the episode ends , Hunt picks up his messages to discover the surgical team never made it to Boise . The residents , finally excited to celebrate at Webber 's dinner , are left waiting for their stranded friends . The remaining crash survivors are left struggling to stay awake as their last match goes out . In the closing monologue , Meredith repeats the opening to the speech that Webber gave in the pilot episode of the series .

\n

\n Production ( edit )

\n `` It was so hard . It was physically and emotionally challenging because you 're constantly at extremely high stakes . The physicality for Cristina , she had to do a lot of things with one arm , and I had to do a lot of things with one shoe . You 're running around the mountain with one shoe and one arm basically and doing things that way . And it 's like we 've had this cushy time on stages and in the hospital . But being out in the open on the side of a mountain was exhilarating ; you can not beat location work . I 've done very little greenscreen work , but it 's just a pooper . I do n't care how much you blow that fan on my face , there 's not a helicopter coming at me . It 's really hard to manufacture the clear reality of what that is , but when you are on a mountain and you are freezing , you 're freezing . ''

\n -- Oh 's impressions on shooting in the mountains

\n

\n The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . Featured music included The Paper Kites ' `` Featherstone '' and Feist 's ' Graveyard `` . Filming took place in Big Bear Lake , California , a location previously used in the seventh season for Yang and Shepherd 's fishing trip . Commenting on the filming conditions , Leigh said : `` It would rain and be sunny and hot . I never died before ( on camera ) . That sounds funny saying that . I think everyone has an emotional wellspring and that happened to be a moment where I was sprung . Everybody was very accommodating -- the crew , cast . And I opted to stay underneath ( the wreckage ) for the most part over two days rather than trying to get in and out . ''

\n

\n In regard to the episode , Rhimes commented before it originally aired that it was difficult to write , largely because of the death of a main character . She compared it to writing the season six finale , by explaining that the former was `` more painful '' to write . After the episode aired , Rhimes repeated in a tweet that it was hard for her to write the finale , adding : `` I did not enjoy it . It made me sick and it made me sad . '' Rhimes also explained the departure of Leigh , whose character died after the plane crash , by saying that the two came to an agreement on the decision to kill Lexie , after extensive discussion . Speaking of Raver 's departure whose character left Seattle Grace for MEDCOM , Rhimes elaborated that Raver was offered a contract renewal , but declined .

\n

\n Reception ( edit )

\n Chyler Leigh 's performance was deemed `` phenomenal '' .

\n The episode received mixed reviews among television critics , and it outperformed the previous episode in terms of both viewership and ratings . `` Flight '' was originally broadcast on May 17 , 2012 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . The episode was watched in the United States by a total of 11.44 million people , a 16.5 % ( 1.62 million ) increase from the previous episode `` Migration '' , which garnered 9.82 million viewers . In terms of viewership , `` Flight '' ranked fourth for the night , behind the season finales of Fox 's American Idol , and CBS 's Person of Interest and The Mentalist . In terms of Grey 's Anatomy 's other season finales , the episode was the show 's second least - viewed finale , just behind the seventh season 's , which garnered 9.89 million viewers . The episode did not rank in the top three for viewership , but its 4.1 / 11 Nielsen rating ranked first in its 9 : 00 Eastern time - slot and second for the night , registering the show as Thursday 's No. 1 drama , for both the rating and share percentages of the key 18 -- 49 demographic . Its rating lost to American Idol , but beat out CBS 's The Big Bang Theory , Person of Interest , and The Mentalist . In addition to its rating being in the top rankings for the night , it was an increase from the previous episode , which netted a 3.5 / 10 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic . The episode also showed an increase in ratings in comparison to the previous year 's finale , which attained a 3.6 / 9 rating / share in the 18 -- 49 demographic .

\n

\n Poptimal 's Tanya Lane wrote , `` Wow ... just wow . Grey 's Anatomy has once again managed to shock with its season finale . '' While she appreciated the `` realism and authenticity that Grey 's is known for '' , she found the episode was `` almost too much '' as it was `` extremely gory and difficult to watch , initially because of the grisly wounds '' but later because of the `` heavy and emotional things that transpired '' . She thought Pompeo gave one of her best performances when her character learned that her sister was dead . Digital Spy 's Ben Lee found Leigh 's and Dane 's performances `` phenomenal '' and added that he had probably never seen a better performance from Dane . He described the moment the two actors shared as `` truly poignant '' . To him , Lexie 's death felt like a finale , which was thus too early . As for what was happening in Seattle Grace , he thought it was `` a bit pointless '' and `` uninteresting '' except Altman 's departure , which he deemed `` the most significant moment at the hospital '' . Entertainment Weekly 's Tanner Stransky commented of Lexie 's death : `` It was an intense death . I mean , how awful was it to watch one of Grey 's longest - running characters pass away so quickly -- and rather unceremoniously ? I get that Ms. Rhimes had to do what she had to do -- and every show needs to be shaken up once in a while -- but I do n't love that Lexie was the one to die . Could it have been someone less important somehow ? I guess it would have been too obvious to do Kepner . And you probably just do n't kill off a hottie like Mark Sloan , right ? '' Stransky also complained about Robbins ' screams at the beginning of the episode , but enjoyed Bailey 's story .

\n

\n In an Entertainment Weekly poll that judged all the television season finales of the year , Lexie 's death was voted the `` Top Tissue Moment '' , while Robbins ' injured leg and Shepherd 's mangled hand were voted the `` Most Disturbing Image '' . The ending of the episode was also considered as the `` Best Ending to an Otherwise So - So Season '' . Lexie 's death was also nominated under the `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' category , while the plane crash 's aftermath was nominated as the `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' , and the episode in entirety was nominated for the special award for `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly later named the scene where Meredith is crying one of the best crying scenes of 2012 . In TVLine 's review of 2012 , Lexie 's death was runner - up for `` Biggest Tearjerker '' . The episode is nominated at the NAACP Image Awards under the Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series category for Rhimes .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 25 , 2012 ) . `` Emmys 2012 : ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Sandra Oh on Cristina 's Emotional Season '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Writer : Rhimes , Shonda . Director : Corn , Rob ( May 17 , 2012 ) . `` Flight '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . American Broadcasting Company .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Season 8 , Episode : 24 `` Flight '' Music `` . TV Fanatic . SheKnows Entertainment . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Dos Santos , Kristin ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Spoiler Chat Daily : American Horror Story Season Two Scoop ! Plus , Grey 's , True Blood and More ! '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Hilton , Perez ( June 24 , 2010 ) . `` Chyler Leigh Describes Filming Deets Behind Grey 's Anatomy Death ! '' . PerezHilton.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy 's ' Shonda Rhimes on the Deadly Finale : ' We 're Literally Saying Goodbye to People ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' creator Shonda Rhimes : ' Finale made me sick and sad ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Grey 's Anatomy ' , ' 30 Rock ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Dow '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 11 , 2012 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' , ' Idol ' , ' Vampire Diaries ' , ' Office ' , ' Secret Circle ' , ' Grey 's ' Adjusted Up ; ' Touch ' , ' Scandal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 .
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' The Office , ' ' Grey 's , ' ' Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Lane , Tanya ( May 21 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy Season Finale Review : Tears and Gore Galore '' . Poptimal . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' recap : Major death in season finale ' Flight ' '' . Digital Spy . Nat Mags . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( May 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' season finale recap : A Grey Goes Down '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Chyler Leigh , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 9 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Bierly , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo TV Season Finales TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 12 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy , Ellen Pompeo , ... TV Season Finale Awards : YOUR 2012 Winners ! Photo 16 of 20 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best ( Presumed ) Death '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Bierley , Mandi ( May 29 , 2012 ) . `` Biggest Regret That I Did n't See It , I Just Heard or Read About It '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : The crying game '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . December 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` TVLine 's 2012 in Review , Part 2 : Best Cliffhanger , Worst New Character and 38 More Categories '' . TVLine . PMC . December 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` The 44th NAACP Image Awards - Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Naacpimageawards.net . December 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 .
    23. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Grey 's Anatomy episodes
\n Season 1 \n
    \n
  • \n `` A Hard Day 's Night ''
    • \n
  • \n `` If Tomorrow Never Comes ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 2 \n
    \n
  • \n `` Into You Like a Train ''
    • \n
  • \n `` It 's the End of the World ''
    • \n
  • \n `` As We Know It ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Losing My Religion ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 3 \n
    \n
  • \n `` Time Has Come Today ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Am a Tree ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Great Expectations ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Did n't We Almost Have It All ? ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 4 \n
    \n
  • \n `` A Change Is Gonna Come ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 5 \n
    \n
  • \n `` What a Difference a Day Makes ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Stand By Me ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Elevator Love Letter ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Now or Never ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 6 \n
    \n
  • \n `` Good Mourning ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Goodbye ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Always Feel Like Somebody 's Watchin ' Me ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Tainted Obligation ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Invasion ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Saw What I Saw ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Give Peace a Chance ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Invest in Love ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Like You So Much Better When You 're Naked ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Death and All His Friends ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 7 \n
    \n
  • \n `` Song Beneath the Song ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 8 \n
    \n
  • \n `` Flight ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 9 \n
    \n
  • \n `` Going , Going , Gone ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Beautiful Doom ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Perfect Storm ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 10 \n
    \n
  • \n `` Fear ( of the Unknown ) ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 11 \n
    \n
  • \n `` I Must Have Lost it on the Wind ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Puzzle With a Piece Missing ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Got to Be Real ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Only Mama Knows ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Bend & Break ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Do n't Let 's Start ''
    • \n
  • \n `` One Flight Down ''
    • \n
  • \n `` How to Save a Life ''
    • \n
  • \n `` She 's Leaving Home ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Time Stops ''
    • \n
  • \n `` You 're My Home ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 12 \n
    \n
  • \n `` Sledgehammer ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Something Against You ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Things We Lost in the Fire ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Sound of Silence ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Family Affair ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 13 \n
    \n
  • \n `` True Colors ''
    • \n
\n
\n Season 14 \n
    \n
  • \n `` Danger Zone ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Personal Jesus ''
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flight_(Grey%27s_Anatomy)&oldid=804214813 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who died in the plane crash greys anatomy", "long_answers": ["After their plane crashes in the woods , Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , and Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) desperately fight to stay alive . Meredith is relatively unscathed , while the rest have serious injuries : the pilot , Jerry ( James LeGros ) , has a major spine injury , and Yang dislocates her arm . Robbins ' femur is broken and sticking through the skin , Sloan has serious internal injuries ; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet . Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood ; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane . However , none are in as bad shape as Lexie , who is crushed under a piece of the plane . While Meredith searches for Shepherd , Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie . Eventually , the two realize that they can not save her , so Sloan holds her hand while she dies , telling her that he loves her . As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together , Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching .\n", "`` Flight '' is the twenty - fourth and final episode of the eighth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 172nd episode overall . It was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes , and directed by Rob Corn . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on May 17 , 2012 . In the episode , six doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital who are victims of an aviation accident fight to stay alive , but Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) ultimately dies . Other storylines occur in Seattle where Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) plans his annual dinner for the departing residents , Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) fires Dr. Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , and Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) gets engaged .\n"], "short_answers": ["Lexie\n", "Dr. Lexie Grey\n", "Dr. Lexie Grey\n", "Lexie\n", "Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh )\n"]} {"text": "Agriculture in India - Wikipedia

\n Agriculture in India

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n It has been suggested that Farming systems in India be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2016 .
\n Major crops by regions of India . Agriculture has a significant role in the socio - economic cotton of India . Here Sikh farmers are deploying a tractor and cane crusher to produce and distribute free cane juice at a festival . Several festivals relate to agriculture in India . Holi -- the festival of colours is celebrated across north India as the coming of spring . It is celebrated with bonfires , meeting friends and strangers , playful painting each other with colours . Farms in rural India . Most farms in India are small plots such as in this image . A vegetable farm in Himachal Pradesh state .

\n The history of Agriculture in India dates back to Indus Valley Civilization Era and even before that in some parts of Southern India . Today , India ranks second worldwide in farm output . Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry and fisheries accounted for 13.7 % of the GDP ( gross domestic product ) in 2013 , about 50 % of the workforce . The economic contribution of agriculture to India 's GDP is steadily declining with the country 's broad - based economic growth . Still , agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio - economic fabric of India .

\n

\n India exported $38 billion worth of agricultural products in 2013 , making it the seventh largest agricultural exporter worldwide and the sixth largest net exporter . Most of its agriculture exports serve developing and least developed nations . Indian agricultural / horticultural and processed foods are exported to more than 120 countries , primarily in the Middle East , Southeast Asia , SAARC countries , the EU and the United States .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Overview ( edit )

\n Rice Paddy Fields in Tamil Nadu

\n As per the 2010 FAO world agriculture statistics India is the world 's largest producer of many fresh fruits and vegetables , milk , major spices , select fibrous crops such as jute , staples such as millets and castor oil seed . India is the second largest producer of wheat and rice , the world 's major food staples .

\n

\n India is the world 's second or third largest producer of several dry fruits , agriculture - based textile raw materials , roots and tuber crops , pulses , farmed fish , eggs , coconut , sugarcane and numerous vegetables . India ranked in the world 's five largest producers of over 80 % of agricultural produce items , including many cash crops such as coffee and cotton , in 2010 . India is one of the world 's five largest producers of livestock and poultry meat , with one of the fastest growth rates , as of 2011 .

\n

\n One report from 2008 claimed India 's population is growing faster than its ability to produce rice and wheat . Other recent studies claim India can easily feed its growing population , plus produce wheat and rice for global exports , if it can reduce food staple spoilage , improve its infrastructure and raise its farm productivity to those achieved by other developing countries such as Brazil and China .

\n

\n In fiscal year ending June 2011 , with a normal monsoon season , Indian agriculture accomplished an all - time record production of 85.9 million tonnes of wheat , a 6.4 % increase from a year earlier . Rice output in India hit a new record at 95.3 million tonnes , a 7 % increase from the year earlier . Lentils and many other food staples production also increased year over year . Indian farmers , thus produced about 71 kilograms of wheat and 80 kilograms of rice for every member of Indian population in 2011 . The per capita supply of rice every year in India is now higher than the per capita consumption of rice every year in Japan .

\n

\n India exported $39 billion worth of agricultural products in 2013 , making it the seventh largest agricultural exporter worldwide , and the sixth largest net exporter . This represents explosive growth , as in 2004 net export were about $5 billion . India is the fastest growing exporter of agricultural products over a 10 - year period , its $39 billion of net exports is more than double the combined exports of the European Union ( EU - 28 ) . It has become one of the world 's largest supplier of rice , cotton , sugar and wheat . India exported around 2 million metric tonnes of wheat and 2.1 million metric tonnes of rice in 2011 to Africa , Nepal , Bangladesh and other regions around the world .

\n

\n Aquaculture and catch fishery is amongst the fastest growing industries in India . Between 1990 and 2010 , the Indian fish capture harvest doubled , while aquaculture harvest tripled . In 2008 , India was the world 's sixth largest producer of marine and freshwater capture fisheries and the second largest aquaculture farmed fish producer . India exported 600,000 metric tonnes of fish products to nearly half of the world 's countries .

\n

\n India has shown a steady average nationwide annual increase in the kilograms produced per hectare for some agricultural items , over the last 60 years . These gains have come mainly from India 's green revolution , improving road and power generation infrastructure , knowledge of gains and reforms . Despite these recent accomplishments , agriculture has the potential for major productivity and total output gains , because crop yields in India are still just 30 % to 60 % of the best sustainable crop yields achievable in the farms of developed and other developing countries . Additionally , losses after harvest due to poor infrastructure and unorganized retail cause India to experience some of the highest food losses in the world. . A new step to bring eFarming is being introduced by myKheti that serves fresh fruits and vegetables direct from Khet / Farm without storage . Because of a vast digital revolution in India , myKheti brings agriculture in a digital front through eFarming where anyone can be an online farmer and can get fresh vegetables and fruits direct from Khet / Farm .

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n Main article : History of agriculture in India

\n Vedic literature provides some of the earliest written record of agriculture in India . Rigveda hymns , for example , describes plowing , fallowing , irrigation , fruit and vegetable cultivation . Other historical evidence suggests rice and cotton were cultivated in the Indus Valley , and plowing patterns from the Bronze Age have been excavated at Kalibangan in Rajasthan . Bhumivargaha , an Indian Sanskrit text , suggested to be 2500 years old , classifies agricultural land into 12 categories : urvara ( fertile ) , ushara ( barren ) , maru ( desert ) , aprahata ( fallow ) , shadvala ( grassy ) , pankikala ( muddy ) , jalaprayah ( watery ) , kachchaha ( contiguous to water ) , sharkara ( full of pebbles and pieces of limestone ) , sharkaravati ( sandy ) , nadimatruka ( watered from a river ) , and devamatruka ( rainfed ) . Some archaeologists believe that rice was a domesticated crop along the banks of the river Ganges in the sixth millennium BC . So were species of winter cereals ( barley , oats , and wheat ) and legumes ( lentil and chickpea ) grown in northwest India before the sixth millennium BC . Other crops cultivated in India 3000 to 6000 years ago , include sesame , linseed , safflower , mustards , castor , mung bean , black gram , horse gram , pigeonpea , field pea , grass pea ( khesari ) , fenugreek , cotton , jujube , grapes , dates , jackfruit , mango , mulberry , and black plum . Indian peasants had also domesticated cattle , buffaloes , sheep , goats , pigs and horses thousands of years ago .

\n

\n According to some scientists agriculture was widespread in the Indian peninsula , 10000 -- 3000 years ago , well beyond the fertile plains of the north . For example , one study reports 12 sites in the southern Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka providing clear evidence of agriculture of pulses ( Vigna radiata and Macrotyloma uniflorum ) , millet - grasses ( Brachiaria ramosa and Setaria verticillata ) , wheats ( Triticum dicoccum , Triticum durum / aestivum ) , barley ( Hordeum vulgare ) , hyacinth bean ( Lablab purpureus ) , pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum ) , finger millet ( Eleusine coracana ) , cotton ( Gossypium sp . ) , linseed ( Linum sp . ) , as well as gathered fruits of Ziziphus and two Cucurbitaceae .

\n

\n Some claim Indian agriculture began by 9000 BC as a result of early cultivation of plants , and domestication of crops and animals . Settled life soon followed with implements and techniques being developed for agriculture . Double monsoons led to two harvests being reaped in one year . Indian products soon reached trading networks and foreign crops were introduced . Plants and animals -- considered essential to survival by the Indians -- came to be worshiped and venerated .

\n

\n The middle ages saw irrigation channels reach a new level of sophistication , and Indian crops affected the economies of other regions of the world under Islamic patronage . Land and water management systems were developed with an aim of providing uniform growth .

\n

\n Despite some stagnation during the later modern era the independent Republic of India was able to develop a comprehensive agricultural programme .

\n

\n Agriculture and colonialism ( edit )

\n

\n Over 2500 years ago , Indian farmers had discovered and begun farming many spices and sugarcane . It was in India , between the sixth and four BC , that the Persians , followed by the Greeks , discovered the famous `` reeds that produce honey without bees '' being grown . These were locally called \u0938\u093e\u0916\u0930 , ( S\u0101khara ) . On their return journey , the Macedonian soldiers carried the `` honey bearing reeds , '' thus spreading sugar and sugarcane agriculture . People in India had invented , by about 500 BC , the process to produce sugar crystals . In the local language , these crystals were called khanda ( \u0916\u0923\u094d\u0921 ) , which is the source of the word candy .

\n

\n Before the 18th century , cultivation of sugarcane was largely confined to India . A few merchants began to trade in sugar -- a luxury and an expensive spice in Europe until the 18th century . Sugar became widely popular in 18th - century Europe , then graduated to become a human necessity in the 19th century all over the world . This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient unleashed major economic and social changes . Sugarcane does not grow in cold , frost - prone climate ; therefore , tropical and semitropical colonies were sought . Sugarcane plantations , just like cotton farms , became a major driver of large and forced human migrations in 19th century and early 20th century -- of people from Africa and from India , both in millions -- influencing the ethnic mix , political conflicts and cultural evolution of Caribbean , South American , Indian Ocean and Pacific Island nations .

\n

\n The history and past accomplishments of Indian agriculture thus influenced , in part , colonialism , slavery and slavery - like indentured labor practices in the new world , Caribbean wars and world history in 18th and 19th centuries .

\n

\n Indian agriculture after independence ( edit )

\n Cotton flower in India . This is a cash crop in central India .

\n In the years since its independence , India has made immense progress towards food security . Indian population has tripled , and food - grain production more than quadrupled . There has been a substantial increase in available food - grain per capita .

\n

\n Before the mid-1960s India relied on imports and food aid to meet domestic requirements . However , two years of severe drought in 1965 and 1966 convinced India to reform its agricultural policy and that they could not rely on foreign aid and imports for food security . India adopted significant policy reforms focused on the goal of foodgrain self - sufficiency . This ushered in India 's Green Revolution . It began with the decision to adopt superior yielding , disease resistant wheat varieties in combination with better farming knowledge to improve productivity . The state of Punjab led India 's green revolution and earned the distinction of being the country 's bread basket .

\n

\n The initial increase in production was centred on the irrigated areas of the states of Punjab , Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh . With the farmers and the government officials focusing on farm productivity and knowledge transfer , India 's total foodgrain production soared . A hectare of Indian wheat farm that produced an average of 0.8 tonnes in 1948 , produced 4.7 tonnes of wheat in 1975 from the same land . Such rapid growth in farm productivity enabled India to become self - sufficient by the 1970s . It also empowered the smallholder farmers to seek further means to increase food staples produced per hectare . By 2000 , Indian farms were adopting wheat varieties capable of yielding 6 tonnes of wheat per hectare .

\n Men and women at work in rice paddy fields in Tamil Nadu

\n With agricultural policy success in wheat , India 's Green Revolution technology spread to rice . However , since irrigation infrastructure was very poor , Indian farmer innovated with tube - wells , to harvest ground water . When gains from the new technology reached their limits in the states of initial adoption , the technology spread in the 1970s and 1980s to the states of eastern India -- Bihar , Odisha and West Bengal . The lasting benefits of the improved seeds and new technology extended principally to the irrigated areas which account for about one - third of the harvested crop area . In the 1980s , Indian agriculture policy shifted to `` evolution of a production pattern in line with the demand pattern '' leading to a shift in emphasis to other agricultural commodities like oilseed , fruit and vegetables . Farmers began adopting improved methods and technologies in dairying , fisheries and livestock , and meeting the diversified food needs of a growing population .

\n

\n As with rice , the lasting benefits of improved seeds and improved farming technologies now largely depends on whether India develops infrastructure such as irrigation network , flood control systems , reliable electricity production capacity , all - season rural and urban highways , cold storage to prevent spoilage , modern retail , and competitive buyers of produce from Indian farmers . This is increasingly the focus of Indian agriculture policy .

\n

\n India 's agricultural economy is undergoing structural changes . Between 1970 and 2011 , the GDP share of agriculture has fallen from 43 % to 16 % . This is n't because of reduced importance of agriculture or a consequence of agricultural policy . This is largely because of the rapid economic growth in services , industrial output , and non-agricultural sectors in India between 2000 and 2010 .

\n

\n Agricultural scientist MS Swaminathan has played a vital role in the green revolution . In 2013 NDTV awarded him as 25 living legend of India for outstanding contribution to agriculture and making India a food sovereign country .

\n An irrigation canal in Gujarat . Irrigation contributes significantly to agriculture in India .

\n Two states , Sikkim and Kerala have planned to shift fully to organic farming by 2015 and 2016 respectively .

\n

\n Irrigation ( edit )

\n Main article : Irrigation in India

\n Indian irrigation infrastructure includes a network of major and minor canals from rivers , groundwater well - based systems , tanks , and other rainwater harvesting projects for agricultural activities . Of these , the groundwater system is the largest . Of the 160 million hectares of cultivated land in India , about 39 million hectare can be irrigated by groundwater wells and an additional 22 million hectares by irrigation canals . In 2010 , only about 35 % of agricultural land in India was reliably irrigated . About 2 / 3rd cultivated land in India is dependent on monsoons . The improvements in irrigation infrastructure in the last 50 years have helped India improve food security , reduce dependence on monsoons , improve agricultural productivity and create rural job opportunities . Dams used for irrigation projects have helped provide drinking water to a growing rural population , control flood and prevent drought - related damage to agriculture .

\n

\n Output ( edit )

\n Indian agriculture is diverse , ranging from impoverished farm villages to developed farms using modern agricultural technologies . This image shows a farming community in a more prosperous part of India . The changing face of Indian agriculture : formation of larger farms and adoption of wind power generation technologies . A panoramic view of a rice , cassava and banana farm in Kerala state . A mustard farm in Rajasthan state . Amul : an integrated dairy with milk processing plant in Gujarat state . India has some of the world 's best agricultural yields in its tea plantations . A tea estate in Kerala state .

\n As of 2011 , India had a large and diverse agricultural sector , accounting , on average , for about 16 % of GDP and 10 % of export earnings . India 's arable land area of 159.7 million hectares ( 394.6 million acres ) is the second largest in the world , after the United States . Its gross irrigated crop area of 82.6 million hectares ( 215.6 million acres ) is the largest in the world . India is among the top three global producers of many crops , including wheat , rice , pulses , cotton , peanuts , fruits and vegetables . Worldwide , as of 2011 , India had the largest herds of buffalo and cattle , is the largest producer of milk and has one of the largest and fastest growing poultry industries .

\n

\n Major crops and yields ( edit )

\n

\n The following table presents the 20 most important agricultural products in India , by economic value , in 2009 . Included in the table is the average productivity of India 's farms for each produce . For context and comparison , included is the average of the most productive farms in the world and name of country where the most productive farms existed in 2010 . The table suggests India has large potential for further accomplishments from productivity increases , in increased agricultural output and agricultural incomes .

\n \n Largest agricultural products in India by value \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Rank \n Commodity \n Value ( US $ , 2013 ) \n Unit price ( US $ / kilogram , 2009 ) \n Average yield ( tonnes per hectare , 2010 ) \n Most productive country ( tonnes per hectare , 2010 )
\n \n Rice \n $42.57 billion \n 0.27 \n 3.99 \n 12.03 \n Australia
\n \n Buffalo milk \n $27.92 billion \n 0.4 \n 0.63 \n 23.7 \n India
\n \n Cow milk \n $18.91 billion \n 0.31 \n \n 10.3 \n Israel
\n \n Wheat \n $13.98 billion \n 0.15 \n 2.8 \n 8.9 \n Netherlands
\n 5 \n Mangoes , guavas \n $10.79 billion \n 0.6 \n 6.3 \n 40.6 \n Cape Verde
\n 6 \n Sugar cane \n $10.42 billion \n 0.03 \n 66 \n 125 \n Peru
\n 7 \n Cotton \n $8.65 billion \n 1.43 \n 1.6 \n 4.6 \n Israel
\n 8 \n Bananas \n $7.77 billion \n 0.28 \n 37.8 \n 59.3 \n Indonesia
\n 9 \n Potatoes \n $7.11 billion \n 0.15 \n 19.9 \n 44.3 \n United States
\n 10 \n Tomatoes \n $6.74 billion \n 0.37 \n 19.3 \n 524.9 \n Belgium
\n 11 \n Fresh vegetables \n $6.27 billion \n 0.19 \n 13.4 \n 76.8 \n United States
\n 12 \n Buffalo meat \n $4.33 billion \n 2.69 \n 0.138 \n 0.424 \n Thailand
\n 13 \n Groundnuts \n $4.11 billion \n 1.96 \n 1.8 \n 17.0 \n China
\n 14 \n Okra \n $4.06 billion \n 0.35 \n 7.6 \n 23.9 \n Israel
\n 15 \n Onions \n $4.05 billion \n 0.21 \n 16.6 \n 67.3 \n Ireland
\n 16 \n Chick peas \n $3.43 billion \n 0.4 \n 0.9 \n 2.8 \n China
\n 17 \n Chicken meat \n $3.32 billion \n 0.64 \n 10.6 \n 20.2 \n Cyprus
\n 18 \n Fresh fruits \n $3.25 billion \n 0.42 \n 1.1 \n 5.5 \n Nicaragua
\n 19 \n Hen eggs \n $3.18 billion \n 2.7 \n 0.1 \n 0.42 \n Japan
\n 20 \n Soybeans \n $3.09 billion \n 0.26 \n 1.1 \n 3.7 \n Turkey
\n

\n The Statistics Office of the Food and Agriculture Organisation reported that , per final numbers for 2009 , India had grown to become the world 's largest producer of the following agricultural products :

\n \n

\n Per final numbers for 2009 , India is the world 's second largest producer of the following agricultural products :

\n \n

\n In 2009 , India was the world 's third largest producer of eggs , oranges , coconuts , tomatoes , peas and beans .

\n

\n In addition to growth in total output , agriculture in India has shown an increase in average agricultural output per hectare in last 60 years . The table below presents average farm productivity in India over three farming years for some crops . Improving road and power generation infrastructure , knowledge gains and reforms has allowed India to increase farm productivity between 40 % to 500 % over 40 years . India 's recent accomplishments in crop yields while being impressive , are still just 30 % to 60 % of the best crop yields achievable in the farms of developed as well as other developing countries . Additionally , despite these gains in farm productivity , losses after harvest due to poor infrastructure and unorganised retail cause India to experience some of the highest food losses in the world .

\n \n Agriculture productivity in India , growth in average yields from 1970 to 2010 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Crop \n Average YIELD , 1970 - 1971 \n Average YIELD , 1990 - 1991 \n Average YIELD , 2010 -- 2011
\n \n kilogram per hectare \n kilogram per hectare \n kilogram per hectare
\n Rice \n 1123 \n 1740 \n 2240
\n Wheat \n 1307 \n 2281 \n 2938
\n Pulses \n 524 \n 578 \n 689
\n Oilseeds \n 579 \n 771 \n 1325
\n Sugarcane \n 48322 \n 65395 \n 68596
\n Tea \n 1182 \n 1652 \n 1669
\n Cotton \n 106 \n 225 \n 510
\n

\n India and China are competing to establish the world record on rice yields . Yuan Longping of China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Centre set a world record for rice yield in 2010 at 19 tonnes per hectare in a demonstration plot . In 2011 , this record was surpassed by an Indian farmer , Sumant Kumar , with 22.4 tonnes per hectare in Bihar , also in a demonstration plot . These farmers claim to have employed newly developed rice breeds and system of rice intensification ( SRI ) , a recent innovation in farming . The claimed Chinese and Indian yields have yet to be demonstrated on 7 hectare farm lots and that these are reproducible over two consecutive years on the same farm .

\n

\n Horticulture ( edit )

\n

\n The total production and economic value of horticultural produce , such as fruits , vegetables and nuts has doubled in India over the 10 - year period from 2002 to 2012 . In 2012 , the production from horticulture exceeded grain output for the first time . The total horticulture produce reached 277.4 million metric tonnes in 2013 , making India the second largest producer of horticultural products after China . Of this , India in 2013 produced 81 million tonnes of fruits , 162 million tonnes of vegetables , 5.7 million tonnes of spices , 17 million tonnes of nuts and plantation products ( cashew , cacao , coconut , etc . ) , 1 million tonnes of aromatic horticulture produce and 1.7 million tonnes of flowers ( 7.6 billion cut flowers ) .

\n \n Horticultural productivity in India , 2013 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Country \n Area under fruits production ( million hectares ) \n Average Fruits Yield ( Metric tonnes per hectare ) \n Area under vegetable production ( million hectares ) \n Average Vegetable Yield ( Metric tonnes per hectare )
\n India \n 7.0 \n 11.6 \n 9.2 \n 52.36
\n China \n 11.8 \n 11.6 \n 24.6 \n 23.4
\n Spain \n 1.54 \n 9.1 \n 0.32 \n 39.3
\n United States \n 1.14 \n 23.3 \n 1.1 \n 32.5
\n World \n 57.3 \n 11.3 \n 60.0 \n 19.7
\n

\n During the 2013 fiscal year , India exported horticulture products worth \u20b9 14,365 crore ( US $2.3 billion ) , nearly double the value of its 2010 exports . Along with these farm - level gains , the losses between farm and consumer increased and are estimated to range between 51 and 82 million metric tonnes a year .

\n

\n Organic agriculture ( edit )

\n

\n Organic agriculture has fed India for centuries and it is again a growing sector in India . Organic production offers clean and green production methods without the use of synthetic fertilisers and pesticides and it achieves a premium price in the market place . India has 6 , 50,000 organic producers , which is more that any other country . India also has 4 million hectares of land certified as organic wildculture , which is third in the world ( after Finland and Zambia ) .

\n

\n Problems ( edit )

\n A rural market in India -- farmers with limited marketing options sell their surplus produce India lacks cold storage , food packaging as well as safe and efficient rural transport system . This causes one of the world 's highest food spoilage rates , particularly during monsoons and other adverse weather conditions . Food travels to the Indian consumer through a slow and inefficient chain of traders . Consumers buy agricultural produce in suburban markets known as ' sabzi mandi ' such as one shown or from roadside vendors . Indian agriculture includes a mix of traditional to modern farming techniques . In some parts of India , traditional use of cattle to plough remains in use . Traditional farms have some of the lowest per capita productivities and farmer incomes . Since 2002 , India has become the world 's largest manufacturer of tractors with 29 % of world 's output in 2013 ; it is also the world 's largest tractor market . Above a tractor in use in north India .

\n `` Slow agricultural growth is a concern for policymakers as some two - thirds of India 's people depend on rural employment for a living . Current agricultural practices are neither economically nor environmentally sustainable and India 's yields for many agricultural commodities are low . Poorly maintained irrigation systems and almost universal lack of good extension services are among the factors responsible . Farmers ' access to markets is hampered by poor roads , rudimentary market infrastructure , and excessive regulation . ''

\n -- World Bank : `` India Country Overview 2008 ''

\n `` With a population of just over 1.2 billion , India is the world 's largest democracy . In the past decade , the country has witnessed accelerated economic growth , emerged as a global player with the world 's fourth largest economy in purchasing power parity terms , and made progress towards achieving most of the Millennium Development Goals . India 's integration into the global economy has been accompanied by impressive economic growth that has brought significant economic and social benefits to the country . Nevertheless , disparities in income and human development are on the rise . Preliminary estimates suggest that in 2009 - 10 the combined all India poverty rate was 32 % compared to 37 % in 2004 - 05 . Going forward , it will be essential for India to build a productive , competitive , and diversified agricultural sector and facilitate rural , non-farm entrepreneurship and employment . Encouraging policies that promote competition in agricultural marketing will ensure that farmers receive better prices . ''

\n -- World Bank : `` India Country Overview 2011 ''

\n A 2003 analysis of India 's agricultural growth from 1970 to 2001 by the Food and Agriculture Organisation identified systemic problems in Indian agriculture . For food staples , the annual growth rate in production during the six - year segments 1970 - 76 , 1976 -- 82 , 1982 -- 88 , 1988 -- 1994 , 1994 - 2000 were found to be respectively 2.5 , 2.5 , 3.0 , 2.6 , and 1.8 % per annum . Corresponding analyses for the index of total agricultural production show a similar pattern , with the growth rate for 1994 - 2000 attaining only 1.5 % per annum .

\n

\n Infrastructure ( edit )

\n

\n India has very poor rural roads affecting timely supply of inputs and timely transfer of outputs from Indian farms . Irrigation systems are inadequate , leading to crop failures in some parts of the country because of lack of water . In other areas regional floods , poor seed quality and inefficient farming practices , lack of cold storage and harvest spoilage cause over 30 % of farmer 's produce going to waste , lack of organised retail and competing buyers thereby limiting Indian farmer 's ability to sell the surplus and commercial crops .

\n

\n The Indian farmer receives just 10 % to 23 % of the price the Indian consumer pays for exactly the same produce , the difference going to losses , inefficiencies and middlemen . Farmers in developed economies of Europe and the United States receive 64 % to 81 % .

\n

\n Productivity ( edit )

\n

\n Although India has attained self - sufficiency in food staples , the productivity of its farms is below that of Brazil , the United States , France and other nations . Indian wheat farms , for example , produce about a third of the wheat per hectare per year compared to farms in France . Rice productivity in India was less than half that of China . Other staples productivity in India is similarly low . Indian total factor productivity growth remains below 2 % per annum ; in contrast , China 's total factor productivity growths is about 6 % per annum , even though China also has smallholding farmers . Several studies suggest India could eradicate its hunger and malnutrition and be a major source of food for the world by achieving productivity comparable with other countries .

\n

\n By contrast , Indian farms in some regions post the best yields , for sugarcane , cassava and tea crops .

\n

\n Crop yields vary significantly between Indian states . Some states produce two to three times more grain per acre than others . The table compares the statewide average yields for a few major agricultural crops in India , for 2001 - 2002 .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Crop \n Average farm yield in Bihar \n Average farm yield in Karnataka \n Average farm yield in Punjab
\n \n kilogram per hectare \n kilogram per hectare \n kilogram per hectare
\n Wheat \n 2020 \n unknown \n 3880
\n Rice \n 1370 \n 2380 \n 3130
\n Pulses \n 610 \n 470 \n 820
\n Oil seeds \n 620 \n 680 \n 1200
\n Sugarcane \n 45510 \n 79560 \n 65300
\n

\n Crop yields for some farms in India are within 90 % of the best achieved yields by farms in developed countries such as the United States and in European Union . No single state of India is best in every crop . Tamil Nadu achieved highest yields in rice and sugarcane , Haryana in wheat and coarse grains , Karnataka in cotton , Bihar in pulses , while other states do well in horticulture , aquaculture , flower and fruit plantations . These differences in agricultural productivity are a function of local infrastructure , soil quality , micro-climates , local resources , farmer knowledge and innovations .

\n

\n The Indian food distribution system is highly inefficient . Movement of agricultural produce is heavily regulated , with inter-state and even inter-district restrictions on marketing and movement of agricultural goods .

\n

\n One study suggests Indian agricultural policy should best focus on improving rural infrastructure primarily in the form of irrigation and flood control infrastructure , knowledge transfer of better yielding and more disease resistant seeds . Additionally , cold storage , hygienic food packaging and efficient modern retail to reduce waste can improve output and rural incomes .

\n

\n The low productivity in India is a result of the following factors :

\n \n

\n Farmer suicides ( edit )

\n Main article : Farmers ' suicides in India

\n In 2012 , the National Crime Records Bureau of India reported 13,754 farmer suicides . Farmer suicides account for 11.2 % of all suicides in India . Activists and scholars have offered a number of conflicting reasons for farmer suicides , such as monsoon failure , high debt burdens , genetically modified crops , government policies , public mental health , personal issues and family problems .

\n

\n Diversion of agricultural land for non agricultural purpose ( edit )

\n

\n Indian National Policy for Farmers of 2007 stated that `` prime farmland must be conserved for agriculture except under exceptional circumstances , provided that the agencies that are provided with agricultural land for non-agricultural projects should compensate for treatment and full development of equivalent degraded or wastelands elsewhere '' . The policy suggested that , as far as possible , land with low farming yields or that was not farmable should be earmarked for non-agricultural purposes such as construction , industrial parks and other commercial development .

\n

\n Amartya Sen offered a counter viewpoint , stating that `` prohibiting the use of agricultural land for commercial and industrial development is ultimately self - defeating . '' He stated that agricultural land may be better suited for non-agriculture purposes if industrial production could generate many times more than the value of the product produced by agriculture . Sen suggested India needed to bring productive industry everywhere , wherever there are advantages of production , market needs and the locational preferences of managers , engineers , technical experts as well as unskilled labour because of education , healthcare and other infrastructure . He stated that instead of government controlling land allocation based on soil characteristics , the market economy should determine productive allocation of land .

\n

\n Initiatives ( edit )

\n Viticulture farms in Maharashtra . Coffee farms in Tamil Nadu .

\n The required level of investment for the development of marketing , storage and cold storage infrastructure is estimated to be huge . The government has not been able to implement schemes to raise investment in marketing infrastructure . Among these schemes are ' Construction of Rural Godowns ' , ' Market Research and Information Network ' , and ' Development / Strengthening of Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure , Grading and Standardisation ' .

\n

\n The Indian Council of Agricultural Research ( ICAR ) , established in 1905 , was responsible for the search leading to the `` Indian Green Revolution '' of the 1970s . The ICAR is the apex body in agriculture and related allied fields , including research and education . The Union Minister of Agriculture is the president of the ICAR . The Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute develops new techniques for the design of agricultural experiments , analyses data in agriculture , and specialises in statistical techniques for animal and plant breeding .

\n

\n Recently the government of India has set up the Farmers Commission to completely evaluate the agriculture programme . Its recommendations have had a mixed reception .

\n

\n In November 2011 , India announced major reforms in organised retail . These reforms would include logistics and retail of agricultural produce . The announcement led to major political controversy . The reforms were placed on hold by the government in December 2011 .

\n

\n In the summer of 2012 , the subsidised electricity for pumping , which has caused an alarming drop in aquifer levels , put additional strain on the country 's electrical grid due to a 19 % drop in monsoon rains and may have contributed to a blackout across much of the country . In response the state of Bihar offered farmers over $100 million in subsidised diesel to operate their pumps .

\n

\n In 2015 , Narendra Modi announced to double farmer 's income by 2022 .

\n

\n Startups with niche technology and new business models are working to solve problems in Indian agriculture and its marketing . Kandawale is one of such e-commerce website which sells Indian Red Onions to bulk users direct from farmers , reducing unnecessary cost escalations .

\n

\n Maps ( edit )

\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n Bibliography ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=pU6dCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA96
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Agriculture 's share in GDP declines to 13.7 % in 2012 - 13
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` CIA Factbook : India '' . CIA Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on 11 June 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Staff , India Brand Equity Foundation Agriculture and Food in India Accessed 7 May 2013
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : India 's Agricultural Exports Climb to Record High , United States Department of Agriculture ( 2014 )
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ http://www.ibef.org/exports/agriculture-and-food-industry-india.aspx
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ http://www.agriexam.com/?m=1
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : `` FAOSTAT , 2010 data '' . Faostat.fao.org . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Livestock and Poultry : World Markets & Trade '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture . October 2011 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Sengupta , Somini ( 22 June 2008 ) . `` The Food Chain in Fertile India , Growth Outstrips Agriculture '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 April 2010 .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Rapid growth of select Asian economies '' . Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations . 2009 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : `` India Country Overview 2011 '' . World Bank . 2011 .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : `` India Allows Wheat Exports for the First Time in Four Years '' . Bloomberg L.P. 8 September 2011 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` Fish and Rice in the Japanese Diet '' . Japan Review . 2006 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` The state of world fisheries and aquaculture , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . FAO of the United Nations . 2010 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Export of marine products from India ( see statistics section ) '' . Central Institute of Fisheries Technology , India . 2008 . Archived from the original on 1 July 2013 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles : India '' . Food and Africulture Organisation of the United Nations . 2011 .
    18. \n
  18. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy '' . Reserve Bank of India : India 's Central Bank . 2011 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` World Wheat , Corn and Rice '' . Oklahoma State University , FAOSTAT . Archived from the original on 10 June 2015 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Indian retail : The supermarket 's last frontier '' . The Economist. 3 December 2011 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Sinha , R.K. ( 2010 ) . `` Emerging Trends , Challenges and Opportunities presentation , on publications page , see slides 7 through 21 '' . National Seed Association of India .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` The Story of India : a PBS documentary '' . Public Broadcasting Service , United States .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Fuller ; Korisettar , Ravi ; Venkatasubbaiah , P.C. ; Jones , Martink. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Early plant domestications in southern India : some preliminary archaeobotanical results '' ( PDF ) . Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. 13 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 129 . doi : 10.1007 / s00334 - 004 - 0036 - 9 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Tamboli and Nene . `` Science in India with Special Reference to Agriculture '' ( PDF ) . Agri History .
    25. \n
  25. \n ^ Jump up to : Gupta , page 57
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Harris & Gosden , page 385
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Lal , R. ( August 2001 ) . `` Thematic evolution of ISTRO : transition in scientific issues and research focus from 1955 to 2000 '' . Soil and Tillage Research . 61 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 3 -- 12 ( 3 ) . doi : 10.1016 / S0167 - 1987 ( 01 ) 00184 - 2 .
    28. \n
  28. \n ^ Jump up to : agriculture , history of . Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica 2008 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Shaffer , pages 310 - 311
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Iqtidar Husain Siddiqui , `` Water Works and Irrigation System in India during Pre-Mughal Times '' , Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient , Vol. 29 , No. 1 ( Feb. , 1986 ) , pp. 52 -- 77 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Shaffer , page 315
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Palat , page 63
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Kumar , page 182
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Roy 2006
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Kumar 2006
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ George Rolph ( 1873 ) . Something about sugar : its history , growth , manufacture and distribution .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Agribusiness Handbook : Sugar beet white sugar '' ( PDF ) . Food and Agriculture Organisation , United Nations . 2009 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` Sugarcane : Saccharum Officinarum '' ( PDF ) . USAID , Govt of United States . 2006 . p. 7.1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 November 2013 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Sidney Mintz ( 1986 ) . Sweetness and Power : The Place of Sugar in Modern History . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 009233 - 2 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` Indian indentured labourers '' . The National Archives , Government of the United Kingdom . 2010 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Forced Labour '' . The National Archives , Government of the United Kingdom . 2010 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ K Laurence ( 1994 ) . A Question of Labour : Indentured Immigration Into Trinidad & British Guiana , 1875 - 1917 . St Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 12172 - 3 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` St. Lucia 's Indian Arrival Day '' . Caribbean Repeating Islands . 2009 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Walton Lai ( 1993 ) . Indentured labor , Caribbean sugar : Chinese and Indian migrants to the British West Indies , 1838 - 1918 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7746 - 9 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Steven Vertovik ( Robin Cohen , ed . ) ( 1995 ) . The Cambridge survey of world migration . pp. 57 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 44405 - 7 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ The Government of Punjab ( 2004 ) . Human Development Report 2004 , Punjab ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Section : `` The Green Revolution '' , pp. 17 -- 20 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Brief history of wheat improvement in India '' . Directorate of Wheat Research , ICAR India . 2011 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Sikkim to become a completely organic state by 2015 '' . The Hindu . 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` Sikkim makes an organic shift '' . Times of India . 7 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` Sikkim ' livelihood schools ' to promote organic farming '' . Hindu Business Line . 6 August 2010 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Sikkim races on organic route '' . Telegraph India . 12 December 2011 . Retrieved 29 November 2012 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/state-to-switch-fully-to-organic-farming-by-2016-mohanan/article6517859.ece
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/CM-Will-Get-Total-Organic-Farming-State-Tag-by-2016/2014/11/07/article2511534.ece
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ S. Siebert et al. ( 2010 ) , Groundwater use for irrigation -- a global inventory , Hydrol . Earth Syst . Sci. , 14 , pp. 1863 -- 1880
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Global map of irrigated areas : India FAO - United Nations and Bonn University , Germany ( 2013 )
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Agricultural irrigated land ( % of total agricultural land ) The World Bank ( 2013 )
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Economic Times : How to solve the problems of India 's rain - dependent agricultural land
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ National Water Development Agency Ministry of Water Resources , Govt of India ( 2014 )
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` India : Basic Information '' . United States Department of Agriculture - Economic Research Service . August 2011 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` FAOSTAT : Production - Crops , 2010 data '' . Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations . 2011 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2013 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Adam Cagliarini and Anthony Rush ( June 2011 ) . `` Bulletin : Economic Development and Agriculture in India '' ( PDF ) . Reserve Bank of Australia . pp. 15 -- 22 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` Food and Agricultural commodities production / Commodities by country / India : '' . FAOSTAT. 2013 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` Production / Crops / India '' . FAOSTAT. 2014 .
    64. \n
  64. \n ^ Jump up to : Tonnes per livestock animal
    65. \n
  65. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Country Rank in the World , by commodity '' . Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations . 2011 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ These are food and agriculture classification groups . For definition with list of botanical species covered under each classification , consult FAOSTAT of the United Nations ; Link : http://faostat.fao.org/site/384/default.aspx
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Data checks suggest there is difference between FAO 's statistics office and Reserve Bank of India estimates ; these differences are small and may be because of the fiscal year start months .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ L.P. Yuan ( 2010 ) . `` A Scientist 's Perspective on Experience with SRI in CHINA for Raising the Yields of Super Hybrid Rice '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 November 2011 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` Indian farmer sets new world record in rice yield '' . The Philippine Star . 18 December 2011 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ `` Grassroots heroes lead Bihar 's rural revolution '' . India Today . 10 January 2012 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` System of Rice Intensification '' . Cornell University . 2011 .
    72. \n
  72. \n ^ Jump up to : Deficit rains spare horticulture , record production expected Livemint , S Bera , Hindustan Times ( January 19 , 2015 )
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ Final Area & Production Estimates for Horticulture Crops for 2012 - 2013 Archived 6 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Government of India ( 2014 )
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ Horticulture output Horticulture Board of India
    75. \n
  75. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Horticulture in India '' ( PDF ) . MOSPI , Government of India . 2014 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Paull , John & Hennig , Benjamin ( 2016 ) rider Vinay Kumar Atlas of Organics : Four Maps of the World of Organic Agriculture Journal of Organics. 3 ( 1 ) : 25 - 32 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Paull , John ( 2016 ) Organics Olympiad 2016 : Global Indices of Leadership in Organic Agriculture , Journal of Social and Development Sciences . 7 ( 2 ) : 79 - 87
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Global Tractor Market Analysis Available to AEM Members from Agrievolution Alliance Association of Equipment Manufacturers , Wisconsin , USA ( 2014 )
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ India proves fertile ground for tractor makers The Financial Times ( April 8 , 2014 ) ( subscription required )
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ `` India Country Overview 2008 '' . World Bank . 2008 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN INDIA : FOOD SECURITY AND AGRICULTURAL POLICY '' ( PDF ) . Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations . 2003 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Production Crops - Yield by Country Archived 14 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , FAO United Nations 2011
    83. \n
  83. \n ^ Jump up to : Mahadevan , Renuka ( December 2003 ) . `` PRODUCTIVITY GROWTH IN INDIAN AGRICULTURE : THE ROLE OF GLOBALISATION AND ECONOMIC REFORM '' . Asia - Pacific Development Journal . 10 ( 2 ) : 57 -- 72 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` Rapid growth of select Asian economies '' ( PDF ) . Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations . 2006 .
    85. \n
  85. \n ^ Jump up to : `` India : Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development '' . World Bank .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Biello , David ( 2009 - 11 - 11 ) . `` Is Northwestern India 's Breadbasket Running Out of Water ? '' . Scientificamerican.com . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ Chauhan , Chetan ( 1 April 2014 ) . `` UN climate panel warns India of severe food , water shortage '' . www.hindustantimes.com . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 31 March 2014 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Multiple authors ( 2004 ) . `` Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2004 '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 10 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ Sankaran , S. `` 28 '' . Indian Economy : Problems , Policies and Development . pp. 492 -- 493 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` Satellites Unlock Secret To Northern India 's Vanishing Water '' . Sciencedaily.com. 2009 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ `` Columbia Conference on Water Security in India '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ Keepers of the spring : reclaiming our water in an age of globalisation , By Fred Pearce , page 77 . Books.google.com. 2004 - 11 - 01 . ISBN 9781597268936 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 17 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Zakaria , Fareed . `` Zakaria : Is India the broken BRIC ? '' CNN , 21 December 2011 .
    94. \n
  94. \n ^ Jump up to : National Crime Reports Bureau , ADSI Report Annual -- 2012 Archived 10 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Government of India , Page 242 , Table 2.11
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ Nagraj , K. ( 2008 ) . `` Farmers suicide in India : magnitudes , trends and spatial patterns '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 May 2011 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ Gru\u00e8re , G. & Sengupta , D. ( 2011 ) , Bt cotton and farmer suicides in India : an evidence - based assessment , The Journal of Development Studies , 47 ( 2 ) , 316 -- 337
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Schurman , R. ( 2013 ) , Shadow space : suicides and the predicament of rural India , Journal of Peasant Studies , 40 ( 3 ) , 597 -- 601
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Das , A. ( 2011 ) , Farmers ' suicide in India : implications for public mental health , International Journal of Social Psychiatry , 57 ( 1 ) , 21 -- 29
    99. \n
  99. \n ^ Jump up to : National Policy for Farmers , 2007 Archived 24 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine .
    100. \n
  100. \n ^ Jump up to : The Telegraph . July 23 , 2007 ' Prohibiting the use of agricultural land for industries is ultimately self - defeating '
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ Agriculture marketing india.gov Retrieved on February 2008
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ Objectives Archived 24 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Indian agricultural research institute , Retrieved on December 2007
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ Farmers Commission
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` Drought fears loom in India as monsoon stalls . '' al Jazeera , 5 August 2012 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ `` PM Modi : Target to double farmers ' income by 2022 '' , The Indian Express , 28 February 2016
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ `` Tech in Asia - Connecting Asia 's startup ecosystem '' . www.techinasia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 04 .
    107. \n
\n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Agriculture in India .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Links to related articles
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n India topics
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n History
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Overviews \n
    \n
  • \n Timeline
    • \n
  • \n Years
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Astronomy
    • \n
  • \n Economics
    • \n
  • \n Linguistics
    • \n
  • \n Maritime
    • \n
  • \n Mathematics
    • \n
  • \n Metallurgy
    • \n
  • \n Military
    • \n
  • \n Postal
    • \n
  • \n Science and technology
    • \n
\n
\n Pre-colonial \n
    \n
  • \n Stone Age
    • \n
  • \n Indus Valley Civilization
    • \n
  • \n Vedic period
    • \n
  • \n Mahajanapadas
    • \n
  • \n Mauryas
    • \n
  • \n Middle kingdoms
    • \n
  • \n Hoysala
    • \n
  • \n Chola
    • \n
  • \n Pala
    • \n
  • \n Kakatiya
    • \n
  • \n Delhi Sultanate
    • \n
  • \n Vijayanagara
    • \n
  • \n Mughals
    • \n
  • \n Marathas
    • \n
  • \n European trade
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Colonial
    • \n
  • \n Princely
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n East India Company
    • \n
  • \n Plassey
    • \n
  • \n 1857 rebellion
    • \n
  • \n British Raj
    • \n
  • \n Railways
    • \n
  • \n Economy
    • \n
  • \n Army
    • \n
  • \n Zamindari
    • \n
  • \n Bengali renaissance
    • \n
  • \n Political reforms
    • \n
  • \n Princely states
    • \n
  • \n Partition of Bengal
    • \n
  • \n Independence movement
    • \n
  • \n 1943 famine
    • \n
  • \n World War II
    • \n
  • \n Partition
    • \n
\n
\n Republic \n
    \n
  • \n Integration
    • \n
  • \n Non-Aligned Movement
    • \n
  • \n Five - Year Plans
    • \n
  • \n Sino - Indian War
    • \n
  • \n Indo - Pakistani wars
    • \n
  • \n Green Revolution
    • \n
  • \n White Revolution
    • \n
  • \n Naxal Insurgency
    • \n
  • \n Smiling Buddha
    • \n
  • \n Space programme
    • \n
  • \n The Emergency
    • \n
  • \n Indian Peace Keeping Force ( IPKF )
    • \n
  • \n Economic liberalisation
    • \n
  • \n Pokhran - II
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Geography
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Environment \n
    \n
  • \n Biosphere reserves
    • \n
  • \n Climate
      \n
    • \n Climatic regions
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Earthquakes
    • \n
  • \n Ecoregions
    • \n
  • \n Environmental issues
    • \n
  • \n Fauna
    • \n
  • \n Flora
    • \n
  • \n Geology
    • \n
  • \n National parks
    • \n
  • \n Protected areas
    • \n
  • \n Wildlife
    • \n
  • \n sanctuaries
    • \n
\n
\n Landforms \n
    \n
  • \n Beaches
    • \n
  • \n Desert
    • \n
  • \n Extreme points
    • \n
  • \n Glaciers
    • \n
  • \n Islands
    • \n
  • \n Lakes
    • \n
  • \n Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Plains
      \n
    • \n Indo - Gangetic
      • \n
    • \n Eastern coastal
      • \n
    • \n Western coastal
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Rivers
    • \n
  • \n Valleys
    • \n
  • \n Volcanoes
    • \n
  • \n Waterfalls
    • \n
\n
\n Regions \n
    \n
  • \n East
    • \n
  • \n North
    • \n
  • \n Northeast
    • \n
  • \n South
    • \n
  • \n West
    • \n
\n
\n Subdivisions \n
    \n
  • \n Autonomous administrative divisions
    • \n
  • \n Cities
    • \n
  • \n Districts
    • \n
  • \n Municipalities
    • \n
  • \n States and territories
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Politics
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Government \n
    \n
  • \n Agencies
    • \n
  • \n Energy policy
    • \n
  • \n Foreign relations
    • \n
  • \n Parliament
    • \n
  • \n President
    • \n
  • \n Vice President
    • \n
  • \n Prime Minister
    • \n
  • \n Union Council of Ministers
    • \n
  • \n Civil Services
    • \n
  • \n Cabinet Secretary
    • \n
  • \n State governments
    • \n
\n
\n Law \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Chief Justice
    • \n
  • \n Constitution
    • \n
  • \n District Courts
    • \n
  • \n Fundamental rights , principles and duties
    • \n
  • \n High Courts
    • \n
  • \n Human rights
    • \n
  • \n Supreme Court
    • \n
\n
\n Enforcement \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Federal \n
    \n
  • \n Border Security Force ( BSF )
    • \n
  • \n Central Industrial Security Force ( CISF )
    • \n
  • \n Central Reserve Police Force ( CRPF )
    • \n
  • \n Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( ITBP )
    • \n
  • \n National Security Guard ( NSG )
    • \n
  • \n Railway Protection Force ( RPF )
    • \n
  • \n Sashastra Seema Bal ( SSB )
    • \n
  • \n Special Protection Group ( SPG )
    • \n
\n
\n Intelligence \n
    \n
  • \n Bureau of Police Research and Development ( BPR&D )
    • \n
  • \n Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI )
    • \n
  • \n Directorate of Revenue Intelligence ( DRI )
    • \n
  • \n Enforcement Directorate
    • \n
  • \n Intelligence Bureau ( IB )
    • \n
  • \n Joint Intelligence Committee ( JIC )
    • \n
  • \n Narcotics Control Bureau ( NCB )
    • \n
  • \n National Investigation Agency ( NIA )
    • \n
  • \n Research and Analysis Wing ( R&AW )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Military \n
    \n
  • \n Army
    • \n
  • \n Navy
    • \n
  • \n Air Force
    • \n
\n
\n Politics \n
    \n
  • \n Censorship
    • \n
  • \n Elections
    • \n
  • \n Nationalism
    • \n
  • \n Parliament
      \n
    • \n Lok Sabha
      • \n
    • \n Rajya Sabha
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Political parties
      \n
    • \n INC
      • \n
    • \n BJP
      • \n
    • \n BSP
      • \n
    • \n CPI
      • \n
    • \n CPM
      • \n
    • \n NCP
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Reservations
    • \n
  • \n Scandals
    • \n
  • \n Scheduled groups
    • \n
  • \n Secularism
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Economy
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Companies \n
    \n
  • \n BSE SENSEX
    • \n
  • \n CNX Nifty
    • \n
  • \n Government - owned companies
    • \n
  • \n List of companies
    • \n
\n
\n Governance \n
    \n
  • \n Ministry of Finance
      \n
    • \n Finance ministers
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ministry of Commerce and Industry
      \n
    • \n Commerce ministers
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Finance Commission
    • \n
  • \n Planning Commission
    • \n
  • \n Economic Advisory Council
    • \n
  • \n Central Statistical Office
    • \n
  • \n Securities and Exchange Board of India
    • \n
  • \n Enforcement Directorate
    • \n
  • \n Foreign trade
    • \n
  • \n Remittances
    • \n
  • \n Taxation
    • \n
  • \n Subsidies
    • \n
  • \n Industrial licensing
    • \n
  • \n Voluntary guidelines
    • \n
  • \n NITI Aayog
    • \n
  • \n Make in India
    • \n
  • \n FDI in India
    • \n
\n
\n Currency \n
    \n
  • \n Indian rupee
      \n
    • \n History
      • \n
    • \n Historical exchange rates data of the Indian rupee
      • \n
    • \n Coinage
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Reserve Bank of India
      \n
    • \n Governors
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n India Government Mint
    • \n
\n
\n Financial services \n
    \n
  • \n Banking
      \n
    • \n Banks
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Insurance
    • \n
  • \n Foreign exchange reserves
    • \n
  • \n Bombay Stock Exchange
    • \n
  • \n National Stock Exchange
    • \n
  • \n Multi Commodity Exchange
    • \n
  • \n Bullion
    • \n
  • \n Black money
    • \n
\n
\n History \n
    \n
  • \n Economic Development
    • \n
  • \n Economic liberalisation
    • \n
  • \n Licence Raj
    • \n
  • \n Green revolution
    • \n
  • \n Government initiatives
    • \n
  • \n Numbering system
    • \n
\n
\n People \n
    \n
  • \n Billionaires
    • \n
  • \n Businesspeople
    • \n
  • \n Demography
    • \n
  • \n Income
      \n
    • \n Poverty
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Labour law
    • \n
  • \n Pensions
      \n
    • \n EPFO
      • \n
    • \n NPS
      • \n
    • \n PPF
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n States \n
    \n
  • \n Andhra Pradesh
    • \n
  • \n Assam
    • \n
  • \n Bihar
    • \n
  • \n Goa
    • \n
  • \n Gujarat
    • \n
  • \n Haryana
    • \n
  • \n Himachal Pradesh
    • \n
  • \n Jammu and Kashmir
    • \n
  • \n Karnataka
    • \n
  • \n Kerala
    • \n
  • \n Madhya Pradesh
    • \n
  • \n Maharashtra
    • \n
  • \n Manipur
    • \n
  • \n Mizoram
    • \n
  • \n Nagaland
    • \n
  • \n Odisha
    • \n
  • \n Punjab
    • \n
  • \n Rajasthan
    • \n
  • \n Tamil Nadu
    • \n
  • \n Telangana
    • \n
  • \n Uttarakhand
    • \n
  • \n Uttar Pradesh
    • \n
  • \n West Bengal
    • \n
\n
\n Sectors \n
    \n
  • \n Agriculture
      \n
    • \n Livestock
      • \n
    • \n Fishing
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Automotive
    • \n
  • \n Defence
    • \n
  • \n Construction
    • \n
  • \n Education
    • \n
  • \n Energy
      \n
    • \n Nuclear
      • \n
    • \n Solar
      • \n
    • \n Wind
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Entertainment
    • \n
  • \n Forestry
    • \n
  • \n Gambling
    • \n
  • \n Healthcare
    • \n
  • \n Information technology
    • \n
  • \n Media
      \n
    • \n Cinema
      • \n
    • \n Television
      • \n
    • \n Printing
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Mining
    • \n
  • \n Pharmaceuticals
    • \n
  • \n Retail
    • \n
  • \n Science and technology
      \n
    • \n Biotechnology
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Telecommunications
    • \n
  • \n Textiles
    • \n
  • \n Tourism
    • \n
  • \n Transport
      \n
    • \n Aviation
        \n
      • \n Civil
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Ports
      • \n
    • \n Rail
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Utilities
      \n
    • \n Electricity
      • \n
    • \n Water
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Society
    • \n
  • \n Culture
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Society \n
    \n
  • \n Caste system
    • \n
  • \n Corruption
    • \n
  • \n Demographics
    • \n
  • \n Education
      \n
    • \n Universities in India
      • \n
    • \n Medical colleges in India
      • \n
    • \n Law colleges in India
      • \n
    • \n Engineering colleges in India
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ethnic relations
    • \n
  • \n Healthcare
      \n
    • \n Hospitals in India
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Languages
    • \n
  • \n Literacy
    • \n
  • \n Poverty
    • \n
  • \n Prisons
    • \n
  • \n Religion
    • \n
  • \n Socio - economic issues
    • \n
  • \n Standard of living
    • \n
  • \n Water supply and sanitation
    • \n
  • \n Crime
    • \n
\n
\n Culture \n
    \n
  • \n Arts and entertainment
    • \n
  • \n Architecture
    • \n
  • \n Blogging
    • \n
  • \n Cinema
    • \n
  • \n Comics
      \n
    • \n Webcomics
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Cuisine
      \n
    • \n wine
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Dance
    • \n
  • \n Dress
    • \n
  • \n Folklore
    • \n
  • \n Festivals
    • \n
  • \n Literature
    • \n
  • \n Media
      \n
    • \n television
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Martial arts
    • \n
  • \n Music
    • \n
  • \n Public holidays
    • \n
  • \n Sport
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Economy of India
\n Companies \n
    \n
  • \n BSE SENSEX
    • \n
  • \n CNX Nifty
    • \n
  • \n Government - owned companies
    • \n
  • \n List of companies
    • \n
\n
\n Governance \n
    \n
  • \n Ministry of Finance
      \n
    • \n Finance ministers
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ministry of Commerce and Industry
      \n
    • \n Commerce ministers
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Finance Commission
    • \n
  • \n Economic Advisory Council
    • \n
  • \n Central Statistical Office
    • \n
  • \n Securities and Exchange Board of India
    • \n
  • \n Enforcement Directorate
    • \n
  • \n Foreign trade
    • \n
  • \n Foreign direct investment
    • \n
  • \n Foreign exchange reserves
    • \n
  • \n Remittances
    • \n
  • \n Taxation
    • \n
  • \n Subsidies
    • \n
  • \n Industrial licensing
    • \n
  • \n Voluntary guidelines
    • \n
  • \n NITI Aayog
    • \n
  • \n Make in India
    • \n
\n
\n Currency \n
    \n
  • \n Indian rupee
      \n
    • \n History
      • \n
    • \n Historical exchange rates
      • \n
    • \n Coinage
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Reserve Bank of India
      \n
    • \n Governors
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n India Government Mint
    • \n
\n
\n Financial services \n
    \n
  • \n Banking
      \n
    • \n Banks
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Insurance
    • \n
  • \n Bombay Stock Exchange
    • \n
  • \n National Stock Exchange
    • \n
  • \n Multi Commodity Exchange
    • \n
  • \n Bullion
    • \n
  • \n Black money
    • \n
  • \n Stock exchanges
    • \n
\n
\n History \n
    \n
  • \n Economic development
    • \n
  • \n Economic liberalisation
    • \n
  • \n Licence Raj
    • \n
  • \n Green revolution
    • \n
  • \n Government initiatives
    • \n
  • \n Numbering system
    • \n
\n
\n People \n
    \n
  • \n Billionaires
    • \n
  • \n Businesspeople
    • \n
  • \n Demography
    • \n
  • \n Income
      \n
    • \n Poverty
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Labour law
    • \n
  • \n Pensions
      \n
    • \n EPFO
      • \n
    • \n NPS
      • \n
    • \n PPF
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n States \n
    \n
  • \n Andhra Pradesh
    • \n
  • \n Assam
    • \n
  • \n Bihar
    • \n
  • \n Delhi
    • \n
  • \n Goa
    • \n
  • \n Gujarat
    • \n
  • \n Haryana
    • \n
  • \n Himachal Pradesh
    • \n
  • \n Jammu and Kashmir
    • \n
  • \n Karnataka
    • \n
  • \n Kerala
    • \n
  • \n Madhya Pradesh
    • \n
  • \n Maharashtra
    • \n
  • \n Mizoram
    • \n
  • \n Odisha
    • \n
  • \n Punjab
    • \n
  • \n Rajasthan
    • \n
  • \n Tamil Nadu
    • \n
  • \n Telangana
    • \n
  • \n Uttarakhand
    • \n
  • \n Uttar Pradesh
    • \n
  • \n West Bengal
    • \n
\n
\n Sectors \n
    \n
  • \n Agriculture
      \n
    • \n Livestock
      • \n
    • \n Fishing
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Automotive
    • \n
  • \n Defence
    • \n
  • \n Construction
    • \n
  • \n Education
    • \n
  • \n Energy
      \n
    • \n Nuclear
      • \n
    • \n Solar
      • \n
    • \n Wind
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Entertainment
    • \n
  • \n Forestry
    • \n
  • \n Gambling
    • \n
  • \n Healthcare
    • \n
  • \n Information technology
    • \n
  • \n Media
      \n
    • \n Cinema
      • \n
    • \n Television
      • \n
    • \n Printing
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Mining
      \n
    • \n Coal
      • \n
    • \n Iron and Steel
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Pharmaceuticals
    • \n
  • \n Retail
    • \n
  • \n Science and technology
      \n
    • \n Biotechnology
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Telecommunications
    • \n
  • \n Textiles
    • \n
  • \n Tourism
    • \n
  • \n Transport
      \n
    • \n Aviation
        \n
      • \n Civil
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Ports
      • \n
    • \n Rail
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Utilities
      \n
    • \n Electricity
      • \n
    • \n Water
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Commons
    • \n
  • \n Wikiquotes
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Agriculture in Asia
\n Sovereign states \n
    \n
  • \n Afghanistan
    • \n
  • \n Armenia
    • \n
  • \n Azerbaijan
    • \n
  • \n Bahrain
    • \n
  • \n Bangladesh
    • \n
  • \n Bhutan
    • \n
  • \n Brunei
    • \n
  • \n Cambodia
    • \n
  • \n China
    • \n
  • \n Cyprus
    • \n
  • \n East Timor ( Timor - Leste )
    • \n
  • \n Egypt
    • \n
  • \n Georgia
    • \n
  • \n India
    • \n
  • \n Indonesia
    • \n
  • \n Iran
    • \n
  • \n Iraq
    • \n
  • \n Israel
    • \n
  • \n Japan
    • \n
  • \n Jordan
    • \n
  • \n Kazakhstan
    • \n
  • \n North Korea
    • \n
  • \n South Korea
    • \n
  • \n Kuwait
    • \n
  • \n Kyrgyzstan
    • \n
  • \n Laos
    • \n
  • \n Lebanon
    • \n
  • \n Malaysia
    • \n
  • \n Maldives
    • \n
  • \n Mongolia
    • \n
  • \n Myanmar
    • \n
  • \n Nepal
    • \n
  • \n Oman
    • \n
  • \n Pakistan
    • \n
  • \n Philippines
    • \n
  • \n Qatar
    • \n
  • \n Russia
    • \n
  • \n Saudi Arabia
    • \n
  • \n Singapore
    • \n
  • \n Sri Lanka
    • \n
  • \n Syria
    • \n
  • \n Tajikistan
    • \n
  • \n Thailand
    • \n
  • \n Turkey
    • \n
  • \n Turkmenistan
    • \n
  • \n United Arab Emirates
    • \n
  • \n Uzbekistan
    • \n
  • \n Vietnam
    • \n
  • \n Yemen
    • \n
\n
\n States with limited recognition \n
    \n
  • \n Abkhazia
    • \n
  • \n Artsakh
    • \n
  • \n Northern Cyprus
    • \n
  • \n Palestine
    • \n
  • \n South Ossetia
    • \n
  • \n Taiwan
    • \n
\n
\n Dependencies and other territories \n
    \n
  • \n British Indian Ocean Territory
    • \n
  • \n Christmas Island
    • \n
  • \n Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands
    • \n
  • \n Hong Kong
    • \n
  • \n Macau
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Social issues in India
\n Economy \n
    \n
  • \n Brain drain
    • \n
  • \n Communications
    • \n
  • \n Famine
    • \n
  • \n Farmers ' suicides
    • \n
  • \n Labour
    • \n
  • \n Land reforms
    • \n
  • \n Debt bondage
    • \n
  • \n National Pension Scheme
    • \n
  • \n Poverty
      \n
    • \n BPL
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Public Distribution System
    • \n
  • \n Remittances
    • \n
  • \n Reverse brain drain
    • \n
  • \n Slums
    • \n
  • \n Standard of living
    • \n
  • \n Street vendors
    • \n
  • \n Transport
    • \n
  • \n Urbanisation
    • \n
  • \n Unemployment
    • \n
  • \n Widening income gap
    • \n
\n
\n Education \n
    \n
  • \n Literacy
    • \n
  • \n Ragging
    • \n
  • \n School corporal punishment
    • \n
\n
\n Environment \n
    \n
  • \n Conservation
    • \n
  • \n Global warming
    • \n
  • \n Manual scavenging
    • \n
  • \n Natural disasters
    • \n
  • \n Pollution
    • \n
  • \n Water supply and sanitation
    • \n
  • \n Water disputes
    • \n
\n
\n Family \n
    \n
  • \n Cohabitation
    • \n
  • \n Divorce
    • \n
  • \n Domestic violence
    • \n
  • \n Dowry system
    • \n
  • \n Family planning
    • \n
  • \n Hindu joint family
    • \n
  • \n Infertility
    • \n
  • \n Nuclear family
    • \n
  • \n Polyandry
    • \n
  • \n Polygamy
    • \n
\n
\n Children \n
    \n
  • \n Abortion
    • \n
  • \n Child labour
    • \n
  • \n Child marriage
    • \n
  • \n Child prostitution
    • \n
  • \n Child trafficking
    • \n
  • \n Female foeticide
    • \n
  • \n Female infanticide
    • \n
  • \n Street children
    • \n
\n
\n Women \n
    \n
  • \n Acid throwing
    • \n
  • \n Bride burning
    • \n
  • \n Devadasi
    • \n
  • \n Dowry death
    • \n
  • \n Eve teasing
    • \n
  • \n Women 's health
    • \n
  • \n Feminism
    • \n
  • \n Menstrual taboo
    • \n
  • \n Prostitution
    • \n
  • \n Rape
    • \n
  • \n Sati
    • \n
  • \n Sexism
    • \n
  • \n Widows
    • \n
\n
\n Caste system \n
    \n
  • \n Caste politics
    • \n
  • \n Caste - related violence
    • \n
  • \n Dalit
    • \n
  • \n Reservation
    • \n
\n
\n Communalism \n
    \n
  • \n Proposed states and territories
    • \n
  • \n Ethnic relations
    • \n
  • \n Religious conflicts
    • \n
  • \n Religious violence
    • \n
  • \n Secularism
    • \n
  • \n Separatist movements
    • \n
\n
\n Crime \n
    \n
  • \n Corruption
    • \n
  • \n Groom kidnapping
    • \n
  • \n Human trafficking
    • \n
  • \n Illegal housing
    • \n
  • \n Illegal immigration
    • \n
  • \n Illegal mining
    • \n
  • \n Organised crime
    • \n
  • \n Terrorism
    • \n
  • \n Vigilantism
    • \n
  • \n Cybercrime
    • \n
\n
\n Health \n
    \n
  • \n Epidemics
    • \n
  • \n HIV / AIDS
    • \n
  • \n Leprosy
    • \n
  • \n Malnutrition
    • \n
  • \n Obesity
    • \n
  • \n Suicide
    • \n
\n
\n Media \n
    \n
  • \n Censorship
      \n
    • \n Internet
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Films about social issues
    • \n
  • \n Freedom of expression
    • \n
  • \n Social impact of Indian soap opera
    • \n
\n
\n Other issues \n
    \n
  • \n Feudalism
    • \n
  • \n Gambling
    • \n
  • \n Hijra
    • \n
  • \n Homosexuality
    • \n
  • \n Human rights
    • \n
  • \n Prohibition
    • \n
  • \n Religious and spiritual use of cannabis
    • \n
  • \n Superstitions
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Agriculture in India
\n Industries \n
    \n
  • \n Areca nut
    • \n
  • \n Coconut ( in Kerala )
    • \n
  • \n Coffee
    • \n
  • \n Fenugreek
    • \n
  • \n Rice
    • \n
\n
\n Law and politics \n
    \n
  • \n Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare
    • \n
  • \n Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001
    • \n
  • \n Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
    • \n
  • \n Biological Diversity Act , 2002
    • \n
\n
\n History \n
    \n
  • \n Farming systems
    • \n
  • \n Green Revolution
    • \n
  • \n History in ancient Tamil countries
    • \n
  • \n History of tea
    • \n
  • \n Women in agriculture
    • \n
\n
\n Companies \n
    \n
  • \n Bayer CropScience Limited
    • \n
  • \n Mahyco
    • \n
  • \n Pantnagar Seeds
    • \n
  • \n Reuters Market Light
    • \n
  • \n Suminter India Organics
    • \n
\n
\n Others \n
    \n
  • \n Tractors in India
    • \n
  • \n Central Institute for Cotton Research
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_in_India&oldid=818420990 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n Languages

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "make a project report on agricultural crops grown in india", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Hops - wikipedia

\n Hops

\n Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see hop ( disambiguation ) . Hop flower in a hop yard in the Hallertau , Germany Cross-section drawing of a hop

\n Hops are the flowers ( also called seed cones or strobiles ) of the hop plant Humulus lupulus . They are used primarily as a flavouring and stability agent in beer , to which they impart bitter , zesty , or citric flavours ; though they are also used for various purposes in other beverages and herbal medicine . The hop plant is a vigorous , climbing , herbaceous perennial , usually trained to grow up strings in a field called a hopfield , hop garden ( nomenclature in the South of England ) , or hop yard ( in the West Country and U.S. ) when grown commercially . Many different varieties of hops are grown by farmers around the world , with different types used for particular styles of beer .

\n

\n The first documented use of hops in beer is from the 9th century , though Hildegard of Bingen , 300 years later , is often cited as the earliest documented source . Before this period , brewers used a `` gruit '' , composed of a wide variety of bitter herbs and flowers , including dandelion , burdock root , marigold , horehound ( the old German name for horehound , Berghopfen , means `` mountain hops '' ) , ground ivy , and heather . Early documents include mention of a hop garden in the will of Charlemagne 's father , Pepin III .

\n

\n Hops are also used in brewing for their antibacterial effect over less desirable microorganisms and for purported benefits including balancing the sweetness of the malt with bitterness and a variety of flavours and aromas . Historically , traditional herb combinations for beers were believed to have been abandoned when beers made with hops were noticed to be less prone to spoilage .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n The first documented hop cultivation was in 736 , in the Hallertau region of present - day Germany , although the first mention of the use of hops in brewing in that country was 1079 . However , in a will of Pepin the Short , the father of Charlemagne , hop gardens were left to the Cloister of Saint - Denis in 768 . Not until the 13th century did hops begin to start threatening the use of gruit for flavouring . Gruit was used when taxes were levied by the nobility on hops . Whichever was taxed made the brewer then quickly switch to the other . In Britain , hopped beer was first imported from Holland around 1400 , yet hops were condemned as late as 1519 as a `` wicked and pernicious weed '' . In 1471 , Norwich , England , banned use of the plant in the brewing of ale ( `` beer '' was the name for fermented malt liquors bittered with hops ; only in recent times are the words often used as synonyms ) .

\n

\n In Germany , using hops was also a religious and political choice in the early 16th century . There was no tax on hops to be paid on the Catholic church , unlike on gruit , for which the Protestant preferred hopped beer .

\n

\n Hops used in England were imported from France , Holland and Germany with import duty paid for those ; it was not until 1524 that hops were first grown in the southeast of England ( Kent ) when they were introduced as an agricultural crop by Dutch farmers . Therefore , in the hop industry there are many words which originally were Dutch words ( see oast house ) . Hops were then grown as far north as Aberdeen , near breweries for infrastructure convenience .

\n

\n According to Thomas Tusser 's 1557 Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry :

\n

\n `` The hop for his profit I thus do exalt , It strengtheneth drink and it flavoureth malt ; And being well - brewed long kept it will last , And drawing abide , if ye draw not too fast . ''

\n

\n In England there were many complaints over the quality of imported hops , the sacks of which were often contaminated by stalks , sand or straw to increase their weight . As a result , in 1603 , King James I approved an Act of Parliament banning the practice by which `` the Subjects of this Realm have been of late years abused &c. to the Value of \u00a3 20,000 yearly , besides the Danger of their Healths '' .

\n

\n Hop cultivation was begun in the present - day United States in 1629 by English and Dutch farmers . Before prohibition , cultivation was mainly centred around New York , California , Oregon , and Washington state . Problems with powdery mildew and downy mildew devastated New York 's production by the 1920s , and California only produces hops on a small scale .

\n

\n Hop bars were used before modern machinery was invented to make the holes for the hop poles .

\n

\n World production ( edit )

\n

\n Hops production is concentrated in moist temperate climates , with much of the world 's production occurring near the 48th parallel north . Hop plants prefer the same soils as potatoes and the leading potato - growing states in the United States are also major hops - producing areas ; however , not all potato - growing areas can produce good hops naturally : soils in the Maritime Provinces of Canada , for example , lack the boron that hops prefer . Historically , hops were not grown in Ireland , but were imported from England . In 1752 more than 500 tons of English hops were imported through Dublin alone .

\n

\n Important production centres today are the Hallertau in Germany ( more hop - growing area than any other country as of 2006 ) , the Yakima ( Washington ) and Willamette ( Oregon ) valleys , and western Canyon County , Idaho ( including the communities of Parma , Wilder , Greenleaf , and Notus ) . The principal production centres in the UK are in Kent ( which produces Kent Goldings hops ) , Herefordshire , and Worcestershire . Essentially all of the harvested hops are used in beer making .

\n Early season hop growth in a hop yard in the Yakima River Valley of Washington with Mount Adams in the distance \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Hop producing country \n 2012 hop output in tonnes ( t )
\n Germany \n 34,434
\n United States \n 27,782
\n China \n 11,000
\n Czech Republic \n 4,338
\n Poland \n 2,206
\n North Korea \n 2,000
\n Albania \n 1,650
\n United Kingdom \n 1,650
\n Slovenia \n 1,338
\n

\n Cultivation and harvest ( edit )

\n A superstructure of overhead wires supports strings that in turn support bines

\n Although hops are grown in most of the continental United States and Canada , cultivation of hops for commercial production requires a particular environment . As hops are a climbing plant , they are trained to grow up trellises made from strings or wires that support the plants and allow them significantly greater growth with the same sunlight profile . In this way , energy that would have been required to build structural cells is also freed for crop growth .

\n

\n The hop plant 's reproduction method is that male and female flowers develop on separate plants , although occasionally a fertile individual will develop which contains both male and female flowers . Because pollinated seeds are undesirable for brewing beer , only female plants are grown in hop fields , thus preventing pollination . Female plants are propagated vegetatively , and male plants are culled if plants are grown from seeds .

\n

\n Hop plants are planted in rows about 2 to 2.5 metres ( 7 to 8 ft ) apart . Each spring , the roots send forth new bines that are started up strings from the ground to an overhead trellis . The cones grow high on the bine , and in the past , these cones were picked by hand . Harvesting of hops became much more efficient with the invention of the mechanical hops separator , patented by Emil Clemens Horst in 1909 .

\n

\n Harvest comes near the end of summer when the bines are pulled down and the flowers are taken to a hop house or oast house for drying . Hop houses are two - story buildings , of which the upper story has a slatted floor covered with burlap . Here the flowers are poured out and raked even . A heating unit on the lower floor is used to dry the hops . When dry , the hops are moved to a press , a sturdy box with a plunger . Two long pieces of burlap are laid into the hop press at right angles , the hops are poured in and compressed into bales .

\n

\n Hop cones contain different oils , such as lupulin , a yellowish , waxy substance , an oleoresin , that imparts flavour and aroma to beer . Lupulin contains lupulone and humulone , which possess antibiotic properties , suppressing bacterial growth favoring brewer 's yeast to grow . After lupulin has been extracted in the brewing process the papery cones are discarded .

\n

\n Migrant labor and social impact ( edit )

\n Hops harvest in the Kingdom of Bohemia ( 1898 ) Hops harvest in Sk\u00e5ne , Sweden in 1937

\n The need for massed labor at harvest time meant hop - growing had a big social impact . Around the world , the labor - intensive harvesting work involved large numbers of migrant workers who would travel for the annual hop harvest . Whole families would partake and live in hoppers ' huts , with even the smallest children helping in the fields . The final chapters of W. Somerset Maugham 's Of Human Bondage and a large part of George Orwell 's A Clergyman 's Daughter contain a vivid description of London families participating in this annual hops harvest . In England , many of those picking hops in Kent were from eastern areas of London . This provided a break from urban conditions that was spent in the countryside . People also came from Birmingham and other Midlands cities to pick hops in the Malvern area of Worcestershire . Some photographs have been preserved .

\n

\n Particularly in Kent , because of a shortage of small - denomination coin of the realm , many growers issued their own currency to those doing the labor . In some cases , the coins issued were adorned with fanciful hops images , making them quite beautiful .

\n

\n In the US , Prohibition had a major impact on hops productions , but remnants of this significant industry in West and Northwest US are still noticeable in the form of old hop kilns that survive throughout Sonoma County , among others . Florian Dauenhauer , of Santa Rosa in Sonoma County , became a manufacturer of hop - harvesting machines in 1940 , in part because of the hop industry 's importance to the county . This mechanization helped destroy the local industry by enabling large - scale mechanized production , which moved to larger farms in other areas . Dauenhauer Manufacturing remains a current producer of hop harvesting machines .

\n

\n Chemical composition ( edit )

\n

\n In addition to water , cellulose , and various proteins , the chemical composition of hops consists of compounds important for imparting character to beer .

\n

\n Alpha acids ( edit )

\n Isomerization scheme of humulone

\n Probably the most important chemical compound within hops are the alpha acids or humulones . During wort boiling , the humulones are thermally isomerized into iso - alpha acids or isohumulones , which are responsible for the bitter taste of beer .

\n

\n Beta acids ( edit )

\n Structure of lupulone ( beta acid )

\n Hops contain beta acids or lupulones sensitive to oxidative decomposition which may be detrimental to the taste of beer . For this reason , beta acids are considered a negative factor in brewing and many brewers usually choose hops with a low beta acid content .

\n

\n Essential oils ( edit )

\n

\n The main components of hops essential oils are terpene hydrocarbons consisting of myrcene , humulene and caryophyllene . Myrcene is responsible for the pungent smell of fresh hops . Humulene and its oxidative reaction products may give beer its prominent hop aroma . Together , myrcene , humulene , and caryophyllene represent 80 to 90 % of the total hops essential oil .

\n

\n Flavonoids ( edit )

\n Chemical structure of 8 - prenylnaringenin

\n Xanthohumol is the principal flavonoid in hops . The other well - studied prenylflavonoids are 8 - prenylnaringenin and isoxanthohumol . Xanthohumol is under basic research for its potential properties , while 8 - prenylnaringenin is a potent phytoestrogen .

\n

\n Brewing ( edit )

\n Hops are used for beer brewing . The sample at the brewery Moscow Brewing Company .

\n Hops are usually dried in an oast house before they are used in the brewing process . Undried or `` wet '' hops are sometimes ( since ca. 1990 ) used .

\n

\n The wort ( sugar - rich liquid produced from malt ) is boiled with hops before it is cooled down and yeast is added , to start fermentation .

\n

\n The effect of hops on the finished beer varies by type and use , though there are two main hop types : bittering and aroma . Bittering hops have higher concentrations of alpha acids , and are responsible for the large majority of the bitter flavour of a beer . European ( so - called `` noble '' ) hops typically average 5 -- 9 % alpha acids by weight ( AABW ) , and the newer American cultivars typically range from 8 -- 19 % AABW . Aroma hops usually have a lower concentration of alpha acids ( ~ 5 % ) and are the primary contributors of hop aroma and ( nonbitter ) flavour . Bittering hops are boiled for a longer period of time , typically 60 -- 90 minutes , to maximize the isomerization of the alpha acids . They often have inferior aromatic properties , as the aromatic compounds evaporate off during the boil .

\n

\n The degree of bitterness imparted by hops depends on the degree to which alpha acids are isomerized during the boil , and the impact of a given amount of hops is specified in International Bitterness Units . Unboiled hops are only mildly bitter . On the other hand , the nonbitter flavour and aroma of hops come from the essential oils , which evaporate during the boil .

\n

\n Aroma hops are typically added to the wort later to prevent the evaporation of the essential oils , to impart `` hop taste '' ( if during the final 30 minutes of boil ) or `` hop aroma '' ( if during the final 10 minutes , or less , of boil ) . Aroma hops are often added after the wort has cooled and while the beer ferments , a technique known as `` dry hopping '' , which contributes to the hop aroma . Farnesene is a major component in some hops . The composition of hop essential oils can differ between varieties and between years in the same variety , having a significant influence on flavour and aroma .

\n

\n Today , a substantial amount of `` dual - use '' hops are used , as well . These have high concentrations of alpha acids and good aromatic properties . These can be added to the boil at any time , depending on the desired effect . Hop acids also contribute to and stabilize the foam qualities of beer .

\n

\n Flavours and aromas are described appreciatively using terms which include `` grassy '' , `` floral '' , `` citrus '' , `` spicy '' , `` piney '' , `` lemony '' , `` grapefruit '' , and `` earthy '' . Many pale lagers have fairly low hop influence , while lagers marketed as Pilsener or brewed in the Czech Republic may have noticeable noble hop aroma . Certain ales ( particularly the highly hopped style known as India Pale Ale , or IPA ) can have high levels of hop bitterness .

\n

\n Brewers may use software tools to control the bittering levels in the boil and adjust recipes to account for a change in the hop bill or seasonal variations in the crop that may lead to the need to compensate for a difference in alpha acid contribution . Data may be shared with other brewers via BeerXML allowing the reproduction of a recipe allowing for differences in hop availability .

\n

\n Varieties ( edit )

\n Main article : List of hop varieties \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n Breeding programs ( edit )

\n

\n There are many different varieties of hops used in brewing today . Historically , hops varieties were identified by geography ( such as Hallertau , Spalt , and Tettnang from Germany ) , by the farmer who is recognized as first cultivating them ( such as Goldings or Fuggles from England ) , or by their growing habit ( e.g. , Oregon Cluster ) .

\n

\n Around 1900 , a number of institutions began to experiment with breeding specific hop varieties . The breeding program at Wye College in Wye , Kent was started in 1904 and rose to prominence through the work of Prof. E.S. Salmon . Salmon released Brewer 's Gold and Brewer 's Favorite for commercial cultivation in 1934 , and went on to release more than two dozen new cultivars before his death in 1959 . Brewer 's Gold has become the ancestor of the bulk of new hop releases around the world since its release .

\n

\n Wye College continued its breeding program and again received attention in the 1970s , when Dr. Ray A. Neve released Wye Target , Wye Challenger , Wye Northdown , Wye Saxon and Wye Yeoman . More recently , Wye College and its successor institution Wye Hops Ltd. , have focused on breeding the first dwarf hop varieties , which are easier to pick by machine and far more economical to grow . Wye College have also been responsible for breeding hop varieties that will grow with only 12 hours of daily light for the South African hop farmers . Wye College was closed in 2009 but the legacy of their hop breeding programs , particularly that of the dwarf varieties , is continuing as already the U.S.A. private and public breeding programs are using their stock material .

\n

\n Particular hop varieties are associated with beer regions and styles , for example pale lagers are usually brewed with European ( often German , Polish or Czech ) noble hop varieties such as Saaz , Hallertau and Strissel Spalt . British ales use hop varieties such as Fuggles , Goldings and W.G.V. North American beers often use Cascade hops , Columbus hops , Centennial hops , Willamette , Amarillo hops and about forty more varieties as the U.S.A. have lately been the more significant breeders of new hop varieties , including dwarf hop varieties .

\n

\n Hops from New Zealand , such as Pacific Gem , Motueka and Nelson Sauvin , are used in a `` Pacific Pale Ale '' style of beer with increasing production in 2014 .

\n

\n Noble hops ( edit )

\n Mature hops growing in a hop yard in Germany

\n The term `` noble hops '' traditionally refers to varieties of hops which are low in bitterness and high in aroma . They are the European cultivars or races Hallertau , Tettnanger , Spalt , and Saaz .

\n

\n Their low relative bitterness but strong aroma are often distinguishing characteristics of European - style lagers , such as Pilsener , Dunkel , and Oktoberfest / M\u00e4rzen . In beer , they are considered aroma hops ( as opposed to bittering hops ) ; see Pilsner Urquell as a classic example of the Bohemian Pilsener style , which showcases noble hops .

\n

\n As with grapes , the location where hops are grown affects the hops ' characteristics . Much as Dortmunder beer may within the EU be labelled `` Dortmunder '' only if it has been brewed in Dortmund , noble hops may officially be considered `` noble '' only if they were grown in the areas for which the hop varieties ( races ) were named .

\n \n

\n English noble varieties are Fuggle , East Kent Goldings and Goldings . They are characterized through analysis as having an alpha : beta ratio of 1 : 1 , low alpha - acid levels ( 2 -- 5 % ) with a low cohumulone content , low myrcene in the hop oil , high humulene in the oil , a ratio of humulene : caryophyllene above three , and poor storability resulting in them being more prone to oxidation . In reality , this means they have a relatively consistent bittering potential as they age , due to beta - acid oxidation , and a flavour that improves as they age during periods of poor storage .

\n

\n Other Uses ( edit )

\n 2 - methyl - 3 - buten - 2 - ol

\n In addition to beer , hops are used in herbal teas and in soft drinks . These soft drinks include Julmust ( a carbonated beverage similar to soda that is popular in Sweden during December ) , Malta ( a Latin American soft drink ) and kvass . Hops can be eaten , the young shoots of the bine are edible and can be cooked similar to asparagus .

\n

\n Hops may be used in herbal medicine in a way similar to valerian , as a treatment for anxiety , restlessness , and insomnia . A pillow filled with hops is a popular folk remedy for sleeplessness , and animal research has shown a sedative effect . The relaxing effect of hops may be due , in part , to the specific degradation product from alpha acids , 2 - methyl - 3 - buten - 2 - ol , as demonstrated from nighttime consumption of non-alcoholic beer . 2 - methyl - 3 - buten - 2 - ol is structurally similar to tert - amyl alcohol which was historically used as an anesthetic . Hops tend to be unstable when exposed to light or air and lose their potency after a few months ' storage .

\n

\n Hops are of interest for hormone replacement therapy and are under basic research for potential relief of menstruation - related problems .

\n

\n In preliminary veterinary research , hops compounds are under study for potential activity against pasture - associated laminitis in horses .

\n

\n Toxicity ( edit )

\n

\n Dermatitis sometimes results from harvesting hops . Although few cases require medical treatment , an estimated 3 % of the workers suffer some type of skin lesions on the face , hands , and legs . Hops are toxic to dogs .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` University of Minnesota Libraries : The Transfer of Knowledge . Hops - ' ' Humulus lupulus ' ' '' . Lib.umn.edu. 2008 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Sch\u00f6nberger C , Kostelecky T ( 16 May 2012 ) . `` 125th Anniversary Review : The Role of Hops in Brewing '' . Journal of the Institute of Brewing ( Wiley Online Library ) . 117 ( 3 ) . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link )
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Hornsey , Ian S. ( 2003 ) . A History of Beer and Brewing . Royal Society of Chemistry . p. 305 . ISBN 9780854046300 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Understanding Beer - A Broad Overview of Brewing , Tasting and Analyzing Beer - October 12th , 2006 , Beer & Brewing , The Brewing Process '' . Jongriffin.com . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Michael Jackson ( 1988 ) . The New World World Guide to Beer . Running Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 89471 - 884 - 3 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ F.G. Priest ; Iain Campbell ( 2003 ) . Brewing microbiology . Springer . pp. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 47288 - 6 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Ian Hornsey . Brewing . p. 58 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ H.S. Corran ( 23 Jan 1975 ) . History of Brewing . David and Charles PLC . p. 303 . ISBN 0715367358 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Richard W. Unger ( 2004 ) . Beer in the Middle Ages and Renaissance . University of Pennsylvania Press . p. 100 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Mika Rissanen . `` The Reformation had some help from hops '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 21 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Charles Knight ( 1832 ) . Antiquity of Beer . The Penny Magazine . p. 3 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Adam Anderson ( 1764 ) . An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce . 1 . p. 461 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Charles W. Bamforth ( 1998 ) . Beer : tap into the art and science of brewing . Plenum Press . p. 245 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 45797 - 0 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Knight , Paul D. `` HOPS IN BEER '' . USA Hops . Hop Growers of America . Retrieved 11 June 2015 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents , Part 2 ; Part 4 . US Patent office . 1858 . p. 291 .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : Peicanada
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` The London magazine , 1752 '' , page 332
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Summary of Reports : N\u00fcrnberg , Germany , 14 November 2006 , International Hop Growers ' Convention : Economic Committee
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` NCGR - Corvallis Humulus Genetic Resources '' . Ars-grin.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Norman Moss , A Fancy to Worcesters Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Agricultural research Service , U.S. Department of Agriculture
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Herefordshire Through Time - Welcome '' . Smr.herefordshire.gov.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 24 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) . FAOSTAT Archived 13 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Rome , Italy : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Humulus lupulus L. common hop '' . USDA Plants database . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Keegstra , Kenneth ( 2010 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Plant Cell Walls '' . Plant Physiology. 154 ( 2 ) : 483 -- 486 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 110.161240 . ISSN 1532 - 2548 . PMC 2949028 . PMID 20921169 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ C.C. Ainsworth ( 15 Jun 1999 ) . Sex Determination in Plants . Garland Science . p. 146 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries . Economic Plants and their Diseases , Pests and Weeds . ' ' Humulus lupulus ' ' '' . Agroatlas.ru . Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Andrew , Sewalish . `` Hops : Anatomy and Chemistry 101 '' . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 13 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` Connie 's Homepage - Hop Picking in Kent '' . Btinternet.com . Archived from the original on 21 July 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` George Orwell : Hop - picking '' . Theorwellprize.co.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Smith , Keith . Around Malvern in old photographs ... Alan Sutton Publishing , Gloucester . ISBN 0 - 86299 - 587 - 6 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` Charles Levett Hop Tokens , 60 Bushels Denomination , The Fitzwilliam Museum , fitzmuseum.cam.ack.uk '' . Fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Gaye LeBaron ( 29 June 2008 ) . `` Hops , once king of county 's crops , helped put region on map '' . Press Democrat . Retrieved 4 September 2012 .
    33. \n
  33. \n ^ Jump up to : M. Verzele ( 1986 - 01 - 02 ) . `` 100 Years of Hop Chemistry and Its Relevance to Brewing '' . Journal of the Institute of Brewing . 92 ( 1 ) : 32 -- 48 . doi : 10.1002 / j. 2050 - 0416.1986. tb04372. x . ISSN 2050 - 0416 .
    34. \n
  34. \n ^ Jump up to : Denis De Keukeleire . `` Fundamentals of beer and hop chemistry '' . Qu\u00edmica Nova . 23 ( 1 ) : 108 -- 112 . doi : 10.1590 / S0100 - 40422000000100019 . ISSN 0100 - 4042 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Stevens , Jan F ; Page , Jonathan E ( 2004 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer : to your good health ! '' . Phytochemistry. 65 ( 10 ) : 1317 -- 1330 . doi : 10.1016 / j. phytochem. 2004.04. 025 . PMID 15231405 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Milligan , S ; Kalita , J ; Pocock , V ; Heyerick , A ; Cooman , L De ; Rong , H ; Keukeleire , D De . `` Oestrogenic activity of the hop phyto - oestrogen , 8 - prenylnaringenin '' . Reproduction. 123 ( 2 ) : 235 -- 242 . doi : 10.1530 / rep. 0.1230235 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ James S Hough ( 1991 ) . The Biotechnology of Malting and Brewing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39553 - 3 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 02 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Elizabeth Aguilera ( 10 September 2008 ) . `` Hop harvest yields hip beer for brewer '' . Denver Post .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Kristin Underwood It 's Harvest Time at the Sierra Nevada Brewery . Treehugger. 6 August 2009 . Retrieved 20 March 2011 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ John Palmer ( 2006 ) . How to Brew . Boulder , CO : Brewers Publications . pp. 41 -- 44 . ISBN 0 - 937381 - 88 - 8 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Hough JS , Briggs DE , Stevens R , Young TW ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) . Malting and Brewing Science : Volume II Hopped Wort and Beer . Springer . pp. 867 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4615 - 1799 - 3 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Brewery History : 121 , pp. 94 - 112 '' . www.breweryhistory.com . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Capper , Allison ; Darby , Peter ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` What makes British Hops Unique in the world of Hop Growing ? '' ( PDF ) . British Hop Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 July 2014 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` History of Hops '' . British Hop Association . Retrieved 19 July 2014 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` On Trade Preview 2014 '' ( PDF ) . www.ontrade.co.uk .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` Hop growers union of the Czech Republic '' . Czhops.cz . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Hop Chemistry : Homebrew Science '' . Byo.com. 2000 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` 9 Perennial Vegetables You Can Plant Once , Harvest Forever ... And Never Worry About Again '' . 8 March 2017 . torageprepper.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Alexi Duggins ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` ' It 's like eating a hedgerow ' : why do hop shoots cost \u20ac 1,000 a kilo ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 June 2017 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Plants for a Future : Humulus lupulus Plants for a Future . Retrieved 4 September 2012 .
    51. \n
  51. \n ^ Jump up to : Franco L , S\u00e1nchez C , Bravo R , Rodriguez A , Barriga C , Ju\u00e1nez JC ( 2012 ) . `` The sedative effects of hops ( Humulus lupulus ) , a component of beer , on the activity / rest rhythm '' . Acta Physiol Hung. 99 ( 2 ) : 133 -- 9 . doi : 10.1556 / APhysiol. 99.2012. 2.6 . PMID 22849837 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Franco L , S\u00e1nchez C , Bravo R , Rodr\u00edguez AB , Barriga C , Romero E , Cubero J ( 2012 ) . `` The sedative effect of non-alcoholic beer in healthy female nurses '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 7 ) : e37290 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0037290 . PMC 3399866 . PMID 22815680 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Keiler AM , Zierau O , Kretzschmar G ( 2013 ) . `` Hop extracts and hop substances in treatment of menopausal complaints '' . Planta Med. 79 ( 7 ) : 576 -- 9 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 0032 - 1328330 . PMID 23512496 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ `` Beer Breakthrough : Hops May Prevent Pasture - Associated Laminitis '' . Horse Collaborative. 1 August 2014 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 December 2014 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ `` Purdue University : Center for New Crops and Plant Products . ' ' Humulus lupulus ' ' L '' . Hort.purdue.edu. 1998 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` Animal Poison Control Center . Hops '' . ASPCA . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 .
    57. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Humulus lupulus .
\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hops&oldid=836763018 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where do they grow hops in the us", "long_answers": ["Important production centres today are the Hallertau in Germany ( more hop - growing area than any other country as of 2006 ) , the Yakima ( Washington ) and Willamette ( Oregon ) valleys , and western Canyon County , Idaho ( including the communities of Parma , Wilder , Greenleaf , and Notus ) . The principal production centres in the UK are in Kent ( which produces Kent Goldings hops ) , Herefordshire , and Worcestershire . Essentially all of the harvested hops are used in beer making .\n", "Hops production is concentrated in moist temperate climates , with much of the world 's production occurring near the 48th parallel north . Hop plants prefer the same soils as potatoes and the leading potato - growing states in the United States are also major hops - producing areas ; however , not all potato - growing areas can produce good hops naturally : soils in the Maritime Provinces of Canada , for example , lack the boron that hops prefer . Historically , hops were not grown in Ireland , but were imported from England . In 1752 more than 500 tons of English hops were imported through Dublin alone .\n"], "short_answers": ["the Yakima ( Washington ) and Willamette ( Oregon ) valleys\n", "western Canyon County , Idaho\n", "the leading potato - growing states in the United States\n", "the Yakima ( Washington ) and Willamette ( Oregon ) valleys\n", "western Canyon County , Idaho ( including the communities of Parma , Wilder , Greenleaf , and Notus )\n", "Washington\n", "Oregon\n", "Idaho\n", "Yakima ( Washington )\n", "Willamette ( Oregon )\n", "western Canyon County , Idaho\n"]} {"text": "Passengers of the RMS Titanic - wikipedia

\n Passengers of the RMS Titanic

\n Jump to : navigation , search RMS Titanic

\n The passengers of the RMS Titanic were among the estimated 2,344 people who sailed on the maiden voyage of the second of the White Star Line 's Olympic class ocean liners , from Southampton , England to New York City , New York , US . Partway through the voyage , the ship struck an iceberg and sank in the early morning of 15 April 1912 , resulting in the deaths of over 1,500 people , including approximately 815 of the passengers .

\n

\n The Titanic 's passengers were divided into three separate classes , determined not only by the price of their ticket but by wealth and social class : those travelling in first class , most of them the wealthiest passengers on board , included prominent members of the upper class , businessmen , politicians , high - ranking military personnel , industrialists , bankers , entertainers , socialites , and professional athletes . Second class passengers were middle class travellers and included professors , authors , clergymen , and tourists . Third class or steerage passengers were primarily emigrants moving to the United States and Canada .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Passengers ( edit )

\n

\n Titanic 's passengers numbered approximately 1,317 people : 324 in First Class , 284 in Second Class , and 709 in Third Class . Of these , 869 ( 66 % ) were male and 447 ( 34 % ) female . There were 107 children aboard , the largest number of which were in Third Class . The ship was considerably under capacity on her maiden voyage , as she could accommodate 2,453 passengers -- 833 First Class , 614 Second Class , and 1,006 Third Class .

\n

\n First class ( edit )

\n Georgette Madill , first class passenger

\n The Titanic 's first - class list was a `` who 's who '' of the rich and prominent of the upper class in 1912 . A single - person berth in first class cost between \u00a3 30 ( equivalent to \u00a3 2,700 in 2016 ) , to \u00a3 870 ( equivalent to \u00a3 79,000 in 2016 ) for a parlour suite and small private promenade deck . First class passengers enjoyed a number of amenities , including a gymnasium , a squash court , a salt water swimming pool , electric and Turkish baths , a barbershop , kennels for first class dogs , elevators , and both open and enclosed promenades . First class passengers also traveled accompanied by personal staff -- valets , maids , nurses and governesses for the children , chauffeurs and cooks .

\n

\n Members of the British aristocracy made the trip : The Countess of Rothes , wife of the 19th Earl of Rothes , embarked at Southampton with her parents , Thomas and Clementina Dyer - Edwardes , and cousin Gladys Cherry . Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon , 5th Baronet of Halkin , and his wife , Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon were on board as well . Sir Cosmo was a wealthy Scottish landowner and Olympic fencing medalist , while Lady Duff - Gordon , known professionally as Lucile , was a leading fashion designer who served a wealthy and exclusive clientele including the British Royal Family . Colonel Archibald Gracie IV , a real estate investor , member of the wealthy Scottish - American Gracie family , embarked at Southampton . The Cavendishes of London were among other prominent British couples on board as well . Lord Pirrie , chairman of Harland and Wolff intended to travel aboard the Titanic , but illness prevented him from joining the ill - fated voyage ; however White Star Line 's Managing Director J. Bruce Ismay and the ship 's Harland and Wolff designer , Thomas Andrews , were both on board to oversee the ship 's progress on her maiden voyage .

\n American socialite Margaret Brown

\n Some of the most prominent members of the American social elite made the trip : real estate builder , businessman , and multimillionaire Colonel John Jacob Astor IV and his 18 - year - old pregnant wife Madeleine were returning to the United States for their child 's birth . Astor was the wealthiest passenger aboard the ship and one of the richest men in the world ; his great - grandfather John Jacob Astor was the first multimillionaire in America . Among others were industrialist magnate and millionaire Benjamin Guggenheim ; Macy 's department store owner and former member of the United States House of Representatives , Isidor Straus and his wife Ida ; George Dennick Wick , founder and president of Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company ; millionaire streetcar magnate George Dunton Widener ; vice president of Pennsylvania Railroad , John Thayer and his wife Marian ; Charles Hays , president of Canada 's Grand Trunk Railway ; William Ernest Carter and his wife , American social elite Lucile Carter ; millionaire , philanthropist and women 's rights activist Margaret Brown ; tennis star and banker Karl Behr ; famous American silent film actress Dorothy Gibson ; prominent Buffalo architect Edward Austin Kent ; and President William Howard Taft 's military aide , Major Archibald Butt , who was returning to resume his duties after a six - week trip to Europe . Swedish first class passenger and businessman Mauritz H\u00e5kan Bj\u00f6rnstr\u00f6m - Steffansson , owned the most highly valued single object on board ; a masterpiece of French neoclassical painting entitled La Circassienne au Bain , for which he would later claim US $100,000 in compensation ( equivalent to US $2.5 million in 2017 ) .

\n

\n White Star financier J.P. Morgan and Milton S. Hershey , founder of Hershey 's chocolate , made plans to sail aboard the ship 's maiden voyage but cancelled at the last minute .

\n

\n Second class ( edit )

\n The Titanic 's musicians , led by Wallace Hartley , were employed as crew , but given second class accommodations .

\n Second class ' passengers were leisure tourists , academics , members of the clergy and middle class English and American families . The ship 's musicians travelled in second class accommodations ; they were not counted as members of the crew but were employed by an agency under contract to the White Star Line . The average ticket price for an adult second class passenger was \u00a3 13 , the equivalent of \u00a3 1,123 today . and for many of these passengers , their travel experience on the Titanic was akin to travelling first class on smaller liners . Second class passengers had their own library and the men had access to a private smoking room . Second class children could read the children 's books provided in the library or play deck quoits and shuffleboard on the second class promenade . Twelve - year - old Ruth Becker passed the time by pushing her two - year - old brother Richard around the enclosed promenade in a stroller provided by the White Star Line .

\n Michel , right , and Edmond Navratil , the `` Titanic Orphans ''

\n Two Roman Catholic priests on board , Father Thomas Byles and Father Joseph Peruschitz , celebrated Mass every day for second and third class passengers during the voyage . Father Byles gave his homilies in English , Irish and French and Father Peruschitz gave his in German and Hungarian .

\n

\n On the ship there was also a Lithuanian priest , Father Juozas Montvila , who perished during the sinking .

\n

\n Rev. John Harper , a well - known Baptist pastor from Scotland , was travelling to America with his daughter and niece in order to preach at the Moody Church in Chicago .

\n

\n Schoolteacher Lawrence Beesley , a science master at Dulwich College , spent much of his time aboard the ship in the library . Two months after the sinking , he wrote and published The Loss of the SS Titanic , the first eyewitness account of the disaster .

\n

\n The Laroche family , father Joseph and daughters Simonne and Louise , were the only known passengers of black ancestry on board the ship . They , along with Joseph 's pregnant wife Juliette , were travelling to Joseph 's native island of Haiti . Joseph hoped that a move from their former home in Paris back to Haiti , where his uncle Cincinnatus Leconte was president , would take his family away from racial discrimination .

\n

\n Another French family travelling in second class was the Navratils , travelling under the assumed name Hoffman . Michel Navratil , a Slovak - born French tailor , had kidnapped his two young sons , Michel Jr. and Edmond from his estranged wife , assumed the name Louis M. Hoffman and boarded the ship in Southampton , intent on taking his children to the United States . Michel Sr. died in the sinking and photographs of the boys were circulated throughout the world in the hopes that their mother or another relative could identify the French toddlers , who became known as `` The Titanic Orphans . '' After arriving in New York , the children were cared for by Titanic survivor Margaret Hays until their mother , Marcelle Navratil travelled from Nice , France to claim them .

\n

\n Third class ( edit )

\n A typical third class cabin

\n The third class passengers or steerage passengers left hoping to start new lives in the United States and Canada . Third class passengers paid \u00a3 7 ( \u00a3 777 today ) for their ticket , depending on their place of origin ; ticket prices often included the price of rail travel to the three departure ports . Tickets for children cost \u00a3 3 ( \u00a3 259 today ) .

\n

\n Third class passengers were a diverse group of nationalities and ethnic groups . In addition to large numbers of British , Irish , and Scandinavian immigrants , there were passengers from Central and Eastern Europe , the Middle East ( primarily Lebanon and Syria ) and Hong Kong . Some travelled alone or in small family groups . Several groups of mothers were travelling alone with their young children -- most going to join their husbands who had already gone to America to find jobs , and , having saved up enough money , could now send for their families .

\n The Goodwins and 5 of their 6 children : William , Frederick , Charles , Harold , Lillian , Augusta , Jessie The youngest Goodwin , Sidney

\n Among the larger third - class families were John and Annie Sage , who were immigrating to Jacksonville , Florida with their nine children , ranging in age from 4 to 20 years ; Anders and Alfrida Andersson of Sweden and their five children , who were travelling to Canada along with Alfrida 's younger sister Anna , husband Ernst and baby Gilbert ; and Frederick and Augusta Goodwin , who were moving with their six children to his new job at a power plant in New York . In 2007 , scientists using DNA analysis identified the body of a small fair - haired toddler , one of the first victims to be recovered by the CS Mackay Bennett , as Frederick 's youngest child , 19 - month - old Sidney . The Sages , Anderssons and Goodwins all perished in the sinking .

\n

\n The youngest passenger on board the ship , two - month - old Millvina Dean who , with her parents Bertram Sr. and Eva Dean and older brother Bertram , were emigrating from England to Kansas , died in 2009 . She was the last survivor of the Titanic disaster to die .

\n Bertram and Millvina Dean

\n In order to compete with rival shipping company Cunard , the White Star Line offered their steerage passengers modest luxuries , in the hopes that emigrants would write to relatives back home and encourage them to travel on White Star Line ships . Third class passengers had their own dining facilities , with chairs instead of benches , and meals prepared by the third class kitchen staff . On other liners , the steerage passengers would have been expected to bring their own food . Rather than dormitory - style sleeping areas , third class passengers had their own cabins . The single men and women were separated , women in the stern in two to six berth cabins , men in the bow in up to ten berth cabins , often shared with strangers . Each stateroom was fitted with wood panelling and beds with mattresses , blankets , pillows , electric lights , heat and a washbasin with running water , except for the bow cabins which did not have a private washbasin . Two public bathtubs were also provided , one for the men , the other for women .

\n

\n Passengers gathered in the third class common room where they could play chess or cards , or walk along the poop deck . Third class children played in the common room or explored the ship -- nine - year - old Frank Goldsmith recalled peering into the engine room and climbing up the baggage cranes on the poop deck .

\n

\n Ship 's regulations were designed to keep third class passengers confined to their area of the ship . The Titanic was fitted with grilles to prevent the classes from mingling and these gates were normally kept closed , although the stewards could open them in the event of an emergency . In the rush following the collision , the stewards , occupied with waking up sleeping passengers and leading groups of women and children to the boat deck , did not have time to open all the gates , leaving many of the confused third class passengers stuck below decks .

\n

\n Ticket - holders who did not sail ( edit )

\n

\n Numerous notable and prominent people of the era , who held tickets for the westbound passage or were guests of those who held tickets , did not sail . Others were waiting in New York to board for the passage back to Plymouth , England , on the second leg of Titanic 's maiden voyage . Many unused tickets that survived , whether they were for the westbound passage or the return eastbound passage , have become quite valuable as Titanic - related artifacts . Among those who held tickets for a passage , but did not actually sail , include : Theodore Dreiser , Henry Clay Frick , Milton S. Hershey , Guglielmo Marconi , John Pierpont Morgan , Edgar Selwyn , and Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt ( who died in the sinking of the RMS Lusitania ) .

\n

\n Passengers by ethnicity ( edit )

\n

\n Levantine passengers ( edit )

\n

\n Several passengers on the Titanic had Levantine origins . At the time , many carried identification from the Ottoman Empire that stated they were from Greater Syria , which included what is today Palestine , Jordan , Lebanon , and Syria . Passengers from Lebanon , for instance , had hometown villages today located in Lebanon .

\n

\n According to Bakhos Assaf , mayor of Hardin , Lebanon , 93 passengers originated from what is today Lebanon , with 20 of them from Hardin , the highest number of any Lebanese location . Of the Hardin passengers , 11 adult men died , while eight women and children and one adult man survived . Kamal Seikaly , an individual quoted in an article from the Lebanese publication Daily Star , stated that according to a May 16 , 1912 issue of the Al - Khawater magazine stored in the American University of Beirut , of the 125 Lebanese aboard , 23 survived . The magazine states that 10 people from Kfar Meshki died on the Titanic .

\n

\n In 1997 , Ray Hanania , a Palestinian American journalist , watched the Titanic ( 1997 ) film and noticed some background characters saying yalla , meaning `` hurry '' in Arabic . This prompted him to research the issue and he discovered that Arab passengers were on board . In 1998 , he wrote a column about the Arabs on the RMS Titanic , `` Titanic : We Share the Pain But Not the Glory . '' According to Hanania 's analysis , there were 79 Arab passengers . According to Hanania , the task to `` identify precisely '' which passengers were Arab is difficult . Hanania stated that many were Christians because church sponsorship made it easier for Christians to get passage as opposed to Muslims .

\n

\n In the book Titanic : Men and Children First ( October 1998 ) , Judith Geller stated that `` officially were 154 Syrians on board the Titanic and 29 were saved : four men , five children and 20 women '' .

\n

\n Chinese passengers ( edit )

\n

\n Eight passengers are listed on the passenger list with a home country of China , from the hometown of Hong Kong , with a destination of New York . Six of these persons survived the disaster . They were not permitted to enter the United States due to the Chinese Exclusion Act .

\n

\n Survivors and victims ( edit )

\n Main articles : Sinking of the RMS Titanic and Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic

\n On the night of 14 April 1912 at around 11 : 40 pm , while the RMS Titanic was sailing about 400 miles ( 640 km ) south of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland , the ship struck an iceberg and began to sink . Shortly before midnight , Captain Edward Smith ordered the ship 's lifeboats to be readied and a distress call was sent out . The closest ship to respond was Cunard Line 's Carpathia 58 miles ( 93 km ) away , which would arrive in an estimated four hours -- too late to rescue all of Titanic 's passengers . Forty - five minutes after the ship hit the iceberg , Captain Smith finally ordered the lifeboats to be loaded and lowered under the orders women and children first .

\n Titanic lifeboat D , awaiting rescue by the RMS Carpathia Titanic survivors on board the RMS Carpathia .

\n The first lifeboat launched was Lifeboat 7 on the starboard side with 28 people on board out of a capacity of 65 . It was lowered at around 12 : 45 am as believed by the British Inquiry . Collapsible Boat D was the last lifeboat to be launched , at 2 : 05 . Two more lifeboats , Collapsible Boats A and B , were in the process of being removed from their location on the roof of the officer 's house but could not be properly launched . Collapsible B floated away from the ship upside down , while Collapsible A became half - filled with water after the supports for its canvas sides were broken in the fall from the roof of the officers ' quarters . There were arguments in some of the lifeboats about going back to pick up people in the water , but many survivors were afraid of being swamped by people trying to climb into the lifeboat or being pulled down by the suction from the sinking Titanic , though it turned out that there had been very little suction . At 2 : 20 am , Titanic herself sank . A small number of passengers and crew were able to make their way to the two unlaunched collapsible boats , surviving for several hours ( some still clinging to the overturned Collapsible B) until they were rescued by Fifth Officer Harold Lowe .

\n The RMS Carpathia arriving at Pier 54 with Titanic survivors .

\n At 4 : 10 am , the RMS Carpathia arrived at the site of the sinking and began rescuing survivors . By 8 : 30 am , she picked up the last lifeboat with survivors and left the area at 08 : 50 bound for Pier 54 in New York City . Of the 711 passengers and crew rescued by the Carpathia , six , including first class passenger William F. Hoyt , either died in a lifeboat during the night or on board the Carpathia the next morning , and were buried at sea .

\n

\n In the days following the sinking , several ships sailed to the disaster area to recover victims ' bodies . The White Star Line chartered the cable ship Mackay - Bennett from Halifax , Nova Scotia to retrieve bodies . Three other ships followed in the search : the cable ship Minia , the lighthouse supply ship Montmagny and the sealing vessel Algerine . Each ship left with embalming supplies , undertakers , and clergy . Upon recovery , each body retrieved by the Mackay - Bennett was numbered and given as detailed a description as possible to help aid in identification . The physical appearance of each body -- height , weight , age , hair and eye colour , visible birthmarks , scars or tattoos , was catalogued and any personal effects on the bodies were gathered and placed in small canvas bags corresponding to their number .

\n A photo of the CS Mackay - Bennett , the first ship to arrive at the Titanic wreck site in search for bodies .

\n The ship found so many bodies that the embalming supplies aboard were quickly exhausted . Health regulations permitted that only embalmed bodies could be returned to port . Captain Larnder of the Mackay - Bennett and the undertakers aboard decided to preserve all bodies of First Class passengers because of the need to visually identify wealthy men to resolve any disputes over large estates . As a result , the majority of the burials at sea were third class passengers and crew . Larnder himself claimed that as a mariner , he would expect to be buried at sea . However complaints about the burials at sea were made by families and undertakers . Later ships such as Minia found fewer bodies , requiring fewer embalming supplies , and were able to limit burials at sea to bodies which were too damaged to preserve .

\n

\n Bodies recovered were preserved and taken to Halifax , Nova Scotia , the closest city to the sinking with direct rail and steamship connections . A large temporary morgue was set up in a curling rink and undertakers were called in from all across Eastern Canada to assist . Relatives from across North America came to identify and claim the bodies of their relatives . Some bodies were shipped to be buried in their home towns across North America and Europe . About two - thirds of the bodies were identified . Of the remaining 150 unclaimed bodies , 121 were taken to the non-denominational Fairview Lawn Cemetery ; 19 were buried in the Roman Catholic Mount Olivet Cemetery , and 10 were taken to the Jewish Baron de Hirsch Cemetery . Unidentified victims were buried with simple numbers based on the order in which their bodies were discovered .

\n

\n In mid-May 1912 , over 200 miles ( 320 km ) from the site of the sinking , RMS Oceanic recovered three bodies , numbers 331 , 332 and 333 , who were among the original occupants of Collapsible A , which was swamped in the last moments of the sinking . Although several people managed to reach this lifeboat , three died during the night . When Fifth Officer Harold Lowe and six crewmen returned to the wreck site after the sinking with an empty lifeboat to pick up survivors , they rescued surviving passengers from Collapsible A , but left the three dead bodies in the boat : Thomson Beattie , a first - class passenger , and two crew members , a fireman and a seaman . After their retrieval from Collapsible A by Oceanic , the bodies were buried at sea .

\n

\n Passenger list ( edit )

\n Breakdown of casualties according to the British Board of Trade report ( click for detail )

\n The following is a full list of known passengers who sailed on the maiden voyage of the RMS Titanic .

\n

\n Included in this list are the nine - member Guarantee Group and the eight members of the ship 's band , listed as both passengers and crew . They are also included in the list of crew members on board RMS Titanic .

\n

\n Passengers are colour - coded , indicating whether they were saved or perished . The passenger did not survive The passenger survived

\n

\n Survivors are listed with the lifeboat from which they were known to be rescued . Victims whose remains were recovered after the sinking are listed with a superscript next to the body number , indicating the recovery vessel :

\n \n

\n Numbers 324 and 325 were unused , and the six bodies buried at sea by the Carpathia also went unnumbered .

\n

\n First class ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Name \n Age \n Hometown \n Boarded \n Destination \n Lifeboat \n Body
\n Allen , Miss Elizabeth Walton \n 29 \n St. Louis , Missouri , US \n Southampton \n St. Louis , Missouri , US \n \n
\n Allison , Mr. Hudson Joshua Creighton \n 30 \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n 135
\n and chauffeur , Mr. George Swane , \n 19 \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n 294
\n and cook , Miss Amelia Mary `` Mildred '' Brown \n 18 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n 11 \n
\n Allison , Mrs. Bessie Waldo ( n\u00e9e Daniels ) \n 25 \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n and maid , Miss Sarah Daniels \n 33 \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n 8 \n
\n Allison , Miss Helen Loraine \n \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n Allison , Master Hudson Trevor \n 0.11 ! 11 mo . \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n 11 \n
\n and nurse , Miss Alice Catherine Cleaver \n 22 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n 11 \n
\n Anderson , Mr. Harry \n 47 \n New York City , New York , US \n Southampton \n New York City , New York , US \n \n
\n Andrews , Miss Kornelia Theodosia \n 62 \n Hudson , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n Hudson , New York , US \n 10 \n
\n Andrews , Mr. Thomas \n 39 \n Belfast , Ireland , UK \n Belfast \n New York City \n \n
\n Appleton , Mrs. Charlotte Lane ( n\u00e9e Lamson ) \n 53 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Artagaveytia , Mr. Ramon \n 71 \n Buenos Aires , Argentina \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n 22
\n Astor , Colonel John Jacob IV \n 47 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n 124
\n Astor , Mrs. Madeleine Talmage ( n\u00e9e Force ) \n 18 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n and maid , Miss Rosalie Bidois \n 46 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n and nurse , Miss Caroline Louise Endres \n 39 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Aubart , Mrs. L\u00e9ontine Pauline \n 24 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 9 \n
\n and maid , Miss Emma S\u00e4gesser \n 24 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 9 \n
\n Barkworth , Mr. Algernon Henry Wilson \n 47 \n Hessle , East Yorkshire , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Baumann , Mr. John D . \n 60 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Baxter , Mrs. H\u00e9l\u00e8ne ( n\u00e9e de Lanaudi\u00e8re - Chaput ) \n 50 \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Cherbourg \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n 6 \n
\n Baxter , Mr. Quigg Edmond \n 24 \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Cherbourg \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n Beattie , Mr. Thomson \n 36 \n Fergus , Ontario , Canada \n Southampton \n Fergus , Ontario , Canada \n \n 331
\n Beckwith , Mr. Richard Leonard \n 37 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 5 \n
\n Beckwith , Mrs. Sallie ( n\u00e9e Monypeny ) \n 46 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 5 \n
\n Behr , Mr. Karl Howell \n 26 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 5 \n
\n Birnbaum , Mr. Jakob \n 24 \n Antwerp , Belgium \n Cherbourg \n San Francisco , California , US \n \n 148
\n Bishop , Mr. Dickinson H. `` Dick '' \n 25 \n Dowagiac , Michigan , US \n Cherbourg \n Dowagiac , Michigan , US \n 7 \n
\n Bishop , Mrs. Helen ( n\u00e9e Walton ) \n 19 \n Dowagiac , Michigan , US \n Cherbourg \n Dowagiac , Michigan , US \n 7 \n
\n Bj\u00f6rnstr\u00f6m - Steffanson , Mr. Mauritz H\u00e5kan \n 28 \n Stockholm , Sweden \n Southampton \n Washington , D.C. , US \n \n
\n Blackwell , Mr. Stephen Weart \n 45 \n Trenton , New Jersey , US \n Southampton \n Trenton , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Blank , Mr. Henry \n 39 \n Glen Ridge , New Jersey , US \n Cherbourg \n Glen Ridge , New Jersey , US \n 7 \n
\n Bonnell , Miss Elizabeth \n 61 \n Youngstown , Ohio , US \n Southampton \n Youngstown , Ohio , US \n 8 \n
\n Bonnell , Miss Caroline \n 30 \n Youngstown , Ohio , US \n Southampton \n Youngstown , Ohio , US \n 8 \n
\n Borebank , Mr. John James \n 42 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n Toronto , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Bowerman , Miss Elsie Edith \n 22 \n St. Leonards - on - Sea , East Sussex , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n 6 \n
\n Brady , Mr. John Bertram \n 41 \n Pomeroy , Washington , US \n Southampton \n Pomeroy , Washington , US \n \n
\n Brandeis , Mr. Emil \n 48 \n Omaha , Nebraska , US \n Cherbourg \n Omaha , Nebraska , US \n \n 208
\n Brereton , Mr. George Andrew ( alias George A. Brayton ) \n 37 \n Los Angeles , US \n Southampton \n Los Angeles , California , US \n 9 \n
\n Brewe , Dr. Arthur Jackson \n 45 \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n Cherbourg \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Brown , Mrs. Caroline Lane ( n\u00e9e Lamson ) \n 59 \n Belmont , Massachusetts , US \n Southampton \n Belmont , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n Brown , Mrs. Margaret ( n\u00e9e Tobin ) \n 44 \n Denver , Colorado , US \n Cherbourg \n Denver , Colorado , US \n 6 \n
\n Bucknell , Mrs. Emma Eliza ( n\u00e9e Ward ) \n 59 \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n Cherbourg \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n 8 \n
\n and maid , Miss Albina Bazzani \n 36 \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n Cherbourg \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n 8 \n
\n Butt , Major Archibald Willingham \n 46 \n Washington , D.C. , US \n Southampton \n Washington , D.C. , US \n \n
\n Calderhead , Mr. Edward Pennington \n 42 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 5 \n
\n Candee , Mrs. Helen Churchill ( n\u00e9e Hungerford ) \n 53 \n Washington , D.C. , US \n Cherbourg \n Washington , D.C. , US \n 6 \n
\n Cardeza , Mrs. Charlotte Wardle ( n\u00e9e Drake ) \n 58 \n Germantown , Pennsylvania , US \n Cherbourg \n Germantown , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n and maid , Miss Annie Moore Ward \n 38 \n Germantown , Pennsylvania , US \n Cherbourg \n Germantown , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Cardeza , Mr. Thomas Drake Martinez \n 36 \n Germantown , Pennsylvania , US \n Cherbourg \n Germantown , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n and valet , Mr. Gustave J. Lesueur \n 35 \n Germantown , Pennsylvania , US \n Cherbourg \n Germantown , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Carlsson , Mr. Frans Olof \n 33 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Carrau , Mr. Francisco M . \n 31 \n Montevideo , Uruguay \n Southampton \n Montevideo , Uruguay \n \n
\n Carrau , Mr. Jos\u00e9 Pedro \n 17 \n Montevideo , Uruguay \n Southampton \n Montevideo , Uruguay \n \n
\n Carter , Mr. William Ernest \n 36 \n Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n and valet , Mr. Alexander Cairns \n 28 \n Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n and chauffeur , Mr. Charles Augustus Aldworth \n 30 \n Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Carter , Mrs. Lucile ( n\u00e9e Polk ) \n 36 \n Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n and maid , Miss Auguste Serreplan \n 30 \n Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Carter , Miss Lucile Polk \n 13 \n Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Carter , Master William Thornton II \n 11 \n Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Case , Mr. Howard Brown \n 49 \n Ascot , Berkshire , England , UK \n Southampton \n Rochester , New York , US \n \n
\n Cassebeer , Mrs. Eleanor Genevieve ( n\u00e9e Fosdick ) \n 36 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 5 \n
\n Cavendish , Mr. Tyrell William \n 36 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 172
\n Cavendish , Mrs. Julia Florence ( n\u00e9e Siegel ) \n 25 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n 6 \n
\n and maid , Miss Ellen `` Nellie '' Barber \n 26 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n 6 \n
\n Chaffee , Mr. Hubert Fuller \n 46 \n Amenia , North Dakota , US \n Southampton \n Amenia , North Dakota , US \n \n
\n Chaffee , Mrs. Carrie Constance ( n\u00e9e Toogood ) \n 47 \n Amenia , North Dakota , US \n Southampton \n Amenia , North Dakota , US \n \n
\n Chambers , Mr. Norman Campbell \n 27 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 5 \n
\n Chambers , Mrs. Bertha ( n\u00e9e Griggs ) \n 32 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 5 \n
\n Cherry , Miss Gladys \n 30 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada \n 8 \n
\n Chevr\u00e9 , Mr. Paul Romaine Marie L\u00e9once \n 45 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n Ottawa , Ontario , Canada \n 7 \n
\n Chibnall , Mrs. Edith Martha Bowerman ( n\u00e9e Barber ) \n 48 \n St. Leonards - on - Sea , East Sussex , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n 6 \n
\n Chisholm , Mr. Roderick Robert Crispin \n 40 \n Belfast , Ireland , UK \n Belfast \n New York City \n \n
\n Clark , Mr. Walter Miller \n 27 \n Los Angeles , California , US \n Cherbourg \n Los Angeles , California , US \n \n
\n Clark , Mrs. Virginia Estelle ( n\u00e9e McDowell ) \n 26 \n Los Angeles , California , US \n Cherbourg \n Los Angeles , California , US \n \n
\n Clifford , Mr. George Quincy \n 40 \n Stoughton , Massachusetts , US \n Southampton \n Stoughton , Massachusetts \n \n
\n Colley , Mr. Edward Pomeroy \n 37 \n Dublin , Ireland , UK \n Southampton \n Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada \n \n
\n Compton , Mrs. Mary Eliza ( n\u00e9e Ingersoll ) \n 64 \n Lakewood , New Jersey , US \n Cherbourg \n Lakewood , New Jersey , US \n 14 \n
\n Compton , Miss Sara Rebecca \n 39 \n Lakewood , New Jersey , US \n Cherbourg \n Lakewood , New Jersey , US \n 14 \n
\n Compton , Mr. Alexander Taylor Jr . \n 37 \n Lakewood , New Jersey , US \n Cherbourg \n Lakewood , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Cornell , Mrs. Malvina Helen ( n\u00e9e Lamson ) \n 55 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Crafton , Mr. John Bertram \n 59 \n Roachdale , Indiana , US \n Southampton \n Roachdale , Indiana , US \n \n
\n Crosby , Captain Edward \n 70 \n Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US \n Southampton \n Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US \n \n 269
\n Crosby , Mrs. Catherine Elizabeth ( n\u00e9e Halstead ) \n 64 \n Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US \n Southampton \n Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US \n 7 \n
\n Crosby , Miss Harriette Rebecca \n 39 \n Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US \n Southampton \n Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US \n 7 \n
\n Cumings , Mr. John Bradley \n 39 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Cumings , Mrs. Florence Briggs ( n\u00e9e Thayer ) \n 35 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York , US \n \n
\n Daly , Mr. Peter Dennis \n 51 \n Lima , Peru \n Southampton \n Lima , Peru \n \n
\n Daniel , Mr. Robert Williams \n 27 \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Davidson , Mr. Thornton \n 31 \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n Davidson , Mrs. Orian ( n\u00e9e Hays ) \n 27 \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n Dick , Mr. Albert Adrian \n 31 \n Calgary , Alberta , Canada \n Southampton \n Calgary , Alberta , Canada \n \n
\n Dick , Mrs. Vera ( n\u00e9e Gillespie ) \n 17 \n Calgary , Alberta , Canada \n Southampton \n Calgary , Alberta , Canada \n \n
\n Dineston , Mrs. Nancy May Bowles \n 28 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City , USA \n \n
\n Dineston , George Samuel \n 30 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City , USA \n \n
\n Dodge , Dr. Washington \n 52 \n San Francisco , California , US \n Southampton \n San Francisco , California , US \n 13 \n
\n Dodge , Mrs. Ruth ( n\u00e9e Vidaver ) \n 34 \n San Francisco , California , US \n Southampton \n San Francisco , California , US \n 5 \n
\n Dodge , Master Washington , Jr . \n \n San Francisco , California , US \n Southampton \n San Francisco , California , US \n 5 \n
\n Douglas , Mr. Walter Donald \n 50 \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n Cherbourg \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n \n 62
\n Douglas , Mrs. Mahala ( n\u00e9e Dutton ) \n 48 \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n Cherbourg \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n \n
\n and maid , Miss Berthe Leroy \n 27 \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n Cherbourg \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n \n
\n Douglas , Mrs. Mary H\u00e9l\u00e8ne ( n\u00e9e Baxter ) \n 27 \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Cherbourg \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n 6 \n
\n Duff Gordon , Sir Cosmo Edmund \n 49 \n London , England , UK \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Duff Gordon , Lucy Christiana , Lady ( n\u00e9e Sutherland ) \n 48 \n London , England , UK \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n and secretary , Miss Laura Mabel Francatelli \n 31 \n London , England , UK \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Dulles , Mr. William Crothers \n 39 \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n Cherbourg \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n \n 133
\n Eustis , Miss Elizabeth Mussey \n 54 \n Brookline , Massachusetts , US \n Cherbourg \n Brookline , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n Evans , Miss Edith Corse \n 36 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Flegenheim , Mrs. Antoinette ( n\u00e9e Wendt ) \n 48 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 7 \n
\n Flynn , Mr. John Irwin \n 36 \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n Southampton \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n 5 \n
\n Foreman , Mr. Benjamin Laventall \n 30 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Fortune , Mr. Mark \n 64 \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n Southampton \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n \n
\n Fortune , Mrs. Mary ( n\u00e9e McDougald ) \n 60 \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n Southampton \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n 10 \n
\n Fortune , Miss Ethel Flora \n 28 \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n Southampton \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n 10 \n
\n Fortune , Miss Alice Elizabeth \n 24 \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n Southampton \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n 10 \n
\n Fortune , Miss Mabel Helen \n 23 \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n Southampton \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n 10 \n
\n Fortune , Mr. Charles Alexander \n 19 \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n Southampton \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n \n
\n Franklin , Mr. Thomas Parnham \n 37 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Frauenthal , Dr. Henry William \n 49 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n 5 \n
\n Frauenthal , Mrs. Clara ( n\u00e9e Heinsheimer ) \n 42 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n 5 \n
\n Frauenthal , Mr. Isaac Gerald \n 43 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n 5 \n
\n Fr\u00f6licher , Mr. Maximilian Josef \n 60 \n Z\u00fcrich , Switzerland \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 5 \n
\n Fr\u00f6licher , Mrs. Margaretha Emerentia ( n\u00e9e Stehli ) \n 48 \n Z\u00fcrich , Switzerland \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 5 \n
\n Fr\u00f6licher - Stehli , Miss Hedwig Margaritha \n 22 \n Z\u00fcrich , Switzerland \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 5 \n
\n Futrelle , Mr. Jacques Heath \n 37 \n Scituate , Massachusetts , US \n Southampton \n Scituate , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n Futrelle , Mrs. Lily May ( n\u00e9e Peel ) \n 35 \n Scituate , Massachusetts , US \n Southampton \n Scituate , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n Gee , Mr. Arthur H . \n 47 \n St. Annes - on - Sea , Lancashire , England , UK \n Southampton \n Mexico City , Mexico \n \n 275
\n Gibson , Mrs. Pauline Caroline ( n\u00e9e Boeson ) \n 44 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 7 \n
\n Gibson , Miss Dorothy Winifred \n 22 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 7 \n
\n Goldenberg , Mr. Samuel L . \n 47 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 5 \n
\n Goldenberg , Mrs. Nella ( n\u00e9e Wiggins ) \n 40 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 5 \n
\n Goldschmidt , Mr. George B . \n 71 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Gracie IV , Colonel Archibald \n 53 \n Washington , D.C. , US \n Southampton \n Washington , D.C. , US \n \n
\n Graham , Mr. George Edward \n 38 \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n Southampton \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n \n 147
\n Graham , Mrs. Edith Ware ( n\u00e9e Junkins ) \n 59 \n Greenwich , Connecticut , US \n Southampton \n Greenwich , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Graham , Miss Margaret Edith \n 19 \n Greenwich , Connecticut , US \n Southampton \n Greenwich , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n and governess , Miss Elizabeth Weed Shutes \n 40 \n Greenwich , Connecticut , US \n Southampton \n Greenwich , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Greenfield , Mrs. Blanche ( n\u00e9e Strouse ) \n 45 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 7 \n
\n Greenfield , Mr. William Bertram \n 23 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 7 \n
\n Guggenheim , Mr. Benjamin \n 46 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n and valet , Mr. Victor Giglio \n 24 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n and chauffeur , Mr. Ren\u00e9 Pernot \n 39 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Harder , Mr. George Achilles \n 25 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 5 \n
\n Harder , Mrs. Dorothy ( n\u00e9e Annan ) \n 21 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 5 \n
\n Harper , Mr. Henry Sleeper \n 48 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n and dragoman , Mr. Hammad Hassab \n 27 \n Cairo , Egypt \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Harper , Mrs. Myna ( n\u00e9e Haxtun ) \n 49 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Harris , Mr. Henry Birkhardt \n 45 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Harris , Mrs. Irene ( n\u00e9e Wallach ) \n 35 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Hawksford , Mr. Walter James \n 45 \n Kingston , Surrey , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Hays , Mr. Charles Melville \n 55 \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n 307
\n and clerk , Mr. Vivian Ponsonby Payne \n 22 \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n Hays , Mrs. Clara Jennings ( n\u00e9e Grigg ) \n 52 \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n and maid , Miss Mary Anne Perreault \n 33 \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n Hays , Miss Margaret Bechstein \n 24 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 7 \n
\n Head , Mr. Christopher \n 42 \n Chelsea , London , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Hilliard , Mr. Herbert Henry \n 44 \n Brighton , Massachusetts , US \n Southampton \n Brighton , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n Hipkins , Mr. William Edward \n 55 \n Birmingham , West Midlands , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Hippach , Mrs. Ida Sophia ( n\u00e9e Fischer ) \n 44 \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n Cherbourg \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Hippach , Miss Jean Gertrude \n 17 \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n Cherbourg \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Hogeboom , Mrs. Anna Louisa ( n\u00e9e Andrews ) \n 51 \n Hudson , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n Hudson , New York , US \n 10 \n
\n Holverson , Mr. Alexander Oskar \n 42 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 38
\n Holverson , Mrs. Mary Aline ( n\u00e9e Towner ) \n 35 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 8 \n
\n Homer , Mr. Harry ( alias E. Haven ) \n 40 \n Indianapolis , Indiana , US \n Southampton \n Indianapolis , Indiana , US \n 15 \n
\n Hoyt , Mr. Frederick Maxfield \n 35 \n New York City \n Southampton \n Stamford , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Hoyt , Mrs. Jane Anne ( n\u00e9e Forby ) \n 31 \n New York City \n Southampton \n Stamford , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Hoyt , Mr. William Fisher \n 42 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 14 \n
\n Isham , Miss Ann Elizabeth \n 50 \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n Cherbourg \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Ismay , Mr. Joseph Bruce \n 49 \n Liverpool , Merseyside , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n and valet , Mr. John Richard Fry \n 39 \n Liverpool , Merseyside , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n and secretary , Mr. William Henry Harrison \n 45 \n Wallasey , Merseyside , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 110
\n Johnson , Mrs. Madeline Eliza ( n\u00e9e Austin ) \n 40 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York , New York , US \n 6 \n
\n Johnson ( later changed to Langston ) , Mr. Samuel James \n 10 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York , New York , US \n \n
\n Jones , Mr. Charles Cresson \n 46 \n Bennington , Vermont , US \n Southampton \n Bennington , Vermont , US \n \n 80
\n Julian , Mr. Henry Forbes \n 50 \n Torquay , Devon , England , UK \n Southampton \n San Francisco , US \n \n
\n Kent , Mr. Edward Austin \n 58 \n Buffalo , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n Buffalo , New York , US \n \n 258
\n Kenyon , Mr. Frederick R . \n 41 \n Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Kenyon , Mrs. Marion ( n\u00e9e Stauffer ) \n 31 \n Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US \n 8 \n
\n Kimball , Mr. Edwin Nelson Jr . \n 42 \n Boston , Massachusetts , US \n Southampton \n Boston , Massachusetts , US \n 5 \n
\n Kimball , Mrs. Gertrude ( n\u00e9e Parsons ) \n 45 \n Boston , Massachusetts , US \n Southampton \n Boston , Massachusetts , US \n 5 \n
\n Klaber , Mr. Herman \n 45 \n Portland , Oregon , US \n Southampton \n Portland , Oregon , US \n \n
\n Langston , Ms. Maxine Jane \n 25 \n Duncansville , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Duncansivlle , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Lambert - Williams , Mr. Fletcher Fellows \n 43 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n Newark , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Leader , Dr. Alice ( n\u00e9e Farnham ) \n 49 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 8 \n
\n Leslie , Lucy No\u00ebl Martha , Countess of Rothes ( n\u00e9e Dyer - Edwardes ) \n 27 \n Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada \n Southampton \n Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada \n 8 \n
\n and maid , Miss Roberta Elizabeth Mary `` Cissy '' Maioni \n 20 \n Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada \n Southampton \n Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada \n 8 \n
\n Lewy , Mr. Ervin G . \n 31 \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n Cherbourg \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Lindeberg - Lind , Mr. Erik Gustav ( alias Edward Lingrey ) \n 42 \n Jordanstorp , S\u00f6dermanland , Sweden \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Lindstr\u00f6m , Mrs. Sigrid ( n\u00e9e Posse ) \n 55 \n Stockholm , Sweden \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 6 \n
\n Lines , Mrs. Elizabeth Lindsey ( n\u00e9e James ) \n 50 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n Hanover , New Hampshire , US \n 9 \n
\n Lines , Miss Mary Conover \n 16 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n Hanover , New Hampshire , US \n 9 \n
\n Long , Mr. Milton Clyde \n 29 \n Springfield , Massachusetts , US \n Southampton \n Springfield , Massachusetts , US \n \n 126
\n Longley , Miss Gretchen Fiske \n 21 \n Hudson , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n Hudson , New York , US \n 10 \n
\n Loring , Mr. Joseph Holland \n 30 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Madill , Miss Georgette Alexandra \n 16 \n St. Louis , Missouri , US \n Southampton \n St. Louis , Missouri , US \n \n
\n Maguire , Mr. John Edward \n 30 \n Brockton , Massachusetts , US \n Southampton \n Brockton , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n Mar\u00e9chal , Mr. Pierre , Sr . \n 28 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 7 \n
\n Marvin , Mr. Daniel Warner \n 18 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Marvin , Mrs. Mary Graham Carmichael ( n\u00e9e Farquarson ) \n 18 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 10 \n
\n Mayn\u00e9 , Miss Bertha Antonine \n 24 \n Brussels , Belgium \n Cherbourg \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n 6 \n
\n McCaffry , Mr. Thomas Francis \n 46 \n Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada \n Southampton \n Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada \n \n 292
\n McCarthy , Mr. Timothy J . \n 54 \n Dorchester , Massachusetts , US \n Southampton \n Dorchester , Massachusetts , US \n \n 175
\n McGough , Mr. James Robert \n 35 \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n 7 \n
\n Meyer , Mr. Edgar Joseph \n 28 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Meyer , Mrs. Leila ( n\u00e9e Saks ) \n 25 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 6 \n
\n Millet , Mr. Francis Davis \n 65 \n East Bridgewater , Massachusetts , US \n Cherbourg \n East Bridgewater , Massachusetts , US \n \n 249
\n Minahan , Dr. William Edward \n 44 \n Fond du Lac , Wisconsin , US \n Southampton \n Fond du Lac , Wisconsin , US \n \n 230
\n Minahan , Mrs. Lillian E. ( n\u00e9e Thorpe ) \n 37 \n Fond du Lac , Wisconsin , US \n Southampton \n Fond du Lac , Wisconsin , US \n 14 \n
\n Minahan , Miss Daisy E . \n 33 \n Fond du Lac , Wisconsin , US \n Southampton \n Fond du Lac , Wisconsin , US \n 14 \n
\n Mock , Mr. Philipp Edmund \n 30 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 11 \n
\n Molson , Mr. Harry Markland \n 55 \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n Moore , Mr. Clarence Bloomfield \n 47 \n Washington , D.C. , US \n Southampton \n Washington , D.C. , US \n \n
\n and valet , Mr. Charles Henry Harrington \n 37 \n Washington , D.C. , US \n Southampton \n Washington , D.C. , US \n \n
\n Natsch , Mr. Charles \n 36 \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n \n
\n Newell , Mr. Arthur Webster \n 58 \n Lexington , Massachusetts , US \n Cherbourg \n Lexington , Massachusetts , US \n \n 122
\n Newell , Miss Madeleine \n 31 \n Lexington , Massachusetts , US \n Cherbourg \n Lexington , Massachusetts , US \n 6 \n
\n Newell , Miss Marjorie Anne \n 23 \n Lexington , Massachusetts , US \n Cherbourg \n Lexington , Massachusetts , US \n 6 \n
\n Newsom , Miss Helen Monypeny \n 19 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 5 \n
\n Nicholson , Mr. Arthur Ernest \n 64 \n Shanklin , Isle of Wight , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 263
\n Nourney , Mr. Alfred \n 20 \n Cologne , German Empire \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 7 \n
\n Omont , Mr. Alfred Fernand \n 29 \n Le Havre , France \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 7 \n
\n Ostby , Mr. Engelhart Cornelius \n 64 \n Providence , Rhode Island , US \n Southampton \n Providence , Rhode Island , US \n \n 234
\n Ostby , Miss Helene Ragnhild \n 22 \n Providence , Rhode Island , US \n Southampton \n Providence , Rhode Island , US \n 5 \n
\n Ovies y Rodriguez , Mr. Servando Jos\u00e9 Florentino \n 36 \n Havana , Cuba \n Cherbourg \n Havana , Cuba \n \n 189
\n Parr , Mr. William Henry Marsh \n 29 \n Belfast , Ireland , UK \n Belfast \n New York City \n \n
\n Partner , Mr. Austin \n 40 \n Tolworth , London , England , UK \n Southampton \n Toronto , Ontario , Canada \n \n 166
\n Pears , Mr. Thomas Clinton \n 29 \n Isleworth , London , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Pears , Mrs. Edith ( n\u00e9e Wearne ) \n 22 \n Isleworth , London , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n 8 \n
\n Pe\u00f1asco y Castellana , Mr. Victor \n 24 \n Madrid , Spain \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Pe\u00f1asco y Castellana , Mrs. Maria Josefa ( n\u00e9e Perez de Soto y Vallejo ) \n 22 \n Madrid , Spain \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 8 \n
\n and maid , Do\u00f1a Fermina Oliva y Ocana \n 39 \n Madrid , Spain \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 8 \n
\n Peuchen , Major Arthur Godfrey \n 52 \n Toronto , Ontario , Canada \n Southampton \n Toronto , Ontario , Canada \n 6 \n
\n Porter , Mr. Walter Chamberlain \n 46 \n Worcester , Massachusetts , US \n Southampton \n Worcester , Massachusetts , US \n \n 207
\n Potter , Mrs. Lily Alexenia ( n\u00e9e Wilson ) \n 56 \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n Cherbourg \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n 7 \n
\n Reuchlin , The Honourable Mr. Johan George \n 38 \n Rotterdam , The Netherlands \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Rheims , Mr. George Alexander Lucien \n 36 \n Paris , France \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Robert , Mrs. Elisabeth Walton ( n\u00e9e McMillan ) \n 43 \n St. Louis , Missouri , US \n Southampton \n St. Louis , Missouri , US \n \n
\n and maid , Miss Emilie Kreuchen \n 29 \n St. Louis , Missouri , US \n Southampton \n St. Louis , Missouri , US \n \n
\n Roebling , Mr. Washington Augustus II \n 31 \n Trenton , New Jersey , US \n Southampton \n Trenton , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Romaine , Mr. Charles Hallance ( alias C. Rolmane ) \n 45 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 9 \n
\n Rood , Mr. Hugh Roscoe \n 38 \n Seattle , Washington , US \n Southampton \n Seattle , Washington , US \n \n
\n Rosenbaum , Miss Edith Louise \n 34 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n Cincinnati , Ohio , US \n 11 \n
\n Rosenshine , Mr. George ( alias George Thorne ) \n 46 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n 16
\n Ross , Mr. John Hugo \n 36 \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n Southampton \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n \n
\n Rothschild , Mr. Martin \n 46 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Rothschild , Mrs. Elizabeth Jane Anne ( n\u00e9e Barrett ) \n 54 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 6 \n
\n Rowe , Mr. Alfred G . \n 59 \n Liverpool , Merseyside , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 109
\n Ryerson , Mr. Arthur Larned \n 61 \n Cooperstown , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n Cooperstown , New York , US \n \n
\n Ryerson , Mrs. Emily Maria ( n\u00e9e Borie ) \n 48 \n Cooperstown , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n Cooperstown , New York , US \n \n
\n and maid , Miss Victorine Chaudanson \n 36 \n Cooperstown , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n Cooperstown , New York , US \n \n
\n Ryerson , Miss Susan Parker `` Suzette '' \n 21 \n Cooperstown , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n Cooperstown , New York , US \n \n
\n Ryerson , Miss Emily Borie \n 18 \n Cooperstown , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n Cooperstown , New York , US \n \n
\n Ryerson , Master John Borie `` Jack '' \n 13 \n Cooperstown , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n Cooperstown , New York , US \n \n
\n and governess , Miss Grace Scott Bowen \n 45 \n Cooperstown , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n Cooperstown , New York , US \n \n
\n Saalfeld , Mr. Adolphe \n 47 \n Manchester , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Salomon , Mr. Abraham Lincoln \n 43 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Schabert , Mrs. Emma ( n\u00e9e Mock ) \n 35 \n Hamburg , German Empire \n Southampton \n New York City \n 11 \n
\n Seward , Mr. Frederic Kimber \n 34 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 7 \n
\n Silverthorne , Mr. Spencer Victor \n 35 \n St. Louis , Missouri , US \n Southampton \n St. Louis , Missouri , US \n 5 \n
\n Silvey , Mr. William Baird \n 50 \n Duluth , Minnesota , US \n Cherbourg \n Duluth , Minnesota , US \n \n
\n Silvey , Mrs. Alice ( n\u00e9e Munger ) \n 39 \n Duluth , Minnesota , US \n Cherbourg \n Duluth , Minnesota , US \n 11 \n
\n Simonius - Blumer , Colonel Alfons \n 56 \n Basel , Switzerland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Sloper , Mr. William Thompson \n 28 \n New Britain , Connecticut , US \n Southampton \n New Britain , Connecticut , US \n 7 \n
\n Smart , Mr. John Montgomery \n 56 \n Kildale , North Yorkshire , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Smith , Mr. James Clinch \n 56 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n Long Island , New York , US \n \n
\n Smith , Mr. Lucien Philip \n 24 \n Huntington , West Virginia , US \n Cherbourg \n Huntington , West Virginia , US \n \n
\n Smith , Mrs. Mary Eloise ( n\u00e9e Hughes ) \n 18 \n Huntington , West Virginia , US \n Cherbourg \n Huntington , West Virginia , US \n 6 \n
\n Smith , Mr. Richard William \n 57 \n Streatham , London , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Snyder , Mr. John Pillsbury \n 24 \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n Southampton \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n 7 \n
\n Snyder , Mrs. Nellie ( n\u00e9e Stevenson ) \n 23 \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n Southampton \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n 7 \n
\n Spedden , Mr. Frederic Oakley \n 45 \n Tuxedo Park , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n Tuxedo Park , New York , US \n \n
\n Spedden , Mrs. Margaretta Corning ( n\u00e9e Stone ) \n 39 \n Tuxedo Park , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n Tuxedo Park , New York , US \n \n
\n and maid , Miss Helen Alice Wilson \n 31 \n Tuxedo Park , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n Tuxedo Park , New York , US \n \n
\n Spedden , Master Robert Douglas \n 6 \n Tuxedo Park , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n Tuxedo Park , New York , US \n \n
\n and nurse , Miss Elizabeth Margaret Burns \n 41 \n Tuxedo Park , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n Tuxedo Park , New York , US \n \n
\n Spencer , Mr. William Augustus \n 57 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Spencer , Mrs. Marie Eug\u00e9nie ( n\u00e9e Demougeot ) \n 45 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 6 \n
\n and maid , Miss Eugenie Elise Lurette \n 59 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 6 \n
\n St\u00e4helin - Maeglin , Dr. Max \n 32 \n Basel , Switzerland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Stead , Mr. William Thomas \n 62 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Stengel , Mr. Charles Emil Henry \n 54 \n Newark , New Jersey , US \n Cherbourg \n Newark , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Stengel , Mrs. Annie May ( n\u00e9e Morris ) \n 44 \n Newark , New Jersey , US \n Cherbourg \n Newark , New Jersey , US \n 5 \n
\n Stephenson , Mrs. Martha ( n\u00e9e Eustis ) \n 52 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n Haverford , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Stewart , Mr. Albert A . \n 54 \n Cincinnati , Ohio , US \n Cherbourg \n Gallipolis , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Stone , Mrs. Martha Evelyn ( n\u00e9e Stevens ) \n 62 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 6 \n
\n and maid , Miss Amelie `` Amelia '' Icard \n 38 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 6 \n
\n Straus , Mr. Isidor \n 67 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 96
\n and valet , Mr. John Farthing \n 57 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Straus , Mrs. Rosalie Ida ( n\u00e9e Blun ) \n 63 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n and maid , Miss Ellen Bird \n 31 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 8 \n
\n Sutton , Mr. Frederick \n 61 \n Haddonfield , New Jersey , US \n Southampton \n Haddonfield , New Jersey , US \n \n 46
\n Swift , Mrs. Margaret Welles ( n\u00e9e Barron ) \n 46 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 8 \n
\n Taussig , Mr. Emil \n 52 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Taussig , Mrs. Tillie ( n\u00e9e Mandelbaum ) \n 39 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 8 \n
\n Taussig , Miss Ruth \n 18 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 8 \n
\n Taylor , Mr. Elmer Zebley \n 48 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n East Orange , New Jersey , US \n 5 \n
\n Taylor , Mrs. Juliet Cummins ( n\u00e9e Wright ) \n 48 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n East Orange , New Jersey , US \n 5 \n
\n Thayer , Mr. John Borland II \n 49 \n Haverford , Pennsylvania , US \n Cherbourg \n Haverford , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Thayer , Mrs. Marian Longsteth ( n\u00e9e Morris ) \n 39 \n Haverford , Pennsylvania , US \n Cherbourg \n Haverford , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n and maid , Miss Margaret Fleming \n 42 \n Haverford , Pennsylvania , US \n Cherbourg \n Haverford , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Thayer , Mr. John Borland `` Jack '' III \n 17 \n Haverford , Pennsylvania , US \n Cherbourg \n Haverford , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Thorne , Mrs. Gertrude Maybelle ( n\u00e9e McMinn ) \n 37 \n New York City , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n New York City , New York , US \n \n
\n Tucker , Mr. Gilbert Milligan Jr . \n 31 \n Albany , New York , US \n Cherbourg \n Albany , New York , US \n 7 \n
\n Uruchurtu , Don Manuel E . \n 40 \n Mexico City , Mexico \n Cherbourg \n Mexico City , Mexico \n \n
\n Van der Hoef , Mr. Wyckoff \n 61 \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n Belfast \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n \n 245
\n Walker , Mr. William Anderson \n 48 \n East Orange , New Jersey , US \n Southampton \n East Orange , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Warren , Mr. Frank Manley \n 63 \n Portland , Oregon , US \n Cherbourg \n Portland , Oregon , US \n \n
\n Warren , Mrs. Anna Sophia ( n\u00e9e Atkinson ) \n 60 \n Portland , Oregon , US \n Cherbourg \n Portland , Oregon , US \n 5 \n
\n Weir , Colonel John \n 59 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n White , Mr. Percival Wayland \n 54 \n Brunswick , Maine , US \n Southampton \n Brunswick , Maine , US \n \n
\n White , Mr. Richard Frasar \n 21 \n Brunswick , Maine , US \n Southampton \n Brunswick , Maine , US \n \n 169
\n White , Mrs. Ella ( n\u00e9e Holmes ) \n 55 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 8 \n
\n and maid , Miss Amelia Mayo `` Nellie '' Bessette \n 39 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 8 \n
\n and manservant , Mr. Sante Righini \n 22 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n 232
\n Wick , Colonel George Dennick \n 58 \n Youngstown , Ohio , US \n Southampton \n Youngstown , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Wick , Mrs. Mary ( n\u00e9e Hitchcock ) \n 45 \n Youngstown , Ohio , US \n Southampton \n Youngstown , Ohio , US \n 8 \n
\n Wick , Miss Mary Natalie \n 31 \n Youngstown , Ohio , US \n Southampton \n Youngstown , Ohio , US \n 8 \n
\n Widener , Mr. George Dunton \n 50 \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n and valet , Mr. Edwin Herbert Keeping \n 33 \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n \n 45
\n Widener , Mrs. Eleanor ( n\u00e9e Elkins ) \n 50 \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n and maid , Miss Amalie Henriette `` Emily '' Gieger \n 35 \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Widener , Mr. Harry Elkins \n 27 \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Willard , Miss Constance \n 21 \n Duluth , Minnesota , US \n Southampton \n Duluth , Minnesota , US \n 8 \n
\n Williams , Mr. Charles Duane \n 51 \n Geneva , Switzerland \n Cherbourg \n Radnor , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Williams , Mr. Richard Norris II \n 21 \n Geneva , Switzerland \n Cherbourg \n Radnor , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Woolner , Mr. Hugh \n 45 \n London , England , UK \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Wright , Mr. George \n 62 \n Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada \n Southampton \n Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada \n \n
\n Young , Miss Marie Grice \n 36 \n New York City \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n 8 \n
\n

\n Second class ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Name \n Age \n Hometown \n Boarded \n Destination \n Lifeboat \n Body
\n Abelson , Mr. Samuel \n 30 \n Russia \n Cherbourg \n New York , New York , US \n \n
\n Abelson , Mrs. Anna ( n\u00e9e Wizosky ? ) \n 28 \n Russia \n Cherbourg \n New York , New York , US \n 10 \n
\n Andrew , Mr. Edgar Samuel \n 17 \n San Ambrosio , C\u00f3rdoba , Argentina \n Southampton \n Trenton , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Andrew , Mr. Frank Thomas \n 30 \n Redruth , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Houghton , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Angle , Mr. William A . \n 32 \n Warwick , Warwickshire , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Angle , Mrs. Florence Agnes `` Mary '' ( n\u00e9e Hughes ) \n 36 \n Warwick , Warwickshire , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n 11 \n
\n Ashby , Mr. John \n 57 \n West Hoboken , New Jersey , US \n Southampton \n West Hoboken , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Bailey , Mr. Percy Andrew \n 18 \n Penzance , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Akron , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Bainbrigge , Mr. Charles Robert \n 23 \n Saint Peter Port , Guernsey , Channel Islands \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Ball , Mrs. Ada E. ( n\u00e9e Hall ) \n 36 \n Bristol , Avon , England \n Southampton \n Jacksonville , Florida , US \n 10 \n
\n Banfield , Mr. Frederick James \n 28 \n Plymouth , Devon , England \n Southampton \n Houghton , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Bateman , Reverend Robert James \n 51 \n Jacksonville , Florida , US \n Southampton \n Jacksonville , Florida , US \n \n 174
\n Beane , Mr. Edward \n 32 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 13 \n
\n Beane . Mrs. Ethel ( n\u00e9e Clarke ) \n 19 \n Norwich , Norfolk , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n 13 \n
\n Beauchamp , Mr. Henry James \n 28 \n London , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 194
\n Becker , Mrs. Nellie E. ( n\u00e9e Baumgardner ) \n 35 \n Guntur , Madras Province , British India \n Southampton \n Benton Harbor , Michigan , US \n 11 \n
\n Becker , Miss Ruth Elizabeth \n 12 \n Guntur , Madras Province , British India \n Southampton \n Benton Harbor , Michigan , US \n 13 \n
\n Becker , Miss Marion Louise \n \n Guntur , Madras Province , British India \n Southampton \n Benton Harbor , Michigan , US \n 11 \n
\n Becker , Master Richard Frederick \n \n Guntur , Madras Province , British India \n Southampton \n Benton Harbor , Michigan , US \n 11 \n
\n Beesley , Mr. Lawrence \n 34 \n London , England \n Southampton \n Toronto , Ontario , Canada \n 13 \n
\n Bentham , Miss Lillian W . \n 19 \n Rochester , New York , US \n Southampton \n Rochester , New York , US \n 12 \n
\n Berriman , Mr. William John \n 23 \n St. Ives , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Calumet , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Botsford , Mr. William Hull \n 25 \n Orange , New Jersey , US \n Southampton \n Orange , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Bowenur , Mr. Solomon \n 42 \n London , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Bracken , Mr. James H . \n 29 \n Lake Arthur , New Mexico , US \n Southampton \n Lake Arthur , New Mexico , US \n \n
\n Brailey , Mr. W. Theodore Ronald \n 24 \n London , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Bricoux , Mr. Roger Marie \n 20 \n Monte Carlo , Monaco \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Brito , Mr. Jos\u00e9 Joaquim \n 32 \n Madeira , Portugal \n Southampton \n S\u00e3o Paulo , Brazil \n \n
\n Brown , Mr. Thomas William Solomon \n 60 \n Cape Town , South Africa , UK \n Southampton \n Seattle , Washington , US \n \n
\n Brown , Mrs. Elizabeth Catherine ( n\u00e9e Ford ) \n 40 \n Cape Town , South Africa , UK \n Southampton \n Seattle , Washington , US \n 14 \n
\n Brown , Miss Edith Eileen \n 15 \n Cape Town , South Africa , UK \n Southampton \n Seattle , Washington , US \n 14 \n
\n Bryhl , Mr. Kurt Arnold Gottfrid \n 25 \n Skara , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland , Sweden \n Southampton \n Rockford , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Bryhl , Miss Dagmar Jenny Ingeborg \n 20 \n Skara , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland , Sweden \n Southampton \n Rockford , Illinois , US \n 12 \n
\n Buss , Miss Kate \n 36 \n Sittingbourne , Kent , England \n Southampton \n San Francisco , US \n 9 \n
\n Butler , Mr. Reginald Fenton \n 25 \n Southsea , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 97
\n Byles , Father Thomas Roussel Davids \n 42 \n London , England \n Southampton \n Jacksonville , Florida , US \n \n
\n Bystr\u00f6m , Miss Karolina \n 42 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n ? \n
\n Caldwell , Mr. Albert Francis \n 26 \n Bangkok , Siam \n Southampton \n Roseville , Illinois , US \n 13 \n
\n Caldwell , Mrs. Sylvia Mae ( n\u00e9e Harbaugh ) \n 28 \n Bangkok , Siam \n Southampton \n Roseville , Illinois , US \n 13 \n
\n Caldwell , Master Alden Gates \n 0.10 ! 10 mo . \n Bangkok , Siam \n Southampton \n Roseville , Illinois , US \n 13 \n
\n Cameron , Miss Clear Annie \n 35 \n London , England \n Southampton \n Mamaronek , New York , US \n 14 \n
\n Campbell , Mr. William Henry \n 21 \n Belfast , Ireland \n Belfast \n New York City \n \n
\n Carbines , Mr. William \n 19 \n St. Ives , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Houghton , Michigan , US \n \n 18
\n Carter , Father Ernest Courtenay \n 54 \n London , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Carter , Mrs. Lilian ( n\u00e9e Hughes ) \n 45 \n London , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Chapman , Mr. Charles Henry \n 52 \n Bronx , New York , US \n Southampton \n Bronx , New York , US \n \n 130
\n Chapman , Mr. John Henry \n 36 \n Liskeard , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Spokane , Washington , US \n \n 17
\n Chapman , Mrs. Sara Elizabeth ( n\u00e9e Lawry ) \n 28 \n Liskeard , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Spokane , Washington , US \n \n
\n Christy , Mrs. Alice Frances \n 45 \n London , England \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n 12 \n
\n Christy , Miss Rachel Julie Cohen \n 25 \n London , England \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n 12 \n
\n Clarke , Mr. Charles Valentine \n 29 \n Netley Abbey , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n San Francisco , California , US \n \n
\n Clarke , Mrs. Ada Maria \n 28 \n Netley Abbey , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n San Francisco , California , US \n 14 \n
\n Clarke , Mr. John Frederick Preston \n 30 \n Liverpool , Merseyside , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 202
\n Coleridge , Mr. Reginald Charles \n 29 \n London , England \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Collander , Mr. Erik Gustaf \n 27 \n Helsinki , Finland , Russian Empire \n Southampton \n Ashtabula , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Collett , Mr. Sidney Clarence Stuart \n 25 \n London , England \n Southampton \n Port Byron , New York , US \n 9 \n
\n Collyer , Mr. Harvey \n 31 \n Bishopstoke , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n Payette , Idaho , US \n \n
\n Collyer , Mrs. Charlotte Annie ( n\u00e9e Tate ) \n 31 \n Bishopstoke , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n Payette , Idaho , US \n 14 \n
\n Collyer , Miss Marjorie Charlotte `` Lottie '' \n 8 \n Bishopstoke , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n Payette , Idaho , US \n 14 \n
\n Cook , Mrs. Selena ( n\u00e9e Rogers ) \n 22 \n Oxford , Oxfordshire , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n 14 \n
\n Corbett , Mrs. Irene ( n\u00e9e Colvin ) \n 30 \n Provo , Utah , US \n Southampton \n Provo , Utah , US \n \n
\n Corey , Mrs. Mary Phyllis Elizabeth ( n\u00e9e Miller ) \n 30 \n Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Cotterill , Mr. Henry `` Harry '' \n 20 \n Penzance , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Akron , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Cunningham , Mr. Alfred Fleming \n 21 \n Belfast , Ireland \n Belfast \n New York City \n \n
\n Davies , Mr. Charles Henry \n 21 \n Lyndhurst , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n Eden , Manitoba , Canada \n \n
\n Davies , Mrs. Elizabeth Agnes Mary ( n\u00e9e White ) \n 48 \n St. Ives , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Houghton , Michigan , US \n 14 \n
\n Davies , Master John Morgan Jr . \n 8 \n St. Ives , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Houghton , Michigan , US \n 14 \n
\n Davis , Miss Mary \n 28 \n London , England \n Southampton \n Tottenville , New York , US \n 13 \n
\n Deacon , Mr. Percy William \n 20 \n Fritham , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n Boston , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n del Carlo , Mr. Sebastiano \n 29 \n Montecarlo , Lucca , Tuscany , Italy \n Cherbourg \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n 295
\n del Carlo , Mrs. Argene ( n\u00e9e Genovesi ) \n 24 \n Montecarlo , Lucca , Tuscany , Italy \n Cherbourg \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n 11 \n
\n Denbuoy , Mr. Albert `` Herbert '' \n 25 \n Guernsey , Channel Islands \n Southampton \n Elizabeth , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Dibden , Mr. William \n 18 \n Lyndhurst , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n Eden , Manitoba , Canada \n \n
\n Doling , Mrs. Ada Julia ( n\u00e9e Bone ) \n 34 \n Southampton , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n ? \n
\n Doling , Miss Elsie \n 19 \n Southampton , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n ? \n
\n Douton , Mr. William Joseph \n 55 \n Rochester , New York , US \n Southampton \n Rochester , New York , US \n \n
\n Drew , Mr. James Vivian \n 42 \n Greenport , New York , US \n Southampton \n Greenport , New York , US \n \n
\n Drew , Mrs. Lulu Thorne ( n\u00e9e Christian ) \n 34 \n Greenport , New York , US \n Southampton \n Greenport , New York , US \n 10 \n
\n Drew , Master Marshall Brines \n 8 \n Greenport , New York , US \n Southampton \n Greenport , New York , US \n 10 \n
\n Duran y More , Miss Florentina \n 30 \n Barcelona , Spain \n Cherbourg \n Havana , Cuba \n 12 \n
\n Duran y More , Miss Asunci\u00f3n \n 27 \n Barcelona , Spain \n Cherbourg \n Havana , Cuba \n 12 \n
\n Eitemiller , Mr. George Floyd \n 23 \n London , England \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Enander , Mr. Ingvar \n 21 \n Goteborg G\u00f6teborg , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland , Sweden \n Southampton \n Rockford , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Fahlstr\u00f8m , Mr. Arne Joma \n 18 \n Oslo , Norway \n Southampton \n Bayonne , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Faunthorpe , Mr. Harry Bartram \n 40 \n Liverpool , Merseyside , England \n Southampton \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n \n 286
\n Fillbrook , Mr. Joseph Charles \n 18 \n Truro , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Houghton , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Fox , Mr. Stanley Hubert \n 38 \n Rochester , New York , US \n Southampton \n Rochester , New York , US \n \n 236
\n Frost , Mr. Anthony Wood `` Archie '' \n 37 \n Belfast , Ireland \n Belfast \n New York City \n \n
\n Funk , Miss Annie Clemmer \n 38 \n Janjgir - Champa , British India , UK \n Southampton \n Bally , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Fynney , Mr. Joseph J . \n 35 \n Liverpool , Merseyside , England \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n 322
\n Gale , Mr. Harry \n 38 \n Harrowbarrow , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Clear Creek , Colorado , US \n \n
\n Gale , Mr. Shadrach \n 33 \n Harrowbarrow , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Clear Creek , Colorado , US \n \n
\n Garside , Miss Ethel \n 34 \n Liverpool , Merseyside , England \n Southampton \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n 12 \n
\n Gaskell , Mr. William Alfred \n 18 \n Liverpool , Merseyside , England \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n Gavey , Mr. Laurence \n 26 \n Guernsey , Channel Islands \n Southampton \n Elizabeth , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Gilbert , Mr. William \n 47 \n Carleens , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Butte , Montana , US \n \n
\n Giles , Mr. Edgar \n 21 \n Porthleven , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Camden , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Giles , Mr. Frederick Edward \n 20 \n Porthleven , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Camden , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Giles , Mr. Ralph \n 25 \n London , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 297
\n Gill , Mr. John William \n 24 \n Clevedon , North Somerset England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 155
\n Gillespie , Mr. William Henry \n 34 \n Abbeyleix , Laois , Ireland \n Southampton \n Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada \n \n
\n Givard , Mr. Hans Kristensen \n 30 \n K\u00f8lsen , Vorde Sogn , Denmark \n Southampton \n San Francisco , California , US \n \n 305
\n Greenberg , Mr. Samuel \n 52 \n Bronx , New York , US \n Southampton \n Bronx , New York , US \n \n 19
\n Hale , Mr. Reginald \n 30 \n Auburn , New York , US \n Southampton \n Auburn , New York , US \n \n 75
\n Hamalainen H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen , Mrs. Anna ( Anna Hamlin ) \n 24 \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Hamalainen H\u00e4m\u00e4l\u00e4inen , Master Viljo Unto Johannes ( William Hamlin ) \n \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Harbeck , Mr. William H . \n 44 \n Toledo , Ohio , US \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n 35
\n Harper , The Reverend John \n 39 \n London , England \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Harper , Miss Annie Jessie `` Nina '' \n 6 \n London , England \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n 11 \n
\n Harris , Mr. George \n 62 \n London , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n 15 \n
\n Harris , Mr. Walter \n 30 \n London , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Hart , Mr. Benjamin \n 47 \n Ilford , Essex , England \n Southampton \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n \n
\n Hart , Mrs. Esther Ada ( n\u00e9e Bloomfield ) \n 48 \n Ilford , Essex , England \n Southampton \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n 14 \n
\n Hart , Miss Eva Miriam \n 7 \n Ilford , Essex , England \n Southampton \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n 14 \n
\n Hartley , Mr. Wallace Henry \n 33 \n Dewsbury , West Yorkshire , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 224
\n Herman , Mr. Samuel \n 49 \n Yeovil , Somerset , England \n Southampton \n Bernardsville , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Herman , Mrs. Jane ( n\u00e9e Laver ) \n 48 \n Yeovil , Somerset , England \n Southampton \n Bernardsville , New Jersey , US \n 9 \n
\n Herman , Miss Alice \n 24 \n Yeovil , Somerset , England \n Southampton \n Bernardsville , New Jersey , US \n 9 \n
\n Herman , Miss Kate \n 24 \n Yeovil , Somerset , England \n Southampton \n Bernardsville , New Jersey , US \n 9 \n
\n Hewlett , Mrs. Mary Dunbar ( n\u00e9e Kingcome ) \n 56 \n Lucknow , British India , UK \n Southampton \n Rapid City , South Dakota , US \n 13 \n
\n Hickman , Mr. Lewis \n 30 \n Fritham , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n The Pas , Manitoba , Canada \n \n 256
\n Hickman , Mr. Leonard Mark \n 24 \n Fritham , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n Eden , Manitoba , Canada \n \n
\n Hickman , Mr. Stanley George \n 20 \n Fritham , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n The Pas , Manitoba , Canada \n \n
\n Hiltunen , Miss Martta \n 18 \n Joensuu , Finland , Russian Empire \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Hocking , Mrs. Elizabeth `` Eliza '' ( n\u00e9e Neads ) \n 54 \n Penzance , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Akron , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Hocking , Mr. Richard George \n 23 \n Akron , Ohio , US \n Southampton \n Akron , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Hocking , Miss Ellen `` Nellie '' \n 20 \n Penzance , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Akron , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Hocking , Mr. Samuel James Metcalfe \n 36 \n Devonport , Devon , England \n Southampton \n Middletown , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Hodges , Mr. Henry Price \n 50 \n Southampton , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n Boston , Massachusetts , US \n \n 149
\n Hold , Mr. Stephen \n 44 \n Porthoustock , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Sacramento , California , US \n \n
\n Hold , Mrs. Annie Margaret ( n\u00e9e Hill ) \n 29 \n Porthoustock , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Sacramento , California , US \n 10 \n
\n Hood , Mr. Ambrose Jr . \n 21 \n Fritham , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n Manitoba , Canada \n \n
\n Hosono , Mr. Masabumi \n 41 \n Tokyo , Japan \n Southampton \n Tokyo , Japan \n 10 \n
\n Howard , Mr. Benjamin \n 63 \n Swindon , Wiltshire , England \n Southampton \n Idaho , US \n \n
\n Howard , Mrs. Ellen Truelove ( n\u00e9e Arman ) \n 60 \n Swindon , Wiltshire , England \n Southampton \n Idaho , US \n \n
\n Hume , Mr. John Law `` Jock '' \n 21 \n Dumfries , Scotland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 193
\n Hunt , Mr. George Henry \n 33 \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Ilett , Miss Bertha \n 17 \n Jersey , Channel Islands \n Southampton \n Atlanta , Georgia , US \n ? \n
\n Jacobsohn , Mr. Sidney Samuel \n 40 \n London , England \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n Jacobsohn , Mrs. Amy Frances Christy ( n\u00e9e Cohen ) \n 24 \n London , England \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n 12 \n
\n Jarvis , Mr. Denzil John \n 47 \n Stoneygate , Leicestershire , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Jefferys , Mr. Clifford Thomas \n 24 \n Guernsey , Channel Islands \n Southampton \n Elizabeth , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Jefferys , Mr. Ernest Wilifred \n 22 \n Guernsey , Channel Islands \n Southampton \n Elizabeth , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Jenkin , Mr. Stephen Curnow \n 32 \n St. Ives , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Houghton , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Jerwan , Mrs. Marie Marthe ( n\u00e9e Thuillard ) \n 23 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n 11 \n
\n Kantor , Mr. Sinai \n 34 \n Vitebsk , Russian Empire \n Southampton \n Bronx , New York , US \n \n 283
\n Kantor , Mrs. Miriam ( n\u00e9e Sternin ) \n 24 \n Vitebsk , Russian Empire \n Southampton \n Bronx , New York , US \n 12 \n
\n Karnes , Mrs. Claire ( n\u00e9e Bennett ) \n 28 \n Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US \n Southampton \n Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Keane , Mr. Daniel \n 35 \n Limerick , Ireland \n Queenstown \n St. Louis , Missouri , US \n \n
\n Keane , Miss Nora Agnes \n 46 \n Castleconnell , Limerick , Ireland \n Queenstown \n Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , US \n 10 \n
\n Kelly , Miss Florence `` Fannie '' \n 45 \n London , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n 9 \n
\n Kirkland , Reverend Charles Leonard \n 52 \n Glasgow , Scotland \n Queenstown \n Tuxford , Saskatchewan , Canada \n \n
\n Knight , Mr. Robert J . \n 39 \n Belfast , Ireland \n Belfast \n New York City \n \n
\n Krins , Mr. Georges Alexandr\u00e9 \n 23 \n London , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Kvillner , Mr. Johan Henrik Johannesson \n 31 \n Trollh\u00e4ttan , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland , Sweden \n Southampton \n Arlington , Virginia , US \n \n 165
\n Lahtinen , Reverend William \n 35 \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n Southampton \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n \n
\n Lahtinen , Mrs. Anna Amelia ( n\u00e9e Sylfv\u00e9n ) \n 26 \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n Southampton \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n \n
\n Lamb , Mr. John Joseph \n 30 \n Glencree , Ireland \n Queenstown \n Providence , Rhode Island , US \n \n
\n Laroche , Mr. Joseph Philippe Lemercier \n 25 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n Cap - Ha\u00eftien , Haiti \n \n
\n Laroche , Mrs. Juliette Marie Louise ( n\u00e9e Lafargue ) \n 22 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n Cap - Ha\u00eftien , Haiti \n 14 \n
\n Laroche , Miss Simon\u00e9 Marie Anne Andr\u00e9e \n \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n Cap - Ha\u00eftien , Haiti \n 14 \n
\n Laroche , Miss Louise Marguerite \n \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n Cap - Ha\u00eftien , Haiti \n 14 \n
\n Lehmann , Miss Bertha \n 17 \n Lotzwil , Switzerland \n Cherbourg \n Central City , Iowa , US \n 12 \n
\n Leitch , Miss Jessie Wills \n 31 \n London , England \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n 11 \n
\n Lemore , Mrs. Amelia `` Milley '' ( n\u00e9e Hunt ) \n 34 \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n 14 \n
\n Levy , Mr. Ren\u00e9 Jacques \n 36 \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Cherbourg \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n Leyson , Mr. Robert William Norman \n 25 \n London , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 108
\n Linnane , Mr. John \n 61 \n Chelsea , Michigan , US \n Southampton \n Chelsea , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Louch , Mr. Charles Alexander \n 50 \n Weston - super-Mare , North Somerset , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 121
\n Louch , Mrs. Alice Adelaide ( n\u00e9e Slow ) \n 42 \n Weston - super-Mare , North Somerset , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n 14 \n
\n Mack , Mrs. Mary ( n\u00e9e Lacy ) \n 57 \n Southampton , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 52
\n Malachard , Mr. Jean - No\u00ebl \n 25 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Mallet , Mr. Albert \n 31 \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Cherbourg \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n Mallet , Mrs. Antoinette Marie ( n\u00e9e Magnin ) \n 24 \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Cherbourg \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n 10 \n
\n Mallet , Master Andr\u00e9 Cl\u00e9ment \n \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n Cherbourg \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n 10 \n
\n Mangiavacchi , Mr. Serafino Emilio \n 30 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Matthews , Mr. William John \n 30 \n St Austell , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n La Salle , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Maybery , Mr. Frank Hubert \n 36 \n Weston - super-Mare , North Somerset , England \n Southampton \n Moose Jaw , Saskatchewan , Canada \n \n
\n McCrae , Mr. Arthur Gordon \n 32 \n Sydney , New South Wales , Australia \n Southampton \n Canada \n \n 209
\n McCrie , Mr. James Matthew \n 32 \n Sarnia , Ontario , Canada \n Southampton \n Sarnia , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n McKane , Mr. Peter David \n 46 \n Guernsey , Channel Islands \n Southampton \n Rochester , New York , US \n \n
\n Mellinger , Mrs. Elizabeth Anne ( n\u00e9e Maidment ) \n 41 \n Wimbledon , London , England \n Southampton \n Bennington , Vermont , US \n 14 \n
\n Mellinger , Miss Madeleine Violet \n 13 \n Wimbledon , London , England \n Southampton \n Bennington , Vermont , US \n 14 \n
\n Mellors , Mr. William John \n 19 \n Chelsea , London , England \n Southampton \n Long Island , New York , US \n \n
\n Meyer , Mr. August \n 31 \n Harrow , London , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Milling , Mr. Jacob Christian \n 48 \n Odense , Denmark \n Southampton \n Oregon , Wisconsin , US \n \n 271
\n Mitchell , Mr. Henry Michael \n 71 \n Guernsey , Channel Islands \n Southampton \n Toledo , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Montvila , Father Juozas \n 27 \n Gudin\u0117 , Lithuania \n Southampton \n Worcester , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n Moraweck , Dr. Ernest \n 54 \n Frankfort , Kentucky , US \n Southampton \n Frankfort , Kentucky , US \n \n
\n Morley , Mr. Henry Samuel ( alias Mr. Henry Marshall ) \n 38 \n Birmingham , Worcester , England \n Southampton \n Los Angeles , US \n \n
\n Mudd , Mr. Thomas Charles \n 16 \n Huntingfield , Suffolk , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Myles , Mr. Thomas Francis \n 63 \n Fermoy , Ireland \n Queenstown \n Waban , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n Nassr Allah , Mr. Niqula Khalil \n 28 \n Zahl\u00e9 , Lebanon , Ottoman Empire \n Cherbourg \n Cleveland , Ohio , US \n \n 43
\n Nassr Allah , Mrs. Adal ( n\u00e9e Akim ) \n 14 \n Zahl\u00e9 , Lebanon , Ottoman Empire \n Cherbourg \n Cleveland , Ohio , US \n ? \n
\n Navratil , Mr. Michel ( alias Louis M. Hoffman ) \n 32 \n Nice , France \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 15
\n Navratil , Master Michel Marcel \n \n Nice , France \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Navratil , Master Edmond Roger \n \n Nice , France \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Nesson , Mr. Israel \n 26 \n London , England \n Southampton \n Boston , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n Nicholls , Mr. Joseph Charles `` Joe '' \n 19 \n St. Ives , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Houghton , Michigan , US \n \n 101
\n Norman , Mr. Robert Douglas \n 28 \n Glasgow , Scotland \n Southampton \n Houghton , Michigan , US \n \n 287
\n Nye , Mrs. Elizabeth ( n\u00e9e Ramell ) \n 29 \n East Orange , New Jersey , US \n Southampton \n East Orange , New Jersey , US \n 11 \n
\n Otter , Mr. Richard \n 39 \n Middleburg Heights , Ohio , US \n Southampton \n Middleburg Heights , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Oxenham , Mr. Percy Thomas \n 22 \n London , England \n Southampton \n North Bergen , New Jersey , US \n 13 \n
\n Padron Manent , Mr. Julian \n 26 \n Barcelona , Spain \n Cherbourg \n Havana , Cuba \n 9 \n
\n Pain , Dr. Alfred `` Alf '' \n 23 \n Hamilton , Ontario , Canada \n Southampton \n Hamilton , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Pallas y Castello , Mr. Emilio \n 29 \n Barcelona , Spain \n Cherbourg \n Havana , Cuba \n 9 \n
\n Parker , Mr. Clifford Richard \n 28 \n Guernsey , Channel Islands \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Parkes , Mr. Francis `` Frank '' \n 18 \n Belfast , Ireland \n Belfast \n New York City \n \n
\n Parrish , Mrs. Lutie Davis ( n\u00e9e Temple ) \n 60 \n Woodford County , Kentucky , US \n Southampton \n Woodford County , Kentucky , US \n 12 \n
\n Pengelly , Mr. Frederick William \n 19 \n Gunnislake , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Butte , Montana , US \n \n
\n Peruschitz , Father Josef \n 28 \n Scheyern , Bavaria , German Empire \n Southampton \n St. Cloud , Minnesota , US \n \n
\n Phillips , Mr. Escott Robert \n 42 \n Ilfracombe , Devon , England \n Southampton \n New Brighton , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Phillips , Miss Alice Frances Louisa \n 21 \n Ilfracombe , Devon , England \n Southampton \n New Brighton , Pennsylvania , US \n 12 \n
\n Phillips , Miss Kate Florence ( alias Mrs. Kate Marshall ) \n 19 \n Birmingham , Worcester , England \n Southampton \n Los Angeles , US \n 11 \n
\n Pinsky , Mrs. Rosa \n 21 \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n Southampton \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n 9 \n
\n Ponesell , Mr. Martin \n 34 \n Southampton , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Portaluppi , Mr. Emilio Ilario Giuseppe \n 34 \n Milford , New Hampshire , US \n Southampton \n Milford , New Hampshire , US \n 14 \n
\n Pulbaum , Mr. Franz \n 27 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Quick , Mrs. Jane ( n\u00e9e Richards ) \n 33 \n Plymouth , Devon , England \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n 11 \n
\n Quick , Miss Winnifred Vera \n 8 \n Plymouth , Devon , England \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n 11 \n
\n Quick , Miss Phyllis May \n \n Plymouth , Devon , England \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n 11 \n
\n Reeves , Mr. David \n 36 \n Slinfold , West Sussex , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Renouf , Mr. Peter Henry \n 33 \n Elizabeth , New Jersey , US \n Southampton \n Elizabeth , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Renouf , Mrs. Lillian `` Lily '' ( n\u00e9e Jefferys ) \n 30 \n Elizabeth , New Jersey , US \n Southampton \n Elizabeth , New Jersey , US \n 12 \n
\n Reynaldo , Miss Encarnaci\u00f3n \n 28 \n Marbella , Spain \n Southampton \n New York City \n 9 \n
\n Richard , Mr. Emile Philippe \n 23 \n Paris , France \n Cherbourg \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n Richards , Mrs. Emily ( n\u00e9e Hocking ) \n 23 \n Penzance , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Akron , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Richards , Master William Rowe \n \n Penzance , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Akron , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Richards , Master Sibley George \n 0.09 ! 9 mo . \n Penzance , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Akron , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Ridsdale , Miss Lucy \n 50 \n London , England \n Southampton \n Marietta , Ohio , US \n 13 \n
\n Rogers , Mr. Reginald Harry \n 18 \n Tavistock , Devon , England \n Southampton \n Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Rugg , Miss Emily \n 21 \n Guernsey , Channel Islands \n Southampton \n Wilmington , Delaware , US \n 12 \n
\n Schmidt , Mr. August \n 26 \n Newark , New Jersey , US \n Southampton \n Newark , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Sedgwick , Mr. Charles Frederick Waddington \n 25 \n Liverpool , Merseyside , England \n Southampton \n Minatitl\u00e1n , Veracruz , Mexico \n \n
\n Sharp , Mr. Percival James \n 27 \n London , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Shelley , Mrs. Imanita ( n\u00e9e Parrish Hall ) \n 25 \n Deer Lodge , Montana , US \n Southampton \n Deer Lodge , Montana , US \n 12 \n
\n Silv\u00e9n , Miss Lyyli Karolina \n 17 \n Tornio , Finland , Russian Empire \n Southampton \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n 16 \n
\n Sincock , Miss Maude \n 20 \n St. Ives , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Hancock , Michigan , US \n 11 \n
\n Sinkkonen , Miss Anna \n 30 \n Turku , Finland , Russian Empire \n Southampton \n Brighton , Boston , Massachusetts , US \n 10 \n
\n Sj\u00f6stedt , Mr. Ernst Adolf \n 30 \n Hjo , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland , Sweden \n Southampton \n Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan , US \n 10 \n
\n Slayter , Miss Hilda Mary \n 30 \n Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada \n Queenstown \n Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada \n 13 \n
\n Slemen , Mr. Richard James \n 35 \n Landrake , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Nashua , New Hampshire , US \n \n
\n Smith , Miss Marion Elsie \n 39 \n Basingstoke , Hampshire , England \n Southampton \n Washington , D.C. US \n 9 \n
\n Sobey , Mr. Samuel James Hayden \n 25 \n Porthallow , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Houghton , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Stanton , Mr. Samuel Ward \n 42 \n New York City \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Stokes , Mr. Philip Joseph \n 25 \n London , England \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n 81
\n Sweet , Mr. George Frederick \n 14 \n Yeovil , Somerset , England \n Southampton \n Bernardsville , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Taylor , Mr. Percy Cornelius \n 32 \n London , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Toomey , Miss Ellen Mary \n 48 \n Indianapolis , Indiana , US \n Southampton \n Indianapolis , Indiana , US \n 9 \n
\n Troupiansky , Mr. Moses Aaron \n 23 \n London , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Trout , Mrs. Jessie L . \n 26 \n Columbus , Ohio , US \n Southampton \n Columbus , Ohio , US \n 9 \n
\n Troutt , Miss Edwina Celia `` Winnie '' \n 27 \n Bath , Somerset , England \n Southampton \n Auburndale , Florida , US \n 16 \n
\n Turpin , Mr. William John Robert \n 29 \n Plymouth , Devon , England \n Southampton \n Salt Lake City , Utah , US \n \n
\n Turpin , Mrs. Dorothy Ann ( n\u00e9e Wonnacott ) \n 27 \n Plymouth , Devon , England \n Southampton \n Salt Lake City , Utah , US \n \n
\n Veal , Mr. James \n 40 \n Barre , Vermont , US \n Southampton \n Barre , Vermont , US \n \n
\n Wallcroft , Miss Ellen `` Nellie '' \n 36 \n Maidenhead , Berkshire , England \n Southampton \n Mamaroneck , New York , US \n 14 \n
\n Ware , Mr. John James \n 45 \n Bristol , Avon , England \n Southampton \n New Britain , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Ware , Mrs. Florence Louise ( n\u00e9e Long ) \n 31 \n Bristol , Avon , England \n Southampton \n New Britain , Connecticut , US \n 10 \n
\n Ware , Mr. William Jeffery \n 23 \n Gunnislake , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Butte , Montana , US \n \n
\n Watson , Mr. Ennis Hastings \n 15 \n Belfast , Ireland \n Belfast \n New York City \n \n
\n Watt , Mrs. Elizabeth Inglis `` Bessie '' ( n\u00e9e Milne ) \n 40 \n Aberdeen , Aberdeenshire , Scotland \n Southampton \n Portland , Oregon , US \n 9 \n
\n Watt , Miss Robertha Josephine `` Bertha '' \n 12 \n Aberdeen , Aberdeenshire , Scotland \n Southampton \n Portland , Oregon , US \n 9 \n
\n Webber , Miss Susan \n 37 \n Bude , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Hartford , Connecticut , US \n 12 \n
\n Weisz , Mr. Leopold \n 28 \n Bromsgrove , Worcestershire , England \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n 293
\n Weisz , Mrs. Mathilde Fran\u00e7oise ( n\u00e9e P\u00ebde ) \n 37 \n Bromsgrove , Worcestershire , England \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n 10 \n
\n Wells , Mrs. Addie Dart ( n\u00e9e Trevaskis ) \n 29 \n Heamoor , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Akron , Ohio , US \n 14 \n
\n Wells , Miss Joan \n \n Heamoor , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Akron , Ohio , US \n 14 \n
\n Wells , Master Ralph Lester \n \n Heamoor , Cornwall , England \n Southampton \n Akron , Ohio , US \n 14 \n
\n West , Mr. Edwy Arthur \n 36 \n Bournemouth , Dorset , England \n Southampton \n Gainesville , Florida , US \n \n
\n West , Mrs. Ada Mary ( n\u00e9e Worth ) \n 33 \n Bournemouth , Dorset , England \n Southampton \n Gainesville , Florida , US \n 10 \n
\n West , Miss Constance Mirium \n \n Bournemouth , Dorset , England \n Southampton \n Gainesville , Florida , US \n 10 \n
\n West , Miss Barbara Joyce \n 0.10 ! 10 mo . \n Bournemouth , Dorset , England \n Southampton \n Gainesville , Florida , US \n 10 \n
\n Wheadon , Mr. Edward H . \n 66 \n Guernsey , Channel Islands \n Southampton \n Edgewood , Rhode Island , US \n \n
\n Wheeler , Mr. Edwin Charles `` Fred '' \n 24 \n Bath , Somerset , England \n Southampton \n Asheville , North Carolina , US \n \n
\n Whilems , Mr. Charles \n 32 \n London , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n 9 \n
\n Wilkinson , Miss Elizabeth Anne ( alias Mrs. Elizabeth Faunthorpe ) \n 29 \n Manchester , England \n Southampton \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n 16 \n
\n Williams , Mr. Charles Eugene \n 23 \n Harrow , London , England \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n 14 \n
\n Woodward , Mr. John Wesley \n 32 \n Oxford , Oxfordshire , England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Wright , Miss Marion \n 26 \n Yeovil , Somerset , England \n Southampton \n Cottage Grove , Oregon , US \n 9 \n
\n Yvois , Miss Henriette \n 24 \n Paris , France \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n

\n Third class ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Name \n Age \n Hometown \n Home country \n Boarded \n Destination \n Lifeboat \n Body
\n Abbing , Mr. Anthony \n 40 \n Cincinnati , Ohio \n US \n Southampton \n Cincinnati , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Abbott , Mrs. Rhoda Mary ( n\u00e9e Hunt ) \n 39 \n East Providence , Rhode Island \n US \n Southampton \n East Providence , Rhode Island , US \n \n
\n Abbott , Mr. Rossmore Edward \n 16 \n East Providence , Rhode Island \n US \n Southampton \n East Providence , Rhode Island , US \n \n
\n Abbott , Mr. Eugene Joseph \n 14 \n East Providence , Rhode Island \n US \n Southampton \n East Providence , Rhode Island , US \n \n
\n Abd al - Khaliq , Mr. Farid Qasim Husayn \n 18 \n Shana \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Abelseth , Miss Karen Marie \n 16 \n Sondmore \n Norway \n Southampton \n Los Angeles , US \n 16 \n
\n Abelseth , Mr. Olaus J\u00f8rgensen \n 25 \n Perkins County , South Dakota \n US \n Southampton \n Perkins County , South Dakota , US \n \n
\n Abrahamsson , Mr. Abraham August Johannes \n 20 \n Dalsbruk \n Finland \n Southampton \n Hoboken , New Jersey , US \n 15 \n
\n Abrahim , Mrs. Mary Sophie Halaut ( n\u00e9e Easu ) \n 18 \n Shwayhad \n Syria \n Cherbourg \n Greensburg , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Adahl , Mr. Mauritz Nils Martin \n 30 \n Asarum , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n \n 72
\n Adams , Mr. John \n 26 \n Bournemouth , Dorset \n England \n Southampton \n La Porte City , Iowa , US \n \n 103
\n Ahlin , Mrs. Johanna Persdotter ( n\u00e9e Larsson ) \n 40 \n Goteborg G\u00f6teborg , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Akeley , Minnesota , US \n \n
\n Aks , Mrs. Leah ( n\u00e9e Rosen ) \n 18 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n Norfolk , Virginia , US \n 13 \n
\n Aks , Master Frank Philip \n 0.10 ! 10 mo . \n London \n England \n Southampton \n Norfolk , Virginia , US \n 11 \n
\n Al - Muna , Mr. Nasif Qasim \n 26 \n Fredericksburg , Virginia \n US \n Cherbourg \n Fredericksburg , Virginia , US \n 15 \n
\n Alexander , Mr. William \n 23 \n Great Yarmouth , Norfolk \n England \n Southampton \n Albion , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Alhom\u00e4ki , Mr. Ilmari Rudolf \n 19 \n Salo \n Finland \n Southampton \n Astoria , Oregon , US \n \n
\n Ali , Mr. Ahmed \n 24 \n Buenos Aires \n Argentina \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Ali , Mr. William \n 25 \n Buenos Aires \n Argentina \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 79
\n Allen , Mr. William Henry \n 35 \n Birmingham , West Midlands \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Allum , Mr. Owen George \n 15 \n Southall , London \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 259
\n Al - Zainni , Mr. Fahim Ruhanna \n 22 \n Toula \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Dayton , Ohio , US \n 6 \n
\n Andersen , Mr. Albert Karvin \n 33 \n Bergen \n Norway \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 260
\n Andersen - Jensen , Miss Carla Christine \n 19 \n Eskilstrup \n Denmark \n Southampton \n Portland , Oregon , US \n 16 \n
\n Andersson , Mr. Anders Johan \n 39 \n Kisa , \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n \n
\n Andersson , Mrs. Alfrida Konstantia ( n\u00e9e Brogren ) \n 39 \n Kisa , \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n \n
\n Andersson , Miss Sigrid Elisabeth \n 11 \n Kisa , \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n \n
\n Andersson , Miss Ingeborg Constanzia \n 9 \n Kisa , \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n \n
\n Andersson , Miss Ebba Iris Alfrida \n 6 \n Kisa , \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n \n
\n Andersson , Master Sigvard Harald Elias \n \n Kisa , \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n \n
\n Andersson , Miss Ellis Anna Maria \n \n Kisa , \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada \n \n
\n Andersson , Miss Erna Alexandra \n 17 \n Kullaa \n Finland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Andersson , Miss Ida Augusta Margareta \n 38 \n Vadsbro , S\u00f6rmland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Manistee , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Andersson , Mr. Johan Samuel \n 26 \n Hartford , Connecticut \n US \n Southampton \n Hartford , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Andreasson , Mr. Paul Edvin \n 20 \n Kalfsn\u00e4s , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Angheloff , Mr. Minko \n 26 \n Terziysko , Troyan \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Arnold - Franchi , Mr. Josef \n 25 \n Altdorf , Uri \n Switzerland \n Southampton \n New Glarus , Wisconsin , US \n \n
\n Arnold - Franchi , Mrs. Josefine ( n\u00e9e Franchi ) \n 18 \n Altdorf , Uri \n Switzerland \n Southampton \n New Glarus , Wisconsin , US \n \n
\n Aronsson , Mr. Ernst Axel Algot \n 24 \n Horset , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Joliet , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Asim , Mr. Adola \n 35 \n Buenos Aires \n Argentina \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Asplund , Mr. Carl Oscar Vilhelm Gustafsson \n 40 \n Alseda , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Worcester , Massachusetts , US \n \n 142
\n Asplund , Mrs. Selma Augusta Emilia ( n\u00e9e Johansson ) \n 38 \n Alseda , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Worcester , Massachusetts , US \n 15 \n
\n Asplund , Master Filip Oscar \n 13 \n Alseda , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Worcester , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n Asplund , Master Clarence Gustaf Hugo \n 9 \n Alseda , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Worcester , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n Asplund , Master Carl Edgar \n 5 \n Alseda , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Worcester , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n Asplund , Miss Lillian Gertrud \n 5 \n Alseda , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Worcester , Massachusetts , US \n 15 \n
\n Asplund , Master Edvin Rojj Felix \n \n Alseda , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Worcester , Massachusetts , US \n 15 \n
\n Asplund , Mr. Johan Charles \n 23 \n Oskarshamn , Kalmar \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n 13 \n
\n Assaf , Mrs. Mariyam ( n\u00e9e Khalil ) \n 45 \n Kafr Mishki \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Ottawa , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Assam , Mr. Ali \n 23 \n Buenos Aires \n Argentina \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Attala , Mr. Sleiman \n 30 \n Ottawa , Ontario \n Canada \n Cherbourg \n Ottawa , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Atta Allah , Miss Malakah \n 17 \n Beirut \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Augustsson , Mr. Albert \n 23 \n Krakoryd , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Bloomington , Indiana , US \n \n
\n Ayyub Dahir , Miss Bannurah \n 15 \n Beirut \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Owen Sound , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Bakus , Mr. Raful \n 20 \n Unknown \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Backstr\u00f6m , Mr. Karl Alfred \n 32 \n Kotka \n Finland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Backstr\u00f6m , Mrs. Maria Mathilda ( n\u00e9e Gustafsson ) \n 33 \n Kotka \n Finland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Badman , Miss Emily Louisa \n 18 \n Clevedon , North Somerset \n England \n Southampton \n Skaneateles , New York , US \n \n
\n Badt , Mr. Mohamed \n 40 \n Tripoli \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Baki\u0107 , Mr. Kerim \n 26 \n Bosanska Krupa \n Bosnia \n Southampton \n Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Banski , Mrs. Mara ( n\u00e9e Osman ) \n 31 \n Vagovina \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Steelton , Pennsylvania , US \n ? \n
\n Baqlini , Mrs. Mariyam Latifa ( n\u00e9e Qurban ) \n 24 \n Duhur \u1e10uh\u016br ash Shuwayr \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n \n
\n Baqlini , Miss Mariya Katarin \n 5 \n Duhur \u1e10uh\u016br ash Shuwayr \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n \n
\n Baqlini , Miss Eujini \n \n Duhur \u1e10uh\u016br ash Shuwayr \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n \n
\n Baqlini , Miss Hileni Barbarah \n 0.09 ! 9 mo . \n Duhur \u1e10uh\u016br ash Shuwayr \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n \n
\n Barbarah , Mrs. Katarin Dawud \n 45 \n Kafr Mishki \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Ottawa , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Barbarah , Miss Saidah \n 12 \n Kafr Mishki \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Ottawa , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Barry , Miss Julia \n 26 \n New York City , New York \n US \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Barton , Mr. David John \n 22 \n Cambridge , Cambridgeshire \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Beavan , Mr. William Thomas \n 18 \n Fillingham , Lincolnshire \n England \n Southampton \n Russell , US \n \n
\n Bengtsson , Mr. Johan Viktor \n 26 \n Fridhemsberg , Halland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Monee , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Berglund , Mr. Karl Ivar Sven \n 22 \n Firtby \n Finland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Betros , Mr. Tannous \n 20 \n Zgharta \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Waterbury , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Birkeland , Mr. Hans Martin Monsen \n 21 \n Bremnes \n Norway \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Bj\u00f6rklund , Mr. Ernst Herbert \n 18 \n Stockholm \n Sweden \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Bostandyeff , Mr. Guentcho \n 26 \n Unknown \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Bourke , Mr. John \n 42 \n Carrowskehine , Mayo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Bourke , Mrs. Catherine ( n\u00e9e McHugh ) \n 32 \n Carrowskehine , Mayo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Bourke , Miss Mary \n 40 \n Carrowskehine , Mayo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Bowen , Mr. David John `` Dai '' \n 20 \n Treherbert , Glamorgan \n Wales \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Bradley , Miss Bridget Delia \n 22 \n Kingwilliamstown , Cork \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Glen Falls , New York , US \n 13 \n
\n Braf , Miss Elin Ester Maria \n 20 \n Medeltorp , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Braund , Mr. Lewis Richard \n 29 \n Bridgerule , Devon \n England \n Southampton \n Qu'Appelle Valley , Saskatchewan , Canada \n \n
\n Braund , Mr. Owen Harris \n 22 \n Bridgerule , Devon \n England \n Southampton \n Qu'Appelle Valley , Saskatchewan , Canada \n \n
\n Brobeck , Mr. Karl Rudolf \n 22 \n Norrk\u00f6ping , \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Worcester , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n Brocklebank , Mr. William Alfred \n 35 \n Broomfield , Essex \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Buckley , Mr. Daniel \n 21 \n Kingwilliamstown , Cork \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n 13 \n
\n Buckley , Miss Catherine \n 22 \n Ovens , Cork \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Roxbury , Massachusetts , US \n \n 299
\n Bulus , Mrs. Sultanah ( n\u00e9e Rizq ) \n 40 \n Unknown \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Kent , British Columbia , Canada \n \n
\n Bulus , Master Akar \n 9 \n Unknown \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Kent , British Columbia , Canada \n \n
\n Bulus , Miss Nur - al - Ayn \n 7 \n Unknown \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Kent , British Columbia , Canada \n \n
\n Burke , Mr. Jeremiah \n 19 \n Glanmire , Cork \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Charlestown , US \n \n
\n Burns , Miss Mary Delia \n 17 \n Kilmacowen , Sligo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Butrus - Youssef , Mrs. Katarin ( n\u00e9e Rizk ) \n 24 \n Sar'al \n Syria \n Cherbourg \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Butrus - Youssef , Master Makhkhul \n \n Sar'al \n Syria \n Cherbourg \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Butrus - Youssef , Miss Marianna \n \n Sar'al \n Syria \n Cherbourg \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n \u010ca\u010di\u0107 , Mr. Jego Grga \n 18 \n \u0160iroka Kula \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n \u010ca\u010di\u0107 , Mr. Luka \n 38 \n \u0160iroka Kula \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n \u010ca\u010di\u0107 , Miss Marija \n 30 \n \u0160iroka Kula \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n \u010ca\u010di\u0107 , Miss Manda \n 21 \n \u0160iroka Kula \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n \u010cali\u0107 , Mr. Jovo \n 17 \n Brezik \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan , US \n \n
\n \u010cali\u0107 , Mr. Petar \n 17 \n Brezik \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Sault Ste . Marie , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Canavan , Miss Mary \n 22 \n Tonacrick , Clare \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Canavan , Mr. Patrick `` Peter '' \n 21 \n Knockmaria , Mayo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Cann , Mr. Ernest Charles \n 21 \n Penwithick , Cornwall \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Caram , Mr. Joseph \n 28 \n Kfar Mechi \n Syria \n Cherbourg \n Ottawa , Ontario , Canada \n \n 28
\n Caram , Mrs. Maria ( n\u00e9e Elias ) \n 18 \n Kfar Mechi \n Syria \n Cherbourg \n Ottawa , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Carlsson , Mr. Carl Robert \n 24 \n Goteborg G\u00f6teborg , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Huntley , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Carlsson , Mr. August Sigfrid \n 24 \n Dags\u00e5s , Halland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Tower , Minnesota , US \n \n
\n Carr , Miss Jane \n 47 \n Aclare , Sligo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Hartford , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Carver , Mr. Alfred John \n 28 \n Southampton , Hampshire \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Celotti , Mr. Francesco \n 24 \n Milan \n Italy \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Chang , Mr. Chip \n 32 \n Hong Kong \n China \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Charters , Mr. David \n 28 \n Ballinalee , Longford \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Cheong , Mr. Foo \n 32 \n Hong Kong \n China \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Christmann , Mr. Emil \n 29 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Chronopoulos , Mr. Apostolos \n 26 \n Agios Sostis , Peloponnese \n Greece \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Chronopoulos , Mr. Dimitrios \n 18 \n Agios Sostis , Peloponnese \n Greece \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Coelho , Mr. Domingos Fernandes \n 20 \n Funchal , Madeira Islands \n Portugal \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Cohen , Mr. Gershon `` Gus '' \n 18 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n 12 \n
\n Colbert , Mr. Patrick \n 24 \n Kilkinlea , Limerick \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Sherbrooke , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n Coleff , Mr. Fotio \n 24 \n Debnevo , Troyan \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Coltcheff , Mr. Peju \n 36 \n Gumostnik , Lovec \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Conlon , Mr. Thomas Henry \n 31 \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania \n US \n Queenstown \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Connaghton , Mr. Michael \n 31 \n Brooklyn , New York \n US \n Queenstown \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n \n
\n Connolly , Miss Catherine `` Kate '' \n 35 \n Bank Place , Tipperary \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Dobbs Ferry , New York , US \n \n
\n Connolly , Miss Katherine `` Kate '' \n 22 \n Cortrasna , Cavan \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n 13 \n
\n Connors , Mr. Patrick John \n 61 \n Charleville , Cork \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n 171
\n Cook , Mr. Jacob \n 43 \n Unknown \n Russia \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n \u010cor , Mr. Bartol \n 35 \n Kricina \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Great Falls , Montana , US \n \n
\n \u010cor , Mr. Ivan \n 27 \n Kricina \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Great Falls , Montana , US \n \n
\n \u010cor , Mr. Liudevit \n 19 \n Kricina \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Great Falls , Montana , US \n \n
\n Corn , Mr. Henry `` Harry '' \n 30 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Corr , Miss Helen \n 16 \n Corglass , Longford \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n 16 \n
\n Coutts , Mrs. Mary Winnie ( n\u00e9e Trainer ) \n 36 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n \n
\n Coutts , Master William Loch `` Willie '' \n 9 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n \n
\n Coutts , Master Neville Leslie \n \n London \n England \n Southampton \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n \n
\n Coxon , Mr. Daniel \n 59 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n Merrill , Wisconsin , US \n \n
\n Crease , Mr. Ernest James \n 19 \n Bristol , Avon \n England \n Southampton \n Cleveland , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Cribb , Mr. John Hatfield \n 44 \n Bournemouth , Dorset \n England \n Southampton \n Newark , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Cribb , Miss Laura Mae \n 16 \n Bournemouth , Dorset \n England \n Southampton \n Newark , New Jersey , US \n 12 \n
\n \u010culumovi\u0107 , Mr. Jeso \n 17 \n Lipova Glavica \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Hammond , Indiana , US \n \n
\n Dahir , Mr. Tannous \n 28 \n Beirut \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Youngstown , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Dahl , Mr. Charles Edwart \n 45 \n Adelaide , South Australia \n Australia \n Southampton \n Fingal , North Dakota , US \n 15 \n
\n Dahlberg , Miss Gerda Ulrika \n 22 \n Stockholm \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Daki\u0107 , Mr. Branko \n 19 \n Gornji Miholjac \n Croatia \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Daly , Miss Margaret `` Maggie '' \n 30 \n Athlone , Westmeath \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n 15 \n
\n Daly , Mr. Eugene Patrick \n 29 \n Athlone , Westmeath \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Danbom , Mr. Ernst Gilbert \n 34 \n Goteborg G\u00f6teborg , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Stanton , Iowa , US \n \n 197
\n Danbom , Mrs. Anna Sigrid Maria ( n\u00e9e Brogren ) \n 28 \n Goteborg G\u00f6teborg , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Stanton , Iowa , US \n \n
\n Danbom , Master Gilbert Sigvard Emanuel \n 0.04 ! 4 mo . \n Goteborg G\u00f6teborg , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Stanton , Iowa , US \n \n
\n Danoff , Mr. Yoto \n 27 \n Unknown \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Dantcheff , Mr. Ristju \n 25 \n Terziysko , Troyan \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Davies , Mr. Evan \n 22 \n Pontardawe , West Glamorgan \n Wales \n Southampton \n Pontiac , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Davies , Mr. Alfred John \n 24 \n West Bromwich , Staffordshire \n England \n Southampton \n Pontiac , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Davies , Mr. John Samuel \n 21 \n West Bromwich , Staffordshire \n England \n Southampton \n Pontiac , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Davies , Mr. Joseph \n 17 \n West Bromwich , Staffordshire \n England \n Southampton \n Pontiac , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Davison , Mr. Thomas Henry `` Harry '' \n 32 \n Liverpool , Merseyside \n England \n Southampton \n Bedford , Indiana , US \n \n
\n De Messemaeker , Mr. Guillaume Joseph \n 36 \n Tampico , Montana \n US \n Southampton \n Tampico , Montana , US \n 15 \n
\n De Messemaeker , Mrs. Anna ( n\u00e9e de Becker ) \n 36 \n Tampico , Montana \n US \n Southampton \n Tampico , Montana , US \n 13 \n
\n de Mulder , Mr. Theodoor \n 36 \n Aspelare , East Flanders \n Belgium \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n 11 \n
\n de Pelsmaeker , Mr. Alfons \n 16 \n Heldergem , Haaltert , East Flanders \n Belgium \n Southampton \n Gladstone , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Dean , Mr. Bertram Frank \n 25 \n Bartley Farm , Hampshire \n England \n Southampton \n Wichita , Kansas , US \n \n
\n Dean , Mrs. Eva Georgetta ( n\u00e9e Light ) \n 32 \n Bartley Farm , Hampshire \n England \n Southampton \n Wichita , Kansas , US \n 10 \n
\n Dean , Master Bertram Vere \n \n Bartley Farm , Hampshire \n England \n Southampton \n Wichita , Kansas , US \n 10 \n
\n Dean , Miss Elizabeth Gladys `` Millvina '' \n 0.02 ! 2 mo . \n Bartley Farm , Hampshire \n England \n Southampton \n Wichita , Kansas , US \n 10 \n
\n Delali\u0107 , Mr. Redjo \n 25 \n Baki\u0107 \n Bosnia \n Southampton \n Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Denkoff , Mr. Mitto \n 30 \n Unknown \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Coon Rapids , Iowa , US \n \n
\n Dennis , Mr. William \n 26 \n Week St Mary , Cornwall \n England \n Southampton \n Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada \n \n
\n Dennis , Mr. Samuel \n 22 \n Week St Mary , Cornwall \n England \n Southampton \n Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada \n
\n Devaney , Miss Margaret Delia \n 19 \n Kilmacowen , Sligo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Dika , Mr. Mirko \n 17 \n Podgora \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada \n \n
\n Dimi\u0107 , Mr. Jovan \n 42 \n Ostrovica \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Red Lodge , Montana , US \n \n
\n Dintcheff , Mr. Valtcho \n 43 \n Unknown \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Tulsa , Oklahoma , US \n \n
\n Donohoe , Miss Bridget \n 21 \n Cum , Mayo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Dooley , Mr. Patrick J . \n 43 \n Patrickswell , Limerick \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Dorking , Mr. Edward Arthur \n 18 \n Liss , Hampshire \n England \n Southampton \n Oglesby , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Doherty , Mr. William John ( aka `` James Moran '' ) \n 22 \n Cork \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Dowdell , Miss Elizabeth \n 31 \n New York City , New York \n US \n Southampton \n New York City \n 13 \n
\n Doyle , Miss Elizabeth \n 24 \n Bree , Wexford \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Dra\u017eenovi\u0107 , Mr. Jozef \n 33 \n Hrastelnica \n Croatia \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n 51
\n Dropkin , Miss Jennie \n 24 \n Mogilev \n Belarus \n Southampton \n New York City \n 13 \n
\n Duquemin , Mr. Joseph Pierre \n 19 \n Saint Sampson , Guernsey , Channel Islands \n England \n Southampton \n Albion , New York , US \n \n
\n Dwan , Mr. Frank \n 65 \n Bunmahon , Waterford \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Morris Plains , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Dyker , Mr. Adolf Fredrik \n 23 \n New Haven , Connecticut \n US \n Southampton \n New Haven , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Dyker , Mrs. Anna Elisabeth Judith ( n\u00e9e Andersson ) \n 22 \n New Haven , Connecticut \n US \n Southampton \n New Haven , Connecticut , US \n 16 \n
\n Edvardsson , Mr. Gustaf Hjalmar \n 18 \n Tofta , Uppland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Joliet , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Eklund , Mr. Hans Linus \n 16 \n Karberg K\u00e5rberg , \u00d6rebro \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Jerome Junction , Arizona , US \n \n
\n Ekstr\u00f6m , Mr. Johan \n 45 \n Effington Rut , South Dakota \n US \n Southampton \n Effington Rut , South Dakota , US \n \n
\n Elias , Mr. Dibo \n 29 \n Unknown \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Elias , Mr. Joseph Jr . \n 15 \n Kafr Mishki \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Ottawa , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Elias Nasrallah , Mr. Tannous \n 17 \n Kafr Mishki \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Ottawa , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Elsbury , Mr. William James \n 47 \n Taunton , Somerset \n England \n Southampton \n Gurnee , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Emanuel , Miss Virginia Ethel \n 6 \n New York City , New York \n US \n Southampton \n New York City \n 13 \n
\n Estanislau , Mr. Manuel Gon\u00e7alves \n 37 \n Calheta , Madeira \n Portugal \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Everett , Mr. Thomas James \n 39 \n Bristol , Avon \n England \n Southampton \n Troy , New York , US \n \n 187
\n Fardon , Mr. Charles R. ( alias Charles Franklin ) \n 38 \n Wellingborough , Northamptonshire \n England \n Cherbourg \n Canada \n \n
\n Farrell , Mr. James `` Jim '' \n 25 \n Killoe , Longford \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n 68
\n Finoli , Mr. Luigi \n 34 \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania \n US \n Southampton \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n 15 \n
\n Fischer , Mr. Eberhard Thelander \n 18 \n Bjorkeberga Bj\u00f6rkeberga , Sk\u00e5ne \n Sweden \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Fleming , Miss Honora `` Nora '' \n 22 \n Carrowskehine , Mayo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Flynn , Mr. James \n 28 \n Cuilkillew , Mayo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Flynn , Mr. John \n 42 \n Clonbur , Galway \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Foley , Mr. Joseph \n 19 \n Broadford , Limerick \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Larchmont , New York , US \n \n
\n Foley , Mr. William \n 20 \n Donoughmore , Cork \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Ford , Mr. Arthur \n 22 \n Bridgwater , Somerset \n England \n Southampton \n Elmira , New York , US \n \n
\n Ford , Mrs. Margaret Ann ( n\u00e9e Watson ) \n 48 \n Rotherfield , East Sussex \n England \n Southampton \n Essex County , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Ford , Miss Dollina Margaret \n 20 \n Rotherfield , East Sussex \n England \n Southampton \n Essex County , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Ford , Mr. Edward Watson \n 18 \n Rotherfield , East Sussex \n England \n Southampton \n Essex County , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Ford , Mr. William Neal Thomas \n 16 \n Rotherfield , East Sussex \n England \n Southampton \n Essex County , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Ford , Miss Robina Maggie \n 7 \n Rotherfield , East Sussex \n England \n Southampton \n Essex County , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Fox , Mr. Patrick \n 28 \n Mullingar , Westmeath \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Gallagher , Mr. Martin \n 29 \n Caltra , Galway \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Garfirth , Mr. John \n 21 \n Wollaston , Northamptonshire \n England \n Southampton \n Kitchener , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Gerios Thamah , Mr. Assaf \n 21 \n Kafr Mishki \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Ottawa , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Gheorgheff , Mr. Stanio \n -- \n Unknown \n Bulgaria \n Cherbourg \n Butte , Montana , US \n \n
\n Gilinski , Mr. Eliezer \n 22 \n Abercynon , Glamorgan \n Wales \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n 47
\n Gilnagh , Miss Mary Katherine `` Katie '' \n 17 \n Esker , Longford \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n 16 \n
\n Glynn , Miss Mary Agatha \n 19 \n Killaloe , Clare \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Washington , D.C. US \n 13 \n
\n Goldsmith , Mr. Frank John \n 33 \n Strood , Kent \n England \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Goldsmith , Mrs. Emily Alice ( n\u00e9e Brown ) \n 31 \n Strood , Kent \n England \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Goldsmith , Master Frank John William \n 9 \n Strood , Kent \n England \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Goldsmith , Mr. Nathan \n 41 \n Unknown \n Russia \n Southampton \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Goodwin , Mr. Frederick Joseph \n 42 \n Fulham \n England \n Southampton \n Niagara Falls , New York , US \n \n
\n Goodwin , Mrs. Augusta ( n\u00e9e Tyler ) \n 43 \n Fulham \n England \n Southampton \n Niagara Falls , New York , US \n \n
\n Goodwin , Miss Lillian Amy \n 16 \n Fulham \n England \n Southampton \n Niagara Falls , New York , US \n \n
\n Goodwin , Mr. Charles Edward \n 14 \n Fulham \n England \n Southampton \n Niagara Falls , New York , US \n \n
\n Goodwin , Master William Frederick \n 13 \n Fulham \n England \n Southampton \n Niagara Falls , New York , US \n \n
\n Goodwin , Miss Jessie Allis Mary \n 12 \n Fulham \n England \n Southampton \n Niagara Falls , New York , US \n \n
\n Goodwin , Master Harold Victor \n 10 \n Fulham \n England \n Southampton \n Niagara Falls , New York , US \n \n
\n Goodwin , Master Sidney Leslie \n \n Fulham \n England \n Southampton \n Niagara Falls , New York , US \n \n
\n Green , Mr. George Henry \n 40 \n Dorking , Surrey \n England \n Southampton \n Lead , South Dakota , US \n \n
\n Gr\u00f8nnestad , Mr. Daniel Danielsen \n 32 \n Bokn \n Norway \n Southampton \n Portland , North Dakota , US \n \n
\n Guest , Mr. Robert \n 32 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n Clinton , New York , US \n \n
\n Gustafsson , Mr. Alfred Ossian \n 19 \n Kokkola \n Finland \n Southampton \n Waukegan , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Gustafsson , Mr. Anders Vilhelm \n 37 \n Ruotsinpyht\u00e4\u00e4 \n Finland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 98
\n Gustafsson , Mr. Johan Birger \n 28 \n Ruotsinpyht\u00e4\u00e4 \n Finland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Gustafsson , Mr. Karl Gideon \n 19 \n Myren , Synnerby , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Aberdeen , South Dakota , US \n \n
\n Haas , Miss Aloisia \n 24 \n Altdorf , Uri \n Switzerland \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Hagland , Mr. Ingvald Olai Olsen \n 28 \n Skaare , Haugesund \n Norway \n Southampton \n Belmar , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Hagland , Mr. Konrad Mathias Reiersen \n 19 \n Skaare , Haugesund \n Norway \n Southampton \n Belmar , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Hakkarainen , Mr Pekka Pietari \n 28 \n Helsinki \n Finland \n Southampton \n Monessen , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Hakkarainen , Mrs. Elin Matilda ( n\u00e9e Dolck ) \n 24 \n Helsinki \n Finland \n Southampton \n Monessen , Pennsylvania , US \n 15 \n
\n Hampe , Mr. L\u00e9on J\u00e9rome \n 19 \n Westrozebeke \n Belgium \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Hanna , Mr. Borak Suleiman \n 27 \n Hard\u00eene \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , US \n 15 \n
\n Hanna , Mr. Bulus \n 18 \n Kfar Mechi \n Syria \n Cherbourg \n Ottawa , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Hanna , Mr. Mansur \n 35 \n Kfar Mechi \n Syria \n Cherbourg \n Ottawa , Ontario , Canada \n \n 188
\n Hansen , Mr. Claus Peter \n 41 \n Racine , Wisconsin \n US \n Southampton \n Racine , Wisconsin , US \n \n
\n Hansen , Mrs. Jennie Louise ( n\u00e9e Howard ) \n 45 \n Racine , Wisconsin \n US \n Southampton \n Racine , Wisconsin , US \n 11 \n
\n Hansen , Mr. Henrik Juul \n 26 \n Holeby , Storstr\u00f8m \n Denmark \n Southampton \n Racine , Wisconsin , US \n \n
\n Hansen , Mr. Henry Damsgaard \n 21 \n Copenhagen \n Denmark \n Southampton \n Racine , Wisconsin , US \n \n 69
\n Hargadon , Miss Catherine `` Kate '' \n 17 \n Ballysadare , Sligo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Harknett , Miss Alice Phoebe \n 21 \n Thornton Heath , London \n England \n Southampton \n New London , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Hart , Mr. Henry John \n 27 \n Ballysadare , Sligo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Boston , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n Healy , Miss Hanora ( Nora ) \n 29 \n Athenry , Galway \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n 16 \n
\n Hedman , Mr. Oskar Arvid \n 27 \n St. Paul , Minnesota \n US \n Southampton \n St. Paul , Minnesota , US \n 15 \n
\n Hegarty , Miss Hanora `` Nora '' \n 18 \n Whitechurch , Cork \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Charlestown , US \n \n
\n Heikkinen , Miss Laina \n 26 \n Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 \n Finland \n Southampton \n New York City \n 14 ? \n
\n Heininen , Miss Wendla Maria \n 23 \n Turku \n Finland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 8
\n Hellstr\u00f6m , Miss Hilda Maria \n 22 \n Stora Tuna \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Evanston , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Hendekovi\u0107 , Mr. Ignjac \n 28 \n Vagovina \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , US \n \n 306
\n Henriksson , Miss Jenny Lovisa \n 28 \n Stockholm \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Iron Mountain , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Henry , Miss Bridget Delia \n 23 \n Clonown , Roscommon \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Boston , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n Hirvonen , Mrs. Helga Elisabeth ( n\u00e9e Lindqvist ) \n 22 \n Taalintehdas \n Finland \n Southampton \n Monessen , Pennsylvania , US \n 15 \n
\n Hirvonen , Miss Hildur Elisabeth \n \n Taalintehdas \n Finland \n Southampton \n Monessen , Pennsylvania , US \n 15 \n
\n Holm , Mr. Johan Fredrik Alexander \n 43 \n Karlshamn , Blekinge \n Sweden \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Holten , Mr. Johan Martin \n 28 \n Bergen \n Norway \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Honkanen , Miss Eliina \n 27 \n Saarij\u00e4rvi \n Finland \n Southampton \n New York City \n ? \n
\n Horgan , Mr. John \n 22 \n Unknown \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Howard , Miss May Elizabeth \n 27 \n North Walsham , Norfolk \n England \n Southampton \n Albion , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Humblen , Mr. Adolf Mathias Nicolai Olsen \n 42 \n Borgund , M\u00f8re og Romsdal \n Norway \n Southampton \n Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US \n \n
\n Husayn , Master Husayn Mahumud \n 11 \n Fredericksburg , Virginia \n US \n Cherbourg \n Fredericksburg , Virginia , US \n \n
\n Hyman , Mr. Solomon Abraham \n 34 \n Manchester \n England \n Southampton \n Springfield , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n Ilmakangas , Miss Ida Livija \n 27 \n New York City , New York \n US \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Ilmakangas , Miss Pieta Sofia \n 25 \n Paavola , Northern Ostrobothnia \n Finland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Ivanoff , Mr. Kanio \n 20 \n Malka Ribnya , Troyan \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Jabbour , Miss Hileni \n 16 \n Unknown \n Syria \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n 328
\n Jabbour , Miss Tamini \n 19 \n Unknown \n Syria \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Jal\u0161evac , Mr. Ivan \n 29 \n Topolovac \n Croatia \n Cherbourg \n Galesburg , Illinois , US \n 15 \n
\n Jansson , Mr. Carl Olof \n 21 \n Orebro \u00d6rebro \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Swedeburg , Nebraska , US \n \n
\n Jardim , Mr. Jos\u00e9 Neto \n 21 \n Calheta , Madeira \n Portugal \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Jensen , Mr. Hans Peder \n 20 \n Eskilstrup \n Denmark \n Southampton \n Portland , Oregon , US \n \n
\n Jensen , Mr. Niels Peder `` Rasmus '' \n 48 \n Portland , Oregon \n US \n Southampton \n Portland , Oregon , US \n \n
\n Jensen , Mr. Svend Lauritz \n 17 \n Eskilstrup \n Denmark \n Southampton \n Portland , Oregon , US \n \n
\n Jermyn , Miss Annie Jane \n 26 \n Ballydehob , Cork \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n East Lynn , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n Jirjis , Mrs. Shaniini ( n\u00e9e Whabee Abi - Saab ) \n 22 \n Youngstown , Ohio \n US \n Cherbourg \n Youngstown , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Johannesen , Mr. Bernt Johannes \n 29 \n Avaldsnes , Stavanger \n Norway \n Southampton \n New York City \n 13 \n
\n Johanson , Mr. Jakob Alfred \n 34 \n Munsala \n Finland \n Southampton \n Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada \n \n 143
\n Johansson , Mr. Erik \n 22 \n Frostensm\u00e5la , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n St. Paul , Minnesota , US \n \n 156
\n Johansson , Mr. Gustaf Joel \n 33 \n B\u00e4ckebo , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Cheyenne , North Dakota , US \n \n 285
\n Johansson , Mr. Karl Johan \n 31 \n Duluth , Minnesota \n US \n Southampton \n Duluth , Minnesota , US \n \n
\n Johansson , Mr. Nils \n 29 \n Chicago , Illinois \n US \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Johansson Palmquist , Mr. Oskar Leander \n 26 \n Kvarnaryd , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n New Haven , Connecticut , US \n 15 \n
\n Johnson , Mr. Alfred \n 49 \n Millwood \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Johnson , Mrs. Elisabeth Vilhelmina ( n\u00e9e Berg ) \n 26 \n St. Charles , Illinois \n US \n Southampton \n St. Charles , Illinois , US \n 15 \n
\n Johnson , Master Harold Theodor \n \n St. Charles , Illinois \n US \n Southampton \n St. Charles , Illinois , US \n 15 \n
\n Johnson , Miss Eleanor Ileen \n \n St. Charles , Illinois \n US \n Southampton \n St. Charles , Illinois , US \n 15 \n
\n Johnson , Mr. Malkolm Joackim \n 33 \n Minneapolis , Minnesota \n US \n Southampton \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n \n 37
\n Johnson , Mr. William Cahoone Jr . \n 19 \n Hawthorne , New Jersey \n US \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Johnston , Mr. Andrew Emslie \n 35 \n Thornton Heath , London \n England \n Southampton \n New London , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Johnston , Mrs. Elizabeth ( n\u00e9e Watson ) `` Eliza '' \n 34 \n Thornton Heath , London \n England \n Southampton \n New London , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Johnston , Master William Andrew \n 8 \n Thornton Heath , London \n England \n Southampton \n New London , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Johnston , Miss Catherine Nellie \n 7 \n Thornton Heath , London \n England \n Southampton \n New London , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Jonkoff , Mr. Lalju \n 23 \n Gumostnik , Lovec \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Jonsson , Mr. Carl \n 32 \n Kalfsn\u00e4s , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Huntley , Illinois , US \n 15 \n
\n Jonsson J\u00f6nsson , Mr. Nils Hilding \n 27 \n Tagarp T\u00e5garp , Sk\u00e5ne \n Sweden \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Jussila , Mr. Eiriik \n 32 \n Elim\u00e4ki \n Finland \n Southampton \n Monessen , Pennsylvania , US \n 15 \n
\n Jussila , Miss Katriina \n 20 \n Paavola , Northern Ostrobothnia \n Finland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Jussila , Miss Mari Aina \n 21 \n Paavola , Northern Ostrobothnia \n Finland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Kallio , Mr. Nikolai Erlantti \n 17 \n Kauhajoki \n Finland \n Southampton \n Sudbury , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Kalvik , Mr. Johannes Halvorsen \n 21 \n Etnesj\u00f8en , Hordaland Fylke \n Norway \n Southampton \n Story City , Iowa , US \n \n
\n Karaji\u0107 , Mr. Milan \n 30 \n Vagovina \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Youngstown , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Karlsson , Mr. Einar Gervasius \n 21 \n Oskarshamn , Kalmar \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n 13 \n
\n Karlsson , Mr. Julius Konrad Eugen \n 33 \n Goteborg G\u00f6teborg , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Karlsson , Mr. Nils August \n 22 \n Orebro \u00d6rebro \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Palmer , Massachusetts , US \n \n
\n Karun , Mr. Franz \n 39 \n Milje \n Slovenia \n Southampton \n Galesburg , Illinois , US \n 15 \n
\n Karun , Miss Manca ( `` Anna '' ) \n \n Milje \n Slovenia \n Southampton \n Galesburg , Illinois , US \n 15 \n
\n Katavelos , Mr. Vassilios G . \n 19 \n Agios Sostis \n Greece \n Cherbourg \n Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US \n \n 58
\n Keane , Mr. Andrew `` Andy '' \n 23 \n Athenry , Galway \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Auburndale , Florida , US \n \n
\n Keefe , Mr. Arthur \n 39 \n Rahway , New Jersey \n US \n Southampton \n Rahway , New Jersey , US \n \n 332
\n Kelly , Mr. James \n 19 \n Unknown \n Ireland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 70
\n Kelly , Mr. James \n 44 \n Leixlip , Kildare \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New Haven , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Kelly , Miss Anna Katherine \n 20 \n Cuilmullagh , Mayo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n 16 \n
\n Kelly , Miss Mary \n 22 \n Castlepollard , Westmeath \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Kennedy , Mr. John Joseph \n 24 \n Watergate , Limerick \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n 15 ? \n
\n Khalil - Khoury , Mr. Butrus \n 25 \n Hard\u00eene \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Khalil - Khoury , Mrs. Zahie `` Maria '' \n 20 \n Hard\u00eene \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Kiernan , Mr. John Joseph \n 24 \n Jersey City , New Jersey \n US \n Queenstown \n Jersey City , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Kiernan , Mr. Philip \n 22 \n Aughnacliffe , Longford \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Jersey City , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Kilgannon , Mr. Thomas \n 22 \n Currafarry , Galway \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Kink , Mr. Anton \n 29 \n Zurich Z\u00fcrich \n Switzerland \n Southampton \n Milwaukee , Wisconsin \n \n
\n Kink , Mrs. Luise ( n\u00e9e Heilmann ) \n 26 \n Zurich Z\u00fcrich \n Switzerland \n Southampton \n Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US \n \n
\n Kink , Miss Luise Gretchen \n \n Zurich Z\u00fcrich \n Switzerland \n Southampton \n Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US \n \n
\n Kink , Miss Maria \n 22 \n Zurich Z\u00fcrich \n Switzerland \n Southampton \n Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US \n \n
\n Kink , Mr. Vincenz \n 26 \n Zurich Z\u00fcrich \n Switzerland \n Southampton \n Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US \n \n
\n Klas\u00e9n , Mrs. Hulda Kristina Eugenia ( Nee Lofqvist ) \n 36 \n Salmunds , Gotland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Los Angeles , US \n \n
\n Klas\u00e9n , Mr. Klas Albin \n 18 \n Grimshut , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Klas\u00e9n , Miss Gertrud Emilia \n \n Grimshut , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Kraeff , Mr. Theodor \n -- \n Vetren \n Bulgaria \n Cherbourg \n Madison , Wisconsin , US \n \n
\n Krekorian , Mr. Neshan \n 25 \n Ki\u011f\u0131 \n Turkey \n Cherbourg \n Brantford , Ontario , Canada \n 10 \n
\n Kutscher , Mr. Simon \n 26 \n Edinburgh \n Scotland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Lahoud Ishaq Mowad , Mr. Sarkis \n 30 \n Zgharta \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Waterbury , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Laitinen , Miss Kristiina Sofia \n 37 \n Helsinki \n Finland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Laleff , Mr. Kristo \n 23 \n Knezhni Lak , Troyan \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Lam , Mr. Ali \n 37 \n Hong Kong \n China \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Lam , Mr. Len \n 23 \n Hong Kong \n China \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Landergren , Miss Aurora Adelia \n 22 \n Karlshamn , Blekinge \n Sweden \n Southampton \n New York City \n 13 \n
\n Lane , Mr. Patrick \n 16 \n Limerick , Limerick \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Lang , Mr. Fang \n 26 \n Hong Kong \n China \n Southampton \n New York City \n 14 \n
\n Larsson , Mr. August Viktor \n 29 \n Stamford , Connecticut \n US \n Southampton \n Stamford , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Larsson , Mr. Bengt Edvin \n 29 \n Nyk\u00f6ping , S\u00f6dermanland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Hartford , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Larsson - Rondberg , Mr. Edvard A . \n 22 \n Lysvik , V\u00e4rmland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Missoula , Montana , US \n \n
\n Lee , Mr. Bing \n 32 \n Hong Kong \n China \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Lee , Mr. Ling \n 28 \n Hong Kong \n China \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Lefebvre , Mrs. Frances Marie - Anselme ( n\u00e9e Daumont ) \n 40 \n Li\u00e9vin , Pas - de-Calais \n France \n Southampton \n Mystic , Iowa , US \n \n
\n Lefebvre , Miss Mathilde Franck - Marie - Joseph \n 12 \n Li\u00e9vin , Pas - de-Calais \n France \n Southampton \n Mystic , Iowa , US \n \n
\n Lefebvre , Miss Jeannie Franck - Marie - Joseph \n 8 \n Li\u00e9vin , Pas - de-Calais \n France \n Southampton \n Mystic , Iowa , US \n \n
\n Lefebvre , Master Henri Franck - Marie - Joseph \n 5 \n Li\u00e9vin , Pas - de-Calais \n France \n Southampton \n Mystic , Iowa , US \n \n
\n Lefebvre , Miss Ida Franck - Marie - Joseph \n \n Li\u00e9vin , Pas - de-Calais \n France \n Southampton \n Mystic , Iowa , US \n \n
\n Leinonen , Mr. Antti Gustaf \n 32 \n Valitaipale \n Finland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Lennon , Mr. Denis \n 20 \n Ballymahon , Longford \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Lennon , Miss Mary \n 18 \n Ballymahon , Longford \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Leonard , Mr. Lionel \n 36 \n New York City , New York \n US \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Lester , Mr. James \n 39 \n West Bromwich , Staffordshire \n England \n Southampton \n Pontiac , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Lievens , Mr. Ren\u00e9 Gustave Aim\u00e9 \n 24 \n Haaltert \n Belgium \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Lindahl , Miss Agda Thorilda Viktoria \n 25 \n Stockholm \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Saranac Lake , New York , US \n \n
\n Lindblom , Miss Augusta Charlotta \n 45 \n Stockholm \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Stratford , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Lindell , Mr. Edvard Bengtsson \n 36 \n Helsingborg , Sk\u00e5ne \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Hartford , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Lindell , Mrs. Elin Gerda ( n\u00e9e Persson ) \n 30 \n Helsingborg , Sk\u00e5ne \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Hartford , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Lindqvist , Mr. Eino William \n 20 \n Taalintehdas \n Finland \n Southampton \n Monessen , Pennsylvania , US \n 15 \n
\n Linehan , Mr. Michael \n 21 \n Boherbue , Cork \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Ling , Mr. LLee \n 24 \n Hong Kong \n China \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Linhart , Mr. Wenzel H . \n 27 \n Vienna \n Austria \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 298
\n Livshin , Mr. David ( `` Abraham Harmer '' ) \n 25 \n Manchester \n England \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n Lobb , Mr. William Arthur \n 30 \n Scranton , Pennsylvania \n US \n Southampton \n Scranton , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Lobb , Mrs. Cordelia K. ( n\u00e9e Stanlick ) \n 26 \n Scranton , Pennsylvania \n US \n Southampton \n Scranton , Pennsylvania , US \n \n 55
\n Lockyer , Mr. Edward Thomas \n 21 \n Sandhurst , Kent \n England \n Southampton \n Ontario , New York , US \n \n 153
\n Lovell , Mr. John Hall ( `` Henry '' ) \n 20 \n Northlew , Devon \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Luli\u0107 , Mr. Nikola \n 29 \n Konjsko Brdo \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n 15 \n
\n Lundahl , Mr. Johan Svensson \n 51 \n Fyrnan , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Spokane , Washington , US \n \n
\n Lundstr\u00f6m , Mr. Thure Edvin \n 32 \n Simrishamn , Sk\u00e5ne \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Los Angeles , US \n 15 \n
\n Lymperopoulus , Mr. Panagiotis K . \n 30 \n Ayios Sostis \u00c1yios S\u00f3stis \n Greece \n Cherbourg \n Stamford , Connecticut US \n \n 196
\n Lyntakoff , Mr. Stanko \n 44 \n Unknown \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Coon Rapids , Iowa , US \n \n
\n Mackay , Mr. George William \n 20 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n Rochester , New York , US \n \n
\n Madigan , Miss Margaret `` Maggie '' \n 21 \n Askeaton , Limerick \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n 15 \n
\n Madsen , Mr. Fridtjof Arne \n 24 \n Trondheim \n Norway \n Southampton \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n 13 \n
\n Maenpaa M\u00e4enp\u00e4\u00e4 , Mr. Matti Alexanteri \n 22 \n Kauhajoki \n Finland \n Southampton \n Sudbury , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Mahon , Miss Bridget Delia \n 20 \n Derrymartin , Mayo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Maisner , Mr. Simon \n 34 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Makinen M\u00e4kinen , Mr. Kalle Edvard \n 29 \n Ikaalinen , Pirkanmaa \n Finland \n Southampton \n Glassport , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Mamee , Mr. Hanna \n 20 \n Tripoli \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n 15 \n
\n Mangan , Miss Mary \n 32 \n Carrowkehine , Mayo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n 61
\n Mannion , Miss Margaret \n 28 \n Caltra , Galway \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n 16 \n
\n Mardirosian , Mr. Sarkis \n 25 \n Ki\u011f\u0131 \n Turkey \n Cherbourg \n Brantford , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Marinko , Mr. Dmitri \n 23 \n Unknown \n Macedonia \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Markoff , Mr. Marin \n 35 \n Gumostnik , Lovec \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Markun , Mr. Johann \n 33 \n Milje \n Slovenia \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Matinoff , Mr. Nicola \n 30 \n Gabrovo \n Bulgaria \n Cherbourg \n Madison , Wisconsin , US \n \n
\n McCarthy , Miss Catherine `` Katie '' \n 24 \n Tipperary \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Bayonne , New Jersey , US \n ? \n
\n McCormack , Mr. Thomas Joseph \n 19 \n Bayonne , New Jersey \n US \n Queenstown \n Guttenberg , New Jersey , US \n 15 \n
\n McCoy , Miss Catherine Agnes \n 29 \n Carrickatane , Tyrone \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n 16 \n
\n McCoy , Miss Alice \n 26 \n Carrickatane , Tyrone \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n 16 \n
\n McCoy , Mr. Bernard \n 24 \n Carrickatane , Tyrone \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n 16 \n
\n McDermott , Miss Bridget Delia \n 31 \n Lahardane , Mayo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n 13 \n
\n McEvoy , Mr. Michael \n 19 \n Dublin \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n McGovern , Miss Mary \n 22 \n Corlough , Cavan \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n 13 \n
\n McGowan , Miss Anna F. `` Annie '' \n 16 \n Massbrook , Mayo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n 13 \n
\n McGowan , Miss Catherine \n 42 \n Terry , Mayo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n McMahon , Mr. Martin \n 20 \n Craghbrien , Clare \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n McNamee , Mr. Neal \n 27 \n Convoy , Donegal , Ireland \n England \n Southampton \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n McNamee , Mrs. Eileen ( n\u00e9e O'Leary ) \n 19 \n Salisbury , Wiltshire \n England \n Southampton \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n \n 53
\n McNeill , Miss Bridget \n 27 \n Trien , Roscommon \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Meanwell , Mrs. Mary Ann \n 63 \n Eastbourne , East Sussex \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Meehan , Mr. John \n 22 \n Currowhunane , Sligo \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Patterson , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Meek , Mrs. Anna `` Annie '' Louise Rowley \n 31 \n Penarth , Glamorgan \n Wales \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Meanie , Miss Beanie The \n 6 \n London , England \n England \n Southampton \n Everett , Washington , USA \n 14 \n
\n Meanie , Miss Maliza Mae ( n\u00e9e Jones ) \n 24 \n London , England \n England \n Southampton \n Everett , Washington , USA \n 14 \n
\n Meo - Martino , Mr. Alfonzo \n 48 \n Bournemouth , Dorset \n England \n Southampton \n Washington , D.C. US \n \n 201
\n Mernagh , Mr. John Robert \n 26 \n Ballywilliam , Wexford \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Midtsj\u00f8 , Mr. Karl Albert \n 21 \n Kr\u00f8kstad , Ski \n Norway \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n 15 \n
\n Mihoff , Mr. Stoytcho \n 28 \n Gumostnik , Lovec \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Miles , Mr. Frank \n 23 \n Greenwich , London \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Mineff , Mr. Ivan \n 24 \n Unknown \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Coon Rapids , Iowa , US \n \n
\n Minkoff , Mr. Lazar \n 21 \n Gumostnik , Lovec \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Mitkoff , Mr. Mito \n 23 \n Unknown \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Mockler , Miss Ellen Mary \n 23 \n Currafarry , Galway \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n 16 \n
\n Moen , Mr. Sigurd Hansen \n 25 \n Bergen \n Norway \n Southampton \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n \n 309
\n Moor , Mrs. Beila \n 29 \n Unknown \n Russia \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n 14 \n
\n Moor , Master Meier \n 7 \n Unknown \n Russia \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n 14 \n
\n Moore , Mr. Leonard Charles \n 19 \n Kingston upon Thames , London \n England \n Southampton \n Hoboken , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Moran , Miss Bertha Bridget \n 28 \n Askeaton , Limerick \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n 16 \n
\n Moran , Mr. Daniel James \n 27 \n Askeaton , Limerick \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n \n
\n Morley , Mr. William \n 34 \n Petworth , West Sussex \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Morrow , Mr. Thomas Rowan \n 30 \n Rathfriland , Down \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Gleichen , Alberta , Canada \n \n
\n Moss , Mr. Albert Johan \n 29 \n Bergen \n Norway \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Moussa , Mrs. Mantoura \n 35 \n Hard\u00eene \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , US \n ? \n
\n Moutal , Mr. Rahamin Haim \n 28 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Mubarik , Mrs. Amanah Fa'ud ( n\u00e9e Iskandar ) \n 24 \n Hard\u00eene \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Houtzdale , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Mubarik , Master Gerios \n 7 \n Hard\u00eene \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Houtzdale , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Mubarik , Master Halim Gonios \n \n Hard\u00eene \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Houtzdale , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Mullen , Miss Katherine `` Katie '' \n 19 \n Esker , Longford \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n 16 \n
\n Mulvihill , Miss Bridget Elizabeth `` Bertha '' \n 25 \n Athlone , Westmeath \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Providence , Rhode Island , US \n 15 \n
\n Murdlin , Mr. Joseph \n 22 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Murphy , Miss Catherine `` Kate '' \n 18 \n Aghnacliffe , Longford \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n 16 \n
\n Murphy , Miss Margaret Jane `` Maggie / Mary '' \n 25 \n Fostragh , Longford \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US \n 16 \n
\n Murphy , Miss Nora \n 34 \n Dublin \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n 16 \n
\n Muslamani , Mrs. Fatimah \n 22 \n Tebnine \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Michigan City , Indiana , US \n \n
\n Myhrman , Mr. Pehr Fabian Oliver Malkolm \n 18 \n Kristinehamn , V\u00e4rmland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Nackid , Mr. Sahid \n 20 \n Zgharta \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Waterbury , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Nackid , Miss Waika `` Mary '' ( n\u00e9e Mowad ) \n 19 \n Zgharta \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Waterbury , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Nackid , Miss Maria \n \n Zgharta \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Waterbury , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Naidenoff , Mr. Penko \n 22 \n Gumostnik , Lovech \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Nakli - Khoury , Mr. Toufik \n 17 \n Hard\u00eene \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Nancarrow , Mr. William Henry \n 33 \n St Austell , Cornwall \n England \n Southampton \n Yonkers , New York , US \n \n
\n Nankoff , Mr. Minko \n 32 \n Unknown \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Nasr Alma , Mr. Mustafa \n 20 \n Tebnine \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Nassr Rizq , Mr. Saade \n 20 \n Sir'Al \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Naughton , Miss Hannah \n 21 \n Donoughmore \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Nenkoff , Mr. Christo \n 22 \n Unknown \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Coon Rapids , Iowa , US \n \n
\n Nieminen , Miss Manta Josefiina \n 29 \n Karinainen \n Finland \n Southampton \n Aberdeen , Washington , US \n \n
\n Niklasson , Mr. Samuel \n 28 \n Vastra Bogane V\u00e4stra Bogane , Orust Island \n Sweden \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Nilsson , Mr. August Ferdinand \n 21 \n Horby H\u00f6rby , Sk\u00e5ne \n Sweden \n Southampton \n St. Paul , Minnesota , US \n \n
\n Nilsson , Miss Berta Olivia \n 18 \n Lysvik , V\u00e4rmland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Missoula , Montana , US \n \n
\n Nilsson , Miss Helmina Josefina \n 26 \n Ramkvilla , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Joliet , Illinois , US \n 13 \n
\n Niqula - Yarid , Miss Jamilah \n 14 \n El - Hakour \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Jacksonville , Florida , US \n \n
\n Niqula - Yarid , Master Ilyas \n 12 \n El - Hakour \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Jacksonville , Florida , US \n \n
\n Nirva , Mr. Iisakki Antino \u00c4ij\u00f6 \n 41 \n Kauhajoki \n Finland \n Southampton \n Sudbury , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Niskanen , Mr. Juha \n 39 \n Kivij\u00e4rvi \n Finland \n Southampton \n Boston , Massachusetts , US \n 9 \n
\n Nofal , Mr. Mansur \n 20 \n Kafr Mishki \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Ottawa , Ontario , Canada \n \n 181
\n Nosworthy , Mr. Richard Cater \n 21 \n Newton Abbot , Devon \n England \n Southampton \n Buffalo , New York , US \n \n
\n Nysten , Miss Anna Sofia \n 22 \n Kisa , \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Hackensack , New Jersey , US \n 13 \n
\n Nysveen , Mr. Johan Hansen \n 61 \n Oyer \u00d8yer \n Norway \n Southampton \n Grand Forks , North Dakota , US \n \n
\n O'Brien , Mr. Thomas \n 27 \n Pallasgreen , Limerick \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n O'Brien , Mrs. Johanna `` Hannah '' ( n\u00e9e Godfrey ) \n 26 \n Pallasgreen , Limerick \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n ? \n
\n O'Brien , Mr. Timothy \n 21 \n Drimoleague , Cork \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n O'Connell , Mr. Patrick Denis \n 17 \n Kingwilliamstown , Cork \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n O'Connor , Mr. Maurice \n 16 \n Boherbue , Cork \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n O'Connor , Mr. Patrick \n 23 \n Kingwilliamstown , Cork \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n O'Driscoll , Miss Bridget \n 24 \n Ballydehob , Cork \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Jersey City , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n O'Dwyer , Miss Ellen `` Nellie '' \n 25 \n Limerick , Limerick \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n ? \n
\n O'Keefe , Mr. Patrick \n 22 \n Waterford , Waterford \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n O'Leary , Miss Hanora `` Nora '' \n 16 \n Kingwilliamstown , Cork \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n 13 \n
\n O'Sullivan , Miss Bridget Mary \n 21 \n Glenduff , Kerry \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Odahl \u00d6dahl , Mr. Nils Martin \n 23 \n Orsjo \u00d6rsj\u00f6 , Kalmar \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Peoria , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Ohman \u00d6hman , Miss Velin \n 22 \n Mariestad , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Olsen , Mr. Henry Margido \n 28 \n Bergen \n Norway \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 173
\n Olsen , Mr. Karl Siegwart Andreas \n 42 \n Trondheim \n Norway \n Southampton \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n \n
\n Olsen , Master Arthur Carl \n 9 \n Trondheim \n Norway \n Southampton \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n 13 \n
\n Olsen , Mr. Ole Martin \n 27 \n Sunnhordland \n Norway \n Southampton \n Broderick , Canada \n \n
\n Olsson , Miss Elina \n 31 \n Sodra Brantevik S\u00f6dra Brantevik \n Sweden \n Southampton \n St. Paul , Minnesota , US \n \n
\n Olsson , Mr. Nils Johan G\u00f6ransson \n 28 \n Esl\u00f6v , Sk\u00e5ne \n Sweden \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Olsson , Mr. Oskar Wilhelm \n 32 \n Lunna , Orust Island \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Manitowoc , Wisconsin , US \n \n
\n Olsvingen , Mr. Thor Andersen \n 20 \n Vikersund \n Norway \n Southampton \n Carneron , US \n \n 89
\n Ore\u0161kovi\u0107 , Miss Jelka \n 23 \n Konjsko Brdo \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Ore\u0161kovi\u0107 , Mr. Luka \n 20 \n Konjsko Brdo \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Ore\u0161kovi\u0107 , Miss Marija \n 20 \n Konjsko Brdo \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Os\u00e9n , Mr. Olaf Elon \n 16 \n Hedesunda , G\u00e4vleborg \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Mitchell , South Dakota , US \n \n
\n Palsson P\u00e5lsson , Mrs. Alma Cornelia ( n\u00e9e Berglund ) \n 29 \n Bjuv , Sk\u00e5ne \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n 206
\n Palsson P\u00e5lsson , Miss Torborg Danira \n 8 \n Bjuv , Sk\u00e5ne \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Palsson P\u00e5lsson , Master Paul Folke \n 6 \n Bjuv , Sk\u00e5ne \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Palsson P\u00e5lsson , Miss Stina Viola \n \n Bjuv , Sk\u00e5ne \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Palsson P\u00e5lsson , Master G\u00f6sta Leonard \n \n Bjuv , Sk\u00e5ne \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Panula , Mrs. Maija Emelia Abrahamintytar ( n\u00e9e Ketola - Ojala ) \n 41 \n Ylih\u00e4rm\u00e4 , South Ostrobothnia \n Finland \n Southampton \n Coal Center , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Panula , Mr. Ernesti Arvid \n 16 \n Ylih\u00e4rm\u00e4 , South Ostrobothnia \n Finland \n Southampton \n Coal Center , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Panula , Mr. Jaakko Arnold \n 15 \n Ylih\u00e4rm\u00e4 , South Ostrobothnia \n Finland \n Southampton \n Coal Center , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Panula , Master Juha Niilo \n 7 \n Ylih\u00e4rm\u00e4 , South Ostrobothnia \n Finland \n Southampton \n Coal Center , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Panula , Master Urho Abraham \n \n Ylih\u00e4rm\u00e4 , South Ostrobothnia \n Finland \n Southampton \n Coal Center , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Panula , Master Eino Viljami \n \n Ylih\u00e4rm\u00e4 , South Ostrobothnia \n Finland \n Southampton \n Coal Center , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Pa\u0161i\u010d , Mr. Jakov \n 21 \n Streklevac \n Slovenia \n Southampton \n Aurora , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Patchett , Mr. George \n 19 \n Wollaston , Northamptonshire \n England \n Southampton \n Kitchener , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Pavlovi\u0107 , Mr. \u0160tefo \n 32 \n Vagovina \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Peacock , Mrs. Edith ( n\u00e9e Nile ) \n 26 \n Southampton , Hampshire \n England \n Southampton \n Elizabeth , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Peacock , Miss Treasteall \n \n Southampton , Hampshire \n England \n Southampton \n Elizabeth , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Peacock , Master Alfred Edward \n 0.07 ! 7 mo . \n Southampton , Hampshire \n England \n Southampton \n Elizabeth , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Pearce , Mr. Ernest \n 32 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Pedersen , Mr. Olaf \n 28 \n Sandefjord \n Norway \n Southampton \n Seattle , Washington , US \n \n
\n Peduzzi , Mr. Giuseppe \n 24 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Pekoniemi , Mr. Edvard Johannes \n 21 \n Heinola \n Finland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Peltom\u00e4ki , Mr. Nikolai Johannes \n 25 \n Helsinki \n Finland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Perkin , Mr. John Henry \n 22 \n Holsworthy , Devon \n England \n Southampton \n Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada \n \n
\n Persson , Mr. Ernst Ulrik \n 25 \n Stockholm , Uppland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Indianapolis , Indiana , US \n 15 \n
\n Peters , Miss Catherine `` Katie '' \n 26 \n Cahir , Tipperary \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Petersen , Mr. Marius \n 24 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Petranec , Miss Matilda \n 28 \n Vagovina \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , US \n
\n Petroff , Mr. Nadjalko \n 19 \n Gumostnik , Lovec \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Petroff , Mr. Pastcho \n 29 \n Belish , Troyan \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Pettersson , Miss Ellen Natalia \n 18 \n Stockholm , Uppland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Iron Mountain , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Pettersson , Mr. Johan Emil \n 25 \n Vastermo V\u00e4stermo , S\u00f6dermanland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Pickard , Mr. Berk ( Trembisky ) \n 32 \n Warsaw \n Poland \n Southampton \n San Francisco , US \n 9 \n
\n Plotcharsky , Mr. Vasil \n 27 \n Unknown \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Tulsa , Oklahoma , US \n \n
\n Pocrni\u0107 , Mr. Mate \n 17 \n Bukovac \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Pocrni\u0107 , Mr. Tome \n 24 \n Bukovac \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Pullner , Mr. Uscher \n 16 \n Unknown \n Unknown \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Radeff , Mr. Alexander \n 27 \n Unknown \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Rasmussen , Mrs. Lena Jakobsen ( n\u00e9e Solvang ) \n 62 \n Haugesund , Rogaland \n Norway \n Southampton \n Centerville , South Dakota , US \n \n
\n Razi , Mr. Raihed \n 30 \n Tebnine \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Reed , Mr. James George \n 19 \n Penarth , Glamorgan \n Wales \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Reki\u0107 , Mr. Tido \n 38 \n Bosanska Krupa \n Bosnia \n Southampton \n Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Reynolds , Mr. Harold J . \n 21 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n Toronto , Ontario , Canada \n \n 327
\n Rice , Mrs. Margaret ( n\u00e9e Norton ) \n 39 \n Athlone , Westmeath \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Spokane , Washington , US \n \n 12
\n Rice , Master Albert \n 10 \n Athlone , Westmeath \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Spokane , Washington , US \n \n
\n Rice , Master George Hugh \n 8 \n Athlone , Westmeath \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Spokane , Washington , US \n \n
\n Rice , Master Frederick Thomas `` Eric '' \n 7 \n Athlone , Westmeath \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Spokane , Washington , US \n \n
\n Rice , Master Arthur \n \n Athlone , Westmeath \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Spokane , Washington , US \n \n
\n Rice , Master Eugene Francis \n \n Athlone , Westmeath \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Spokane , Washington , US \n \n
\n Riihivuori , Miss Susanna Juhantyt\u00e4r `` Sanni '' \n 22 \n Ylih\u00e4rm\u00e4 , South Ostrobothnia \n Finland \n Southampton \n Coal Center , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Rintam\u00e4ki , Mr. Matti \n 35 \n Kyyny \n Finland \n Southampton \n Sudbury , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Riordan , Miss Hannah \n 18 \n Glenlougha , Cork \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n 13 \n
\n Risien , Mr. Samuel Beard \n 69 \n Deal , Kent \n England \n Southampton \n Groesbeck , Texas , US \n \n
\n Risien , Mrs. Emma Jane ( n\u00e9e Lellyet ) \n 58 \n Durban \n South Africa \n Southampton \n Groesbeck , Texas , US \n \n
\n Robins , Mr. Alexander A . \n 50 \n St Austell , Cornwall \n England \n Southampton \n Yonkers , New York , US \n \n 119
\n Robins , Mrs. Grace Charity ( n\u00e9e Laury ) \n 47 \n St Austell , Cornwall \n England \n Southampton \n Yonkers , New York , US \n \n 7
\n Rogers , Mr. William John \n 29 \n Pontardawe , West Glamorgan \n Wales \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Rommetvedt , Mr. Knud Paust \n 49 \n Hogstad \n Norway \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Rosblom , Mrs. Helena Wilhelmina \n 41 \n Suistamo \n Finland \n Southampton \n Astoria , Oregon , US \n \n
\n Rosblom , Mr. Viktor Rickard \n 18 \n Suistamo \n Finland \n Southampton \n Astoria , Oregon , US \n \n
\n Rosblom , Miss Salli Helena \n \n Suistamo \n Finland \n Southampton \n Astoria , Oregon , US \n \n
\n Roth , Miss Sarah A . \n 26 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Rouse , Mr. Richard Henry \n 50 \n Sittingbourne , Kent \n England \n Southampton \n Cleveland , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Rush , Mr. Alfred George John \n 16 \n Strood , Kent \n England \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Ryan , Mr. Edward \n 24 \n Ballinascreen , Tipperary \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Troy , New York , US \n 14 \n
\n Ryan , Mr. Patrick \n 29 \n Askeaton , Limerick \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Bronx , New York , US \n \n
\n Saether S\u00e6ther , Mr. Simon Sivertsen \n 43 \n Skaun , S\u00f8r - Tr\u00f8ndelag \n Norway \n Southampton \n US \n \n 32
\n Saad , Mr. Amin \n 30 \n Tebnine \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Saad , Mr. Khalil \n 25 \n Kfar Mechi \n Syria \n Cherbourg \n Ottawa , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Sadlier , Mr. Matthew \n 20 \n Mohill , Leitrim \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Lakewood Township , New Jersey , US \n \n
\n Sadowitz , Mr. Harry \n 17 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n Providence , Rhode Island , US \n \n
\n Sage , Mr. John George \n 44 \n Peterborough , Cambridgeshire \n England \n Southampton \n Jacksonville , Florida , US \n \n
\n Sage , Mrs. Annie Elizabeth ( n\u00e9e Cazaly ) \n 44 \n Peterborough , Cambridgeshire \n England \n Southampton \n Jacksonville , Florida , US \n \n
\n Sage , Miss Stella Anne \n 20 \n Peterborough , Cambridgeshire \n England \n Southampton \n Jacksonville , Florida , US \n \n
\n Sage , Mr. George John \n 19 \n Peterborough , Cambridgeshire \n England \n Southampton \n Jacksonville , Florida , US \n \n
\n Sage , Mr. Douglas Bullen \n 18 \n Peterborough , Cambridgeshire \n England \n Southampton \n Jacksonville , Florida , US \n \n
\n Sage , Mr. Frederick \n 16 \n Peterborough , Cambridgeshire \n England \n Southampton \n Jacksonville , Florida , US \n \n
\n Sage , Miss Dorothy Florence `` Dolly '' \n 14 \n Peterborough , Cambridgeshire \n England \n Southampton \n Jacksonville , Florida , US \n \n
\n Sage , Master Anthony William `` Will '' \n 13 \n Peterborough , Cambridgeshire \n England \n Southampton \n Jacksonville , Florida , US \n \n 67
\n Sage , Miss Elizabeth Ada \n 10 \n Peterborough , Cambridgeshire \n England \n Southampton \n Jacksonville , Florida , US \n \n
\n Sage , Miss Constance Gladys \n 7 \n Peterborough , Cambridgeshire \n England \n Southampton \n Jacksonville , Florida , US \n \n
\n Sage , Master Thomas Henry \n \n Peterborough , Cambridgeshire \n England \n Southampton \n Jacksonville , Florida , US \n \n
\n Salander , Mr. Karl Johan \n 24 \n Genevad , Halland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Red Wing , Minnesota , US \n \n
\n Salkjelsvik , Miss Anna Kristine \n 21 \n Alesund \u00c5lesund , M\u00f8re og Romsdal \n Norway \n Southampton \n Proctor , Minnesota , US \n \n
\n Salonen , Mr. Johan Verner \n 39 \n Aberdeen , Washington \n US \n Southampton \n Aberdeen , Washington , US \n \n
\n Sa'maan , Master Butrus \n 10 \n Hard\u00eene \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Sa'maan , Mr. Hanna Ilyas \n 40 \n Hard\u00eene \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Sa'maan , Mr. Ilyas \n 17 \n Hard\u00eene \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Sa'maan , Mr. Youssef Omar `` Joseph '' \n 16 \n Hard\u00eene \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Sandstr\u00f6m , Mrs. Agnes Charlotta ( n\u00e9e Bengtsson ) \n 24 \n Motala , \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n San Francisco , US \n 13 \n
\n Sandstr\u00f6m , Miss Marguerite Rut \n \n Motala , \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n San Francisco , US \n 13 \n
\n Sandstr\u00f6m , Miss Beatrice Irene \n \n Motala , \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n San Francisco , US \n 13 \n
\n Sap , Mr. Julius ( Jules ) \n 21 \n Zwevezele \n Belgium \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n 11 \n
\n Saundercock , Mr. William Henry \n 19 \n St Austell , Cornwall \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Sawyer , Mr. Frederick Charles \n 33 \n Basingstoke , Hampshire \n England \n Southampton \n Halley , Michigan , US \n \n 284
\n Scanlan , Mr. James \n 22 \n Rathkeale , Limerick \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Scheerlinck , Mr. Jean Baptiste \n 29 \n Haaltert , East Flanders \n Belgium \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n 11 \n
\n Sdycoff , Mr. Theodor \n 42 \n Unknown \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Shaughnessy , Mr. Patrick \n 24 \n Tynagh , Galway \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Shawah , Mr. Yousseff Ibrahim \n 33 \n Beirut \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Shadid , Mr. Dahir Abu \n 19 \n Ibrin \n Syria or Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Kulpmont , Pennsylvania , US \n \n 9
\n Shellard , Mr. Frederick William Blainey \n 55 \n Bristol , Avon \n England \n Southampton \n Troy , New York , US \n \n
\n Shihab , Mr. Amir Faris \n 25 \n Hadath \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Shine , Miss Ellen Natalia \n 20 \n Cork , Cork \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n ? \n
\n Shorney , Mr. Charles Joseph \n 22 \n Heron 's Ghyll , East Sussex \n England \n Southampton \n New York , US \n \n 240 ( ? )
\n Simmons , Mr. John \n 39 \n Leigh , Kent \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Sirkanian , Mr. Arsun \n 22 \n Ki\u011f\u0131 \n Turkey \n Cherbourg \n Brantford , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Sirota , Mr. Maurice \n 20 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Sivi\u0107 , Mr. Husein \n 40 \n Bosanska Krupa \n Bosnia \n Southampton \n Harrisburg , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Sivola , Mr. Antti Vilhelmi \n 21 \n Mountain Home , Idaho \n US \n Southampton \n Mountain Home , Idaho , US \n \n
\n Sj\u00f6blom , Miss Anna Sofiia \n 18 \n Munsala \n Finland \n Southampton \n Olympia , Washington , US \n 16 \n
\n Skoog , Mr. Wilhelm Johansson \n 40 \n Hallekis H\u00e4llekis , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Iron Mountain , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Skoog , Mrs. Anna Bernhardina ( n\u00e9e Karlsson ) \n 43 \n Hallekis H\u00e4llekis , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Iron Mountain , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Skoog , Master Karl Thorsten \n 11 \n Hallekis H\u00e4llekis , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Iron Mountain , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Skoog , Miss Mabel \n 9 \n Hallekis H\u00e4llekis , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Iron Mountain , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Skoog , Master Harald \n 5 \n Hallekis H\u00e4llekis , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Iron Mountain , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Skoog , Miss Margit Elizabeth \n \n Hallekis H\u00e4llekis , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Iron Mountain , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Slabenoff , Mr. Peko \n 42 \n Unknown \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Slocovski , Mr. Selman Francis \n 20 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Smiljani\u0107 , Mr. Jakob Mile \n 37 \n Pisac \n Croatia \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Smyth , Mr. Thomas \n 26 \n Caltra , Galway \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n Hammond , Indiana , US \n \n
\n Smyth , Miss Julia \n 17 \n Kilcogy , Cavan \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n 13 \n
\n Soholt S\u00f8holt , Mr. Peter Andreas Lauritz Andersen \n 19 \n Alesund \u00c5lesund , M\u00f8re og Romsdal \n Norway \n Southampton \n Minneapolis , Minnesota , US \n \n
\n Somerton , Mr. Francis William \n 30 \n Greatfield , Cheltenham \n England \n Southampton \n Canastota , New York , US \n \n
\n Spector , Mr. Woolf \n 23 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Spinner , Mr. Henry John \n 32 \n Arboretum , Worcestershire \n England \n Southampton \n Gloversville , New York , US \n \n
\n Staneff , Mr. Ivan \n 23 \n Debnevo , Troyan \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Stankovi\u0107 , Mr. Ivan \n 33 \n Galdovo \n Croatia \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Stanley , Miss Amy Zillah Elsie \n 24 \n Wallingford , Oxfordshire \n England \n Southampton \n New Haven , Connecticut , US \n \n
\n Stanley , Mr. Edward Rowland \n 21 \n Swanage \n England \n Southampton \n Cleveland , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Storey , Mr. Thomas \n 51 \n Liverpool , Merseyside \n England , \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 261
\n Stoytcheff , Mr. Ilia \n 19 \n Gumostnik , Lovec \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Strandberg , Miss Ida Sofia \n 22 \n Turku \n Finland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Strand\u00e9n , Mr. Juho Niilonpoika \n 31 \n Muljula , Kitee \n Finland \n Southampton \n Duluth , Minnesota , US \n 9 \n
\n Strili\u0107 , Mr. Ivan \n 27 \n Siroka Kula \u0160iroka Kula \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Str\u00f6m , Mrs. Elna Matilda ( n\u00e9e Persson ) \n 29 \n Indiana Harbor , Indiana \n US \n Southampton \n Indiana Harbor , Indiana , US \n \n
\n Str\u00f6m , Miss Thelma Matilda Wilhelmina \n \n Indiana Harbor , Indiana \n US \n Southampton \n Indiana Harbor , Indiana , US \n \n
\n Sunderland , Mr. Victor Francis \n 20 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n Cleveland , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Sundman , Mr. Johan Julian \n 44 \n Munsala \n Finland \n Southampton \n Cheyenne , Wyoming , US \n 15 \n
\n Sutehall Jr. , Mr. Henry \n 25 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n Buffalo , New York , US \n \n
\n Svensson , Mr. Johan \n 74 \n Reftele , Sm\u00e5land \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Effington Rut , South Dakota , US \n \n
\n Svensson , Mr. Johan Cervin \n 14 \n Knared Kn\u00e4red , Halland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Beresford , South Dakota , US \n 13 \n
\n Svensson , Mr. Olof \n 24 \n Bjorkeberga Bj\u00f6rkeberga , Sk\u00e5ne \n Sweden \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Tenglin , Mr. Gunnar Isidor \n 25 \n Stockholm , Uppland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Burlington , Iowa , US \n 13 \n
\n Theobald , Mr. Thomas Leonard \n 34 \n Strood , Kent \n England \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n 176
\n Tannous , Mr. Charles R'ad \n 31 \n Hard\u00eene \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Tannous , Mrs. Thamini Khoury Fa'ud `` Thelma '' \n 16 \n Hard\u00eene \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania , US \n 14 \n
\n Tannous , Master As'ad Iskandar Fa'ud \n 0.05 ! 5 mo . \n Hard\u00eene \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Wilkes Barre , Pennsylvania , US \n 16 \n
\n Thomas , Mr. John \n 34 \n Unknown \n Unknown \n Cherbourg \n Columbus , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Thomas , Mr. Tannous John \n 16 \n Unknown \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Columbus , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Thompson , Mr. Alexander Morrison \n 36 \n Unknown \n Scotland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Thorneycroft , Mr. Percival Thomas \n 36 \n Maidstone , Kent \n England \n Southampton \n Clinton , New York , US \n \n
\n Thorneycroft , Mrs. Florence Kate ( n\u00e9e Stears ) \n 32 \n Maidstone , Kent \n England \n Southampton \n Clinton , New York , US \n 10 \n
\n Tikkanen , Mr. Juho \n 32 \n Pielavesi \n Finland \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Tobin , Mr. Roger \n 20 \n Cahir , Tipperary \n Ireland \n Queenstown \n New York City \n \n
\n Todoroff , Mr. Lalio \n 23 \n Unknown \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Tomlin , Mr. Ernest Portage \n 22 \n Portage la Prairie , Manitoba \n Canada \n Southampton \n Des Moines , Iowa , US \n \n 50
\n Torber T\u00f6rber , Mr. Ernst Wilhelm \n 44 \n Unknown \n Germany \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Torfa , Mr. Assad \n 20 \n Unknown \n Syria \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Tornquist T\u00f6rnquist , Mr. William Henry \n 25 \n Sundbyberg \n Sweden \n Southampton \n New York City \n 15 \n
\n Touma , Mrs. Hanna Youssef ( n\u00e9e Razi ) \n 27 \n Tibnin \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Dowagiac , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Touma , Miss Marianna Youssef \n 9 \n Tibnin \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Dowagiac , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Touma , Master Gerios ( George ) Youssef \n 8 \n Tibnin \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Dowagiac , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Tur\u010din , Mr. Stjepan \n 36 \n Bratina \n Croatia \n Southampton \n Youngstown , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Turja , Miss Anna Sofiia \n 18 \n Oulainen , Oulu \n Finland \n Southampton \n Ashtabula , Ohio , US \n 15 \n
\n Turkula , Mrs. Hedvig \n 63 \n Jalasj\u00e4rvi , Southern Ostrobothnia \n Finland \n Southampton \n Hibbing , Minnesota , US \n 15 \n
\n Van Billiard , Mr. Austin Blyler \n 35 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n North Wales , Pennsylvania , US \n \n 255
\n Van Billiard , Master James William \n 10 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n North Wales , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Van Billiard , Master Walter John \n 9 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n North Wales , Pennsylvania , US \n \n 1 ( ? )
\n Van de Velde , Mr. Johannes Josef \n 35 \n Denderhoutem \n Belgium \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Van den Steen , Mr. Leo Peter \n 28 \n Haaltert \n Belgium \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Van Impe , Mr. Jean - Baptiste \n 36 \n Kerksken \n Belgium \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Van Impe , Mrs. Rosalie Paula ( n\u00e9e Govaert ) \n 30 \n Kerksken \n Belgium \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Van Impe , Miss Catharina \n 10 \n Kerksken \n Belgium \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Van Melkebeke , Mr. Philemon Edmund \n 23 \n Haaltert , East Flanders \n Belgium \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Vandercruyssen , Mr. Victor \n 46 \n Zwevezele \n Belgium \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Vanderplancke , Mr. Julius \n 31 \n Zwevezele \n Belgium \n Southampton \n Fremont , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Vanderplancke , Mrs. Emelie Maria ( n\u00e9e Vandemoortele ) \n 31 \n Pittem \n Belgium \n Southampton \n Fremont , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Vanderplancke , Miss Augusta Maria \n 18 \n Zwevezele \n Belgium \n Southampton \n Fremont , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Vanderplancke , Mr. Leo Edmondus \n 15 \n Zwevezele \n Belgium \n Southampton \n Fremont , Ohio , US \n \n
\n Van de Walle , Mr. Nestor Cyriel \n 28 \n Westrozebeke \n Belgium \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Vartanian , Mr. Dawud \n 22 \n Ki\u011f\u0131 \n Turkey \n Cherbourg \n Brantford , Ontario , Canada \n 13 \n
\n Vendel , Mr. Olof Edvin \n 29 \n Ostra Sallerup \u00d6stra Sallerup , Sk\u00e5ne \n Sweden \n Southampton \n St. Paul , Minnesota , US \n \n
\n Vestr\u00f6m , Miss Hulda Amanda Adolfina \n 14 \n Salmunds , Gotland \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Los Angeles , US \n \n
\n Vovk , Mr. Janko \n 21 \n Jesenice \n Slovenia \n Southampton \n St. Joseph , Minnesota , US \n \n
\n Waelens , Mr. Achille \n 22 \n Ruiselede , West Flanders \n Belgium \n Southampton \n Stanton , Ohio , US \n \n 140
\n Ware , Mr. Frederick William \n 34 \n Greenwich , London \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Warren , Mr. Charles William \n 30 \n Portsmouth , Hampshire \n England \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Wazni , Mr. Yousif Ahmed \n 25 \n Tebnin \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n New York City \n \n
\n Webber , Mr. James \n 66 \n San Francisco \n US \n Southampton \n San Francisco , US \n \n
\n Wennerstr\u00f6m , Mr. August Edvard Andersson \n 27 \n Malm\u00f6 , Sk\u00e5ne \n Sweden \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Widegren , Mr. Carl Peter \n 51 \n Algutsrum , Kalmar \n Sweden \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Wiklund , Mr. Jakob Alfred \n 18 \n Vaasa \n Finland \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n 314
\n Wiklund , Mr. Karl Johan \n 21 \n Vaasa \n Finland \n Southampton \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n Wilkes , Mrs. Ellen \n 47 \n Penzance , Cornwall \n England \n Southampton \n Akron , Ohio , US \n 16 \n
\n Willer , Mr. Aaron \n 37 \n Unknown \n Russia \n Cherbourg \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Willey , Mr. Edward \n 18 \n Market Drayton , Shropshire \n England \n Southampton \n Schenectady , New York , US \n \n
\n Williams , Mr. Howard Hugh `` Harry '' \n 28 \n Guernsey , Channel Islands \n Channel Islands \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Williams , Mr. Leslie \n 28 \n Tonypandy , Glamorgan \n Wales \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n 14
\n Windel\u00f8v , Mr. Einar \n 21 \n Cape Town \n South Africa \n Southampton \n New York City \n \n
\n Wirz , Mr. Albert \n 27 \n Uster \n Switzerland \n Southampton \n Beloit , Wisconsin , US \n \n 131
\n Wiseman , Mr. Phillippe \n 54 \n London \n England \n Southampton \n Quebec City , Quebec , Canada \n \n
\n Wittevrongel , Mr. Camilius Aloysius \n 36 \n Westrozebeke \n Belgium \n Southampton \n Detroit , Michigan , US \n \n
\n Yasbak , Mr. Antun \n 27 \n Unknown \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Yasbak , Mrs. Silanah Fa'ud ( n\u00e9e Iskandar ) \n 15 \n Unknown \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Ylieff , Mr. Ylio \n 32 \n Unknown \n Bulgaria \n Southampton \n Chicago , Illinois , US \n \n
\n Youssef , Mr. Gerios ( Abi Saab ) \n 26 \n Hard\u00eene \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Youngstown , Ohio , US \n \n 312
\n Youssef , Mr. Gerios ( Sam'aan ) \n 45 \n Hard\u00eene \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Wilkes - Barre , Pennsylvania , US \n \n
\n Zajib Qiyamah , Miss Adal `` Jane '' \n 15 \n El Shweir \n Lebanon \n Cherbourg \n Brooklyn , New York , US \n \n
\n Zakarian , Mr. Haroutyun Der \n 27 \n Ki\u011f\u0131 \n Turkey \n Cherbourg \n Brantford , Ontario , Canada \n \n
\n Zakarian , Mr. Mapri Der \n 22 \n Ki\u011f\u0131 \n Turkey \n Cherbourg \n Brantford , Ontario , Canada \n \n 304
\n Zimmermann , Mr. Leo \n 29 \n Todtmoos \n Germany \n Southampton \n Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada \n \n
\n

\n Cross-Channel passengers ( edit )

\n

\n In addition to the above - listed passengers , the Titanic carried 29 cross-channel passengers who boarded at Southampton and disembarked at either Cherbourg , France or Queenstown , Ireland .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Name \n Age \n Class \n Hometown \n Boarded \n Disembarked
\n Brand , Mr. Karl Birger \n 29 \n First \n Falk\u00f6ping , V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland , Sweden \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Browne , Father Francis Patrick Mary \n 31 \n First \n Dublin , Ireland \n Southampton \n Queenstown
\n Collis , Mr . \n -- \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Davies , Mr. H.V. \n -- \n Second \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Davies , Miss K . \n -- \n Second \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n De Grasse , Mr. J . \n -- \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Dyer - Edwardes , Mr. Thomas \n 65 \n First \n Kensington , England \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Dyer - Edwardes , Mrs. Clementina Georgina Lucy \n 53 \n First \n Kensington , England \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Evans , Miss \n -- \n Second \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Fletcher , Miss N . \n -- \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Forman , Mr. J . \n -- \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Forman , Mrs . \n -- \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Lenox - Conyngham , Miss Alice Katherine Harriet \n 39 \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Lenox - Conyngham , Mrs. Barbara Josephine ( n\u00e9e Turton ) \n 48 \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Lenox - Conyngham , Miss Eileen Mary \n 11 \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Lenox - Conyngham , Master Denis Hugh \n 10 \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n May , Mr. Richard W . \n -- \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Queenstown
\n May , Mr. Stanley \n -- \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Queenstown
\n Mullen , Mr . \n -- \n Second \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Nichols , Mr. E . \n -- \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Queenstown
\n Noel , Major Gerard Thomas \n -- \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Noel , Master William Henry Middleton \n 13 \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Odell , Miss Kate \n -- \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Queenstown
\n Odell , Mrs. Lily May \n -- \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Queenstown
\n Odell , Master Jack Dudley \n 11 \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Queenstown
\n Osborne , Miss D . \n -- \n Second \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Remesch , Miss \n -- \n Second \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Stevens , Mr. G . \n -- \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Tovey , Miss \n -- \n Second \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n Wotton , Mr. Henry Swaffin \n 54 \n First \n -- \n Southampton \n Cherbourg
\n

\n First passenger survivors to die ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Name \n Date of birth \n Date of death \n Age at time of disaster \n Age at time of death \n Additional notes
\n Nackid ! Miss Maria Nackid \n 1 May 1910 \n 30 July 1912 \n 7002715000000000000 \u2660 1 year , 350 days \n 7002821000000000000 \u2660 2 years , 90 days \n First Titanic survivor to die , after contracting meningitis
\n Baqlini ! Miss Eujini Baqulini \n 1909 \n 30 August 1912 \n 3 years \n 3 years \n Died a month after Maria Nackid , also of meningitis
\n Gracie ! Colonel Archibald Gracie IV \n 17 January 1859 \n 4 December 1912 \n 7004194460000000000 \u2660 53 years , 89 days \n 7004196790000000000 \u2660 53 years , 322 days \n Died of health complications he suffered due to the sinking ; Gracie wrote one of the first accounts of the sinking by a survivor , The Truth about the Titanic
\n Spencer ! Mrs. Marie Eugenie Spencer \n 1867 \n 26 October 1913 \n 45 years \n 46 -- 47 years \n
\n Frolicher ! Mr. Maximilian Josef Fr\u00f6licher \n 24 September 1851 \n 22 November 1913 \n 7004221180000000000 \u2660 60 years , 204 days \n 7004227040000000000 \u2660 62 years , 59 days \n
\n Andrews ! Miss Kornelia Theodosia Andrews \n 12 August 1849 \n 14 December 1913 \n 7004228910000000000 \u2660 62 years , 247 days \n 7004234990000000000 \u2660 64 years , 124 days \n Died of pneumonia
\n

\n Last passenger survivors to die ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Name \n Date of birth \n Date of death \n Age at time of disaster \n Age at time of death \n Additional notes
\n McGowan ! Mrs. Anna F. `` Annie '' Straube ( n\u00e9e McGowan ) \n 5 July 1897 \n 30 January 1990 \n 7003539700000000000 \u2660 14 years , 285 days \n 7004338110000000000 \u2660 92 years , 209 days \n
\n Becker ! Mrs. Ruth Elizabeth Blanchard ( n\u00e9e Becker ) \n 28 October 1899 \n 6 July 1990 \n 7003455200000000000 \u2660 12 years , 170 days \n 7004331230000000000 \u2660 90 years , 251 days \n
\n Dean ! Mr. Bertram Vere Dean \n 21 May 1910 \n 14 April 1992 \n 7002695000000000000 \u2660 1 year , 330 days \n 7004299140000000000 \u2660 81 years , 329 days \n Sibling of the last living survivor , Millvina Dean
\n Newell ! Mrs. Marjorie Anne Robb ( n\u00e9e Newell ) \n 12 February 1889 \n 11 June 1992 \n 7003846200000000000 \u2660 23 years , 63 days \n 7004378140000000000 \u2660 103 years , 195 days \n
\n Kink ! Mrs. Louise Gretchen Pope ( n\u00e9e Kink ) \n 8 April 1908 \n 25 August 1992 \n 7003146800000000000 \u2660 4 years , 7 days \n 7004308200000000000 \u2660 84 years , 139 days \n
\n Jeanie , Mrs. Beanie The ( nee Meanie ) \n 7 May 1905 \n 30 October 1992 \n 7003253500000000000 \u2660 6 years , 344 days \n 7004319530000000000 \u2660 87 years , 176 days \n
\n Miss Robertha Josephine Watt \n 7 September 1899 \n 4 March 1993 \n 12 years , 7 months 8 days \n 93 years \n Last remaining survivor living in Canada .
\n Miss Ellen Shine \n 30 December 1891 \n 5 March 1993 \n 20 years , 3 months 16 days \n 101 years \n Last living survivor who was an adult at the time of the sinking ; last living survivor of Irish background .
\n Sandstrom ! Miss Beatrice Irene Sandstr\u00f6m \n 9 August 1910 \n 3 September 1995 \n 7002615000000000000 \u2660 1 year , 250 days \n 7004310710000000000 \u2660 85 years , 25 days \n
\n Hart ! Miss Eva Miriam Hart \n 31 January 1905 \n 14 February 1996 \n 7003263100000000000 \u2660 7 years , 75 days \n 7004332510000000000 \u2660 91 years , 14 days \n
\n Brown ! Mrs. Edith Eileen Haisman ( n\u00e9e Brown ) \n 27 October 1896 \n 20 January 1997 \n 7003564800000000000 \u2660 15 years , 171 days \n 7004366090000000000 \u2660 100 years , 85 days \n
\n Laroche ! Miss Louise Marguerite Laroche \n 2 July 1910 \n 28 January 1998 \n 7002653000000000000 \u2660 1 year , 288 days \n 7004319870000000000 \u2660 87 years , 210 days \n
\n Johnson ! Mrs. Eleanor Ileen Shulman ( n\u00e9e Johnson ) \n 23 August 1910 \n 9 March 1998 \n 7002601000000000000 \u2660 1 year , 236 days \n 7004320360000000000 \u2660 87 years , 259 days \n
\n Navratil ! Mr. Michel Marcel Navratil \n 12 June 1908 \n 30 January 2001 \n 7003140300000000000 \u2660 3 years , 308 days \n 7004338350000000000 \u2660 92 years , 232 days \n Along with brother Edmond ( 1910 -- 1953 ) , were the only children rescued without a parent or guardian ( known as the Titanic Orphans )
\n Quick ! Mrs. Winnifred Vera van Tongerloo ( n\u00e9e Quick ) \n 23 January 1904 \n 4 July 2002 \n 7003300500000000000 \u2660 8 years , 83 days \n 7004359570000000000 \u2660 98 years , 162 days \n
\n Mr. Samuel James Langston ( formerly Johnson ) \n 2 January 1902 \n 15 April 2003 \n 7003375600000000000 \u2660 10 years , 104 days \n 7004369930000000000 \u2660 101 years , 103 days \n Last living male survivor , last first class survivor , and last survivor who did not lose a relative in the sinking .
\n Asplund ! Miss Lillian Gertrud Asplund \n 21 October 1906 \n 6 May 2006 \n 7003200300000000000 \u2660 5 years , 177 days \n 7004363570000000000 \u2660 99 years , 197 days \n Last living survivor with memories of the accident .
\n West ! Mrs. Barbara Joyce Dainton ( n\u00e9e West ) \n 24 May 1911 \n 16 October 2007 \n 7002327000000000000 \u2660 327 days \n 7004352090000000000 \u2660 96 years , 145 days \n Last remaining survivor who was a second class passenger .
\n Dean ! Miss Elizabeth Gladys `` Millvina '' Dean \n 2 February 1912 \n 31 May 2009 \n 7001730000000000000 \u2660 73 days \n 7004355480000000000 \u2660 97 years , 118 days \n Last living survivor and sibling of Bertram Dean , another one of the last remaining survivors . She was the last remaining survivor who was a third class passenger .
\n

\n Footnotes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Now the Republic of Ireland .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Now Germany .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Now India .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Now South Africa .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Now Thailand .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Now Finland .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Now Lebanon .
    8. \n
\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Titanic Passengers and Crew Listings '' . encyclopedia titanica . Retrieved 15 July 2011 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Lord , Walter ( 1976 ) . A Night to Remember . London : Penguin Books . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 004757 - 8 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Passenger List and Survivors of Steamship Titanic '' . United States Senate Inquiry. 30 July 1912 . Retrieved 15 July 2011 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Hall , Wayne ( 1986 ) . `` Social Class and Survival on the SS Titanic '' ( PDF ) . Social Science & Medicine . 22 ( 6 ) : 687 -- 690 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Barratt , Nick ( 2009 ) . Lost Voices From the Titanic : The Definitive Oral History . London : Random House . p. 93 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84809 - 151 - 1 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Howells , Richard ( 1999 ) . The Myth of the Titanic . United Kingdom : MacMillan Press . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 72597 - 9 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ The List : 20 facts about the Titanic - Washington Times
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Metelko , Berit Hjellum , `` ( 1 ) . '' Web Titanic -- Titanic 's Maiden Voyage , 2001 . Archived 26 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Life on ' Board `` ( 2 ) . '' BBC Southampton , August 2002 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Isidor Straus served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from January 30 , 1894 , to March 3 , 1895 , or less than a full term .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ New York Times , Thursday January 16th , 1913 , Titanic Survivors Asking $6,000,000 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Hinkle , Marla , `` Behind The Chocolate Curtain . '' The Morning News , 8 February 2004 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Brewster , Hugh ; Coulter , Laurie ( 1998 ) . 882 1 / 2 Amazing Answers To Your Questions About The Titanic . Scholastic Paperbacks . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1814 - 1 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ I Survived the Titanic : Ruth Becker
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Whitaker Centre -- ' ' Titanic Artifact Exhibit : Ministry Through Tragedy ' ' '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Fr Thomas Roussel Davids Byles '' . Encyclopedia Titanica . Retrieved 15 July 2011 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Pastor John Harper and the Titanic Story '' . Harper Memorial Baptist Church . Archived from the original on 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Lawrence Beesley -- Celebrated Titanic Survivor '' . Bygonederbyshire.co.uk . Retrieved 6 July 2011 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ A Haitian French Family Which Traveled in Second Class Aboard Titanic Archived 18 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Titanic Historical Society . Retrieved 12 December 2010 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Mr Michel Navratil ( Louis M. Hoffman ) , Encyclopedia Titanica
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Mother is Coming to Claim Sea Waifs '' . New York Times . 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2012 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Titanica
    23. \n
  23. \n ^ Jump up to : Geller , Judith B. ( October 1998 ) . Titanic : Women and Children First . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04666 - 3 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Scientists Finally Solve Titanic Mystery '' . Associated Press . 3 August 2007 . Buried in a small plot in a Halifax cemetery , the baby was a poignant symbol of the children who perished on the vessel when it sank in 1912 . In 2002 , it seemed the mystery was solved ; Canadian researchers said he was a thirteen - month - old Finnish boy . However , on Tuesday , a lead researcher said the child was actually the 19 - month - old boy from England .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Burgess , Kaya ( 1 June 2009 ) . `` Millvina Dean , last remaining survivor of the Titanic , dies aged 97 '' . The Times . Retrieved 24 October 2009 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles ( 1996 ) . Titanic : Destination Disaster . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04782 - 2 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Titanic Museum Attraction : The Legend Lives On
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Brewster , Hugh ( 1998 ) . Inside the Titanic : A Giant Cutaway Book . Little , Brown & Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 55716 - 1 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Piouffre , G\u00e9rard ( 2009 ) . Le Titanic ne r\u00e9pond plus ( in French ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 317 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 03 - 584196 - 4 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` 10 People Who Did Not Board the Titanic '' . Listverse.com .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` Seven Famous People Who Missed the Titanic '' . Smithsonian Magazine ' .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Amrieh , Antoine . `` Batroun village remembers its own Titanic victims . '' ( Archive ) Daily Star . 14 April 2012 . Retrieved on 21 March 2013 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ al - Fakih , Rakan . `` Bekaa village remembers Lebanese Titanic victims . '' ( Archive ) Daily Star . 15 April 2012 . Retrieved on 18 December 2013 .
    34. \n
  34. \n ^ Jump up to : Al - Tamimi , Jumana . `` The untold story of Arabs . '' Gulf News . 12 April 2012 . Retrieved on 25 December 2013 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Wang , Amy B. `` Why you 've never heard of the six Chinese men who survived the Titanic . '' Washington Post . 19 April 2018 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 .
    36. \n
  36. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Boat Reports '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry. 30 July 1912 . Retrieved 24 May 2011 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Wreck Commissioners ' Court : PROCEEDINGS ON A FORMAL INVESTIGATION ORDERED BY THE BOARD OF TRADE INTO THE LOSS OF THE S.S. `` TITANIC '' , London 1912
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ W. Garzke et al. ( Marine Forensic Panel ( SD 7 ) ) : Titanic , The Anatomy of a Disaster . The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers , 1997
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Eaton , John P. ; Haas , Charles ( 1999 ) . Titanic : A Journey Through Time . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04782 - 2 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Charles Pellegrino Web -- Edith Russell
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Butler , Daniel Allen ( 1998 ) . Unsinkable The Full Story of the RMS Titanic . Stackpole Books . pp. 200 -- 202 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 1814 - 1 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Maritime Museum of the Atlantic Titanic Research Page -- Victims '' . Museum.gov.ns.ca. 8 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 29 January 2011 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Mowbray , Jay Henry ( 1912 ) . `` CHAPTER XXI . THE FUNERAL SHIP AND ITS DEAD '' . The sinking of the Titanic ( 1912 ) . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 24 November 2008 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Titanica . `` Titanic Victims buried at Fairview Lawn Cemetery '' . Encyclopedia-titanica.org . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Titanica . `` Titanic Victims buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery '' . Encyclopedia-titanica.org . Archived from the original on 25 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Titanica . `` Titanic Victims buried at Baron De Hirsch Cemetery '' . Encyclopedia-titanica.org . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Government of Nova Scotia -- Halifax and the Titanic Victims '' . Titanic.gov.ns.ca. 12 June 1912 . Retrieved 6 July 2011 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Testimony of Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer , SS Titanic ) '' . British Wreck Commissioner 's Inquiry . Retrieved 1 June 2011 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` Echo of Disaster : Boat Picked Up Bodies On Board '' . Encyclopedia Titanica . Retrieved 1 June 2011 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` Titanic Passenger List '' . Encyclopedia Titanica . Retrieved 1 December 2011 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Titanic 's Band or Orchestra '' . Titanic-titanic.com . Retrieved 6 July 2011 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ `` The Demographics of Titanic Passengers '' . Ithaca.edu . Retrieved 6 July 2011 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ http://www.pro.rcip-chin.gc.ca/bd-dl/nav-ship-eng.jsp
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ `` RMS Titanic : List of Bodies and Disposition of Same '' . Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management . Retrieved 3 March 2008 .
    55. \n
  55. \n ^ Jump up to : Though their employers travelled in first class , this servant was given second class accommodations , as their services were not needed while their employers were on board .
    56. \n
  56. \n ^ Jump up to : See the list of crew members on board RMS Titanic article for further information .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Madeleine Astor was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She gave birth to a son , John Jacob VI , on 14 August 1912 .
    58. \n
  58. \n ^ Jump up to : Bracken , Robert ; Findlay , Michael ( 1998 ) . `` Titanic 's very youngest survivors '' . Voyage . Titanic International Society . 7 ( 27 ) .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ L\u00e9ontine Pauline Aubart was the mistress of Benjamin Guggenheim . Benjamin Guggenheim died on the sinking .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ After the Titanic sank , Thomson Beattie was hauled aboard Collapsible A but he died in the night . His body was found when the lifeboat was recovered a month later by the Oceanic .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Helen Bishop was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She gave birth to a son , Randall Walton , on 8 December 1912 , who died a day after his birth .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ William Hoyt was pulled alive from the water , and onto Lifeboat 14 , and thus is counted among the occupants of this boat ; Hoyt , however , died during the night and his body was buried at sea by the sailors on board the Carpathia
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` One Victim Legally Dead '' . The New York Times . 27 April 1912 . p. 4 < ! None >
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Marion Kenyon was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She delivered a stillborn child sometime in 1912 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` Miss Roberta Elizabeth Mary Maioni '' . Encyclopedia-titanica.org . Retrieved 6 July 2011 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ Mary Marvin was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She gave birth to a daughter , Margaret , sometime in 1912 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Traveled using alias : Baron Alfred von Drachstedt ; transferred from second to first class
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ ( 2013 ) Alfred Nourney ( ref : # 220 ) Encyclopedia Titanica , ( accessed 17 December 2013 )
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Eloise Smith was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She gave birth to a son , Lucien Philip Jr. , on 19 November 1912 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Argene del Carlo was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She gave birth to a daughter , Maria Salvata , on 14 November 1912 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Juliette Laroche was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She gave birth to a son , Joseph Lemercier , on 17 December 1912 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Titanica Fr Juozas Montvila Retrieved 2 April 2017 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ Adele Nasser was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She gave birth to son Nicholas , on 9 December 1912 who died hours after his birth .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ Kate Phillips gave birth to a daughter , Ellen Mary `` Betty '' , on 11 January 1913 . Miss Phillips was having an affair with Henry Morley , and the two were running away together
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ Ada West was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She gave birth to a daughter , Edwyna , sometime in 1912 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Maria Backstr\u00f6m was pregnant while on board the Titanic . She gave birth to a daughter , Alfhild Maria , in June 1912 .
    77. \n
  77. \n ^ Jump up to : Elias , Leila Salloum . The Dream and then the Nightmare
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Mr Joseph Caram . Encyclopedia Titanica .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ Graziella Leporati , Quegli otto lombardi inghiottiti dall'oceano la notte del Titanic , Il Giorno .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ Known for decades as `` The Unknown Child '' , body number 4 was initially identified after the disaster as two - year - old G\u00f6sta Leonard P\u00e5lsson ( 1912 ) . Dental records later identified him as 13 - month - old Eino Viljami Panula ( 2002 ) , until a test on the child 's HVS1 , a type of mitochondrial DNA molecule , confirmed his identification as that of 19 - month - old Sidney Goodwin ( 2007 ) .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Elias , Leila Salloum . The Dream and then The Nightmare
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Due to the effects recovered with the body ( a purse containing Danish coins and a handkerchief marked with the letter `` A '' ) there has been some doubt over the authenticity of the identification .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` Master Walter John van Billiard '' . Encyclopedia Titanica . Retrieved 3 March 2008 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` Titanic Cross-Channel Passenger List : Southampton to Cherbourg '' . Encyclopedia Titanica . Retrieved 19 July 2007 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ `` Titanic Cross-Channel Passenger List : Southampton to Queenstown '' . Encyclopedia Titanica . Retrieved 19 July 2007 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Mr. and Mrs. Dyer - Edwardes embarked at Southampton with their daughter , the Countess of Rothes , and niece , Gladys Cherry .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ Miss Maria Nackid `` ( 3 ) . ''
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Miss Eugenie Baclini `` ( 4 ) . ''
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ Miss Kornelia Theodosia Andrews `` ( 5 ) . ''
    90. \n
\n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passengers of the RMS Titanic .
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to RMS Titanic .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n RMS Titanic
\n
    \n
  • \n First class facilities
    • \n
  • \n Second and Third class facilities
    • \n
  • \n Grand Staircase
    • \n
  • \n Animals aboard
    • \n
  • \n Musicians
    • \n
\n
\n Sinking \n
    \n
  • \n Alternative theories
    • \n
  • \n Changes in safety practices
    • \n
  • \n Legends and myths
    • \n
  • \n Lifeboats
    • \n
  • \n Lifeboat No. 1
    • \n
  • \n British inquiry
    • \n
  • \n US inquiry
    • \n
  • \n Wreck of Titanic
    • \n
  • \n Maritime Memorial Act
    • \n
\n
\n Deck officers \n
    \n
  • \n Edward J. Smith ( Captain )
    • \n
  • \n Henry Tingle Wilde ( Chief Officer )
    • \n
  • \n William McMaster Murdoch ( First Officer )
    • \n
  • \n Charles H. Lightoller ( Second Officer )
    • \n
  • \n Herbert Pitman ( Third Officer )
    • \n
  • \n Joseph G. Boxhall ( Fourth Officer )
    • \n
  • \n Harold G. Lowe ( Fifth Officer )
    • \n
  • \n James Paul Moody ( Sixth Officer )
    • \n
  • \n Joseph Bell ( Machine Room Manager )
    • \n
\n
\n Crew members \n
    \n
  • \n Frederick Barrett
    • \n
  • \n Harold Bride
    • \n
  • \n William Denton Cox
    • \n
  • \n Sid Daniels
    • \n
  • \n Alfred Frank Evans
    • \n
  • \n Frederick Fleet
    • \n
  • \n Luigi Gatti
    • \n
  • \n Robert Hichens
    • \n
  • \n Violet Jessop
    • \n
  • \n Charles Joughin
    • \n
  • \n Reginald Lee
    • \n
  • \n Evelyn Marsden
    • \n
  • \n William Mintram
    • \n
  • \n Jack Phillips
    • \n
  • \n George Symons
    • \n
\n
\n Passengers \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Fatalities \n
    \n
  • \n Allison family
    • \n
  • \n Thomas Andrews
    • \n
  • \n John Jacob Astor IV
    • \n
  • \n David John Bowen
    • \n
  • \n Archibald Butt
    • \n
  • \n Thomas Byles
    • \n
  • \n Walter Donald Douglas
    • \n
  • \n Edith Corse Evans
    • \n
  • \n Annie Funk
    • \n
  • \n Jacques Futrelle
    • \n
  • \n Sidney Leslie Goodwin
    • \n
  • \n Benjamin Guggenheim
    • \n
  • \n John Harper
    • \n
  • \n Wallace Hartley
    • \n
  • \n Charles Melville Hays
    • \n
  • \n Edward Austin Kent
    • \n
  • \n Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche
    • \n
  • \n Francis Davis Millet
    • \n
  • \n Harry Markland Molson
    • \n
  • \n Michel Navratil
    • \n
  • \n Eino Viljami Panula
    • \n
  • \n W.T. Stead
    • \n
  • \n Ida Straus
    • \n
  • \n Isidor Straus
    • \n
  • \n John Borland Thayer Jr .
    • \n
  • \n Frank M. Warren , Sr .
    • \n
  • \n George Dennick Wick
    • \n
  • \n George Dunton Widener
    • \n
  • \n Harry Elkins Widener
    • \n
  • \n Duane Williams
    • \n
  • \n George Henry Wright
    • \n
  • \n Roderick Chisholm
    • \n
\n
\n Survivors ( last living ) \n
    \n
  • \n Rhoda Abbott
    • \n
  • \n Trevor Allison
    • \n
  • \n Lillian Asplund
    • \n
  • \n Madeleine Astor
    • \n
  • \n Ruth Becker
    • \n
  • \n Lawrence Beesley
    • \n
  • \n Karl Behr
    • \n
  • \n Dickinson Bishop
    • \n
  • \n Mauritz H\u00e5kan Bj\u00f6rnstr\u00f6m - Steffansson
    • \n
  • \n Elsie Bowerman
    • \n
  • \n Francis Browne
    • \n
  • \n Margaret `` Molly '' Brown
    • \n
  • \n Daniel Buckley
    • \n
  • \n Alden Caldwell
    • \n
  • \n Helen Churchill Candee
    • \n
  • \n Charlotte Drake Cardeza
    • \n
  • \n Lucile Carter
    • \n
  • \n Gladys Cherry
    • \n
  • \n Millvina Dean
    • \n
  • \n Margaret Devaney
    • \n
  • \n Sir Cosmo Duff - Gordon
    • \n
  • \n Lucy , Lady Duff - Gordon
    • \n
  • \n Ethel Flora Fortune
    • \n
  • \n Dorothy Gibson
    • \n
  • \n Archibald Gracie IV
    • \n
  • \n Frank John William Goldsmith
    • \n
  • \n Edith Haisman
    • \n
  • \n Henry S. Harper
    • \n
  • \n Eva Hart
    • \n
  • \n Margaret Bechstein Hays
    • \n
  • \n Masabumi Hosono
    • \n
  • \n J. Bruce Ismay
    • \n
  • \n Eleanor Ileen Johnson
    • \n
  • \n Louise Laroche
    • \n
  • \n Louise Kink
    • \n
  • \n Margaret Mannion
    • \n
  • \n Michel Marcel Navratil
    • \n
  • \n Alfred Nourney
    • \n
  • \n Arthur Godfrey Peuchen
    • \n
  • \n Winnifred Quick
    • \n
  • \n Marjorie Newell Robb
    • \n
  • \n Edith Rosenbaum
    • \n
  • \n No\u00ebl Leslie , Countess of Rothes
    • \n
  • \n Emily Ryerson
    • \n
  • \n Beatrice Sandstr\u00f6m
    • \n
  • \n Frederic Kimber Seward
    • \n
  • \n Eloise Hughes Smith
    • \n
  • \n Jack Thayer
    • \n
  • \n Marian Thayer
    • \n
  • \n Barbara West
    • \n
  • \n Ella Holmes White
    • \n
  • \n R. Norris Williams
    • \n
  • \n Marie Grice Young
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Monuments and memorials \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n General \n
    \n
  • \n Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic
    • \n
\n
\n Australia \n
    \n
  • \n Bandstand ( Ballarat )
    • \n
\n
\n United Kingdom \n
    \n
  • \n Engine Room Heroes ( Liverpool )
    • \n
  • \n Engineers ( Southampton )
    • \n
  • \n Musicians ( Southampton )
    • \n
  • \n Titanic ( Belfast )
    • \n
  • \n Orchestra ( Liverpool )
    • \n
\n
\n United States \n
    \n
  • \n Straus Park ( New York City )
    • \n
  • \n Titanic ( New York City )
    • \n
  • \n Titanic ( Washington , D.C. )
    • \n
  • \n Butt - Millet Memorial Fountain ( Washington , D.C. )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Popular culture \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Books \n
    \n
  • \n Futility , or the Wreck of the Titan ( 1898 )
    • \n
  • \n A Night to Remember ( book )
    • \n
  • \n Polar the Titanic Bear
    • \n
\n
\n Films \n
    \n
  • \n Saved from the Titanic ( 1912 )
    • \n
  • \n In Nacht und Eis ( 1912 )
    • \n
  • \n Atlantic ( 1929 )
    • \n
  • \n Titanic ( 1943 )
    • \n
  • \n Titanic ( 1953 )
    • \n
  • \n A Night to Remember ( 1958 )
    • \n
  • \n The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1964 )
    • \n
  • \n Raise the Titanic ( 1980 )
    • \n
  • \n Secrets of the Titanic ( 1986 )
    • \n
  • \n Titanica ( 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n Titanic ( 1997 )
    • \n
  • \n The Legend of the Titanic ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Titanic : The Legend Goes On ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Tentacolino ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n Titanic II ( 2010 )
    • \n
\n
\n Television \n
    \n
  • \n S.O.S. Titanic ( 1979 )
    • \n
  • \n Titanic : The Complete Story ( 1994 )
    • \n
  • \n Titanic ( 1996 )
    • \n
  • \n No Greater Love ( 1996 )
    • \n
  • \n `` A Flight to Remember '' ( Futurama ) ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Titanic ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Titanic : Blood and Steel ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Saving the Titanic ( 2012 )
    • \n
\n
\n Music \n
    \n
  • \n `` The Titanic ( It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down ) '' ( folk song )
    • \n
  • \n The Sinking of the Titanic ( music composition )
    • \n
  • \n Titanic ( musical )
    • \n
  • \n The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( musical )
    • \n
  • \n `` My Heart Will Go On '' ( Celine Dion song )
    • \n
  • \n `` Nearer , My God , to Thee '' ( song )
    • \n
\n
\n Video games \n
    \n
  • \n Titanic : Adventure Out of Time ( 1996 )
    • \n
  • \n Titanic : Honor and Glory ( TBA )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Museums and exhibitions \n
    \n
  • \n SeaCity Museum ( Southampton )
    • \n
  • \n Titanic Museum ( Branson , Missouri )
    • \n
  • \n Titanic Museum ( Pigeon Forge , Tennessee )
    • \n
  • \n Maritime Museum of the Atlantic ( Halifax )
    • \n
  • \n Titanic Belfast
    • \n
\n
\n Places \n
    \n
  • \n Titanic ( Canada )
    • \n
  • \n Titanic Canyon
    • \n
  • \n Titanic Quarter , Belfast
    • \n
  • \n Cape Race , Newfoundland
    • \n
  • \n Fairview Cemetery , Halifax , Nova Scotia
    • \n
  • \n Mount Olivet Cemetery ( Halifax )
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Ships \n
    \n
  • \n RMS Olympic
    • \n
  • \n RMS Carpathia
    • \n
  • \n HMHS Britannic
    • \n
  • \n CS Mackay - Bennett
    • \n
  • \n SS Californian
    • \n
  • \n Replica Titanic
    • \n
  • \n Titanic II
    • \n
\n
\n Others \n
    \n
  • \n White Star Line
    • \n
  • \n Titanic Historical Society
    • \n
  • \n Encyclopedia Titanica
    • \n
  • \n Halomonas titanicae
    • \n
  • \n Women and children first
    • \n
  • \n SOS
    • \n
  • \n Robert Ballard
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Last remaining survivors of the RMS Titanic disaster
\n 2000 -- 2009 \n
    \n
  • \n Millvina Dean ( 1912 -- 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Barbara West ( 1911 -- 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Lillian Asplund ( 1906 -- 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Winnifred Quick ( 1904 -- 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Michel Navratil ( 1908 -- 2001 )
    • \n
\n
\n 1995 -- 1999 \n
    \n
  • \n Eleanor Johnson ( 1910 -- 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Louise Laroche ( 1910 -- 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Edith Brown ( 1896 -- 1997 )
    • \n
  • \n Eva Hart ( 1905 -- 1996 )
    • \n
  • \n Beatrice Sandstr\u00f6m ( 1910 -- 1995 )
    • \n
\n
\n 1990 -- 1994 \n
    \n
  • \n Robertha `` Bertha '' Watt ( 1899 -- 1993 )
    • \n
  • \n Ellen Shine ( 1891 -- 1993 )
    • \n
  • \n Marjorie Newell ( 1889 -- 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n Louise Kink ( 1908 -- 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n Bertram Dean ( 1910 -- 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n Alden Caldwell ( 1911 -- 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n Michael Joseph ( 1907 -- 1991 )
    • \n
  • \n Frank `` Philip '' Aks ( 1911 -- 1991 )
    • \n
  • \n George Touma ( 1904 -- 1991 )
    • \n
  • \n Anna `` Annie '' McGowan ( 1897 -- 1990 )
    • \n
  • \n Ruth Becker ( 1899 -- 1990 )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passengers_of_the_RMS_Titanic&oldid=837548685 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who were some of the survivors on the titanic", "long_answers": ["Name Age Hometown Boarded Destination Lifeboat Body Allen , Miss Elizabeth Walton 29 St. Louis , Missouri , US Southampton St. Louis , Missouri , US Allison , Mr. Hudson Joshua Creighton 30 Montreal , Quebec , Canada Southampton Montreal , Quebec , Canada 135 and chauffeur , Mr. George Swane , 19 Montreal , Quebec , Canada Southampton Montreal , Quebec , Canada 294 and cook , Miss Amelia Mary `` Mildred '' Brown 18 London , England , UK Southampton Montreal , Quebec , Canada 11 Allison , Mrs. Bessie Waldo ( n\u00e9e Daniels ) 25 Montreal , Quebec , Canada Southampton Montreal , Quebec , Canada and maid , Miss Sarah Daniels 33 Montreal , Quebec , Canada Southampton Montreal , Quebec , Canada 8 Allison , Miss Helen Loraine Montreal , Quebec , Canada Southampton Montreal , Quebec , Canada Allison , Master Hudson Trevor 0.11 ! 11 mo . Montreal , Quebec , Canada Southampton Montreal , Quebec , Canada 11 and nurse , Miss Alice Catherine Cleaver 22 London , England , UK Southampton Montreal , Quebec , Canada 11 Anderson , Mr. Harry 47 New York City , New York , US Southampton New York City , New York , US Andrews , Miss Kornelia Theodosia 62 Hudson , New York , US Cherbourg Hudson , New York , US 10 Andrews , Mr. Thomas 39 Belfast , Ireland , UK Belfast New York City Appleton , Mrs. Charlotte Lane ( n\u00e9e Lamson ) 53 New York City Southampton New York City Artagaveytia , Mr. Ramon 71 Buenos Aires , Argentina Cherbourg New York City 22 Astor , Colonel John Jacob IV 47 New York City Cherbourg New York City 124 Astor , Mrs. Madeleine Talmage ( n\u00e9e Force ) 18 New York City Cherbourg New York City and maid , Miss Rosalie Bidois 46 New York City Cherbourg New York City and nurse , Miss Caroline Louise Endres 39 New York City Cherbourg New York City Aubart , Mrs. L\u00e9ontine Pauline 24 Paris , France Cherbourg New York City 9 and maid , Miss Emma S\u00e4gesser 24 Paris , France Cherbourg New York City 9 Barkworth , Mr. Algernon Henry Wilson 47 Hessle , East Yorkshire , England , UK Southampton New York City Baumann , Mr. John D . 60 New York City Cherbourg New York City Baxter , Mrs. H\u00e9l\u00e8ne ( n\u00e9e de Lanaudi\u00e8re - Chaput ) 50 Montreal , Quebec , Canada Cherbourg Montreal , Quebec , Canada 6 Baxter , Mr. Quigg Edmond 24 Montreal , Quebec , Canada Cherbourg Montreal , Quebec , Canada Beattie , Mr. Thomson 36 Fergus , Ontario , Canada Southampton Fergus , Ontario , Canada 331 Beckwith , Mr. Richard Leonard 37 New York City Southampton New York City 5 Beckwith , Mrs. Sallie ( n\u00e9e Monypeny ) 46 New York City Southampton New York City 5 Behr , Mr. Karl Howell 26 New York City Cherbourg New York City 5 Birnbaum , Mr. Jakob 24 Antwerp , Belgium Cherbourg San Francisco , California , US 148 Bishop , Mr. Dickinson H. `` Dick '' 25 Dowagiac , Michigan , US Cherbourg Dowagiac , Michigan , US 7 Bishop , Mrs. Helen ( n\u00e9e Walton ) 19 Dowagiac , Michigan , US Cherbourg Dowagiac , Michigan , US 7 Bj\u00f6rnstr\u00f6m - Steffanson , Mr. Mauritz H\u00e5kan 28 Stockholm , Sweden Southampton Washington , D.C. , US Blackwell , Mr. Stephen Weart 45 Trenton , New Jersey , US Southampton Trenton , New Jersey , US Blank , Mr. Henry 39 Glen Ridge , New Jersey , US Cherbourg Glen Ridge , New Jersey , US 7 Bonnell , Miss Elizabeth 61 Youngstown , Ohio , US Southampton Youngstown , Ohio , US 8 Bonnell , Miss Caroline 30 Youngstown , Ohio , US Southampton Youngstown , Ohio , US 8 Borebank , Mr. John James 42 London , England , UK Southampton Toronto , Ontario , Canada Bowerman , Miss Elsie Edith 22 St. Leonards - on - Sea , East Sussex , England , UK Southampton New York City 6 Brady , Mr. John Bertram 41 Pomeroy , Washington , US Southampton Pomeroy , Washington , US Brandeis , Mr. Emil 48 Omaha , Nebraska , US Cherbourg Omaha , Nebraska , US 208 Brereton , Mr. George Andrew ( alias George A. Brayton ) 37 Los Angeles , US Southampton Los Angeles , California , US 9 Brewe , Dr. Arthur Jackson 45 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US Cherbourg Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US Brown , Mrs. Caroline Lane ( n\u00e9e Lamson ) 59 Belmont , Massachusetts , US Southampton Belmont , Massachusetts , US Brown , Mrs. Margaret ( n\u00e9e Tobin ) 44 Denver , Colorado , US Cherbourg Denver , Colorado , US 6 Bucknell , Mrs. Emma Eliza ( n\u00e9e Ward ) 59 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US Cherbourg Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US 8 and maid , Miss Albina Bazzani 36 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US Cherbourg Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US 8 Butt , Major Archibald Willingham 46 Washington , D.C. , US Southampton Washington , D.C. , US Calderhead , Mr. Edward Pennington 42 New York City Southampton New York City 5 Candee , Mrs. Helen Churchill ( n\u00e9e Hungerford ) 53 Washington , D.C. , US Cherbourg Washington , D.C. , US 6 Cardeza , Mrs. Charlotte Wardle ( n\u00e9e Drake ) 58 Germantown , Pennsylvania , US Cherbourg Germantown , Pennsylvania , US and maid , Miss Annie Moore Ward 38 Germantown , Pennsylvania , US Cherbourg Germantown , Pennsylvania , US Cardeza , Mr. Thomas Drake Martinez 36 Germantown , Pennsylvania , US Cherbourg Germantown , Pennsylvania , US and valet , Mr. Gustave J. Lesueur 35 Germantown , Pennsylvania , US Cherbourg Germantown , Pennsylvania , US Carlsson , Mr. Frans Olof 33 New York City Southampton New York City Carrau , Mr. Francisco M . 31 Montevideo , Uruguay Southampton Montevideo , Uruguay Carrau , Mr. Jos\u00e9 Pedro 17 Montevideo , Uruguay Southampton Montevideo , Uruguay Carter , Mr. William Ernest 36 Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US Southampton Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US and valet , Mr. Alexander Cairns 28 Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US Southampton Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US and chauffeur , Mr. Charles Augustus Aldworth 30 Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US Southampton Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US Carter , Mrs. Lucile ( n\u00e9e Polk ) 36 Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US Southampton Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US and maid , Miss Auguste Serreplan 30 Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US Southampton Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US Carter , Miss Lucile Polk 13 Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US Southampton Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US Carter , Master William Thornton II 11 Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US Southampton Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania , US Case , Mr. Howard Brown 49 Ascot , Berkshire , England , UK Southampton Rochester , New York , US Cassebeer , Mrs. Eleanor Genevieve ( n\u00e9e Fosdick ) 36 New York City Cherbourg New York City 5 Cavendish , Mr. Tyrell William 36 London , England , UK Southampton New York City 172 Cavendish , Mrs. Julia Florence ( n\u00e9e Siegel ) 25 London , England , UK Southampton New York City 6 and maid , Miss Ellen `` Nellie '' Barber 26 London , England , UK Southampton New York City 6 Chaffee , Mr. Hubert Fuller 46 Amenia , North Dakota , US Southampton Amenia , North Dakota , US Chaffee , Mrs. Carrie Constance ( n\u00e9e Toogood ) 47 Amenia , North Dakota , US Southampton Amenia , North Dakota , US Chambers , Mr. Norman Campbell 27 New York City Southampton New York City 5 Chambers , Mrs. Bertha ( n\u00e9e Griggs ) 32 New York City Southampton New York City 5 Cherry , Miss Gladys 30 London , England , UK Southampton Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada 8 Chevr\u00e9 , Mr. Paul Romaine Marie L\u00e9once 45 Paris , France Cherbourg Ottawa , Ontario , Canada 7 Chibnall , Mrs. Edith Martha Bowerman ( n\u00e9e Barber ) 48 St. Leonards - on - Sea , East Sussex , England , UK Southampton New York City 6 Chisholm , Mr. Roderick Robert Crispin 40 Belfast , Ireland , UK Belfast New York City Clark , Mr. Walter Miller 27 Los Angeles , California , US Cherbourg Los Angeles , California , US Clark , Mrs. Virginia Estelle ( n\u00e9e McDowell ) 26 Los Angeles , California , US Cherbourg Los Angeles , California , US Clifford , Mr. George Quincy 40 Stoughton , Massachusetts , US Southampton Stoughton , Massachusetts Colley , Mr. Edward Pomeroy 37 Dublin , Ireland , UK Southampton Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Compton , Mrs. Mary Eliza ( n\u00e9e Ingersoll ) 64 Lakewood , New Jersey , US Cherbourg Lakewood , New Jersey , US 14 Compton , Miss Sara Rebecca 39 Lakewood , New Jersey , US Cherbourg Lakewood , New Jersey , US 14 Compton , Mr. Alexander Taylor Jr . 37 Lakewood , New Jersey , US Cherbourg Lakewood , New Jersey , US Cornell , Mrs. Malvina Helen ( n\u00e9e Lamson ) 55 New York City Southampton New York City Crafton , Mr. John Bertram 59 Roachdale , Indiana , US Southampton Roachdale , Indiana , US Crosby , Captain Edward 70 Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US Southampton Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US 269 Crosby , Mrs. Catherine Elizabeth ( n\u00e9e Halstead ) 64 Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US Southampton Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US 7 Crosby , Miss Harriette Rebecca 39 Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US Southampton Milwaukee , Wisconsin , US 7 Cumings , Mr. John Bradley 39 New York City Cherbourg New York City Cumings , Mrs. Florence Briggs ( n\u00e9e Thayer ) 35 New York City Cherbourg New York , US Daly , Mr. Peter Dennis 51 Lima , Peru Southampton Lima , Peru Daniel , Mr. Robert Williams 27 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US Southampton Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US Davidson , Mr. Thornton 31 Montreal , Quebec , Canada Southampton Montreal , Quebec , Canada Davidson , Mrs. Orian ( n\u00e9e Hays ) 27 Montreal , Quebec , Canada Southampton Montreal , Quebec , Canada Dick , Mr. Albert Adrian 31 Calgary , Alberta , Canada Southampton Calgary , Alberta , Canada Dick , Mrs. Vera ( n\u00e9e Gillespie ) 17 Calgary , Alberta , Canada Southampton Calgary , Alberta , Canada Dineston , Mrs. Nancy May Bowles 28 London , England , UK Southampton New York City , USA Dineston , George Samuel 30 London , England , UK Southampton New York City , USA Dodge , Dr. Washington 52 San Francisco , California , US Southampton San Francisco , California , US 13 Dodge , Mrs. Ruth ( n\u00e9e Vidaver ) 34 San Francisco , California , US Southampton San Francisco , California , US 5 Dodge , Master Washington , Jr . San Francisco , California , US Southampton San Francisco , California , US 5 Douglas , Mr. Walter Donald 50 Minneapolis , Minnesota , US Cherbourg Minneapolis , Minnesota , US 62 Douglas , Mrs. Mahala ( n\u00e9e Dutton ) 48 Minneapolis , Minnesota , US Cherbourg Minneapolis , Minnesota , US and maid , Miss Berthe Leroy 27 Minneapolis , Minnesota , US Cherbourg Minneapolis , Minnesota , US Douglas , Mrs. Mary H\u00e9l\u00e8ne ( n\u00e9e Baxter ) 27 Montreal , Quebec , Canada Cherbourg Montreal , Quebec , Canada 6 Duff Gordon , Sir Cosmo Edmund 49 London , England , UK Cherbourg New York City Duff Gordon , Lucy Christiana , Lady ( n\u00e9e Sutherland ) 48 London , England , UK Cherbourg New York City and secretary , Miss Laura Mabel Francatelli 31 London , England , UK Cherbourg New York City Dulles , Mr. William Crothers 39 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US Cherbourg Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US 133 Eustis , Miss Elizabeth Mussey 54 Brookline , Massachusetts , US Cherbourg Brookline , Massachusetts , US Evans , Miss Edith Corse 36 New York City Cherbourg New York City Flegenheim , Mrs. Antoinette ( n\u00e9e Wendt ) 48 New York City Cherbourg New York City 7 Flynn , Mr. John Irwin 36 Brooklyn , New York , US Southampton Brooklyn , New York , US 5 Foreman , Mr. Benjamin Laventall 30 New York City Southampton New York City Fortune , Mr. Mark 64 Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada Southampton Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada Fortune , Mrs. Mary ( n\u00e9e McDougald ) 60 Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada Southampton Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada 10 Fortune , Miss Ethel Flora 28 Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada Southampton Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada 10 Fortune , Miss Alice Elizabeth 24 Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada Southampton Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada 10 Fortune , Miss Mabel Helen 23 Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada Southampton Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada 10 Fortune , Mr. Charles Alexander 19 Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada Southampton Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada Franklin , Mr. Thomas Parnham 37 London , England , UK Southampton New York City Frauenthal , Dr. Henry William 49 London , England , UK Southampton New York City 5 Frauenthal , Mrs. Clara ( n\u00e9e Heinsheimer ) 42 London , England , UK Southampton New York City 5 Frauenthal , Mr. Isaac Gerald 43 London , England , UK Southampton New York City 5 Fr\u00f6licher , Mr. Maximilian Josef 60 Z\u00fcrich , Switzerland Cherbourg New York City 5 Fr\u00f6licher , Mrs. Margaretha Emerentia ( n\u00e9e Stehli ) 48 Z\u00fcrich , Switzerland Cherbourg New York City 5 Fr\u00f6licher - Stehli , Miss Hedwig Margaritha 22 Z\u00fcrich , Switzerland Cherbourg New York City 5 Futrelle , Mr. Jacques Heath 37 Scituate , Massachusetts , US Southampton Scituate , Massachusetts , US Futrelle , Mrs. Lily May ( n\u00e9e Peel ) 35 Scituate , Massachusetts , US Southampton Scituate , Massachusetts , US Gee , Mr. Arthur H . 47 St. Annes - on - Sea , Lancashire , England , UK Southampton Mexico City , Mexico 275 Gibson , Mrs. Pauline Caroline ( n\u00e9e Boeson ) 44 New York City Cherbourg New York City 7 Gibson , Miss Dorothy Winifred 22 New York City Cherbourg New York City 7 Goldenberg , Mr. Samuel L . 47 Paris , France Cherbourg New York City 5 Goldenberg , Mrs. Nella ( n\u00e9e Wiggins ) 40 Paris , France Cherbourg New York City 5 Goldschmidt , Mr. George B . 71 New York City Cherbourg New York City Gracie IV , Colonel Archibald 53 Washington , D.C. , US Southampton Washington , D.C. , US Graham , Mr. George Edward 38 Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada Southampton Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada 147 Graham , Mrs. Edith Ware ( n\u00e9e Junkins ) 59 Greenwich , Connecticut , US Southampton Greenwich , Connecticut , US Graham , Miss Margaret Edith 19 Greenwich , Connecticut , US Southampton Greenwich , Connecticut , US and governess , Miss Elizabeth Weed Shutes 40 Greenwich , Connecticut , US Southampton Greenwich , Connecticut , US Greenfield , Mrs. Blanche ( n\u00e9e Strouse ) 45 New York City Cherbourg New York City 7 Greenfield , Mr. William Bertram 23 New York City Cherbourg New York City 7 Guggenheim , Mr. Benjamin 46 Paris , France Cherbourg New York City and valet , Mr. Victor Giglio 24 Paris , France Cherbourg New York City and chauffeur , Mr. Ren\u00e9 Pernot 39 Paris , France Cherbourg New York City Harder , Mr. George Achilles 25 New York City Cherbourg New York City 5 Harder , Mrs. Dorothy ( n\u00e9e Annan ) 21 New York City Cherbourg New York City 5 Harper , Mr. Henry Sleeper 48 New York City Cherbourg New York City and dragoman , Mr. Hammad Hassab 27 Cairo , Egypt Cherbourg New York City Harper , Mrs. Myna ( n\u00e9e Haxtun ) 49 New York City Cherbourg New York City Harris , Mr. Henry Birkhardt 45 New York City Southampton New York City Harris , Mrs. Irene ( n\u00e9e Wallach ) 35 New York City Southampton New York City Hawksford , Mr. Walter James 45 Kingston , Surrey , England , UK Southampton New York City Hays , Mr. Charles Melville 55 Montreal , Quebec , Canada Southampton Montreal , Quebec , Canada 307 and clerk , Mr. Vivian Ponsonby Payne 22 Montreal , Quebec , Canada Southampton Montreal , Quebec , Canada Hays , Mrs. Clara Jennings ( n\u00e9e Grigg ) 52 Montreal , Quebec , Canada Southampton Montreal , Quebec , Canada and maid , Miss Mary Anne Perreault 33 Montreal , Quebec , Canada Southampton Montreal , Quebec , Canada Hays , Miss Margaret Bechstein 24 New York City Cherbourg New York City 7 Head , Mr. Christopher 42 Chelsea , London , England , UK Southampton New York City Hilliard , Mr. Herbert Henry 44 Brighton , Massachusetts , US Southampton Brighton , Massachusetts , US Hipkins , Mr. William Edward 55 Birmingham , West Midlands , England , UK Southampton New York City Hippach , Mrs. Ida Sophia ( n\u00e9e Fischer ) 44 Chicago , Illinois , US Cherbourg Chicago , Illinois , US Hippach , Miss Jean Gertrude 17 Chicago , Illinois , US Cherbourg Chicago , Illinois , US Hogeboom , Mrs. Anna Louisa ( n\u00e9e Andrews ) 51 Hudson , New York , US Cherbourg Hudson , New York , US 10 Holverson , Mr. Alexander Oskar 42 New York City Southampton New York City 38 Holverson , Mrs. Mary Aline ( n\u00e9e Towner ) 35 New York City Southampton New York City 8 Homer , Mr. Harry ( alias E. Haven ) 40 Indianapolis , Indiana , US Southampton Indianapolis , Indiana , US 15 Hoyt , Mr. Frederick Maxfield 35 New York City Southampton Stamford , Connecticut , US Hoyt , Mrs. Jane Anne ( n\u00e9e Forby ) 31 New York City Southampton Stamford , Connecticut , US Hoyt , Mr. William Fisher 42 New York City Cherbourg New York City 14 Isham , Miss Ann Elizabeth 50 Chicago , Illinois , US Cherbourg Chicago , Illinois , US Ismay , Mr. Joseph Bruce 49 Liverpool , Merseyside , England , UK Southampton New York City and valet , Mr. John Richard Fry 39 Liverpool , Merseyside , England , UK Southampton New York City and secretary , Mr. William Henry Harrison 45 Wallasey , Merseyside , England , UK Southampton New York City 110 Johnson , Mrs. Madeline Eliza ( n\u00e9e Austin ) 40 London , England , UK Southampton New York , New York , US 6 Johnson ( later changed to Langston ) , Mr. Samuel James 10 London , England , UK Southampton New York , New York , US Jones , Mr. Charles Cresson 46 Bennington , Vermont , US Southampton Bennington , Vermont , US 80 Julian , Mr. Henry Forbes 50 Torquay , Devon , England , UK Southampton San Francisco , US Kent , Mr. Edward Austin 58 Buffalo , New York , US Cherbourg Buffalo , New York , US 258 Kenyon , Mr. Frederick R . 41 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US Southampton Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US Kenyon , Mrs. Marion ( n\u00e9e Stauffer ) 31 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US Southampton Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , US 8 Kimball , Mr. Edwin Nelson Jr . 42 Boston , Massachusetts , US Southampton Boston , Massachusetts , US 5 Kimball , Mrs. Gertrude ( n\u00e9e Parsons ) 45 Boston , Massachusetts , US Southampton Boston , Massachusetts , US 5 Klaber , Mr. Herman 45 Portland , Oregon , US Southampton Portland , Oregon , US Langston , Ms. Maxine Jane 25 Duncansville , Pennsylvania , US Southampton Duncansivlle , Pennsylvania , US Lambert - Williams , Mr. Fletcher Fellows 43 London , England , UK Southampton Newark , New Jersey , US Leader , Dr. Alice ( n\u00e9e Farnham ) 49 New York City Southampton New York City 8 Leslie , Lucy No\u00ebl Martha , Countess of Rothes ( n\u00e9e Dyer - Edwardes ) 27 Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Southampton Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada 8 and maid , Miss Roberta Elizabeth Mary `` Cissy '' Maioni 20 Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Southampton Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada 8 Lewy , Mr. Ervin G . 31 Chicago , Illinois , US Cherbourg Chicago , Illinois , US Lindeberg - Lind , Mr. Erik Gustav ( alias Edward Lingrey ) 42 Jordanstorp , S\u00f6dermanland , Sweden Southampton New York City Lindstr\u00f6m , Mrs. Sigrid ( n\u00e9e Posse ) 55 Stockholm , Sweden Cherbourg New York City 6 Lines , Mrs. Elizabeth Lindsey ( n\u00e9e James ) 50 Paris , France Cherbourg Hanover , New Hampshire , US 9 Lines , Miss Mary Conover 16 Paris , France Cherbourg Hanover , New Hampshire , US 9 Long , Mr. Milton Clyde 29 Springfield , Massachusetts , US Southampton Springfield , Massachusetts , US 126 Longley , Miss Gretchen Fiske 21 Hudson , New York , US Cherbourg Hudson , New York , US 10 Loring , Mr. Joseph Holland 30 London , England , UK Southampton New York City Madill , Miss Georgette Alexandra 16 St. Louis , Missouri , US Southampton St. Louis , Missouri , US Maguire , Mr. John Edward 30 Brockton , Massachusetts , US Southampton Brockton , Massachusetts , US Mar\u00e9chal , Mr. Pierre , Sr . 28 Paris , France Cherbourg New York City 7 Marvin , Mr. Daniel Warner 18 New York City Southampton New York City Marvin , Mrs. Mary Graham Carmichael ( n\u00e9e Farquarson ) 18 New York City Southampton New York City 10 Mayn\u00e9 , Miss Bertha Antonine 24 Brussels , Belgium Cherbourg Montreal , Quebec , Canada 6 McCaffry , Mr. Thomas Francis 46 Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Southampton Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada 292 McCarthy , Mr. Timothy J . 54 Dorchester , Massachusetts , US Southampton Dorchester , Massachusetts , US 175 McGough , Mr. James Robert 35 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US Southampton Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US 7 Meyer , Mr. Edgar Joseph 28 New York City Cherbourg New York City Meyer , Mrs. Leila ( n\u00e9e Saks ) 25 New York City Cherbourg New York City 6 Millet , Mr. Francis Davis 65 East Bridgewater , Massachusetts , US Cherbourg East Bridgewater , Massachusetts , US 249 Minahan , Dr. William Edward 44 Fond du Lac , Wisconsin , US Southampton Fond du Lac , Wisconsin , US 230 Minahan , Mrs. Lillian E. ( n\u00e9e Thorpe ) 37 Fond du Lac , Wisconsin , US Southampton Fond du Lac , Wisconsin , US 14 Minahan , Miss Daisy E . 33 Fond du Lac , Wisconsin , US Southampton Fond du Lac , Wisconsin , US 14 Mock , Mr. Philipp Edmund 30 New York City Cherbourg New York City 11 Molson , Mr. Harry Markland 55 Montreal , Quebec , Canada Southampton Montreal , Quebec , Canada Moore , Mr. Clarence Bloomfield 47 Washington , D.C. , US Southampton Washington , D.C. , US and valet , Mr. Charles Henry Harrington 37 Washington , D.C. , US Southampton Washington , D.C. , US Natsch , Mr. Charles 36 Brooklyn , New York , US Cherbourg Brooklyn , New York , US Newell , Mr. Arthur Webster 58 Lexington , Massachusetts , US Cherbourg Lexington , Massachusetts , US 122 Newell , Miss Madeleine 31 Lexington , Massachusetts , US Cherbourg Lexington , Massachusetts , US 6 Newell , Miss Marjorie Anne 23 Lexington , Massachusetts , US Cherbourg Lexington , Massachusetts , US 6 Newsom , Miss Helen Monypeny 19 New York City Southampton New York City 5 Nicholson , Mr. Arthur Ernest 64 Shanklin , Isle of Wight , England , UK Southampton New York City 263 Nourney , Mr. Alfred 20 Cologne , German Empire Cherbourg New York City 7 Omont , Mr. Alfred Fernand 29 Le Havre , France Cherbourg New York City 7 Ostby , Mr. Engelhart Cornelius 64 Providence , Rhode Island , US Southampton Providence , Rhode Island , US 234 Ostby , Miss Helene Ragnhild 22 Providence , Rhode Island , US Southampton Providence , Rhode Island , US 5 Ovies y Rodriguez , Mr. Servando Jos\u00e9 Florentino 36 Havana , Cuba Cherbourg Havana , Cuba 189 Parr , Mr. William Henry Marsh 29 Belfast , Ireland , UK Belfast New York City Partner , Mr. Austin 40 Tolworth , London , England , UK Southampton Toronto , Ontario , Canada 166 Pears , Mr. Thomas Clinton 29 Isleworth , London , England , UK Southampton New York City Pears , Mrs. Edith ( n\u00e9e Wearne ) 22 Isleworth , London , England , UK Southampton New York City 8 Pe\u00f1asco y Castellana , Mr. Victor 24 Madrid , Spain Cherbourg New York City Pe\u00f1asco y Castellana , Mrs. Maria Josefa ( n\u00e9e Perez de Soto y Vallejo ) 22 Madrid , Spain Cherbourg New York City 8 and maid , Do\u00f1a Fermina Oliva y Ocana 39 Madrid , Spain Cherbourg New York City 8 Peuchen , Major Arthur Godfrey 52 Toronto , Ontario , Canada Southampton Toronto , Ontario , Canada 6 Porter , Mr. Walter Chamberlain 46 Worcester , Massachusetts , US Southampton Worcester , Massachusetts , US 207 Potter , Mrs. Lily Alexenia ( n\u00e9e Wilson ) 56 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US Cherbourg Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US 7 Reuchlin , The Honourable Mr. Johan George 38 Rotterdam , The Netherlands Southampton New York City Rheims , Mr. George Alexander Lucien 36 Paris , France Southampton New York City Robert , Mrs. Elisabeth Walton ( n\u00e9e McMillan ) 43 St. Louis , Missouri , US Southampton St. Louis , Missouri , US and maid , Miss Emilie Kreuchen 29 St. Louis , Missouri , US Southampton St. Louis , Missouri , US Roebling , Mr. Washington Augustus II 31 Trenton , New Jersey , US Southampton Trenton , New Jersey , US Romaine , Mr. Charles Hallance ( alias C. Rolmane ) 45 New York City Southampton New York City 9 Rood , Mr. Hugh Roscoe 38 Seattle , Washington , US Southampton Seattle , Washington , US Rosenbaum , Miss Edith Louise 34 Paris , France Cherbourg Cincinnati , Ohio , US 11 Rosenshine , Mr. George ( alias George Thorne ) 46 New York City Cherbourg New York City 16 Ross , Mr. John Hugo 36 Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada Southampton Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada Rothschild , Mr. Martin 46 New York City Cherbourg New York City Rothschild , Mrs. Elizabeth Jane Anne ( n\u00e9e Barrett ) 54 New York City Cherbourg New York City 6 Rowe , Mr. Alfred G . 59 Liverpool , Merseyside , England , UK Southampton New York City 109 Ryerson , Mr. Arthur Larned 61 Cooperstown , New York , US Cherbourg Cooperstown , New York , US Ryerson , Mrs. Emily Maria ( n\u00e9e Borie ) 48 Cooperstown , New York , US Cherbourg Cooperstown , New York , US and maid , Miss Victorine Chaudanson 36 Cooperstown , New York , US Cherbourg Cooperstown , New York , US Ryerson , Miss Susan Parker `` Suzette '' 21 Cooperstown , New York , US Cherbourg Cooperstown , New York , US Ryerson , Miss Emily Borie 18 Cooperstown , New York , US Cherbourg Cooperstown , New York , US Ryerson , Master John Borie `` Jack '' 13 Cooperstown , New York , US Cherbourg Cooperstown , New York , US and governess , Miss Grace Scott Bowen 45 Cooperstown , New York , US Cherbourg Cooperstown , New York , US Saalfeld , Mr. Adolphe 47 Manchester , England , UK Southampton New York City Salomon , Mr. Abraham Lincoln 43 New York City Cherbourg New York City Schabert , Mrs. Emma ( n\u00e9e Mock ) 35 Hamburg , German Empire Southampton New York City 11 Seward , Mr. Frederic Kimber 34 New York City Southampton New York City 7 Silverthorne , Mr. Spencer Victor 35 St. Louis , Missouri , US Southampton St. Louis , Missouri , US 5 Silvey , Mr. William Baird 50 Duluth , Minnesota , US Cherbourg Duluth , Minnesota , US Silvey , Mrs. Alice ( n\u00e9e Munger ) 39 Duluth , Minnesota , US Cherbourg Duluth , Minnesota , US 11 Simonius - Blumer , Colonel Alfons 56 Basel , Switzerland Southampton New York City Sloper , Mr. William Thompson 28 New Britain , Connecticut , US Southampton New Britain , Connecticut , US 7 Smart , Mr. John Montgomery 56 Kildale , North Yorkshire , England , UK Southampton New York City Smith , Mr. James Clinch 56 Paris , France Cherbourg Long Island , New York , US Smith , Mr. Lucien Philip 24 Huntington , West Virginia , US Cherbourg Huntington , West Virginia , US Smith , Mrs. Mary Eloise ( n\u00e9e Hughes ) 18 Huntington , West Virginia , US Cherbourg Huntington , West Virginia , US 6 Smith , Mr. Richard William 57 Streatham , London , England , UK Southampton New York City Snyder , Mr. John Pillsbury 24 Minneapolis , Minnesota , US Southampton Minneapolis , Minnesota , US 7 Snyder , Mrs. Nellie ( n\u00e9e Stevenson ) 23 Minneapolis , Minnesota , US Southampton Minneapolis , Minnesota , US 7 Spedden , Mr. Frederic Oakley 45 Tuxedo Park , New York , US Cherbourg Tuxedo Park , New York , US Spedden , Mrs. Margaretta Corning ( n\u00e9e Stone ) 39 Tuxedo Park , New York , US Cherbourg Tuxedo Park , New York , US and maid , Miss Helen Alice Wilson 31 Tuxedo Park , New York , US Cherbourg Tuxedo Park , New York , US Spedden , Master Robert Douglas 6 Tuxedo Park , New York , US Cherbourg Tuxedo Park , New York , US and nurse , Miss Elizabeth Margaret Burns 41 Tuxedo Park , New York , US Cherbourg Tuxedo Park , New York , US Spencer , Mr. William Augustus 57 New York City Cherbourg New York City Spencer , Mrs. Marie Eug\u00e9nie ( n\u00e9e Demougeot ) 45 New York City Cherbourg New York City 6 and maid , Miss Eugenie Elise Lurette 59 New York City Cherbourg New York City 6 St\u00e4helin - Maeglin , Dr. Max 32 Basel , Switzerland Southampton New York City Stead , Mr. William Thomas 62 London , England , UK Southampton New York City Stengel , Mr. Charles Emil Henry 54 Newark , New Jersey , US Cherbourg Newark , New Jersey , US Stengel , Mrs. Annie May ( n\u00e9e Morris ) 44 Newark , New Jersey , US Cherbourg Newark , New Jersey , US 5 Stephenson , Mrs. Martha ( n\u00e9e Eustis ) 52 Paris , France Cherbourg Haverford , Pennsylvania , US Stewart , Mr. Albert A . 54 Cincinnati , Ohio , US Cherbourg Gallipolis , Ohio , US Stone , Mrs. Martha Evelyn ( n\u00e9e Stevens ) 62 New York City Southampton New York City 6 and maid , Miss Amelie `` Amelia '' Icard 38 New York City Southampton New York City 6 Straus , Mr. Isidor 67 New York City Southampton New York City 96 and valet , Mr. John Farthing 57 New York City Southampton New York City Straus , Mrs. Rosalie Ida ( n\u00e9e Blun ) 63 New York City Southampton New York City and maid , Miss Ellen Bird 31 New York City Southampton New York City 8 Sutton , Mr. Frederick 61 Haddonfield , New Jersey , US Southampton Haddonfield , New Jersey , US 46 Swift , Mrs. Margaret Welles ( n\u00e9e Barron ) 46 New York City Southampton New York City 8 Taussig , Mr. Emil 52 New York City Southampton New York City Taussig , Mrs. Tillie ( n\u00e9e Mandelbaum ) 39 New York City Southampton New York City 8 Taussig , Miss Ruth 18 New York City Southampton New York City 8 Taylor , Mr. Elmer Zebley 48 London , England , UK Southampton East Orange , New Jersey , US 5 Taylor , Mrs. Juliet Cummins ( n\u00e9e Wright ) 48 London , England , UK Southampton East Orange , New Jersey , US 5 Thayer , Mr. John Borland II 49 Haverford , Pennsylvania , US Cherbourg Haverford , Pennsylvania , US Thayer , Mrs. Marian Longsteth ( n\u00e9e Morris ) 39 Haverford , Pennsylvania , US Cherbourg Haverford , Pennsylvania , US and maid , Miss Margaret Fleming 42 Haverford , Pennsylvania , US Cherbourg Haverford , Pennsylvania , US Thayer , Mr. John Borland `` Jack '' III 17 Haverford , Pennsylvania , US Cherbourg Haverford , Pennsylvania , US Thorne , Mrs. Gertrude Maybelle ( n\u00e9e McMinn ) 37 New York City , New York , US Cherbourg New York City , New York , US Tucker , Mr. Gilbert Milligan Jr . 31 Albany , New York , US Cherbourg Albany , New York , US 7 Uruchurtu , Don Manuel E . 40 Mexico City , Mexico Cherbourg Mexico City , Mexico Van der Hoef , Mr. Wyckoff 61 Brooklyn , New York , US Belfast Brooklyn , New York , US 245 Walker , Mr. William Anderson 48 East Orange , New Jersey , US Southampton East Orange , New Jersey , US Warren , Mr. Frank Manley 63 Portland , Oregon , US Cherbourg Portland , Oregon , US Warren , Mrs. Anna Sophia ( n\u00e9e Atkinson ) 60 Portland , Oregon , US Cherbourg Portland , Oregon , US 5 Weir , Colonel John 59 New York City Southampton New York City White , Mr. Percival Wayland 54 Brunswick , Maine , US Southampton Brunswick , Maine , US White , Mr. Richard Frasar 21 Brunswick , Maine , US Southampton Brunswick , Maine , US 169 White , Mrs. Ella ( n\u00e9e Holmes ) 55 New York City Cherbourg New York City 8 and maid , Miss Amelia Mayo `` Nellie '' Bessette 39 New York City Cherbourg New York City 8 and manservant , Mr. Sante Righini 22 New York City Cherbourg New York City 232 Wick , Colonel George Dennick 58 Youngstown , Ohio , US Southampton Youngstown , Ohio , US Wick , Mrs. Mary ( n\u00e9e Hitchcock ) 45 Youngstown , Ohio , US Southampton Youngstown , Ohio , US 8 Wick , Miss Mary Natalie 31 Youngstown , Ohio , US Southampton Youngstown , Ohio , US 8 Widener , Mr. George Dunton 50 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US Southampton Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US and valet , Mr. Edwin Herbert Keeping 33 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US Southampton Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US 45 Widener , Mrs. Eleanor ( n\u00e9e Elkins ) 50 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US Southampton Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US and maid , Miss Amalie Henriette `` Emily '' Gieger 35 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US Southampton Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US Widener , Mr. Harry Elkins 27 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US Southampton Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , US Willard , Miss Constance 21 Duluth , Minnesota , US Southampton Duluth , Minnesota , US 8 Williams , Mr. Charles Duane 51 Geneva , Switzerland Cherbourg Radnor , Pennsylvania , US Williams , Mr. Richard Norris II 21 Geneva , Switzerland Cherbourg Radnor , Pennsylvania , US Woolner , Mr. Hugh 45 London , England , UK Southampton New York City Wright , Mr. George 62 Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada Southampton Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada Young , Miss Marie Grice 36 New York City Cherbourg New York City 8\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Emmanuelle Vaugier - wikipedia

\n Emmanuelle Vaugier

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Emmanuelle Vaugier
\n \n ( 1976 - 06 - 23 ) June 23 , 1976 ( age 41 ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
\n Occupation \n Actress , model
\n Years active \n 1995 -- present
\n Website \n www.emmanuellevaugier.com
\n

\n Emmanuelle Frederique Vaugier ( / vo\u028a\u0292i\u02c8e\u026a / , voh - zhee - AY ; born June 23 , 1976 ) is a Canadian film and television actress , and model . Vaugier has had recurring roles as Detective Jessica Angell on CSI : NY , Mia on Two and a Half Men , Dr. Helen Bryce on Smallville , FBI Special Agent Emma Barnes on Human Target , and as The Morrigan on Lost Girl . In feature films , Vaugier has appeared alongside Michael Caine and Robert Duvall in Secondhand Lions . She appeared as Addison Corday in Saw II and IV , and had a supporting role in the Josh Hartnett film 40 Days and 40 Nights .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Early life ( edit )

\n

\n Vaugier was born in Vancouver , British Columbia , the daughter of French immigrants . She grew up in a Roman Catholic , French - speaking household , and is fluent in French . She divides her time between Los Angeles and Vancouver . She attended Crofton House School , a girls private school , for 10 years until she transferred to Magee Secondary School , which offers a flexible academic program for professional and pre-professional student athletes , artists and musicians ( SPARTS ) , for the last two years of high school . She has an older brother , Jason Vaugier .

\n

\n Career ( edit )

\n

\n Television ( edit )

\n

\n Vaugier played the role of young , upstart model Maria Alcobar in a 1996 episode of Highlander : The Series . In 2004 , she played Lindsey Kellogg on the short - lived Fox Television series North Shore . She has also had guest - star spots on Veronica Mars , Supernatural , The Outer Limits , Higher Ground , Andromeda , and Charmed . She also appeared in the Emmy Award nominated miniseries The Beach Boys : An American Family where she portrayed Mike Love 's wife , Suzanne . Vaugier also completed a starring role in MOW Veiled Truth for the Lifetime Network . She is also known for her role during the first two seasons of One Tree Hill , as Nicki , Jake 's ( Bryan Greenberg ) ex-girlfriend and mother to their child , Jenny .

\n

\n From 2005 - 2015 , Vaugier guest starred in Twelve episodes of CBS 's hit sitcom Two and a Half Men as Mia , a ballet teacher with whom Charlie Harper fell in love and almost married . In 2005 , she also played the title character in the Painkiller Jane television movie for the Sci Fi Channel . She first became noticed by the science fiction community when she portrayed Dr. Helen Bryce , the love interest of Lex Luthor , on the WB 's hit drama Smallville in 2002 -- 2003 . Vaugier had a recurring role from 2006 -- 2009 on the CBS show CSI : NY as Detective Jessica Angell . She left the show after the fifth season due to budget cuts .

\n

\n Vaugier appeared in two episodes of the Fox series Human Target as FBI agent Emma Barnes , who is first introduced to the show on January 26 , 2010 , in the episode `` Embassy Row '' . Vaugier also had a recurring role on the Syfy series Lost Girl as The Morrigan , the leader of the Dark Fae .

\n

\n Film ( edit )

\n

\n Vaugier appeared as Addison in Saw II and Saw IV . In the Canadian film Unearthed , she played Annie , the sheriff of a small rural desert town . She appeared in the film 40 Days and 40 Nights , which starred Josh Hartnett . She had starring roles in Suddenly Naked , in which she plays a Latin pop sensation ; the TV - movie Mindstorm , a science - fiction thriller ; and Ripper , a psychological thriller about students who mysteriously disappear after enrolling in a class about serial killers . She stars also in the sequel to Mirrors , which is directed by Victor Garcia . Maxim magazine featured her on the cover of the February 2006 issue in the United States . Three months later , she landed spot # 31 on their annual Hot 100 list .

\n

\n Games ( edit )

\n

\n Vaugier appeared in Need for Speed : Carbon as Nikki . She is the girlfriend of the antagonist in the game ( love interest of the protagonist ) .

\n

\n Filmography ( edit )

\n

\n Film ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Title \n Role \n Notes
\n 1998 \n Hysteria \n Veronica Bloom \n
\n 1999 \n Shapeshifter \n Anika \n
\n 1999 \n The Fear : Resurrection \n Jennifer \n
\n 2000 \n My 5 Wives \n Sarah \n
\n 2000 \n The Sculptress \n Sylvie \n
\n 2001 \n Mindstorm \n Tracy Wellman \n
\n 2001 \n Wishmaster 3 : Beyond the Gates of Hell \n Elinor Smith \n Direct to video
\n 2001 \n Ripper \n Andrea `` Andy '' Carter \n
\n 2001 \n Suddenly Naked \n Lupe Martinez \n
\n 2002 \n 40 Days and 40 Nights \n Susie \n
\n 2003 \n Secondhand Lions \n Jasmine \n
\n 2003 \n Water 's Edge \n Rae Butler \n
\n 2005 \n House of the Dead II \n Dr. Alexandra `` Nightingale '' Morgan \n
\n 2005 \n Saw II \n Addison Corday \n
\n 2007 \n Unearthed \n Sheriff Annie Flynn \n
\n 2007 \n Saw IV \n Addison Corday \n
\n 2008 \n Blonde and Blonder \n Cat \n
\n 2008 \n Bachelor Party 2 : The Last Temptation \n Eva \n Direct to video
\n 2008 \n Far Cry \n Valerie Cardinal \n
\n 2009 \n Dolan 's Cadillac \n Elizabeth \n
\n \n Mirrors 2 \n Elizabeth Reigns \n Direct to video
\n \n Hysteria \n Jennifer \n
\n \n A Nanny for Christmas \n Ally Leeds \n
\n 2011 \n Where the Road Meets the Sun \n Lisa \n
\n 2011 \n French Immersion \n Jennifer Yates \n
\n 2012 \n Stolen Child \n Amanda \n Direct to video
\n 2013 \n Absolute Deception \n Rebecca \n
\n 2013 \n Susie 's Hope \n Donna Smith Lawrence \n
\n 2014 \n Teen Lust \n Shelley \n
\n 2014 \n Saul : The Journey to Damascus \n Mary Magdalene \n
\n 2015 \n My Stepdaughter \n Jill \n
\n 2016 \n Destruction : Los Angeles \n Margot Taylor \n
\n

\n Television ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Title \n Role \n Notes
\n 1995 \n A Family Divided \n Rosalie Frank \n TV movie
\n 1995 \n Highlander : The Series \n Maria Alcobar \n Episode 4.10 : `` Chivalry ''
\n \n Madison \n Noella D'Angelo \n Recurring role ; 9 episodes
\n \n The Halfback of Notre Dame \n Esmerelda \n TV movie
\n \n Home Song \n Cheerleader \n TV movie
\n \n The Limbic Region \n Jennifer Lucca - age 21 \n TV movie
\n 1997 \n Breaker High \n Monette \n Episode 1.11 : `` Chateau L'Feet J'mae ''
\n 1997 \n Police Academy : The Series \n Sally \n Episode 1.03 `` Put Down That Nose ''
\n 1997 \n Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation \n \n Episode 1.12 : `` Turtles ' Night Out ''
\n 1998 \n First Wave \n Esther \n Episode 1.07 : `` Lungfish ''
\n 1998 \n Dead Man 's Gun \n Rose Harris \n Episode 2.10 : `` The Pinkerton ''
\n 1998 -- 99 \n The Outer Limits \n Shal ; Lisa Dobkins \n Episode 4.08 : `` Rite of Passage '' ; Episode 5.05 : `` The Other Side ''
\n 1999 \n Viper \n Mitzi / Olga \n Episode 3.11 : `` Best Seller ''
\n 1999 \n Assault on Death Mountain \n French Woman \n TV movie
\n 1999 \n Seven Days \n Princess Lisette D'Arcy \n Episode 2.09 : `` Love and Other Disasters ''
\n 2000 \n The Beach Boys : An American Family \n Pamela \n TV movie
\n 2000 \n Higher Ground \n Elaine Barringer \n 4 episodes
\n 2000 \n Level 9 \n Christina Veedy \n Episode 1.13 : `` Mob.com ''
\n 2000 \n So Weird \n Donna \n Episode 3.13 : `` Snapshot ''
\n 2001 \n Largo Winch : The Heir \n Nikki \n TV movie
\n 2001 \n Big Sound \n Veronica \n Episode 1.09 : `` Jam Session ''
\n 2001 \n Return to Cabin by the Lake \n Vicki \n Television film
\n 2001 \n MythQuest \n Persephone \n Episode 1.04 : `` Orpheus ''
\n 2002 \n Beyond Belief : Fact or Fiction \n Susan \n Episode 4.02 : `` The Doll ''
\n 2002 \n Charmed \n Dr. Ava Nicolae \n Episode 5.06 : `` The Eyes Have It ''
\n 2002 \n My Guide to Becoming a Rock Star \n Sarah Nelson \n Recurring role ; 11 episodes
\n 2002 \n Just Cause \n Louisa Bennett \n Episode 1.09 : `` Making News ''
\n 2002 -- 03 \n Smallville \n Dr. Helen Bryce \n Recurring role ; 9 episodes
\n 2003 \n The Handler \n Angie \n Episode 1.11 : `` Off the Edge ''
\n \n Call Me : The Rise and Fall of Heidi Fleiss \n Lauren \n TV movie
\n \n North Shore \n Melinda Lindsey Kellogg \n Episode 1.12 : `` Bellport '' ; Episode 1.13 : `` Leverage ''
\n \n Veronica Mars \n Monica Hadwin Greenblatt \n Episode 1.10 : `` An Echolls Family Christmas ''
\n 2004 -- 05 \n One Tree Hill \n Nicki \n Recurring role ; 10 episodes
\n 2005 \n Cerberus \n Dr. Samantha Gaines \n TV movie
\n 2005 \n Andromeda \n Maura \n Episode 5.21 : `` The Heart of the Journey ( Part 1 ) '' ; Episode 5.22 : `` The Heart of the Journey ( Part 2 ) ''
\n 2005 \n Love , Inc . \n Girl \n Episode 1.06 : `` Amen ''
\n 2005 \n Painkiller Jane \n Capt . Jane Elizabeth Browning \n TV movie
\n 2005 -- 15 \n Two and a Half Men \n Mia \n Recurring role ; 12 episodes
\n 2006 \n Monk \n Pat - Juror No. 12 \n Episode 4.16 : `` Mr. Monk Gets Jury Duty ''
\n 2006 \n Veiled Truth ( aka What Comes Around ) \n Carolyn \n TV movie
\n 2006 \n Masters of Horror \n Kim \n Episode 2.05 : `` Pro-Life ''
\n 2006 -- 09 \n CSI : NY \n Det . Jessica Angell \n Recurring role ; 25 episodes
\n 2007 \n Supernatural \n Madison \n Episode 2.17 : `` Heart ''
\n 2007 \n Big Shots \n Wanda Barnes \n Episode 1.04 : `` Three 's a Crowd ''
\n 2009 \n Reverse Angle \n Eve Pretson \n TV movie
\n \n A Trace of Danger \n Kate \n TV movie
\n \n Human Target \n Emma Barnes \n Episode 1.03 : `` Embassy Row '' ; Episode 1.08 : `` Baptiste ''
\n 2010 -- 11 \n Covert Affairs \n Liza Hearn \n Recurring role ; 7 episodes
\n \n Hawaii Five - 0 \n Erica Raines \n Episode 1.09 : `` Po'ipu ''
\n 2010 -- 15 \n Lost Girl \n The Morrigan / Evony Fleurette Marquise \n Recurring role ; 18 episodes
\n 2011 \n R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour \n Abigail \n Episode 1.06 : `` The Red Dress ''
\n 2011 \n Killer Mountain \n Kate \n TV movie
\n 2012 \n It 's Christmas , Carol ! \n Carol Huffman \n TV movie
\n 2013 \n The Mentalist \n Melissa Enfield \n Episode 5.16 : `` There Will Be Blood ''
\n 2013 \n Clara 's Deadly Secret \n Helen \n TV movie
\n 2013 \n Hidden Away \n Alexandra Cole / Stephanie Bennett \n TV movie
\n 2015 \n My Stepdaughter \n Jill \n TV movie
\n 2015 \n Mistresses \n Niko \n Recurring role ; 6 episodes
\n 2016 \n Love In Paradise \n Heather Twain \n TV movie
\n 2016 \n Stranger in the House \n Jade \n TV movie
\n 2016 \n His Double Life \n Linda \n TV movie
\n 2016 \n Love in the Vineyard ( Heart Felt ) \n Molly \n TV movie
\n 2017 \n Rogue \n Regan \n Recurring role ; 7 episodes
\n 2017 \n Washed Away \n Gabrielle \n
\n

\n Video Games ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Title \n Role \n Notes
\n 2006 \n Need for Speed : Carbon \n Nikki \n Voice , Mo - Cap , & Likeness
\n 2015 \n Dying Light \n Jade \n Mo - Cap
\n 2015 \n Hellraid \n Maine , The Female Kin \n Voice
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 29 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Bonin , Liane ( February 2006 ) . `` To Die For ! '' Archived 2011 - 09 - 29 at the Wayback Machine ... Maxim . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Woo , Andrea ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` The best city in the world '' Archived 2010 - 06 - 13 at the Wayback Machine ... Metro ( Vancouver ) . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Batallones , Henrik ( May 22 , 2009 ) . `` The CSI Franchise Case File : When Budget Cuts Cause Death '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` Scoop ! Fox 's Human Target Sets Sights on Vaugier '' . XfinityTV . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Gamei , Tariq ( December 29 , 2011 ) . `` Lost Girl -- Emmanuelle Vaugier returning for dark fae arc at the end of season 2 '' . Spoiler TV . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` Exclusive : Mirrors 2 to Hit Home Video on ... '' . Dread Central.com . Retrieved March 20 , 2010 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Maxim Girls : 2006 Hot 100 '' Archived 2011 - 04 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... ( May 1 , 2006 ) . Maxim . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` 31 -- Emmanuelle Vaugier '' Archived 2011 - 04 - 30 at the Wayback Machine ... Maxim . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 .
    10. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n VIAF : 107570971
    • \n
  • \n LCCN : no2010090781
    • \n
  • \n ISNI : 0000 0000 7827 1661
    • \n
  • \n GND : 106173269X
    • \n
  • \n BNF : cb15522797r ( data )
    • \n
  • \n BNE : XX4905143
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmanuelle_Vaugier&oldid=836763004 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who plays nikki in need for speed carbon", "long_answers": ["Year Title Role Notes 2006 Need for Speed : Carbon Nikki Voice , Mo - Cap , & Likeness 2015 Dying Light Jade Mo - Cap 2015 Hellraid Maine , The Female Kin Voice\n", "Vaugier appeared in Need for Speed : Carbon as Nikki . She is the girlfriend of the antagonist in the game ( love interest of the protagonist ) .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "List of Tom and Jerry characters - wikipedia

\n List of Tom and Jerry characters

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n This is a list of characters in the Tom and Jerry cartoon short series . Most of these characters did not appear in all of the movies .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Main characters ( edit )

\n

\n Tom cat and Jerry Mouse ( edit )

\n Main articles : Tom Cat and Jerry Mouse

\n Tom ( named `` Jasper '' in his debut appearance ) is a grey and white domestic shorthair cat . `` Tom '' is a generic name for a male cat . He is usually but not always , portrayed as living a comfortable , or even pampered life , while Jerry ( named `` Jinx '' in his debut appearance ) is a small , brown , house mouse who always lives in close proximity to Tom . Despite being very energetic , determined and much larger , Tom is no match for Jerry 's wits . Jerry also possesses surprising strength for his size , approximately the equivalent of Tom 's , lifting items such as anvils with relative ease and withstanding considerable impacts . Although cats typically chase mice to consume them , it is quite rare for Tom to actually try to consume Jerry . Most of his attempts are just to torment or humiliate Jerry , sometimes in revenge , and sometimes to obtain a reward from a human for catching Jerry . By the final `` fade - out '' of each cartoon , Jerry usually emerges triumphant , while Tom is shown as the loser .

\n

\n However , other results may be reached . On rare occasions , Tom triumphs , usually when Jerry becomes the aggressor or when he pushes Tom a little too far . In The Million Dollar Cat Jerry learns that Tom will lose his newly acquired wealth if he harms any animal , `` including a mouse ; '' he then torments Tom a little too much until he retaliates . In Timid Tabby Tom 's look - alike cousin pushes Jerry over the edge . Occasionally and usually ironically , they both lose , usually when Jerry 's final trap or attack on Tom backfires or Jerry overlooks something . In Chuck Jones ' Filet Meow , Jerry orders a shark from the pet store to scare Tom away from eating a goldfish , but finds himself entirely intimidated as well . Finally , they occasionally end up being friends , although within this set of stories , there is often a last minute event that ruins the truce . One story that has friendly ending is Snowbody Loves Me .

\n

\n Both characters display sadistic tendencies , in that they are equally likely to take pleasure in tormenting each other , although it is often in response to a triggering event . However , when one character appears to truly be in mortal danger from an unplanned situation or due to actions by a third party , the other will develop a conscience and save him . Occasionally , they bond over a mutual sentiment towards an unpleasant experience and their attacking each other is more play than serious attacks . Multiple shorts show the two getting along with minimal difficulty , and they are more than capable of working together when the situation calls for it , usually against a third party who manages to torture and humiliate them both . Sometimes this partnership is forgotten quickly when an unexpected event happens , or when one character feels that the other is no longer necessary . This is the case in Posse Cat , when they agree that Jerry will allow himself to be caught if Tom agrees to share his reward dinner , but Tom then reneges . Other times however , Tom does keep his promise to Jerry and the partnerships are not quickly dissolved after the problem is solved .

\n

\n Tom changes his love interest many times . The first love interest is Toots who appears in Puss n ' Toots , and calls him `` Tommy '' in The Mouse Comes to Dinner . He is also interested in a cat called Toots in The Zoot Cat although she has a different appearance to the original Toots . The most frequent love interest of Tom 's is Toodles Galore , who never has any dialogue in the cartoons .

\n

\n Despite five shorts ending with a depiction of Tom 's apparent death , his demise is never permanent ; he even reads about his own death in a flashback in Jerry 's Diary . He appears to die in explosions in Mouse Trouble ( after which he is seen in heaven ) , Yankee Doodle Mouse and in Safety Second , while in The Two Mouseketeers he is guillotined offscreen .

\n

\n Hanna - Barbera era ( edit )

\n

\n The following characters were introduced in the theatrical shorts that were directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera .

\n

\n Spike and Tyke ( edit )

\n Main article : Spike and Tyke ( characters )

\n Spike , occasionally referred to as Butch or Killer , is a stern but occasionally dumb American bulldog who is particularly disapproving of cats , but a softie when it comes to mice ( though in his debut appearance , Dog Trouble , Spike goes after both Tom and Jerry ) , and later , his son Tyke . In the shorts Jerry would often try to get Tom in trouble with Spike making him a shoo - in for a beating from the bulldog . Spike has a few weaknesses that Tom tries to capitalize upon : his possessiveness about his bone and his ticklishness . He made his first appearance in the 1942 Tom and Jerry cartoon Dog Trouble , and his first speaking role was in 1944 's The Bodyguard , where he was voiced by Billy Bletcher up until 1949 , from which point he was voiced by Daws Butler . Unlike his father Spike , Tyke does not speak . He only communicates by yapping , whimpering , growling , facial expressions and wagging his tail . In Tom and Jerry Kids , Tyke does have a speaking role in the program and is the first time that viewers were able to hear Tyke speak . Spike is very protective towards his son and gets very angry at Tom if Tyke is bothered or harmed . Although Tyke has spoken in Tom and Jerry Kids , he has laughed in one Tom and Jerry short . After Daws Butler , Maurice LaMarche , Frank Welker , John DiMaggio , Michael Donovan , Phil LaMarr and currently Rick Zieff would all perform Spike 's voice . Tyke 's vocal effects are provided by Frank Welker and speaking roles by Patric Zimmerman .

\n

\n Butch ( edit )

\n Main article : Butch Cat ( Tom and Jerry )

\n Butch ( voiced by Frank Graham , later Daws Butler due to Graham 's death ) is a black alley cat who made his first appearance in the Tom and Jerry series in the 1943 short Baby Puss , alongside Topsy and the already - established Meathead . His character , however ( along with the character of Toodles Galore ) , first appeared in the 1941 MGM short The Alley Cat , directed by Hugh Harman , Butch 's only solo cartoon . Butch is the leader of the alley cat bullies who are usually friends with Tom and help him catch Jerry . In his first appearance , however , Butch was an antagonist , tormenting Tom after Tom 's young girl owner treated him like a baby -- to the point of dressing Tom up in a diaper , a bonnet , and pink paw mittens . Thus costumed , Tom could n't help but be a figure of fun -- both for Butch and his gang , and for Jerry . Butch also battles with Tom over Toodles Galore and her affections in a couple of shorts including the 1946 short , Springtime for Thomas and the 1951 short Casanova Cat . In some cartoons , such as A Mouse in the House , Butch battles with Tom to catch Jerry . He is voiced by Maurice LaMarche in Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , Tony Cervone in The Karate Guard , Colin Murdock in Tom and Jerry Tales , Billy West in Tom and Jerry in War of the Whiskers , and Joey D'Auria in The Tom and Jerry Show . Butch is usually decipted as a homeless alley / street cat although in the 1956 short , Blue Cat Blues , Butch is apparently a millionaire who wins the attention of Tom 's love interest due to his immense wealth much to Tom 's dismay . Butch also appears in the Spike and Tyke cartoon Scat Cats as a house cat owned by George and Joan who in the original series own Tom .

\n

\n Toodles Galore ( edit )

\n

\n Toodles Galore is an attractive white female cat , and is supposedly Tom 's usual love interest , although Tom is a reputed playboy , and had other love interests before and after Toodles . Toodles is the only love interest who appeared more than twice , and is probably the most favored . During the classic era , Tom had to compete twice against Butch and even once against Spike for Toodles 's affection , and he lost them all . In Casanova Cat , Toodles fell in love with Jerry . However , in her final short Love Me , Love My Mouse , she remained with Tom . Toodles is one of the most anthropomorphic animals in the series , with the only cat features being her tail , nose and ears . She never speaks and she rarely moves around . However , in The Tom and Jerry Show , her appearance and attitude is shown differently and she is heard speaking for the first time .

\n

\n Mammy two Shoes ( edit )

\n Mammy Two Shoes in a scene from the Tom & Jerry short Saturday Evening Puss , in which her full face was shown for the first time . Main article : Mammy Two Shoes

\n From the beginning , Tom also has to deal with Mammy Two Shoes ( voiced by Lillian Randolph ) , an African - American domestic housemaid based on Hattie McDaniel . In the earliest shorts , Mammy is depicted as the maid taking care of the often opulent home in which Tom and Jerry reside . Later Tom and Jerry shorts are set in what appears to be Mammy 's own house . Her face is never seen ( with the exception of 1950s Saturday Evening Puss , in which her face is very briefly seen as she runs towards the camera ) , and she usually wallops the cat ( whom she usually addresses as `` Thomas '' ) with a broom when he misbehaves . When Mammy was not present , other humans would sometimes be seen , usually from the neck down as well . Mammy would appear in many cartoons until 1952 's Push - Button Kitty ; Mammy 's character was retired after that year following McDaniel 's death . Later cartoons would instead show Tom and Jerry living with a 1950s suburban couple . Soon after , virtually all humans in the series had visible faces .

\n

\n Nibbles ( edit )

\n Main article : Nibbles ( Tom and Jerry ) Nibbles in the 1949 theatrical short The Little Orphan

\n Nibbles ( also known as Tuffy ) is the little , blue / gray , diaper - wearing orphan mouse who is close to Jerry and appears frequently with him , especially in the comics . His cartoon debut came in the 1946 short The Milky Waif . Nibbles was later featured in the 1949 Academy Award - winning short The Little Orphan .

\n

\n He is sometimes seen as Jerry 's nephew , but occasionally referred to as an orphan . In many cartoons , Nibbles is seen eating a lot ( he is always hungry ) . In his first animated appearance , he was left on Jerry 's doorstep , abandoned by his parents . Tom enjoys chasing Nibbles much as he does with Jerry .

\n

\n Though the character was created under the name Tuffy for the comics in 1942 , his early animated appearances ( from 1945 ) gave him the name Nibbles . From the 1950s , the mouse was called Tuffy on - screen as well . In Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , the name Nibbles was used again -- and the character was depicted as a pet - store mouse whom Jerry does n't know .

\n

\n In the Mouseketeer shorts , Nibbles speaks in French and English . He also is not Jerry 's nephew ; rather , he is the son of Fran\u00e7ois Mouse -- who does not make an appearance , but his name was given in two letters in the short Touch\u00e9 , Pussy Cat !

\n

\n Nibbles is often mistaken for a girl due to the extaordinarily high pitched voice . He was voiced by Tara Strong in Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , Kath Soucie from 2010 , onwards , and Nancy Cartwright in War of the Whiskers .

\n

\n Quacker ( edit )

\n Quacker at the end of That 's My Mommy

\n Another recurring character in the series was Little Quacker the duckling , who was later adapted into the Hanna - Barbera character Yakky Doodle . He appears in Little Quacker , The Duck Doctor , Just Ducky , Downhearted Duckling , Southbound Duckling , That 's My Mommy , Happy Go Ducky , and The Vanishing Duck . Quacker talks a lot compared to Tom and Jerry . His voice is a ' duck voice ' similar to Disney 's Donald Duck . In many shorts , he is the only one who speaks . He 's very trusting , even trusting Tom in many situations in which Tom wishes to eat him . He 's a friend of Jerry , but unlike Jerry harbors no hard feelings towards Tom . He appeared in The Tom and Jerry Show episode `` The Lost Duckling . '' He also got his own series of shorts on The Yogi Bear Show ( renamed Yakky Doodle ) after guesting in several Hanna - Barbera TV shows . Quacker was then used as a template for the ' Hard Luck Duck ' character starring in the titular character 's short from the What A Cartoon ! series . His What A Cartoon ! counterpart Hard Luck Duck was voiced by Russi Taylor .

\n

\n Quacker was voiced by Red Coffey in the classic shorts , and Charlie Adler in Tom and Jerry in War of the Whiskers , along with Jerry . He was named `` Duckling '' in that game .

\n

\n In Tom and Jerry Show , Quacker 's `` duck voice '' is provided by Sam Kwasman .

\n

\n In three cartoons Quacker gets separated from his mother at birth , only to reunite with her later in two of them ( Little Quacker and Just Ducky ) . In That 's My Mommy however , he is adopted by Tom . In Little Quacker , Quacker 's father , Henry makes an appearance . Because his birth is shown differently in different cartoons , he may have siblings as seen in Just Ducky and Happy Go Ducky .

\n

\n Quacker gets a girlfriend in Downhearted Duckling .

\n

\n Cuckoo ( edit )

\n

\n Cuckoo is a canary that first appeared in Kitty Foiled . He also appeared in The Flying Cat , Life with Tom , Hic - cup Pup , Two Little Indians ( where he is red in color ) and Matinee Mouse . He is Jerry 's good friend . Despite being a little bird , he can actually carry heavy objects which is seen in both Kitty Foiled and The Flying Cat .

\n

\n Lightning ( edit )

\n

\n Lightning is a ginger orange cat who first appeared in the 1948 short Old Rockin ' Chair Tom as Tom 's rival . Lightning is named as such because in his first short , he practically moved at the speed of lightning . In later cartoons , Lightning often appeared as one of Tom 's alley cat buddies / rivals . Lightning has the same character design as Butch Cat , but with an orange color ( although his coloring occasionally varies from film - to - film ) . In Mucho Mouse , he speaks Spanish and is a house cat . He also appears in the Gene Deitch short Switchin ' Kitten . In the Chuck Jones short Catty - Cornered ( his final appearance ) , Lightning is portrayed with more of an orange - yellow color than before , with the additional changes of a black tail and ears . Lightning also makes several appearances in Tom and Jerry Tales , often with a red nose and , in two episodes , a bushy tail . Fans have occasionally confused Lightning with Meathead , though the two are not the same and have appeared side - by - side in two cartoons .

\n

\n Topsy ( edit )

\n

\n Topsy is a grey / brown kitten . He is one of Tom 's alley cat friends / foes , although in Professor Tom he befriends Jerry . He first appeared in Baby Puss ; his final appearance in the original theatrical shorts was in Scat Cats . He also appears in Tom and Jerry Tales with a more yellowish color ( similar to Life with Tom ) . In Professor Tom , Topsy is explicitly a house cat ; more often ( as in Saturday Evening Puss and elsewhere ) , he is depicted as an alley cat or a cat of unknown origin .

\n

\n Meathead ( edit )

\n

\n Meathead is a brown , mangy alley cat who wears a red toupee ( which is occasionally seen the same color as the rest of his fur ) . He is generally portrayed as dull - witted and first appeared in the 1943 short , Sufferin ' Cats ! , as Tom 's rival . He also appears in Baby Puss and additional shorts as one of Tom 's alley cat buddies / foes . He is known as Frankie in Heavenly Puss . In Scat Cats , his final appearance in the original theatrical shorts , he is portrayed with an all - gray color . Fans have occasionally confused Meathead with Lightning , though the two are not the same and have appeared side - by - side in two cartoons .

\n

\n After over nearly six decades of absence , Meathead re-appeared in The Tom and Jerry Show episode Cruisin ' for a Bruisin ' as a lead antagonist , while a drag version of the character named Meathelda appeared in the episode Hop to It !

\n

\n George and Joan ( edit )

\n

\n George and Joan are an average middle class white couple , who debuted in the 1954 short Pet Peeve . They are the new owners of Tom and Spike , but Tom likes to keep Joan company and Spike likes to keep George company . Joan is often seen either cooking or sitting on her armchair knitting or sewing a dress with Tom keeping her company . George , on the other hand , hates the monthly bills and complains that they 're too expensive . But when he 's not complaining about the bills , he is sitting in his armchair or on the sofa reading the newspaper wearing his smart purple or grey suit and Spike is keeping him company . Both George and Joan are very kind and polite towards each other and Tom and Spike . In Pet Peeve , George and Joan decided that they keep Jerry as a pet because he is easy to look after and does n't eat too much ( George and Joan do not know Jerry 's secret : He eats a lot more than Tom and Spike combined , which explains the amount of food he has in his mouse hole shown later ) and tell Tom and Spike to leave . However , in later shorts with George and Joan , Tom and Spike still happily live with them and Jerry is not known by the couple and he is not a pet anymore .

\n

\n In some shorts , Joan appears without George , such as Mouse for Sale , The Flying Sorceress and Mucho Mouse . It could be presumed that George would be working at his office during the settings of these cartoons .

\n

\n George and Joan also appeared in four other Tom & Jerry shorts , Tom 's Photo Finish , Busy Buddies , The Vanishing Duck ( Quacker 's last short ) and Tot Watchers .

\n

\n Jeannie and the baby ( edit )

\n

\n Jeannie , the babysitter of George and Joan 's baby , is an average teenager who spends much of her time talking on the phone . She is often called on to look after the baby if they 're going out . Jeannie proceeds to leap straight onto the phone just as George and Joan shut the front door , which tells us that she is very negligent about her job . Despite this , Jeannie is very kind , friendly , cheerful and rarely loses a smile -- except to scold Tom for `` bothering the baby '' , which she thinks he is doing on purpose to annoy her . Jeannie was seen in only two cartoons : Busy Buddies ( 1956 ) and Tot Watchers ( 1958 ) . Jeannie is voiced by Janet Waldo in the original shorts . The baby also appears in Tom & Jerry Kids where the babysitter is slightly younger and a redhead instead .

\n

\n The ants ( edit )

\n

\n The Ants are an army of red ants who steal food as they see them . They appeared in four cartoons Cat Napping , Pup on a Picnic , Barbecue Brawl and Carmen Get It ! . They also appeared in Tom & Jerry Kids . They 're unusually heavy for their size , and their combined weight often causes many items , such as Tom 's hammock , to break . It 's unclear how or why the ants are so heavy , as they are even capable of making tables and diving boards shake as they march onto them .

\n

\n Guardian devils ( edit )

\n

\n Each guardian devil for Tom and Jerry appeared in three cartoons Sufferin ' Cats ! , Springtime for Thomas and Smitten Kitten . In the first of these cartoons , one served as evil conscience for Tom and in the other one for Jerry .

\n

\n Goldfish ( edit )

\n

\n A tiny goldfish who is friends with Jerry and lives in the same house as Tom and Jerry . She appeared in major roles in Jerry and the Goldfish and Filet Meow . Tom 's attempts to eat her lead to Jerry earning her affections . She also appeared in cameo roles in several other cartoons such as The Million Dollar Cat , Casanova Cat and The Missing Mouse .

\n

\n Muscles ( edit )

\n

\n Muscles is Jerry 's cousin and a mouse with incredible strength . In Jerry 's Cousin , Muscles appears to hate cats , including Tom . In Haunted Mouse , another mouse named Merlin , who is also a cousin of Jerry 's , appears as a wizard with magical abilities . Muscles ' final appearance was in Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring , however his name was changed to Freddie and he was hostile towards Jerry . He was voiced by Paul Frees in Jerry 's Cousin and by Billy West in Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring .

\n

\n George ( cat ) ( edit )

\n

\n George is the cat counterpart of Muscles but with a personality that is in stark contrast to him . Like Muscles , George is identical to Tom ( although he is shorter ) and is his cousin . Unlike Muscles , however , George is a coward and is scared of mice . He first appeared at the beginning of Jerry 's Cousin where he gets thrashed by Muscles ( possibly the reason for his fear of mice ) . His bigger role was in Timid Tabby where he finally overcomes his fear . He also appeared in Tom and Jerry Kids where his fear seems to have re-instated even though he pretended it has not ( his name was changed to Tim in that short ) .

\n

\n Fluff , Muff and Puff ( edit )

\n

\n Fluff , Muff and Puff are a trio of brown , black and orange kittens that first appeared in Heavenly Puss as adorable kittens - who were murdered by drowning - in a cameo role ( that happened in Tom 's dream ) . They also appeared in Triplet Trouble as cute but extremely mischievous kittens . They also appeared in The Tom and Jerry Show .

\n

\n Ch\u00e9rie ( edit )

\n

\n Ch\u00e9rie is a brown / grey female mouse who serves as Jerry 's love interest . She first appeared at the end of Springtime for Thomas , and then later in Smitten Kitten , Touch\u00e9 , Pussy Cat ! ( only cartoon where she has an identical twin ) , Tom and Ch\u00e9rie ( the first cartoon where she is named ) and The Mouse from H.U.N.G.E.R. ( as a ticking time bomb set by Tom ) .

\n

\n Toots ( edit )

\n

\n Toots is the name given to three different characters that have appeared infrequently . The first of these is a fluffy beige cat who appears in Puss n ' Toots and The Mouse Comes to Dinner , the latter being her only speaking role . She also has a cameo in Smitten Kitten . This version of Toots also appeared in some 1940s Tom and Jerry comics . Toots is also a different cat by the same name who appears in The Zoot Cat and in the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` Kitty Cat Blues . '' She has occasionally and erroneously been referred to as `` Sheikie , '' but this is actually Tom 's nickname , as seen on a gift card in the cartoon . Finally Toots is the name of a mouse who serves as Jerry 's love interest in Blue Cat Blues .

\n

\n King of France ( edit )

\n

\n In some of the mouseketeer series of cartoons , Tom serves the king of France . This is an obvious reference to Louis XVI of France , who is shown as an extremely short - tempered and cruel monarch . In The Two Mouseketeers , the king guillotines Tom while in Royal Cat Nap , he orders for Tom 's decapitation .

\n

\n Mechano cat and Robot - Mouse ( edit )

\n

\n Mechano cat first appeared in Push Button Kitty as Tom 's rival . Later , Mechano and Robot - Mouse are seen as a cat - like - robot and mouse - like - robot who serve Tom and Jerry ( except at the end of Advance and Be Mechanized , when they get revenge and switch roles with Tom and Jerry , as they control their minds and make them do the work ) in the three Chuck Jones outer space cartoons O - Solar Meow , Guided Mouse - ille and Advance and Be Mechanized . Mechano 's efforts to catch or trap Jerry or Robot - Mouse always backfire for Tom , except in Advance and Be Mechanized , when he succeeds to catch Robot - Mouse in the beginning . In Guided Mouse - ille , he can stand up right and have hands to use a gun with to try and blast Jerry in his mobile tank . This backfired and left Mechano with a black face , while crying in frustration . He sneaks back and promptly shoots Tom , who attempts to shoot Mechano back for his insubordination . However , the shot came out on the wrong end and Tom faints leaving Mechano laughing himself silly . He also appeared in the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` Tin Cat of Tomorrow '' where he is named Verminator 7000 . Mechano ( called `` Robot Cat '' ) also appeared as a fighter in the video game , War of the Whiskers , and was voiced by Dee Bradley Baker .

\n

\n The St. Bernard ( edit )

\n

\n The St. Bernard is a dog who first appeared in Puttin ' on the Dog and then again in The A-Tom - Inable Snowman . Unlike other dogs in the series , he is not hostile to cats and even attends Tom medically .

\n

\n Eagle ( edit )

\n

\n Eagle is an Eagle that tries to steal Jerry for food from Tom . He first appeared in Flirty Birdy , then in The Tom and Jerry Show episode `` The Egg and Tom and Jerry '' ( where he is female instead of male ) and then again in Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` Bend it like Thomas . '' Eagle also appeared as a playable character in Tom and Jerry in War of the Whiskers , voiced by Rob Paulsen .

\n

\n Lion ( edit )

\n

\n Lion is a lion that has switched from a tame one in Jerry and the Lion , to a nervous one in The Tom and Jerry Show episode `` The Hypochondriac Lion '' to a monster in the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` You 're Lion . '' He is also a playable character in Tom and Jerry in War of the Whiskers where he is voiced by Jim Cummings .

\n

\n Baby woodpecker ( edit )

\n

\n A baby woodpecker that first appeared in Hatch Up Your Troubles and it 's remake The Egg and Jerry where it could peck into virtually anything including Tom 's stomach , Tom 's golf club in Tee for Two or a water pipe as in Landing Stripling . Baby Woodpecker and his Mama would re-appear by making cameo appearances in The Tom and Jerry Show ( 2014 TV Series ) .

\n

\n Uncle Pecos ( edit )

\n

\n Uncle Pecos is Jerry 's Cowboyish uncle who appears in Pecos Pest . He was voiced by Shug Fisher . He is known to always play with a guitar and wears a black cowboy hat that covers his eyes . He plucks one of Tom 's whiskers off to replace broken strings on the guitar . Being from Texas , he is shown to be super strong .

\n

\n Uncle Pecos returned in the Tom and Jerry Tales episode `` Cry Uncle '' , voiced by Scott McNeil . In the episode , he arrives at Tom and Jerry 's house and annoys Tom and Jerry with his music . He later leaves with Auntie Spinner in the end of the episode . Uncle Pecos made his second return in The Tom and Jerry Show , voiced by Stephen Stanton . He appears in the Season 2 episodes , `` I Quit '' , `` Uncle Pecos Rides Again '' and `` Cat - A-Tonic Mouse '' .

\n

\n Radio ( edit )

\n

\n A radio with a male human voice that broadcasts music , cookery show and warnings on escaped animals , bomb threats etc . In Jerry 's Diary , the radio is shown to be anthropomorphic ( with the announcer 's name as ' Uncle Dudley ' ) but this is not the case with other cartoons . The radio 's announcements often cause troubles for Tom ( The Missing Mouse , Jerry and the Lion , Little Runaway and Down Beat Bear ) , fear ( Fraidy Cat ) , embarrassment ( Jerry 's Diary and Life with Tom ) or may be the cause of evil intentions ( Jerry and the Goldfish ) .

\n

\n Radio has been voiced by Martha Wentworth in Fraidy Cat , by Paul Frees in The Missing Mouse and Jerry and the Lion and by Joseph Forte in Jerry 's Diary . Other voice actors such as Daws Butler in Jerry and the Goldfish have been uncredited .

\n

\n Jackass ( edit )

\n

\n Unlike other Tom and Jerry characters , this one is not a character per se , but rather an avatar of a popular character such as Spike . Usually , a character turns into a jackass when it is fooled such as Spike in Solid Serenade , The Framed Cat and Pet Peeve or Tom in Polka Dot Puss . In Pup on a Picnic , the word ' Sucker ' is used instead of ' Jackass ' .

\n

\n Gene Deitch era ( edit )

\n

\n The following characters were introduced in the theatrical shorts that were directed by Gene Deitch in the 1960s .

\n

\n Clint Clobber ( edit )

\n

\n An overweight , average height , middle - aged , bald white man became Tom 's owner in three of the thirteen cartoons in Down and Outing , High Steaks and Sorry Safari . He has very severe anger issues and is repeatedly violent towards Tom for his actions .

\n

\n There is some debate as to whether this is the genuine Clint Clobber as the real Clint would never be an animal abuser , he was just a put - upon grouch .

\n

\n Mad scientist ( edit )

\n

\n He is a mad scientist reminiscent of Frankenstein . He first appeared in Switchin ' Kitten and subsequently was the subject of a number of television episodes ( for e.g. ' Trojan Dog ' in Tom and Jerry Comedy Show ) and movies thereafter . In his first appearance , the mad scientist is the owner of Jerry ( who is also his assistant ) and has numerous cats trapped in a prison . When Jerry picks an orange cat named Lightning , the other cats flee in terror as the scientist pulls him out for his latest experiment . He switches the mind of the orange cat with that of a bulldog and presents him as his present to Jerry .

\n

\n Thin lady ( edit )

\n

\n An unnamed thin white lady became Tom 's owner in Buddies Thicker Than Water . Gene Deitch opted not to use Mammy 's character in his shorts , as he felt a `` stereotypical black housekeep '' character `` did n't work in a modern context . '' Chuck Jones would also use her in The Unshrinkable Jerry Mouse and in the re-animated version of Saturday Evening Puss . She also appeared in the movie Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry . Like many other early human characters , her face was never shown .

\n

\n Chuck Jones era ( edit )

\n

\n The following characters were introduced in the theatrical shorts that were produced by Chuck Jones in the 1960s .

\n

\n Tiny bulldog ( edit )

\n

\n This nameless mouse - sized bulldog , designed similarly to Spike the Bulldog , is Jerry 's pet dog companion in only two shorts : The Cat 's Me - Ouch and Purr - Chance to Dream . His role is similar to Spike in cartoons such as The Bodyguard , Fit To Be Tied , and Much Ado About Mousing , which is to defend Jerry against Tom . He is presumably the oldest son of Spike before Tyke , and this could be identified by his looks and personality that is similar to his father Spike . Unlike Spike and Tyke he has a big bite ( similar to those of Looney Tunes ' Tasmanian Devil ) .

\n

\n Porpoise ( edit )

\n

\n A shark who tries to eat Tom and Jerry . He appears in Cannery Rodent , Puss ' n ' Boats , Filet Meow and Surf - Bored Cat . The creature 's color and species varies , in Cannery Rodent and Surf - Bored Cat it is a blue shark , while in Filet Meow and Puss ' n ' Boats it is a great white shark .

\n

\n Porpoise also appeared in the Tom and Jerry Comedy Show episode A Connecticut mouse in King Arthur 's court .

\n

\n The Tom and Jerry Show ( edit )

\n

\n The following characters were introduced in the 1975 television series The Tom and Jerry Show .

\n

\n Broke ( edit )

\n

\n A gopher that devours vegetables in Gopher Broke . He appeared in the cartoon 's sequel The Son of Gopher Broke . He also appeared in Tom and Jerry Comedy Show .

\n

\n Robin Ho Ho and his Merry men ( edit )

\n

\n A parody of Robin Hood and his merry men , they appeared in Robin Ho Ho . They also appeared in Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse .

\n

\n Sheriff of nottingham ( edit )

\n

\n The primary antagonist in Robin Ho Ho and also in Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse . He is based on the character from Robin Hood tales .

\n

\n Yvonne jockalong ( edit )

\n

\n Love interest to both Tom and Jerry , she appears in Sky Bunny and The Tennis Menace .

\n

\n Sergeant farce ( edit )

\n

\n A police officer who appears in See Dr. Jackal and Hide and in The Police Kitten where he is the superior officer to both Tom and Jerry .

\n

\n Alley Cat Gang ( edit )

\n

\n The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show ( edit )

\n

\n The following characters were introduced in the television series The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show .

\n

\n Droopy ( edit )

\n Main article : Droopy Dog

\n A Basset Hound often with a miserable look on his face , originally introduced in the Tex Avery shorts of the 1940s . He first made a poster cameo in Matinee Mouse . He also appeared in the Droopy and Dripple segments of Tom and Jerry Kids . He is sometimes an adversary of Spike . He would also appear in Tom and Jerry Tales and would appear in the direct - to - video films .

\n

\n Barney Bear ( edit )

\n Main article : Barney Bear

\n An anthropomorphic cartoon character , a sluggish , sleepy bear who often is in pursuit of nothing but peace and quiet , originally introduced in the Harman - Ising shorts of the 1930s . He would also appear in the direct - to - video films .

\n

\n McWolf ( edit )

\n

\n McWolf , initially named ' Slick Wolf ' is the villain of the `` Droopy and Dripple '' segments . A bad and cruel wolf whose only mission is to ruin the life of Droopy ( and Dripple and sometimes to remain with Miss Vavoom in Tom & Jerry Kids ) . Sometimes for of crazy scientist whom it loves to dominate the world , of space villain , a criminal fat person ( known as `` The Chubby Man '' ) , etc . His character is based on the wolf in Red Hot Riding Hood . He is voiced by Frank Welker .

\n

\n Tom & Jerry Kids ( edit )

\n

\n The following characters were introduced in the television series Tom & Jerry Kids .

\n

\n Dripple ( edit )

\n

\n The son of Droopy , essentially an older version of the infant pup from Homesteader Droopy . He is always with his father and they always do the same ( although sometimes Dripple thinks `` better '' than his father ) . The identity of his mother is never mentioned or even addressed , although , due to Droopy 's frequent relationships with Miss Vavoom , it can be assumed that his mother is either dead or is divorced from Droopy with no visitation rights prior to the events of the series . He is voiced by Charlie Adler .

\n

\n Miss Vavoom ( edit )

\n

\n The contiguous woman of the show . She is very seductive and she always takes different hairdos . She always is conquered by Droopy and most of times is the greater target of McWolf . Sometimes she is called Bubbles Vavoom , Ultra Vavoom , Sugar Vavoom , etc . Her character is based on Red from Red Hot Riding Hood . She is voiced by Teresa Ganzel .

\n

\n Calaboose Cal ( edit )

\n

\n A gold cat owner of a show of demonstration and participation . He is arrogant ( sometimes ) , has a rancher accent , and is sometimes presented as an enemy to Tom . Purportedly inspired by legendary Southern California car dealer Cal Worthington . He is voiced by Phil Hartman .

\n

\n Urfo ( edit )

\n

\n Urfo is a six - legged alien dog that arrives on Earth many times and helps Jerry fend off Tom . His owners often send people to retrieve him .

\n

\n Clyde ( edit )

\n

\n A fat cat that often one puts in problems , and when Tom and Jerry save him , he promises to be their better friend ( Although for Tom and Jerry he is like a punishment ) . Voiced by Brian Cummings .

\n

\n Kyle the cat ( edit )

\n

\n A mangy orange cat that first appeared as the antagonist of Spike and / or Tyke . Voiced by Pat Fraley .

\n

\n Bernie the Swallow ( edit )

\n

\n A medically challenged yellow swallow that is friends with Jerry in `` Hard to Swallow '' . He had a color change to blue in `` Swallow the Swallow '' and `` Grab that Bird '' as he is chased mostly by Clyde and Kyle . Voiced by David L. Lander .

\n

\n Wild Mouse ( edit )

\n

\n A grayish - green , shaggy fanged mouse who occasionally replaces Jerry and outwits his foes . Like Tom and Jerry , Wildmouse is voiced by Frank Welker . He first appears in the episode `` Wildmouse '' and is last seen in the episode `` King Windmouse . ''

\n

\n Moncy ( edit )

\n

\n A cougar who loves tormenting Spike and Tyke . He wants to eat Tyke 's lunch ( and Spike prevents him ) . He was voiced by Frank Welker .

\n

\n Sheriff Potgut ( edit )

\n

\n The elderly sheriff of Hokey Finokey Swamp . He is arrogant , rude , and self - centered . He threatened to send Swampy back to the circus ( which Swampy is aware of the fact that it promotes animal cruelty ) , throwing Swampy into tears . He also envies the map Swampy made out to search for the hidden treasure . He appears in the episode `` Cajun Gumbo '' as the episode 's main antagonist . Aside from the lone episode where he battled Swampy , the Sheriff and the Gator Brothers were also used as antagonists in an episode featuring Wild Mouse .

\n

\n Gator Brothers ( edit )

\n

\n Sheriff Potgut 's henchmen . They appear in the episode `` Cajun Gumbo '' as antagonists and in another episode featuring Wild Mouse .

\n

\n Stinky Jr. . McWolf ( edit )

\n

\n Stinky Jr. is the son of McWolf who has the same personality as him .

\n

\n Screwball Squirrel ( edit )

\n Main article : Screwy Squirrel

\n Screwball Squirrel is based on the original Screwball `` Screwy '' Squirrel in 1944 , but now his adventures take place in a public city park , as he messes with hot - headed park attendant Dweeble and his dumb guard dog , Rumpley . He was voiced by Charlie Adler .

\n

\n Lightning bolt the super Squirrel ( edit )

\n

\n A squirrel superhero . He is a rather campy and flamboyant superhero who throws lightning bolts . He also speaks with a slight Minnesotan accent and appeared in the spin - off series Droopy , Master Detective . He was voiced by Charlie Adler .

\n

\n Tom and Jerry Tales ( edit )

\n

\n The following characters were introduced in the television series Tom and Jerry Tales .

\n

\n Morizzio ( edit )

\n

\n Morizzio is a very amorous octopus gentleman who first appeared in the 1953 musical film Dangerous When Wet . In Octo Sauve , Tom encounters him , who mistakes Tom for a mermaid . Morizzio wants to date Tom , and they end up getting lost in the sea .

\n

\n Princess ( edit )

\n

\n Nicole Bouma voiced the princess in Tom and Jerry Tales . The princess appears in Medieval Menace where she kisses Tom - who has turned into a frog - thinking he is a prince transformed by a spell .

\n

\n The Tom and Jerry Show ( edit )

\n

\n The following characters were introduced in the 2014 television series Tom and Jerry Show .

\n

\n Rick and ginger ( edit )

\n

\n Tom 's new owners are Rick and Ginger , a middle - class couple similar to George and Joan . Much like the original couple , the husband is more sympathetic towards Spike while the wife favors Tom . Rick is stouter in appearance when compared to George . Unlike Joan and George , their faces are never seen .

\n

\n Napoleon ( edit )

\n

\n Napoleon is a small rat with grey fur . He has light pink ears , light pink hands , feet and tail and has black eyes .

\n

\n Hamster ( edit )

\n

\n The Hamster is a small `` anti-social , overachieving '' hamster with light brown fur . He wears glasses and is the smartest hamster in the lab .

\n

\n Newt ( edit )

\n

\n Newt is a newt with orange skin . He has yellow spots and long feet . He wears a black eye - patch over his right eye and has green eyes with a black pupil .

\n

\n Bot ( edit )

\n

\n Bot is a robot that cleans the lab with its vacuum cleaner and control arm . It has a red screen that spots trash all over the lab and most often mistakes Tom as such out of its programming .

\n

\n Beatie and Hildie ( edit )

\n

\n Beatie and Hildie are witch sisters who act as Tom and Jerry 's medieval owners .

\n

\n The detective ( edit )

\n

\n The detective is a detective who is the owner of Tom ( and presumably Jerry too ) . In his absence , Tom and Jerry work as sleuths themselves , in the process using his name and fame . He appeared in `` Feline Fatale '' , `` One of a Kind '' , `` Haunted Mouse '' , `` Sleuth or Consequences '' , `` Poof ! '' , `` Bone Dry '' , `` Cat Napped '' , and `` Curse Case Scenario '' .

\n

\n Dr. Bigby ( edit )

\n

\n Dr. Bigby is an eccentric scientist whose experiments do n't always often go according to plan ( with Jerry and Napoleon usually being the only ones to see the results ) .

\n

\n Skid ( edit )

\n

\n Skid is an orange cat that was always the great leader and also always makes the election of the Top cat . Both Tom and Butch compete for the Golden Fez in the United Mouse Catchers when they both attempt to capture Jerry .

\n

\n Tom and Jerry movies ( edit )

\n

\n The following recurring characters were introduced in the various Tom and Jerry movies .

\n

\n Biff Buzzard and Buzz Blister ( edit )

\n

\n Biff Buzzard and Buzz Blister are characters in Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry and Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars . In Tom and Jerry : The Fast and the Furry , they were news reporters . In Tom and Jerry : Blast Off to Mars , they were astronauts . Biff is voiced by Billy West and Buzz by Jess Harnell .

\n

\n Tin , Pan and alley ( edit )

\n

\n Tin , Pan and Alley are a trio of male Siamese cats created especially for the new direct - to - video films , they are secondary antagonists in Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes , Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse , Tom and Jerry 's Giant Adventure , Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon and Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest . In their first appearance in Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes , they are local gravediggers who work for Professor Moriarty . In Tom and Jerry : Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse , they work for Prince John . In Tom and Jerry : The Lost Dragon , they are the Hench - cats of Drizelda . In Tom and Jerry : Spy Quest , they are seen working for Doctor Zin . They also make an appearance in Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory . They were named after the Warner Bros. 1943 short Tin Pan Alley Cats . Tin is voiced by Greg Ellis , Pan by Jess Harnell and Alley by Richard McGonagle .

\n

\n Butch ( dog ) ( edit )

\n Main article : Butch Dog ( Tex Avery )

\n Butch ( Originally known as Spike , until renamed as Butch to avoid confusion with Spike from the Tom and Jerry cartoons ) is the name of another bulldog from Tex Avery 's shorts in the 1940s and 1950s . He was one of the main antagonists in Droopy shorts ( although he was replaced by Hanna - Barbera 's Spike in the 1980s ) and also had a series of his own . He appears in a number of movies e.g. Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz and Tom and Jerry : The Magic Ring .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Deitch , Gene ( 2015 ) . Tom and Jerry ... and Gene in Tom and Jerry : The Gene Deitch Collection ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox .
    2. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Tom and Jerry
\n Characters \n
    \n
  • \n Tom Cat
    • \n
  • \n Jerry Mouse
    • \n
  • \n Butch
    • \n
  • \n Nibbles
    • \n
  • \n Spike and Tyke
    • \n
  • \n Mammy Two Shoes
    • \n
\n
\n Theatrical releases \n
    \n
  • \n Tom and Jerry ( shorts )
    • \n
  • \n Spike and Tyke ( shorts )
    • \n
  • \n The Movie
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Cameos \n
    \n
  • \n Anchors Aweigh
    • \n
  • \n Dangerous When Wet
    • \n
\n
\n
\n DVD releases of shorts \n
    \n
  • \n Spotlight Collection
    • \n
  • \n Golden Collection
    • \n
  • \n Chuck Jones Collection
    • \n
  • \n Classic Collection
    • \n
  • \n Deluxe Anniversary Collection
    • \n
  • \n Gene Deitch Collection
    • \n
\n
\n Television series \n
    \n
  • \n Show ( 1975 )
    • \n
  • \n Comedy Show
    • \n
  • \n Kids Show
      \n
    • \n episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Tales
    • \n
  • \n Show ( 2014 )
      \n
    • \n episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Television specials \n
    \n
  • \n Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration
    • \n
  • \n The Mansion Cat
    • \n
  • \n Santa 's Little Helpers
    • \n
\n
\n Direct - to - video films \n
    \n
  • \n The Magic Ring
    • \n
  • \n Blast Off to Mars
    • \n
  • \n The Fast and the Furry
    • \n
  • \n Shiver Me Whiskers
    • \n
  • \n A Nutcracker Tale
    • \n
  • \n Meet Sherlock Holmes
    • \n
  • \n The Wizard of Oz
    • \n
  • \n Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse
    • \n
  • \n Giant Adventure
    • \n
  • \n The Lost Dragon
    • \n
  • \n Spy Quest
    • \n
  • \n Back to Oz
    • \n
  • \n Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory
    • \n
\n
\n Other formats \n
    \n
  • \n Video games
    • \n
  • \n Soundtrack
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n William Hanna
    • \n
  • \n Joseph Barbera
    • \n
  • \n Scott Bradley
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Hanna - Barbera
\n Founders \n
    \n
  • \n William Hanna
    • \n
  • \n Joseph Barbera
    • \n
\n
\n Original productions \n
    \n
  • \n The Atom Ant / Secret Squirrel Show
    • \n
  • \n Birdman
    • \n
  • \n Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels
    • \n
  • \n CB Bears
    • \n
  • \n The Flintstones
    • \n
  • \n The Funky Phantom
    • \n
  • \n Grape Ape
    • \n
  • \n Hong Kong Phooey
    • \n
  • \n Huckleberry Hound
    • \n
  • \n Jabberjaw
    • \n
  • \n The Jetsons
    • \n
  • \n Jonny Quest
    • \n
  • \n Loopy De Loop
    • \n
  • \n Magilla Gorilla
    • \n
  • \n The Hanna - Barbera New Cartoon Series
    • \n
  • \n Peter Potamus
    • \n
  • \n Quick Draw McGraw
    • \n
  • \n The Ruff and Reddy Show
    • \n
  • \n Scooby - Doo
    • \n
  • \n Smurfs
    • \n
  • \n Snorks
    • \n
  • \n Space Ghost
    • \n
  • \n Tom and Jerry
    • \n
  • \n Top Cat
    • \n
  • \n Yogi Bear
    • \n
  • \n Wacky Races
    • \n
\n
\n Amusement attractions \n
    \n
  • \n Hanna -- Barbera Land
    • \n
  • \n The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera
    • \n
\n
\n Comics \n
    \n
  • \n Hanna - Barbera Beyond
    • \n
\n
\n Other media \n
    \n
  • \n Films
    • \n
  • \n Video games
    • \n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n Characters
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Tom_and_Jerry_characters&oldid=812821786 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what's the dog's name on tom and jerry", "long_answers": ["Spike , occasionally referred to as Butch or Killer , is a stern but occasionally dumb American bulldog who is particularly disapproving of cats , but a softie when it comes to mice ( though in his debut appearance , Dog Trouble , Spike goes after both Tom and Jerry ) , and later , his son Tyke . In the shorts Jerry would often try to get Tom in trouble with Spike making him a shoo - in for a beating from the bulldog . Spike has a few weaknesses that Tom tries to capitalize upon : his possessiveness about his bone and his ticklishness . He made his first appearance in the 1942 Tom and Jerry cartoon Dog Trouble , and his first speaking role was in 1944 's The Bodyguard , where he was voiced by Billy Bletcher up until 1949 , from which point he was voiced by Daws Butler . Unlike his father Spike , Tyke does not speak . He only communicates by yapping , whimpering , growling , facial expressions and wagging his tail . In Tom and Jerry Kids , Tyke does have a speaking role in the program and is the first time that viewers were able to hear Tyke speak . Spike is very protective towards his son and gets very angry at Tom if Tyke is bothered or harmed . Although Tyke has spoken in Tom and Jerry Kids , he has laughed in one Tom and Jerry short . After Daws Butler , Maurice LaMarche , Frank Welker , John DiMaggio , Michael Donovan , Phil LaMarr and currently Rick Zieff would all perform Spike 's voice . Tyke 's vocal effects are provided by Frank Welker and speaking roles by Patric Zimmerman .\n"], "short_answers": ["Spike\n", "Spike\n", "Spike , occasionally referred to as Butch or Killer\n"]} {"text": "What Ifs - wikipedia

\n What Ifs

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` What Ifs ''
\n
\n Single by Kane Brown featuring Lauren Alaina
\n from the album Kane Brown
\n Released \n February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 )
\n Format \n Digital download
\n Genre \n Country
\n Length \n 3 : 08
\n Label \n RCA Nashville
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Kane Brown
    • \n
  • \n Matthew McGinn
    • \n
  • \n Jordan Schmidt
    • \n
\n
\n Producer ( s ) \n Dann Huff
\n Kane Brown singles chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Thunder in the Rain '' ( 2016 ) \n `` What Ifs '' ( 2017 ) \n `` Heaven '' ( 2017 )
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Thunder in the Rain '' ( 2016 ) \n `` What Ifs '' ( 2017 ) \n `` Heaven '' ( 2017 )
\n
\n
\n Lauren Alaina singles chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Road Less Traveled '' ( 2016 ) Road Less Traveled 2016 \n `` What Ifs '' ( 2017 ) What Ifs2017 \n `` Doin ' Fine '' ( 2017 ) Doin ' Fine 2017
\n
\n
\n

\n `` What Ifs '' is a song recorded by American country music singer Kane Brown featuring Lauren Alaina for his self - titled debut album . The song was released with the album through RCA Nashville and was serviced to radio as the third single on February 6 , 2017 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Background ( edit )

\n

\n The song was written by Brown with Matthew McGinn and Jordan Schmidt . The song is about a couple where the question `` what if '' is asked repeatedly about what would happen in their relationship . It features a duet with Lauren Alaina , a school friend from Lakeview - Fort Oglethorpe High School when he was living in Fort Oglethorpe , Georgia . According to Brown , the song was initially not intended to be a duet , he said : `` Once we decided on adding a woman to `` What Ifs , '' I knew that I wanted Lauren to sing it , and , of course , she killed it . '' According to Brown , another song was going to be used in the album , however , he was asked so much about `` What Ifs '' on social media that it was then decided that the song should be included in the album .

\n

\n Composition ( edit )

\n

\n The song is in the key of G minor with a moderately fast tempo of approximately 126 beats per minute . It follows the chord progression Gm - B \u266d - F. Brown 's vocals range from F - B \u266d .

\n

\n Commercial performance ( edit )

\n

\n The song sold 6,000 downloads in the US the week the album was released on December 2 , 2016 , allowing it to chart at number 37 on the US Billboard Hot Country Songs chart . The song first entered the US Billboard Country Airplay chart for the week of March 4 , 2017 at number 60 . It reached No. 1 on Hot Country Songs in October 2017 , ending the record breaking 34 - week reign of Sam Hunt 's `` Body Like a Back Road '' . The song is the first No. 1 on the chart for both Brown and Alaina . The following week , for charts dated October 28 , 2017 , `` What Ifs '' stayed at number one , as well as topping the Country Airplay and Country Streaming Songs charts . Together with the release of the deluxe edition of the album which also reached number on Top Country Albums , and another number one for a new track `` Heaven '' on digital sales , Brown became the first artist to have simultaneous number ones on all five main country charts .

\n

\n The song was certified Platinum by the RIAA on October 2 , 2017 . It was the third most - consumed country song of 2017 , with 1,551,000 including streams ( 599,000 in pure sale ) sold in the year . It has sold 679,000 copies in the US as of March 2018 .

\n

\n Music video ( edit )

\n

\n The official music video for the song was directed by P.R. Brown and produced by Steve Lamar . The video was filmed along the Californian coast at The Inn at Newport Ranch , a resort and cattle ranch to the north of San Francisco . It features Brown and his duet partner Lauren Alaina singing along the coast . It was released on May 14 , 2017 . An earlier lyric video was first released on May 4 , 2017 , and shows Brown and Alaina cruising down a road .

\n

\n Chart performance ( edit )

\n

\n Weekly charts ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 2017 ) \n Peak position
\n Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) \n 45
\n Canada Country ( Billboard ) \n
\n US Billboard Hot 100 \n 26
\n US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) \n
\n US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) \n
\n

\n Year - end charts ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 2017 ) \n Position
\n US Billboard Country Airplay \n 7
\n US Billboard Hot Country Songs \n
\n US Billboard Hot 100 \n 72
\n

\n Certifications and sales ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Region \n Certification \n Certified units / Sales
\n Canada ( Music Canada ) \n Platinum \n 80,000
\n United States ( RIAA ) \n Platinum \n 679,000
\n

\n sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone

\n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Dukes , Billy ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Kane Brown ( Feat . Lauren Alaina ) , ' What Ifs ' ( Listen ) '' . Taste of Country .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Konicki , Lisa ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Kane Brown 's Current Single , `` What Ifs , '' With Lauren Alaina Almost Did n't Make The Album `` . Nash Country Daily .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Freeman , Jon ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` Kane Brown on Personal New Album , Why He Wo n't Sing First Hit : Ram Report '' . Rolling Stone .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Asker , Jim ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Kane Brown Becomes First Artist To Simultaneously Lead Five Country Charts '' . Billboard .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` ' What Ifs ' sheet music '' . MusicNotes.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : December 13 , 2016 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved February 5 , 2017 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay '' . Billboard . March 4 , 2017 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Kane Brown 's ' What Ifs ' Featuring Lauren Alaina Tops Hot Country Songs , Stopping Sam Hunt 's Record Run '' . Billboard .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Chart : October 17 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 .
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Kane Brown -- What Ifs '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Rau , , Nate ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Revealed : Country music 's most listened to artists in 2017 '' . Tennessean . USA Today .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Top 30 Country Digital Singles Chart : January 3 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved January 14 , 2017 .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` The Top 30 Digital Country Singles : March 5 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` Watch Kane Brown , Lauren Alaina 's Picturesque ' What Ifs ' Video '' . Rolling Stone . May 15 , 2017 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Kimble , Lindsay ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` From Middle School Chorus to Nashville , Kane Brown and Lauren Alaina Team Up for Duet ' What Ifs ' '' .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Kane Brown Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Kane Brown Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Kane Brown Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` Kane Brown Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Kane Brown Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Kane Brown -- What Ifs '' . Music Canada . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 .
    25. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Preceded by `` Body Like a Back Road '' by Sam Hunt \n Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single October 21 -- November 11 , 2017 \n Succeeded by `` When It Rains It Pours '' by Luke Combs
\n Preceded by `` All the Pretty Girls '' by Kenny Chesney \n Billboard Country Airplay number - one single October 28 , 2017
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Kane Brown
\n Studio albums \n
    \n
  • \n Kane Brown ( 2016 )
    • \n
\n
\n EPs \n
    \n
  • \n Closer ( 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Chapter 1 ( 2016 )
    • \n
\n
\n Singles \n
    \n
  • \n `` Do n't Go City on Me ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Used to Love You Sober ''
    • \n
  • \n `` What Ifs ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Heaven ''
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Lauren Alaina
\n Studio albums \n
    \n
  • \n Wildflower
    • \n
  • \n Road Less Traveled
    • \n
\n
\n EPs \n
    \n
  • \n Lauren Alaina
    • \n
\n
\n Singles \n
    \n
  • \n `` Like My Mother Does ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Georgia Peaches ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Eighteen Inches ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Barefoot and Buckwild ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Next Boyfriend ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Road Less Traveled ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Doin ' Fine ''
    • \n
\n
\n Other singles \n
    \n
  • \n `` My Grown Up Christmas List ''
    • \n
  • \n `` What Ifs ''
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_Ifs&oldid=838232791 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where was the music video what ifs filmed", "long_answers": ["The official music video for the song was directed by P.R. Brown and produced by Steve Lamar . The video was filmed along the Californian coast at The Inn at Newport Ranch , a resort and cattle ranch to the north of San Francisco . It features Brown and his duet partner Lauren Alaina singing along the coast . It was released on May 14 , 2017 . An earlier lyric video was first released on May 4 , 2017 , and shows Brown and Alaina cruising down a road .\n"], "short_answers": ["along the Californian coast at The Inn at Newport Ranch , a resort and cattle ranch to the north of San Francisco\n", "along the Californian coast at The Inn at Newport Ranch , a resort and cattle ranch to the north of San Francisco\n", "along the Californian coast at The Inn at Newport Ranch , a resort and cattle ranch to the north of San Francisco\n", "along the Californian coast at The Inn at Newport Ranch , a resort and cattle ranch to the north of San Francisco\n", "along the Californian coast at The Inn at Newport Ranch , a resort and cattle ranch to the north of San Francisco\n"]} {"text": "Petroleum industry in Nigeria - wikipedia

\n Petroleum industry in Nigeria

\n Jump to : navigation , search

\n Nigeria is the largest oil and gas producer in Africa . Crude oil from the delta basin comes in two types : light , and comparatively heavy -- the lighter around 36 gravity and the heavier , 20 -- 25 gravity . Both types are paraffinic and low in sulfur .

\n The gates of the oil refinery in Port Harcourt

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History of oil exploration ( edit )

\n

\n The history of oil exploration in Nigeria dates back to 1907 when Nigerian Bitumen Corporation conducted exploratory work in the country , at the onset of World War I the firm 's operation were stopped . Thereafter , licenses were given to D'Arcy Exploration Company and Whitehall Petroleum but neither company found oil of commercial value and they returned their licenses in 1923 . A new license covering 920,000 square kilometres ( 357,000 square miles ) was given to Shell D'arcy Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria , a consortium of Shell and British Petroleum ( then known as Anglo - Iranian ) . The company began exploratory work in 1937 . The consortium was granted license to explore oil all over the territory of Nigeria but the acreage allotted to the company in the original license was reduced in 1951 and then between 1955 and 1957 . Drilling activities started in 1951 with the first test well drilled in Owerri area . Oil was discovered in non-commercial quantities at Akata , near Eket in 1953 . Prior to the Akata find , the company had spent around 6 million pounds in exploratory activities in the country . Shell - BP in the pursuit of commercially available petroleum found oil in Oloibiri , Nigeria in 1956 . Other important oil wells discovered during the period were Afam and Bomu in Ogoni territory . Production of crude oil began in 1957 and in 1960 , a total of 847,000 tonnes of crude oil was exported . Towards the end of the 1950s , non-British firms were granted license to explore for oil : Mobil in 1955 , Tenneco in 1960 , Gulf Oil and later Chevron in 1961 , Agip in 1962 , and Elf in 1962 . Prior to the discovery of oil , Nigeria ( like many other African countries ) strongly relied on agricultural exports to other countries to supply their economy . Many Nigerians thought the developers were looking for palm oil . But after nearly 50 years searching for oil in the country , Shell - BP discovered the oil at Oloibiri in the Niger Delta . The first oil field began production in 1958 .

\n

\n After that , the economy of Nigeria should have seemingly have experienced a strong increase . However , competition for the profits from oil created a great level of terror and conflict for those living in the region . Many citizens of Nigeria believe that they have n't been able to see the economic benefits of oil companies in the state . Additionally , Nigerian government officials have remained majority shareholders in the profits created by the production of Nigerian oil , leading to government capturing of nearly all oil production , and citizens are not seeing socioeconomic benefits , and insist that oil companies should compensate people .

\n

\n Production and exploration ( edit )

\n Satellite image of Niger Delta

\n As of 2000 , oil and gas exports accounted for more than 98 % of export earnings and about 83 % of federal government revenue , as well as generating more than 14 % of its GDP . It also provides 95 % of foreign exchange earnings , and about 65 % of government budgetary revenues .

\n

\n Nigeria 's proven oil reserves are estimated by the United States Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) at between 16 and 22 billion barrels ( 2.5 \u00d7 10 and 3.5 \u00d7 10 m ) , but other sources claim there could be as much as 35.3 billion barrels ( 5.61 \u00d7 10 m ) . Its reserves make Nigeria the tenth most petroleum - rich nation , and by the far the most affluent in Africa . In mid-2001 its crude oil production was averaging around 2,200,000 barrels ( 350,000 m ) per day . It is expected that the industry will continue to be profitable based on an average bench mark oil price of $85 - $90 per barrel .

\n

\n Nearly all of the country 's primary reserves are concentrated in and around the delta of the Niger River , but off - shore rigs are also prominent in the well - endowed coastal region . Nigeria is one of the few major oil - producing nations still capable of increasing its oil output . Unlike most of the other OPEC countries , Nigeria is not projected to exceed peak production until at least 2009 . The reason for Nigeria 's relative unproductivity is primarily OPEC regulations on production to regulate prices on the international market . More recently , production has been disrupted intermittently by the protests of the Niger Delta 's inhabitants , who feel they are being exploited .

\n

\n Nigeria has a total of 159 oil fields and 1481 wells in operation according to the Department of Petroleum Resources . The most productive region of the nation is the coastal Niger Delta Basin in the Niger Delta or `` South - south '' region which encompasses 78 of the 159 oil fields . Most of Nigeria 's oil fields are small and scattered , and as of 1990 , these small unproductive fields accounted for 62.1 % of all Nigerian production . This contrasts with the sixteen largest fields which produced 37.9 % of Nigeria 's petroleum at that time .

\n

\n As a result of the numerous small fields , an extensive and well - developed pipeline network has been engineered to transport the crude oil . Also because of the lack of highly productive fields , money from the jointly operated ( with the federal government ) companies is constantly directed towards petroleum exploration and production .

\n

\n Nigeria 's petroleum is classified mostly as `` light '' and `` sweet '' , as the oil is largely free of sulphur . Nigeria is the largest producer of sweet oil in OPEC . This sweet oil is similar in composition to petroleum extracted from the North Sea . This crude oil is known as `` Bonny light '' . Names of other Nigerian crudes , all of which are named according to export terminal , are Qua Ibo , Escravos blend , Brass River , Forcados , and Pennington Anfan .

\n

\n As recently as 2010 , Nigeria provided about 10 % of overall U.S. oil imports and ranked as the fifth - largest source for oil imports in the U.S. However , Nigeria ceased exports to the US in July 2014 because of the impact of shale production in America ; India is now the largest consumer of Nigerian oil .

\n

\n There are six petroleum exportation terminals in the country . Shell owns two , while Mobil , Chevron , Texaco , and Agip own one each . Shell also owns the Forcados Terminal , which is capable of storing 13 million barrels ( 2,100,000 m ) of crude oil in conjunction with the nearby Bonny Terminal . Mobil operates primarily out of the Qua Iboe Terminal in Akwa Ibom State , while Chevron owns the Escravos Terminal located in Delta State and has a storage capacity of 3.6 million barrels ( 570,000 m ) . Agip operates the Brass Terminal in Brass , a town 113 kilometres ( 70 miles ) southwest of Port Harcourt and has a storage capacity of 3,558,000 barrels ( 565,700 m ) . Texaco operates the Pennington Terminal .

\n

\n Offshore ( edit )

\n

\n Oil companies in Africa investigate offshore production as an alternative area of production . Deepwater production mainly involves underwater drilling that exists 400 metres ( 1,300 ft ) or more below the surface of the water . By expanding to deep water drilling the possible sources for finding new oil reserves is expanded . Through the introduction of deep water drilling 50 % more oil is extracted than before the new forms of retrieving the oil .

\n

\n Angola and Nigeria are the largest oil producers in Africa . In Nigeria , the deepwater sector still has a large avenue to expand and develop . The Agbami oilfields hit full production in 2005 , at 250,000 barrels ( 40,000 m ) a day . Operated by Chevron 's Star Deep and a company called Famfa , Agbami is only one off - shore concession ; there are others named Akpo , Bonga and Erha . The amount of oil extracted from Nigeria was expected to expand from 15,000 barrels per day ( 2,400 m / d ) in 2003 to 1.27 million barrels per day ( 202,000 m / d ) in 2010 . Deepwater drilling for oil is especially attractive to oil companies because the Nigerian government has very little share in these activities and it is more difficult for the government to regulate the offshore activities of the companies .

\n

\n The deepwater extraction plants are less disturbed by local militant attacks , seizures due to civil conflicts , and sabotage . These advancements offer more resources and alternatives to extract the oil from the Niger Delta , with less exposure to conflict than the operations on land . An open - air market for illegal crude oil operates off the Niger Delta , called the Togo Triangle .

\n

\n Natural gas ( edit )

\n

\n Natural gas reserves are well over 5,300 km ( 187 \u00d7 10 ^ cu ft ) , the gas reserves are three times as substantial as the crude oil reserves . The biggest natural gas initiative is the Nigerian Liquified Natural Gas Company , which is operated jointly by several companies and the state . It began exploration and production in 1999 . Chevron is also attempting to create the Escravos Gas Utilization project which will be capable of producing 4,500,000 m ( 160 \u00d7 10 ^ cu ft ) per day . gas reserves . In 2008 , the government prepared a Gas Master Plan that was intended to promote natural gas production and encourage the supply of natural gas to domestic power stations so as to help alleviate the country 's electricity shortages . There is also an export gas pipeline , known as the West African Gas Pipeline , in the works but has encountered numerous setbacks . The pipeline would allow for transportation of natural gas to Benin , Ghana , Togo , and Cote d'Ivoire . The majority of Nigeria 's natural gas is flared off and it is estimated that Nigeria loses 18.2 million US $ daily from the loss of the flared gas .

\n

\n Downstream ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Petroleum industry in Nigeria . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( May 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n Nigeria 's total petroleum refining capacity is 445,000 barrels ( 70,700 m ) per day , however , only 240,000 barrels ( 38,000 m ) per day was allotted during the 1990s . Subsequently , crude oil production for refineries was reduced further to as little as 75,000 barrels ( 11,900 m ) per day during the regime of Sanni Abacha . There are four major oil refineries : the Warri Refinery and Petrochemical Plant which can process 125,000 barrels ( 19,900 m ) of crude per day , the New Port Harcourt Refinery which can produce 150,000 barrels ( 24,000 m ) per day ( there is also an ' Old ' Port Harcourt Refinery with negligible production ) , as well as the now defunct Kaduna Refinery . The Port Harcourt and Warri Refineries both operate at only 30 % capacity .

\n

\n It is estimated that demand and consumption of petroleum in Nigeria grows at a rate of 12.8 % annually . However , petroleum products are unavailable to most Nigerians and are quite costly , because almost all of the oil extracted by the multinational oil companies is refined overseas , while only a limited quantity is supplied to Nigerians themselves .

\n

\n Current manufacturing ( edit )

\n

\n Nigeria is Africa 's largest oil producer and has been a member of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries since 1971 . The Nigerian economy is heavily dependent on the oil sector , which , accounts for over 95 percent of export earnings and about 40 percent of government revenues , according to the International Monetary Fund . According to the International Energy Agency , Nigeria produced about 2.53 million barrels ( 402,000 m ) per day , well below its oil production capacity of over 3 million barrels ( 480,000 m ) per day , in 2011 .

\n

\n Nigeria is an important oil supplier to the United States . For the last nine years , the United States has imported between 9 - 11 percent of its crude oil from Nigeria ; however , United States import data for the first half of 2012 show that Nigerian crude is down to a 5 percent share of total United States crude imports . According to the International Energy Agency , in 2011 , approximately 33 percent of Nigeria 's crude exports were sent to the United States , making Nigeria its fourth largest foreign oil supplier .

\n

\n Although total crude imports into the United States are falling , imports from Nigeria have declined at a steeper rate , according to the International Energy Agency . The main reasons underlying this trend are that some Gulf Coast refiners have reduced Nigerian imports in favor of domestically - produced crude , and that two refineries in the U.S. East Coast , which were significant buyers of Nigerian crude , were idled in late 2011 .

\n

\n As a result , Nigerian crude as a share of total United States imports has fallen to 5 percent in the first half of 2012 , down from 10 and 11 percent in the first half of 2011 and 2010 , respectively , according to the International Energy Agency . According to the CIA World Factbook , Nigeria 's main export partners are the United States , India , Brazil , Spain , France and the Netherlands . Shell has been working in Nigeria since 1936 , and currently dominates gas production in the country , as the Niger Delta , which contains most of Nigeria 's gas resources , also houses most of Shell 's hydrocarbon assets .

\n

\n History and politics ( edit )

\n See also : History of Nigeria and Niger Delta An Ethno - linguistic map of Nigeria .

\n Prior to its official amalgamation into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria by the military forces of the British Empire in 1914 , the territory of Nigeria was a loose collection of autonomous states , villages , and ethnic communities . Many of these established themselves as pillars of art , trade , and politics in West Africa as late as the 19th century ; four of these cultural entities , the Hausa - Fulani , the Igbo ( sometimes spelled Ibo ) , the Yoruba and the Efik grew extremely prominent in the region before the arrival of foreigners , dictated British colonial policies , and dominate national politics in Nigeria to this day .

\n

\n The modern Hausa and Fulani societies in northern Nigeria are the cultural successors of the Sokoto Caliphate , a theocratic state founded by Muslim reformer empire - maker Uthman dan Fodio in 1817 . Geographically isolated in the north , the Caliphate was governed by Islamic laws as prescribed by dan Fodio 's Kitab al - Farq and maintained greater links commercially and culturally to North Africa and the Arab states than to West Africa and the Atlantic .

\n

\n By contrast , the Yoruba , the Igbo and the Efik in the south had regularly experienced contact with Europeans since at least the 16th century . A minority of southerners converted to Christianity even prior to the establishment of permanent British control , but the majority followed traditional indigenous religions , worshipping myriad deities with vast domains spanning both cosmic and terrestrial spheres .

\n

\n Coastal Nigerians established thriving trade both regionally and abroad , fashioning the coast into a hub for products like palm oil , a good sought after by rapidly industrialising Europe , while also serving as key source for the slave trade prior to its international banning ( the region came to be known as the Slave Coast as a result ) .

\n

\n The Niger Delta region , which is roughly synonymous with the Niger Delta province in location and the contemporary heart of the petroleum industry , is and was a zone of dense cultural diversity and is currently inhabited by roughly forty ethnic groups speaking an estimated 250 dialects . Some of the more relevant ethnic groups in the western part of the Niger Delta region include the Ijaw , Itsekiri , and Ogoni . The Ijaw ( sometimes spelled Ijo ) , the fourth most populous tribe in Nigeria and by far the largest in the Delta region , lived during late medieval times in small fishing villages within the inlets of the delta ; however by the 16th century , as the slave trade grew in importance , Ijaw port cities like Bonny and Brass developed into major trading states which served as major exporters of fish and other goods regionally . Other states such as those of Itsekiri domain of Warri sprang up at this time as well .

\n

\n The eastern Niger Delta region has the Efik people ( Annang / Efik / Ibibio who are all related with a common language and ancestors who were all referred to as Efik or Calabar people in early Nigerian history ) . Their capital city of Calabar , located at the coastal southeast of Nigeria ( eastern Niger Delta ) served as the major trading and shipping center during the pre-colonial and colonial period . Calabar also served as the first capital of Nigeria and the point of entry of Western religion and Western education into southeastern Nigeria . The combined population of the Ibibio , Annang and Efik people is the fourth largest language group in Nigeria .

\n

\n Colonial legacy ( 1800s -- 1960s ) ( edit )

\n See also : Colonial Nigeria

\n Even before the consolidation of British control over all of present - day Nigeria 's borders in 1914 from the protectorates of Southern and Northern Nigeria , British forces had begun imposing drastic political and economic policies on the Nigerian people which would lead to important consequences in the future . Originally this was done primarily through the government - owned Royal Niger Company . The company was crucial in securing most of Nigeria 's major ports and monopolised coastal trade ; this resulted in the severing of the ties which had linked the area to the flourishing West African regional trade network , in favour of the exportation of cheap natural resources and cash crops to industrialising nations . Most of the population eventually abandoned food production for such market - dependent crops ( peanuts and cotton in the north , palm oil in the east , and cocoa in the west ) . From the beginning , divide and rule tactics were employed by both traders and administrators , highlighting ethno - religious differences and playing groups against one another . After 1914 , the north was permitted a system of indirect rule under authoritarian leaders , while in the south the British exercised control directly .

\n

\n Interest in Nigerian oil originated in 1914 with an ordinance making any oil and mineral under Nigerian soil legal property of the Crown . By 1938 the colonial government had granted the state - sponsored company , Shell ( then known as Shell D'Arcy ) a monopoly over the exploration of all minerals and petroleum throughout the entire colony . Commercially viable oil was discovered by Shell in 1956 roughly 90 kilometres ( 56 mi ) west of the soon - to - be oil capital of Port Harcourt at Oloibiri , now in Bayelsa State ; initially a 50 -- 50 profit sharing system was implemented between the company and the government . Until the late 1950s concessions on production and exploration continued to be the exclusive domain of the company , then known as Shell - British Petroleum . However , other firms became interested and by the early 1960s Mobil , Texaco , and Gulf had purchased concessions .

\n

\n In October 1960 Nigeria gained full independence from Britain with the British monarch continuing to preside as Head of State , but the country quickly altered its relationship with its former colonizers by declaring Nigeria a republic of three federated states ( the Eastern , Western and Northern Regions ) . But the flaring of ethnic tensions assured that this new republic would be short - lived , as on 15 January 1966 , a small group of army officers consisting mostly of southeastern Igbos , staged a successful coup d'\u00e9tat against the civilian government . The federal military government which assumed power under General Aguiyi - Ironsi was unable to quiet ethnic tensions or produce a constitution acceptable to all sections of the country . In fact , its efforts to abolish the federal structure exacerbated the growing unrest and led to another coup , led by largely northern officers in July of the same year . This second coup established the regime of Major General Yakubu Gowon . Subsequently , the massacre of thousands of Igbo in the north prompted hundreds of thousands to return to the southeast , where increasingly strong Igbo secessionist sentiment emerged under the leadership of the Igbo military governor Lieutenant Colonel Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu .

\n

\n With tensions stoked between the Eastern region and Gowon 's federal government , on 4 -- 5 January 1967 , in compliance with Ojukwu 's desire to meet for talks only on neutral soil , a summit attended by Gowon , Ojukwu and other members of the Supreme Military Council was held at Aburi in Ghana , the stated purpose of which was to resolve all outstanding conflicts and establish Nigeria as a confederation of regions . The outcome of this summit was the Aburi Accord , the differing interpretations of which would soon cause Ojukwu to declare Biafran independence and plunge Nigeria into civil war .

\n

\n Implications and causes of civil war ( 1966 -- 1970 ) ( edit )

\n Map showing the location of the secessionist Republic of Biafra within Nigeria . See also : Biafra and Nigerian Civil War

\n Igbo secessionism arose in part from the pogroms in the North that were aimed at Eastern people , most specifically , the Igbo . However , since the southeast encompassed most of the petroleum - rich Niger Delta , the prospect emerged of the Eastern Region gaining self - sufficiency and increasing prosperity . The exclusion of easterners from power caused many in the east to fear that oil revenues would be used to benefit areas in the north and west rather than their own . The desire to accrue profits from oil revenues combined with ethnic tensions acted as a catalyst for the Igbo - spearheaded secession . Additionally , despite his denials in later years , it appears that Ojukwu 's insistence on secession at the time was heavily influenced by his knowledge of the extent of the area 's oil reserves .

\n

\n Recent evidence has suggested a tax battle waged by American oil companies contributed to the regional and ethnic tensions that would lead to the outbreak of war . It was also during this period that , again thanks to the Americans , the opacity and concomitant corruption of Nigerian oil began to crystallise . However , evidence from leaked US State Department documents have proven that Britain , through Shell - BP , still held the most influence over the Nigerian oil industry at the time the war broke out . The United States declared neutrality , with US Secretary of State Dean Rusk stating that `` America is not in a position to take action as Nigeria is an area under British influence , '' but nevertheless provided military assistance to the Nigeria government .

\n

\n On top of scores of deaths , the war had a largely negative impact on the oil industry . Strife caused production of crude to drop significantly , particularly in Biafra . Total crude output decreased from 420,000 barrels per day ( 67,000 cubic metres per day ) in 1966 at the start of the war , to only 140,000 barrels per day ( 22,000 cubic metres per day ) in 1968 . Shell alone saw a drop from 367,000 barrels per day ( 58,300 cubic metres per day ) in 1966 , to 43,000 ( 6,800 ) in 1968 . And in addition to concerns about production , oil companies began experiencing uncertainty as to the future of their investments depending on who prevailed in the war . This led to relations between oil companies and the federal government becoming strained , with the government at one point accusing the oil company Safrap ( now TotalFinaElf , but Elf until 1974 ) of favouring Biafra and enlisting the aid of France for the Biafran cause . Shell , the other major holder of concessions in the southeast , was concerned but placated and limited politically by Britain 's staunch support of the Nigerian government in the war effort .

\n

\n Despite oil 's prominent role in national affairs , up to this time , the Nigerian federal government had only limited involvement in the oil industry , and the government confined its financial involvement in the oil industry to taxes and royalties on the oil companies . The companies were subsequently able to set their own price on the petroleum they extracted , and dominated petroleum to such a point that laws governing the oil sector were having a negative effect on Nigerian interests . However , even during the conflict with Biafra would force changes to the relationship between federal government and the petroleum industry . Gowon 's military government instituted the 1969 Petroleum Decree which dismantled the existing revenue allocation system that had divided revenue from oil taxes equally between federal and state government , instead favouring an allocation formula in which the federal government controlled the dispensation of revenues to the states .

\n

\n After the loss of over 2,000,000 lives , the war concluded in 1970 and resulted in a victory for the Nigerian state , as the secessionist regions were subsequently brought back into the Nigerian fold . However , the former Eastern Region had been split into two new states , Rivers and South - Eastern ( now Cross River ) in order to discourage lingering ideas of independence .

\n

\n Industry nationalisation ( 1970 -- 1979 ) ( edit )

\n See also : Corruption in Nigeria

\n In May 1971 the Nigerian federal government , then under the control of General Yakubu Gowon , nationalised the oil industry by creating the Nigerian National Oil Corporation via a decree . Following the war with Biafra , the government felt it necessary to secure and gain more control over the oil industry . Nationalization of the oil sector was also precipitated by Nigeria 's desire to join OPEC , which was encouraging member states to acquire 51 % stakes and become increasingly involved in the oil sector . Although the Nigerian government had maintained involvement in the industry prior to 1971 , this was accomplished mainly through business deals on concessions of the foreign firms in operation . The creation of the NNOC made government participation in the industry legally binding . The federal government would continue to consolidate its oil involvement throughout the next several decades .

\n

\n However , it was during the years of Gowon and his successors Murtala Mohammed and Olusegun Obasanjo known officially as the Heads of the Federal Military Government of Nigeria , who ruled amidst the oil boom of the 1970s that the political economy of petroleum in Nigeria truly became characterised by endemic patronage and corruption by the political elites , which plagues the nation to this day . At both state and federal government levels , power and therefore wealth has typically been monopolised by select lobby groups who maintain a strong tendency to ' look after their own ' by financially rewarding their political supporters . At the state or community level this means that interest groups in power will reward and protect their own ; this is typically based on ethnic / tribal or religious affiliation of the interest group . The heavy patronage based on tribal affiliation has fueled ethnic unrest and violence throughout Nigeria , but particularly in the Niger Delta states , where the stakes for control of the immense oil resources are very high . At the federal level , political elites have utilised patronage to consolidate power for the ruling government , not only by rewarding their political friends in the federal government , but also by paying off major interest groups at the state or tribal level in order to elicit their cooperation . Inevitably these financial favours are distributed unequally and inefficiently , resulting in concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a small minority . Nigeria is ranked by the Corruption Perceptions Index 136st out of 180 countries total ( for comparison , this is the same as Russia ) .

\n

\n Following the NNOC 's genesis , the Nigerian government continued to garner control over oil revenues . In 1972 it declared that all property not currently owned by a foreign entity was legally the property of the government , which gained jurisdiction over the sale and allocation of concessions to foreign investors . The military regime oversaw the implementation of a number of other important milestones related to oil :

\n

\n 1974 : Participation in oil industry by government increases to 55 % .

\n

\n 1975 : Decree 6 increases federal government share in oil sector to 80 % , with only 20 % going to the states .

\n

\n 1976 : First exploration and development venture by NNOC undertaken and drills to uncover commercial quantities of petroleum off - shore .

\n

\n 1978 : Perhaps most importantly , the federal government created the Land Use Act which vested control over state lands in military governors appointed by the federal military regime , and eventually led to Section 40 ( 3 ) of the 1979 constitution which declared all minerals , oil , natural gas , and natural resources found within the bounds of Nigeria to be legal property of the Nigerian federal government .

\n

\n 1979 : In an effort to establish further control over the industry , the government merges and restructures the NNOC and the Ministry of Petroleum to form the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation , an entity which would exert more power over the allocation and sale of concessions than the NNOC . By 1979 , the NNPC had also gained 60 % participation in the oil industry .

\n

\n Attempted democracy and debt ( 1979 -- 1983 ) ( edit )

\n

\n Despite the vast revenues accrued by Gowon and his heirs , the junta succumbed to the demands of the civilian population , and in 1979 military head of state Olusegun Obasanjo handed over power to elected National Party of Nigeria ( NPN ) candidate Shehu Shagari . This event coincided with the declaration of Nigeria 's Second Republic . At this juncture , the oil producing states of the Niger Delta were accounting for 82 % of all federal government revenue but the population of these areas received very little compensation and demands for adequate reimbursement for the black gold extracted from their land could be heard at this time . Overall , petroleum accounted for 96 % of all government external revenue but a mere 27 % of the nation 's GDP . However , the advent of democracy did not improve the situation .

\n

\n A 1982 Revenue Act implemented by the Shagari government would eventually be modified by yet another military regime in 1984 via Decree 36 which reduced the government share of oil revenue from 80 % to 55 % . States got 32.5 % and 10 % went to local governments . The remaining 1.5 % was earmarked as a special fund to new develop oil - producing areas , but during the Shagari regime the corruption in Nigerian governance reached its zenith and capital flight out of Nigeria peaked , while people in the oil - producing areas continued to receive little or none of the oil profits . Additionally , 1980 saw oil - generated revenues attain an all - time high of US $24.9 billion but Nigeria still managed an international debt of $9 billion .

\n

\n Shagari 's NPN government was viewed by the majority of Nigerians as incorrigibly corrupt by the time the national elections of 1983 came about . Shagari and his subordinates steadily transformed Nigeria into a police state where Nigerian military and police forces were permitted to utilise force quite liberally in order to control the civilian population . Such repressive measures were employed to ensure victory in the forthcoming elections , and this outcome was achieved largely through the bankrupting of the federal government 's treasury .

\n

\n Another disturbing trend had also been gaining steam in Nigeria since the early 1970s : a steep drop in agricultural production correlating roughly with the rise in federal revenues from petroleum extraction . Whereas previously Nigeria had been the world 's lead exporter of cocoa , production of this cash crop dropped by 43 % , while productivity in other important income generators like rubber ( 29 % ) , groundnuts ( 64 % ) , and cotton ( 65 % ) plummeted as well between 1972 and 1983 . The decline in agricultural production was not limited to cash crops amid the oil boom , and national output of staple foodstuffs also fell . This situation contrasts to Nigeria in 1960 just after independence , when despite British underdevelopment , the nation was more or less self - sufficient in terms of food supply , while crops made up 97 % of all revenue from exports . The drop in production was so substantial that by the early 1980s the NPN government was forced to implement a now notorious import license scheme which essentially involved Nigeria , for the first time in its history , importing basic food items . However , as Nigerian activist and Nobel Laureate Wole Soyinka asserts , `` the import license scam that was used by the party as a reward and enticement for party loyalists and would - be supporters cost the nation billions of dollars ... while food production in the country virtually ceased '' .

\n

\n Return to military rule and electoral annulment ( 1983 -- 1993 ) ( edit )

\n

\n For these reasons , seizure of power by General Muhammadu Buhari a short time after the NPN government was fraudulently re-elected was initially perceived as a positive development by civilians . Buhari charged out of the gate in December 1983 , declaring himself Head of the Supreme Military Council of Nigeria , he condemned the civilian government 's blatant corruption and instituted programs supposedly designed to eliminate the disease of corruption . However , these measures were largely transparent and the looting of federal coffers by Nigeria 's rulers continued largely unabated , `` as Shagari 's officers -- both within party and government -- left the country , came in and out as they pleased , while Burahi 's tribunal sentence opposition figures to spells of between a hundred and three hundred years in prison for every dubious kind of crime '' . The Buhari government neglected to punish even Shagari himself , a consistent trend in Nigerian 's long line of dictariorial rulers , who almost universally been spared any kind of justice .

\n

\n In 1985 , another general , this time General Ibrahim Babangida , stole power and again alleged that his predecessors were corrupt violators of human rights and promised to rectify the situation , committing to a return to democracy by 1990 . Nigeria had been saddled with a crushingly large international debt at this point . This was because , despite over 101 billion US dollars having been generated by the oil industry between 1958 and 1983 , nearly all of these funds had been siphoned into the private bank accounts and the state sponsored pet projects maintained by the succession of Nigerian governmental elites .

\n

\n Immediately prior to Babangida 's rise to power , which is viewed by some as having been orchestrated by international oil and banking interests , the International Monetary Fund was exerting increasingly acute pressure on the Nigerian government to repay its massive debts , of which 44 % of all federal revenue was already servicing . Therefore , it was unsurprising when Babangida implemented the IMF 's Structural Adjustment Program in October 1986 in order to facilitate debt repayment . The SAP was extremely controversial while it was in effect between 1986 and 1988 . While it did permit Nigerian exports to become more competitive internationally and spurred a degree of economic growth , the SAP also incurred a dramatic drop in real wages for the majority of Nigerians . This , combined with major cuts to important public services , incited public unrest so extreme that Babangida 's Armed Forces Ruling Council was obliged to partially reverse the SAP initiatives and return to inflationary economic policies . Babangida 's rule also oversaw the annihilation of the Nigerian economic middle class , and Nigeria 's entry to the Organisation of the Islamic Conference , despite Muslims accounting for less than 50 % of the Nigerian populace .

\n

\n The 1980s military juntas conducted several attempted re-organisations of the NNPC to increase its efficiency . However , according to most sources by the early 1990s the NNPC was characterised by chronic inefficiency and waste . Red tape and poor organisation are standard , with the NNPC being divided into several sub-entities , each fulfilling a particular function . This is despite the NNPC 's growing participation in the industry , including development and exploration of numerous off - shore wells . As a result , the functionality of the industry is dependent on foreign corporations , not the NNPC .

\n

\n The sudden jump in oil prices caused by the First Gulf War in 1990 and 1991 , as most researchers confirm , was at best squandered . The Babangida junta has been widely accused of `` mismanaging '' the oil windfall from the Gulf War price jump , which accounted for about $12.5 billion in revenues . Another alleges that the federal government siphoned off about $12.2 billion between 1988 and 1994 into private accounts or expenditures , `` clandestinely undertaken while the country was openly reeling with a crushing external debt '' .

\n

\n Under these circumstances , Babangida eventually allowed for nationwide elections on 12 June 1993 . These elections were declared universally free and fair ( at least in comparison to past elections ) by all major international election monitors , and the eventual winner of the presidential race was the Chief M.K.O. Abiola ( of the newly formed SDP ) . However , the military regime cynically pronounced the election , in which fourteen million Nigerians participated , to be null and void due to `` electoral irregularities '' . The Nigerian people took to the streets in large numbers to protest the election 's annulment . As civil unrest continued , Babangida was forced to cede power to the caretaker government of Ernest Shonekan .

\n

\n An environment of crisis ( 1993 -- present ) ( edit )

\n

\n Shonekan 's interim government would be short - lived , as on 17 November 1993 , Babangida 's former Chief of Army Staff and Minister of Defence Sani Abacha overthrew the caretaker regime and installed himself as Head of State . Popular opposition to the junta was widespread and public demonstrations were taking place on a regular basis . Immediately upon taking power , Abacha commenced the brutal repression of these subversive elements which would make his tenure notorious on a global basis .

\n

\n Throughout the early 1990s such popular unrest grew steadily , particularly in the Niger Delta region , where various ethnic groups began demanding compensation for years of ecological damage as well as control over their land 's oil resources . This unrest manifested itself at the outset as peaceful activist organisations that united their members on the basis of ethnicity .

\n

\n One of the most prominent of these organisations to emerge in the region was the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People ( MOSOP ) . The group declared that the Ogoni people , a small minority in Rivers state of Nigeria , were slowly being annihilated as the arable terrain of their homeland ( known as Ogoniland ) was degraded by pollution from oil production by Chevron and primarily Shell .

\n Main article : Conflict in the Niger Delta

\n Conflict in the Niger Delta arose in the early 1990s due to tensions between the foreign oil corporations , the Nigerian federal government , and a number of the Niger Delta 's ethnic groups who felt they were being exploited , particularly minority groups like the Ogoni as well as the Ijaw in the late 1990s . Ethnic and political unrest has continued throughout the 1990s and persists as of 2006 despite the conversion to a more democratic , civilian federal system under the Obasanjo government in 1999 ; democracy has to some degree fan the flames as politicians seeking office may now employ militia groups to coerce voters and generally disrupt the election process . Competition for oil wealth has fuelled violence between innumerable ethnic groups , causing the militarisation of nearly the entire region by ethnic militia groups as well as Nigerian military and police forces ( notably the Nigerian Mobile Police ) . Victims of crimes are fearful of seeking justice for crimes committed against them because of growing `` impunity from prosecution for individuals responsible for serious human rights abuses , ( which ) has created a devastating cycle of increasing conflict and violence '' . The regional and ethnic conflicts are so numerous that fully detailing each is impossible and impractical .

\n

\n On 30 January 2013 , a Dutch court ruled that Shell can be held accountable for the pollution in the Niger Delta .

\n

\n Operating agreements ( edit )

\n

\n Details and nature of the relationship between the government and the operating companies are governed by three types of agreements , joint ventures , production sharing contracts and service contracts .

\n

\n Joint venture companies ( edit )

\n
\n
\n Royal Dutch Shell ( British / Dutch )
\n
\n Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited ( SPDC ) , usually known simply as Shell Nigeria : A joint venture operated by Shell accounts for 50 % of Nigerian 's total oil production ( 899,000 barrels ( 142,900 m ) per day in 1997 ) from more than eighty oil fields . The joint venture is composed of NNPC ( 55 % ) , Shell ( 30 % ) , TotalFinaElf ( 10 % ) and Agip ( 5 % ) and operates largely onshore on dry land or in the mangrove swamp in the Niger Delta . `` The company has more than 100 producing oil fields , and a network of more than 6,000 kilometres of pipelines , flowing through 87 flowstations . SPDC operates 2 coastal oil export terminals '' . The Shell joint venture produces about 50 % of Nigeria 's total crude . Shell Nigeria owns concessions on four companies , they are : Shell Petroleum Development Company ( SPDC ) , Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Company ( SNEPCO ) , Shell Nigeria Gas ( SNG ) , Shell Nigeria Oil Products ( SNOP ) , as well as holding a major stake in Nigeria Liquified Natural Gas ( NLNG ) . Shell formerly operated alongside British Petroleum as Shell - BP , but BP has since sold all of its Nigerian concessions . Most of Shell 's operations in Nigeria are conducted through the Shell Petroleum Development Company ( SPDC ) .
\n
\n
\n
\n Chevron ( American )
\n
\n Chevron Nigeria Limited ( CNL ) : A joint venture between NNPC ( 60 % ) and Chevron ( 40 % ) has in the past been the second largest producer ( approximately 400,000 barrels per day ( 64,000 cubic metres per day ) ) , with fields located in the Warri region west of the Niger river and offshore in shallow water . It is reported to aim to increase production to 600,000 barrels per day ( 95,000 cubic metres per day ) .
\n
\n
\n
\n Exxon - Mobil ( American )
\n
\n Mobil Producing Nigeria Unlimited ( MPNU ) : A joint venture between the NNPC ( 60 % ) and Exxon - Mobil ( 40 % ) operates in shallow water off Akwa Ibom state in the southeastern delta and averaged production of 632,000 barrels per day ( 100,500 cubic metres per day ) in 1997 , making it the second largest producer , as against 543,000 barrels per day ( 86,300 cubic metres per day ) in 1996 . Mobil also holds a 50 % interest in a Production Sharing Contract for a deep water block further offshore , and is reported to plan to increase output to 900,000 barrels per day ( 140,000 cubic metres per day ) by 2000 . Oil industry sources indicate that Mobil is likely to overtake Shell as the largest producer in Nigeria within the next five years , if current trends continue , mainly due to its offshore base allowing it refuge from the strife Shell has experienced onshore . It is headquartered in Eket and operates in Nigeria under the subsidiary of Mobil Producing Nigeria ( MPN ) .
\n
\n
\n
\n Agip ( Italian )
\n
\n Nigerian Agip Oil Company Limited ( NAOC ) : A joint venture operated by Agip and owned by the NNPC ( 60 % ) , Agip ( 20 % ) and ConocoPhillips ( 20 % ) produces 150,000 barrels per day ( 24,000 cubic metres per day ) mostly from small onshore fields .
\n
\n
\n
\n Total ( French )
\n
\n Total Petroleum Nigeria Limited ( TPNL ) : A joint venture between NNPC ( 60 % ) and Elf ( now Total ) produced approximately 125,000 barrels per day ( 19,900 cubic metres per day ) during 1997 , both on and offshore . Elf and Mobil are in dispute over operational control of an offshore field with a production capacity of 90,000 barrels per day ( 14,000 cubic metres per day ) .
\n
\n
\n
\n Texaco ( now merged with Chevron )
\n
\n NNPC Texaco - Chevron Joint Venture ( formerly Texaco Overseas Petroleum Company of Nigeria Unlimited ) : A joint venture operated by Texaco and owned by NNPC ( 60 % ) , Texaco ( 20 % ) and Chevron ( 20 % ) currently produces about 60,000 barrels per day ( 9,500 cubic metres per day ) from five offshore fields .
\n
\n

\n Current situation ( edit )

\n

\n Nigeria 's oil revenue has totaled $340 billion in exports since the 1970s and it is the fifth largest producer . Though Nigeria is a major oil exporter , it imports most of its gasoline , and when fuel subsidies were lifted in January 2012 , fuel increased from roughly $1.70 per gallon to $3.50 . Nigeria produces a form of oil ideal for the United States , has huge reserves , and has increased its production to 2.8 million barrels ( 450,000 m ) of oil a day . But this , some say , is all a resource curse that is hurting Nigeria and disadvantaging her people .

\n

\n Oil theft ( edit )

\n

\n A report analysing the effect of oil theft in Nigeria revealed in July 2013 that Nigeria lost $10.9 billion in potential oil revenues between 2009 and 2011 .

\n

\n Environmental impact ( edit )

\n See also : Environmental issues in Nigeria Map of vegetation in Nigeria

\n The Niger Delta comprises 70,000 square kilometres ( 27,000 square miles ) of wetlands formed primarily by sediment deposition . Home to more than 20 million people and 40 different ethnic groups , this floodplain makes up 7.5 % of Nigeria 's total land mass . It is the largest wetland and maintains the third - largest drainage area in Africa . The Delta 's environment can be broken down into four ecological zones : coastal barrier islands , mangrove swamp forests , freshwater swamps , and lowland rainforests .

\n

\n This incredibly well - endowed ecosystem , which contains one of the highest concentrations of biodiversity on the planet , in addition to supporting an abundant flora and fauna , arable terrain that can sustain a wide variety of crops , economic trees , and more species of freshwater fish than any ecosystem in West Africa . The region could experience a loss of 40 % of its inhabitable terrain in the next thirty years because of extensive dam construction in the region . The carelessness of the oil industry has also precipitated this situation , which can perhaps be best encapsulated by a report issued by the NNPC in 1983 , long before popular unrest surfaced :

\n

\n We witnessed the slow poisoning of the waters of this country and the destruction of vegetation and agricultural land by oil spills which occur during petroleum operations . But since the inception of the oil industry in Nigeria , more than twenty - five years ago , there has been no concerned and effective effort on the part of the government , let alone the oil operators , to control environmental problems associated with the industry .

\n

\n Oil spills and water contamination ( edit )

\n

\n Oil spills in Nigeria are a common occurrence ; it has been estimated that between 9 and 13 million barrels ( 1,400,000 and 2,100,000 m ) have been spilled since oil drilling started in 1958 . The government estimates that about 7,000 spills occurred between 1970 and 2000 . Causes include corrosion of pipelines and tankers ( accounts for 50 % of all spills ) , sabotage ( 28 % ) , and oil production operations ( 21 % ) , with 1 % of the spills being accounted for by inadequate or non-functional production equipment . One reason that corrosion accounts for such a high percentage of all spills is that as a result of the small size of the oilfields in the Niger Delta , there is an extensive network of pipelines between the fields . Many facilities and pipelines were constructed to older standards , are poorly maintained and have outlived their estimated life span . Sabotage is performed primarily through what is known as `` bunkering '' , whereby the saboteur taps a pipeline , and in the process of extraction sometimes the pipeline is damaged . Oil extracted in this manner is often sold for cash compensation .

\n

\n Oil spills have a major impact on the ecosystem . Large tracts of mangrove forests have been desroyed . They are especially susceptible to oil spills because the oil is stored in the soil and re-released annually with each inundation . An estimated 5 -- 10 % of Nigerian mangrove ecosystems have been wiped out either by settlement or by oil . Spills also take out crops and aquacultures through contamination of groundwater and soils . Drinking water is frequently contaminated , and a sheen of oil is visible in many localised bodies of water . If the drinking water is contaminated , even if no immediate health effects are apparent , the numerous hydrocarbons and other chemicals present in oil represent a carcinogenic risk . Offshore spills , which are usually much greater in scale , contaminate coastal environments and cause a decline in local fishing production .

\n

\n Nigerian regulations are weak and rarely enforced allowing oil companies , in essence , to self - regulate .

\n

\n Natural gas flaring ( edit )

\n
\n
\n See also main article : Environmental issues in the Niger Delta
\n
\n

\n Nigeria flares more natural gas associated with oil extraction than any other country , with estimates suggesting that of the 99,000,000 m ( 3.5 \u00d7 10 ^ cu ft ) of associated gas ( AG ) produced annually , 71,000,000 m ( 2.5 \u00d7 10 ^ cu ft ) , or about 70 % is wasted via flaring . Statistical data associated with gas flaring is notoriously unreliable , but AG wasted during flaring is estimated to cost Nigeria US $2.5 billion on a yearly basis . Companies operating in Nigeria harvest natural gas for commercial purposes , however prefer to extract it gas from deposits where it is found in isolation as non-associated gas . It is costly to separate commercially viable associated gas from oil , hence gas flaring to increase crude production .

\n

\n Gas flaring is discouraged by the international community as it contributes to climate change . In fact , in western Europe 99 % of associated gas is used or re-injected into the ground . Gas flaring in Nigeria releases large amounts methane , which has very high global warming potential . The methane is accompanied by carbon dioxide , of which Nigeria is estimated to have emitted more than 34.38 million tons in 2002 , accounting for about 50 % of all industrial emissions in the country and 30 % of the total CO emissions . As flaring in the west has been minimised , in Nigeria it has grown proportionally with oil production . While the international community , the Nigerian government , and the oil corporations seem to agree that gas flaring need to be curtailed , efforts to do so have been slow and largely ineffective .

\n

\n Gas flares release a variety of potentially poisonous chemicals such as nitrogen dioxides , sulphur dioxide , volatile organic compounds like benzene , toluene , xylene and hydrogen sulfide , as well as carcinogens like benzapyrene and dioxins . Often gas flares are often close to local communities , and lack adequate fencing or protection for villagers who may risk nearing the heat of the flare in order to carry out their daily activities . Flares which are often older and inefficient are rarely relocated away from villages , and are known to coat the land and communities in the area with soot and damage adjacent vegetation .

\n

\n In November 2005 a judgment by , `` the Federal High Court of Nigeria ordered that gas flaring must stop in a Niger Delta community as it violates guaranteed constitutional rights to life and dignity . In a case brought against the Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria ( Shell ) , Justice C.V. Nwokorie ruled in Benin City that the damaging and wasteful practice of flaring can not lawfully continue . ''

\n

\n Human rights impact ( edit )

\n

\n Repression of protest and government corruption ( edit )

\n

\n One of the greatest threats facing the people of the Niger River Delta has actually been their own government . The Nigerian government has total control over property rights and they have the authority to seize any property for use by the oil companies . A majority of every dollar that comes out of the ground in the delta goes to the State and Federal governments .

\n

\n According to the World Bank , most of Nigeria 's oil wealth gets siphoned off by 1 % of the population . Corruption in the government is rampant , in fact since 1960 it is estimated that 300 to 400 billion dollars has been stolen by corrupt government officials . The corruption is found at the highest levels as well . For example , a former inspector general of the national police was accused of stealing 52 million dollars . He was sentenced to six years in prison for a lesser charge .

\n

\n Nigerians have on many occasions engaged in protests against oil - related corruption and environmental concerns in the past , but have been met with harsh suppression by government forces . For example , in February 2005 at a protest at Chevron 's Escravos oil terminal , soldiers opened fire on the protestors . One man was killed and 30 others were injured . The soldiers claimed that the protestors were armed , which the protestors denied . Another , more extreme example happened in 1994 . The Nigerian military moved into a region called Ogoniland in force . They razed 30 villages , arrested hundreds of protestors , and killed an estimated 2,000 people .

\n

\n One of the protestors they arrested was a man named Ken Saro - Wiwa , a Nigerian TV producer , writer and social activist . In 1990 he founded the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People ( MOSOP ) . Ken wrote and spoke out about the rampant corruption in the Nigerian government and he condemned Shell and British Petroleum . He was arrested by the Nigerian government and imprisoned for 17 months . Then in a show trial he and eight others were condemned to death . He and the others were hung in 1995 and he was buried in an unmarked common grave .

\n

\n Poverty and chronic underdevelopment ( edit )

\n \n Previous pipeline explosions in Nigeria \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n City \n Date \n Casualties
\n Lagos \n 26 December 2007 \n at least 40
\n Lagos \n 26 December 2006 \n at least 260
\n Lagos \n 12 May 2006 \n at least 150
\n Lagos \n December 2004 \n at least 20
\n Lagos \n September 2004 \n at least 60
\n Abia \n June 2003 \n at least 105
\n Warri \n July 2000 \n at least 300
\n Abia \n March 2000 \n at least 50
\n Jesse \n October 1998 \n at least 1000
\n

\n The people of the delta states live in extreme poverty even in the face of great material wealth found in the waters by their homes . According to Amnesty International in 2006 , 70 % of the people in the Niger River Delta live on less than US $1 per day . For many people , this means finding work in a labour market which is in many instances hostile to them . Much of the labour in the past has been imported . To a growing degree , the labour force for the oil companies is coming from Nigeria . But discrimination is rampant , and for the most part , locals are discriminated against .

\n

\n This leads to a situation where the men in the community have to search for temporary employment . This has two negative effects on the community . First it takes the men out of the community as they go in search of work . The second is the nature of temporary employment sets up unsustainable spending habits ) . They earn some money and spend it thinking it will be easy to earn more , when in many cases this does not turn out to be the case .

\n

\n As the government officials siphon off all the money generated from oil sales the infrastructure suffers . Most of the villages do not have electricity or even running water . They do not have good access to schools or medical clinics . For many , even clean drinking water is difficult to come by . The deterioration of the infrastructure in the delta states is so severe it is even a problem in the more urban areas . One example of this is the airport at Port Harcourt . Part of a fence was not properly maintained and an Air France flight hit a herd of cattle on the runway in 2005 . The airport was closed and still had not reopened by 2007 .

\n

\n The leadership of the Niger Delta region appears responsible for most of the underdevelopment in the region . There is large - scale corruption amongst the elected leaders especially governors , and the leaders have helped sponsor the militant groups kidnapping innocent people and sabotaging efforts by the federal government for infrastructure development . Indicted corrupt leaders are also cheered by the Niger Delta people .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ David Thomas ( 13 November 1995 ) . `` NIGER DELTA OIL PRODUCTION , RESERVES , FIELD SIZES ASSESSED '' . Industry Briefs . Oil and Gas Journal .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Frynas , J.G. ( 1999 ) . Oil in Nigeria : Conflict and litigation between oil companies and village communities . M\u00fcnster : Lit Verlag .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7840310.stm Retrieved 26 November 2012
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 10 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Retrieved 26 November 2012
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ U.S. Energy Information Administration ( U.S. EIA ) , `` Nigeria Country Analysis Brief , '' December 1997 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ http://www.oilandgascouncil.com/expert_insight_articles/review-nigeria-oil-gas-industry
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Environmental Resources Managers Ltd , Niger Delta Environmental Survey Final Report Phase I ; Volume I : Environmental and Socio - Economic Characteristics ( Lagos : Niger Delta Environmental Survey , September 1997 )
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Nigeria : The Political Economy of Oil ISBN 0 - 19 - 730014 - 6 ( Khan , Ahmad )
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ US Shuts its Door on Nigeria 's Oil Exports ( ThisDayLive.com )
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : Nigerian Crude and Gas Industry ( NigeriaBusinessInfo.com )
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : McLennan , James ; Stewart Williams ( Feb 2005 ) . Deepwater Africa reaches turning point . Oil & Gas Journal . Vol. 103 , 6 ; ABI / INFORM Global . pg. 18
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Khadija Sharife . `` How Nigeria 's lucrative oil profits disappear '' . # Panama Papers . ANCIR .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Smith , Robert ; Simon , Julia ( 30 October 2014 ) . `` How To Steal A Million Barrels Of Oil '' . Planet Money . NPR . Retrieved 1 November 2014 .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : Natural Gas ( Online Nigeria Portal )
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ( corporate-nigeria.com )
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : Where Vultures Feast . ( Okonta and Douglas , 2001 ) .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Klieman , Kairn A. ( 2012 ) . `` U.S. Oil Companies , the Nigerian Civil War , and the Origins of Opacity in the Nigerian Oil Industry '' . Journal of American History . 1 ( 1 ) : 155 -- 165 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas072 .
    18. \n
  18. \n ^ Jump up to : Awoyokun , Damola ( 19 February 2013 ) . `` BIAFRA : The Untold Story of Nigeria 's civil war '' . P.M. News . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results
    20. \n
  20. \n ^ Jump up to : The Price of Oil : Corporate Responsibility and Human Rights Violations in Nigeria 's Oil Producing Communities ( Human Rights Watch , 1999 )
    21. \n
  21. \n ^ Jump up to : The Open Sore of a Continent . Soyinka , Wole .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Raymond Ridderhof ( 15 February 2013 ) . `` Shell and Ogoni People : ( s ) oil pollution in the Niger Delta '' . Peace Palace Library . Retrieved 18 March 2014 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Frynas , Jedrzej Georg ( 1999 ) . Oil in Nigeria : : conflict and litigation between oil companies and village communities . M\u00fcnster : Lit Verlag . p. 81 . ISBN 3825839214 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=75700003&site=ehost-live Retrieved 26 November 2012
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/10/world/africa/nigerians-protest-oil-price-rise-as-subsidies-end.html Retrieved 26 November 2012
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/infomark.do?&source=gale&srcprod=AONE&prodId=AONE&userGroupName=uiuc_uc&tabID=T002&docId=A126748348&type=retrieve&contentSet=IAC-Documents&version=1.0 Retrieved 26 November 2012
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=75700003&site=ehost-live Retrieved 26 November 2012
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Nigeria loses $10.9 bn to oil theft , South Africa : Fin24.com , 2013
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ ( Quoted in Greenpeace International 's Shell Shocked , 11 ) ( Greenpeace )
    30. \n
  30. \n ^ Jump up to : Baird J ( 26 July 2010 ) . `` Oil 's Shame in Africa '' . Newsweek .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Shell International Petroleum Company , Developments in Nigeria ( London : March 1995 )
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Nigeria to start rehabilitation of oil joint venture facilities ( NigeriaBusinessInfo.com )
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Media Briefing : Gas flaring in Nigeria Archived 29 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( Friends of the Earth )
    34. \n
  34. \n ^ Jump up to : GAS FLARING IN NIGERIA : A HUMAN RIGHTS , ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC MONSTROSITY ( Climate Justice Programme and Environmental Rights Action / Friends of the Earth Nigeria )
    35. \n
  35. \n ^ Jump up to : Boele , R. , Fabig , H. , Wheeler , D. ( 2001 ) . Shell , Nigeria and the Ogoni : A Study in Unsustainable Development : I . The Story of Shell , Nigeria and the Ogoni People - Environment , Economy , Relationships : Conflict and Prospects for Resolution . Sustainable Development , 9 , 74 -- 86 .
    36. \n
  36. \n ^ Jump up to : Junger , S. ( 2007 ) . Blood Oil . Vanity Fair.com . Retrieved 2 May 2007 , from http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2007/02/junger200702
    37. \n
  37. \n ^ Jump up to : Amnesty International . ( 2006 ) . Nigeria : Oil , Poverty and Violence . Archived 19 August 2007 , at https://web.archive.org/web/20070819155442/http://www.web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR440172006?open&of=ENG-NGA
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Books and Writers . ( 2003 ) . Ken Saro - Wiwa ( 1941 -- 1945 ) . Retrieved 9 May 2007 from , http://www.kirjsto.sci.fi/saro.htm
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` Nigeria mourns pipeline victims '' . BBC News . 27 December 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 16 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Egan , J. ( 1999 ) . Troubled Times in the Niger Delta . Retrieved 8 May 2007 , from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programes/crossing-continents/325300.stm
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` More Corrupt Deals of Bayelsa Governor Uncovered '' . Elendu Reports . Retrieved 13 September 2011 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` TELL Magazine Details Allegations of Corruption Against Ex-Governor James Ibori '' . Waado.org . Retrieved 13 September 2011 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ http://www.businessdayonline.com/index.php?news=13891
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Ekeinde , Austin ( 31 August 2007 ) . `` Convicted governor cheered in Nigerian oil delta '' . Uk.reuters.com . Retrieved 13 September 2011 .
    45. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Nigeria articles
\n History \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Kingdoms
    • \n
  • \n Empires
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Aro
    • \n
  • \n Benin
    • \n
  • \n Fulani
    • \n
  • \n Kanem - Bornu
    • \n
  • \n Nri
    • \n
  • \n Oyo
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Timeline
    • \n
  • \n Northern Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Southern Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Civil War
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Geography \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Adamawa Plateau
    • \n
  • \n Cities
    • \n
  • \n Ecoregions
    • \n
  • \n Environmental issues
    • \n
  • \n Islands
    • \n
  • \n Jos Plateau
    • \n
  • \n Mountains
    • \n
  • \n National parks
    • \n
  • \n Niger Delta
    • \n
  • \n Rivers
      \n
    • \n Niger
      • \n
    • \n Benue
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Wildlife
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Politics \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Administrative divisions
    • \n
  • \n Cabinet
    • \n
  • \n Constitution
    • \n
  • \n Elections
    • \n
  • \n Federal Executive Council
    • \n
  • \n Foreign relations
    • \n
  • \n Human rights
    • \n
  • \n Law enforcement
    • \n
  • \n LGBT history
    • \n
  • \n Military
    • \n
  • \n National Assembly
      \n
    • \n House of Representatives
      • \n
    • \n Senate
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Political parties
      \n
    • \n PDP
      • \n
    • \n APC
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n President
      \n
    • \n Vice-President
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Supreme Court
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Economy \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Agriculture
    • \n
  • \n Central Bank
    • \n
  • \n Economic history
    • \n
  • \n Energy
    • \n
  • \n Mining
    • \n
  • \n Naira ( currency )
    • \n
  • \n Petroleum
    • \n
  • \n Stock Exchange
    • \n
  • \n Telecommunications
    • \n
  • \n Tourism
    • \n
  • \n Transport
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Society \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Capital punishment
    • \n
  • \n Corruption
    • \n
  • \n Demographics
    • \n
  • \n Diaspora
    • \n
  • \n Education
    • \n
  • \n Ethnic groups
      \n
    • \n MASSOB
      • \n
    • \n MOSOP
      • \n
    • \n Oodua Peoples Congress
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Health
    • \n
  • \n Languages
    • \n
  • \n Organized crime
    • \n
  • \n Poverty
    • \n
  • \n Rankings
    • \n
  • \n Refugees
    • \n
  • \n Water supply and sanitation
    • \n
\n

\n

\n
    \n
  • \n Islamist insurgency
    • \n
  • \n Communal conflicts in Nigeria , Herder -- farmer conflicts in Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Niger Delta conflict
    • \n
  • \n 2016 Biafra conflict
    • \n
\n
\n Culture \n
    \n
  • \n Anthem
    • \n
  • \n Cinema
      \n
    • \n Nollywood
      • \n
    • \n Colonial era
      • \n
    • \n Golden Age
      • \n
    • \n Video film era
      • \n
    • \n New Wave
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Coat of arms
    • \n
  • \n Cuisine
    • \n
  • \n Demonyms
    • \n
  • \n Flag
    • \n
  • \n List of Nigerians
    • \n
  • \n Literature
    • \n
  • \n Media
      \n
    • \n Newspapers
      • \n
    • \n Radio
      • \n
    • \n TV
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Music
    • \n
  • \n Public holidays
    • \n
  • \n Religion
    • \n
  • \n Smoking
    • \n
  • \n Sport
    • \n
  • \n Video gaming
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Outline
    • \n
  • \n Index
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Petroleum industry in Africa
\n Sovereign states \n
    \n
  • \n Algeria
    • \n
  • \n Angola
    • \n
  • \n Benin
    • \n
  • \n Botswana
    • \n
  • \n Burkina Faso
    • \n
  • \n Burundi
    • \n
  • \n Cameroon
    • \n
  • \n Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde )
    • \n
  • \n Central African Republic
    • \n
  • \n Chad
    • \n
  • \n Comoros
    • \n
  • \n Democratic Republic of the Congo
    • \n
  • \n Republic of the Congo
    • \n
  • \n Djibouti
    • \n
  • \n Egypt
    • \n
  • \n Equatorial Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Eritrea
    • \n
  • \n Ethiopia
    • \n
  • \n Gabon
    • \n
  • \n The Gambia
    • \n
  • \n Ghana
    • \n
  • \n Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Guinea - Bissau
    • \n
  • \n Ivory Coast ( C\u00f4te d'Ivoire )
    • \n
  • \n Kenya
    • \n
  • \n Lesotho
    • \n
  • \n Liberia
    • \n
  • \n Libya
    • \n
  • \n Madagascar
    • \n
  • \n Malawi
    • \n
  • \n Mali
    • \n
  • \n Mauritania
    • \n
  • \n Mauritius
    • \n
  • \n Morocco
    • \n
  • \n Mozambique
    • \n
  • \n Namibia
    • \n
  • \n Niger
    • \n
  • \n Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Rwanda
    • \n
  • \n S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe
    • \n
  • \n Senegal
    • \n
  • \n Seychelles
    • \n
  • \n Sierra Leone
    • \n
  • \n Somalia
    • \n
  • \n South Africa
    • \n
  • \n South Sudan
    • \n
  • \n Sudan
    • \n
  • \n Swaziland
    • \n
  • \n Tanzania
    • \n
  • \n Togo
    • \n
  • \n Tunisia
    • \n
  • \n Uganda
    • \n
  • \n Zambia
    • \n
  • \n Zimbabwe
    • \n
\n
\n States with limited recognition \n
    \n
  • \n Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
    • \n
  • \n Somaliland
    • \n
\n
\n Dependencies and other territories \n
    \n
  • \n Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain )
    • \n
  • \n Madeira ( Portugal )
    • \n
  • \n Mayotte / R\u00e9union ( France )
    • \n
  • \n Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria&oldid=834244345 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n Languages

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "in which regions are most of africa petroleum and natural gas found", "long_answers": ["Nigeria is the largest oil and gas producer in Africa . Crude oil from the delta basin comes in two types : light , and comparatively heavy -- the lighter around 36 gravity and the heavier , 20 -- 25 gravity . Both types are paraffinic and low in sulfur .\n"], "short_answers": ["Nigeria\n", "Nigeria\n", "Nigeria\n", "Nigeria\n"]} {"text": "Flinders Street railway station - Wikipedia

\n Flinders Street railway station

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Flinders Street
\n Commuter and regional rail station
\n Main entrance to the station on the corner of Flinders & Swanston Streets in February 2010
\n Location \n Flinders Street , Melbourne , Victoria Australia
\n Coordinates \n 37 \u00b0 49 \u2032 05 '' S 144 \u00b0 58 \u2032 01 '' E \ufeff / \ufeff 37.818078 \u00b0 S 144.96681 \u00b0 E \ufeff / - 37.818078 ; 144.96681 Coordinates : 37 \u00b0 49 \u2032 05 '' S 144 \u00b0 58 \u2032 01 '' E \ufeff / \ufeff 37.818078 \u00b0 S 144.96681 \u00b0 E \ufeff / - 37.818078 ; 144.96681
\n Owned by \n VicTrack
\n Operated by \n Metro Trains
\n Line ( s ) \n Alamein ( weekday peaks only ) Belgrave Craigieburn Cranbourne Flemington Racecourse ( special events only ) Frankston Glen Waverley Hurstbridge Lilydale Pakenham Sandringham South Morang Sunbury Upfield Werribee Williamstown ( weekdays only ) Gippsland
\n Distance \n 1.23 kilometres from Southern Cross
\n Platforms \n 13 ( plus one removed )
\n Tracks \n 15
\n Connections \n 14 tram routes
\n Construction
\n Structure type \n At grade
\n Disabled access \n Yes
\n Other information
\n Status \n Premium station
\n Station code \n FSS
\n Fare zone \n
\n Website \n Public Transport Victoria
\n History
\n Opened \n 12 September 1854
\n Electrified \n Yes
\n Traffic
\n
\n Passengers ( 2008 - 2009 ) \n 24.641 million
\n Passengers ( 2009 - 2010 ) \n 24.670 million 0.12 %
\n Passengers ( 2010 - 2011 ) \n 25.187 million 2.09 %
\n Passengers ( 2011 - 2012 ) \n 26.187 million 3.97 %
\n Passengers ( 2012 - 2013 ) \n Not measured
\n Passengers ( 2013 - 2014 ) \n 27.960 million 6.77 %
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Services
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Direction of travel on metropolitan lines between stations on the City Loop changes to either Southern Cross or Parliament depending on the line and time of day .
\n Preceding station \n \n Metro Trains \n \n Following station
\n Terminus \n \n South Morang line \n \n Southern Cross or Jolimont toward South Morang
\n \n Hurstbridge line \n \n Southern Cross or Jolimont toward Hurstbridge
\n \n Lilydale line \n \n Southern Cross or Richmond toward Lilydale
\n \n Belgrave line \n \n Southern Cross or Richmond toward Belgrave
\n \n Alamein line \n \n Southern Cross or Richmond toward Alamein
\n \n Glen Waverley line \n \n Southern Cross or Richmond toward Glen Waverley
\n \n Pakenham line \n \n Southern Cross or Richmond toward Pakenham
\n \n Cranbourne line \n \n Southern Cross or Richmond toward Cranbourne
\n \n Frankston line \n \n Southern Cross or Richmond toward Frankston
\n \n Sandringham line \n \n Southern Cross One - way operation
\n Richmond toward Sandringham
\n \n Upfield line \n \n Southern Cross or Parliament toward Upfield
\n \n Craigieburn line \n \n Southern Cross or Parliament toward Craigieburn
\n \n Flemington Racecourse line \n \n Southern Cross toward Flemington Racecourse
\n \n Sunbury line \n \n Southern Cross or Parliament toward Sunbury
\n \n Werribee line \n \n Southern Cross toward Werribee
\n Parliament One - way operation
\n \n Williamstown line \n \n Southern Cross toward Williamstown
\n Preceding station \n \n V / Line \n \n Following station
\n Southern Cross Terminus \n \n Gippsland line \n \n Richmond toward Traralgon or Bairnsdale
\n
\n
\n

\n Flinders Street railway station is a railway station on the corner of Flinders and Swanston Streets in Melbourne , Victoria , Australia . It serves the entire metropolitan rail network . Backing onto the city reach of the Yarra River in the heart of the city , the complex covers two whole city blocks and extends from Swanston Street to Queen Street .

\n

\n Flinders Street is served by Metro 's suburban services , and V / Line regional services to Gippsland . It is the busiest station on Melbourne 's metropolitan network and the busiest railway station in Australia , with over 92,600 daily entries per weekday recorded in the 2011 / 12 fiscal year . It was the first railway station in an Australian city and the world 's busiest passenger station in the late 1920s .

\n

\n The main station building , completed in 1909 , is a cultural icon of Melbourne , with its prominent dome , arched entrance , tower and clocks -- one of the city 's most recognisable landmarks . It is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register . The Melburnian saying `` I 'll meet you under the clocks '' refers to the row of clocks above the main entrance , which indicate the time - tabled time of departure for trains on each line ; another saying , `` I 'll meet you on the steps '' , refers to the wide staircase underneath these clocks . Flinders Street Station is responsible for two of Melbourne 's busiest pedestrian crossings , both across Flinders Street , including one of Melbourne 's few pedestrian scrambles .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n Early terminus ( edit )

\n Flinders Street Station , 1895 The Swanston Street Extension frontage of the pre-1910 station

\n The first railway station to occupy the Flinders Street site was called Melbourne Terminus , and was a collection of weatherboard train sheds . It was opened on 12 September 1854 by the Lieutenant - Governor , Charles Hotham . The terminus was the first city railway station in Australia , and the opening day saw the first steam train trip in the country . It travelled to Sandridge ( now Port Melbourne ) , over the now redeveloped Sandridge Bridge , travelling along the now light rail Port Melbourne line .

\n

\n The first terminus had a single platform 30 metres long , and was located beside the Fish Market building on the south - west corner of Swanston and Flinders Streets . An additional platform was provided in 1877 , along with two overhead bridges to provide passenger access , followed by additional timber and corrugated iron buildings and a telegraph station in 1879 . The first signal boxes were opened at the station in 1883 , one at each end of the platforms . By the 1890s a third island platform had been constructed .

\n

\n Melbourne 's two other early central - city stations , Spencer Street and Princes Bridge , opened in 1859 . Spencer Street served the lines to the west of the city , and was isolated from the eastern side of the network until a ground level railway was built connecting it to Flinders Street in 1879 , this track being replaced by the Flinders Street Viaduct in 1889 .

\n

\n Princes Bridge was originally separated from Flinders Street , even though it was only on the opposite side of Swanston Street . Once the railway line was extended under the street in 1865 to join the two , Princes Bridge was closed . It was not reopened until April 1879 , and from 1909 slowly became amalgamated into Flinders Street . Federation Square now occupies its site . Up until the 1880s a number of designs for a new station had been prepared , but none ever went any further .

\n

\n Current building ( edit )

\n Flinders Street Station and the intersection of Flinders & Swanston Streets in 1927 Track 6 at Flinders Street Station

\n In 1882 , the government decided to build a new central passenger station to replace the existing ad - hoc construction . A design competition was finally held in 1899 with 17 entries received . The competition was essentially for the detailed design of the station building , since the location of the concourse , entrances , the track and platform layout , the type of platform roofing and even the room layout to some extent was already decided .

\n

\n The \u00a3 500 first prize went to railway employees James Fawcett and HPC Ashworth of Fawcett and Ashworth in 1899 , whose design named Green Light was of French Renaissance style , and included a large dome and tall clock tower . The train shed over the platforms was intended to have many arched roofs running north - south , but only an alternative plan depicting impressively high three arched roof ( running east - west ) over the concourse survives .

\n

\n Work began in 1900 on the rearrangement of the station tracks , while the final design of the station building was still being worked on . Work on the central pedestrian subway started in 1901 , with the foundations of the main building completed by 1903 .

\n

\n The plans were extensively modified by Railway Commissioners in mid-construction in 1904 . The changes included replacing the proposed train shed with individual platform roofs and it was decided not to include a concourse roof . To increase office space a fourth storey was added to the main building , which resulted in the arches above each entrance on Flinders Street being lowered , decreasing their dominance .

\n

\n By 1907 , the station had eleven platforms , with the decision made to construct platforms 12 and 13 east of Swanston Street in 1909 . The same year platform 1 was extended eastwards for country traffic . One of the original platform verandas from the Melbourne Terminus building was dismantled and re-erected at Hawthorn station , in the inner - eastern suburbs .

\n

\n In 1905 , work began on the station building itself , starting at the west end and progressing towards the main dome . Ballarat builder Peter Rodger was awarded the \u00a3 93,000 contract . The station was originally to have been faced in stone , but this was considered too costly , and red brick with cement render details was used for the main building instead . Grey granite from Harcourt was used for many details on the Flinders street side at ground level `` in view of the importance of this great public work '' . The southern facade of the main building above ground level was constructed of lightweight timber frame clad with zinc sheets scored into large blocks , and painted red , giving the appearance of large bricks . This was done in order to turn what would have been open access balconies inside the train shed into corridors .

\n Flinders Street Station in 1908 during construction of the current station building Flinders Street Station illuminated for the 1954 Royal Visit

\n Work on the dome started in 1906 . The structure required heavy foundations as it extended over railway tracks . In May 1908 work was progressing slower than expected , with the expected completion date of April 1909 slipping . Rodger 's contract was terminated in August 1908 . A Royal Commission was appointed in May 1910 , finding that Rodger could be held accountable for the slow progress in 1908 , but he should be compensated for the difficulties before then . The Way and Works Branch of the Victorian Railways took over the project , the station being essentially finished by mid-1909 . The verandah along Flinders Street and the concourse roof and verandah along Swanston Street were not completed until after the official opening in 1910 .

\n

\n The building is three levels at the concourse , or Swanston Street , end and four at the lower Elizabeth Street , or platform , end . Numerous shops and lettable spaces were provided , some on the concourse , but especially along the Flinders Street frontage , many at lower than street level , accessed by stairs , creating a fifth / basement level . The top three levels of the main building contain a large number of rooms , particularly along the Flinders Street frontage , mostly intended for railway use , but also many as lettable spaces . Numerous ticket windows were located at each entry , with services such as a restaurant , country booking office , lost luggage and visitors help booth at concourse or platform level . Much of the top floor was purpose built for the then new Victorian Railway Institute , including a library , gym and a lecture hall , later used as a ballroom ; these rooms have been abandoned and decaying for many years . In the 1930s and 1940s the building featured a creche next to the main dome on the top floor for a number of years , with an open - air playground on an adjoining roof . The basement store beside the main entrance has been occupied by a hat store since 1910 . Known as ' City Hatters ' since 1933 .

\n

\n The first electric train operated from Flinders Street to Essendon in 1919 , and by 1926 it was the world 's busiest passenger station . To cater for the increasing numbers of passengers , the Degraves Street subway from the station was extended to the north side of Flinders Street in 1954 . In March 1966 Platform One was extended to 2,322 feet ( 708 m ) long .

\n

\n Redevelopment plans ( edit )

\n View from Flinders Street

\n Plans arose at various times from the 1960s to the 1970s for the demolition or redevelopment of the station , as well as the adjacent Jolimont Yard area . The station had fallen into disrepair , having not been cleaned in decades , and covered with advertising hoardings and light up signs .

\n

\n In 1962 the Minister for Transport and HKJ Pty Ltd signed an agreement for a \u00a3 30 million redevelopment of the station that would have resulted in the demolition of the clock tower and replacement with an office building up to 60 stories high . Work was to begin in 1964 , but instead the Gas & Fuel Building was constructed over the Princes Bridge station . In 1967 a company purchased the option to lease the space above Flinders Street Station , planning to build a shopping plaza and two office towers , the dome and clock tower being kept as part of the design , but strong opposition saw this project lapse .

\n

\n In 1972 Victorian Premier Henry Bolte unveiled another redevelopment plan , to cover 27 acres ( 110,000 m ) of space above the Flinders Street Station and Jolimont Yard for a complex of shops , offices , theatres and other community facilities . A newspaper report of 1974 said that planning was still underway for the $250 million proposal , but by 1975 public perceptions had begun to turn towards retention of the station .

\n Close - up view of the ornate fa\u00e7ade

\n In 1989 under the John Cain Government an agreement to construct the `` Festival Marketplace '' was signed . Designed by Daryl Jackson architects , it was to be built over the existing platforms in a style sympathetic to the existing station , and be completed by 1992 . Planned to feature shops , restaurants and cafes , the project was abandoned in 1991 after the inability of the financiers to come up with the $205 million required due to the early 1990s recession .

\n

\n In November 2011 , the Victorian Government launched a $1 million international design competition to rejuvenate and restore the station . In October 2012 , after receiving 118 submissions , six finalists were selected . The public could vote and the jury 's choice and people 's choice winner were announced on 8 August 2013 . The competition winner was Hassell + Herzog & de Meuron , while the people 's choice winner were University of Melbourne students Eduardo Velasquez , Manuel Pineda and Santiago Medina .

\n

\n Refurbishment ( edit )

\n View of the station from the west Main concourse The station at night

\n The Swanston Street concourse has undergone the most change of any part of the station , and is now three times the depth of the original structure , and only the canopy and roofed area on Swanston Street remains of the original . After the first round of works in 1985 a City of Melbourne councillor , Trevor Huggard , described the renovation as `` vandalism of historically important sections of the station '' , and in 1997 the National Trust of Australia described the additions to the concourse as unsympathetic and detrimental to the station , having `` the character of a modern shopping centre '' .

\n

\n In 1982 a $7 million refurbishment was announced by the Ministry of Transport , divided into four phases . Completed by 1984 , the first escalators at the station provided to platforms 2 and 3 replacing the former ramps , and the current public toilets were provided , replacing those over the platforms . New ramps were also provided to platforms which were less steep than those previous , and overhead skylights added to provide better lighting . The television displays used to display next train information had been added to each platform in July 1980 . The main station concourse was tiled and extended westward over the tracks , 16 new shops opened on the concourse , and a restaurant was opened on the southern side along the river . The restaurant opened in October 1985 but closed soon after , the site becoming the `` Clocks on Flinders '' poker machine venue in 1994 . The main steps were embedded with electrical circuits to keep them dry in June 1985 .

\n

\n In 1993 the Elizabeth Street pedestrian subway opened at the Southbank end . Conservation work was also carried out to the main building , with the external facade painted in the original colours , exterior feature lighting installed , and the stained glass feature windows above each entry restored . Further changes were made though the late 1990s with the opening of access from the main Swanston Street concourse to platform 1 , platform resurfacing with tactile tiles , and the replacement of the remainder of the main platform access ramps with escalators and elevators .

\n

\n The tracks to the east of the station were rebuilt in 1997 / 98 to clear the way for the Federation Square project . Jolimont Yard was eliminated , with $40 million spent to reduce 53 operating lines between Flinders Street and Richmond Station to just 12 . The number of points was also reduced , from 164 to 48 . These changes also saw a reallocation of platform usage at the station , country trains being shifted from platform 1 to platform 10 , and Clifton Hill group trains being shifted from Princes Bridge Station to platform 1 . The platforms at the station had been renumbered in conjunction with the formal merger of Princes Bridge with Flinders Street on 29 June 1980 .

\n

\n The final round of changes were completed by 2007 . It included refurbishment of the building roof and concourse foundations , an upgrade of platform 10 with escalators and a lift replacing the ramp , the relocation of all ticket booking offices to the main entrance under the main dome and new LCD Passenger Information Displays installed on the platforms , subways and concourse . In March 2009 an escalator replaced the lift to platform 12 and 13 , with platform 13 also extended westwards into daylight along the alignment of the former platform 11 .

\n

\n In 2008 the retail pavilions on the concourse were rebuilt , increasing their area . An investigation of the potential of the abandoned spaces in the station , overseen by a taskforce comprising representatives from Connex , the Committee for Melbourne , Melbourne City Council , Heritage Victoria , was completed the same year , but the conclusions have not been made public . In January 2010 , one of the first announcements by the new Minister for Public Transport was that the government was investigating the refurbishment of the abandoned spaces for `` cultural uses '' .

\n

\n In mid-February 2015 Premier Daniel Andrews and Minister for Public Transport Jacinta Allan announced that $100 million will be spent for urgent refurbishment works to upgrade station platforms , entrances , toilets and information displays . By July 2017 , the station had been almost completely repainted in the original 1910 colours . The Premier announced that works were likely to continue for another 18 months .

\n

\n Clocks ( edit )

\n Clocks at the main entrance

\n The distinctive clocks under the main dome that show the departure times of the next trains date back to the 1860s . Sixty Bathgate indicators were purchased from England for use at the Flinders Street , Spencer Street , Richmond and South Yarra stations . Those at Flinders Street were placed into storage when the old station was demolished in 1904 , with 28 placed into the new station in 1910 . They were located at the main entry under the dome , the southern side archway , and the Degraves and Elizabeth Street entrances .

\n View of the Elizabeth Street clock tower with an X'Trapolis 100 at Platform 1

\n Manually operated by a railway officer using a long pole , during an 8 - hour period the clocks at the main entrance were changed an average of 900 times . The original indicator clocks were removed from service in 1983 as part of a redevelopment of the station , with their replacement by digital displays planned . An outpouring of public outrage and sentimentality saw the decision reversed within one day . The clocks at the main entrance were altered to automatic operation by computer , but those at the Degraves and Elizabeth Street entrances were replaced by large airport - style split - flap displays .

\n

\n A clock tower has also existed at end of Elizabeth Street since 1883 . The first clock was known as the ' Water Tower Clock ' , after a wooden framed water tower erected on the site in 1853 . This clock remained in place until 1905 when work begun on the new station , the clocktower being moved to outside Princes Bridge station . In 1911 it was moved to Spencer Street station , where it remained until the station redevelopment of 1967 . Sold to a private collector , it was returned to public ownership and in 1999 was put on display at the Scienceworks Museum , Spotswood . It was returned to Southern Cross station in 2014 .

\n

\n Today 's Elizabeth Street clock tower was constructed between August 1906 and November 1907 , the clock being built by Melbourne clockmaker F Ziegeler to an English design . Originally needed to be wound every day , it is now electrically operated .

\n

\n Signal boxes ( edit )

\n Flinders Street `` A '' signal box circa 1913

\n The first signal boxes were opened at the station in 1883 , one at each end of the platforms . By the 1890s a third island platform had been constructed . From the 1900s until 1983 five signal boxes controlled traffic into Flinders Street Station . Later replaced by Metrol , four of them were located to the west in Jolimont Yard .

\n

\n Flinders Street A was located at the western end of Flinders Street between the lines to St Kilda / Port Melbourne and Spencer Street , and controlled all traffic from the west . Constructed of brick it was of `` traditional '' Victorian Railways design , it had two mechanical lever frames of equal size , totalling 280 levers . The mechanical signals were decommissioned in October 1979 . The signal box has been burnt twice , the second time being in 2002 , destroying the timber and glass superstructure and slate roof . In 2009 it is now being rebuilt as Signal , a youth arts centre funded by the City of Melbourne .

\n

\n Flinders Street B was located at the Richmond end of Flinders Street platform 8 / 9 and controlled the southern tracks into and out of the station from Jolimont Yard . Constructed of brick it was of traditional Victorian Railways design , and was demolished when the Federation Square Deck was built .

\n

\n Flinders Street C was located beyond the Richmond end of Flinders Street platform 4 / 5 and controlled the northern tracks into and out of the station from the yard . Constructed of brick it was of ' traditional ' Victorian Railways design , and was demolished when the Federation Square Deck was built .

\n

\n Flinders Street D was located at the Richmond end of the Princes Bridge station island platform ( later renumber to Flinders Street 15 / 16 ) . Of utilitarian brick construction it remains in place today just outside the Federation Square Deck , but is unused as a signal box .

\n

\n Flinders Street E was located at Richmond Junction , and controlled the junction as well as access into the Richmond end of the stabling sidings . Of utilitarian brick construction it remains in place today underneath the William Barak Bridge , but is unused as a signal box .

\n

\n Platforms ( edit )

\n Steps from platforms 12 & 13 View along Platform 2 Ticket barriers at eastern entrance , retail stores in the background

\n The eastern end of Platform number 1 is designated as Platform number 14 , located under the main concourse past the Platform number 1 escalators . Platform numbers 12 & 13 are located under the main concourse at the eastern end of platform numbers 10 & 11 . Platform number 11 is currently not in use and is trackless . Platform numbers 15 & 16 were part of the former Princes Bridge Station on the northern side of Platform number 14 , and were both demolished during the construction of Federation Square .

\n

\n Three concourses link the platforms . The main concourse is at the east end of the station , located off Swanston Street and the main dome , and has direct access to all platforms via escalators , stair and elevators . The Degraves Street subway runs under the centre of the station , exiting to Flinders Street at the north end , with stairs directly connecting to all platforms except for platform numbers 12 and 13 . The Elizabeth Street subway is at the west end , and has direct access via ramps to all platforms except for platform numbers 1 , 12 , 13 and 14 .

\n

\n Trains may use a different platform if the platform it is originally scheduled at is occupied .

\n

\n Platform 1 :

\n \n

\n Platform 2 & 3 :

\n \n

\n Platform 4 & 5 :

\n \n

\n Platform 6 & 7 :

\n \n

\n Platform 8 & 9 :

\n \n

\n Platform 10 :

\n \n

\n Platform 11 : Disused , with track and signage removed . The platform edge is fenced off .

\n

\n Platform 12 : For trains that are not taking passengers , or for trains to multiple destinations when other platforms are in use .

\n

\n Platform 13 :

\n \n

\n Platform 14 : Used only for terminating services on the South Morang and Hurstbridge lines when Platform 1 is occupied . Closed to the public at other times .

\n

\n Transport links ( edit )

\n Western approach to Flinders Street station W - class Melbourne tram on the City Circle in August 2008

\n CDC Melbourne operates one route via Flinders Street station :

\n \n

\n Yarra Trams operate fourteen services via or to Flinders Street station :

\n

\n From May 2017 , Yarra Trams will operate fourteen services , on Swanston , Elizabeth , and Flinders Streets .

\n

\n Swanston Street

\n \n

\n Elizabeth Street

\n \n

\n Flinders Street

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n \n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Train Station Patronage FY2008 - 2014 '' ( XLS ) . Public Transport Victoria . 14 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . ( access from ( 1 ) )
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Melbourne 's iconic Flinders Street Station to undergo changes '' . SBS. 21 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Davies , p. 6
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Davies , p. 8
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Davies , p. 10
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ City of Melbourne : Roads > Spencer Street Archived 24 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Some Significant Dates in the History of the City of Melbourne Archived 19 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Davies , p. 12
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Davies , p. 28
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : Davies , p. 20 - 21
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : Davies , p. 24 - 31
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : Davies , p. 38
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Google Books : Simone Egger , David McClymont ( 2004 ) Melbourne Lonely Planet
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Melbourne and scenes in Victoria 1925 - 1926 from Victorian Government Railways From the National Library of Australia
    15. \n
  15. \n ^ Jump up to : Vincent Adams Winter ( 1990 ) . VR and VicRail : 1962 - 1983 . pp. 204 , 206 . ISBN 0 - 9592069 - 3 - 0 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Davies , p. 320
    17. \n
  17. \n ^ Jump up to : Davies , p. 316 - 319
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Davies , p. 322
    19. \n
  19. \n ^ Jump up to : Flinders Street Station Design Competition Major Projects Victoria
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Flinders Street redesign competition won by Hassell + Herzog & de meuron The Age 8 August 2013
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Flinders St station design has some raving and others railing Herald Sun 8 August 2013
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Davies , p. 182
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Davies , p. 191
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` News '' . Newsrail . Australian Railway Heritage Society : 215 . September 1980 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` News '' . Newsrail . Australian Railway Heritage Society . 12 ( 10 ) : 315 . October 1984 .
    26. \n
  26. \n ^ Jump up to : Davies , p. 192
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Davies , p. 324
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Department of Infrastructure : Flinders Street Station Archived 29 October 2009 at Archive.is The latest works complement previous measures which began in the 1990s to improve the accessibility of the station .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ More Service Improvements for Public Transport Victorian Government 18 March 1996
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Jodie Misiak . `` Federation Square : Masterpiece or Publicly - Funded Folly ? '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 September 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 26 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` Leighton Contractors : Jolimont Rationalisation Project '' ( PDF ) . Leighton Contractors . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 August 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 26 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Media Release : State Government Moves to Save Melbourne 's Most Famous Dome Victorian Government 28 February 2006
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` Improved Access to Flinders Street Station for Sandringham Line Passengers '' . Media Replace : Premier of Victoria , Australia . www.premier.vic.gov.au. 19 March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Media Release : Flinders Street Station to Get Major Upgrade 25 November 2005
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ At 100 , grand old station in line for arts refit The Age 22 January 2010
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Flinders Street Station redevelopment '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Flinders Street Station to be repainted in its original colours '' . Broadsheet.com.au. 13 October 2016 . Retrieved 26 November 2017 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Jefferson , Andrew . `` Commuters get their first look at newly painted Flinders St Station '' . Herald Sun ( 6 July 2017 ) . Retrieved 9 November 2017 .
    39. \n
  39. \n ^ Jump up to : Davies , p. 48
    40. \n
  40. \n ^ Jump up to : Davies , p. 46
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Original Flinders Street clock to be installed at Southern Cross '' Railway Digest February 2014 page 23
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Davies , p. 44
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Victorian Railways signal diagram : Flinders Street 2 65 '' . www.signaldiagramsandphotos.com . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 15 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` Flinders Street `` A '' signal cabin `` . www.signalbox.org . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` Market Street Signal Bridge '' . Signalling Record Society Victoria . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` Vicsig - Infrastructure - Flinders Street A '' . www.vicsig.net . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Invitation to Register : Expression of Interest for Signal Art Commission 2009 '' ( PDF ) . City of Melbourne . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 06 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Route 605 Gardenvale -- City timetable Archived 7 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Public Transport Victoria
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Route 1 East Coburg -- South Melbourne Beach timetable Public Transport Victoria
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Route 3 / 3a Melbourne University -- Malvern East timetable Public Transport Victoria
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Route 5 Melbourne University -- Malvern timetable Public Transport Victoria
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Route 6 Melbourne University -- Glen Iris timetable Archived 11 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Public Transport Victoria
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Route 16 Melbourne University - Kew timetable Public Transport Victoria
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Route 64 Melbourne University -- East Brighton timetable Public Transport Victoria
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Route 67 Melbourne University -- Carnegie timetable Public Transport Victoria
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Route 72 Melbourne University -- Camberwell timetable Public Transport Victoria
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Route 19 North Coburg -- City Elizabeth St timetable Public Transport Victoria
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Route 57 West Maribyrnong -- City Elizabeth St timetable Public Transport Victoria
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Route 59 Airport West -- City Elizabeth St timetable Public Transport Victoria
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Route 35 City Circle timetable Public Transport Victoria
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Route 70 Waterfront City Docklands -- Wattle Park timetable Public Transport Victoria
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Route 75 Etihad Stadium Docklands -- Vermont South timetable Public Transport Victoria
    63. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flinders Street Station .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Landmarks in the Melbourne City Centre
\n Note : this includes landmarks in the Melbourne City Centre and its immediate surrounds , not the Greater Melbourne metropolitan area
\n Precincts \n
    \n
  • \n Arts
    • \n
  • \n Chinatown
    • \n
  • \n Docklands
    • \n
  • \n East End
    • \n
  • \n Government
    • \n
  • \n Greek
    • \n
  • \n Little Italy
    • \n
  • \n Paris End
    • \n
  • \n RMIT Quarter
    • \n
  • \n Southbank / Wharf
    • \n
  • \n Sports and Entertainment
    • \n
  • \n University of Melbourne
    • \n
\n
\n Entertainment \n
    \n
  • \n Aquarium
    • \n
  • \n Arts Centre
    • \n
  • \n Convention and Exhibition Centre
    • \n
  • \n Crown Entertainment Complex
    • \n
  • \n Luna Park
    • \n
  • \n Theatre District
    • \n
  • \n Tramcar Restaurant
    • \n
  • \n Visitor Shuttle
    • \n
  • \n Zoo
    • \n
\n
\n Shopping centres \n
    \n
  • \n Block Arcade
    • \n
  • \n Collins Place
    • \n
  • \n DFO
    • \n
  • \n Emporium
    • \n
  • \n GPO
    • \n
  • \n Harbour Town
    • \n
  • \n Melbourne Central
    • \n
  • \n Myer Flagship Store
    • \n
  • \n Queen Victoria Market
    • \n
  • \n QV
    • \n
  • \n Royal Arcade
    • \n
  • \n St. Collins Lane
    • \n
\n
\n Public museums \n
    \n
  • \n ACCA
    • \n
  • \n ACMI
    • \n
  • \n Chinese
    • \n
  • \n Hellenic
    • \n
  • \n Ian Potter
    • \n
  • \n Immigration
    • \n
  • \n Melbourne
    • \n
  • \n Observatory
    • \n
  • \n NGV Australia
    • \n
  • \n NGV International
    • \n
  • \n Old Melbourne Gaol
    • \n
  • \n Old Treasury Building
    • \n
  • \n RMIT Gallery
    • \n
\n
\n Institutions \n
    \n
  • \n Government House
    • \n
  • \n Town Hall
    • \n
  • \n Parliament House
    • \n
  • \n State Library
    • \n
  • \n Supreme Court
    • \n
  • \n Victoria Barracks
    • \n
\n
\n Notable structures \n
    \n
  • \n Arts Centre
    • \n
  • \n Eureka Tower
    • \n
  • \n Federation Square
    • \n
  • \n Melbourne Star
    • \n
  • \n Royal Exhibition Building
    • \n
  • \n Shrine of Remembrance
    • \n
  • \n St Patrick 's Cathedral
    • \n
  • \n St Paul 's Cathedral
    • \n
\n
\n Sports venues \n
    \n
  • \n Docklands ( Etihad ) Stadium
    • \n
  • \n Grand Prix Circuit
    • \n
  • \n Icehouse
    • \n
  • \n Lakeside Stadium
    • \n
  • \n MCG
    • \n
  • \n Melbourne Park ( Margaret Court Arena - Multi-Purpose Venue ( Hisense Arena ) - Rod Laver Arena )
    • \n
  • \n Rectangular Stadium ( AAMI Park )
    • \n
  • \n Sports and Aquatic Centre
    • \n
  • \n Sports and Entertainment ( Holden ) Centre
    • \n
  • \n Royal Park Golf Club
    • \n
  • \n State Netball and Hockey Centre
    • \n
\n
\n Parks and gardens \n
    \n
  • \n Albert Park
    • \n
  • \n Alexandra Gardens
    • \n
  • \n Birrarung Marr
    • \n
  • \n Carlton Gardens
    • \n
  • \n Fitzroy Gardens
    • \n
  • \n Flagstaff Gardens
    • \n
  • \n Kings Domain
    • \n
  • \n Queen Victoria Gardens
    • \n
  • \n Royal Botanic Gardens
    • \n
  • \n Royal Park
    • \n
  • \n Treasury Gardens
    • \n
  • \n Yarra Park
    • \n
\n
\n Transport \n
    \n
  • \n Bolte Bridge
    • \n
  • \n Capital City Trail
    • \n
  • \n City Circle Tram
    • \n
  • \n CityLink
    • \n
  • \n City Loop
    • \n
  • \n Flinders Street station
    • \n
  • \n Melbourne Central station
    • \n
  • \n Southern Cross station
    • \n
  • \n Trams
    • \n
  • \n West Gate Bridge
    • \n
  • \n Yarra River
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n See also : Lanes and arcades of Melbourne , List of museums in Melbourne , List of theatres in Melbourne , and Parks and gardens of Melbourne
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Public Transport Victoria railway stations
\n
    \n
  • \n List of Melbourne railway stations
    • \n
  • \n List of regional railway stations in Victoria
    • \n
  • \n List of closed railway stations in Melbourne
    • \n
  • \n List of closed railway stations in Victoria
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Metro Trains Melbourne services and stations
\n Alamein \n
    \n
  • \n Flinders Street
    • \n
  • \n Southern Cross
    • \n
  • \n Flagstaff
    • \n
  • \n Melbourne Central
    • \n
  • \n Parliament
    • \n
  • \n Richmond
    • \n
  • \n East Richmond
    • \n
  • \n Burnley
    • \n
  • \n Hawthorn
    • \n
  • \n Glenferrie
    • \n
  • \n Auburn
    • \n
  • \n Camberwell
    • \n
  • \n Riversdale
    • \n
  • \n Willison
    • \n
  • \n Hartwell
    • \n
  • \n Burwood
    • \n
  • \n Ashburton
    • \n
  • \n Alamein
    • \n
\n
\n Belgrave \n
    \n
  • \n Flinders Street
    • \n
  • \n Southern Cross
    • \n
  • \n Flagstaff
    • \n
  • \n Melbourne Central
    • \n
  • \n Parliament
    • \n
  • \n Richmond
    • \n
  • \n East Richmond
    • \n
  • \n Burnley
    • \n
  • \n Hawthorn
    • \n
  • \n Glenferrie
    • \n
  • \n Auburn
    • \n
  • \n Camberwell
    • \n
  • \n East Camberwell
    • \n
  • \n Canterbury
    • \n
  • \n Chatham
    • \n
  • \n Surrey Hills
    • \n
  • \n Mont Albert
    • \n
  • \n Box Hill
    • \n
  • \n Laburnum
    • \n
  • \n Blackburn
    • \n
  • \n Nunawading
    • \n
  • \n Mitcham
    • \n
  • \n Heatherdale
    • \n
  • \n Ringwood
    • \n
  • \n Heathmont
    • \n
  • \n Bayswater
    • \n
  • \n Boronia
    • \n
  • \n Ferntree Gully
    • \n
  • \n Upper Ferntree Gully
    • \n
  • \n Upwey
    • \n
  • \n Tecoma
    • \n
  • \n Belgrave
    • \n
\n
\n Craigieburn \n
    \n
  • \n Southern Cross
    • \n
  • \n Flinders Street
    • \n
  • \n Parliament
    • \n
  • \n Melbourne Central
    • \n
  • \n Flagstaff
    • \n
  • \n North Melbourne
    • \n
  • \n ( Showgrounds )
    • \n
  • \n ( Flemington Racecourse )
    • \n
  • \n Kensington
    • \n
  • \n Newmarket
    • \n
  • \n Ascot Vale
    • \n
  • \n Moonee Ponds
    • \n
  • \n Essendon
    • \n
  • \n Glenbervie
    • \n
  • \n Strathmore
    • \n
  • \n Pascoe Vale
    • \n
  • \n Oak Park
    • \n
  • \n Glenroy
    • \n
  • \n Jacana
    • \n
  • \n Broadmeadows
    • \n
  • \n Coolaroo
    • \n
  • \n Roxburgh Park
    • \n
  • \n Craigieburn
    • \n
\n
\n Cranbourne \n
    \n
  • \n Flinders Street
    • \n
  • \n Southern Cross
    • \n
  • \n Flagstaff
    • \n
  • \n Melbourne Central
    • \n
  • \n Parliament
    • \n
  • \n Richmond
    • \n
  • \n South Yarra
    • \n
  • \n Caulfield
    • \n
  • \n Carnegie
    • \n
  • \n Murrumbenna
    • \n
  • \n Hughesdale
    • \n
  • \n Oakleigh
    • \n
  • \n Huntingdale
    • \n
  • \n Clayton
    • \n
  • \n Westall
    • \n
  • \n Springvale
    • \n
  • \n Sandown Park
    • \n
  • \n Noble Park
    • \n
  • \n Yarraman
    • \n
  • \n Dandenong
    • \n
  • \n Lynbrook
    • \n
  • \n Merinda Park
    • \n
  • \n Cranbourne
    • \n
\n
\n Frankston \n
    \n
  • \n Flinders Street
    • \n
  • \n ( Southern Cross )
    • \n
  • \n ( Flagstaff )
    • \n
  • \n ( Melbourne Central )
    • \n
  • \n ( Parliament )
    • \n
  • \n Richmond
    • \n
  • \n South Yarra
    • \n
  • \n Hawksburn
    • \n
  • \n Toorak
    • \n
  • \n Armadale
    • \n
  • \n Malvern
    • \n
  • \n Caulfield
    • \n
  • \n Glenhuntly
    • \n
  • \n Ormond
    • \n
  • \n McKinnon
    • \n
  • \n Bentleigh
    • \n
  • \n Patterson
    • \n
  • \n Moorabbin
    • \n
  • \n Highett
    • \n
  • \n Southland
    • \n
  • \n Cheltenham
    • \n
  • \n Mentone
    • \n
  • \n Parkdale
    • \n
  • \n Mordialloc
    • \n
  • \n Aspendale
    • \n
  • \n Edithvale
    • \n
  • \n Chelsea
    • \n
  • \n Bonbeach
    • \n
  • \n Carrum
    • \n
  • \n Seaford
    • \n
  • \n Kananook
    • \n
  • \n Frankston
    • \n
\n
\n Glen Waverley \n
    \n
  • \n Flinders Street
    • \n
  • \n Southern Cross
    • \n
  • \n Flagstaff
    • \n
  • \n Melbourne Central
    • \n
  • \n Parliament
    • \n
  • \n Richmond
    • \n
  • \n East Richmond
    • \n
  • \n Burnley
    • \n
  • \n Heyington
    • \n
  • \n Kooyong
    • \n
  • \n Tooronga
    • \n
  • \n Gardiner
    • \n
  • \n Glen Iris
    • \n
  • \n Darling
    • \n
  • \n East Malvern
    • \n
  • \n Holmesglen
    • \n
  • \n Jordanville
    • \n
  • \n Mount Waverley
    • \n
  • \n Syndal
    • \n
  • \n Glen Waverley
    • \n
\n
\n Hurstbridge \n
    \n
  • \n Flinders Street
    • \n
  • \n Southern Cross
    • \n
  • \n Flagstaff
    • \n
  • \n Melbourne Central
    • \n
  • \n Parliament
    • \n
  • \n Jolimont
    • \n
  • \n West Richmond
    • \n
  • \n North Richmond
    • \n
  • \n Collingwood
    • \n
  • \n Victoria Park
    • \n
  • \n Clifton Hill
    • \n
  • \n Westgarth
    • \n
  • \n Dennis
    • \n
  • \n Fairfield
    • \n
  • \n Alphington
    • \n
  • \n Darebin
    • \n
  • \n Ivanhoe
    • \n
  • \n Eaglemont
    • \n
  • \n Heidelberg
    • \n
  • \n Rossana
    • \n
  • \n Macleod
    • \n
  • \n Watsonia
    • \n
  • \n Greensborough
    • \n
  • \n Montmorency
    • \n
  • \n Eltham
    • \n
  • \n Diamond Creek
    • \n
  • \n Wattle Glen
    • \n
  • \n Hurstbridge
    • \n
\n
\n Lilydale \n
    \n
  • \n Flinders Street
    • \n
  • \n Southern Cross
    • \n
  • \n Flagstaff
    • \n
  • \n Melbourne Central
    • \n
  • \n Parliament
    • \n
  • \n Richmond
    • \n
  • \n East Richmond
    • \n
  • \n Burnley
    • \n
  • \n Hawthorn
    • \n
  • \n Glenferrie
    • \n
  • \n Auburn
    • \n
  • \n Camberwell
    • \n
  • \n East Camberwell
    • \n
  • \n Canterbury
    • \n
  • \n Chatham
    • \n
  • \n Surrey Hills
    • \n
  • \n Mont Albert
    • \n
  • \n Box Hill
    • \n
  • \n Laburnum
    • \n
  • \n Blackburn
    • \n
  • \n Nunawading
    • \n
  • \n Mitcham
    • \n
  • \n Heatherdale
    • \n
  • \n Ringwood
    • \n
  • \n Ringwood East
    • \n
  • \n Croydon
    • \n
  • \n Mooroolbark
    • \n
  • \n Lilydale
    • \n
\n
\n Pakenham \n
    \n
  • \n Flinders Street
    • \n
  • \n Southern Cross
    • \n
  • \n Flagstaff
    • \n
  • \n Melbourne Central
    • \n
  • \n Parliament
    • \n
  • \n Richmond
    • \n
  • \n South Yarra
    • \n
  • \n Caulfield
    • \n
  • \n Carnegie
    • \n
  • \n Murrumbenna
    • \n
  • \n Hughesdale
    • \n
  • \n Oakleigh
    • \n
  • \n Huntingdale
    • \n
  • \n Clayton
    • \n
  • \n Westall
    • \n
  • \n Springvale
    • \n
  • \n Sandown Park
    • \n
  • \n Noble Park
    • \n
  • \n Yarraman
    • \n
  • \n Dandenong
    • \n
  • \n Hallam
    • \n
  • \n Narre Warren
    • \n
  • \n Berwick
    • \n
  • \n Beaconsfield
    • \n
  • \n Officer
    • \n
  • \n Cardinia Road
    • \n
  • \n Pakenham
    • \n
\n
\n Sandringham \n
    \n
  • \n Flinders Street
    • \n
  • \n Richmond
    • \n
  • \n South Yarra
    • \n
  • \n Prahran
    • \n
  • \n Windsor
    • \n
  • \n Balaclava
    • \n
  • \n Ripponlea
    • \n
  • \n Elsternwick
    • \n
  • \n Gardenvale
    • \n
  • \n North Brighton
    • \n
  • \n Middle Brighton
    • \n
  • \n Brighton Beach
    • \n
  • \n Hampton
    • \n
  • \n Sandringham
    • \n
\n
\n South Morang \n
    \n
  • \n Flinders Street
    • \n
  • \n Southern Cross
    • \n
  • \n Flagstaff
    • \n
  • \n Melbourne Central
    • \n
  • \n Parliament
    • \n
  • \n Jolimont
    • \n
  • \n West Richmond
    • \n
  • \n North Richmond
    • \n
  • \n Collingwood
    • \n
  • \n Victoria Park
    • \n
  • \n Clifton Hill
    • \n
  • \n Rushall
    • \n
  • \n Merri
    • \n
  • \n Northcote
    • \n
  • \n Croxton
    • \n
  • \n Thornbury
    • \n
  • \n Bell
    • \n
  • \n Preston
    • \n
  • \n Regent
    • \n
  • \n Reservoir
    • \n
  • \n Ruthven
    • \n
  • \n Keon Park
    • \n
  • \n Thomastown
    • \n
  • \n Lalor
    • \n
  • \n Epping
    • \n
  • \n South Morang
    • \n
  • \n Marymede
    • \n
  • \n Hawkstowe
    • \n
  • \n Mernda
    • \n
\n
\n Sunbury \n
    \n
  • \n Southern Cross
    • \n
  • \n Flinders Street
    • \n
  • \n Parliament
    • \n
  • \n Melbourne Central
    • \n
  • \n Flagstaff
    • \n
  • \n North Melbourne
    • \n
  • \n Footscray
    • \n
  • \n Middle Footscray
    • \n
  • \n West Footscray
    • \n
  • \n Tottenham
    • \n
  • \n Sunshine
    • \n
  • \n Albion
    • \n
  • \n Ginifer
    • \n
  • \n St Albans
    • \n
  • \n Keilor Plains
    • \n
  • \n Watergardens
    • \n
  • \n Diggers Rest
    • \n
  • \n Sunbury
    • \n
\n
\n Upfield \n
    \n
  • \n Southern Cross
    • \n
  • \n Flinders Street
    • \n
  • \n Parliament
    • \n
  • \n Melbourne Central
    • \n
  • \n Flagstaff
    • \n
  • \n North Melbourne
    • \n
  • \n Macaulay
    • \n
  • \n Flemington Bridge
    • \n
  • \n Royal Park
    • \n
  • \n Jewell
    • \n
  • \n Brunswick
    • \n
  • \n Anstey
    • \n
  • \n Moreland
    • \n
  • \n Coburg
    • \n
  • \n Batman
    • \n
  • \n Merlynston
    • \n
  • \n Faukner
    • \n
  • \n Gowrie
    • \n
  • \n Upfield
    • \n
\n
\n Werribee \n
    \n
  • \n Flinders Street
    • \n
  • \n Southern Cross
    • \n
  • \n North Melbourne
    • \n
  • \n South Kensington
    • \n
  • \n Footscray
    • \n
  • \n Seddon
    • \n
  • \n Yarraville
    • \n
  • \n Spotswood
    • \n
  • \n Newport
    • \n
  • \n Seaholme
    • \n
  • \n Altona
    • \n
  • \n Westona
    • \n
  • \n Laverton
    • \n
  • \n Aircraft
    • \n
  • \n Williams Landing
    • \n
  • \n Hoppers Crossing
    • \n
  • \n Werribee
    • \n
\n
\n Williamstown \n
    \n
  • \n Flinders Street
    • \n
  • \n Southern Cross
    • \n
  • \n North Melbourne
    • \n
  • \n South Kensington
    • \n
  • \n Footscray
    • \n
  • \n Seddon
    • \n
  • \n Yarraville
    • \n
  • \n Spotswood
    • \n
  • \n Newport
    • \n
  • \n North Williamstown
    • \n
  • \n Williamstown Beach
    • \n
  • \n Williamstown
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Frankston , Werribee & Williamstown
    • \n
  • \n Lilydale , Belgrave , Alamein & Glen Waverley
    • \n
  • \n Pakenham & Cranbourne
    • \n
  • \n Sandringham
    • \n
  • \n South Morang & Hurstbridge
    • \n
  • \n Stony Point
    • \n
  • \n Sunbury , Craigieburn & Upfield
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n V / Line services and stations
\n Eastern ( Gippsland ) \n
    \n
  • \n Southern Cross
    • \n
  • \n Flinders Street
    • \n
  • \n Richmond
    • \n
  • \n Caulfield
    • \n
  • \n Clayton
    • \n
  • \n Dandenong
    • \n
  • \n ( Berwick )
    • \n
  • \n Pakenham
    • \n
  • \n Nar Nar Goon
    • \n
  • \n Tynong
    • \n
  • \n Garfield
    • \n
  • \n Bunyip
    • \n
  • \n Longwarry
    • \n
  • \n Drouin
    • \n
  • \n Warragul
    • \n
  • \n Yarragon
    • \n
  • \n Trafalgar
    • \n
  • \n Moe
    • \n
  • \n Morwell
    • \n
  • \n Traralgon
    • \n
  • \n Rosedale
    • \n
  • \n Sale
    • \n
  • \n Stratford
    • \n
  • \n Bairnsdale
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Eastern ( Gippsland )
    • \n
  • \n North Eastern ( Seymour )
    • \n
  • \n Northern ( Bendigo )
    • \n
  • \n South Western ( Geelong )
    • \n
  • \n Western ( Ballarat )
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Stations and services in italics are planned or under construction
    • \n
  • \n Stations in ( parentheses ) are uncommon stops for the listed service
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flinders_Street_railway_station&oldid=819098902 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what platform is sandringham line at flinders st", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Horatio Spafford - wikipedia

\n Horatio Spafford

\n Jump to : navigation , search Horatio Gates Spafford

\n Horatio Gates Spafford ( October 20 , 1828 , Troy , New York -- October 16 , 1888 , Jerusalem ) was a prominent American lawyer and Presbyterian church elder . He is best known for penning the Christian hymn It Is Well With My Soul , following a family tragedy in which his four daughters died aboard the S.S. Ville du Havre on a transatlantic voyage .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Life ( edit )

\n Anna Spafford

\n He was the son of Gazetteer author Horatio Gates Spafford and Elizabeth Clark Hewitt Spafford .

\n

\n On September 5 , 1861 , he married Anna Larsen of Stavanger , Norway , in Chicago . The Spaffords were well known in 1860s Chicago . He was a prominent lawyer and a senior partner in a large and thriving law firm .

\n

\n The Spaffords were also prominent supporters and close friends of evangelist Dwight L. Moody .

\n

\n Spafford invested in real estate north of an expanding Chicago in the spring of 1871 . When the Great Fire of Chicago reduced the city to ashes in October of that same year , it also destroyed most of Spafford 's sizable investment .

\n

\n The wreck of the Ville du Havre ( edit )

\n

\n Scarlet fever killed his four - year - old son . Two years later , in 1873 , Spafford decided his family should take a holiday somewhere in Europe , and chose England knowing that his friend D.L. Moody would be preaching there in the fall . He was delayed because of business , so he sent his family ahead : his wife and their four children , daughters eleven - year - old Anna `` Annie '' , nine - year - old Margaret Lee `` Maggie '' , five - year - old Elizabeth `` Bessie '' , and two - year - old Tanetta .

\n

\n On November 22 , 1873 , while crossing the Atlantic on the steamship Ville du Havre , their ship was struck by an iron sailing vessel and 226 people lost their lives , including all four of Spafford 's daughters . Only his wife , Anna Spafford , survived the tragedy . Upon arriving in England , she sent a telegram to Spafford beginning `` Saved alone . '' Spafford then sailed to England , going over the location of his daughters ' deaths . According to Bertha Spafford Vester , a daughter born after the tragedy , Spafford wrote `` It Is Well with My Soul '' on this journey .

\n

\n It is well with my soul lyrics ( edit )

\n

\n The original manuscript has only four verses , but Spafford 's daughter states how later another verse ( the fourth in order below ) was added and the last line of the original was slightly modified . The music , written by Philip Bliss , was named after the ship on which Spafford 's daughters died , Ville du Havre .

\n

\n When peace , like a river , attendeth my way , When sorrows like sea billows roll ; Whatever my lot , Thou hast taught me to say , It is well , it is well with my soul . ( Refrain :) It is well ( it is well ) , with my soul ( with my soul ) , It is well , it is well with my soul . Though Satan should buffet , though trials should come , Let this blest assurance control , That Christ hath regarded my helpless estate , And hath shed His own blood for my soul . ( Refrain ) My sin , oh the bliss of this glorious thought ! My sin , not in part but the whole , Is nailed to His cross , and I bear it no more , Praise the Lord , praise the Lord , O my soul ! ( Refrain ) For me , be it Christ , be it Christ hence to live : If Jordan above me shall roll , No pain shall be mine , for in death as in life Thou wilt whisper Thy peace to my soul . ( Refrain ) And Lord haste the day , when the faith shall be sight , The clouds be rolled back as a scroll ; The trump shall resound , and the Lord shall descend , Even so , it is well with my soul . ( Refrain )

\n

\n Later years ( edit )

\n

\n Following the sinking of the Ville du Havre , Anna gave birth to three more children . On February 11 , 1880 , their son , Horatio Goertner Spafford , died at the age of three , of scarlet fever . Their daughters were Bertha Hedges Spafford ( born March 24 , 1878 ) and Grace Spafford ( born January 18 , 1881 ) . After the ordeal at sea , Anna and Horatio Spafford became religious outsiders . They left their Presbyterian congregation and held faith - based prayer meetings in their own home . Their Messianic sect was dubbed `` the Overcomers '' by the American press .

\n

\n In August 1881 , the Spaffords set out for Jerusalem as a party of thirteen adults and three children and set up the American Colony . Colony members , later joined by Swedish Christians , engaged in philanthropic work amongst the people of Jerusalem regardless of their religious affiliation and without proselytizing motives -- thereby gaining the trust of the local Muslim , Jewish , and Christian communities .

\n

\n In Jerusalem Horatio and Anna Spafford adopted teenager Jacob Eliahu , then Jacob Spafford ( 1864 -- 1932 ) , born in Ramallah into a Turkish Jewish family , who as a schoolboy , discovered by chance the Siloam inscription .

\n

\n Death ( edit )

\n

\n Four days shy of his 60th birthday , Spafford died on October 16 , 1888 , of malaria , and was buried in Mount Zion Cemetery , Jerusalem .

\n

\n Legacy ( edit )

\n

\n During and immediately after World War I , the American Colony played a critical role in supporting the Muslim , Jewish , and Christian communities of Jerusalem through the great suffering and deprivations of the Eastern front and the Armenian and Assyrian Genocides . The American Colony did this by running soup kitchens , hospitals , orphanages and other charitable ventures .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Source of middle name and birth / death information
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/americancolony/images/ac0004bs.jpg
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : The Library of Congress Exhibitions , https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/americancolony/amcolony-family.html , retrieved on 5 / 1 / 12 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/americancolony/images/ac0005s.jpg
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/americancolony/images/ac0006s.jpg
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Photo of manuscript
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Bertha 's history Archived 2006 - 04 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... Bertha Spafford Vester. ( 1988 ) . Our Jerusalem : An American Family in the Holy City , 1881 - 1949 . Jerusalem : American Colony , 364 pp. , ISBN 0 - 405 - 10296 - 8 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Hancock , Sandy ( 2008 ) . Letting Go : Pathway to an Amazing Life . iUniverse . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 48624 - 3 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ The Library of Congress Exhibitions , https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/americancolony/amcolony-family.html , retrieved on 5 / 1 / 12
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ The Library of Congress Exhibitions , https://www.loc.gov/collections/american-colony-in-jerusalem/articles-and-essays/a-community-in-jerusalem/saved-alone/ , retrieved on 9 / 26 / 16
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Jerusalem : The Biography , page 365 , Simon Sebag Montefiore , Weidenfeld & Nicholson , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 85265 - 0
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ How Strange Does the American Colony Story Get ? , on IsraelDailyPicture.com , 13th June 2012 , accessed July 2015
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Jacob Spafford 's grave at findagrave.com
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Library of Congress Exhibition Overview . See also Yaakov Ariel & Ruth Kark. ( 1996 , December ) . `` Messianism , Holiness , Charisma , and Community : The American - Swedish Colony in Jerusalem , 1881 - 1933 , '' Church History , 65 ( 4 ) , 641 - 657 .
    15. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horatio_Spafford&oldid=834430243 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "horatio spafford story it is well with my soul", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "List of County roads in Lee County , Florida - wikipedia

\n List of County roads in Lee County , Florida

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Standard route marker for county routes in Lee County
\n Highway names
\n Interstates : \n Interstate X ( I-X )
\n US Highways : \n U.S. Route X ( US X )
\n State : \n State Road X ( NY X )
\n County : \n County Road X ( CR X )
\n System links
\n County roads in Florida
\n

\n The following is a list of county roads in Lee County , Florida . As with most Florida counties , numbers are assigned in a statewide grid . Many roads are former state roads that have been truncated or eliminated .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n County Road 78 ( edit )

\n Main article : Florida State Road 78 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n

\n County Road 78
\n Location : \n Pine Island Center -- Cape Coral and North Fort Myers -- Alva
\n Length : \n 19 mi ( 31 km )
\n Existed : \n 1980 -- present
\n

\n County Road 78 exists in two sections that were both formerly State Road 78 . The western section runs along Pine Island Road from SR 78 / CR 765 / CR 884 in Cape Coral to CR 767 in Pine Island Center , and the eastern section runs along North River Road from SR 31 in North Fort Myers to the Hendry County line in Alva , continuing east as County Road 78 .

\n

\n The entire route was once formerly SR 78 .

\n

\n County Road 78A ( edit )

\n Main article : Florida State Road 78 \u00a7 County Road 78A \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n

\n County Road 78A
\n Location : \n Cape Coral -- North Fort Myers
\n Length : \n 3.6 mi ( 5.8 km )
\n Existed : \n 1980 -- present
\n

\n County Road 78A is Pondella Road from SR 78 in Cape Coral to U.S. Route 41 Business in North Fort Myers . It provides a quicker way for motorists traveling east on SR 78 to access Downtown Fort Myers . The road was known as SR 78A before 1980 .

\n

\n County Road 765 ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n

\n County Road 765
\n Location : \n Cape Coral -- Burnt Store Marina
\n Length : \n 9.2 mi ( 14.8 km )
\n

\n County Road 765 is Burnt Store Road from SR 78 / CR 78 / CR 884 in Cape Coral to the Charlotte County line in Burnt Store Marina . The road continues north into Charlotte County and serves as a direct connection between Cape Coral and Punta Gorda . The road was formerly known as SR 765 .

\n

\n The road is named after the community of Burnt Store Marina , whose name refers to a general store and trading post operated by early settlers that once stood in the general vicinity . The trading post was burned down by a small group of Seminole Indians led by Chief Billy Bowlegs in protest to settlers taking their land .

\n
\n
\n Major intersections
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Location \n mi \n km \n Destinations \n Notes
\n Cape Coral \n 0.00 \n 0.00 \n SR 78 east / CR 78 west ( Pine Island Road ) / CR 884 east ( Veterans Parkway ) \n Western terminus of CR 884
\n Burnt Store Marina \n 9.20 \n 14.81 \n CR 765 north ( Burnt Store Road ) \n Continuation into Charlotte County
\n 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
\n

\n County Road 767 ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n

\n County Road 767
\n Location : \n St. James City -- Bokeelia
\n Length : \n 14.6 mi ( 23.5 km )
\n

\n County Road 767 is Stringfellow Road ( also known as Pine Island Boulevard ) from York Street in St. James City to Main Street in Bokeelia . The entire route is on Pine Island . The road was formerly known as SR 767 .

\n

\n The road is named for Harry Stringfellow , a Lee County commissioner from Pine Island who served from 1926 to 1953 . He played a major role in the construction of the road and the Matlacha Bridge .

\n
\n
\n Major intersections
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Location \n mi \n km \n Destinations \n Notes
\n St. James City \n 0.00 \n 0.00 \n York Road \n Southern terminus of county maintenance
\n Pine Island Center \n 7.50 \n 12.07 \n CR 78 east ( Pine Island Road ) \n Western terminus of CR 78 ; former SR 78
\n Bokeelia \n 14.60 \n 23.50 \n Main Street \n Northern terminus at northern tip of Pine Island
\n 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
\n

\n County Road 771 ( edit )

\n

\n Unsigned CR 771 , formerly part of SR 771 , is Gasparilla Road extending north from Boca Grande to the Charlotte County line on Gasparilla Island .

\n

\n County Road 810 ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n

\n County Road 810
\n Location : \n Fort Myers -- near Buckingham
\n Length : \n 1.2 mi ( 1.9 km )
\n

\n County Road 810 exists along Luckett Road from CR 865 ( Ortiz Avenue ) in Fort Myers to Country Lakes Drive west of Buckingham .

\n

\n The road is maintained by the Lee County DOT , except for the interchange with I - 75 , which is maintained by Florida DOT .

\n
\n
\n Major intersections
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Location \n mi \n km \n Destinations \n Notes
\n Fort Myers \n 0.00 \n 0.00 \n CR 865 ( Ortiz Avenue ) to SR 80 / SR 82 \n
\n \u200b \n 0.80 \n 1.29 \n I - 75 -- Tampa , Naples \n Exit 139 on I - 75
\n \u200b \n 1.20 \n 1.93 \n Country Lakes Drive / Luckett Road east \n
\n 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
\n

\n County Road 840 ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n

\n County Road 840
\n Location : \n near San Carlos Park -- near Estero
\n Length : \n 11.1 mi ( 17.9 km )
\n

\n County Road 840 is Alico Road from US 41 ( Tamiami Trail ) just west of San Carlos Park to CR 850 ( Corkscrew Road ) east of Estero . It mostly runs in an east - west trajectory just north of San Carlos Park and Three Oaks , providing access to Florida Gulf Coast University , Gulf Coast Town Center , and Southwest Florida International Airport . The road is maintained by the Lee County DOT , except for the I - 75 interchange , which is maintained by Florida DOT .

\n
\n
\n History
\n
\n

\n It originally was a two - lane rural road connecting the Tamiami Trail to agricultural and industrial land owned by the Atlantic Land and Improvement Company ( later known as Alico , Inc. , the road 's namesake ) in east Lee County . In 1973 , a railroad spur was built along Alico Road to serve mines on Alico 's land , although the easternmost 3.5 miles of it were removed in 1994 .

\n

\n Alico Road has since become a major commuter thoroughfare . In the mid to late 2000s it was widened to six lanes , and the interchange with I - 75 was rebuilt as a partial cloverleaf interchange ( it was originally a folded diamond due to the railroad ) . In 2007 , the west end and the terminus at US 41 was realigned slightly north in preparation for the construction of the SR 739 extension and interchange ( which was built in 2012 ) .

\n
\n
\n Major intersections
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Location \n mi \n km \n Destinations \n Notes
\n \u200b \n 0.00 \n 0.00 \n US 41 ( Tamiami Trail ) \n
\n San Carlos Park \n 0.40 \n 0.64 \n SR 739 north ( Michael G. Rippe Parkway ) \n Interchange ; westbound exit and eastbound entrance
\n Three Oaks \n 3.10 \n 4.99 \n CR 881 south ( Three Oaks Parkway ) \n Northern terminus of CR 881
\n 3.50 \n 5.63 \n I - 75 ( SR 93 ) -- Tampa , Naples \n Exit 128 on I - 75
\n \u200b \n 4.20 \n 6.76 \n CR 885 ( Ben Hill Griffin Parkway ) -- Southwest Florida International Airport \n
\n \u200b \n 11.10 \n 17.86 \n CR 850 ( Corkscrew Road ) to I - 75 / US 41 \n
\n 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
    \n
  • \n Incomplete access
    • \n
\n
\n

\n County Road 850 ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n

\n County Road 850
\n Location : \n Estero -- near Immokalee
\n Length : \n 15.8 mi ( 25.4 km )
\n

\n County Road 850 is Corkscrew Road from US 41 ( Tamiami Trail ) in Estero to the Collier County line near Immokalee , where it continues east into Collier County towards Immokalee . East of Estero , it runs just to the north of Corkscrew Swamp .

\n

\n The route was first commissioned as a state road in 1935 with the designation State Road 276 . It became SR 850 ten years later during the 1945 Florida State Road renumbering . It was then transferred to Lee County control in the 1980s . All of CR 850 is maintained by Lee County DOT , except for the interchange with I - 75 , which is maintained by Florida DOT .

\n
\n
\n Major intersections
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Location \n mi \n km \n Destinations \n Notes
\n Estero \n 0.00 \n 0.00 \n US 41 ( Tamiami Trail ) \n
\n 1.40 \n 2.25 \n CR 881 ( Three Oaks Parkway ) \n
\n 2.00 \n 3.22 \n I - 75 -- Tampa , Naples \n Exit 123 on I - 75
\n 2.60 \n 4.18 \n CR 885 north ( Ben Hill Griffin Parkway ) \n Southern terminus of CR 885
\n \u200b \n 7.00 \n 11.27 \n CR 840 west ( Alico Road ) \n Eastern terminus of CR 840
\n \u200b \n 15.80 \n 25.43 \n CR 850 east ( Corkscrew Road ) \n Continuation into Collier County
\n 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
\n

\n County Road 863 ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n

\n County Road 863
\n Location : \n Fort Myers
\n Length : \n 1.8 mi ( 2.9 km )
\n

\n County Road 863 is the county - controlled segment of Fowler Street south of Metro Parkway within the city limits of Fort Myers . North of here , Fowler is designated State Road 739 , which continues south along Metro Parkway .

\n

\n The unsigned designation follows Fowler Street from Metro Parkway south and intersects State Road 884 ( Colonial Boulevard ) . It then turns southwest and winds around one of the runways at Page Field before terminating at US 41 .

\n

\n Fowler Street previously terminated at North Airport Road at the entrance to the former passenger terminal at Page Field ( which ceased operations in 1983 when commercial air service was relocated to Southwest Florida International Airport ) . In the mid 1990s , Fowler Street was realigned around Page Field and extended to connect directly to US 41 at Boy Scout Drive ( which continues a short distance to Summerlin Road ( CR 869 ) ) .

\n

\n Prior to the fall of 2015 , CR 863 's designation ended at Hanson Street ( which previously carried the SR 739 designation to Metro Parkway 's former alignment ) .

\n
\n
\n Major intersections
\n
\n

\n The entire route is in Fort Myers .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n mi \n km \n Destinations \n Notes
\n 0.00 \n 0.00 \n US 41 ( Cleveland Avenue ) \n
\n 1.30 \n 2.09 \n SR 884 ( Colonial Boulevard ) to I - 75 \n
\n 3.00 \n 4.83 \n SR 739 south ( Metro Parkway / Fowler Street ) \n Two - way street carries southbound direction of SR 739
\n 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
\n

\n County Road 865 ( edit )

\n Main article : Florida State Road 865 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n

\n County Road 865
\n Location : \n Bonita Springs -- Fort Myers Beach , Iona -- Tice
\n Length : \n 35.9 mi ( 57.8 km )
\n

\n County Road 865 exists in three sections . The southernmost section begins in Bonita Springs where it is known as Bonita Beach Road , the main east - west route through Bonita Springs . When it reaches the Gulf of Mexico near Barefoot Beach , it turns north along Hickory Boulevard . It becomes Estero Boulevard as it crosses the Bonita Beach Causeway onto Fort Myers Beach . This section ends at the north end of Fort Myers Beach at SR 865 just south of the Matanzas Pass Bridge .

\n

\n The central section travels along Gladiolus Drive through Iona , Harlem Heights , and Biggar and passes Lakes Regional Park before ending at US 41 ( Tamiami Trail ). ,

\n

\n The northern section runs along Ben C. Pratt Six Mile Cypress Parkway and Ortiz Avenue from SR 739 to SR 80 in Tice .

\n

\n The segments were once part of a continuous SR 865 and Ortiz Avenue was part of SR 80B .

\n

\n County Road 867 ( edit )

\n Main article : McGregor Boulevard \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n

\n County Road 867
\n Location : \n Punta Rassa -- Iona
\n Length : \n 4.8 mi ( 7.7 km )
\n

\n County Road 867 is McGregor Boulevard from the Sanibel Causeway in Punta Rassa to SR 867 in Iona .

\n

\n The road was formerly known as SR 867 , a designation which still exits on a section of McGregor Boulevard from Iona to McGregor .

\n

\n County Road 867A ( edit )

\n Main article : McGregor Boulevard \u00a7 County Road 867A \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n

\n County Road 867A
\n Location : \n Villas -- Cape Coral and North Fort Myers
\n Length : \n 15.2 mi ( 24.5 km )
\n

\n County Road 867A is the main north - south route through Cape Coral , connecting it with North Fort Myers and South Fort Myers .

\n

\n It begins just south of Fort Myers at US 41 near Villas . From here , it is known as College Parkway , named for its proximity to Florida SouthWestern State College ( originally Edison Community College ) .

\n

\n After an interchange with McGregor Boulevard ( SR 867 ) , CR 867A crosses the Cape Coral Bridge , CR 867A continues as Cape Coral Parkway for 0.7 miles ( 1.1 km ) . Up to this point , it is unsigned , though a part of College Parkway near Summerlin Road is signed as CR 882 . At Cape Coral Parkway 's interchange with Del Prado Boulevard , the route turns north along the street , and is first signed as CR 867A here . The route continues north through much of Cape Coral . Veterans Parkway is one of Cape Coral 's major east -- west routes , and it travels into Fort Myers via the Midpoint Memorial Bridge . Del Prado Boulevard continues northward to Pine Island Road ( SR 78 ) .

\n

\n North of Pine Island Road , addresses on Del Prado Boulevard have the attached `` North '' suffix to the name of the road ; south of Pine Island Road uses `` South . '' After Pine Island Road , Del Prado Boulevard continues north as a city street , though the city of Cape Coral maintains the CR 867A designation . It intersects Diplomat Parkway and the Kismet Parkway , before intersecting with US 41 ( Tamiami Trail ) at the northern Cape Coral city limits . The extension into North Fort Myers was built in the 1990s .

\n

\n From US 41 , Del Prado Boulevard once again becomes a county road and continues east along the northern edge of North Fort Myers . Just past the Prairie Pines Preserve , it briefly becomes Mellow Drive before it terminates at Slater Road . Future plans call for Del Prado Boulevard to be extended north from Mellow Drive in North Fort Myers around the Prairie Pines Preserve to Interstate 75 with a new interchange near the Lee - Charlotte County border .

\n

\n Formerly State Road 867A between McGregor Boulevard and Pine Island Road , it became a major route when the Cape Coral Bridge opened in 1964 .

\n

\n County Road 869 ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n

\n County Road 869
\n Location : \n Iona -- Fort Myers
\n Length : \n 11.7 mi ( 18.8 km )
\n

\n County Road 869 is the designation for Summerlin Road which runs from CR 867 ( McGregor Boulevard ) in Iona east and north to CR 884 ( Colonial Boulevard ) in Fort Myers . It is the main route connecting Fort Myers with the islands of Fort Myers Beach , Sanibel and Captiva . The road is named for Jacob Summerlin , a prominent Punta Rassa cattleman .

\n

\n Built in the early 1980s , Summerlin Road was planned to be part of State Road 869 ( a designation which has since been reused for the Sawgrass Expressway near Fort Lauderdale ) , but the road was never added to the state highway system since it turned over to Lee County before it opened . It was originally intended to be an alternative to McGregor Boulevard ( SR 867 ) as a limited - access road , but development along the route has since hindered that intent . To better handle increasing traffic , the intersection with San Carlos Bouelvard ( SR 865 ) was upgraded to an interchange in 2007 along with being widened to six lanes . Elevated interchange ramps were also added at the Gladiolus Drive ( CR 865 ) intersection at the same time . The College Parkway ( CR 867A ) intersection was upgraded to an interchange in 2011 along with further widening .

\n

\n South of Fort Myers , Summerlin Road roughly follows the route of the abandoned Punta Rassa branch of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad , which was removed in 1952 . It runs along the former railroad corridor from just north of Gladiolus Drive to Bass Road .

\n
\n
\n Major intersections
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Location \n mi \n km \n Destinations \n Notes
\n Iona \n 0.00 \n 0.00 \n CR 867 ( McGregor Boulevard ) -- Sanibel , Captiva \n
\n 2.20 \n 3.54 \n SR 865 ( San Carlos Boulevard ) -- Cape Coral , Fort Myers Beach \n Interchange
\n Cypress Lake \n 6.10 \n 9.82 \n CR 865 ( Gladiolus Drive ) to I - 75 / US 41 -- International Airport \n At - grade intersection with same - direction flyover ramps
\n 7.90 \n 12.71 \n CR 876 ( Cypress Lake Drive ) -- International Airport \n
\n 8.70 \n 14.00 \n CR 867A ( College Parkway ) \n Interchange
\n Fort Myers \n 10.50 \n 16.90 \n Boy Scout Drive to US 41 \n
\n 11.70 \n 18.83 \n CR 884 ( Colonial Boulevard ) \n
\n 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
\n

\n County Road 876 ( edit )

\n Main article : Daniels Parkway \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n

\n County Road 876
\n Location : \n McGregor -- Fort Myers Shores
\n Length : \n 23.0 mi ( 37.0 km )
\n

\n County Road 876 serves as a major east - west thoroughfare through Lee County just south of Fort Myers city limits before becoming a north - south route through Lehigh Acres and Buckingham . Beginning at SR 867 in McGregor , CR 876 travels east along Cypress Lake Drive through Cypress Lake to U.S. Route 41 ( Tamiami Trail ) . It continues east of US 41 as Daniels Parkway towards Interstate 75 and Southwest Florida International Airport . East of Gateway , CR 876 intersects State Road 82 , where it turns north and continues as Gunnery Road through Lehigh Acres before merging with Buckingham Road . Buckingham Road carries CR 876 north through Buckingham to its terminus with SR 80 in Fort Myers Shores .

\n

\n County Road 881 ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n

\n County Road 881
\n Location : \n Bonita Springs -- Three Oaks
\n Length : \n 13.6 mi ( 21.9 km )
\n

\n County Road 881 exists just west of Interstate 75 from the Collier County line in Bonita Springs to CR 840 ( Alico Road ) in Three Oaks . Locally , it is known as Three Oaks Parkway north of Coconut Road in Estero , and Imperial Parkway south of this point . The road continues past its southern terminus into Collier County as County Road 881 , which is known as Livingston Road . The entire route is controlled by Lee County , except for the short segment between Bonita Beach Road and East Terry Street which is controlled by the city of Bonita Springs ( though the city maintains the CR 881 designation ) .

\n

\n The corridor of CR 881 in Lee County was completed in early 2008 with the opening of Imperial Parkway between Coconut Road in Estero and East Terry Street in Bonita Springs . This made CR 881 a third major thoroughfare connecting Lee and Collier Counties along with U.S. Route 41 and Interstate 75 .

\n

\n Lee County plans to eventually extend Three Oaks Parkway north of its current terminus to Daniels Parkway ( CR 876 ) . A short segment of the extension was built by a private developer in the early 2010s . The rest of the extension , which would parallel Interstate 75 and connect to Daniels Parkway via Fiddlesticks Boulevard , is set to be completed around 2020 .

\n
\n
\n Major intersections
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Location \n mi \n km \n Destinations \n Notes
\n Bonita Springs \n 0.00 \n 0.00 \n CR 881 south ( Livingston Road ) \n Continuation into Collier County
\n 1.00 \n 1.61 \n CR 865 ( Bonita Beach Road ) to I - 75 / US 41 \n
\n Estero \n 9.10 \n 14.65 \n CR 850 ( Corkscrew Road ) to I - 75 / US 41 \n
\n Three Oaks \n 13.60 \n 21.89 \n CR 840 ( Alico Road ) to I - 75 / US 41 \n
\n 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
\n

\n County Road 884 ( edit )

\n Main article : Florida State Road 884 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n

\n County Road 884
\n Location : \n Cape Coral -- Fort Myers and Fort Myers -- Alva
\n Length : \n 32.5 mi ( 52.3 km )
\n

\n County Road 884 exists in two sections . The western section runs through Cape Coral along the Veterans Parkway and the Midpoint Bridge from SR 78 / CR 78 ( Pine Island Road ) / CR 765 ( Burnt Store Road ) in Cape Coral to SR 884 / US 41 ( Cleveland Avenue ) in Fort Myers . The eastern section travels through Lehigh Acres along Colonial , Lee , Leeland Heights , and Joel Boulevards from SR 884 / Dynasty Drive in Fort Myers to SR 80 in Alva .

\n

\n The eastern segment came into existence in the early 1980s when Colonial Boulevard ( SR 884 ) was extended from I - 75 to connect with State Road 82 at Lee Boulevard . Lee Boulevard was previously State Road 82B while Leeland Heights and Joel Boulevards were part of State Road 873 ( a designation which also continued south down Alabama Road ) .

\n

\n The western segment , which previously ended at State Road 867 ( McGregor Boulevard ) , was extended into Cape Coral in 1997 upon the completion of the Midpoint Memorial Bridge and Veterans Parkway .

\n

\n County Road 885 ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n

\n County Road 885
\n Location : \n Estero -- Fort Myers
\n Length : \n 13.00 mi ( 20.92 km )
\n

\n County Road 885 exists just east of Interstate 75 from CR 850 ( Corkscrew Road ) in Estero to CR 884 ( Colonial Boulevard ) in Fort Myers . As a major north - south corridor , it provides access to Florida Gulf Coast University , Gulf Coast Town Center , and Southwest Florida International Airport . It is known as Treeline Avenue north of the entrance to Southwest Florida International Airport , and Ben Hill Griffin Parkway south of it .

\n
\n
\n History
\n
\n

\n The first major segment of CR 885 to be completed was Ben Hill Griffin Parkway between Alico and Corkscrew Roads . It was named for Ben Hill Griffin , Jr. , former chairman of Alico Inc. , whose land was partially donated by Griffin 's son Ben Hill Griffin III to the state for the construction of Florida Gulf Coast University . Ben Hill Griffin Parkway was completed by 1997 in conjunction with the opening of the university , as it was the main access road .

\n

\n Treeline Avenue , which originally was a short local road off Daniels Parkway , was extended south and connected to Ben Hill Griffin Parkway in early 2005 in conjunction with the opening of the current terminal at Southwest Florida International Airport . Treeline Avenue was later extended to Colonial Boulevard in 2006 .

\n
\n
\n Major intersections
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Location \n mi \n km \n Destinations \n Notes
\n Estero \n 0.00 \n 0.00 \n CR 850 ( Corkscrew Road ) to I - 75 \n
\n \u200b \n 4.30 \n 6.92 \n CR 840 ( Alico Road ) to I - 75 \n
\n \u200b \n 5.60 \n 9.01 \n Terminal Access Road -- Southwest Florida International Airport \n Partial diamond interchange ; former at - grade intersection
\n \u200b \n 8.00 \n 12.87 \n CR 876 ( Daniels Parkway ) to I - 75 -- Fort Myers , Cape Coral , Gateway , Lehigh Acres , Tampa , Naples \n
\n Fort Myers \n 13.00 \n 20.92 \n CR 884 ( Colonial Boulevard ) \n
\n 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
\n

\n County Road 887 ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n

\n County Road 887
\n Location : \n Bonita Springs
\n Length : \n 5.3 mi ( 8.5 km )
\n

\n County Road 887 is the unsigned designation for Old 41 Road from the Collier County line north through Bonita Springs to US 41 .

\n

\n The road was originally a routing of Tamiami Trail ( US 41 ) through Downtown Bonita Springs . It became SR 887 when US 41 was moved to its present alignment in 1976 . It was turned over to Lee County in the early 1980s . Bonita Springs was incorporated in 1999 , and CR 887 has since come under city control .

\n

\n The SR 887 designation has since been reused for the Port Miami Tunnel since its opening on August 3 , 2014 .

\n
\n
\n Major intersections
\n
\n

\n The entire route is in Bonita Springs .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n mi \n km \n Destinations \n Notes
\n 0.00 \n 0.00 \n CR 887 south ( Old 41 Road ) \n Continuation into Collier County
\n 1.20 \n 1.93 \n CR 865 ( Bonita Beach Road ) to I - 75 \n
\n 5.30 \n 8.53 \n US 41 ( Tamiami Trail ) \n
\n 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Road Maintenance System ( Map ) . Cartography by Lee County GIS. Lee County Department of Transportation . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Google ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` CR 78 ( Western Section ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Google ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` CR 78 ( Eastern Section ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : General Highway Map , Lee County , January 1976 , reprinted January 1980
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Google ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` CR 78A '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Google ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` CR 765 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` The Legend of Burnt Store '' . Burnt Store Marina - Century 21 Sunbelt Realty . Retrieved 17 June 2015 .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 767 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Harry Stringfellow '' . Pine Island Info : Preserving Pine Island 's Past . Retrieved 7 April 2016 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ FDOT right of way map , section 12660 - 2601
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 810 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 840 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Seminole Gulf Railway , L.P. -- Adverse Abandonment -- in Lee County , FL '' . Surface Transportation Board . Retrieved 27 August 2014 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Curry , Chuck ( 13 January 2007 ) . `` Alico Road work slated to continue through 2008 '' . Naples Daily News . Retrieved 14 April 2015 .
    15. \n
  15. \n ^ Jump up to : Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 850 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Lee , 1936 '' . Florida Center for Instructional Technology . University of South Florida . Retrieved 9 December 2015 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Florida 261 - Florida 280 '' . Blue Diamonds : The Old Florida State Road System . Retrieved 9 December 2015 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ FDOT right of way map , section 12640 - 2601
    19. \n
  19. \n ^ Jump up to : Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 863 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Google ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` CR 865 ( Southern Section ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Google ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` CR 865 ( Middle Section ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Google ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` CR 865 ( Northern Section ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 867 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ FDOT right of way map , section 12040 - 2501
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 867A ( Southern Section ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 867A ( Northern Section ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Del Prado Extension Corridor Study '' ( PDF ) . Woodyard & Associates Commercial Real Estate . Woodyard & Associates , LLC . Retrieved 1 September 2015 .
    28. \n
  28. \n ^ Jump up to : Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 869 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Williamson , Jenny ( 10 August 2013 ) . `` Southwest Florida road names have a rich history '' . The News - Press . Retrieved 11 September 2013 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ FDOT right of way map , section 12511 - 2601
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Ochoa , Julio ( 19 June 2006 ) . `` Vote expected on road 's limited access designation '' . Naples Daily News . Retrieved 11 May 2016 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` National Bridge Inventory Data : Lee County , Florida '' . Uglybridges.com . Retrieved 11 May 2016 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` Summerlin flyover at College opens to traffic '' . NBC - 2 ( WBBH - TV ) . Retrieved 11 May 2016 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Turner , Gregg M. ( December 1 , 1999 ) . Railroads of Southwest Florida . Images of America . Arcadia Publishing .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Lee County Property Appraiser http://www.leepa.org/Display/DisplayParcel.aspx?folioid=10221085 . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help )
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 876 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 .
    37. \n
  37. \n ^ Jump up to : Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 881 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Kane , Brad ( 22 January 2008 ) . `` Imperial Parkway is now open '' . Naples Daily News . Retrieved 10 April 2015 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Oliver , Chad ( 5 February 2013 ) . `` Good Question : Road to nowhere '' . WBBH - TV . Retrieved 10 April 2015 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` Three Oaks Parkway Extension ~ Daniels Parkway to Oriole Road '' . Boylan Environmental Consultants , Inc . Retrieved 9 December 2015 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 884 ( Western Section ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 884 ( Eastern Section ) '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Florida 884 - Colonial Boulevard '' . AA Roads . Retrieved 15 April 2015 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ General Highway Map , Lee County , January 1976 , reprinted September 1981
    45. \n
  45. \n ^ Jump up to : Google ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` CR 885 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Silverstein , Adam . `` Florida vs. FGCU : The Griffin family connection '' . Only Gators Get Out Alive . Retrieved 10 April 2015 .
    47. \n
  47. \n ^ Jump up to : Google ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` CR 887 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Newland , Maggie ( August 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tunnel To PortMiami Opening Sunday Morning '' . WFOR - TV . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 .
    49. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n County roads in Florida
\n
    \n
  • \n Alachua
    • \n
  • \n Baker
    • \n
  • \n Bay
    • \n
  • \n Bradford
    • \n
  • \n Brevard
    • \n
  • \n Broward
    • \n
  • \n Calhoun
    • \n
  • \n Charlotte
    • \n
  • \n Citrus
    • \n
  • \n Clay
    • \n
  • \n Collier
    • \n
  • \n Columbia
    • \n
  • \n DeSoto
    • \n
  • \n Dixie
    • \n
  • \n Duval
    • \n
  • \n Escambia
    • \n
  • \n Flagler
    • \n
  • \n Franklin
    • \n
  • \n Gadsden
    • \n
  • \n Gilchrist
    • \n
  • \n Glades
    • \n
  • \n Gulf
    • \n
  • \n Hamilton
    • \n
  • \n Hardee
    • \n
  • \n Hendry
    • \n
  • \n Hernando
    • \n
  • \n Highlands
    • \n
  • \n Hillsborough
    • \n
  • \n Holmes
    • \n
  • \n Indian River
    • \n
  • \n Jackson
    • \n
  • \n Jefferson
    • \n
  • \n Lafayette
    • \n
  • \n Lake
    • \n
  • \n Lee
    • \n
  • \n Leon
    • \n
  • \n Levy
    • \n
  • \n Liberty
    • \n
  • \n Madison
    • \n
  • \n Manatee
    • \n
  • \n Marion
    • \n
  • \n Martin
    • \n
  • \n Miami - Dade
    • \n
  • \n Monroe
    • \n
  • \n Nassau
    • \n
  • \n Okaloosa
    • \n
  • \n Okeechobee
    • \n
  • \n Orange
    • \n
  • \n Osceola
    • \n
  • \n Palm Beach
    • \n
  • \n Pasco
    • \n
  • \n Pinellas
    • \n
  • \n Polk
    • \n
  • \n Putnam
    • \n
  • \n Santa Rosa
    • \n
  • \n Sarasota
    • \n
  • \n Seminole
    • \n
  • \n St. Johns
    • \n
  • \n St. Lucie
    • \n
  • \n Sumter
    • \n
  • \n Suwannee
    • \n
  • \n Taylor
    • \n
  • \n Union
    • \n
  • \n Volusia
    • \n
  • \n Wakulla
    • \n
  • \n Walton
    • \n
  • \n Washington
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_county_roads_in_Lee_County,_Florida&oldid=820199858 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "what is the string of 882 islands extending southwest from the southern tip of florida known as", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Harper Valley PTA ( film ) - wikipedia

\n Harper Valley PTA ( film )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Harper Valley PTA
\n Theatrical release poster
\n Directed by \n Richard Bennett
\n Produced by \n George Edwards
\n Written by \n George Edwards Barry Schneider
\n Starring \n Barbara Eden Nanette Fabray Ronny Cox Louis Nye Susan Swift Pat Paulsen
\n Music by \n Nelson Riddle
\n Cinematography \n Willy Kurant
\n Edited by \n Michael Economou
\n Distributed by \n April Fools Productions
\n Release date \n
    \n
  • \n May 23 , 1978 ( 1978 - 05 - 23 ) ( Midwest )
    • \n
  • \n June 2 , 1978 ( 1978 - 06 - 02 ) ( Canada )
    • \n
  • \n August 2 , 1978 ( 1978 - 08 - 02 ) ( Los Angeles )
    • \n
  • \n January 12 , 1979 ( 1979 - 01 - 12 ) ( New York City )
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Running time \n 93 minutes
\n Country \n United States
\n Language \n English
\n Budget \n $1 million
\n Box office \n $25 million ( USA )
\n

\n Harper Valley PTA is a 1978 American comedy film inspired by the popular 1968 country song `` Harper Valley PTA '' written by Tom T. Hall and performed by country singer Jeannie C. Riley . The film starred Barbara Eden , Nanette Fabray , Ronny Cox , Louis Nye and Susan Swift , directed by Richard Bennett , and was mainly released to drive - in theaters throughout the summer of 1978 . The film has a cult following in fans of the original song .

\n

\n The film 's promotional tagline is : `` The song was scandalous . The movie is hilarious ! ''

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Plot ( edit )

\n

\n Stella Johnson is a beautiful widowed single mother who lives in the town of Harper Valley , Ohio . She sells cosmetics door - to - door for the fictitious AngelGlo Cosmetics and is not afraid to enjoy life . Her fourteen - year - old daughter , Dee , is a student at Harper Valley Junior High School .

\n

\n After leaving school , Dee brings her mother a letter from the school 's Parent Teacher Association board , which is led by the pompous and snobbish Flora Simpson - Reilly . The letter denounces her for her not following the societal mores of the day and the community and further stating that if she does not change her ways more to the board 's liking , Dee will be punished for her mother 's `` sins '' by being expelled from school .

\n

\n Infuriated by the board 's supposed superiority and their glaring hypocrisy , Stella storms to the PTA meeting being held that day , and proceeds to tell most of the PTA members off by exposing their hidden skeletons for the town to see .

\n

\n After her house is TP'ed ( Toilet - Papered ) and a rock with a vile note attached is thrown through her window in retaliation , Stella prepares to get even with those who would want her driven out of town . She teams up with her friends , beautician Alice Finley and bartender Herbie Maddox , and ( along with Dee 's help ) wreaks hilarious and justified revenge on six of the hypocritical PTA members , with methods including : 1 ) tricking a married male board member who has repeatedly tried to date Stella into a disastrous rendezvous , 2 ) embarrassing Mrs. Simpson - Reilly at one of her grand social gatherings , 3 ) exposing the secret antics of a supposedly prim - and - proper female board member / teacher , and 4 ) sending a herd of pink - painted elephants into the bedroom of a alcoholic board member .

\n

\n During the course of the movie , she finds out that one of the male PTA members , wealthy Willis Newton ( who was not a party to the PTA letter ) , has fallen in love with her .

\n

\n Will and another male on the PTA board , Skeeter Duggan , the town 's Notary public , are sympathetic to Stella and do not agree with Flora and her cronies . After being informed by Will of the current PTA Board 's incompetence and mismanagement and with his help , Stella is convinced to make a run for President of the PTA , a move which infuriates Flora and her allies .

\n

\n After a makeover , which sees her braces removed and her hair styled , Dee also finds a boyfriend in handsome Carlyle , a popular school track star , which incurs the jealousy of Bettina Reilly , the equally snobbish granddaughter of Flora . Also shown are Edwina , Bettina 's identical twin sister who is just as snobbish as Bettina , and Dee 's best friend Mavis .

\n

\n Real estate agent Kirby Baker , a member of the PTA Board , plans to ruin Stella by foreclosing on her house ( which his company owns ) , but is arrested for assaulting Myrna Wong , an Asian - American martial arts expert helping Stella to set up the lecherous Baker . Now things become more and more desperate .

\n

\n The board finally decide to resort to criminal means to maintain the power they hold , which is fast slipping away thanks to Stella 's growing popularity . The board members then decide to hire a couple of kidnappers named Dutch and Tex to have Skeeter abducted so they can commit election fraud .

\n

\n The kidnappers snatch Skeeter as he is taking the trash out and take him in a nearby abbey , where he is imprisoned and made drunk on wine .

\n

\n Olive Glover , the PTA 's Recording Secretary who has a hardcore gambling addiction , has stolen money from the Milk Fund Rally , one of the PTA 's numerous fund raisers , and intends to having Mavis framed for the crime and arrested . Leaving Dee to stall the PTA Board meeting , Stella and Alice follow Olive to a racing stable and recover the stolen money , some of which had been marked by Will .

\n

\n As Stella and Alice race back to town , Will and Herbie spot the kidnappers and Skeeter outside the abbey from a helicopter and notify the girls . Disguised as nuns , Stella and Alice find Skeeter , free him and manage to escape with him after a wild car chase ending with the kidnappers crashing into a stream .

\n

\n Ultimately , Flora 's scheme to prevent Stella 's nomination fails miserably : Olive , who would have been the swing vote against Stella , is arrested for embezzlement just as the PTA Board is about to vote against Stella 's candidacy . Dutch and Tex , already in custody for the Skeeter Duggan kidnapping , tell the police that Flora was behind it all to keep Stella off the PTA Board .

\n

\n Stella decisively wins the election and becomes the new PTA president , with the whole town voting to get rid of Flora and her snobbish friends . Will and Stella then fly off in his helicopter ( which is trailing a sign saying `` Stella Johnson for Mayor '' ) to get married .

\n

\n Cast and characters ( edit )

\n \n

\n Production and release ( edit )

\n

\n Filming ( edit )

\n

\n Harper Valley PTA was filmed in twenty - seven days from October 3 , 1977 to December 8 , 1977 . It was filmed on location for one week in the town of Lebanon , Ohio and then continued in Los Angeles , California . The track meet scene was filmed at Simi Valley High School

\n

\n On October 31 , 1977 , production ceased temporarily when Nanette Fabray was knocked to the ground by a spooked elephant while shooting a scene involving pink elephants in the Hancock Park neighborhood of Los Angeles , California ; she suffered a severe concussion , bruises and back sprains and was taken to Cedars - Sinai Medical Center where her condition was reported as serious but stable . Following her recovery , filming resumed on November 30 .

\n

\n Release ( edit )

\n

\n Harper Valley PTA opened in six theaters in Lebanon , Cincinnati and Dayton , Ohio on May 23 , 1978 in accordance with executive producer Phil Borack 's plan to release the film first in smaller markets , where regional success could encourage exhibitors in bigger cities to book the film . The film grossed over $2 million its opening weekend , $5.8 million in its first three weeks and over $16 million after twelve weeks . The film opened in Los Angeles on August 2 , 1978 and in New York City on January 12 , 1979 .

\n

\n Soundtrack ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Harper Valley PTA : Original Soundtrack Recording
\n Soundtrack album by various artists
\n Released \n June 1978
\n Recorded \n Singleton Sound Studios Nashville , Tennessee
\n Genre \n Soundtrack
\n Length \n 29 : 50
\n Label \n Plantation Records
\n Producer \n Shelby S. Singleton , Jr .
\n
\n Singles from Harper Valley PTA
\n
    \n
  1. \n `` Harper Valley PTA ( re-issue ) '' Released : July 1978
    2. \n
\n
\n
\n

\n In June 1978 , a soundtrack album was released on vinyl , cassette and 8 - track tape by Plantation Records . To promote the film 's release and its soundtrack , the title song by Jeannie C. Riley was re-issued as a single . The album made its compact disc premiere through Var\u00e8se Sarabande on October 27 , 2017 .

\n
\n
\n Side 1
\n
\n
    \n
  1. \n `` Harper Valley PTA '' -- performed by Jeannie C. Riley
    2. \n
  2. \n `` Dee 's Visit '' ( instrumental ) -- performed by Nelson Riddle
    3. \n
  3. \n `` Mr. Harper '' -- performed by Barbara Eden
    4. \n
  4. \n `` Alice 's Place '' ( instrumental ) -- performed by Nelson Riddle
    5. \n
  5. \n `` High School Confidential '' -- performed by Jerry Lee Lewis
    6. \n
  6. \n `` Willie Mae '' ( instrumental ) -- performed by Nelson Riddle
    7. \n
\n
\n
\n Side 2
\n
\n
    \n
  1. \n `` Harper Valley PTA '' ( instrumental ) -- performed by Nelson Riddle
    2. \n
  2. \n `` Widow Jones '' -- performed by Barbara Eden
    3. \n
  3. \n `` Twin Tune '' ( instrumental ) -- performed by Nelson Riddle
    4. \n
  4. \n `` Ballad of a Teenage Queen '' -- performed by Johnny Cash
    5. \n
  5. \n `` Ice Cream Disco '' ( instrumental ) -- performed by Nelson Riddle
    6. \n
  6. \n `` Whatever Happened to Charlie Brown '' -- performed by Rita Remington & Carol Channing
    7. \n
  7. \n `` Ending ( Reprise : Harper Valley PTA ) '' ( instrumental ) -- performed by Nelson Riddle
    8. \n
\n

\n Television series ( edit )

\n Main article : Harper Valley PTA ( TV series )

\n In 1981 , Harper Valley PTA was made into a television sitcom ( created by Sherwood Schwartz ) which aired on NBC from January 1981 to May 1982 . Barbara Eden reprised her role as Stella Johnson for the series which lasted two seasons and a total of 30 episodes were produced .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ St. Petersburg Times
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Milwaukee Sentinel : Elephant injures Nanette Fabray
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Observer Reporter
    4. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harper_Valley_PTA_(film)&oldid=818590841 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "who played in the movie harper valley pta", "long_answers": ["Barbara Eden as Stella Johnson , a widowed cosmetics salesperson with a young daughter , whose joie de vivre , her principles , and her individuality anger most of the powerful people in town and on the Parent Teachers Association board . She inevitably becomes PTA president after embarrassing Flora , the snobby former President and her equally snobby friends . Ronny Cox as Willis `` Will '' Newton , a wealthy member of the PTA who does n't agree with Flora and her snobby allies and is in love with Stella . He and Stella get married at the end of the movie . Nanette Fabray as Alice Finley , Stella 's best friend and co-conspirator against the snobs of Harper Valley . She owns and operates the La Moderne Beauty Shop . Louis Nye as Kirby Baker , a local real estate agent who is allied with Flora and her friends . Notorious for being a lecherous playboy and infamous for impregnating his secretaries , one of whom , Gladys Wilmot , left town to see an abortionist in Cincinnati . As part of a plan to discredit Stella , he tries to foreclose on Stella 's house , which infuriates her . He then gets arrested and jailed for attacking Myrna Wong , a friend of Stella 's , who rebuffs his advances , throwing him by use of martial arts and destroying the office . John Fiedler as Bobby Taylor , a man on the PTA who lusts after Stella . Overly dominated by his wife , Holly . Although open to allow Stella to speak , he is not above having a fellow PTA board member kidnapped to commit election fraud . He was arrested for indecent exposure after being set up by Stella . Ron Masak as Herbie Maddox , the head bartender at Kelly 's bar , and Stella 's ally against Flora and her friends . He has a crush on Stella , and is one of her friends . Clint Howard as Corley , a young delivery person , who works for the local florist shop , who brings Stella flowers from Will . Susan Swift as Dee Johnson , Stella 's 14 - year - old daughter , who is threatened with expulsion from school if her mother does n't conform to the way the PTA wants her to behave . She has a hand in assisting her mother and Alice with one of their revenge schemes . She loses her braces , gets a makeover , and ends up with a boyfriend , Carlyle . Pat Paulsen as Otis Harper , the descendant of the founding family of Harper Valley . A PTA member who is allied with Flora and her friends . Has a tendency to drink all the time , which annoys his wife , Bertha . He had a stampede of elephants , painted pink , stormed through his house , destroying it . Amzie Strickland as Shirley Thompson , a member of the PTA board who tends to drink a lot of gin . Though she is allied with Flora and her friends , she is one of four PTA members ( Will , Skeeter and Holly Taylor are the others ) who are spared any retribution from Stella . She was seen as the most sympathetic of the board , as she tended to be more manipulated as opposed to being manipulative . It was never revealed whether or not she retained her seat on the PTA , but it is presumed that she became more sympathetic towards Stella as she was seen waving goodbye at Olive as she was being arrested . Bob Hastings as Skeeter Duggan , a member of the PTA board , and the town 's Notary public who is sympathetic to Stella . He is kidnapped by Dutch and Tex at Flora Simpson Reilly 's orders . Audrey Christie as Flora Simpson - Reilly , The movie 's main antagonist . She is the pompous and extremely snobbish president of the PTA board who thoroughly despises Stella ( who defeats her for president at the end of the movie ) and all she stands for . So desperate is she to retain her power and prestige in the community that she has a fellow member of the PTA ( Skeeter Duggan ) kidnapped so she and her allies can commit election fraud . She is embarrassed when her permanent set is destroyed by a hair depilatory at the beauty salon . Molly Dodd as Olive Glover , the recording secretary of the PTA who is a gambling addict . Clearly the most corrupt and most vindictive member of the PTA board , she is eventually arrested for embezzlement after having a load of hay and horse manure dumped on top of her . She is the one who initially angers Stella by sending her the letter denouncing her , and tries to get Dee 's friend , Mavis , arrested for embezzlement . Fay DeWitt as Willamae Jones , a snide biology teacher at the junior high school who is also a member of the PTA . She makes no secret of the fact that she favors the Reilly twins , due to the connections between her and Flora . Notorious for being a nymphomaniac ( though she hides it under a prim - and - proper fa\u00e7ade ) , she is caught in flagrante delicto with Barney Crunk , the town 's mailman , on film . DeVera Marcus as Holly Taylor , Bobby 's obviously overbearing wife , who tends to drink a lot when Bobby is out of town , and does n't approve of Bobby 's lusting , or of anything else he does ( this is different from the character in the song , who `` seems to use a lot of ice whenever ( her husband ) 's away '' , implying adultery with the iceman ) . However , despite her ties to Flora and her scheming friends , she , like Shirley Thompson , is spared any retribution from Stella , due to Stella refusing to date Bobby . Louise Foley as Mavis , Dee Johnson 's best friend , who is nearly framed for a crime she did not commit by the vindictive Olive Glover . Brian Cook as Carlyle , a popular track star who chooses Dee , after she gets a makeover , and angers Bettina Reilly in the process . Laura Teige as Bettina Reilly , One of Flora 's twin granddaughters , who wants to be with Carlyle , and is jealous when he chooses Dee over her . She tends to be as snotty as her grandmother . Jan Teige as Edwina Reilly , Bettina 's twin sister , who is just as snotty as her . Irene Yah - Ling Sun as Myrna Wong , a friend of Stella 's who is a judo expert ; she is assaulted by Kirby Baker ( after leading him on ; she destroys him and his office in retaliation ) and has him sent to jail for assault . Tobias Anderson as `` Cranky '' Barney Crunk , the town 's nosy mailman who had the bad habit of peeking in everyone 's mail . He is caught in flagrante delicto on film with Willamae Jones . Royce D. Applegate as Dutch , one of two kidnappers who abduct Skeeter Duggan at Flora Simpson - Reilly 's orders . J.J. Barry as Tex , the mastermind of the kidnap plot to get Skeeter Duggan out of the way so Flora Simpson - Reilly and her friends could commit election fraud . He and his accomplice Dutch are arrested and the two of them rat out Flora and her friends on their scheme . Pitt Herbert as Henry Reilly , Flora 's overly dominated husband and grandfather to Edwina and Bettina . Henry is wealthy , but is very weak - willed and is known for acquiescing to his wife 's schemes . Arlen Stuart as Bertha Harper , wife of Otis Harper , who gets annoyed by her husband 's continual drinking . She is terrified when her house is destroyed by pink - painted elephants .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Pearl - Wikipedia

\n Pearl

\n Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Pearl ( disambiguation ) . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Pearl
\n Various pearls
\n General
\n \n Carbonate mineral , protein
\n Formula ( repeating unit ) \n
    \n
  • \n Calcium carbonate , CaCO
    • \n
  • \n Conchiolin
    • \n
\n
\n Strunz classification \n 05. AB
\n Crystal system \n Orthorhombic
\n Identification
\n Color \n white , pink , silver , cream , brown , green , blue , black , yellow , orange , gold , purple , iridescent
\n Cleavage \n None
\n Fracture \n Uneven
\n Mohs scale hardness \n 2.5 -- 4.5
\n Streak \n white
\n Specific gravity \n 2.60 -- 2.85
\n Refractive index \n
    \n
  • \n Common pearl : 1.52 - 1.66
    • \n
  • \n Black pearl : 1.53 - 1.69
    • \n
\n
\n Birefringence \n 0.156
\n Pleochroism \n Absent
\n Dispersion \n None
\n Ultraviolet fluorescence \n
    \n
  • \n White pearls : light blue to light yellow ;
    • \n
  • \n Yellow and golden pearls : yellow - green , greenish brown to dark brown ;
    • \n
  • \n Black pearls : commonly pink to orange - red
    • \n
\n
\n Georgian seed pearl gold ring

\n A pearl is a hard glistening object produced within the soft tissue ( specifically the mantle ) of a living shelled mollusk or another animal , such as a conulariid . Just like the shell of a mollusk , a pearl is composed of calcium carbonate ( mainly aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite ) in minute crystalline form , which has been deposited in concentric layers . The ideal pearl is perfectly round and smooth , but many other shapes , known as baroque pearls , can occur . The finest quality natural pearls have been highly valued as gemstones and objects of beauty for many centuries . Because of this , pearl has become a metaphor for something rare , fine , admirable and valuable .

\n

\n The most valuable pearls occur spontaneously in the wild , but are extremely rare . These wild pearls are referred to as natural pearls . Cultured or farmed pearls from pearl oysters and freshwater mussels make up the majority of those currently sold . Imitation pearls are also widely sold in inexpensive jewelry , but the quality of their iridescence is usually very poor and is easily distinguished from that of genuine pearls . Pearls have been harvested and cultivated primarily for use in jewelry , but in the past were also used to adorn clothing . They have also been crushed and used in cosmetics , medicines and paint formulations .

\n

\n Whether wild or cultured , gem - quality pearls are almost always nacreous and iridescent , like the interior of the shell that produces them . However , almost all species of shelled mollusks are capable of producing pearls ( technically `` calcareous concretions '' ) of lesser shine or less spherical shape . Although these may also be legitimately referred to as `` pearls '' by gemological labs and also under U.S. Federal Trade Commission rules , and are formed in the same way , most of them have no value except as curiosities .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Etymology ( edit )

\n

\n The English word pearl comes from the French perle , originally from the Latin perna meaning leg , after the ham - or mutton leg - shaped bivalve .

\n

\n Definition ( edit )

\n A black pearl and a shell of the black - lipped pearl oyster . The iridescent colors originate from nacre layers .

\n All shelled mollusks can , by natural processes , produce some kind of `` pearl '' when an irritating microscopic object becomes trapped within its mantle folds , but the great majority of these `` pearls '' are not valued as gemstones . Nacreous pearls , the best - known and most commercially significant , are primarily produced by two groups of molluskan bivalves or clams . A nacreous pearl is made from layers of nacre , by the same living process as is used in the secretion of the mother of pearl which lines the shell .

\n

\n Natural ( or wild ) pearls , formed without human intervention , are very rare . Many hundreds of pearl oysters or mussels must be gathered and opened , and thus killed , to find even one wild pearl ; for many centuries , this was the only way pearls were obtained , and why pearls fetched such extraordinary prices in the past . Cultured pearls are formed in pearl farms , using human intervention as well as natural processes .

\n

\n One family of nacreous pearl bivalves -- the pearl oyster -- lives in the sea , while the other -- a very different group of bivalves -- lives in freshwater ; these are the river mussels such as the freshwater pearl mussel . Saltwater pearls can grow in several species of marine pearl oysters in the family Pteriidae . Freshwater pearls grow within certain ( but by no means all ) species of freshwater mussels in the order Unionida , the families Unionidae and Margaritiferidae .

\n

\n Physical properties ( edit )

\n Structure of nacre layers , wherein aragonite plates are separated by biopolymers , such as chitin , lustrin and silk - like proteins Electron microscopy image of a fractured surface of nacre

\n The unique luster of pearls depends upon the reflection , refraction , and diffraction of light from the translucent layers . The thinner and more numerous the layers in the pearl , the finer the luster . The iridescence that pearls display is caused by the overlapping of successive layers , which breaks up light falling on the surface . In addition , pearls ( especially cultured freshwater pearls ) can be dyed yellow , green , blue , brown , pink , purple , or black . The very best pearls have a metallic mirror - like luster .

\n

\n Because pearls are made primarily of calcium carbonate , they can be dissolved in vinegar . Calcium carbonate is susceptible to even a weak acid solution because the crystals of calcium carbonate react with the acetic acid in the vinegar to form calcium acetate and carbon dioxide .

\n

\n Freshwater and saltwater pearls ( edit )

\n

\n Freshwater and saltwater pearls may sometimes look quite similar , but they come from different sources .

\n

\n Freshwater pearls form in various species of freshwater mussels , family Unionidae , which live in lakes , rivers , ponds and other bodies of fresh water . These freshwater pearl mussels occur not only in hotter climates , but also in colder more temperate areas such as Scotland ( where they are protected under law ) . Most freshwater cultured pearls sold today come from China .

\n

\n Saltwater pearls grow within pearl oysters , family Pteriidae , which live in oceans . Saltwater pearl oysters are usually cultivated in protected lagoons or volcanic atolls .

\n

\n Creation ( edit )

\n Diagram comparing a cross-section of a cultured pearl , upper , with a natural pearl , lower

\n Pearls are formed inside the shell of certain mollusks as a defense mechanism against a potentially threatening irritant such as a parasite inside the shell , or an attack from outside that injures the mantle tissue . The mollusk creates a pearl sac to seal off the irritation . Pearls are thus the result of an immune response analogous in the human body to the capture of an antigen by a phagocyte ( phagocytosis ) .

\n

\n The mollusk 's mantle ( protective membrane ) deposits layers of calcium carbonate ( CaCO ) in the form of the mineral aragonite or a mixture of aragonite and calcite ( polymorphs with the same chemical formula , but different crystal structures ) held together by an organic horn - like compound called conchiolin . The combination of aragonite and conchiolin is called nacre , which makes up mother - of - pearl . The commonly held belief that a grain of sand acts as the irritant is in fact rarely the case . Typical stimuli include organic material , parasites , or even damage that displaces mantle tissue to another part of the mollusk 's body . These small particles or organisms gain entry when the shell valves are open for feeding or respiration . In cultured pearls , the irritant is typically an introduced piece of the mantle epithelium , with or without a spherical bead ( beaded or beadless cultured pearls ) .

\n

\n Natural pearls ( edit )

\n

\n Natural pearls are nearly 100 % calcium carbonate and conchiolin . It is thought that natural pearls form under a set of accidental conditions when a microscopic intruder or parasite enters a bivalve mollusk and settles inside the shell . The mollusk , irritated by the intruder , forms a pearl sac of external mantle tissue cells and secretes the calcium carbonate and conchiolin to cover the irritant . This secretion process is repeated many times , thus producing a pearl . Natural pearls come in many shapes , with perfectly round ones being comparatively rare .

\n

\n Typically , the build - up of a natural pearl consists of a brown central zone formed by columnar calcium carbonate ( usually calcite , sometimes columnar aragonite ) and a yellowish to white outer zone consisting of nacre ( tabular aragonite ) . In a pearl cross-section such as the diagram , these two different materials can be seen . The presence of columnar calcium carbonate rich in organic material indicates juvenile mantle tissue that formed during the early stage of pearl development . Displaced living cells with a well - defined task may continue to perform their function in their new location , often resulting in a cyst . Such displacement may occur via an injury . The fragile rim of the shell is exposed and is prone to damage and injury . Crabs , other predators and parasites such as worm larvae may produce traumatic attacks and cause injuries in which some external mantle tissue cells are disconnected from their layer . Embedded in the conjunctive tissue of the mantle , these cells may survive and form a small pocket in which they continue to secrete calcium carbonate , their natural product . The pocket is called a pearl sac , and grows with time by cell division . The juvenile mantle tissue cells , according to their stage of growth , secrete columnar calcium carbonate from pearl sac 's inner surface . In time , the pearl sac 's external mantle cells proceed to the formation of tabular aragonite . When the transition to nacre secretion occurs , the brown pebble becomes covered with a nacreous coating . During this process , the pearl sac seems to travel into the shell ; however , the sac actually stays in its original relative position the mantle tissue while the shell itself grows . After a couple of years , a pearl forms and the shell may be found by a lucky pearl fisher .

\n

\n Cultured pearls ( edit )

\n Main article : Cultured pearl Nuclei from Toba Pearl Island , Japan

\n Cultured pearls are the response of the shell to a tissue implant . A tiny piece of mantle tissue ( called a graft ) from a donor shell is transplanted into a recipient shell , causing a pearl sac to form into which the tissue precipitates calcium carbonate . There are a number of methods for producing cultured pearls : using freshwater or seawater shells , transplanting the graft into the mantle or into the gonad , and adding a spherical bead as a nucleus . Most saltwater cultured pearls are grown with beads . Tradenames of cultured pearls are Akoya , white or golden South sea , and black Tahitian . Most beadless cultured pearls are mantle - grown in freshwater shells in China , and are known as freshwater cultured pearls .

\n

\n Cultured pearls can be distinguished from natural pearls by X-ray examination . Nucleated cultured pearls are often ' preformed ' as they tend to follow the shape of the implanted shell bead nucleus . After a bead is inserted into the oyster , it secretes a few layers of nacre around the bead ; the resulting cultured pearl can then be harvested in as few as six months .

\n

\n When a cultured pearl with a bead nucleus is X-rayed , it reveals a different structure to that of a natural pearl ( see diagram ) . A beaded cultured pearl shows a solid center with no concentric growth rings , whereas a natural pearl shows a series of concentric growth rings . A beadless cultured pearl ( whether of freshwater or saltwater origin ) may show growth rings , but also a complex central cavity , witness of the first precipitation of the young pearl sac .

\n

\n Imitation pearls ( edit )

\n Main article : Imitation pearl

\n Some imitation pearls ( also called shell pearls ) are simply made of mother - of - pearl , coral or conch shell , while others are made from glass and are coated with a solution containing fish scales called essence d'Orient . Although imitation pearls look the part , they do not have the same weight or smoothness as real pearls , and their luster will also dim greatly .

\n

\n Gemological Identification ( edit )

\n

\n A well - equipped gem testing laboratory can distinguish natural pearls from cultured pearls by using gemological X-ray equipment to examine the center of a pearl . With X-rays it is possible to see the growth rings of the pearl , where the layers of calcium carbonate are separated by thin layers of conchiolin . The differentiation of natural pearls from non-beaded cultured pearls can be very difficult without the use of this X-ray technique .

\n

\n Natural and cultured pearls can be distinguished from imitation pearls using a microscope . Another method of testing for imitations is to rub two pearls against each other . Imitation pearls are completely smooth , but natural and cultured pearls are composed of nacre platelets , making both feel slightly gritty .

\n

\n Value of a natural pearl ( edit )

\n Pearl tiara of Empress Eug\u00e9nie ( 1853 ) featuring 212 natural pearls , Louvre , Paris .

\n Fine quality natural pearls are very rare jewels . Their values are determined similarly to those of other precious gems , according to size , shape , color , quality of surface , orient and luster .

\n

\n Single natural pearls are often sold as collectors ' items , or set as centerpieces in unique jewelry . Very few matched strands of natural pearls exist , and those that do often sell for hundreds of thousands of dollars . ( In 1917 , jeweler Pierre Cartier purchased the Fifth Avenue mansion that is now the New York Cartier store in exchange for a matched double strand of natural pearls Cartier had been collecting for years ; at the time , it was valued at US $1 million . )

\n

\n The introduction and advance of the cultured pearl hit the pearl industry hard . Pearl dealers publicly disputed the authenticity of these new cultured products , and left many consumers uneasy and confused about their much lower prices . Essentially , the controversy damaged the images of both natural and cultured pearls . By the 1950s , when a significant number of women in developed countries could afford their own cultured pearl necklace , natural pearls were reduced to a small , exclusive niche in the pearl industry .

\n

\n Origin of a natural pearl ( edit )

\n Mary , Queen of Scots wearing a rope of black pearls

\n Previously , natural pearls were found in many parts of the world . Present day natural pearling is confined mostly to seas off Bahrain . Australia also has one of the world 's last remaining fleets of pearl diving ships . Australian pearl divers dive for south sea pearl oysters to be used in the cultured south sea pearl industry . The catch of pearl oysters is similar to the numbers of oysters taken during the natural pearl days . Hence significant numbers of natural pearls are still found in the Australian Indian Ocean waters from wild oysters . X-ray examination is required to positively verify natural pearls found today .

\n

\n Types of cultured pearls ( edit )

\n A blister pearl , a half - sphere , formed flush against the shell of the pearl oyster .

\n Keshi pearls , although they often occur by chance , are not considered natural . They are a byproduct of the culturing process , and hence do not happen without human intervention . They are quite small , typically only a few millimeters . Keshi pearls are produced by many different types of marine mollusks and freshwater mussels in China . Keshi pearls are actually a mistake in the cultured pearl seeding process . In seeding the cultured pearl , a piece of mantle muscle from a sacrificed oyster is placed with a bead of mother of pearl within the oyster . If the piece of mantle should slip off the bead , a pearl forms of baroque shape about the mantle piece which is entirely nacre . Therefore , a Keshi pearl could be considered superior to cultured pearls with a mother of pearl bead center . In the cultured pearl industry , the resources used to create a mistaken all nacre baroque pearl is a drain on the production of round cultured pearls . Therefore , they are trying to improve culturing technique so that keshi pearls do not occur . All nacre pearls may one day be limited to natural found pearls . Today many `` keshi '' pearls are actually intentional , with post-harvest shells returned to the water to regenerate a pearl in the existing pearl sac .

\n

\n Tahitian pearls , frequently referred to as black pearls , are highly valued because of their rarity ; the culturing process for them dictates a smaller volume output and they can never be mass - produced because , in common with most sea pearls , the oyster can only be nucleated with one pearl at a time , while freshwater mussels are capable of multiple pearl implants . Before the days of cultured pearls , black pearls were rare and highly valued for the simple reason that white pearl oysters rarely produced naturally black pearls , and black pearl oysters rarely produced any natural pearls at all .

\n

\n Since the development of pearl culture technology , the black pearl oysters Pinctada margaritifera found in Tahiti and many other Pacific islands including the Cook Islands and Fiji are being extensively used for producing cultured pearls . The rarity of the black cultured pearl is now a `` comparative '' issue . The black cultured pearl is rare when compared to Chinese freshwater cultured pearls , and Japanese and Chinese akoya cultured pearls , and is more valuable than these pearls . However , it is more abundant than the South Sea pearl , which is more valuable than the black cultured pearl . This is simply because the black pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera is far more abundant than the elusive , rare , and larger south sea pearl oyster Pinctada maxima , which can not be found in lagoons , but which must be dived for in a rare number of deep ocean habitats or grown in hatcheries .

\n

\n Black pearls are very rarely black : they are usually shades of green , purple , aubergine , blue , grey , silver or peacock ( a mix of several shades , like a peacock 's feather ) .

\n

\n Black cultured pearls from the black pearl oyster -- Pinctada margaritifera -- are not South Sea pearls , although they are often mistakenly described as black South Sea pearls . In the absence of an official definition for the pearl from the black oyster , these pearls are usually referred to as `` black pearls '' .

\n

\n The correct definition of a South Sea pearl -- as described by CIBJO and GIA -- is a pearl produced by the Pinctada maxima pearl oyster . South Sea pearls are the color of their host Pinctada maxima oyster -- and can be white , silver , pink , gold , cream , and any combination of these basic colors , including overtones of the various colors of the rainbow displayed in the pearl nacre of the oyster shell itself .

\n

\n South Sea pearls are the largest and rarest of the cultured pearls -- making them the most valuable . Prized for their exquisitely beautiful ' orient ' or lustre , South Sea pearls are now farmed in various parts of the world where the Pinctada maxima oysters can be found , with the finest South Sea pearls being produced by Paspaley along the remote coastline of North - Western Australia . White and silver colored South Sea pearls tend to come from the Broome area of Australia , while golden colored ones are more prevalent in the Philippines and Indonesia .

\n

\n A farm in the Gulf of California , Mexico , is culturing pearls from the black lipped Pinctada mazatlanica oysters and the rainbow lipped Pteria sterna oysters . Also called Concha N\u00e1car , the pearls from these rainbow lipped oysters fluoresce red under ultraviolet light .

\n

\n From other species ( edit )

\n A shell of the Indian volute , Melo melo , surrounded by a number of pearls from this species Conch pearl pendant

\n Biologically speaking , under the right set of circumstances , almost any shelled mollusk can produce some kind of pearl . However , most of these molluskan pearls have no luster or iridescence . The great majority of mollusk species produce pearls which are not attractive , and are sometimes not even very durable , such that they usually have no value at all , except perhaps to a scientist or collector , or as a curiosity . These objects used to be referred to as `` calcareous concretions '' by some gemologists , even though a malacologist would still consider them to be pearls . Valueless pearls of this type are sometimes found in edible mussels , edible oysters , escargot snails , and so on . The GIA and CIBJO now simply use the term ' pearl ' ( or , where appropriate , the more descriptive term ' non-nacreous pearl ' ) when referring to such items and , under Federal Trade Commission rules , various mollusk pearls may be referred to as ' pearls ' , without qualification .

\n

\n A few species produce pearls that can be of interest as gemstones . These species include the bailer shell Melo , the giant clam Tridacna , various scallop species , Pen shells Pinna , and the Haliotis iris species of abalone . Pearls of abalone , or p\u0101ua , are mabe pearls , or blister pearls , unique to New Zealand waters and are commonly referred to as ' blue pearls ' . They are admired for their incredible luster and naturally bright vibrant colors that are often compared to opal . Another example is the conch pearl ( sometimes referred to simply as the ' pink pearl ' ) , which is found very rarely growing between the mantle and the shell of the queen conch or pink conch , Strombus gigas , a large sea snail or marine gastropod from the Caribbean Sea . These pearls , which are often pink in color , are a by - product of the conch fishing industry , and the best of them display a shimmering optical effect related to chatoyance known as ' flame structure ' .

\n

\n Somewhat similar gastropod pearls , this time more orange in hue , are ( again very rarely ) found in the horse conch Pleuroploca gigantea .

\n

\n The second largest pearl known was found in the Philippines in 1934 and is known as the Pearl of Lao Tzu . It is a naturally occurring , non-nacreous , calcareous concretion ( pearl ) from a giant clam . Because it did not grow in a pearl oyster it is not pearly ; instead the surface is glossy like porcelain . Other pearls from giant clams are known to exist , but this is a particularly large one weighing 14 lb ( 6.4 kg ) .

\n

\n The largest known pearl ( also from a giant clam ) was found in the Philippines as well by a fisherman from Puerto Princesa , Palawan Island . The enormous pearl is 30 cm wide ( 1 ft ) , 67 cm long ( 2.2 ft ) and weighs 75 lb ( 34 kg ) .

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n Pearl hunting ( edit )

\n Main article : Pearl hunting A 14th - century piece of clothing used by Kuwaiti divers searching for pearls in the Persian Gulf

\n The ancient chronicle Mahavamsa mentions of the thriving pearl industry in the port of Oruwella in the Gulf of Mannar in Sri Lanka . It also records that eight varieties of pearls accompanied Prince Vijaya 's embassy to the Pandyan king as well as king Devanampiya Tissa 's embassy to Emperor Ashoka . Pliny the Elder ( 23 -- 79AD ) praised the pearl fishery of the Gulf as most productive in the world .

\n

\n For thousands of years , seawater pearls were retrieved by divers in the Indian Ocean in areas such as the Persian Gulf , the Red Sea and the Gulf of Mannar . Evidence also suggest a prehistoric origin to pearl diving in these regions . Starting in the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) , the Chinese hunted extensively for seawater pearls in the South China Sea . In the 14th - century Arabian Sea , the traveller Ibn Battuta provided the earliest known description of pearl diving by means of attaching a cord to the diver 's waist .

\n Catching of pearls , Bern Physiologus ( 9th century )

\n When Spanish conquistadors arrived in the Western Hemisphere , they discovered that around the islands of Cubagua and Margarita , some 200 km north of the Venezuelan coast , was an extensive pearl bed ( a bed of pearl oysters ) . One discovered and named pearl , La Peregrina pearl , was offered to the Spanish queen . According to Garcilasso de la Vega , who says that he saw La Peregrina at Seville in 1607 , this was found at Panama in 1560 by a slave worker who was rewarded with his liberty , and his owner with the office of alcalde of Panama .

\n

\n Margarita pearls are extremely difficult to find today and are known for their unique yellowish color . The most famous Margarita necklace that anyone can see today is the one that then Venezuelan President Romulo Betancourt gave to Jacqueline Kennedy when she and her husband , President John F. Kennedy paid an official visit to Venezuela .

\n

\n Before the beginning of the 20th century , pearl hunting was the most common way of harvesting pearls . Divers manually pulled oysters from ocean floors and river bottoms and checked them individually for pearls . Not all mussels and oysters produce pearls . In a haul of three tons , only three or four oysters will produce perfect pearls .

\n British isles ( edit )

\n Pearls were one of the attractions which drew Julius Caesar to Britain . They are , for the most part , freshwater pearls from mussels . Pearling was banned in the U.K. in 1998 due to the endangered status of river mussels . Discovery and publicity about the sale for a substantial sum of the Abernethy pearl in the River Tay had resulted in heavy exploitation of mussel colonies during the 1970s and 80s by weekend warriors . When it was permitted it was carried on mainly by Scottish Travellers who found pearls varied from river to river with the River Oykel in the Highlands being noted for the finest rose - pink pearls . There are two firms in Scotland that are licensed to sell pre-1998 freshwater pearls .

\n

\n Pearl farming ( edit )

\n A pearl being extracted from an akoya pearl oyster . See also : Oyster farming

\n Today , the cultured pearls on the market can be divided into two categories . The first category covers the beaded cultured pearls , including Akoya , South Sea and Tahiti . These pearls are gonad grown , and usually one pearl is grown at a time . This limits the number of pearls at a harvest period . The pearls are usually harvested after one year for akoya , 2 -- 4 years for Tahitian and South Sea , and 2 -- 7 years for freshwater . This perliculture process was first developed by the British biologist William Saville - Kent who passed the information along to Tatsuhei Mise and Tokichi Nishikawa from Japan . The second category includes the non-beaded freshwater cultured pearls , like the Biwa or Chinese pearls . As they grow in the mantle , where on each wing up to 25 grafts can be implanted , these pearls are much more frequent and saturate the market completely . An impressive improvement in quality has taken place in the last ten years when the former rice - grain - shaped pebbles are compared with the near round pearls of today . In the last two years large near perfect round bead nucleated pearls up to 15mm in diameter have been produced with metallic luster .

\n

\n The nucleus bead in a beaded cultured pearl is generally a polished sphere made from freshwater mussel shell . Along with a small piece of mantle tissue from another mollusk ( donor shell ) to serve as a catalyst for the pearl sac , it is surgically implanted into the gonad ( reproductive organ ) of a saltwater mollusk . In freshwater perliculture , only the piece of tissue is used in most cases , and is inserted into the fleshy mantle of the host mussel . South Sea and Tahitian pearl oysters , also known as Pinctada maxima and Pinctada margaritifera , which survive the subsequent surgery to remove the finished pearl , are often implanted with a new , larger beads as part of the same procedure and then returned to the water for another 2 -- 3 years of growth .

\n

\n Despite the common misperception , Mikimoto did not discover the process of pearl culture . The accepted process of pearl culture was developed by the British Biologist William Saville - Kent in Australia and brought to Japan by Tokichi Nishikawa and Tatsuhei Mise . Nishikawa was granted the patent in 1916 , and married the daughter of Mikimoto . Mikimoto was able to use Nishikawa 's technology . After the patent was granted in 1916 , the technology was immediately commercially applied to akoya pearl oysters in Japan in 1916 . Mise 's brother was the first to produce a commercial crop of pearls in the akoya oyster . Mitsubishi 's Baron Iwasaki immediately applied the technology to the south sea pearl oyster in 1917 in the Philippines , and later in Buton , and Palau . Mitsubishi was the first to produce a cultured south sea pearl -- although it was not until 1928 that the first small commercial crop of pearls was successfully produced .

\n

\n The original Japanese cultured pearls , known as akoya pearls , are produced by a species of small pearl oyster , Pinctada fucata martensii , which is no bigger than 6 to 8 cm ( 2.4 to 3.1 in ) in size , hence akoya pearls larger than 10 mm in diameter are extremely rare and highly priced . Today , a hybrid mollusk is used in both Japan and China in the production of akoya pearls .

\n

\n Cultured Pearls were sold in cans for the export market . These were packed in Japan by the I.C.P. Canning Factory ( International Pearl Company L.T.D. ) in Nagasaki Pref . Japan .

\n

\n Timeline of pearl production ( edit )

\n

\n Mitsubishi commenced pearl culture with the South Sea pearl oyster in 1916 , as soon as the technology patent was commercialized . By 1931 this project was showing signs of success , but was upset by the death of Tatsuhei Mise . Although the project was recommenced after Tatsuhei 's death , the project was discontinued at the beginning of WWII before significant productions of pearls were achieved .

\n

\n After WWII , new south sea pearl projects were commenced in the early 1950s at Kuri Bay and Port Essington in Australia , and Burma . Japanese companies were involved in all projects using technicians from the original Mitsubishi South Sea pre-war projects . Kuri Bay is now the location of one of the largest and most well - known pearl farms owned by Paspaley , the biggest producer of South Sea pearls in the world .

\n

\n In 2010 , China overtook Japan in akoya pearl production . Japan has all but ceased its production of akoya pearls smaller than 8 mm . Japan maintains its status as a pearl processing center , however , and imports the majority of Chinese akoya pearl production . These pearls are then processed ( often simply matched and sorted ) , relabeled as product of Japan , and exported .

\n

\n In the past two decades , cultured pearls have been produced using larger oysters in the south Pacific and Indian Ocean . The largest pearl oyster is the Pinctada maxima , which is roughly the size of a dinner plate . South Sea pearls are characterized by their large size and warm luster . Sizes up to 14 mm in diameter are not uncommon . In 2013 , Indonesia Pearl supplied 43 percent of South Sea Pearls international market . The other significant producers are Australia , Philippines , Myanmar and Malaysia .

\n

\n Freshwater pearl farming ( edit )

\n

\n In 1914 , pearl farmers began growing cultured freshwater pearls using the pearl mussels native to Lake Biwa . This lake , the largest and most ancient in Japan , lies near the city of Kyoto . The extensive and successful use of the Biwa Pearl Mussel is reflected in the name Biwa pearls , a phrase which was at one time nearly synonymous with freshwater pearls in general . Since the time of peak production in 1971 , when Biwa pearl farmers produced six tons of cultured pearls , pollution has caused the virtual extinction of the industry . Japanese pearl farmers recently cultured a hybrid pearl mussel -- a cross between Biwa Pearl Mussels and a closely related species from China , Hyriopsis cumingi , in Lake Kasumigaura . This industry has also nearly ceased production , due to pollution .

\n

\n Japanese pearl producers also invested in producing cultured pearls with freshwater mussels in the region of Shanghai , China . China has since become the world 's largest producer of freshwater pearls , producing more than 1,500 metric tons per year ( in addition to metric measurements , Japanese units of measurement such as the kan and momme are sometimes encountered in the pearl industry ) .

\n

\n Led by pearl pioneer John Latendresse and his wife Chessy , the United States began farming cultured freshwater pearls in the mid-1960s . National Geographic magazine introduced the American cultured pearl as a commercial product in their August 1985 issue . The Tennessee pearl farm has emerged as a tourist destination in recent years , but commercial production of freshwater pearls has ceased .

\n

\n Momme weight ( edit )

\n

\n For many cultured pearl dealers and wholesalers , the preferred weight measure used for loose pearls and pearl strands is the momme . Momme is a weight measure used by the Japanese for centuries . Today , momme weight is still the standard unit of measure used by most pearl dealers to communicate with pearl producers and wholesalers . One momme corresponds to 1 / 1000 kan . Reluctant to give up tradition , the Japanese government formalized the kan measure in 1891 as being exactly 3.75 kilograms or 8.28 pounds . Hence , 1 momme = 3.75 grams or 3750 milligrams .

\n

\n In the United States , during the 19th and 20th centuries , through trade with Japan in silk cloth the momme became a unit indicating the quality of silk cloth .

\n

\n Though millimeter size range is typically the first factor in determining a cultured pearl necklace 's value , the momme weight of pearl necklace will allow the buyer to quickly determine if the necklace is properly proportioned . This is especially true when comparing the larger south sea and Tahitian pearl necklaces .

\n

\n In jewelry ( edit )

\n

\n The value of the pearls in jewelry is determined by a combination of the luster , color , size , lack of surface flaw and symmetry that are appropriate for the type of pearl under consideration . Among those attributes , luster is the most important differentiator of pearl quality according to jewelers .

\n

\n All factors being equal , however , the larger the pearl the more valuable it is . Large , perfectly round pearls are rare and highly valued . Teardrop - shaped pearls are often used in pendants .

\n

\n Gallery ( edit )

\n \n

\n Shapes ( edit )

\n

\n Pearls come in eight basic shapes : round , semi-round , button , drop , pear , oval , baroque , circled and double bouldered . Perfectly round pearls are the rarest and most valuable shape . Semi-rounds are also used in necklaces or in pieces where the shape of the pearl can be disguised to look like it is a perfectly round pearl . Button pearls are like a slightly flattened round pearl and can also make a necklace , but are more often used in single pendants or earrings where the back half of the pearl is covered , making it look like a larger , rounder pearl .

\n

\n Drop and pear shaped pearls are sometimes referred to as teardrop pearls and are most often seen in earrings , pendants , or as a center pearl in a necklace . Baroque pearls have a different appeal ; they are often highly irregular with unique and interesting shapes . They are also commonly seen in necklaces . Circled pearls are characterized by concentric ridges , or rings , around the body of the pearl .

\n

\n In general , cultured pearls are less valuable than natural pearls , whereas imitation pearls have almost no value . One way that jewelers can determine whether a pearl is cultured or natural is to have a gemlab perform an X-ray examination of the pearl . If X-rays reveals a nucleus , the pearl is likely a bead - nucleated saltwater pearl . If no nucleus is present , but irregular and small dark inner spots indicating a cavity are visible , combined with concentric rings of organic substance , the pearl is likely a cultured freshwater . Cultured freshwater pearls can often be confused for natural pearls which present as homogeneous pictures which continuously darken toward the surface of the pearl . Natural pearls will often show larger cavities where organic matter has dried out and decomposed .

\n

\n Lengths of pearl necklaces ( edit )

\n

\n There is a special vocabulary used to describe the length of pearl necklaces . While most other necklaces are simply referred to by their physical measurement , pearl necklaces are named by how low they hang when worn around the neck . A collar , measuring 10 to 13 inches or 25 to 33 cm in length , sits directly against the throat and does not hang down the neck at all ; collars are often made up of multiple strands of pearls . Pearl chokers , measuring 14 to 16 inches or 35 to 41 cm in length , nestle just at the base of the neck . A strand called a princess length , measuring 17 to 19 inches or 43 to 48 cm in length , comes down to or just below the collarbone . A matinee length , measuring 20 to 24 inches or 50 to 60 cm in length , falls just above the breasts . An opera length , measuring 28 to 35 inches or 70 to 90 cm in length , will be long enough to reach the breastbone or sternum of the wearer ; and longer still , a pearl rope , measuring more than 45 inches or 115 cm in length , is any length that falls down farther than an opera .

\n

\n Necklaces can also be classified as uniform , or graduated . In a uniform strand of pearls , all pearls are classified as the same size , but actually fall in a range . A uniform strand of akoya pearls , for example , will measure within 0.5 mm . So a strand will never be 7 mm , but will be 6.5 -- 7 mm . Freshwater pearls , Tahitian pearls , and South Sea pearls all measure to a full millimeter when considered uniform .

\n

\n A graduated strand of pearls most often has at least 3 mm of differentiation from the ends to the center of the necklace . Popularized in the United States during the 1950s by the GIs bringing strands of cultured akoya pearls home from Japan , a 3.5 momme , 3 mm to 7 mm graduated strand was much more affordable than a uniform strand because most of the pearls were small .

\n

\n Colors ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n Earrings and necklaces can also be classified on the grade of the color of the pearl : saltwater and freshwater pearls come in many different colors . While white , and more recently black , saltwater pearls are by far the most popular , other color tints can be found on pearls from the oceans . Pink , blue , champagne , green , black and even purple saltwater pearls can be encountered , but to collect enough of these rare colors to form a complete string of the same size and same shade can take years .

\n

\n Religious references ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n Hindu scriptures ( edit )

\n

\n The Hindu tradition describes the sacred Nine Pearls which were first documented in the Garuda Purana , one of the books of the Hindu mythology . Ayurveda contains references to pearl powder as a stimulant of digestion and to treat mental ailments . According to Marco Polo , the kings of Malabar wore a necklace of 104 rubies and pearls which was given from one generation of kings to the next . The reason was that every king had to say 104 prayers every morning and every evening . At least until the beginning of the 20th century it was a Hindu custom to present a completely new , undrilled pearl and pierce it during the wedding ceremony .

\n

\n The Pearl , which can be transliterated to `` Moti '' , a type of `` Mani '' from Sanskrit , is also associated with many Hindu deities , the most famous being the Kaustubha that Lord Vishnu wears on his chest .

\n

\n Hebrew scriptures ( edit )

\n

\n According to Rebbenu Bachya , the word Yahalom in the verse Exodus 28 : 18 means `` pearl '' and was the stone on the Hoshen representing the tribe of Zebulun . This is generally disputed among scholars , particularly since the word in question in most manuscripts is actually Yasepheh -- the word from which jasper derives ; scholars think that refers to green jasper ( the rarest and most prized form in early times ) rather than red jasper ( the most common form ) . Yahalom is usually translated by the Septuagint as an `` onyx '' , but sometimes as `` beryl '' or as `` jasper '' ; onyx only started being mined after the Septuagint was written , so the Septuagint 's term `` onyx '' probably does not mean onyx -- onyx is originally an Assyrian word meaning ring , and so could refer to anything used for making rings . Yahalom is similar to a Hebrew word meaning hit hard , so some people think that it means diamond . The variation in possibilities of meaning for this sixth stone in the Hoshen is reflected in different translations of the Bible -- the King James Version translates the sixth stone as diamond , the New International Version translates it as emerald , and the Vulgate translates it as jaspis -- meaning jasper . There is a wide range of views among traditional sources about which tribe the stone refers to .

\n

\n New Testament scriptures ( edit )

\n Religious pendant showing Christ blessing , framed with rubies and pearls , from the Byzantine empire , 12th or 13th century

\n In a Christian New Testament parable ( Matthew 13 : 45 -- 46 ) , Jesus compared the Kingdom of Heaven to a `` pearl of great price '' . `` Again , the kingdom of heaven is like unto a merchant man , seeking goodly ( fine ) pearls : Who , when he had found one pearl of great price , went and sold all that he had , and bought it . ''

\n

\n The twelve gates of the New Jerusalem are reportedly each made of a single pearl in Revelation 21 : 21 , that is , the Pearly Gates . `` And the twelve gates were twelve pearls ; every gate was of one pearl : and the streets of the city were pure gold , as if transparent glass . ''

\n

\n Holy things are compared to pearls in Matthew 7 : 6 : `` Do not give dogs what is holy , and do not throw your pearls before pigs , lest they trample them underfoot and turn to attack you . ''

\n

\n Pearls are also found in numerous references showing the wickedness and pride of a people , as in Revelation 18 : 16 . `` And saying , Alas , alas , that great city , that was clothed in fine linen , in purple and scarlet , and decked with gold , and precious stones , and pearls ! ''

\n

\n Islamic scriptures ( edit )

\n

\n The Qur'an often mentions that dwellers of paradise will be adorned with pearls :

\n

\n 22 : 23 God will admit those who believe and work righteous deeds , to Gardens beneath which rivers flow : they shall be adorned therein with bracelets of gold and pearls ; and their garments there will be of silk .

\n

\n 35 : 33 Gardens of Eternity will they enter : therein will they be adorned with bracelets of gold and pearls ; and their garments there will be of silk .

\n

\n 52 : 24 Round about them will serve , ( devoted ) to them , youths ( handsome ) as pearls well - guarded .

\n

\n Additional references ( edit )

\n

\n The metaphor of a pearl appears in the longer Hymn of the Pearl , a poem respected for its high literary quality , and use of layered theological metaphor , found within one of the texts of Gnosticism .

\n

\n The Pearl of Great Price is a book of scripture in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) and some other Latter Day Saint denominations .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Schumann , Walter ( 2001 ) . Gemstones of the World . Robert Hale . p. 230 . ISBN 0 - 7198 - 0301 - 2 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Lazzarelli , Herve Nicolas ( 2010 ) . Blue Chart Gem Identification . p. 8 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Pearl '' . Gemdat.org . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Guides for the Jewelry , Precious Metals , and Pewter Industries '' . Ftc.gov . May 30 , 1996 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 17 , 2010 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Shorter Oxford English Dictionary ( 6th ed . ) , Oxford University Press , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920687 - 2
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Sima , Petr. ( 1990 ) . Evolution of Immune Reactions . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0849365937 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Neil H. Landman , et al. ( 2001 ) Pearls : A Natural History , Harry Abrams , Inc. , ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4495 - 2
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Pearl oyster farming and pearl culture '' . Fao.org . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 17 May 2013 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Kenneth Scarratt , The Pearl and the Dragon , Houlton ; 1st edition ( 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 935681 - 07 - 8
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : Farn , Alexander E. ( 2013 ) . Pearls : Natural , Cultured and Imitation . Burlington : Elsevier Science . pp. 90 -- 108 . ISBN 9781483162737 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Strack , Elisabeth . `` Pearls '' . Ruhle - Diebener - Verlag , 2006 , p. 38 ISBN 3981084802 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ The Pearl Book , pp. 47 -- 49 , 4th edition , Matlins , Antoinette , Gemstone Press , copyright 2008
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ The Pearl Story , Gemstone Adventure Series , volume 2 , copyright 2007 America 's Collectibles Network ,
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Hanni , HA ( June 2006 ) . `` Keshi Perlen : Ein Erklarungbedurftiger Begriff ( Keshi Pearls : a term in need of explanation ) '' . Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft . DGemG. 55 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 39 -- 50 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Pouvreau , St\u00e9phane ; et al. ( 2000 ) . `` Ecophysiological model of growth and reproduction of the black pearl oyster , Pinctada margaritifera : potential applications for pearl farming in French Polynesia '' . Aquaculture. 186 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 117 -- 144 . doi : 10.1016 / S0044 - 8486 ( 99 ) 00373 - 7 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Pinctada maxima Archived August 20 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... MissJoaquim.com Retrieved on 2017 - 05 - 31 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ How To Buy Pearls Archived September 28 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Nature.berkeley.edu . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 14 .
    18. \n
  18. \n ^ Jump up to : Scarratt , Kenneth ( 2012 ) . `` Natural Pearls from Australian Pinctada maxima '' . Gems & Gemology. 48 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` Jewel of the South Sea '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 30 , 2013 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Concha Nacar The Sea of Cortez Pearl Blog Archived February 25 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Perlas.com.mx ( 2010 - 11 - 22 ) . Retrieved on 2015 - 10 - 14 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` CIBJO ' Pearl Book ' '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` GIA ' Gems & Gemology ' magazine news archive '' . Gia.edu . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Fisherman hands in giant pearl he kept under the bed for 10 years '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Senaveratna , John M ( 1930 ) . The story of the Sinhalese : From the most ancient times up to the end of `` The Mahavasna '' , or great dynasty ; Vijaya to Maha Sena ( B.C. 543 to A.D. 302 ) . W.M.A. Wahid . pp. 16 -- 9 , 46,130,144 -- 8,161 -- 3,213 . ASIN B000874SS0 . ISBN 9788120612716 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2017 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Kunz , George F. ; Stevenson , Charles ( 1908 ) . The book of the pearl . New York : The Century Co. p. 2 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ R. Raghu Prasad and P.V. Ramachandran Nair ( 1973 ) . `` India and the Indian Ocean Fisheries '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India . 15 : 1 -- 19 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 18 , 2011 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Arnold Wright ( 1999 ) . Twentieth century impressions of Ceylon : its history , people , commerce , industries , and resources . p. 227 . ISBN 81 - 206 - 1335 - X . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ James Hornell ( 2009 ) . The Indian Pearl Fisheries of the Gulf of Manar and Palk Bay . BiblioBazaar . p. 6 . ISBN 1 - 110 - 87096 - 5 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ De Silva , K.M. ( 1995 ) . Volume 2 of History of Ceylon , History of Ceylon : History of Sri Lanka . Peradeniya : Ceylon University Press . p. 56 . ISBN 955 - 589 - 004 - 8 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2016 .
    30. \n
  30. \n ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Discovery and Appreciation of Pearls - the Organic Gem Perfected by Nature '' . internetstones.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 .
    31. \n
  31. \n ^ Jump up to : ROBERT CARTER ( 2005 ) . `` THE HISTORY AND PREHISTORY OF PEARLING IN THE PERSIAN GULF '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Garcilasso , `` Historie des Incas , Rois du Perou , '' Amsterdam , 1704 , Vol. II , P. 352 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` It was not only Britain 's mineral resources or her pretty slaves that had persuaded Caesar to make his military move across the Channel that summer : according to his biographer Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus it was something quite different . It was her pearls . '' Finlay , Victoria . Jewels : A Secret History ( Kindle Locations 1264 - 1267 ) . Random House Publishing Group . Kindle Edition .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Unlike sea pearls , which come from oysters , freshwater pearls come from mussels . And although farmed mussels are common throughout the world , wild colonies are now so endangered that in 1998 pearling was forbidden in the UK river system . Finlay , Victoria . Jewels : A Secret History ( Kindle Locations 1289 - 1290 ) . Random House Publishing Group . Kindle Edition .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` The new weekend pearl - fishers were `` mostly middle - aged men driving big cars with beer coolers in the back '' and they would spend afternoons pulling hundreds of live mussels out of the rivers , opening them , and throwing away the shells , with not a care for conservation or the breeding season . All they cared about was finding another Abernethy pearl . Finlay , Victoria . Jewels : A Secret History ( Kindle Locations 1375 - 1377 ) . Random House Publishing Group . Kindle Edition .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Pearlers were mostly Highland traveling people ... '' Finlay , Victoria . Jewels : A Secret History ( Kindle Location 1296 ) . Random House Publishing Group . Kindle Edition .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Pearls from the Oykel River , northwest of Inverness , for example , are a sweet rose pink , and have always been the most valuable . '' Finlay , Victoria . Jewels : A Secret History ( Kindle Location 1341 ) . Random House Publishing Group . Kindle Edition .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Scottish Freshwater Pearls accessed January 19 , 2018
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Travel more . Create better memories . `` Welcome to Kuri Bay Paspaley Pearl Farm '' . Ytravelblog.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 .
    40. \n
  40. \n ^ Jump up to : Pearl Guide : comparison Japan -- China akoya production Archived September 2 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... pearl-guide.com
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Ward , Fred ( 2002 ) Pearls ( Fred Ward Gem Book ) , 3rd Edition , Gem Guides Book Company , pp. 35 -- 36 , ISBN 1 - 887651 - 08 - X
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Special Virtues Indonesian South Sea Pearls '' . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Indonesian Pearls Figures '' . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` Indonesia Pasok 43 Persen Mutiara Dunia '' . August 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Kunz , George F. ; Stevenson , Charles ( 1908 ) . The book of the pearl . New York : The Century Co. p. 412 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Kunz , George F. ; Stevenson , Charles ( 1908 ) . The book of the pearl . New York : The Century Co. p. 350 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 .
    47. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Pearl ( category )
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikisource has the text of the 1921 Collier 's Encyclopedia article Pearl .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Jewellery
\n Forms \n
    \n
  • \n Anklet
    • \n
  • \n Barrette
    • \n
  • \n Belt buckle
    • \n
  • \n Belly chain
    • \n
  • \n Bindi
    • \n
  • \n Bolo tie
    • \n
  • \n Bracelet
    • \n
  • \n Brooch
    • \n
  • \n Chatelaine
    • \n
  • \n Collar pin
    • \n
  • \n Crown
    • \n
  • \n Cufflink
    • \n
  • \n Earring
    • \n
  • \n Ferronni\u00e8re
    • \n
  • \n Lapel pin
    • \n
  • \n Necklace
    • \n
  • \n Pectoral
    • \n
  • \n Pendant
    • \n
  • \n Ring
    • \n
  • \n Tiara
    • \n
  • \n Tie chain
    • \n
  • \n Tie clip
    • \n
  • \n Tie pin
    • \n
  • \n Toe ring
    • \n
  • \n Watch
      \n
    • \n pocket
      • \n
    • \n strap
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Making \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n People \n
    \n
  • \n Bench jeweler
    • \n
  • \n Clockmaker
    • \n
  • \n Goldsmith
    • \n
  • \n Silversmith
    • \n
  • \n Jewelry designer
    • \n
  • \n Lapidary
    • \n
  • \n Watchmaker
    • \n
\n
\n Processes \n
    \n
  • \n Carving
    • \n
  • \n Casting
      \n
    • \n centrifugal
      • \n
    • \n lost - wax
      • \n
    • \n vacuum
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Enameling
    • \n
  • \n Engraving
    • \n
  • \n Filigree
    • \n
  • \n Kazaziye
    • \n
  • \n Metal clay
    • \n
  • \n Plating
    • \n
  • \n Polishing
    • \n
  • \n Repouss\u00e9 and chasing
    • \n
  • \n Soldering
    • \n
  • \n Stonesetting
    • \n
  • \n Wire sculpture
    • \n
  • \n Wire wrapped jewelry
    • \n
\n
\n Tools \n
    \n
  • \n Draw plate
    • \n
  • \n File
    • \n
  • \n Hammer
    • \n
  • \n Mandrel
    • \n
  • \n Pliers
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Materials \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Precious metals \n
    \n
  • \n Gold
    • \n
  • \n Palladium
    • \n
  • \n Platinum
    • \n
  • \n Rhodium
    • \n
  • \n Silver
    • \n
\n
\n Precious metal alloys \n
    \n
  • \n Britannia silver
    • \n
  • \n Colored gold
    • \n
  • \n Crown gold
    • \n
  • \n Electrum
    • \n
  • \n Shakud\u014d
    • \n
  • \n Shibuichi
    • \n
  • \n Sterling silver
    • \n
  • \n Tumbaga
    • \n
\n
\n Base metals \n
    \n
  • \n Brass
    • \n
  • \n Bronze
    • \n
  • \n Copper
    • \n
  • \n Mokume - gane
    • \n
  • \n Pewter
    • \n
  • \n Stainless steel
    • \n
  • \n Titanium
    • \n
  • \n Tungsten
    • \n
\n
\n Mineral gemstones \n
    \n
  • \n Aventurine
    • \n
  • \n Agate
    • \n
  • \n Amethyst
    • \n
  • \n Beryl
    • \n
  • \n Carnelian
    • \n
  • \n Chrysoberyl
    • \n
  • \n Chrysocolla
    • \n
  • \n Diamond
    • \n
  • \n Diopside
    • \n
  • \n Emerald
    • \n
  • \n Garnet
    • \n
  • \n Howlite
    • \n
  • \n Jade
    • \n
  • \n Jasper
    • \n
  • \n Lapis lazuli
    • \n
  • \n Larimar
    • \n
  • \n Malachite
    • \n
  • \n Marcasite
    • \n
  • \n Moonstone
    • \n
  • \n Obsidian
    • \n
  • \n Onyx
    • \n
  • \n Opal
    • \n
  • \n Pearl
    • \n
  • \n Peridot
    • \n
  • \n Prasiolite
    • \n
  • \n Quartz
    • \n
  • \n Ruby
    • \n
  • \n Sapphire
    • \n
  • \n Sodalite
    • \n
  • \n Spinel
    • \n
  • \n Sunstone
    • \n
  • \n Tanzanite
    • \n
  • \n Tiger 's eye
    • \n
  • \n Topaz
    • \n
  • \n Tourmaline
    • \n
  • \n Turquoise
    • \n
  • \n Variscite
    • \n
  • \n Zircon
    • \n
\n
\n Organic gemstones \n
    \n
  • \n Abalone
    • \n
  • \n Amber
    • \n
  • \n Ammolite
    • \n
  • \n Bog - wood
    • \n
  • \n Copal
    • \n
  • \n Coral
    • \n
  • \n Ivory
    • \n
  • \n Jet
    • \n
  • \n Nacre
    • \n
  • \n Operculum
    • \n
\n
\n Other natural objects \n
    \n
  • \n Bog - wood
    • \n
  • \n Hair
    • \n
  • \n Shell jewelry
    • \n
  • \n Toadstone
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Terms \n
    \n
  • \n Carat ( mass )
    • \n
  • \n Carat ( purity )
    • \n
  • \n Finding
    • \n
  • \n Millesimal fineness
    • \n
  • \n Art jewelry
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Related topics
\n
\n Body piercing
\n
\n Fashion
\n
\n Gemology
\n
\n Phaleristics
\n
\n Metalworking
\n
\n Wearable art
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Bivalve anatomy
\n Shell \n
    \n
  • \n Callus
    • \n
  • \n Hinge line
    • \n
  • \n Hinge teeth
    • \n
  • \n Ligament
    • \n
  • \n Lira
    • \n
  • \n Lunule
    • \n
  • \n Nacre
    • \n
  • \n Pallial line
    • \n
  • \n Pallial sinus
    • \n
  • \n Periostracum
    • \n
  • \n Prodissoconch
    • \n
  • \n Resilifer
    • \n
  • \n Resilium
    • \n
  • \n Sculpture
    • \n
  • \n Umbo
    • \n
  • \n Valve
    • \n
  • \n Beak
    • \n
  • \n Annuli
    • \n
\n
\n Other hard parts \n
    \n
  • \n Byssus
    • \n
  • \n Pearl
    • \n
  • \n Sea silk
    • \n
\n
\n Soft parts \n
    \n
  • \n Adductor muscles
    • \n
  • \n Ctenidium
    • \n
  • \n Gastric shield
    • \n
  • \n Mantle
    • \n
  • \n Nephridium
    • \n
  • \n Siphon
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Abductin
    • \n
  • \n Glochidium
    • \n
  • \n Pseudofeces
    • \n
  • \n Trochophore
    • \n
  • \n Veliger
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Gastropod anatomy
\n Shell \n
    \n
  • \n Aperture
    • \n
  • \n Apex
    • \n
  • \n Body whorl
    • \n
  • \n Callus
    • \n
  • \n Columella
    • \n
  • \n Lip
    • \n
  • \n Lira
    • \n
  • \n Nacre
    • \n
  • \n Periostracum
    • \n
  • \n Peristome
    • \n
  • \n Planispiral
    • \n
  • \n Plait
    • \n
  • \n Protoconch
    • \n
  • \n Sculpture
    • \n
  • \n Selenizone
    • \n
  • \n Siphonal canal
    • \n
  • \n Siphonal notch
    • \n
  • \n Spire
    • \n
  • \n Stromboid notch
    • \n
  • \n Suture
    • \n
  • \n Umbilicus
    • \n
  • \n Valve
    • \n
  • \n Varix
    • \n
  • \n Whorl
    • \n
\n
\n Other hard parts \n
    \n
  • \n Clausilium
    • \n
  • \n Love dart
    • \n
  • \n Operculum
    • \n
  • \n Pearl
    • \n
  • \n Radula
    • \n
\n
\n External soft parts \n
    \n
  • \n Caryophyllidia
    • \n
  • \n Caudal mucous pit
    • \n
  • \n Cerata
    • \n
  • \n Cnidosac
    • \n
  • \n Mantle
    • \n
  • \n Mentum
    • \n
  • \n Notum
    • \n
  • \n Parapodium
    • \n
  • \n Pneumostome
    • \n
  • \n Rhinophore
    • \n
  • \n Semper 's organ
    • \n
  • \n Siphon
    • \n
  • \n Suprapedal gland
    • \n
\n
\n Internal soft parts \n
    \n
  • \n Circulatory system of gastropods
    • \n
  • \n Crop
    • \n
  • \n Ctenidium
    • \n
  • \n Digestive system of gastropods
    • \n
  • \n Diverticula
    • \n
  • \n Excretory system of gastropods
    • \n
  • \n Gastric shield
    • \n
  • \n Hancock 's organ
    • \n
  • \n Hepatopancreas
    • \n
  • \n Hypobranchial gland
    • \n
  • \n Nephridium
    • \n
  • \n Nervous system of gastropods
    • \n
  • \n Nidamental gland
    • \n
  • \n Odontophore
    • \n
  • \n Oesophageal pouch
    • \n
  • \n Osphradium
    • \n
  • \n Reproductive system of gastropods
    • \n
  • \n Respiratory system of gastropods
    • \n
  • \n Sensory organs of gastropods
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Epiphragm
    • \n
  • \n Pseudofeces
    • \n
  • \n Torsion
    • \n
  • \n Circumesophageal nerve ring
    • \n
  • \n Trochophore
    • \n
  • \n Tyrian purple
    • \n
  • \n Veliger
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n GND : 4173806 - 8
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 00571205
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearl&oldid=835416381 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n Tools

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "in which sea pearl is found in india", "long_answers": ["For thousands of years , seawater pearls were retrieved by divers in the Indian Ocean in areas such as the Persian Gulf , the Red Sea and the Gulf of Mannar . Evidence also suggest a prehistoric origin to pearl diving in these regions . Starting in the Han Dynasty ( 206 BC -- 220 AD ) , the Chinese hunted extensively for seawater pearls in the South China Sea . In the 14th - century Arabian Sea , the traveller Ibn Battuta provided the earliest known description of pearl diving by means of attaching a cord to the diver 's waist .\n"], "short_answers": ["the Indian Ocean\n"]} {"text": "List of National Animals - wikipedia

\n List of National Animals

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( June 2017 )
\n

\n This is a list of national animals .

\n

\n National animals

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Country \n Name of animal \n Scientific name \n Pictures \n Ref .
\n Algeria \n Fennec fox \n Vulpes zerda \n \n
\n Angola \n Red - crested turaco ( national bird ) \n Tauraco erythrolophus \n \n
\n Anguilla \n Zenaida dove \n Zenaida aurita \n \n
\n Antigua and Barbuda \n Fallow deer ( national animal ) \n Dama dama \n \n
\n Frigate ( national bird ) \n Fregata magnificens \n \n
\n Hawksbill turtle ( national sea creature ) \n Eretmochelys imbricata \n \n
\n Argentina \n Rufous hornero \n Furnarius rufus \n \n
\n Australia \n Red kangaroo ( national animal ) \n Macropus rufus \n \n
\n Emu ( national bird ) \n Dromaius novaehollandiae \n \n
\n Austria \n Black eagle \n Ictinaetus malaiensis \n \n
\n Azerbaijan \n Karabakh horse \n Equus ferus caballus \n \n
\n Bangladesh \n Royal Bengal tiger ( national animal ) \n Panthera tigris tigris \n \n
\n Magpie robin ( national bird ) \n Copsychus saularis \n \n
\n Ilish ( national fish ) \n Tenualosa ilisha \n \n
\n Belarus \n European bison \n Bison bonasus \n \n
\n Belgium \n Lion ( heraldic Leo Belgicus ) \n Panthera leo \n \n
\n Belize \n Baird 's tapir ( national animal ) \n Tapirus bairdii \n \n
\n Keel - billed toucan ( national bird ) \n Ramphastos sulfuratus \n \n
\n Bhutan \n Druk \n Mythical \n \n
\n Takin \n Budorcas taxicolor \n \n
\n Brazil \n Rufous - bellied thrush \n Turdus rufiventris \n \n
\n Cambodia \n Kouprey \n Bos sauveli \n \n
\n Canada \n North American beaver ( sovereignty animal symbol ) \n Castor canadensis \n \n
\n Canadian horse ( national horse ) \n Equus ferus caballus \n \n
\n China \n Giant panda ( national animal ) \n Ailuropoda melanoleuca \n \n
\n Chinese dragon ( national animal ) \n Mythical \n \n
\n Red - crowned crane ( national bird ) \n Grus japonensis \n \n
\n Democratic Republic of the Congo \n Okapi \n Okapia johnstoni \n \n
\n Colombia \n Andean condor \n Vultur gryphus \n \n
\n Costa Rica \n Yig\u00fcirro ( national bird ) \n Turdus grayi \n \n
\n White - tailed deer ( national animal ) \n Odocoileus virginianus \n \n
\n West Indian manatee ( national aquatic animal ) \n Trichechus manatus \n \n
\n Croatia \n Pine marten \n Martes martes \n \n
\n Cuba \n Cuban trogon \n Priotelus temnurus \n \n
\n Cyprus \n Cypriot mouflon \n Ovis orientalis \n \n
\n Czech Republic \n Double - tailed lion \n Mythical \n \n
\n Denmark \n Mute swan ( national bird ) \n Cygnus olor \n \n
\n Small tortoiseshell ( national butterfly ) \n Aglais urticae \n \n
\n Egypt \n Steppe eagle \n Aquila nipalensis \n \n
\n Estonia \n Barn swallow ( national bird ) \n Hirundo rustica \n \n
\n Eritrea \n Arabian camel \n Camelus dromedarius \n \n
\n Ethiopia \n Lion \n Panthera leo \n \n
\n Faroe Islands \n Eurasian oystercatcher ( national bird ) \n Haematopus ostralgus \n \n
\n Finland \n Brown bear ( national animal ) \n Ursus arctos \n \n
\n Whooper swan ( national bird ) \n Cygnus cygnus \n \n
\n Holly blue ( national butterfly ) \n Celastrina argiolus \n \n
\n European perch ( national fish ) \n Perca fluviatilis \n \n
\n Seven - spot ladybird ( national insect ) \n Coccinella septempunctata \n \n
\n France \n Gallic rooster \n Gallus gallus domesticus \n \n
\n Germany \n Unspecified Eagle \n Members of Accipitridae \n \n
\n Greece \n Phoenix \n Mythical \n \n
\n Dolphins \n Delphinus \n \n
\n Guatemala \n Quetzal \n Pharomachrus mocinno \n \n
\n Haiti \n Hispaniolan Trogan \n Priotelus roseigaster \n \n
\n Honduras \n White - tailed deer \n Odocoileus virginianus \n \n
\n Hungary \n Turul \n Mythical ( most probably Falco cherrug ) \n \n
\n Iceland \n Gyrfalcon \n Falco rusticolus \n \n
\n India \n Bengal tiger ( National predator ) \n Panthera tigris tigris \n \n
\n Indian peafowl ( National bird ) \n Pavo cristatus \n \n
\n King cobra ( National reptile ) \n Ophiophagus hannah \n \n
\n Ganges river dolphin ( National aquatic animal ) \n Platanista gangetica gangetica \n \n
\n Indian elephant ( National heritage animal ) \n Elephas maximus indicus \n \n
\n Indonesia \n Komodo dragon ( national animal ) \n Varanus komodoensis \n \n
\n Garuda ( historic national animal ) \n Mythical \n \n
\n Iran \n Persian lion \n Panthera leo persica \n \n
\n Iraq \n Chukar partridge \n Alectoris chukar \n \n
\n Goat ( KRG ) \n Capra aegagrus \n \n
\n Israel \n Hoopoe ( national bird ) \n Upupa epops \n \n
\n Jamaica \n Red - billed streamertail \n Trochilus polytmus \n \n
\n Japan \n Green pheasant ( national bird ) \n Phasianus versicolor \n \n
\n Carp ( national fish ) \n Cyprinus carpio \n \n
\n Latvia \n White wagtail ( national bird ) \n Motacilla alba \n \n
\n Two - spotted ladybird ( national insect ) \n Adalia bipunctata \n \n
\n Lithuania \n White stork \n Ciconia ciconia \n \n
\n Macedonia \n Lion ( in Macedonian heraldry ) \n Panthera leo \n \n
\n Madagascar \n Zebu ( in Malagasy heraldry ) \n Bos primigenius indicus \n \n
\n Ring - tailed lemur ( national animal ) \n Lemur catta \n \n
\n Malaysia \n Malayan tiger ( national animal ) \n Panthera tigris jacksoni \n \n
\n Malta \n Pharaoh Hound ( national animal ) \n Canis lupus familiaris \n \n ( 1 )
\n Moldova \n Aurochs ( national animal ) \n Bos primigenius \n \n
\n Mauritius \n Dodo \n Raphus cucullatus \n \n
\n Mexico \n Golden eagle ( national animal ) \n Aquila chrysaetos \n \n
\n Xoloitzcuintli ( national dog ) \n Canis lupus familiaris \n \n
\n Jaguar ( national mammal ) \n Panthera onca \n \n
\n Grasshopper ( national arthropod ) \n Sphenarium purpurascens \n \n
\n Vaquita ( national marine mammal ) \n Phocoena sinus \n \n
\n Nepal \n Cow ( national animal ) \n Bos taurus indicus \n \n
\n Danphe ( national bird ) \n Lophophorus impejanus \n \n
\n Netherlands \n Lion ( heraldic symbol ) \n Panthera leo \n \n
\n Black - tailed godwit ( national bird ) \n Limosa limosa \n \n
\n New Zealand \n Kiwi \n Apteryx sp . \n \n
\n North Korea \n Chollima \n Mythical \n \n
\n Norway \n Lion ( royal national animal ) \n Panthera leo \n \n
\n White - throated dipper ( national bird ) \n Cinclus cinclus \n \n
\n Fjord horse ( national horse ) \n Equus ferus caballus \n \n
\n Oman \n Arabian oryx ( national animal ) \n Oryx leucoryx \n \n
\n Pakistan \n Markhor ( National animal ) \n Capra falconeri \n \n
\n Indus river dolphin ( National aquatic mammal ) \n Platanista indicus minor minor \n \n
\n Chukar ( National bird ) \n Alectoris chukar \n \n
\n Indus crocodile ( National reptile ) \n Crocodylus palustris \n \n
\n Shaheen falcon ( Heritage bird ) \n Falco peregrinus peregrinator \n \n
\n Snow leopard ( National predator ) \n Panthera uncia \n \n
\n Panama \n Harpy eagle \n Harpia harpyja \n \n
\n Papua New Guinea \n Dugong ( national marine mammal ) \n Dugong dugon \n \n
\n Peru \n Vicu\u00f1a ( national animal ) \n Vicugna vicugna \n \n
\n Philippines \n Carabao ( national animal ) \n Bubalus bubalis \n \n
\n Philippine eagle ( national bird ) \n Pithecophaga jefferyi \n \n
\n Poland \n White - tailed eagle ( national bird ) \n Haliaeetus albicilla \n \n
\n White stork ( national bird ) \n Ciconia ciconia \n \n
\n European bison ( national animal ) \n Bison bonasus \n \n
\n Qatar \n Arabian oryx \n Oryx leucoryx \n \n
\n Romania \n Lynx \n Lynx lynx \n \n
\n Russia \n Eurasian brown bear \n Ursus arctos arctos \n \n
\n Rwanda \n Leopard \n Panthera pardus \n \n
\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines \n Saint Vincent amazon \n Amazona guildingii \n \n
\n Serbia \n Wolf \n Canis lupus lupus \n \n
\n White eagle \n Mythical \n \n
\n Lynx \n Lynx lynx \n \n
\n Somalia \n Leopard ( national animal ) \n Panthera pardus \n \n
\n South Africa \n Springbok ( national animal ) \n Antidorcas marsupialis \n \n
\n Blue crane ( national bird ) \n Anthropoides paradiseus \n \n
\n Galjoen ( national fish ) \n Dichistius capensis \n \n
\n South Korea \n Siberian tiger \n Panthera tigris altaica \n \n
\n Korean magpie ( national bird ) \n Pica ( pica ) sericea \n \n
\n Sri Lanka \n Sri Lankan junglefowl ( national bird ) \n Gallus lafayettii \n \n
\n Tanzania \n Giraffe \n Giraffa camelopardalis \n \n
\n Thailand \n Elephant \n Elephas maximus \n \n
\n United Arab Emirates \n Arabian oryx ( national animal ) \n Oryx leucoryx \n \n
\n Peregrine falcon ( national bird ) \n Falco peregrinus \n \n
\n United Kingdom \n Lion ( United Kingdom , England , Scotland , Wales ) \n Panthera leo \n \n
\n Bulldog ( Britain as `` British Bulldog '' ) \n Canis lupus familiaris \n \n
\n Red kite ( Wales ) \n Milvus milvus \n \n
\n Unicorn ( Scotland ) \n Mythical \n \n
\n Y Ddraig Goch ( Welsh Dragon Wales ) \n Mythical \n \n
\n United States \n Bald eagle ( national bird ) \n Haliaeetus leucocephalus \n \n
\n American bison ( national mammal ) \n Bison bison \n \n
\n

\n See also

\n \n \n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` The Fennec Fox : Algeria 's National Animal '' . algeria.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` THE NATIONAL BIRD OF ANGOLA '' . BIRDS ANGOLA . Retrieved 12 April 2016 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Atributos Nacionales : Anguila '' ( National Attributes : Anguilla ) ( in Spanish ) . CaribeInsider.com. 2011 . Retrieved 25 June 2011 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Government of Antigua and Barbuda . `` Official Website for the Government of Antigua and Barbuda '' . ab.gov.ag . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 19 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Info about Hornero '' ( in Spanish ) . Redargentina.com. 24 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 13 November 2013 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Gregory , Herbert E. ( 1916 ) . `` Lonely Australia : The Unique Continent '' . National Geographic . National Geographic Society . XXX ( 6 ) : 497 . Retrieved 19 June 2011 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` The Emu Bird , from Australian Outback to American ranches '' . emufacts.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 07 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` National Animal Of Austria '' . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 02 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Emily Wither ( 11 November 2011 ) . `` Azerbaijan fights to protect horse from extinction '' . CNN .
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : `` NATIONAL SYMBOLS '' . Bangladesh Tourism Board . Bangladesh : Ministry of Civil Aviation & Tourism .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : `` 6 Extremely Rare National Animals '' . mentalfloss.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Heraldic emblem and motto - About Belgium - Portal Belgian Government '' . www.belgium.be . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Stallings , Douglas ( 2006 ) . Fodor 's Caribbean Ports of Call 2007 . New York : Random House . p. 204 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 1698 - 3 . Retrieved 25 June 2011 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` The National Symbols '' . Government of Belize . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` National Animals : The Legendary , Extinct and Imaginary - 3 of 9 '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Ten Unusual National Animals That Rival the Unicorn - 5 of 10 '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Embassy of Brazil in Washington '' . http://washington.itamaraty.gov.br . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 17 . External link in publisher = ( help )
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Forestry.gov.kh '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` National Emblems : The Beaver '' . Canadian Heritage . 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 .
    20. \n
  20. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Official Symbols of Canada '' . Canadian Heritage . 2016 . Retrieved 1 December 2016 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` National Symbols of China '' . 123independenceday.com .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` China National Symbols '' . worldatlast.com. 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` China Considers Red - crowned Crane for National Bird '' . www.china.org.cn .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` El c\u00f3ndor , ave nacional - banrepcultural.org '' .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` 16 de diciembre : Declaraci\u00f3n del yig\u00fcirro como ave nacional de Costa Rica '' .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` El Venado Cola Blanca , S\u00edmbolo Nacional de la Fauna Silvestre '' .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Manatee Now Costa Rica 's New National Symbol '' . QCOSTARICA . Archived from the original on 14 September 2014 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Bousfield , Jonathan ( 2003 ) . Croatia . Rough Guides . p. 72 . ISBN 1843530848 . Retrieved 4 July 2013 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Ten Unusual National Animals That Rival the Unicorn - 8 of 10 '' . smithsonianmag.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` National Symbols of Cuba '' . radioflorida.co.cu . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` Cuba : General information - National symbols '' . dtcuba.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` Living National Treasures : Cyprus '' . Lntreasures.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` The State Symbols of the Czech Republic '' . Foreign Ministry of the Czech Republic . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 21 .
    34. \n
  34. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Nationalsymboler fra den danske plante - og dyreverden ( Danish Ministry of the Environment ) '' . naturstyrelsen.dk . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 16 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` Majestic steppe eagle photographed in India . They are the national animal of Egypt '' . nationalgeographic.com .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` National symbols of Estonia '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 14 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Eritrea State Symbols , Song , Flags , and More '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 01 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` Ethiopia State Symbols , Song , Flag , and More '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` Get an impression '' . visitfaroeislands.com/ . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` Karhu on Suomen kansallisel\u00e4in '' ( in Finnish ) . yle.fi . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Laulujoutsen , kansallislintu '' ( in Finnish ) . yle.fi . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Finland 's national butterfly is the holly blue '' . suomifinland100.fi . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 .
    43. \n
  43. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Iconic Finnish nature symbols stand out '' . This is Finland . Finland Promotion Board . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` Le coq '' . www.elysee.fr ( in French ) . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` German Symbols '' . www.worldatlas.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 11 .
    46. \n
  46. \n ^ Jump up to : Humphreys , Patrick ( 15 Mar 1999 ) . `` Lion and Gazelle : The Mammals and Birds of Iran '' . I.B. Tauris , 1999 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` National Animals : The Legendary , Extinct and Imaginary - 4 of 9 '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Greek Symbols '' . worldatlas .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` D\u00eda del quetzal '' . conap.gob.gt . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help )
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Leta McGaffey ( 1999 ) . Honduras . Marshall Cavendish . p. 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 0955 - 7 . Retrieved 10 July 2011 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ `` Origins of Turul '' . Retrieved 5 November 2014 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` Icelandic Coat of Arms '' . Iceland Prime Minister 's Office . Retrieved 29 October 2010 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ `` National Animal - National Symbols - Know India : National Portal of India '' . National Portal of India . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 23 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ `` National Bird - National Symbols - Know India : National Portal of India '' . National Portal of India . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 23 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` Significant symbols '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 27 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ `` National Aquatic Animal - National Symbols - Know India : National Portal of India '' . National Portal of India . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 23 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` Elephant declared National Heritage Animal in India '' . Breaking News Online ( India ) . 2010 . Archived from the original on 25 August 2011 . Retrieved 25 June 2011 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Goodwin , Harold J. ; Kent , Ivan ; Parker , Kim ; Walpole , Matt ( 1998 ) . Tourism , conservation , and sustainable development . London : International Institute for Environment and Development . p. 4 . ISBN 1 - 904035 - 25 - 6 . Retrieved 25 June 2011 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` National Animals : The Legendary , Extinct and Imaginary - 5 of 9 '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` Iraq '' . worldatlas.com .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` The National Goat '' . kurdistanica.com .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` National Symbols of Jamaica '' . jis.gov.jm . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 02 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` National Bird '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 14 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` \u65e5\u672c \u306e \u300c \u56fd \u9b5a \u300d \u3092 \u3054\u5b58\u77e5 \u3067\u3059 \u304b ? '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 14 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ Corey ( 15 April 2011 ) . `` What is the national bird of Latvia ? '' . 10,000 Birds . Retrieved 12 April 2016 .
    67. \n
  67. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Symbols '' . Latvia.eu. 2016 . Retrieved 12 April 2016 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` Lithuania '' . Understanding the European Union : Member States . Centre d'Information sur les Institutions Europ\u00e9ennes ( CIIE ) . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 10 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` History of Macedonia '' . History of Macedonia . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Symbols of Madagascar
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Symbols of Madagascar
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ DiPiazza , Francesca ( 2006 ) . Malaysia in Pictures . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8225 - 2674 - 2 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ Minahan , James ( 2010 ) . The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems : Volume 1 . Greenwood Press . p. 469 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34498 - 5 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` 12 countries that have cooler national animals than the United States '' . globalpost.com . Retrieved 3 October 2014 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ `` National Animals : The Legendary , Extinct and Imaginary - 8 of 9 '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 .
    76. \n
  76. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Ten Unusual National Animals That Rival the Unicorn - 3 of 10 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Shrestha , Nanda R. ( 2002 ) . Nepal and Bangladesh : a global studies handbook . ABC - CLIO . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 285 - 1 . Retrieved 1 January 2012 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ `` Galliforms and Pheasants '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 12 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ `` Dutch coat of arms and standard '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ `` Grutto verkozen tot nationale vogel '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 31 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` Teara.govt.nz '' . Teara.govt.nz. 2012 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Leftley , Nick . `` 6 Worst National Animals '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` The National Animal Of North Korea Is A Chollima ( Like a Pegasus ) '' . Unreal Facts . Retrieved 8 January 2014 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` National Animals : The Legendary , Extinct and Imaginary - 6 of 9 '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ `` Riksv\u00e5penet er mer hellig enn flagget '' . www.aftenposten.no . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ `` Nasjonalfugl '' . www.snl.no . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ `` Fjordingene p\u00e5 Langedrag '' . www.langedrag.no . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ `` Oman Flag , Oman Map , Oman Culture : SphereInfo.com '' . www.sphereinfo.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 30 .
    89. \n
  89. \n ^ Jump up to : `` National Symbols of Pakistan '' . Government of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 2016 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 23 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` National Symbols of Pakistan '' . Government of Pakistan . Archived from the original on 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ Hudson , Brydget E.T. ( 1981 ) . `` Interview and Aerial Survey Data in Relation to Resource Management of the Dugong in Manus Province , Papua New Guinea '' . Bulletin of Marine Science . University of Miami . 31 ( 3 ) : 662 -- 672 . Retrieved 4 July 2011 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ `` Ten Unusual National Animals That Rival the Unicorn - 9 of 10 '' . smithsonianmag.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Aquino , Dante M. ; Persoon , Gerald A. ( 2013 ) . `` Tradition and Change : Beer Consumption in Northeast Luzon , Philippines '' . In Schiefenhovel , Wulf ; Macbeth , Helen . Liquid Bread : Beer and Brewing in Cross-Cultural Perspective . Volume 7 of Anthropology of Food & Nutrition . Berghahn Books . p. 197 . ISBN 9781782380344 . Retrieved 20 August 2014 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ `` Proclamation No. 615 , s . 1995 '' . gov.ph . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 12 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ `` Polish Birds Directory : White - tailed Eagle ( Haliaeetus albicilla ) '' . birds.poland.pl . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link )
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ `` symbols of Poland : The White Eagle '' . buffalo.edu . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 10 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ `` Poland salutes the white stork '' . thenews.pl . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Jon Eldridge . `` Primeval Poland : where the bison roam '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ `` Poland '' . allaboutbison.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 10 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ Tamra Orr ( 30 June 2008 ) . Qatar . Marshall Cavendish . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 2566 - 3 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ `` Animalul national - Rasul - Sapte simboluri nationale ale Romaniei mai putin cunoscute '' . 9AM .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ `` Birobidjan , Russia Beaverton 's sister city since 1990 '' . The City of Beaverton . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 23 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ `` Rwanda State Symbols , Song , Flag , and More '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 21 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` The National Bird : '' . foreign.gov.vc . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 02 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ `` \u0421\u0420\u041f\u0421\u041a\u0410 \u041d\u0410\u0420\u041e\u0414\u041d\u0410 \u0418\u041d\u0422\u0415\u041b\u0418\u0413\u0415\u041d\u0426\u0418\u0408\u0410 '' . badnjak.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 04 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ James Minahan ( 23 December 2009 ) . The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems ( 2 Volumes ) . ABC - CLIO . pp. 525 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34497 - 8 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ `` Kathimerini - `` The lynx is one of the most endangered wild species and is considered as a national symbol of the country '' `` . Ekathimerini.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 29 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ Minahan , James ( 2009 ) . The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems : Volume 2 . Greenwood Press . p. 908 . ISBN 0313345007 .
    109. \n
  109. \n ^ Jump up to : `` South Africa 's national symbols '' . SouthAfrica.info . Brand South Africa . Archived from the original on 14 December 2011 . Retrieved 9 February 2012 .
    110. \n
  110. \n ^ Jump up to : `` South Korean Symbols '' . worldatlas . Retrieved 12 April 2016 .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka National Bird '' . Government of Sri Lanka Official Web Portal . Archived from the original on 14 March 2012 .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ `` National Symbols : National Animal '' . tanzania.go.tz . Tanzania Government Portal . Retrieved 14 January 2015 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ Foley , Charles ; Foley , Lara ; Lobora , Alex ; De Luca , Daniela ; Msuha , Maurus ; Davenport , Tim R.B. ; Durant , Sarah M. ( 8 June 2014 ) . A Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Tanzania . Princeton University Press . pp. 179 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 5280 - 2 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ Knappert , Jan ( 1987 ) . East Africa : Kenya , Tanzania & Uganda . New Delhi : Vikas Pub . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 7069 - 2822 - 9 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ `` The government gazette about National symbols of Thailand '' ( PDF ) . Royal Thai Government Gazette. 118 ( 99D ) : 1 . 11 December 2001 .
    116. \n
  116. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The UAE National Symbols ... '' TEACH United Arab Emirates . Jess Jumeira School . 2 ( 2 ) . Nov -- Dec 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ Garai , Jana ( 1973 ) . The Book of Symbols . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 21773 - 9 .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ `` What images are associated with England ? '' . projectbritain.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ `` The British Bulldog '' . Retrieved 1 August 2014 .
    120. \n
  120. \n ^ Jump up to : `` National symbols of Wales '' . visitwales.com .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ `` National Animals : The Legendary , Extinct and Imaginary - 2 of 9 '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ `` Scottish fact of the week : Scotland 's official animal , the Unicorn '' . scotsman.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ `` The Mystical Unicorn Of Scotland '' . scottish-at-heart.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ `` Scotland 's National Animal Is A Unicorn '' . sunrealfacts.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 .
    125. \n
  125. \n Jump up ^ `` National Animals : The Legendary , Extinct and Imaginary - 7 of 9 '' . abcnews.go.com . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 .
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ Lawrence , E.A. ( 1990 ) . `` Symbol of a Nation : The Bald Eagle in American Culture '' . The Journal of American Culture . 13 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 69 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1542 - 734X. 1990.1301 _63. x .
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ `` Symbols of U.S. Government : The Bald Eagle '' . Ben 's Guide to U.S. Government For Kids . United States Government Printing Office . Retrieved 12 April 2016 .
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ A symbol of hope : US government designates bison as the national mammal
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ Obama Makes North American Bison National Mammal
    130. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n National symbols ( list )
\n Topics \n
    \n
  • \n Coat of arms
    • \n
  • \n Colour
    • \n
  • \n Dish
    • \n
  • \n Emblem
    • \n
  • \n Epic
    • \n
  • \n Flower
    • \n
  • \n Myth
    • \n
  • \n Patron saint
    • \n
  • \n Personification
    • \n
  • \n National poetry
      \n
    • \n Poets
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Sport
    • \n
\n
\n Lists \n
    \n
  • \n Animals
      \n
    • \n Birds
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Anthems
    • \n
  • \n Dances
    • \n
  • \n Founders
    • \n
  • \n Fruits
    • \n
  • \n Instruments
    • \n
  • \n Liquors
    • \n
  • \n Mottos
    • \n
  • \n Parks
    • \n
  • \n Trees
    • \n
\n
\n Galleries \n
    \n
  • \n Country coats of arms
    • \n
  • \n State flags
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_national_animals&oldid=837910587 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "panda is a national animal of which country", "long_answers": ["Country Name of animal Scientific name Pictures Ref . Algeria Fennec fox Vulpes zerda Angola Red - crested turaco ( national bird ) Tauraco erythrolophus Anguilla Zenaida dove Zenaida aurita Antigua and Barbuda Fallow deer ( national animal ) Dama dama Frigate ( national bird ) Fregata magnificens Hawksbill turtle ( national sea creature ) Eretmochelys imbricata Argentina Rufous hornero Furnarius rufus Australia Red kangaroo ( national animal ) Macropus rufus Emu ( national bird ) Dromaius novaehollandiae Austria Black eagle Ictinaetus malaiensis Azerbaijan Karabakh horse Equus ferus caballus Bangladesh Royal Bengal tiger ( national animal ) Panthera tigris tigris Magpie robin ( national bird ) Copsychus saularis Ilish ( national fish ) Tenualosa ilisha Belarus European bison Bison bonasus Belgium Lion ( heraldic Leo Belgicus ) Panthera leo Belize Baird 's tapir ( national animal ) Tapirus bairdii Keel - billed toucan ( national bird ) Ramphastos sulfuratus Bhutan Druk Mythical Takin Budorcas taxicolor Brazil Rufous - bellied thrush Turdus rufiventris Cambodia Kouprey Bos sauveli Canada North American beaver ( sovereignty animal symbol ) Castor canadensis Canadian horse ( national horse ) Equus ferus caballus China Giant panda ( national animal ) Ailuropoda melanoleuca Chinese dragon ( national animal ) Mythical Red - crowned crane ( national bird ) Grus japonensis Democratic Republic of the Congo Okapi Okapia johnstoni Colombia Andean condor Vultur gryphus Costa Rica Yig\u00fcirro ( national bird ) Turdus grayi White - tailed deer ( national animal ) Odocoileus virginianus West Indian manatee ( national aquatic animal ) Trichechus manatus Croatia Pine marten Martes martes Cuba Cuban trogon Priotelus temnurus Cyprus Cypriot mouflon Ovis orientalis Czech Republic Double - tailed lion Mythical Denmark Mute swan ( national bird ) Cygnus olor Small tortoiseshell ( national butterfly ) Aglais urticae Egypt Steppe eagle Aquila nipalensis Estonia Barn swallow ( national bird ) Hirundo rustica Eritrea Arabian camel Camelus dromedarius Ethiopia Lion Panthera leo Faroe Islands Eurasian oystercatcher ( national bird ) Haematopus ostralgus Finland Brown bear ( national animal ) Ursus arctos Whooper swan ( national bird ) Cygnus cygnus Holly blue ( national butterfly ) Celastrina argiolus European perch ( national fish ) Perca fluviatilis Seven - spot ladybird ( national insect ) Coccinella septempunctata France Gallic rooster Gallus gallus domesticus Germany Unspecified Eagle Members of Accipitridae Greece Phoenix Mythical Dolphins Delphinus Guatemala Quetzal Pharomachrus mocinno Haiti Hispaniolan Trogan Priotelus roseigaster Honduras White - tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Hungary Turul Mythical ( most probably Falco cherrug ) Iceland Gyrfalcon Falco rusticolus India Bengal tiger ( National predator ) Panthera tigris tigris Indian peafowl ( National bird ) Pavo cristatus King cobra ( National reptile ) Ophiophagus hannah Ganges river dolphin ( National aquatic animal ) Platanista gangetica gangetica Indian elephant ( National heritage animal ) Elephas maximus indicus Indonesia Komodo dragon ( national animal ) Varanus komodoensis Garuda ( historic national animal ) Mythical Iran Persian lion Panthera leo persica Iraq Chukar partridge Alectoris chukar Goat ( KRG ) Capra aegagrus Israel Hoopoe ( national bird ) Upupa epops Jamaica Red - billed streamertail Trochilus polytmus Japan Green pheasant ( national bird ) Phasianus versicolor Carp ( national fish ) Cyprinus carpio Latvia White wagtail ( national bird ) Motacilla alba Two - spotted ladybird ( national insect ) Adalia bipunctata Lithuania White stork Ciconia ciconia Macedonia Lion ( in Macedonian heraldry ) Panthera leo Madagascar Zebu ( in Malagasy heraldry ) Bos primigenius indicus Ring - tailed lemur ( national animal ) Lemur catta Malaysia Malayan tiger ( national animal ) Panthera tigris jacksoni Malta Pharaoh Hound ( national animal ) Canis lupus familiaris ( 1 ) Moldova Aurochs ( national animal ) Bos primigenius Mauritius Dodo Raphus cucullatus Mexico Golden eagle ( national animal ) Aquila chrysaetos Xoloitzcuintli ( national dog ) Canis lupus familiaris Jaguar ( national mammal ) Panthera onca Grasshopper ( national arthropod ) Sphenarium purpurascens Vaquita ( national marine mammal ) Phocoena sinus Nepal Cow ( national animal ) Bos taurus indicus Danphe ( national bird ) Lophophorus impejanus Netherlands Lion ( heraldic symbol ) Panthera leo Black - tailed godwit ( national bird ) Limosa limosa New Zealand Kiwi Apteryx sp . North Korea Chollima Mythical Norway Lion ( royal national animal ) Panthera leo White - throated dipper ( national bird ) Cinclus cinclus Fjord horse ( national horse ) Equus ferus caballus Oman Arabian oryx ( national animal ) Oryx leucoryx Pakistan Markhor ( National animal ) Capra falconeri Indus river dolphin ( National aquatic mammal ) Platanista indicus minor minor Chukar ( National bird ) Alectoris chukar Indus crocodile ( National reptile ) Crocodylus palustris Shaheen falcon ( Heritage bird ) Falco peregrinus peregrinator Snow leopard ( National predator ) Panthera uncia Panama Harpy eagle Harpia harpyja Papua New Guinea Dugong ( national marine mammal ) Dugong dugon Peru Vicu\u00f1a ( national animal ) Vicugna vicugna Philippines Carabao ( national animal ) Bubalus bubalis Philippine eagle ( national bird ) Pithecophaga jefferyi Poland White - tailed eagle ( national bird ) Haliaeetus albicilla White stork ( national bird ) Ciconia ciconia European bison ( national animal ) Bison bonasus Qatar Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx Romania Lynx Lynx lynx Russia Eurasian brown bear Ursus arctos arctos Rwanda Leopard Panthera pardus Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent amazon Amazona guildingii Serbia Wolf Canis lupus lupus White eagle Mythical Lynx Lynx lynx Somalia Leopard ( national animal ) Panthera pardus South Africa Springbok ( national animal ) Antidorcas marsupialis Blue crane ( national bird ) Anthropoides paradiseus Galjoen ( national fish ) Dichistius capensis South Korea Siberian tiger Panthera tigris altaica Korean magpie ( national bird ) Pica ( pica ) sericea Sri Lanka Sri Lankan junglefowl ( national bird ) Gallus lafayettii Tanzania Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis Thailand Elephant Elephas maximus United Arab Emirates Arabian oryx ( national animal ) Oryx leucoryx Peregrine falcon ( national bird ) Falco peregrinus United Kingdom Lion ( United Kingdom , England , Scotland , Wales ) Panthera leo Bulldog ( Britain as `` British Bulldog '' ) Canis lupus familiaris Red kite ( Wales ) Milvus milvus Unicorn ( Scotland ) Mythical Y Ddraig Goch ( Welsh Dragon Wales ) Mythical United States Bald eagle ( national bird ) Haliaeetus leucocephalus American bison ( national mammal ) Bison bison\n"], "short_answers": ["China\n", "China\n", "China\n", "China\n", "China\n"]} {"text": "Sub-Saharan Africa - wikipedia

\n Sub-Saharan Africa

\n Jump to : navigation , search Dark and lighter green : Definition of `` Sub-Saharan Africa '' as used in the statistics of the United Nations institutions . Lighter green : However , Sudan is classified as North Africa by the United Nations Statistics Division . Red : Arab states in Africa ( Arab League and UNESCO ) . Simplified climatic map of Africa : Sub-Saharan Africa consists of the Sahel and the Horn of Africa in the north ( yellow ) , the tropical savannas ( light green ) and the tropical rainforests ( dark green ) of Equatorial Africa , and the arid Kalahari Basin ( yellow ) and the `` Mediterranean '' south coast ( olive ) of Southern Africa . The numbers shown correspond to the dates of all Iron Age artifacts associated with the Bantu expansion .

\n Sub-Saharan Africa is , geographically , the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara . According to the United Nations , it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara . It contrasts with North Africa , whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world . Somalia , Djibouti , Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa , but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world .

\n

\n The Sahel is the transitional zone in between the Sahara and the tropical savanna of the Sudan region and farther south the forest - savanna mosaic of tropical Africa .

\n

\n Since probably 3500 BCE , the Saharan and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara , forming an effective barrier interrupted by only the Nile in Sudan , though the Nile was blocked by the river 's cataracts . The Sahara pump theory explains how flora and fauna ( including Homo sapiens ) left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond . African pluvial periods are associated with a `` wet Sahara '' phase during which larger lakes and more rivers existed .

\n

\n The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority ; a vestige of colonialism , which some say , divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Etymology ( edit )

\n Ethnographic map of Africa , from Meyers Blitz - Lexikon ( 1932 ) .

\n Geographers historically divided the region into several distinct ethnographic sections based on each area 's respective inhabitants .

\n

\n Commentators in Arabic in the medieval period used the general term bil\u00e2d as - s\u00fbd\u00e2n ( `` Land of the Blacks '' ) for the vast Sudan region ( an expression denoting West and Central Africa ) , or sometimes extending from the coast of West Africa to Western Sudan . Its equivalent in Southeast Africa was Zanj ( `` Country of the Blacks '' ) , which was situated in the vicinity of the Great Lakes region .

\n

\n The geographers drew an explicit ethnographic distinction between the Sudan region and its analogue Zanj , from the area to their extreme east on the Red Sea coast in the Horn of Africa . In modern - day Ethiopia and Eritrea was Al - Habash or Abyssinia , which was inhabited by the Habash or Abyssinians , who were the forebears of the Habesha . In northern Somalia was Barbara or the Bilad al - Barbar ( `` Land of the Berbers '' ) , which was inhabited by the Eastern Baribah or Barbaroi , as the ancestors of the Somalis were referred to by medieval Arab and ancient Greek geographers , respectively .

\n

\n In the 19th and 20th centuries , the populations south of the Sahara were divided into three broad ancestral groups : Hamites and Semites in the Horn of Africa and Sahel related to those in North Africa , who spoke languages belonging to the Afroasiatic family ; Negroes in most of the rest of the subcontinent ( hence , the former toponym Black Africa for Tropical Africa ) , who spoke languages belonging to the Niger - Congo and Nilo - Saharan families ; and Khoisan in Southern Africa , who spoke languages belonging to the Khoisan family .

\n

\n Climate zones and ecoregions ( edit )

\n Further information : Afrotropic ecozone ; Tropical and subtropical grasslands , savannas , and shrublands ; and List of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregions Climate zones of Africa , showing the ecological break between the hot desert climate of North Africa and the Horn of Africa ( red ) , the hot semi-arid climate of the Sahel and areas surrounding deserts ( orange ) and the tropical climate of Central and Western Africa ( blue ) . Southern Africa has a transition to semi-tropical or temperate climates ( green ) , and more desert or semi-arid regions , centered on Namibia and Botswana .

\n Sub-Saharan Africa has a wide variety of climate zones or biomes . South Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in particular are considered Megadiverse countries . It has a dry winter season and a wet summer season .

\n \n

\n History ( edit )

\n Main article : History of Africa

\n Prehistory ( edit )

\n Stone chopping tool from Olduvai Gorge

\n According to paleontology , early hominid skull anatomy was similar to that of their close cousins , the great African forest apes , gorilla and chimpanzee , but they had adopted a bipedal locomotion and freed hands , giving them a crucial advantage enabling them to live in both forested areas and on the open savanna at a time when Africa was drying up , with savanna encroaching on forested areas . This occurred 10 million to 5 million years ago .

\n

\n By 3 million years ago several australopithecine hominid species had developed throughout southern , eastern and central Africa . They were tool users rather than tool manufacturers . The next major evolutionary step occurred around 2.3 million BCE , when primitive stone tools were used to scavenge the carcasses of animals killed by other predators , both for their meat and their marrow . In hunting , H. habilis was most likely not capable of competing with large predators and was more prey than hunter , although H. habilis probably did steal eggs from nests and may have been able to catch small game and weakened larger prey such as cubs and older animals . The tools were classed as Oldowan .

\n

\n Roughly 1.8 million years ago , Homo ergaster first appeared in the fossil record in Africa . From Homo ergaster , Homo erectus ( upright man ) evolved 1.5 million years ago . Some of the earlier representatives of this species were small - brained and used primitive stone tools , much like H. habilis . The brain later grew in size , and H. erectus eventually developed a more complex stone tool technology called the Acheulean . Potentially the first hominid to engage in hunting , H. erectus mastered the art of making fire . They were the first hominids to leave Africa , going on to colonize the entire Old World , and perhaps later on giving rise to Homo floresiensis . Although some recent writers suggest that H. georgicus , a H. habilis descendant , was the first and most primitive hominid to ever live outside Africa , many scientists consider H. georgicus to be an early and primitive member of the H. erectus species .

\n

\n The fossil record shows Homo sapiens living in southern and eastern Africa anywhere from 100,000 to 150,000 years ago . Between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago , their expansion out of Africa launched the colonization of the planet by modern humans . By 10,000 BCE , Homo sapiens had spread to all corners of the world . This dispersal of the human species is suggested by linguistic , cultural and genetic evidence .

\n

\n After the Sahara became a desert , it did not present a totally impenetrable barrier for travelers between north and south because of the application of animal husbandry towards carrying water , food , and supplies across the desert . Prior to the introduction of the camel , the use of oxen , mule , and horses for desert crossing was common , and trade routes followed chains of oases that were strung across the desert . The trans - saharan trade was in full motion by 500 BCE with Carthage being a major economic force for its establishment . It is thought that the camel was first brought to Egypt after the Persian Empire conquered Egypt in 525 BCE , although large herds did not become common enough in North Africa for camels to be the pack animal of choice for the trans - saharan trade .

\n

\n Central Africa ( edit )

\n Main article : Central Africa Nzinga Mbande , queen of the Bantu Ndongo and Matamba kingdoms

\n Archaeological finds in Central Africa provide evidence of human settlement that may date back over 10 000 years . According to Zangato and Holl , there is evidence of iron - smelting in the Central African Republic and Cameroon that may date back to 3000 to 2500 BCE . Extensive walled sites and settlements have recently been found in Zilum , Chad . The area is located approximately 60 km ( 37 mi ) southwest of Lake Chad , and has been radiocarbon dated to the first millennium BCE .

\n

\n Trade and improved agricultural techniques supported more sophisticated societies , leading to the early civilizations of Sao , Kanem , Bornu , Shilluk , Baguirmi , and Wadai .

\n

\n Following the Bantu Migration into Central Africa , during the 14th century , the Luba Kingdom in southeast Congo came about under a king whose political authority derived from religious , spiritual legitimacy . The kingdom controlled agriculture and regional trade of salt and iron from the north and copper from the Zambian / Congo copper belt .

\n

\n Rival kingship factions which split from the Luba Kingdom later moved among the Lunda people , marrying into its elite and laying the foundation of the Lunda Empire in the 16th century . The ruling dynasty centralised authority among the Lunda under the Mwata Yamyo or Mwaant Yaav . The Mwata Yamyo 's legitimacy , like that of the Luba king , came from being viewed as a spiritual religious guardian . This imperial cult or system of divine kings was spread to most of central Africa by rivals in kingship migrating and forming new states . Many new states received legitimacy by claiming descent from the Lunda dynasties .

\n

\n The Kingdom of Kongo existed from the Atlantic west to the Kwango river to the east . During the 15th century , the Bakongo farming community was united with its capital at M'banza - Kongo , under the king title , Manikongo . Other significant states and peoples included the Kuba Kingdom , producers of the famous raffia cloth , the Eastern Lunda , Bemba , Burundi , Rwanda , and the Kingdom of Ndongo .

\n

\n Horn of Africa ( edit )

\n Main article : Horn of Africa \u00a7 History Further information : History of Ethiopia , History of Somalia , History of Eritrea , History of Djibouti , and Ethiopian historiography Stone city of Gondershe , Somalia

\n The Axumite Empire spanned the southern Sahara , south Arabia and the Sahel along the western shore of the Red Sea . Located in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea , Aksum was deeply involved in the trade network between India and the Mediterranean . Growing from the proto - Aksumite Iron Age period circa the 4th century BCE , it rose to prominence by the 1st century CE . The Aksumites constructed monolithic stelae to cover the graves of their kings , such as King Ezana 's Stele . The later Zagwe dynasty , established in the 12th century , built churches out of solid rock . These rock - hewn structures include the Church of St. George at Lalibela .

\n Fasilides Castle , Ethiopia

\n In ancient Somalia , city - states flourished such as Opone , Mosyllon and Malao that competed with the Sabaeans , Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo -- Greco -- Roman trade .

\n

\n In the Middle Ages , several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate , which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building , the Sultanate of Adal , whose General Ahmed Gurey was the first African commander in history to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal 's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire , and the Geledi Sultanate , whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf . In the late 19th century after the Berlin conference had ended , European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa . The imperial armies in Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-colonial wars known as the Somaliland Campaign .

\n

\n Southern Africa ( edit )

\n Main article : History of Southern Africa Further information : Kingdom of Mutapa Great Zimbabwe : Tower in the Great Enclosure

\n Settlements of Bantu - speaking peoples , who were iron - using agriculturists and herdsmen , were already present south of the Limpopo River by the 4th or 5th century displacing and absorbing the original Khoisan speakers . They slowly moved south , and the earliest ironworks in modern - day KwaZulu - Natal Province are believed to date from around 1050 . The southernmost group was the Xhosa people , whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the earlier Khoisan inhabitants . They reached the Fish River in today 's Eastern Cape Province .

\n

\n Monomotapa was a medieval kingdom ( c. 1250 -- 1629 ) , which existed between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers of Southern Africa in the territory of modern - day Zimbabwe and Mozambique . Its old capital was located at Great Zimbabwe .

\n

\n In 1487 , Bartolomeu Dias became the first European to reach the southernmost tip of Africa . In 1652 , a victualling station was established at the Cape of Good Hope by Jan van Riebeeck on behalf of the Dutch East India Company . For most of the 17th and 18th centuries , the slowly expanding settlement was a Dutch possession .

\n

\n Great Britain seized the Cape of Good Hope area in 1795 , ostensibly to prevent it from falling into the hands of the French but also to use Cape Town in particular as a stop on the route to Australia and India . It was later returned to the Dutch in 1803 , but soon afterwards the Dutch East India Company declared bankruptcy , and the British annexed the Cape Colony in 1806 .

\n

\n The Zulu Kingdom was a Southern African tribal state in what is now KwaZulu - Natal in southeastern South Africa . The small kingdom gained world fame during and after the Anglo - Zulu War .

\n

\n During the 1950s and early 1960s , most Sub-Saharan African nations achieved independence from colonial rule .

\n

\n Southeast Africa ( edit )

\n Further information : Southeast Africa

\n According to the theory of recent African origin of modern humans , the mainstream position held within the scientific community , all humans originate from either Southeast Africa or the Horn of Africa . During the first millennium CE , Nilotic and Bantu - speaking peoples moved into the region , and the latter now account for three - quarters of Kenya 's population .

\n The Tongoni Ruins south of Tanga in Tanzania

\n On the coastal section of Southeast Africa , a mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Persian traders , leading to the development of the mixed Arab , Persian and African Swahili City States . The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture , as do the many Afro - Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people . With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of Tanzania ( particularly Zanzibar ) and Kenya -- a seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coast -- the Bantu Swahili language contains many Arabic loan - words as a consequence of these interactions .

\n

\n The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the Southeast coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of Rhapta , Azania and Menouthias referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE , ultimately giving rise to the name for Tanzania . These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach Southeast Africa during their migration .

\n

\n Between the 14th and 15th centuries , large medieval Southeast African kingdoms and states emerged , such as the Buganda and Karagwe kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania .

\n

\n During the early 1960s , the Southeast African nations achieved independence from colonial rule .

\n

\n Sudan ( edit )

\n Further information : History of Sudan Sphinx of the Nubian Emperor Taharqa

\n Nubia in present - day Northern Sudan and southernmost of Egypt , was referred to as `` Aethiopia '' ( `` land of the burnt face '' ) by the Greeks .

\n

\n Nubia at her greatest phase is considered Sub-Saharan Africa 's oldest urban civilisation . Nubia was a major source of gold for the ancient world . Nubians built famous structures and numerous pyramids . Sudan , the site of ancient Nubia , has more pyramids than anywhere in the world .

\n

\n Western Africa ( edit )

\n Main article : History of West Africa Further information : Ghana Empire , Mali Empire , Songhay Empire , Kingdom of Benin , and Kingdom of Nri Nok sculpture , terracotta , Louvre

\n The Bantu expansion is a major migration movement originating in West Africa around 2500 BCE , reaching East and Central Africa by 1000 BCE and Southern Africa by the early centuries CE .

\n

\n The Djenn\u00e9 - Djenno city - state flourished from 250 BCE to 900 CE and was influential to the development of the Ghana Empire .

\n

\n The Nok culture is known from a type of terracotta figure found in Nigeria , dating to between 500 BCE and 200 CE .

\n

\n There were a number of medieval empires of the southern Sahara and the Sahel , based on trans - Saharan trade , including the Ghana Empire and the Mali Empire , Songhai Empire , the Kanem Empire and the subsequent Bornu Empire . They built stone structures like in Tichit , but mainly constructed in adobe . The Great Mosque of Djenne is most reflective of Sahelian architecture and is the largest adobe building in the world .

\n

\n In the forest zone , several states and empires emerged . The Ashanti Empire arose in the 16th century in modern - day Ghana and Ivory Coast . The Kingdom of Nri , was established by the Igbo in the 11th century . Nri was famous for having a priest - king who wielded no military power . Nri was a rare African state which was a haven for freed slaves and outcasts who sought refuge in their territory . Other major states included the kingdoms of If\u1eb9 and Oyo in the western block of Nigeria which became prominent about 700 -- 900 and 1400 respectively , and center of Yoruba culture . The Yoruba 's built massive mud walls around their cities , the most famous being Sungbo 's Eredo . Another prominent kingdom in southwestern Nigeria was the Kingdom of Benin 9th -- 11th century whose power lasted between the 15th and 19th century and was one of the greatest Empires of African history documented all over the world . Their dominance reached as far as the well - known city of Eko which was named Lagos by the Portuguese traders and other early European settlers . The Edo speaking people of Benin are known for their famous bronze casting and rich coral , wealth , ancient science and technology and the Walls of Benin , which is the largest man - made structure in the world .

\n

\n In the 18th century , the Oyo and the Aro confederacy were responsible for most of the slaves exported from Nigeria , with Great Britain , France and Portugal shipping the majority of the slaves . Following the Napoleonic Wars , the British expanded trade with the Nigerian interior . In 1885 , British claims to a West African sphere of influence received international recognition , and in the following year the Royal Niger Company was chartered under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie . In 1900 , the company 's territory came under the control of the British Government , which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria . On 1 January 1901 , Nigeria became a British protectorate , part of the British Empire , the foremost world power at the time .

\n

\n By 1960 , most of the region achieved independence from colonial rule .

\n

\n Demographics ( edit )

\n Main article : Demographics of Africa

\n Population ( edit )

\n Population density in Africa , 2006 Fertility rates and life expectancy in Sub-Saharan Africa

\n According to the 2017 revision of the World Population Prospects , the population of sub-Saharan Africa was 995,694,907 in 2016 . The current growth rate is 2.3 % . The UN predicts for the region a population between 1.5 and 2 billion by 2050 with a population density of 80 per km compared to 170 for Western Europe , 140 for Asia and 30 for the Americas .

\n

\n Sub-Saharan African countries top the list of countries and territories by fertility rate with 40 of the highest 50 , all with TFR greater than 4 in 2008 . All are above the world average except South Africa and Seychelles . More than 40 % of the population in sub-Saharan countries is younger than 15 years old , as well as in Sudan , with the exception of South Africa .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Country \n Population \n Area ( km ) \n Literacy ( M / F ) \n GDP per Capita \n Trans ( Rank / Score ) \n Life ( Exp . ) \n HDI \n EODBR / SAB \n PFI ( RANK / MARK )
\n Angola \n 18,498,000 \n 1,246,700 \n 82.9 % / 54.2 % \n 6000 \n 168 / 2 \n 42.4 \n 0.486 \n 172 / 171 \n 132 / 58 , 43
\n Burundi \n 8,988,091 \n 27,830 \n 67.3 % / 52.2 % \n 101 \n 168 / 1.8 \n 49 \n 0.316 \n 176 / 130 \n 103 / 29 , 00
\n Democratic Republic of the Congo \n 68,692,542 \n 2,345,410 \n 80.9 % / 54.1 % \n 91 \n 162 / 11.9 \n 46.1 \n 0.286 \n 182 / 152 \n 146 / 53 , 50
\n Cameroon \n 18,879,301 \n 475,440 \n 77 % / 59.8 % \n 687 \n 146 / 2.2 \n 50.3 \n 0.482 \n 171 / 174 \n 109 / 30 , 50
\n Central African Republic \n 4,511,488 \n 622,984 \n 64.8 % / 33.5 % \n 22 \n 158 / 2.8 \n 44.4 \n 0.343 \n 183 / 159 \n 80 / 17 , 75
\n Chad \n 10,329,208 \n 1,284,000 \n 40.8 % / 12.8 % \n 266 \n 175 / 1.6 \n 50.6 \n 0.328 \n 178 / 182 \n 132 / 44 , 50
\n Republic of the Congo \n 3,700,000 \n 342,000 \n 90.5 % / 79.0 % \n 1,145 \n 162 / 1.9 \n 54.8 \n 0.533 \n N / A \n 116 / 34 , 25
\n Equatorial Guinea \n 633,441 \n 28,051 \n 93.4 % / 80.3 % \n 7,470 \n 168 / 1.8 \n 51.1 \n 0.537 \n 170 / 178 \n 158 / 65 , 50
\n Gabon \n 1,514,993 \n 267,667 \n 88.5 % / 79.7 % \n 4,263 \n 106 / 2.9 \n 56.7 \n 0.674 \n 158 / 152 \n 129 / 43 , 50
\n Kenya \n 39,002,772 \n 582,650 \n 77.7 % / 70.2 \n 976 \n 146 / 2.2 \n 57.8 \n 0.519 \n 95 / 124 \n 96 / 25 , 00
\n Nigeria \n 174,507,539 \n 923,768 \n 84.4 % / 72.7 % \n 6,204 \n 136 / 27 \n 57 \n 0.504 \n 131 / 120 \n 112 / 34.24
\n Rwanda \n 10,473,282 \n 26,338 \n 71.4 % / 59.8 % \n 263 \n 89 / 3.3 \n 46.8 \n 0.429 \n 67 / 11 \n 157 / 64 , 67
\n S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe \n 212,679 \n 1,001 \n 92.2 % / 77.9 % \n N / A \n 111 / 2.8 \n 65.2 \n 0.509 \n 180 / 140 \n NA
\n Tanzania \n 44,928,923 \n 945,087 \n 77.5 % / 62.2 % \n 339 \n 126 / 2.6 \n 51.9 \n 0.466 \n 131 / 120 \n NA / 15 , 50
\n Uganda \n 32,369,558 \n 236,040 \n 76.8 % / 57.7 \n 274 \n 130 / 2.5 \n 50.7 \n 0.446 \n 112 / 129 \n 86 / 21 , 50
\n Sudan \n 31,894,000 \n 1,886,068 \n 79.6 % / 60.8 % \n 2,500 \n 176 / 1.5 \n 62.57 \n 0.408 \n 154 / 118 \n 148 / 54 , 00
\n South Sudan \n 8,260,490 \n 619,745 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Djibouti \n 516,055 \n 23,000 \n N / A \n 817 \n 111 / 2.8 \n 54.5 \n 0.430 \n 163 / 177 \n 110 / 31 , 00
\n Eritrea \n 5,647,168 \n 121,320 \n N / A \n 160 \n 126 / 2.6 \n 57.3 \n 0.349 \n 175 / 181 \n 175 / 115 , 50
\n Ethiopia \n 85,237,338 \n 1,127,127 \n 50 % / 28.8 % \n 161 \n 120 / 2.7 \n 52.5 \n 0.363 \n 107 / 93 \n 140 / 49 , 00
\n Somalia \n 9,832,017 \n 637,657 \n N / A \n N / A \n 180 / 1.1 \n 47.7 \n N / A \n N / A \n 164 / 77 , 50
\n Botswana \n 1,990,876 \n 600,370 \n 80.4 % / 81.8 % \n 8,532 \n 37 / 5.6 \n 49.8 \n 0.633 \n 45 / 83 \n 62 / 15 , 50
\n Comoros \n 752,438 \n 2,170 \n N / A \n 382 \n 143 / 2.3 \n 63.2 \n 0.433 \n 162 / 168 \n 82 / 19 , 00
\n Lesotho \n 2,130,819 \n 30,355 \n 73.7 % / 90.3 % \n 528 \n 89 / 3.3 \n 42.9 \n 0.450 \n 130 / 131 \n 99 / 27 , 50
\n Madagascar \n 19,625,000 \n 587,041 \n 76.5 % / 65.3 % \n 238 \n 99 / 3.0 \n 59 \n 0.480 \n 134 / 12 \n 134 / 45 , 83
\n Malawi \n 14,268,711 \n 118,480 \n N / A \n 145 \n 89 / 3.3 \n 47.6 \n 0.400 \n 132 / 128 \n 62 / 15 , 50
\n Mauritius \n 1,284,264 \n 2,040 \n 88.2 % / 80.5 % \n 4,522 \n 42 / 5.4 \n 73.2 \n 0.728 \n 17 / 10 \n 51 / 14 , 00
\n Mozambique \n 21,669,278 \n 801,590 \n N / A \n 330 \n 130 / 2.5 \n 42.5 \n 0.322 \n 135 / 96 \n 82 / 19 , 00
\n Namibia \n 2,108,665 \n 825,418 \n 86.8 % / 83.6 % \n 2166 \n 56 / 4.5 \n 52.5 \n 0.625 \n 66 / 123 \n 35 / 9 , 00
\n Seychelles \n 87,476 \n 455 \n 91.4 % / 92.3 % \n 7,005 \n 54 / 4.8 \n 72.2 \n 0.773 \n 111 / 81 \n 72 / 16 , 00
\n South Africa \n 52,981,991 \n 1,219,912 \n N / A \n 3,562 \n 55 / 4.7 \n 50.7 \n 0.619 \n 34 / 67 \n 33 / 8 , 50
\n Swaziland \n 1,123,913 \n 17,363 \n 80.9 % / 78.3 % \n 1,297 \n 79 / 3.6 \n 40.8 \n 0.522 \n 115 / 158 \n 144 / 52 , 50
\n Zambia \n 11,862,740 \n 752,614 \n N / A \n 371 \n 99 / 3.0 \n 41.7 \n 0.430 \n 90 / 94 \n 97 / 26 , 75
\n Zimbabwe \n 11,392,629 \n 390,580 \n 92.7 % / 86.2 % \n N / A \n 146 / 2.2 \n 42.7 \n 0.376 \n 159 / 155 \n 136 / 46 , 50
\n Benin \n 8,791,832 \n 112,620 \n 47.9 % / 42.3 % \n 323 \n 106 / 2.9 \n 56.2 \n 0.427 \n 172 / 155 \n 97 / 26 , 75
\n Mali \n 12,666,987 \n 1,240,000 \n 32.7 % / 15.9 % \n 290 \n 111 / 2.8 \n 53.8 \n 0.359 \n 156 / 139 \n 38 / 8 , 00
\n Burkina Faso \n 15,730,977 \n 274,200 \n 25.3 % \n 1,360 \n 79 / 3.6 \n 51 \n 0.331 \n 150 / 116 \n N / A
\n Cape Verde \n 499,000 \n 322,462 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Ivory Coast \n 20,617,068 \n 322,463 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Gambia \n 1,782,893 \n 11,295 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Ghana \n 24,200,000 \n 238,535 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Guinea \n 10,057,975 \n 245,857 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Guinea - Bissau \n 1,647,000 \n 36,125 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Liberia \n 4,128,572 \n 111,369 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Mauritania \n 3,359,185 \n 1,030,700 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Niger \n 17,129,076 \n 1,267,000 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Senegal \n 12,855,153 \n 196,712 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Sierra Leone \n 6,190,280 \n 71,740 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Togo \n 7,154,237 \n 56,785 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n GDP per Capita ( 2006 in dollars ( US $ ) ) , Life ( Exp . ) ( Life Expectancy 2006 ) , Literacy ( Male / Female 2006 ) , Trans ( Transparency 2009 ) , HDI ( Human Development Index ) , EODBR ( Ease of Doing Business Rank June 2008 through May 2009 ) , SAB ( Starting a Business June 2008 through May 2009 ) , PFI ( Press Freedom Index 2009 )

\n

\n Languages and ethnic groups ( edit )

\n Further information : Languages of Africa and List of African ethnic groups Map showing the traditional language families spoken in Africa : Afroasiatic Austronesian Indo - European Khoisan Niger - Congo Nilo - Saharan A San man ( Khoisan ) An Afrikaner family ( Indo - European ) Saho women ( Afroasiatic ) Maasai women and children ( Nilo - Saharan ) Yoruba drummers ( Niger - Congo )

\n Sub-Saharan Africa contains over 1,000 languages , which is around 1 / 6 of the world 's total .

\n Afroasiatic ( edit )

\n With the exception of the extinct Sumerian ( a language isolate ) of Mesopotamia , Afro - Asiatic has the oldest documented history of any language family in the world . Egyptian was recorded as early as 3200 BCE . The Semitic branch was recorded as early as 2900 BCE in the form of the Akkadian language of Mesopotamia ( Assyria and Babylonia ) and circa 2500 BCE in the form of the Eblaite language of north eastern Syria .

\n

\n The distribution of the Afroasiatic languages within Africa is principally concentrated in North Africa and the Horn of Africa . Languages belonging to the family 's Berber branch are mainly spoken in the north , with its speech area extending into the Sahel ( northern Mauritania , northern Mali , northern Niger ) . The Cushitic branch of Afroasiatic is centered in the Horn , and is also spoken in the Nile Valley and parts of the African Great Lakes region . Additionally , the Semitic branch of the family , in the form of Arabic , is widely spoken in the parts of Africa that are within the Arab world . South Semitic languages are also spoken in parts of the Horn of Africa ( Ethiopia , Eritrea ) . The Chadic branch is distributed in Central and West Africa . Hausa , its most widely spoken language , serves as a lingua franca in West Africa ( Niger , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Cameroon , and Chad ) .

\n Khoisan ( edit )

\n The several families lumped under the term Khoi - San include languages indigenous to Southern Africa and Tanzania , though some , such as the Khoi languages , appear to have moved to their current locations not long before the Bantu expansion . In Southern Africa , their speakers are the Khoikhoi and San ( Bushmen ) , in Southeast Africa , the Sandawe and Hadza .

\n Niger -- Congo ( edit )

\n The Niger -- Congo family is the largest in the world in terms of the number of languages ( 1,436 ) it contains . The vast majority of languages of this family are tonal such as Yoruba , and Igbo , However , others such as Fulani and Wolof are not . A major branch of Niger -- Congo languages is the Bantu family , which covers a greater geographic area than the rest of the family put together . Bantu speakers represent the majority of inhabitants in southern , central and southeastern Africa , though San , Pygmy , and Nilotic groups , respectively , can also be found in those regions . Bantu - speakers can also be found in parts of Central Africa such as the Gabon , Equatorial Guinea and southern Cameroon . Swahili , a Bantu language with many Arabic , Persian and other Middle Eastern and South Asian loan words , developed as a lingua franca for trade between the different peoples in southeastern Africa . In the Kalahari Desert of Southern Africa , the distinct people known as Bushmen ( also `` San '' , closely related to , but distinct from `` Hottentots '' ) have long been present . The San evince unique physical traits , and are the indigenous people of southern Africa . Pygmies are the pre-Bantu indigenous peoples of Central Africa .

\n Nilo - Saharan ( edit )

\n The Nilo - Saharan languages are concentrated in the upper parts of the Chari and Nile rivers of Central Africa and Southeast Africa . They are principally spoken by Nilotic peoples and are also spoken in Sudan among the Fur , Masalit , Nubian and Zaghawa peoples and in West and Central Africa among the Songhai , Zarma and Kanuri . The Old Nubian language is also a member of this family .

\n

\n Major languages of Africa by region , family and number of primary language speakers in millions :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n
\n Central Africa
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Niger -- Congo , Bantu
      \n
    • \n Lingala
      • \n
    • \n Kinyarwanda : 12
      • \n
    • \n Kongo : 5 +
      • \n
    • \n Tshiluba
      • \n
    • \n Kirundi
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Nilo - Saharan
      \n
    • \n Nubian : 5 +
      • \n
    • \n Fur : 5 +
      • \n
    • \n Zaghawa
      • \n
    • \n Masalit
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Niger -- Congo
      \n
    • \n Kordofanian languages
        \n
      • \n Nuba
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n
\n Horn of Africa
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Afro - Asiatic
      \n
    • \n Semitic
        \n
      • \n Amharic : 20 +
        • \n
      • \n Tigrinya : 5
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Cushitic
        \n
      • \n Somali : 10 -- 15
        • \n
      • \n Oromo : 30 -- 35
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Nilo - Saharan : < 1
      \n
    • \n Gumuz
      • \n
    • \n Anuak
      • \n
    • \n Kunama
      • \n
    • \n Nara
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Niger -- Congo : < 1
      \n
    • \n Zigula
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n
\n Southeast Africa
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Niger -- Congo , Bantu :
      \n
    • \n Swahili : 5 -- 10
      • \n
    • \n Gikuyu : 9
      • \n
    • \n Ganda : 6
      • \n
    • \n Luhya : 6
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Austronesian
      \n
    • \n Malagasy : 20 +
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Niger - Congo , Ubangian
      \n
    • \n Gbaya : 2
      • \n
    • \n Banda : 1 -- 2
      • \n
    • \n Zande
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Nilo - Saharan
      \n
    • \n Kanuri : 10
      • \n
    • \n Luo : 5
      • \n
    • \n Sara : 3 -- 4
      • \n
    • \n Kalenjin : 5
      • \n
    • \n Dinka
      • \n
    • \n Nuer
      • \n
    • \n Shilluk
      • \n
    • \n Maasai : 1 -- 2
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n
\n Southern Africa
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Niger -- Congo , Bantu
      \n
    • \n Zulu : 10
      • \n
    • \n Xhosa : 8
      • \n
    • \n Shona : 7
      • \n
    • \n Sotho : 5
      • \n
    • \n Tswana : 4
      • \n
    • \n Umbundu : 4
      • \n
    • \n Northern Sotho : 4
      • \n
    • \n Chichewa : 8
      • \n
    • \n Makua : 8
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Indo - European
      \n
    • \n Germanic
        \n
      • \n Afrikaans : 7 -- 10
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Romance
        \n
      • \n Portuguese : 14
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n
\n West Africa
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Niger -- Congo
      \n
    • \n Benue -- Congo
        \n
      • \n Ibibio ( Nigeria ) : 7
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Volta -- Niger
        \n
      • \n Igbo ( Nigeria ) : 30 -- 35
        • \n
      • \n Yoruba : 40
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Kwa :
        \n
      • \n Akan ( Ghana , Ivory Coast ) : 20 -- 25
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Gur
        \n
      • \n More : 5
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Senegambian
        \n
      • \n Fula ( West Africa ) : 40
        • \n
      • \n Wolof : 8
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Afro - Asiatic
      \n
    • \n Chadic
        \n
      • \n Hausa : 50
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Nilo - Saharan
      \n
    • \n Saharan
        \n
      • \n Kanuri : 10
        • \n
      • \n Songhai : 5
        • \n
      • \n Zarma : 5
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Economy ( edit )

\n Main article : Economy of Africa The Athlone Power Station in Cape Town , South Africa

\n In the mid-2010s , private capital flows to Sub-Saharan Africa -- primarily from the BRICs , private - sector investment portfolios , and remittances -- began to exceed official development assistance .

\n

\n As of 2011 , Africa is one of the fastest developing regions in the world . Six of the world 's ten fastest - growing economies over the previous decade were situated below the Sahara , with the remaining four in East and Central Asia . Between 2011 and 2015 , the economic growth rate of the average nation in Africa is expected to surpass that of the average nation in Asia . Sub-Saharan Africa is by then projected to contribute seven out of the ten fastest growing economies in the world . According to the World Bank , the economic growth rate in the region had risen to 4.7 % in 2013 , with a rate of 5.2 % forecasted for 2014 . This continued rise was attributed to increasing investment in infrastructure and resources as well as steady expenditure per household .

\n

\n Energy and power ( edit )

\n Main article : Mineral industry of Africa \n Oil production by country ( with other key actors of African or oil economy ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Rank \n Area \n bb / day \n Year \n Like ...
\n _ \n W : World \n 85540000 \n 2007 est . \n
\n 01 \n E : Russia \n 9980000 \n 2007 est . \n
\n 02 \n Ar : Saudi Arb \n 9200000 \n 2008 est . \n
\n 04 \n As : Libya \n 4725000 \n 2008 est . \n Iran
\n 10 \n Af : Nigeria / Africa \n 2352000 \n 2011 est . \n Norway
\n 15 \n Af : Algeria \n 2173000 \n 2007 est . \n
\n 16 \n Af : Angola \n 1910000 \n 2008 est . \n
\n 17 \n Af : Egypt \n 1845000 \n 2007 est . \n
\n 27 \n Af : Tunisia \n 664000 \n 2007 est . \n Australia
\n 31 \n Af : Sudan \n 466100 \n 2007 est . \n Ecuador
\n 33 \n Af : Eq. Guinea \n 368500 \n 2007 est . \n Vietnam
\n 38 \n Af : DR Congo \n 261000 \n 2008 est .
\n 39 \n Af : Gabon \n 243900 \n 2007 est . \n
\n 40 \n Af : Sth Africa \n 199100 \n 2007 est . \n
\n 45 \n Af : Chad \n 156000 \n 2008 est . \n Germany
\n 53 \n Af : Cameroon \n 87400 \n 2008 est . \n France
\n 56 \n E : France \n 71400 \n 2007 \n
\n 60 \n Af : Ivory Coast \n 54400 \n 2008 est . \n
\n _ \n Af : Africa \n 10780400 \n 2011 \n Russia
\n Source : CIA.gov , World Facts Book > Oil exporters .
\n

\n As of 2009 , fifty percent of Africa is rural with no access to electricity . Africa generates 47 GW of electricity , less than 0.6 % of the global market share . Many countries are affected by power shortages .

\n

\n Because of rising prices in commodities such as coal and oil , thermal sources of energy are proving to be too expensive for power generation . Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to build additional hydropower generation capacity of at least 20,165 MW by 2014 . The region has the potential to generate 1,750 TWh of energy , of which only 7 % has been explored . The failure to exploit its full energy potential is largely due to significant underinvestment , as at least four times as much ( approximately $23 billion a year ) and what is currently spent is invested in operating high cost power systems and not on expanding the infrastructure .

\n

\n African governments are taking advantage of the readily available water resources to broaden their energy mix . Hydro Turbine Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa generated revenues of $120.0 million in 2007 and is estimated to reach $425.0 million . Asian countries , notably China , India , and Japan , are playing an active role in power projects across the African continent . The majority of these power projects are hydro - based because of China 's vast experience in the construction of hydro - power projects and part of the Energy & Power Growth Partnership Services programme .

\n

\n With electrification numbers , Sub-Saharan Africa with access to the Sahara and being in the tropical zones has massive potential for solar photovoltaic electrical potential . Six hundred million people could be served with electricity based on its photovoltaic potential . China is promising to train 10,000 technicians from Africa and other developing countries in the use of solar energy technologies over the next five years . Training African technicians to use solar power is part of the China - Africa science and technology cooperation agreement signed by Chinese science minister Xu Guanhua and African counterparts during premier Wen Jiabao 's visit to Ethiopia in December 2003 .

\n

\n The New Partnership for Africa 's Development ( NEPAD ) is developing an integrated , continent - wide energy strategy . This has been funded by , amongst others , the African Development Bank ( AfDB ) and the EU - Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund . These projects must be sustainable , involve a cross-border dimension and / or have a regional impact , involve public and private capital , contribute to poverty alleviation and economic development , involve at least one country in Sub-Saharan Africa .

\n

\n Media ( edit )

\n

\n Radio is the major source of information in Sub-Saharan Africa . Average coverage stands at more than a third of the population . Countries such as Gabon , Seychelles , and South Africa boast almost 100 % penetration . Only five countries -- Burundi , Djibouti , Eritrea , Ethiopia , and Somalia -- still have a penetration of less than 10 % . Broadband penetration outside of South Africa has been limited where it is exorbitantly expensive . Access to the internet via cell phones is on the rise .

\n

\n Television is the second major source of information . Because of power shortages , the spread of television viewing has been limited . Eight percent have television , a total of 62 million . But those in the television industry view the region as an untapped green market . Digital television and pay for service are on the rise .

\n

\n Infrastructure ( edit )

\n See also : Water supply and sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa Skyline of Libreville , Gabon

\n According to researchers at the Overseas Development Institute , the lack of infrastructure in many developing countries represents one of the most significant limitations to economic growth and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) . Less than 40 % of rural Africans live within two kilometers of an all - season road , the lowest level of rural accessibility in the developing world . Spending on roads averages just below 2 % of GDP with varying degree among countries . This compares with 1 % of GDP that is typical in industrialised countries , and 2 -- 3 % of GDP found in fast - growing emerging economies . Although the level of effort is high relative to the size of Africa 's economies , it remains little in absolute terms , with low - income countries spending an average of about US $7 per capita per year . Infrastructure investments and maintenance can be very expensive , especially in such as areas as landlocked , rural and sparsely populated countries in Africa .

\n Downtown Luanda , Angola

\n Infrastructure investments contributed to Africa 's growth , and increased investment is necessary to maintain growth and tackle poverty . The returns to investment in infrastructure are very significant , with on average 30 -- 40 % returns for telecommunications ( ICT ) investments , over 40 % for electricity generation and 80 % for roads .

\n

\n In Africa , it is argued that in order to meet the MDGs by 2015 infrastructure investments would need to reach about 15 % of GDP ( around $93 billion a year ) . Currently , the source of financing varies significantly across sectors . Some sectors are dominated by state spending , others by overseas development aid ( ODA ) and yet others by private investors . In Sub-Saharan Africa , the state spends around $9.4 billion out of a total of $24.9 billion . In irrigation , SSA states represent almost all spending ; in transport and energy a majority of investment is state spending ; in ICT and water supply and sanitation , the private sector represents the majority of capital expenditure . Overall , aid , the private sector and non-OECD financiers between them exceed state spending . The private sector spending alone equals state capital expenditure , though the majority is focused on ICT infrastructure investments . External financing increased from $7 billion ( 2002 ) to $27 billion ( 2009 ) . China , in particular , has emerged as an important investor .

\n

\n Oil and Minerals ( edit )

\n Phenakite from the Jos Plateau , Plateau State , Nigeria

\n The region is a major exporter to the world of gold , uranium , chrome , vanadium , antimony , coltan , bauxite , iron ore , copper and manganese . South Africa is a major exporter of manganese as well as Chromium . A 2001 estimate is that 42 % of the world 's reserves of chromium may be found in South Africa . South Africa is the largest producer of platinum , with 80 % of the total world 's annual mine production and 88 % of the world 's platinum reserve . Sub-Saharan Africa produces 33 % of the world 's bauxite with Guinea as the major supplier . Zambia is a major producer of copper . Democratic Republic of Congo is a major source of coltan . Production from Congo is very small but has 80 % of proven reserves . Sub-saharan Africa is a major producer of gold , producing up to 30 % of global production . Major suppliers are South Africa , Ghana , Zimbabwe , Tanzania , Guinea , and Mali . South Africa had been first in the world in terms of gold production since 1905 , but in 2007 it moved to second place , according to GFMS , the precious metals consultancy . Uranium is major commodity from the region . Significant suppliers are Niger , Namibia , and South Africa . Namibia was the number one supplier from Sub-Saharan Africa in 2008 . The region produces 49 % of the world 's diamonds .

\n

\n By 2015 , it is estimated that 25 % of North American oil will be from Sub-Saharan Africa , ahead of the Middle East . Sub-Saharan Africa has been the focus of an intense race for oil by the West , China , India , and other emerging economies , even though it holds only 10 % of proven oil reserves , less than the Middle East . This race has been referred to as the second Scramble for Africa . All reasons for this global scramble come from the reserves ' economic benefits . Transportation cost is low and no pipelines have to be laid as in Central Asia . Almost all reserves are offshore , so political turmoil within the host country will not directly interfere with operations . Sub-Saharan oil is viscous , with a very low sulfur content . This quickens the refining process and effectively reduces costs . New sources of oil are being located in Sub-Saharan Africa more frequently than anywhere else . Of all new sources of oil , 1\u20443 are in Sub-Saharan Africa .

\n

\n Agriculture ( edit )

\n Agricultural fields in Rwanda 's Eastern Province

\n Sub-Saharan Africa has more variety of grains than anywhere in the world . Between 13,000 and 11,000 BCE wild grains began to be collected as a source of food in the cataract region of the Nile , south of Egypt . The collecting of wild grains as source of food spread to Syria , parts of Turkey , and Iran by the eleventh millennium BCE . By the tenth and ninth millennia southwest Asians domesticated their wild grains , wheat , and barley after the notion of collecting wild grains spread from the Nile .

\n

\n Numerous crops have been domesticated in the region and spread to other parts of the world . These crops included sorghum , castor beans , coffee , cotton okra , black - eyed peas , watermelon , gourd , and pearl millet . Other domesticated crops included teff , enset , African rice , yams , kola nuts , oil palm , and raffia palm .

\n

\n Domesticated animals include the guinea fowl and the donkey .

\n The Naute Fruit Farm at the Naute Dam outside of Keetmanshoop , Namibia

\n Agriculture represents 20 % to 30 % of GDP and 50 % of exports . In some cases , 60 % to 90 % of the labor force are employed in agriculture . Most agricultural activity is subsistence farming . This has made agricultural activity vulnerable to climate change and global warming . Biotechnology has been advocated to create high yield , pest and environmentally resistant crops in the hands of small farmers . The Bill and Melinda Gates foundation is a strong advocate and donor to this cause . Biotechnology and GM crops have met resistance both by natives and environmental groups .

\n

\n Cash crops include cotton , coffee , tea , cocoa , sugar , and tobacco .

\n

\n The OECD says Africa has the potential to become an agricultural superbloc if it can unlock the wealth of the savannahs by allowing farmers to use their land as collateral for credit . There is such international interest in Sub-Saharan agriculture , that the World Bank increased its financing of African agricultural programs to $1.3 billion in the 2011 fiscal year . Recently , there has been a trend to purchase large tracts of land in Sub-Sahara for agricultural use by developing countries . Early in 2009 , George Soros highlighted a new farmland buying frenzy caused by growing population , scarce water supplies and climate change . Chinese interests bought up large swathes of Senegal to supply it with sesame . Aggressive moves by China , South Korea and Gulf states to buy vast tracts of agricultural land in Sub-Saharan Africa could soon be limited by a new global international protocol .

\n

\n Education ( edit )

\n The University of Botswana 's Earth Science building in Gaborone , Botswana

\n Forty percent of African scientists live in OECD countries , predominantly in Europe , the United States and Canada . This has been described as an African brain drain . According to Naledi Pandor , the South African Minister of Science and Technology , even with the drain enrollments in Sub-Saharan African universities tripled between 1991 and 2005 , expanding at an annual rate of 8.7 % , which is one of the highest regional growth rates in the world . In the last 10 to 15 years interest in pursuing university level degrees abroad has increased . In some OECD countries , like the United States , Sub-Saharan Africans are the most educated immigrant group .

\n The University of Antananarivo in Antananarivo , Madagascar

\n According to the CIA , low global literacy rates are concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa , West Asia and South Asia . However , the literacy rates in Sub-Saharan Africa vary significantly between countries . The highest registered literacy rate in the region is in Zimbabwe ( 90.7 % ; 2003 est . ) , while the lowest literacy rate is in South Sudan ( 27 % ) .

\n

\n Sub-Saharan African countries spent an average of 0.3 % of their GDP on science and technology on in 2007 . This represents an increase from US $1.8 billion in 2002 to US $2.8 billion in 2007 , a 50 % increase in spending .

\n

\n Health ( edit )

\n Further information : HIV / AIDS in Africa The Komfo Anokye Hospital in Kumasi , Ghana

\n In 1987 , the Bamako Initiative conference organised by the World Health Organization was held in Bamako , the capital of Mali , and helped reshape the health policy of Sub-Saharan Africa . The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community - based healthcare reform , resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services . A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care , with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost .

\n

\n In 2011 , Sub-Saharan Africa was home to 69 % of all people living with HIV / AIDS worldwide . In response , a number of initiatives have been launched to educate the public on HIV / AIDS . Among these are combination prevention programmes , considered to be the most effective initiative , the abstinence , be faithful , use a condom campaign , and the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation 's outreach programs . According to a 2013 special report issued by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS ( UNAIDS ) , the number of HIV positive people in Africa receiving anti-retroviral treatment in 2012 was over seven times the number receiving treatment in 2005 , with an almost 1 million added in the last year alone . The number of AIDS - related deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 33 percent less than the number in 2005 . The number of new HIV infections in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 25 percent less than the number in 2001 .

\n Estimated prevalence in % of HIV among young adults ( 15 -- 49 ) per country as of 2011 .

\n Malaria is an endemic illness in Sub-Saharan Africa , where the majority of malaria cases and deaths worldwide occur . Routine immunization has been introduced in order to prevent measles . Onchocerciasis ( `` river blindness '' ) , a common cause of blindness , is also endemic to parts of the region . More than 99 % of people affected by the illness worldwide live in 31 countries therein . In response , the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control ( APOC ) was launched in 1995 with the aim of controlling the disease . Maternal mortality is another challenge , with more than half of maternal deaths in the world occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa . However , there has generally been progress here as well , as a number of countries in the region have halved their levels of maternal mortality since 1990 . Additionally , the African Union in July 2003 ratified the Maputo Protocol , which pledges to prohibit female genital mutilation ( FGM ) .

\n

\n National health systems vary between countries . In Ghana , most health care is provided by the government and largely administered by the Ministry of Health and Ghana Health Services . The healthcare system has five levels of providers : health posts which are first level primary care for rural areas , health centers and clinics , district hospitals , regional hospitals and tertiary hospitals . These programs are funded by the government of Ghana , financial credits , Internally Generated Fund ( IGF ) , and Donors - pooled Health Fund .

\n

\n Religion ( edit )

\n Further information : Religion in Africa , Christianity in Africa , Islam in Africa , Hinduism in Africa , and African traditional religion The Bujumbura Cathedral in Bujumbura , Burundi Mosque in Nouakchott , Mauritania

\n African countries below the Sahara are largely Christian , while those above the Sahara , in North Africa , are predominantly Islamic . There are also Muslim majorities in parts of the Horn of Africa ( Djibouti and Somalia ) and in the Sahel and Sudan regions ( the Gambia , Sierra Leone , Guinea , Mali , Niger and Senegal ) , as well as significant Muslim communities in Ethiopia and Eritrea , and on the Swahili Coast ( Tanzania and Kenya ) . Mauritius is the only country in Africa to have a Hindu majority .

\n

\n Traditional African religions can be broken down into linguistic cultural groups , with common themes . Among Niger -- Congo - speakers is a belief in a creator God ; ancestor spirits ; territorial spirits ; evil caused by human ill will and neglecting ancestor spirits ; priest of territorial spirits . New world religions such as Santer\u00eda , Vodun , and Candombl\u00e9 , would be derived from this world view . Among Nilo - Saharan speakers is the belief in Divinity ; evil is caused by divine judgement and retribution ; prophets as middlemen between Divinity and man . Among Afro - Asiatic - speakers is henotheism , the belief in one 's own gods but accepting the existence of other gods ; evil here is caused by malevolent spirits . The Semitic Abrahamic religion of Judaism is comparable to the latter world view . San religion is non-theistic but a belief in a Spirit or Power of existence which can be tapped in a trance - dance ; trance - healers .

\n

\n Traditional religions in Sub-Saharan Africa often display complex ontology , cosmology and metaphysics . Mythologies , for example , demonstrated the difficulty fathers of creation had in bringing about order from chaos . Order is what is right and natural and any deviation is chaos . Cosmology and ontology is also neither simple or linear . It defines duality , the material and immaterial , male and female , heaven and earth . Common principles of being and becoming are widespread : Among the Dogon , the principle of Amma ( being ) and Nummo ( becoming ) , and among the Bambara , Pemba ( being ) and Faro ( becoming ) .

\n If\u00e1 divination and its four digit binary code
\n
\n West Africa
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Central Africa
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Southeast Africa
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Southern Africa
\n
\n \n

\n Sub-Saharan traditional divination systems display great sophistication . For example , the bamana sand divination uses well established symbolic codes that can be reproduced using four bits or marks . A binary system of one or two marks are combined . Random outcomes are generated using a fractal recursive process . It is analogous to a digital circuit but can be reproduced on any surface with one or two marks . This system is widespread in Sub-Saharan Africa .

\n

\n Culture ( edit )

\n

\n Sub-Saharan Africa is diverse , with many communities , villages and cities , each with their own beliefs and traditions . Traditional African Societies are communal , they believe that the needs of the many far out weigh an individual needs and achievements . Basically , an individual 's keep must be shared with other extended family members . Extended families are made up of various individuals and families who have shared responsibilities within the community . This extended family is one of the core aspects of every African community . `` An African will refer to an older person as auntie or uncle . Siblings of parents will be called father or mother rather than uncle and aunt . Cousins will be called brother or sister '' . This system can be very difficult for outsiders to understand ; however , it is no less important . `` Also reflecting their communal ethic , Africans are reluctant to stand out in a crowd or to appear different from their neighbors or colleagues , a result of social pressure to avoid offense to group standards and traditions . '' Women also have a very important role in African culture because they take care of the house and children . Traditionally `` men do the heavy work of clearing and plowing the land , women sow the seeds , tend the fields , harvest the crops , haul the water , and bear the major burden for growing the family 's food '' . Despite their work in the fields women are expected to be subservient to men in some African cultures . `` When young women migrate to cities , this imbalance between the sexes , as well as financial need , often causes young women of lower economic status , who lack education and job training , to have sexual relationships with older men who are established in their work or profession and can afford to support a girlfriend or two '' .

\n

\n Music ( edit )

\n Further information : Music of Africa and African popular music A traditional polyrhythmic kalimba

\n Traditional Sub-Saharan African music is as diverse as the region 's various populations . The common perception of Sub-Saharan African music is that it is rhythmic music centered around the drums . It is partially true . A large part of Sub-Saharan music , mainly among speakers of Niger -- Congo and Nilo - Saharan languages , is rhythmic and centered around the drum . Sub-Saharan music is polyrhythmic , usually consisting of multiple rhythms in one composition . Dance involves moving multiple body parts . These aspect of Sub-Saharan music has been transferred to the new world by enslaved Sub-Saharan Africans and can be seen in its influence on music forms as Samba , Jazz , Rhythm and Blues , Rock & Roll , Salsa , Reggae and Rap music .

\n

\n But Sub-Saharan music involves a lot of music with strings , horns , and very little poly - rhythms . Music from the eastern sahel and along the nile , among the Nilo - Saharan , made extensive use of strings and horns in ancient times . Among the Afro - Asiatics , we see extensive use of string instruments . Dancing involve swaying body movements and footwork . Among the San is extensive use of string instruments with emphasis on footwork .

\n

\n Modern Sub-Saharan African music has been influence by music from the New World ( Jazz , Salsa , Rhythm and Blues etc . ) vice versa being influenced by enslaved Sub-Saharan Africans . Popular styles are Mbalax in Senegal and Gambia , Highlife in Ghana , Zoblazo in Ivory Coast , Makossa in Cameroon , Soukous in the Democratic Republic of Congo , Kizomba in Angola , and Mbaqanga in South Africa . New World styles like Salsa , R&B / Rap , Reggae , and Zouk also have widespread popularity .

\n

\n Art ( edit )

\n Further information : African art Two Bambara Chiwara c. late 19th early 20th centuries . Female ( left ) and male Vertical styles .

\n The oldest abstract art in the world is a shell necklace , dated to 82,000 years in the Cave of Pigeons in Taforalt , eastern Morocco . The second oldest abstract form of art and the oldest rock art is found in the Blombos Cave at the Cape in South Africa , dated 77,000 years . Sub-Saharan Africa has some of the oldest and most varied style of rock art in the world .

\n

\n Although Sub-Saharan African art is very diverse there are some common themes . One is the use of the human figure . Second , there is a preference for sculpture . Sub-Saharan African art is meant to be experienced in three dimensions , not two . A house is meant to be experienced from all angles . Third , art is meant to be performed . Sub-Saharan Africans have specific name for masks . The name incorporates the sculpture , the dance , and the spirit that incorporates the mask . The name denotes all three elements . Fourth , art that serves a practical function , utilitarian . The artist and craftsman are not separate . A sculpture shaped like a hand can be used as a stool . Fifth , the use of fractals or non-linear scaling . The shape of the whole is the shape of the parts at different scales . Before the discovery of fractal geometry ) , Leopold Sedar Senghor , Senegal 's first president , referred to this as `` dynamic symmetry . '' William Fagg , the British art historian , compared it to the logarithmic mapping of natural growth by biologist D'Arcy Thompson . Lastly , Sub-Saharan African art is visually abstract , instead of naturalistic . Sub-Saharan African art represents spiritual notions , social norms , ideas , values , etc . An artist might exaggerated the head of a sculpture in relations to the body not because he does not know anatomy but because he wants to illustrate that the head is the seat of knowledge and wisdom . The visual abstraction of African art was very influential in the works of modernist artist like Pablo Picasso , Henri Matisse , and Jacques Lipchitz .

\n

\n Cuisine ( edit )

\n Further information : African cuisine A plate of fufu accompanied with peanut soup

\n Sub-Saharan African cuisine like everything about Africa is very diverse . A lot of regional overlapping occurs , but there are dominant elements region by region .

\n

\n West African cuisine can be described as starchy , flavorfully spicey . Dishes include fufu , kenkey , couscous , garri , foutou , and banku . Ingredients are of native starchy tubers , yams , cocoyams , and cassava . Grains include millet , sorghum , and rice , usually in the sahel , are incorporated . Oils include palm oil and shea butter ( sahel ) . One finds recipes that mixes fish and meat . Beverages are palm wine ( sweet or sour ) and millet beer . Roasting , baking , boiling , frying , mashing , and spicing are all cooking techniques .

\n Ugali and cabbage

\n Southeast African cuisine especially those of the Swahilis reflects its Islamic , geographical Indian Ocean cultural links . Dishes include ugali , sukumi wiki , and halva . Spices such as curry , saffron , cloves , cinnamon , pomegranate juice , cardamon , ghee , and sage are used , especially among Muslims . Meat includes cattle , sheep , and goats , but is rarely eaten since its viewed as currency and wealth .

\n

\n In the Horn of Africa , pork and non-fish seafood is avoided by Christians and Muslims . Dairy products and all meats are avoided during lent by Ethiopians . Maize ( corn ) is a major staple . Cornmeal is used to make ugali , a popular dish with different names . Teff is used to make injera or canjeero ( Somali ) bread . Other important foods include enset , noog , lentils , rice , banana , leafy greens , chiles , peppers , coconut milk and tomatoes . Beverages are coffee ( domesticated in Ethiopia ) , chai tea , fermented beer from banana or millet . Cooking techniques include roasting and marinating .

\n This meal , consisting of injera and several kinds of wat ( stew ) , is typical of Ethiopian and Eritrean cuisine .

\n Central African cuisine connects with all major regions of Sub-Saharan Africa : Its cuisine reflects that . Ugali and fufu are eaten in the region . Central African cuisine is very starchy and spicy hot . Dominant crops include plantains , cassava , peanuts , chillis , and okra . Meats include beef , chicken , and sometimes exotic meats called bush meat ( antelope , warthog , crocodile ) . Widespread spicy hot fish cuisine is one of the differentiating aspects . Mushroom is sometimes used as a meat substitute .

\n

\n Traditional Southern African cuisine surrounds meat . Traditional society typically focused on raising , sheep , goats , and especially cattle . Dishes include braai ( barbecue meat ) , sadza , bogobe , pap ( fermented cornmeal ) , milk products ( buttermilk , yoghurt ) . Crops utilised are sorghum , maize ( corn ) , pumpkin beans , leafy greens , and cabbage . Beverages include ting ( fermented sorghum or maize ) , milk , chibuku ( milky beer ) . Influences from the Indian and Malay community can be seen its use of curries , sambals , pickled fish , fish stews , chutney , and samosa . European influences can be seen in cuisines like biltong ( dried beef strips ) , potjies ( stews of maize , onions , tomatoes ) , French wines , and crueler or koeksister ( sugar syrup cookie ) .

\n

\n Clothing ( edit )

\n Further information : Clothing in Africa The Ashanti Kente cloth patterns

\n Like most of the world , Sub-Saharan Africans have adopted Western - style clothing . In some country like Zambia , used Western clothing has flooded markets , causing great angst in the retail community . Sub-Saharan Africa boasts its own traditional clothing style . Cotton seems to be the dominant material .

\n

\n In East Africa , one finds extensive use of cotton clothing . Shemma , shama , and kuta are types of Ethiopian clothing . Kanga are Swahili cloth that comes in rectangular shapes , made of pure cotton , and put together to make clothing . Kitenges are similar to kangas and kikoy , but are of a thicker cloth , and have an edging only on a long side . Kenya , Uganda , Tanzania , and South Sudan are some of the African countries where kitenge is worn . In Malawi , Namibia and Zambia , kitenge is known as Chitenge . One of the unique materials , which is not a fiber and is used to make clothing is barkcloth , an innovation of the Baganda people of Uganda . It came from the Mutuba tree ( Ficus natalensis ) . On Madagascar a type of draped cloth called lamba is worn .

\n Kangas

\n In West Africa , again cotton is the material of choice . In the Sahel and other parts of West Africa the boubou and kaftan style of clothing are featured . Kente cloth is created by the Akan people of Ghana and Ivory Coast , from silk of the various moth species in West Africa . Kente comes from the Ashanti twi word kenten which means basket . It is sometimes used to make dashiki and kufi . Adire is a type of Yoruba cloth that is starch resistant . Raffia cloth and barkcloth are also utilised in the region .

\n

\n In Central Africa , the Kuba people developed raffia cloth from the raffia plant fibers . It was widely used in the region . Barkcloth was also extensively used .

\n

\n In Southern Africa one finds numerous uses of animal hide and skins for clothing . The Ndau in central Mozambique and the Shona mix hide with barkcloth and cotton cloth . Cotton cloth is referred to as machira . Xhosa , Tswana , Sotho , and Swazi also made extensive use of hides . Hides come from cattle , sheep , goat , and elephant . Leopard skins were coveted and were a symbol of kingship in Zulu society . Skins were tanned to form leather , dyed , and embedded with beads .

\n

\n Sports ( edit )

\n The Stade F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt - Boigny in Abidjan , Ivory Coast

\n Football ( soccer ) is the most popular sport in Sub-Saharan Africa . Sub-Saharan men are its main patrons . Major competitions include the African Champions League , a competition for the best clubs on the continent and the Confederation Cup , a competition primarily for the national cup winner of each African country . The Africa Cup of Nations is a competition of 16 national teams from various African countries held every two years . South Africa hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup , a first for a Sub-Saharan country . In 2010 , Cameroon played in the World Cup for the sixth time , which is the current record for a Sub-Saharan team . In 1996 Nigeria won the Olympic gold for football . In 2000 Cameroon maintained the continent 's supremacy by winning the title too . Momentous achievements for Sub-Saharan African football . Famous Sub-Saharan football stars include Abedi Pele , Emmanuel Adebayor , George Weah , Michael Essien , Didier Drogba , Roger Milla , Nwankwo Kanu , Jay - Jay Okocha , Bruce Grobbelaar , Samuel Eto'o , Kolo Tour\u00e9 , Yaya Tour\u00e9 , Sadio Man\u00e9 and Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang . The most talented Sub-Saharan African football players find themselves courted and sought after by European leagues . There are currently more than 1000 Africans playing for European clubs . Sub-Saharan Africans have found themselves the target of racism by European fans . FIFA has been trying hard to crack down on racist outburst during games .

\n The Namibia rugby team

\n Rugby is also popular in Sub-Saharan Africa . The Confederation of African Rugby governs rugby games in the region . South Africa is a major force in the game and won the Rugby World Cup in 1995 and in 2007 . Africa is also allotted one guaranteed qualifying place in the Rugby World Cup .

\n

\n Boxing is also a popular sport . Battling Siki the first world champion to come out of Sub-Saharan Africa . Countries such as Nigeria , Ghana and South Africa have produced numerous professional world champions such as Dick Tiger , Hogan Bassey , Gerrie Coetzee , Samuel Peter , Azumah Nelson and Jake Matlala .

\n

\n Cricket has a following . The African Cricket Association is an international body which oversees cricket in African countries . South Africa and Zimbabwe have their own governing bodies . In 2003 the Cricket World Cup was held in South Africa , first time it was held in Sub-Saharan Africa .

\n

\n Over the years , Ethiopia and Kenya have produced many notable long - distance athletes . Each country has federations that identify and cultivate top talent . Athletes from Ethiopia and Kenya hold , save for two exceptions , all the men 's outdoor records for Olympic distance events from 800m to the marathon . Famous runners include Haile Gebrselassie , Kenenisa Bekele , Paul Tergat , and John Cheruiyot Korir .

\n

\n Tourism ( edit )

\n

\n The development of tourism in this region has been identified as having the ability to create jobs and improve the economy . South Africa , Namibia , Mauritius , Botswana , Ghana , Cape Verde , Tanzania , and Kenya have been identified as having well developed tourism industries . Cape Town and the surrounding area is very popular with tourists .

\n

\n List of countries and regional organization ( edit )

\n Geo - political map of Africa divided for ethnomusicological purposes , after Alan P. Merriam , 1959 .

\n Only seven African countries are not geopolitically a part of Sub-Saharan Africa : Algeria , Egypt , Libya , Morocco , Tunisia , Western Sahara ( claimed by Morocco ) and Sudan ; they form the UN subregion of Northern Africa , which also makes up the largest bloc of the Arab World . Nevertheless , some international organisations include Sudan as part of Sub-Saharan Africa . Although a long - standing member of the Arab League , Sudan has around 30 % non-Arab populations in the west ( Darfur , Masalit , Zaghawa ) , far north ( Nubian ) and south ( Kordofan , Nuba ) . Mauritania and Niger only include a band of the Sahel along their southern borders . All other African countries have at least significant portions of their territory within Sub-Saharan Africa .

\n

\n Central Africa ( edit )

\n Central Africa Middle Africa ( UN subregion ) Central African Federation ( defunct ) \n
\n
\n ECCAS ( Economic Community of Central African States )
\n
\n \n
\n
\n CEMAC ( Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa )
\n
\n \n

\n East Africa ( edit )

\n Eastern Africa ( UN subregion ) East African Community Central African Federation ( defunct ) Geographic East Africa , including the UN subregion and East African Community Horn of Africa ( edit ) \n Southeast Africa ( edit )
\n
\n EAC
\n
\n \n

\n Southern Africa ( edit )

\n Southern Africa ( UN subregion ) geographic , including above Southern African Development Community ( SADC )
\n
\n SADC ( Southern African Development Community )
\n
\n \n

\n Sudan ( edit )

\n

\n Depending on classification Sudan is often not considered part of Sub-Saharan Africa , as it is considered part of North Africa .

\n \n

\n West Africa ( edit )

\n Western Africa ( UN subregion ) Maghreb \n
\n
\n ECOWAS ( Economic Community of West African States )
\n
\n \n
\n
\n UEMOA ( West African Economic and Monetary Union )
\n
\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions , geographical sub-regions , and selected economic and other groupings '' . United Nations Statistics Division . 11 February 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . `` The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except northern Africa , with the Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa . ''
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Political definition of `` Major regions '' , according to the UN `` . Archived from the original on 20 April 2010 . Retrieved 15 December 2010 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ League of Arab States

    \n `` Arab States '' . UNESCO .

    \n

    \n Infosamak . `` Centre for Marketing , Information and Advisory Services for Fishery Products in the Arab Region '' . Infosamak .

    \n

    \n Halim Barakat , The Arab World : Society , Culture , and State , ( University of California Press : 1993 ) , p. 80

    \n

    \n Khair El - Din Haseeb et al. , The Future of the Arab Nation : Challenges and Options , 1 edition ( Routledge : 1991 ) , p. 54

    \n

    \n John Markakis , Resource conflict in the Horn of Africa , ( Sage : 1998 ) , p. 39

    \n

    \n \u1e24agai Erlikh , The struggle over Eritrea , 1962 -- 1978 : war and revolution in the Horn of Africa , ( Hoover Institution Press : 1983 ) , p. 59

    \n

    \n Randall Fegley , Eritrea , ( Clio Press : 1995 ) , p. mxxxviii

    \n

    \n Michael Frishkopf , Music and Media in the Arab World , ( American University in Cairo Press : 2010 ) , p. 61

    \n
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Sahara 's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth 's Orbit , Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks '' , Science Daily .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Claussen , Mark ; Kubatzki , Claudia ; Brovkin , Victor ; Ganopolski , Andrey ; Hoelzmann , Philipp ; Pachur , Hans - Joachim ( 1999 ) . `` Simulation of an Abrupt Change in Saharan Vegetation in the Mid-Holocene '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 26 ( 14 ) : 2037 -- 40 . Bibcode : 1999GeoRL ... 26.2037 C . doi : 10.1029 / 1999GL900494 .

    \n `` Sahara 's Abrupt Desertification Started By Changes In Earth 's Orbit , Accelerated By Atmospheric And Vegetation Feedbacks '' . Science Daily . Science Daily . 12 July 1999 .

    \n
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ van Zinderen - Bakker E.M. ( 14 April 1962 ) . `` A Late - Glacial and Post-Glacial Climatic Correlation between East Africa and Europe '' . Nature . 194 ( 4824 ) : 201 -- 03 . Bibcode : 1962Natur. 194 ... 201V . doi : 10.1038 / 194201a0 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Herbert Ekwe - Ekwe ( 2 May 2014 ) . `` What exactly does ' sub-Sahara Africa ' mean ? '' . Pambazuka News .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Contemptuousness Of A `` Sub-Saharan Africa '' By Chika Onyeani `` . Africannewsworld . Archived from the original on 27 September 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Raunig , Walter ( 2005 ) . Afrikas Horn : Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann - Konferenz 2 . bis 5 . Mai 2002 in M\u00fcnchen . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . p. 130 . ISBN 3 - 447 - 05175 - 2 . ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean : These are al - Misr ( Egypt ) -- al - Muqurra ( or other designations for Nubian kingdoms ) -- al - Habasha ( Abyssinia ) -- Barbara ( Berber , i.e. the Somali coast ) -- Zanj ( Azania , i.e. the country of the `` blacks '' ) . Correspondingly almost all these terms ( or as I believe : all of them ! ) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ International Association for the History of Religions ( 1959 ) , Numen , Leiden : EJ Brill , p. 131 , West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from Senegal in the west , to the Cameroons in the east ; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan , the Bilad as - S\u016bdan , ' Land of the Blacks ' , of the Arabs
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : Nehemia Levtzion , Randall Lee Pouwels , The History of Islam in Africa , ( Ohio University Press , 2000 ) , p. 255 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Sven Rubenson , The survival of Ethiopian independence , ( Tsehai , 2003 ) , p. 30 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Jonah Blank , Mullahs on the mainframe : Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras , ( University of Chicago Press , 2001 ) , p. 163 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ F.R.C. Bagley et al. , The Last Great Muslim Empires , ( Brill : 1997 ) , p. 174
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Bethwell A. Ogot , Zamani : A Survey of East African History , ( East African Publishing House : 1974 ) , p. 104
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ James Hastings , Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 12 : V. 12 , ( Kessinger Publishing , LLC : 2003 ) , p. 490
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Edgar Harry Brookes , Amry Vandenbosch ( 1964 ) . The city of God and the city of man in Africa . University of Kentucky Press . pp. Chapter 3 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . About two - thirds of the population speaks Negritic and one - third Hamitic and Semitic languages . The former are found in central , or tropical , and southern Africa ; the latter in Ethiopia , the Sahara region , and the northern part of the continent . Tropical Africa is often spoken of as `` Black Africa . ''
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Cole , Sonia Mary ( 1963 ) . Races of Man . British Museum . pp. 111 , 78 -- 80 , 112 -- 121 , 121 -- 124 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Shillington , Kevin ( 2005 ) . History of Africa , Rev. 2nd Ed . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , p. 2 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 59957 - 8 .
    20. \n
  20. \n ^ Jump up to : Shillington , Kevin ( 2005 ) . History of Africa , Rev. 2nd Ed . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , pp. 2 -- 3 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 59957 - 8 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Shillington , Kevin ( 2005 ) . History of Africa , Rev. 2nd Ed . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , p. 3 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 59957 - 8 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ The genetic studies by Luca Cavalli - Sforza are considered pioneering in tracing the spread of modern humans from Africa .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Tishkoff SA , Reed FA , Friedlaender FR , et al. ( May 2009 ) . `` The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans '' . Science . 324 ( 5930 ) : 1035 -- 44 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1172257 . PMC 2947357 . PMID 19407144 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Stearns , Peter N. ( 2001 ) The Encyclopedia of World History , Houghton Mifflin Books . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 65237 - 5 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Collins , Robert O. and Burns , James . M ( 2007 ) . A History of Sub-saharan Africa . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , p. 62 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86746 - 7
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Davidson , Basil . Africa History , Themes and Outlines , revised and expanded edition . New York : Simon & Schuster , p. 54 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 82667 - 4 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Shillington , Kevin ( 2005 ) . History of Africa , Rev. 2nd Ed . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , p. 47 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 59957 - 8 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ McEvedy , Colin ( 1980 ) Atlas of African History , p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 87196 - 480 - 5 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Philippe Lavachery ; et al. ( 2012 ) . Kom\u00e9 - Kribi : Rescue Archaeology Along the Chad - Cameroon Oil Pipeline .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ \u00c9 . Zangato ; A.F.C. Holl ( 2010 ) . `` On the Iron Front : New Evidence from North - Central '' . Africa Journal of African Archaeology. 8 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 23 . doi : 10.3213 / 1612 - 1651 - 10153 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ J. Cameron Monroe . Akinwumi Ogundiran , Power and Landscape in Atlantic West Africa : Archeological Perspectives . p. 316 . , citing Magnavita 2004 ; Magnavita et al. 2004 , 2006 ; Magnavita and Schleifer 2004 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Peter Mitchell et al. , The Oxford Handbook of African Archeology ( 2013 ) , p. 855 : `` The relatively recent discovery of extensive walled settlements at the transition from the Neolithic to the Early Iron Age in the Chad Basin ( Magnavita et al. , 2006 ) indicates what enormous sites and processes may still await recognition . ''
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Appiah & Gates 2010 , p. 254 .
    34. \n
  34. \n ^ Jump up to : Shillington , Kevin ( 2005 ) . History of Africa , Rev. 2nd Ed . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , pp. 138 -- 39 , 142 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 59957 - 8 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Oman in history By Peter Vine Page 324
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Shaping of Somali society Lee Cassanelli pg. 92
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Futuh Al Habash Shibab ad Din
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Sudan Notes and Records -- 147
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ M. Martin , Phyllis and O'Meara , Patrick ( 1995 ) . Africa 3rd edition , Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press , p. 156 , ISBN 0 - 253 - 32916 - 7 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Hua Liu , et al . A Geographically Explicit Genetic Model of Worldwide Human - Settlement History . The American Journal of Human Genetics , volume 79 ( 2006 ) , pp. 230 -- 37 ,
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ James De Vere Allen ( 1993 ) . Swahili Origins : Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Daniel Don Nanjira , African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy : From Antiquity to the 21st Century , ABC - CLIO , 2010 , p. 114
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Jens Finke ( 2010 ) . The Rough Guide to Tanzania .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Casson , Lionel ( 1989 ) . The Periplus Maris Erythraei . Lionel Casson . ( Translation by H. Frisk , 1927 , with updates and improvements and detailed notes ) . Princeton , Princeton University Press .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Chami , F.A. ( 1999 ) . `` The Early Iron Age on Mafia island and its relationship with the mainland . '' Azania Vol . XXXIV 1999 , pp. 1 -- 10 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Chami , Felix A. 2002 . `` The Egypto - Graeco - Romans and Paanchea / Azania : sailing in the Erythraean Sea . '' From : Red Sea Trade and Travel . The British Museum . Sunday 6 October 2002 . Organised by The Society for Arabian Studies
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Weilue : The Peoples of the West '' . Depts.washington.edu. 2004 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Miller , J. Innes. 1969 . Chapter 8 : `` The Cinnamon Route '' . In : The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire . Oxford : University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814264 - 1
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ books.google.com/books ? id = Ua_tAAAAMAAJ
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Hill , John E. 2004 . `` The Peoples of the West from the Weilue by Yu Huan \u9b5a \u8c62 : A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE '' . Archived from the original on 15 March 2005 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Draft annotated English translation . See especially Section 15 on Zesan = Azania and notes .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Evelyne Jone Rich ; Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein ( 1971 ) . Africa : Tradition and Change . p. 124 . ISBN 9780394009384 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ W.H. Ingrams ( 1967 ) . Zanzibar : Its History and Its People . p. 24 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Mary Fitzpatrick ; Tim Bewer ( 2012 ) . Lonely Planet Tanzania .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Rhonda M. Gonzales ( 30 August 2009 ) . Societies , religion , and history : central - east Tanzanians and the world they created , c. 200 BCE to 1800 CE . Columbia University Press . p. 222 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 14242 - 7 .
    55. \n
  55. \n ^ Jump up to : Roland Oliver , et al. `` Africa South of the Equator , '' in Africa Since 1800 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , 2005 , pp. 24 -- 25 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Thompson , Lloyd A. ( 1989 ) . Romans and blacks . Taylor & Francis . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 03185 - 0 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Mokhtar ( editor ) , AnciGent Civilizations of Africa Vo. II , General History of Africa , UNESCO , 1990
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Davidson , Basil . Africa History , Themes and Outlines , revised and expanded edition . New York : Simon & Schuster , pp. 87 -- 107 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 82667 - 4 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` The Slave Trade '' . Countrystudies.us .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects -- Population Division '' . Esa.un.org. 2015 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` Fertility rate , total ( births per woman ) Data '' . data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ According to the CIA Factbook : Angola , Benin , Burundi , Burkina Faso , the Central African Republic , Cameroon , Chad , the Republic of Congo , the Democratic Republic of Congo , Djibouti , Equatorial Guinea , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Gabon , the Gambia , Ghana , Guinea , Guinea - Bissau , Kenya , Liberia , Madagascar , Malawi , Mali , Mauritania , Mozambique , Namibia , Nigeria , Rwanda , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Somalia , Sudan , Swaziland , Tanzania , Togo , Uganda , and Zambia
    64. \n
  64. \n ^ Jump up to : ( 2009 ) . Africa Development Indicators 2008 / 2009 : From the World Bank Africa Database African Development Indicators . World Bank Publications , p. 28 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8213 - 7787 - 1 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` Research -- CPI -- Overview '' . Transparency.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ World Bank . Doing Business 2010 , Economy Ranking
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ `` National Literacy Survey '' . National Bureau of Statistics . June 2010 . Archived from the original on 17 September 2015 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` Sudan '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 21 April 2012 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    70. \n
  70. \n ^ Jump up to : Bowden , Rob ( 2007 ) . Africa South of the Sahara . Coughlan Publishing : p. 37 , ISBN 1 - 4034 - 9910 - 1 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Brown , Keith and Ogilvie , Sarah ( 2008 ) . Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world Concise Encyclopedias of Language and Linguistics Series . Elsevier , p. 12 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 087774 - 7 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Maaroufi , Youssef . `` Recensement g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la population et de l'habitat 2004 '' .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ African Languages at Michigan State University ( ASC ) Michigan State University `` . Isp.msu.edu. 2010 - 10 - 08 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ Peek , Philip M. and Yankah , Kwesi ( 2004 ) . African folklore : an encyclopedia . London : ( Rourledge ) Taylor & Francis , p. 205 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 93933 - X , 9780415939331
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ Schneider , Edgar Werner and Kortmann , Bernd ( 2004 ) . A handbook of varieties of English : a multimedia reference tool , Volume 1 . Berlin : Walter de Gruyter , pp. 867 -- 68 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 017532 - 5 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ G\u00fcldemann , Tom and Edward D. Elderkin ( forthcoming ) `` On external genealogical relationships of the Khoe family '' . In Brenzinger , Matthias and Christa K\u00f6nig ( eds . ) , Khoisan languages and linguistics : the Riezlern symposium 2003 . Quellen zur Khoisan - Forschung 17 . K\u00f6ln : R\u00fcdiger K\u00f6ppe .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Bellwood , Peter S. ( 2005 ) . First farmers : the origins of agricultural societies . Wiley - Blackwell , p. 218 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 20566 - 1 .
    78. \n
  78. \n ^ Jump up to : `` DRC '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 16 November 2014 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ `` Rwanda '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 13 November 2014 .
    80. \n
  80. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Angola '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 18 November 2014 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` Republic of the Congo '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 18 November 2014 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ `` Burundi '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 13 November 2014 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` Memories of Utopia -- Infoshop , World Bank '' ( PDF ) . secid.org . South East Consortium for International Development . 31 May 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 April 2012 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ Darfur Relief and Documentation Centre ( 2010 ) . 5th Population and Housing Census in Sudan -- An Incomplete Exercise Archived 15 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Geneva : DRDC . Retrieved 16 November 2014 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ John A. Shoup ( 2011 ) . Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East . p. 333 . `` The Zaghawa is one of the major divisions of the Beri peoples who live in western Sudan and eastern Chad , and their language , also called Zaghawa , belongs to the Saharan branch of the Nilo - Saharan language group . ''
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ `` Sudan '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 20 November 2014 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ `` Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 : Population and Housing Census Results '' ( PDF ) . New York City : United Nations Population Fund . 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2009 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ `` Eritrea '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 20 November 2014 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ `` Report on minority groups in Somalia '' ( PDF ) . somraf.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` Somalia '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 20 November 2014 .
    91. \n
  91. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Kenya '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 20 November 2014 .
    92. \n
  92. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Uganda '' . CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Ethnologue , most of them are native speakers
    94. \n
  94. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Central African Republic '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 13 November 2014 .
    95. \n
  95. \n ^ Jump up to : `` South Sudan '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 13 November 2014 .
    96. \n
  96. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Nigeria '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 13 November 2014 .
    97. \n
  97. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Niger '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 13 November 2014 .
    98. \n
  98. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Chad '' Archived 26 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 16 November 2014 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Census '' . www.knbs.or.ke . Kenya National Bureau of Statistics . 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ `` The Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania '' . The Language Journal . 2012 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    101. \n
  101. \n ^ Jump up to : `` South Africa '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 16 November 2014 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ `` Botswana '' . CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ `` Malawi '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 16 November 2014 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` Zambia '' . CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ `` Mozambique '' . CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ `` The Future of Portuguese '' . BB Portuguese . Retrieved 11 April 2012 .
    107. \n
  107. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Senegal '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 20 November 2014 .
    108. \n
  108. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Gambia '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 20 November 2014 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ `` Cameroon '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 20 November 2014 .
    110. \n
  110. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Mali '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 20 November 2014 .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ Pugliese , Jessica ( 2 January 2014 ) . `` Rethinking Financing for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa '' . brookings.edu . Retrieved 5 January 2014 .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ `` Africa 's impressive growth '' . The Economist. 29 August 2014 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ `` Africa 's impressive growth '' . World Bank . 29 August 2014 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ Creamer Media Reporter ( 12 November 2009 ) . `` Africa 's energy problems threatens growth , says Nepad CEO '' . www.engineeringnews.co.za . Engineering News . Archived from the original on 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 .
    115. \n
  115. \n ^ Jump up to : Christian K.M. Kingombe 2011 . Mapping the new infrastructure financing landscape Archived 18 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... London : Overseas Development Institute
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ `` Creamer Media '' ( PDF ) . Us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ RedOrbit.com Redorbit Archived 20 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ Flatow , Ira . Could Africa Leapfrog The U.S. In Solar Power ? . Science Friday 6 June 2008 .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ Hepeng , Jia ( 20 August 2004 ) . `` China to train developing nations in solar technologies '' . scidev.net .
    120. \n
  120. \n ^ Jump up to : English , Cynthia . Radio the Chief Medium for News in Sub-Saharan Africa . Gallup 23 June 2008 .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ Africa Calling : Cellphone usage sees record rise . Mail&Guardian : 23 October 2009 .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ Aker , Jenny C. ( 2008 ) . `` Can You Hear Me Now ? '' How Cell Phones are Transforming Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa , Center for Global Development .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ `` MG.co.za '' . MG.co.za. 23 December 2009 .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ Pfanner , Eric . Competition increases for pay TV in sub-Saharan Africa . New York Times 6 August 2007 .
    125. \n
  125. \n ^ Jump up to : John J. Saul and Colin Leys , Sub-Saharan Africa in Global Capitalism , Monthly Review , 1999 , Volume 51 , Issue 03 ( July -- August )
    126. \n
  126. \n ^ Jump up to : Fred Magdoff , Twenty - First - Century Land Grabs : Accumulation by Agricultural Dispossession , Monthly Review , 2013 , Volume 65 , Issue 06 ( November )
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ Ken Gwilliam , Vivien Foster , Rodrigo Archondo - Callao , Cecilia Brice\u00f1o - Garmendia , Alberto Nogales , and Kavita Sethi ( 2008 ) . Africa infrastructure country diagnostic , Roads in Sub-Saharan Africa . World Bank and the SSATP : p. 4
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ Lisa A. Corathers ( January 2009 ) . `` Manganese '' ( PDF ) . Minerals.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Land - based manganese resources are large but irregularly distributed ; those of the United States are very low grade and have potentially high extraction costs . South Africa accounts for about 80 % of the world 's identified manganese resources , and Ukraine accounts for 10 % .
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ John F. Papp ( 2001 ) . `` Chromium '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook . Minerals.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . About 42 % of world reserves and about 75 % of the world reserve base are located in South Africa .
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ Vronsky ( May 1 , 1997 ) . `` Platinum : The Rich Man 's Gold '' . Gold-Eagle.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 .
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ E. Lee Bray ( January 2009 ) . `` Bauxite and Alumina '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey , Mineral Commodity Summaries . Minerals.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    132. \n
  132. \n Jump up ^ Daniel L. Edelstein ( January 2009 ) . `` Copper '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey , Mineral Commodity Summaries . Minerals.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 .
    133. \n
  133. \n Jump up ^ `` From the SelectedWorks of Maheta Matteo : From `` Blood Diamond '' to `` Blood Coltan '' : Should International Corporations Pay the Price for the Rape of the DR Congo ? `` . Works.bepress.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    134. \n
  134. \n Jump up ^ `` MBendi.com '' . MBendi.com .
    135. \n
  135. \n Jump up ^ `` World-Nuclear.org '' . World-Nuclear.org .
    136. \n
  136. \n Jump up ^ Ghazvinian , John ( 2008 ) . Untapped : The Scramble for Africa 's Oil . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , pp. 1 -- 16 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 603372 - 5 .
    137. \n
  137. \n ^ Jump up to : Christopher Ehret , ( 2002 ) . The Civilization of Africa . University of Virginia Press : Charlottesville , p. 98 , ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2085 - X .
    138. \n
  138. \n Jump up ^ Vandaveer , Chelsie ( 2006 ) . What was the cotton of Kush ? Archived 14 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . KillerPlants.com , Plants That Change History Archive .
    139. \n
  139. \n Jump up ^ National Research Council ( U.S. ) . Board on Science and Technology for International Development ( 1996 ) . Lost Crops of Africa : Grains . National Academy Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 04990 - 0 .
    140. \n
  140. \n Jump up ^ `` WorldDefenseReview.com '' . WorldDefenseReview.com .
    141. \n
  141. \n Jump up ^ Business24-7.ae Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine .
    142. \n
  142. \n Jump up ^ Evans , Ambrose ( 12 October 2009 ) . `` Blogspot.com '' . Tradeafrica.blogspot.com .
    143. \n
  143. \n Jump up ^ `` Africa Regional Brief '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . Retrieved 7 May 2012 .
    144. \n
  144. \n Jump up ^ Mathiason , Nick ( 2 November 2009 ) . `` Global protocol could limit Sub-Saharan land grab '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 April 2010 .
    145. \n
  145. \n ^ Jump up to : Gabara , Nthambeleni ( 12 November 2009 ) . `` Developed nations should invest in African universities '' . buanews.gov.za . BuaNews Online . Archived from the original on 23 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 .
    146. \n
  146. \n Jump up ^ `` World '' . CIA Factbook .
    147. \n
  147. \n Jump up ^ Nordling , Linda ( 29 October 2009 ) . `` Africa Analysis : Progress on science spending ? '' . scidev.net .
    148. \n
  148. \n Jump up ^ `` South Africa 's Investment in Research and Development on the Rise '' ( Press release ) . Department of Science and Technology . 22 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 .
    149. \n
  149. \n Jump up ^ `` User fees for health : a background '' . Archived from the original on 28 November 2006 . Retrieved 28 December 2006 .
    150. \n
  150. \n Jump up ^ Knippenberg R , Alihonou E , Soucat A , et al. ( June 1997 ) . `` Implementation of the Bamako Initiative : strategies in Benin and Guinea '' . The International Journal of Health Planning and Management . 12 ( Suppl 1 ) : S29 -- 47 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1099 - 1751 ( 199706 ) 12 : 1 + < S29 : : AID - HPM465 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - U . PMID 10173105 .
    151. \n
  151. \n Jump up ^ `` Manageable Bamako Initiative schemes '' . Archived from the original on 8 October 2007 . Retrieved 28 December 2006 .
    152. \n
  152. \n Jump up ^ `` World Aids Day 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Unaids.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    153. \n
  153. \n Jump up ^ `` Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation : What we do '' . Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 .
    154. \n
  154. \n Jump up ^ `` UNAIDS reports more than 7 million people now on HIV treatment across Africa -- with nearly 1 million added in the last year -- while new HIV infections and deaths from AIDS continue to fall '' . Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS . 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    155. \n
  155. \n Jump up ^ `` Special Report : How Africa Turned AIDS Around '' ( PDF ) . Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS . 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    156. \n
  156. \n ^ Jump up to : `` UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 May 2013 .
    157. \n
  157. \n Jump up ^ `` AIDSinfo '' . UNAIDS . Retrieved 4 March 2013 .
    158. \n
  158. \n Jump up ^ `` WHO Malaria '' . Who.int . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    159. \n
  159. \n Jump up ^ Verguet S , Jassat W , Hedberg C , Tollman S , Jamison DT , Hofman KJ ( February 2012 ) . `` Measles control in Sub-Saharan Africa : South Africa as a case study '' . Vaccine. 30 ( 9 ) : 1594 -- 600 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2011.12. 123 . PMID 22230581 .
    160. \n
  160. \n ^ Jump up to : `` WHO Onchocerciasis '' . Who.int . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    161. \n
  161. \n ^ Jump up to : `` WHO Maternal mortality '' . Who.int . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    162. \n
  162. \n Jump up ^ Emma Bonino , `` A brutal custom : Join forces to banish the mutilation of women '' , The New York Times , 15 September 2004 ; Charlotte Feldman - Jacobs , `` Commemorating International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation '' , Population Reference Bureau , February 2009 .
    163. \n
  163. \n Jump up ^ Canagarajah , Sudharshan ; Ye , Xiao ( April 2001 ) . Public Health and Education Spending in Ghana in 1992 - 98 ( PDF ) . World Bank Publication . p. 21 .
    164. \n
  164. \n Jump up ^ Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica . Britannica Book of the Year 2003 . Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica , ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 956 - 2 p. 306 However , Southern Africa is predominantly Christian . According to the Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica , as of mid-2002 , there were 376,453,000 Christians , 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa . Ian S. Markham , ( A World Religions Reader . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishers , 1996 . ) is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa , but still as 40.8 % of the total . These numbers are estimates and remain a matter of conjecture . See Amadu Jacky Kaba . The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa : a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians , Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions . The Western Journal of Black Studies , Vol 29 , Number 2 , June 2005 . Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium , placing Britannica 's estimate as the most agreed figure . Notes the figure presented at the World Christian Encyclopedia , summarised here , as being an outlier . On rates of growth , Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest , see : The List : The World 's Fastest - Growing Religions , Foreign Policy , May 2007 .
    165. \n
  165. \n Jump up ^ Baldick , Julian ( 1997 ) . Black God : the Afroasiatic roots of the Jewish , Christian , and Muslim religions . Syracuse University Press : ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0522 - 6
    166. \n
  166. \n Jump up ^ Christopher Ehret , ( 2002 ) . The Civilizations of Africa . Charlottesville : University of Virginia , pp. 102 -- 03 , ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2085 - X .
    167. \n
  167. \n Jump up ^ Davidson , Basil ( 1969 ) . The African Genius , An Introduction to African Social and Cultural History . Little Brown and Company : Boston , pp. 168 -- 80 . LCCN 70 - 80751 .
    168. \n
  168. \n Jump up ^ Eglash , Ron : `` African Fractals : Modern computing and indigenous design . '' Rutgers 1999 ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2613 - 2
    169. \n
  169. \n Jump up ^ Richmond , Yale ; Gestrin , Phyllis ( 2009 ) . Into Africa : a guide to Sub-Saharan culture and diversity . Boston : Intercultural Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931930 - 91 - 8 .
    170. \n
  170. \n Jump up ^ Bowden , Rob ( 2007 ) . Africa South of the Sahara . Coughlan Publishing : p. 40 , ISBN 1 - 4034 - 9910 - 1 .
    171. \n
  171. \n Jump up ^ Christopher Ehret , ( 2002 ) . The Civilizations of Africa . Charlottesville : University of Virginia , p. 103 , ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2085 - X .
    172. \n
  172. \n Jump up ^ `` ScienceDaily.com '' . ScienceDaily.com. 18 June 2007 .
    173. \n
  173. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Oldest ' prehistoric art unearthed '' . BBC News . 10 January 2002 . Retrieved 9 April 2010 .
    174. \n
  174. \n Jump up ^ `` > TARA -- Trust for African Rock Art : Rock Art in Africa '' . 6 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2009 .
    175. \n
  175. \n Jump up ^ `` African Influences in Modern Art Thematic Essay Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art '' . Metmuseum.org. 2014 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    176. \n
  176. \n Jump up ^ Alexandre , Marc ( 1998 ) . World Bank Publication : DC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8213 - 4195 - 7
    177. \n
  177. \n Jump up ^ `` Intangible Heritage Home -- - intangible heritage -- Culture Sector '' . UNESCO .
    178. \n
  178. \n Jump up ^ Yoshida , Reiko . Proclamation 2005 : Barcloth making in Uganda Unesco : Intangible Cultural Heritage ( Uganda ) 13 May 2009
    179. \n
  179. \n ^ Jump up to : http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/11/sfc/ho_1999.522.15.htm
    180. \n
  180. \n Jump up ^ `` About.com '' . Goafrica.about.com .
    181. \n
  181. \n Jump up ^ `` AllAfrica.com '' . AllAfrica.com. 16 November 2009 .
    182. \n
  182. \n Jump up ^ `` European Soccer 's Racism Problem '' . Deutsche Welle . Deutsche Welle. 2 December 2005 .
    183. \n
  183. \n Jump up ^ `` Men 's outdoor world records '' . iaaf.org . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . As can be seen : 800m is Kenya ; 5000m is Ethiopia ; 10000m is Ethiopia ; marathon is Kenya . The two exceptions are the 1500m and 3000m steeplechase records , though the latter is held by Stephen Cherono , who was born and raised in Kenya .
    184. \n
  184. \n Jump up ^ Tucker , Ross and Dugas , Jonathan . Sport 's great rivalries : Kenya vs. Ethiopia , and a one - sided battle ( at least on the track ) , The Science of Sport , 14 July 2008 .
    185. \n
  185. \n Jump up ^ `` Tourism in Africa : Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods '' ( PDF ) . Worldbank.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    186. \n
  186. \n Jump up ^ `` South Africa : Political Issues : Constitution : Provincial Government '' . BBC . 2014 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    187. \n
  187. \n Jump up ^ Malik , Nesrine ( 23 November 2009 ) . `` ' Nubian monkey ' song and Arab racism '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 April 2010 .
    188. \n
  188. \n Jump up ^ Towson.edu Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine .
    189. \n
  189. \n Jump up ^ `` Worldbank.org '' . Web.worldbank.org. 27 October 2006 .
    190. \n
  190. \n Jump up ^ `` CDCdevelopmentSolutions.org '' . CDCdevelopmentSolutions.org . Archived from the original on 20 June 2010 .
    191. \n
  191. \n Jump up ^ `` Where We Work U.S. Agency for International Development '' . Usaid.gov. 2012 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    192. \n
  192. \n Jump up ^ Transparency.org Archived 13 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine .
    193. \n
  193. \n Jump up ^ `` U.N. doubles force in turbulent South Sudan ( UPDATE 2 '' . UPI.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 .
    194. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n \n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Regions of the world
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Regions of Africa
\n Central Africa \n
    \n
  • \n Guinea region
      \n
    • \n Gulf of Guinea
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Cape Lopez
    • \n
  • \n Mayombe
    • \n
  • \n Igboland
      \n
    • \n Mbaise
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Maputaland
    • \n
  • \n Pool Malebo
    • \n
  • \n Congo Basin
    • \n
  • \n Chad Basin
    • \n
  • \n Congolese rainforests
    • \n
  • \n Ouadda\u00ef highlands
    • \n
  • \n Ennedi Plateau
    • \n
\n
\n East Africa \n
    \n
  • \n African Great Lakes
      \n
    • \n Albertine Rift
      • \n
    • \n East African Rift
      • \n
    • \n Great Rift Valley
      • \n
    • \n Gregory Rift
      • \n
    • \n Rift Valley lakes
      • \n
    • \n Swahili coast
      • \n
    • \n Virunga Mountains
      • \n
    • \n Zanj
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Horn of Africa
      \n
    • \n Afar Triangle
      • \n
    • \n Al - Habash
      • \n
    • \n Barbara
      • \n
    • \n Danakil Alps
      • \n
    • \n Danakil Desert
      • \n
    • \n Ethiopian Highlands
      • \n
    • \n Gulf of Aden
      • \n
    • \n Gulf of Tadjoura
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Indian Ocean islands
      \n
    • \n Comoros Islands
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n North Africa \n
    \n
  • \n Maghreb
      \n
    • \n Barbary Coast
      • \n
    • \n Bashmur
      • \n
    • \n Ancient Libya
      • \n
    • \n Atlas Mountains
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Nile Valley
      \n
    • \n Cataracts of the Nile
      • \n
    • \n Darfur
      • \n
    • \n Gulf of Aqaba
      • \n
    • \n Lower Egypt
      • \n
    • \n Lower Nubia
      • \n
    • \n Middle Egypt
      • \n
    • \n Nile Delta
      • \n
    • \n Nuba Mountains
      • \n
    • \n Nubia
      • \n
    • \n The Sudans
      • \n
    • \n Upper Egypt
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Western Sahara
    • \n
\n
\n West Africa \n
    \n
  • \n Pepper Coast
    • \n
  • \n Gold Coast
    • \n
  • \n Slave Coast
    • \n
  • \n Ivory Coast
    • \n
  • \n Cape Palmas
    • \n
  • \n Cape Mesurado
    • \n
  • \n Guinea region
      \n
    • \n Gulf of Guinea
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Niger Basin
    • \n
  • \n Guinean Forests of West Africa
    • \n
  • \n Niger Delta
    • \n
  • \n Inner Niger Delta
    • \n
\n
\n Southern Africa \n
    \n
  • \n Madagascar
      \n
    • \n Central Highlands ( Madagascar )
      • \n
    • \n Northern Highlands
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Rhodesia
      \n
    • \n North
      • \n
    • \n South
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Thembuland
    • \n
  • \n Succulent Karoo
    • \n
  • \n Nama Karoo
    • \n
  • \n Bushveld
    • \n
  • \n Highveld
    • \n
  • \n Fynbos
    • \n
  • \n Cape Floristic Region
    • \n
  • \n Kalahari Desert
    • \n
  • \n Okavango Delta
    • \n
  • \n False Bay
    • \n
  • \n Hydra Bay
    • \n
\n
\n Macro-regions \n
    \n
  • \n Aethiopia
    • \n
  • \n Arab world
    • \n
  • \n Commonwealth realm
    • \n
  • \n East African montane forests
    • \n
  • \n Eastern Desert
    • \n
  • \n Equatorial Africa
    • \n
  • \n Fran\u00e7afrique
    • \n
  • \n Gibraltar Arc
    • \n
  • \n Greater Middle East
    • \n
  • \n Islands of Africa
    • \n
  • \n List of countries where Arabic is an official language
    • \n
  • \n Mediterranean Basin
    • \n
  • \n MENA
    • \n
  • \n MENASA
    • \n
  • \n Middle East
    • \n
  • \n Mittelafrika
    • \n
  • \n Negroland
    • \n
  • \n Northeast Africa
    • \n
  • \n Portuguese - speaking African countries
    • \n
  • \n Sahara
    • \n
  • \n Sahel
    • \n
  • \n Sub-Saharan Africa
    • \n
  • \n Sudan ( region )
    • \n
  • \n Sudanian Savanna
    • \n
  • \n Tibesti Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Tropical Africa
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Regions of Asia
\n Central \n
    \n
  • \n Greater Middle East
    • \n
  • \n Aral Sea
      \n
    • \n Aralkum Desert
      • \n
    • \n Caspian Sea
      • \n
    • \n Dead Sea
      • \n
    • \n Sea of Galilee
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Transoxiana
      \n
    • \n Turan
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Greater Khorasan
    • \n
  • \n Ariana
    • \n
  • \n Khwarezm
    • \n
  • \n Sistan
    • \n
  • \n Kazakhstania
    • \n
  • \n Eurasian Steppe
      \n
    • \n Asian Steppe
      • \n
    • \n Kazakh Steppe
      • \n
    • \n Pontic -- Caspian steppe
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Mongolian - Manchurian grassland
    • \n
  • \n Wild Fields
      \n
    • \n Yedisan
      • \n
    • \n Muravsky Trail
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ural
      \n
    • \n Ural Mountains
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Volga region
    • \n
  • \n Idel - Ural
    • \n
  • \n Kolyma
    • \n
  • \n Transbaikal
    • \n
  • \n Pryazovia
    • \n
  • \n Bjarmaland
    • \n
  • \n Kuban
    • \n
  • \n Zalesye
    • \n
  • \n Ingria
    • \n
  • \n Novorossiya
    • \n
  • \n Gornaya Shoriya
    • \n
  • \n Tulgas
    • \n
  • \n Iranian Plateau
    • \n
  • \n Altai Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Pamir Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Tian Shan
    • \n
  • \n Badakhshan
    • \n
  • \n Wakhan Corridor
    • \n
  • \n Wakhjir Pass
    • \n
  • \n Mount Imeon
    • \n
  • \n Mongolian Plateau
    • \n
  • \n Western Regions
    • \n
  • \n Taklamakan Desert
    • \n
  • \n Karakoram
      \n
    • \n Trans - Karakoram Tract
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Siachen Glacier
    • \n
\n
\n North \n
    \n
  • \n Inner Asia
    • \n
  • \n Northeast
    • \n
  • \n Far East
      \n
    • \n Russian Far East
      • \n
    • \n Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Extreme North
    • \n
  • \n Siberia
      \n
    • \n Baikalia ( Lake Baikal )
      • \n
    • \n Transbaikal
      • \n
    • \n Khatanga Gulf
      • \n
    • \n Baraba steppe
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Kamchatka Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Amur Basin
    • \n
  • \n Yenisei Gulf
    • \n
  • \n Yenisei Basin
    • \n
  • \n Beringia
    • \n
  • \n Sikhote - Alin
    • \n
\n
\n East \n
    \n
  • \n Japanese archipelago
      \n
    • \n Northeastern Japan Arc
      • \n
    • \n Sakhalin Island Arc
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Korean Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Gobi Desert
    • \n
  • \n Taklamakan Desert
    • \n
  • \n Greater Khingan
    • \n
  • \n Mongolian Plateau
    • \n
  • \n Inner Asia
    • \n
  • \n Inner Mongolia
    • \n
  • \n Outer Mongolia
    • \n
  • \n China proper
    • \n
  • \n Manchuria
      \n
    • \n Outer Manchuria
      • \n
    • \n Inner Manchuria
      • \n
    • \n Northeast China Plain
      • \n
    • \n Mongolian - Manchurian grassland
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n North China Plain
      \n
    • \n Yan Mountains
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Kunlun Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Liaodong Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Himalayas
    • \n
  • \n Tibetan Plateau
      \n
    • \n Tibet
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Tarim Basin
    • \n
  • \n Northern Silk Road
    • \n
  • \n Hexi Corridor
    • \n
  • \n Nanzhong
    • \n
  • \n Lingnan
    • \n
  • \n Liangguang
    • \n
  • \n Jiangnan
    • \n
  • \n Jianghuai
    • \n
  • \n Guanzhong
    • \n
  • \n Huizhou
    • \n
  • \n Wu
    • \n
  • \n Jiaozhou
    • \n
  • \n Zhongyuan
    • \n
  • \n Shaannan
    • \n
  • \n Ordos Loop
      \n
    • \n Loess Plateau
      • \n
    • \n Shaanbei
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Hamgyong Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Central Mountain Range
    • \n
  • \n Japanese Alps
    • \n
  • \n Suzuka Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Leizhou Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Tonkin
    • \n
  • \n Yangtze River Delta
    • \n
  • \n Pearl River Delta
    • \n
  • \n Yenisei Basin
    • \n
  • \n Altai Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Wakhan Corridor
    • \n
  • \n Wakhjir Pass
    • \n
\n
\n West \n
    \n
  • \n Greater Middle East
      \n
    • \n MENA
      • \n
    • \n MENASA
      • \n
    • \n Middle East
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Red Sea
    • \n
  • \n Caspian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Mediterranean Sea
    • \n
  • \n Zagros Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Persian Gulf
      \n
    • \n Pirate Coast
      • \n
    • \n Strait of Hormuz
      • \n
    • \n Greater and Lesser Tunbs
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Al - Faw Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Oman
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Aqaba
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Aden
    • \n
  • \n Balochistan
    • \n
  • \n Arabian Peninsula
      \n
    • \n Najd
      • \n
    • \n Hejaz
      • \n
    • \n Tihamah
      • \n
    • \n Eastern Arabia
      • \n
    • \n South Arabia
        \n
      • \n Hadhramaut
        • \n
      • \n Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Tigris -- Euphrates
    • \n
  • \n Mesopotamia
      \n
    • \n Upper Mesopotamia
      • \n
    • \n Lower Mesopotamia
      • \n
    • \n Sawad
      • \n
    • \n Nineveh plains
      • \n
    • \n Akkad ( region )
      • \n
    • \n Babylonia
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Canaan
    • \n
  • \n Aram
    • \n
  • \n Eber - Nari
    • \n
  • \n Suhum
    • \n
  • \n Eastern Mediterranean
    • \n
  • \n Mashriq
    • \n
  • \n Kurdistan
    • \n
  • \n Levant
      \n
    • \n Southern Levant
      • \n
    • \n Transjordan
      • \n
    • \n Jordan Rift Valley
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Israel
    • \n
  • \n Levantine Sea
    • \n
  • \n Golan Heights
    • \n
  • \n Hula Valley
    • \n
  • \n Galilee
    • \n
  • \n Gilead
    • \n
  • \n Judea
    • \n
  • \n Samaria
    • \n
  • \n Arabah
    • \n
  • \n Anti-Lebanon Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Sinai Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Arabian Desert
    • \n
  • \n Syrian Desert
    • \n
  • \n Fertile Crescent
    • \n
  • \n Azerbaijan
    • \n
  • \n Syria
    • \n
  • \n Palestine
    • \n
  • \n Iranian Plateau
    • \n
  • \n Armenian Highlands
    • \n
  • \n Caucasus
      \n
    • \n Caucasus Mountains
        \n
      • \n Greater Caucasus
        • \n
      • \n Lesser Caucasus
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n North Caucasus
      • \n
    • \n South Caucasus
        \n
      • \n Kur - Araz Lowland
        • \n
      • \n Lankaran Lowland
        • \n
      • \n Alborz
        • \n
      • \n Absheron Peninsula
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Anatolia
    • \n
  • \n Cilicia
    • \n
  • \n Cappadocia
    • \n
  • \n Alpide belt
    • \n
\n
\n South \n
    \n
  • \n Greater India
    • \n
  • \n Indian subcontinent
    • \n
  • \n Himalayas
    • \n
  • \n Hindu Kush
    • \n
  • \n Western Ghats
    • \n
  • \n Eastern Ghats
    • \n
  • \n Ganges Basin
    • \n
  • \n Ganges Delta
    • \n
  • \n Pashtunistan
    • \n
  • \n Punjab
    • \n
  • \n Balochistan
    • \n
  • \n Kashmir
      \n
    • \n Kashmir Valley
      • \n
    • \n Pir Panjal Range
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Thar Desert
    • \n
  • \n Indus Valley
    • \n
  • \n Indus River Delta
    • \n
  • \n Indus Valley Desert
    • \n
  • \n Indo - Gangetic Plain
    • \n
  • \n Eastern coastal plains
    • \n
  • \n Western Coastal Plains
    • \n
  • \n Meghalaya subtropical forests
    • \n
  • \n MENASA
    • \n
  • \n Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests
    • \n
  • \n Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
    • \n
  • \n Doab
    • \n
  • \n Bagar tract
    • \n
  • \n Great Rann of Kutch
    • \n
  • \n Little Rann of Kutch
    • \n
  • \n Deccan Plateau
    • \n
  • \n Coromandel Coast
    • \n
  • \n Konkan
    • \n
  • \n False Divi Point
    • \n
  • \n Hindi Belt
    • \n
  • \n Ladakh
    • \n
  • \n Aksai Chin
    • \n
  • \n Gilgit - Baltistan
      \n
    • \n Baltistan
      • \n
    • \n Shigar Valley
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Karakoram
      \n
    • \n Saltoro Mountains
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Siachen Glacier
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Bengal
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Khambhat
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Kutch
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Mannar
    • \n
  • \n Trans - Karakoram Tract
    • \n
  • \n Wakhan Corridor
    • \n
  • \n Wakhjir Pass
    • \n
  • \n Lakshadweep
    • \n
  • \n Andaman and Nicobar Islands
      \n
    • \n Andaman Islands
      • \n
    • \n Nicobar Islands
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Maldive Islands
    • \n
  • \n Alpide belt
    • \n
\n
\n Southeast \n
    \n
  • \n Mainland
      \n
    • \n Indochina
      • \n
    • \n Malay Peninsula
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Maritime
      \n
    • \n Peninsular Malaysia
      • \n
    • \n Sunda Islands
      • \n
    • \n Greater Sunda Islands
      • \n
    • \n Lesser Sunda Islands
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Indonesian Archipelago
    • \n
  • \n Timor
    • \n
  • \n New Guinea
      \n
    • \n Bonis Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Papuan Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Huon Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Huon Gulf
      • \n
    • \n Bird 's Head Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Gazelle Peninsula
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Philippine Archipelago
      \n
    • \n Luzon
      • \n
    • \n Visayas
      • \n
    • \n Mindanao
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Leyte Gulf
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Thailand
    • \n
  • \n East Indies
    • \n
  • \n Nanyang
    • \n
  • \n Alpide belt
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Asia - Pacific
    • \n
  • \n Tropical Asia
    • \n
  • \n Ring of Fire
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Regions of Europe
\n North \n
    \n
  • \n Nordic
    • \n
  • \n Northwestern
    • \n
  • \n Scandinavia
    • \n
  • \n Scandinavian Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Fennoscandia
    • \n
  • \n Baltoscandia
    • \n
  • \n S\u00e1pmi
    • \n
  • \n West Nordic
    • \n
  • \n Baltic
    • \n
  • \n Baltic Sea
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Bothnia
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Finland
    • \n
  • \n Iceland
    • \n
  • \n Faroe Islands
    • \n
\n
\n East \n
    \n
  • \n Danubian countries
    • \n
  • \n Prussia
    • \n
  • \n Galicia
    • \n
  • \n Volhynia
    • \n
  • \n Donbass
    • \n
  • \n Sloboda Ukraine
    • \n
  • \n Sambia Peninsula
      \n
    • \n Amber Coast
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Curonian Spit
    • \n
  • \n Izyum Trail
    • \n
  • \n Lithuania Minor
    • \n
  • \n Nemunas Delta
    • \n
  • \n Baltic
    • \n
  • \n Baltic Sea
    • \n
  • \n Vyborg Bay
    • \n
  • \n Karelia
      \n
    • \n East Karelia
      • \n
    • \n Karelian Isthmus
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Lokhaniemi
    • \n
  • \n Southeastern
      \n
    • \n Balkans
      • \n
    • \n Aegean Islands
      • \n
    • \n Gulf of Chania
      • \n
    • \n North Caucasus
      • \n
    • \n Greater Caucasus
      • \n
    • \n Kabardia
      • \n
    • \n European Russia
        \n
      • \n Southern Russia
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Central \n
    \n
  • \n Baltic
    • \n
  • \n Baltic Sea
    • \n
  • \n Alpine states
    • \n
  • \n Alpide belt
    • \n
  • \n Mitteleuropa
    • \n
  • \n Visegr\u00e1d Group
    • \n
\n
\n West \n
    \n
  • \n Benelux
    • \n
  • \n Low Countries
    • \n
  • \n Northwest
    • \n
  • \n British Isles
    • \n
  • \n English Channel
    • \n
  • \n Channel Islands
    • \n
  • \n Cotentin Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Normandy
    • \n
  • \n Brittany
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Lion
    • \n
  • \n Iberia
      \n
    • \n Al - Andalus
      • \n
    • \n Baetic System
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Pyrenees
    • \n
  • \n Alpide belt
    • \n
\n
\n South \n
    \n
  • \n Italian Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Insular Italy
    • \n
  • \n Tuscan Archipelago
    • \n
  • \n Aegadian Islands
    • \n
  • \n Iberia
      \n
    • \n Al - Andalus
      • \n
    • \n Baetic System
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Gibraltar Arc
    • \n
  • \n Southeastern
    • \n
  • \n Mediterranean
    • \n
  • \n Crimea
    • \n
  • \n Alpide belt
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Germanic
    • \n
  • \n Celtic
    • \n
  • \n Slavic countries
    • \n
  • \n Uralic
    • \n
  • \n European Plain
    • \n
  • \n Eurasian Steppe
    • \n
  • \n Pontic -- Caspian steppe
    • \n
  • \n Wild Fields
    • \n
  • \n Pannonian Basin
      \n
    • \n Great Hungarian Plain
      • \n
    • \n Little Hungarian Plain
      • \n
    • \n Eastern Slovak Lowland
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Regions of North America
\n Northern \n
    \n
  • \n Eastern Canada
    • \n
  • \n Western Canada
    • \n
  • \n Canadian Prairies
    • \n
  • \n Central Canada
    • \n
  • \n Northern Canada
    • \n
  • \n Atlantic Canada
    • \n
  • \n The Maritimes
    • \n
  • \n French Canada
    • \n
  • \n English Canada
    • \n
  • \n Acadia
      \n
    • \n Acadian Peninsula
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor
    • \n
  • \n Peace River Country
    • \n
  • \n Cypress Hills
    • \n
  • \n Palliser 's Triangle
    • \n
  • \n Canadian Shield
    • \n
  • \n Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga
    • \n
  • \n Newfoundland ( island )
    • \n
  • \n Vancouver Island
    • \n
  • \n Gulf Islands
    • \n
  • \n Strait of Georgia
    • \n
  • \n Canadian Arctic Archipelago
    • \n
  • \n Labrador Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Gasp\u00e9 Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Avalon Peninsula
      \n
    • \n Bay de Verde Peninsula
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Brodeur Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Melville Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Bruce Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut )
    • \n
  • \n Cook Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Boothia
    • \n
  • \n Georgian Bay
    • \n
  • \n Hudson Bay
    • \n
  • \n James Bay
    • \n
  • \n Greenland
    • \n
  • \n Pacific Northwest
    • \n
  • \n Inland Northwest
    • \n
  • \n Northeast
      \n
    • \n New England
      • \n
    • \n Mid-Atlantic
      • \n
    • \n Commonwealth
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n West
      \n
    • \n Midwest
      • \n
    • \n Upper Midwest
      • \n
    • \n Mountain States
      • \n
    • \n Intermountain West
      • \n
    • \n Basin and Range Province
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Oregon Trail
    • \n
  • \n Mormon Corridor
    • \n
  • \n Calumet Region
    • \n
  • \n Southwest
      \n
    • \n Old Southwest
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Llano Estacado
    • \n
  • \n Central United States
      \n
    • \n Tallgrass prairie
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n South
      \n
    • \n South Central
      • \n
    • \n Deep South
      • \n
    • \n Upland South
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Four Corners
    • \n
  • \n East Coast
    • \n
  • \n West Coast
    • \n
  • \n Gulf Coast
    • \n
  • \n Third Coast
    • \n
  • \n Coastal states
    • \n
  • \n Eastern United States
      \n
    • \n Appalachia
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Trans - Mississippi
    • \n
  • \n Great North Woods
    • \n
  • \n Great Plains
    • \n
  • \n Interior Plains
    • \n
  • \n Great Lakes
    • \n
  • \n Great Basin
      \n
    • \n Great Basin Desert
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Acadia
    • \n
  • \n Ozarks
    • \n
  • \n Ark - La - Tex
    • \n
  • \n Waxhaws
    • \n
  • \n Siouxland
    • \n
  • \n Twin Tiers
    • \n
  • \n Driftless Area
    • \n
  • \n Palouse
    • \n
  • \n Piedmont
    • \n
  • \n Atlantic coastal plain
    • \n
  • \n Outer Lands
    • \n
  • \n Black Dirt Region
    • \n
  • \n Blackstone Valley
    • \n
  • \n Piney Woods
    • \n
  • \n Rocky Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Mojave Desert
    • \n
  • \n The Dakotas
    • \n
  • \n The Carolinas
    • \n
  • \n Shawnee Hills
    • \n
  • \n San Fernando Valley
    • \n
  • \n Tornado Alley
    • \n
  • \n North Coast
    • \n
  • \n Lost Coast
    • \n
  • \n Emerald Triangle
    • \n
  • \n San Francisco Bay Area
      \n
    • \n San Francisco Bay
      • \n
    • \n North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area )
      • \n
    • \n East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area )
      • \n
    • \n Silicon Valley
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Lower Colorado River Valley
    • \n
  • \n Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta
    • \n
  • \n Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta
    • \n
  • \n Colville Delta
    • \n
  • \n Arkansas Delta
    • \n
  • \n Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta
    • \n
  • \n Mississippi Delta
    • \n
  • \n Mississippi River Delta
    • \n
  • \n Columbia River Estuary
    • \n
  • \n Great Basin
    • \n
  • \n High Desert
    • \n
  • \n Monterey Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Upper Peninsula of Michigan
    • \n
  • \n Lower Peninsula of Michigan
    • \n
  • \n Virginia Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Keweenaw Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Middle Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Delmarva Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Alaska Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Kenai Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Niagara Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Beringia
    • \n
  • \n Belt regions
      \n
    • \n Bible Belt
      • \n
    • \n Black Belt
      • \n
    • \n Corn Belt
      • \n
    • \n Cotton Belt
      • \n
    • \n Frost Belt
      • \n
    • \n Rice Belt
      • \n
    • \n Rust Belt
      • \n
    • \n Sun Belt
      • \n
    • \n Snow Belt
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Latin \n
    \n
  • \n Northern Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Baja California Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of California
      \n
    • \n Colorado River Delta
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Soconusco
    • \n
  • \n Tierra Caliente
    • \n
  • \n La Mixteca
    • \n
  • \n La Huasteca
    • \n
  • \n Baj\u00edo
    • \n
  • \n Valley of Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Mezquital Valley
    • \n
  • \n Sierra Madre de Oaxaca
    • \n
  • \n Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Basin and Range Province
    • \n
  • \n Western Caribbean Zone
    • \n
  • \n Isthmus of Panama
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Panama
      \n
    • \n Pearl Islands
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Azuero Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Mosquito Coast
    • \n
  • \n West Indies
    • \n
  • \n Antilles
      \n
    • \n Greater Antilles
      • \n
    • \n Lesser Antilles
        \n
      • \n Leeward
        • \n
      • \n Leeward Antilles
        • \n
      • \n Windward
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Lucayan Archipelago
    • \n
  • \n Southern Caribbean
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Aridoamerica
    • \n
  • \n Mesoamerica
    • \n
  • \n Oasisamerica
    • \n
  • \n Northern
    • \n
  • \n Middle
    • \n
  • \n Anglo
    • \n
  • \n Latin
      \n
    • \n French
      • \n
    • \n Hispanic
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n American Cordillera
    • \n
  • \n Ring of Fire
    • \n
  • \n LAC
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Regions of Oceania
\n Australasia \n
    \n
  • \n Gulf of Carpentaria
    • \n
  • \n New Guinea
      \n
    • \n Bonis Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Papuan Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Huon Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Huon Gulf
      • \n
    • \n Bird 's Head Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Gazelle Peninsula
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
      \n
    • \n South Island
      • \n
    • \n North Island
        \n
      • \n Coromandel Peninsula
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Zealandia
    • \n
  • \n New Caledonia
    • \n
  • \n Solomon Islands ( archipelago )
    • \n
  • \n Vanuatu
      \n
    • \n Kula Gulf
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Australia
      \n
    • \n Capital Country
      • \n
    • \n Eastern Australia
      • \n
    • \n Lake Eyre basin
      • \n
    • \n Murray -- Darling basin
      • \n
    • \n Northern Australia
      • \n
    • \n Nullarbor Plain
      • \n
    • \n Outback
      • \n
    • \n Southern Australia
        \n
      • \n Maralinga
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Sunraysia
      • \n
    • \n Great Victoria Desert
      • \n
    • \n Gulf of Carpentaria
      • \n
    • \n Gulf St Vincent
      • \n
    • \n Lefevre Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Fleurieu Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Yorke Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Eyre Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Mornington Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Bellarine Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Mount Henry Peninsula
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Melanesia \n
    \n
  • \n Islands Region
      \n
    • \n Bismarck Archipelago
      • \n
    • \n Solomon Islands Archipelago
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Fiji
    • \n
  • \n New Caledonia
    • \n
  • \n Papua New Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Vanuatu
    • \n
\n
\n Micronesia \n
    \n
  • \n Caroline Islands
      \n
    • \n Federated States of Micronesia
      • \n
    • \n Palau
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Guam
    • \n
  • \n Kiribati
    • \n
  • \n Marshall Islands
    • \n
  • \n Nauru
    • \n
  • \n Northern Mariana Islands
    • \n
  • \n Wake Island
    • \n
\n
\n Polynesia \n
    \n
  • \n Easter Island
    • \n
  • \n Hawaiian Islands
    • \n
  • \n Cook Islands
    • \n
  • \n French Polynesia
      \n
    • \n Austral Islands
      • \n
    • \n Gambier Islands
      • \n
    • \n Marquesas Islands
      • \n
    • \n Society Islands
      • \n
    • \n Tuamotu
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Kermadec Islands
    • \n
  • \n Mangareva Islands
    • \n
  • \n Samoa
    • \n
  • \n Tokelau
    • \n
  • \n Tonga
    • \n
  • \n Tuvalu
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Ring of Fire
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Regions of South America
\n East \n
    \n
  • \n Amazon basin
    • \n
  • \n Atlantic Forest
    • \n
  • \n Caatinga
    • \n
  • \n Cerrado
    • \n
\n
\n North \n
    \n
  • \n Caribbean South America
    • \n
  • \n West Indies
    • \n
  • \n Los Llanos
    • \n
  • \n The Guianas
    • \n
  • \n Amazon basin
      \n
    • \n Amazon rainforest
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Paria
    • \n
  • \n Paria Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Paraguan\u00e1 Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Orinoco Delta
    • \n
\n
\n South \n
    \n
  • \n Tierra del Fuego
    • \n
  • \n Patagonia
    • \n
  • \n Pampas
    • \n
  • \n Pantanal
    • \n
  • \n Gran Chaco
    • \n
  • \n Chiquitano dry forests
    • \n
  • \n Valdes Peninsula
    • \n
\n
\n West \n
    \n
  • \n Andes
      \n
    • \n Tropical Andes
      • \n
    • \n Wet Andes
      • \n
    • \n Dry Andes
      • \n
    • \n Pariacaca mountain range
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Altiplano
    • \n
  • \n Atacama Desert
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Latin
    • \n
  • \n Hispanic
    • \n
  • \n American Cordillera
    • \n
  • \n Ring of Fire
    • \n
  • \n LAC
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Polar regions
\n Antarctic \n
    \n
  • \n Antarctic Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n East Antarctica
    • \n
  • \n West Antarctica
    • \n
  • \n Eklund Islands
    • \n
  • \n Ecozone
    • \n
  • \n Extreme points
    • \n
  • \n Islands
    • \n
\n
\n Arctic \n
    \n
  • \n Arctic Alaska
    • \n
  • \n British Arctic Territories
    • \n
  • \n Canadian Arctic Archipelago
    • \n
  • \n Finnmark
    • \n
  • \n Greenland
    • \n
  • \n Northern Canada
    • \n
  • \n Northwest Territories
    • \n
  • \n Nunavik
    • \n
  • \n Nunavut
    • \n
  • \n Russian Arctic
    • \n
  • \n Sakha
    • \n
  • \n S\u00e1pmi
    • \n
  • \n Yukon
    • \n
  • \n North American Arctic
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Earth 's oceans and seas
\n Arctic Ocean \n
    \n
  • \n Amundsen Gulf
    • \n
  • \n Barents Sea
    • \n
  • \n Beaufort Sea
    • \n
  • \n Chukchi Sea
    • \n
  • \n East Siberian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Greenland Sea
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Boothia
    • \n
  • \n Kara Sea
    • \n
  • \n Laptev Sea
    • \n
  • \n Lincoln Sea
    • \n
  • \n Prince Gustav Adolf Sea
    • \n
  • \n Pechora Sea
    • \n
  • \n Queen Victoria Sea
    • \n
  • \n Wandel Sea
    • \n
  • \n White Sea
    • \n
\n
\n Atlantic Ocean \n
    \n
  • \n Adriatic Sea
    • \n
  • \n Aegean Sea
    • \n
  • \n Alboran Sea
    • \n
  • \n Archipelago Sea
    • \n
  • \n Argentine Sea
    • \n
  • \n Baffin Bay
    • \n
  • \n Balearic Sea
    • \n
  • \n Baltic Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Biscay
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Bothnia
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Campeche
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Fundy
    • \n
  • \n Black Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bothnian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Caribbean Sea
    • \n
  • \n Celtic Sea
    • \n
  • \n English Channel
    • \n
  • \n Foxe Basin
    • \n
  • \n Greenland Sea
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Bothnia
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Finland
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Lion
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Maine
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Saint Lawrence
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Sidra
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Venezuela
    • \n
  • \n Hudson Bay
    • \n
  • \n Ionian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Irish Sea
    • \n
  • \n Irminger Sea
    • \n
  • \n James Bay
    • \n
  • \n Labrador Sea
    • \n
  • \n Levantine Sea
    • \n
  • \n Libyan Sea
    • \n
  • \n Ligurian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Marmara Sea
    • \n
  • \n Mediterranean Sea
    • \n
  • \n Myrtoan Sea
    • \n
  • \n North Sea
    • \n
  • \n Norwegian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Sargasso Sea
    • \n
  • \n Sea of \u00c5land
    • \n
  • \n Sea of Azov
    • \n
  • \n Sea of Crete
    • \n
  • \n Sea of the Hebrides
    • \n
  • \n Thracian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Tyrrhenian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Wadden Sea
    • \n
\n
\n Indian Ocean \n
    \n
  • \n Andaman Sea
    • \n
  • \n Arabian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bali Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Bengal
    • \n
  • \n Flores Sea
    • \n
  • \n Great Australian Bight
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Aden
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Aqaba
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Khambhat
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Kutch
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Oman
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Suez
    • \n
  • \n Java Sea
    • \n
  • \n Laccadive Sea
    • \n
  • \n Mozambique Channel
    • \n
  • \n Persian Gulf
    • \n
  • \n Red Sea
    • \n
  • \n Timor Sea
    • \n
\n
\n Pacific Ocean \n
    \n
  • \n Arafura Sea
    • \n
  • \n Banda Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bering Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bismarck Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bohai Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bohol Sea
    • \n
  • \n Camotes Sea
    • \n
  • \n Celebes Sea
    • \n
  • \n Ceram Sea
    • \n
  • \n Chilean Sea
    • \n
  • \n Coral Sea
    • \n
  • \n East China Sea
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Alaska
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Anadyr
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of California
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Carpentaria
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Fonseca
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Panama
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Thailand
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Tonkin
    • \n
  • \n Halmahera Sea
    • \n
  • \n Koro Sea
    • \n
  • \n Mar de Grau
    • \n
  • \n Molucca Sea
    • \n
  • \n Moro Gulf
    • \n
  • \n Philippine Sea
    • \n
  • \n Salish Sea
    • \n
  • \n Savu Sea
    • \n
  • \n Sea of Japan
    • \n
  • \n Sea of Okhotsk
    • \n
  • \n Seto Inland Sea
    • \n
  • \n Shantar Sea
    • \n
  • \n Sibuyan Sea
    • \n
  • \n Solomon Sea
    • \n
  • \n South China Sea
    • \n
  • \n Sulu Sea
    • \n
  • \n Tasman Sea
    • \n
  • \n Visayan Sea
    • \n
  • \n Yellow Sea
    • \n
\n
\n Southern Ocean \n
    \n
  • \n Amundsen Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bellingshausen Sea
    • \n
  • \n Cooperation Sea
    • \n
  • \n Cosmonauts Sea
    • \n
  • \n Davis Sea
    • \n
  • \n D'Urville Sea
    • \n
  • \n King Haakon VII Sea
    • \n
  • \n Lazarev Sea
    • \n
  • \n Mawson Sea
    • \n
  • \n Riiser - Larsen Sea
    • \n
  • \n Ross Sea
    • \n
  • \n Scotia Sea
    • \n
  • \n Somov Sea
    • \n
  • \n Weddell Sea
    • \n
\n
\n Landlocked seas \n
    \n
  • \n Aral Sea
    • \n
  • \n Caspian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Dead Sea
    • \n
  • \n Salton Sea
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Articles related to Sub-Saharan Africa
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n History of Africa
\n Sovereign states \n
    \n
  • \n Algeria
    • \n
  • \n Angola
    • \n
  • \n Benin
    • \n
  • \n Botswana
    • \n
  • \n Burkina Faso
    • \n
  • \n Burundi
    • \n
  • \n Cameroon
    • \n
  • \n Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde )
    • \n
  • \n Central African Republic
    • \n
  • \n Chad
    • \n
  • \n Comoros
    • \n
  • \n Democratic Republic of the Congo
    • \n
  • \n Republic of the Congo
    • \n
  • \n Djibouti
    • \n
  • \n Egypt
    • \n
  • \n Equatorial Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Eritrea
    • \n
  • \n Ethiopia
    • \n
  • \n Gabon
    • \n
  • \n The Gambia
    • \n
  • \n Ghana
    • \n
  • \n Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Guinea - Bissau
    • \n
  • \n Ivory Coast ( C\u00f4te d'Ivoire )
    • \n
  • \n Kenya
    • \n
  • \n Lesotho
    • \n
  • \n Liberia
    • \n
  • \n Libya
    • \n
  • \n Madagascar
    • \n
  • \n Malawi
    • \n
  • \n Mali
    • \n
  • \n Mauritania
    • \n
  • \n Mauritius
    • \n
  • \n Morocco
    • \n
  • \n Mozambique
    • \n
  • \n Namibia
    • \n
  • \n Niger
    • \n
  • \n Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Rwanda
    • \n
  • \n S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe
    • \n
  • \n Senegal
    • \n
  • \n Seychelles
    • \n
  • \n Sierra Leone
    • \n
  • \n Somalia
    • \n
  • \n South Africa
    • \n
  • \n South Sudan
    • \n
  • \n Sudan
    • \n
  • \n Swaziland
    • \n
  • \n Tanzania
    • \n
  • \n Togo
    • \n
  • \n Tunisia
    • \n
  • \n Uganda
    • \n
  • \n Zambia
    • \n
  • \n Zimbabwe
    • \n
\n
\n States with limited recognition \n
    \n
  • \n Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
    • \n
  • \n Somaliland
    • \n
\n
\n Dependencies and other territories \n
    \n
  • \n Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain )
    • \n
  • \n Madeira ( Portugal )
    • \n
  • \n Mayotte / R\u00e9union ( France )
    • \n
  • \n Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom )
    • \n
  • \n Western Sahara
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Geography of Africa
\n Sovereign states \n
    \n
  • \n Algeria
    • \n
  • \n Angola
    • \n
  • \n Benin
    • \n
  • \n Botswana
    • \n
  • \n Burkina Faso
    • \n
  • \n Burundi
    • \n
  • \n Cameroon
    • \n
  • \n Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde )
    • \n
  • \n Central African Republic
    • \n
  • \n Chad
    • \n
  • \n Comoros
    • \n
  • \n Democratic Republic of the Congo
    • \n
  • \n Republic of the Congo
    • \n
  • \n Djibouti
    • \n
  • \n Egypt
    • \n
  • \n Equatorial Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Eritrea
    • \n
  • \n Ethiopia
    • \n
  • \n Gabon
    • \n
  • \n The Gambia
    • \n
  • \n Ghana
    • \n
  • \n Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Guinea - Bissau
    • \n
  • \n Ivory Coast ( C\u00f4te d'Ivoire )
    • \n
  • \n Kenya
    • \n
  • \n Lesotho
    • \n
  • \n Liberia
    • \n
  • \n Libya
    • \n
  • \n Madagascar
    • \n
  • \n Malawi
    • \n
  • \n Mali
    • \n
  • \n Mauritania
    • \n
  • \n Mauritius
    • \n
  • \n Morocco
    • \n
  • \n Mozambique
    • \n
  • \n Namibia
    • \n
  • \n Niger
    • \n
  • \n Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Rwanda
    • \n
  • \n S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe
    • \n
  • \n Senegal
    • \n
  • \n Seychelles
    • \n
  • \n Sierra Leone
    • \n
  • \n Somalia
    • \n
  • \n South Africa
    • \n
  • \n South Sudan
    • \n
  • \n Sudan
    • \n
  • \n Swaziland
    • \n
  • \n Tanzania
    • \n
  • \n Togo
    • \n
  • \n Tunisia
    • \n
  • \n Uganda
    • \n
  • \n Zambia
    • \n
  • \n Zimbabwe
    • \n
\n
\n States with limited recognition \n
    \n
  • \n Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
    • \n
  • \n Somaliland
    • \n
\n
\n Dependencies and other territories \n
    \n
  • \n Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain )
    • \n
  • \n Madeira ( Portugal )
    • \n
  • \n Mayotte / R\u00e9union ( France )
    • \n
  • \n Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom )
    • \n
  • \n Western Sahara
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Languages of Africa
\n Sovereign states \n
    \n
  • \n Algeria
    • \n
  • \n Angola
    • \n
  • \n Benin
    • \n
  • \n Botswana
    • \n
  • \n Burkina Faso
    • \n
  • \n Burundi
    • \n
  • \n Cameroon
    • \n
  • \n Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde )
    • \n
  • \n Central African Republic
    • \n
  • \n Chad
    • \n
  • \n Comoros
    • \n
  • \n Democratic Republic of the Congo
    • \n
  • \n Republic of the Congo
    • \n
  • \n Djibouti
    • \n
  • \n Egypt
    • \n
  • \n Equatorial Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Eritrea
    • \n
  • \n Ethiopia
    • \n
  • \n Gabon
    • \n
  • \n The Gambia
    • \n
  • \n Ghana
    • \n
  • \n Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Guinea - Bissau
    • \n
  • \n Ivory Coast ( C\u00f4te d'Ivoire )
    • \n
  • \n Kenya
    • \n
  • \n Lesotho
    • \n
  • \n Liberia
    • \n
  • \n Libya
    • \n
  • \n Madagascar
    • \n
  • \n Malawi
    • \n
  • \n Mali
    • \n
  • \n Mauritania
    • \n
  • \n Mauritius
    • \n
  • \n Morocco
    • \n
  • \n Mozambique
    • \n
  • \n Namibia
    • \n
  • \n Niger
    • \n
  • \n Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Rwanda
    • \n
  • \n S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe
    • \n
  • \n Senegal
    • \n
  • \n Seychelles
    • \n
  • \n Sierra Leone
    • \n
  • \n Somalia
    • \n
  • \n South Africa
    • \n
  • \n South Sudan
    • \n
  • \n Sudan
    • \n
  • \n Swaziland
    • \n
  • \n Tanzania
    • \n
  • \n Togo
    • \n
  • \n Tunisia
    • \n
  • \n Uganda
    • \n
  • \n Zambia
    • \n
  • \n Zimbabwe
    • \n
\n
\n States with limited recognition \n
    \n
  • \n Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
    • \n
  • \n Somaliland
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sub-Saharan_Africa&oldid=837052513 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n More

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "which biome is characteristic of central sub saharan africa nearest the equator", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Kylo Ren - wikipedia

\n Kylo Ren

\n Jump to : navigation , search `` Kylo '' redirects here . For the web browser , see Kylo ( web browser ) . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Kylo Ren Ben Solo
\n Star Wars character
\n Kylo Ren 's costume displayed on a mannequin
\n First appearance \n The Force Awakens ( 2015 )
\n Created by \n
    \n
  • \n Lawrence Kasdan
    • \n
  • \n J.J. Abrams
    • \n
  • \n Michael Arndt
    • \n
\n
\n Portrayed by \n Adam Driver
\n Voiced by \n Adam Driver ( Disney Infinity 3.0 , Lego Star Wars : The Force Awakens , Lego Star Wars : The Resistance Rises ) Matthew Wood ( Star Wars Battlefront II ) Roger Craig Smith ( Star Wars Battlefront II )
\n Information
\n Full name \n Ben Solo
\n Species \n Human
\n Gender \n Male
\n Occupation \n
    \n
  • \n Supreme Leader of the First Order
    • \n
  • \n Master of the Knights of Ren
    • \n
  • \n Former Jedi Padawan
    • \n
\n
\n Affiliation \n
    \n
  • \n First Order
    • \n
  • \n Knights of Ren
    • \n
  • \n New Jedi Order ( formerly )
    • \n
\n
\n Family \n
    \n
  • \n Han Solo ( father )
    • \n
  • \n Leia Organa ( mother )
    • \n
\n
\n Relatives \n
    \n
  • \n Luke Skywalker ( maternal uncle )
    • \n
  • \n Anakin Skywalker ( maternal grandfather )
    • \n
  • \n Padm\u00e9 Amidala ( maternal grandmother )
    • \n
  • \n Bail Organa ( adopted maternal grandfather )
    • \n
  • \n Breha Organa ( adopted maternal grandmother )
    • \n
  • \n Shmi Skywalker ( maternal great - grandmother )
    • \n
\n
\n Homeworld \n Chandrila
\n

\n Kylo Ren is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise . Introduced in the 2015 film Star Wars : The Force Awakens , he is portrayed by Adam Driver . Kylo Ren is the chosen name of Ben Solo , the son of original Star Wars trilogy characters Han Solo and Leia Organa . Though trained by his uncle Luke Skywalker as a Jedi , he has been seduced to the dark side of the Force by Supreme Leader Snoke and aspires to be as powerful as his grandfather , Darth Vader . Kylo Ren is also the master of the Knights of Ren , as well as a commander and later the supreme leader of the First Order , an organization spawned from the fallen Galactic Empire . He is featured in The Force Awakens media and merchandising and appears in the film 's sequel , Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Concept and creation ( edit )

\n

\n After Lucasfilm was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2012 , the script for The Force Awakens was written by Lawrence Kasdan , J.J. Abrams and Michael Arndt , with no direct participation from Star Wars creator George Lucas . According to director Abrams , the First Order is inspired by ODESSA , a theoretical network of SS officers who fled to Argentina following World War II .

\n

\n Driver 's casting in the film in an unnamed role was first announced on April 29 , 2014 . Kylo Ren was first seen , but still not named , in the 88 - second The Force Awakens teaser trailer released by Lucasfilm on November 28 , 2014 , wielding a jagged red lightsaber with a crossguard . The name Kylo Ren was revealed by Entertainment Weekly in a Lucasfilm - designed Topps - style trading card mockup in December 2014 . A May 2015 Vanity Fair photo shoot by Annie Leibovitz confirmed that Driver would be portraying Kylo .

\n

\n In an interview with Time , The Force Awakens costume designer Michael Kaplan said that Abrams requested that Ren 's mask be designed to be memorable for a child . After numerous attempts to gain Abrams ' approval , the final design was selected . Kaplan said :

\n

\n I do n't know if it was the kind of spaghetti type lines on it or what , but the next time J.J. came by that was what we presented to him and he loved it . Also the silver in those lines kind of reflects and changes color with the action . You know , if he 's standing in front of fire you see that , so it almost brings you into the mask .

\n

\n Abrams told Entertainment Weekly in August 2015 , `` The movie explains the origins of the mask and where it 's from , but the design was meant to be a nod to the Vader mask . ''

\n

\n According to other cast members , Driver is a method actor , which meant that he sometimes stayed in character on set as Ren and left his mask on between scenes . Driver explained that his goal was `` to forget you 're in Star Wars and treat it like any other job that 's filled with moments and problems '' , because from the perspective of the characters living within the film 's universe , `` Darth Vader is real '' .

\n

\n Ren 's character arc shares similarities with that of the Star Wars expanded universe character Jacen Solo , the son of Han Solo and Princess Leia who threatens the galaxy as a fallen Jedi . Additionally , critics have noted a resemblance between Ren 's character design and that of Revan , the protagonist of Knights of the Old Republic .

\n

\n Character ( edit )

\n

\n Abrams told Empire in August 2015 , `` Kylo Ren is not a Sith . He works under Supreme Leader Snoke , who is a powerful figure on the Dark Side of the Force . '' Abrams had previously told Entertainment Weekly that the character , `` came to the name Kylo Ren when he joined a group called the Knights of Ren . '' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph described Ren as `` a hot - headed , radicalised Dark Side jihadi , whose red lightsaber splutters and crackles as violently as his temper '' . Abrams noted , `` The lightsaber is something that he built himself , and is as dangerous and as fierce and as ragged as the character . '' The Telegraph also explains that Ren 's wild and erratic temper and `` angsty '' instability make him dangerous . Melissa Leon of The Daily Beast describes Ren 's use of the Force as `` formidable '' , citing his ability to stop a blaster shot mid-air , immobilize victims and probe their minds against their will .

\n

\n Kasdan told Entertainment Weekly in August 2015 , `` I 've written four Star Wars movies now , and there 's never been a character quite like the one that Adam plays . I think you 're going to see something that 's brand new to the saga , '' noting that the character is `` full of emotion '' . Abrams explained , `` I think that what makes Ren so unique is that he is n't as fully formed as when we meet a character such as Darth Vader ... He is not your prototypical mustache - twirling bad guy . He is a little bit more complex than that . '' Driver said in December 2015 that , despite the visual similarities to Darth Vader , Ren is `` unlike any villain the franchise has seen before '' . He explained :

\n

\n I feel there 's a recklessness about him that 's maybe not normally associated with the Dark Side . You normally think of order , and structure , and full commitment and no hesitation ... he 's just a little bit more unpolished . It 's in his costume , in his lightsaber -- how you kind of get the sense that it could just not work at any moment ; that it could just blow up . That 's kind of like a big metaphor for him .

\n

\n Appearances ( edit )

\n Model of Kylo 's cross-bladed lightsaber on display at Star Wars Launch Bay at Disney 's Hollywood Studios ( 2015 ) .

\n Feature films ( edit )

\n The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Force Awakens

\n Kylo Ren first appears in The Force Awakens as the commander of the First Order , a sinister regime that has risen from the remains of the old Galactic Empire . After arriving at Jakku to retrieve a map containing the coordinates for the location of Luke Skywalker , Ren kills an old vicar known as Lor San Tekka and captures Resistance pilot Poe Dameron , who has also been sent to recover the map by General Leia Organa . Ren soon learns that the pilot had entrusted his astromech droid , BB - 8 , with the map . Poe flees with the help of rogue stormtrooper Finn , who later finds BB - 8 , and the scavenger Rey . Finn , Rey , and BB - 8 escape Jakku in the Millennium Falcon , and are soon intercepted by the ship 's former owner , Han Solo , and his co-pilot Chewbacca .

\n

\n It is revealed that Ren is the son of Han and Leia , and was once one of Luke 's Jedi pupils . He was drawn to the dark side of the Force by the First Order 's Supreme Leader Snoke . He then helped to destroy his uncle Luke 's new Jedi Academy . However , Ren still feels the pull of the light side of the Force and seeks the strength to overcome this weakness from his grandfather Darth Vader , whose burnt helmet is in Ren 's possession . Arriving at the Maz Kanata castle , Ren captures Rey , who he senses has seen the map . While interrogating her with the Force , he realizes that she is strong with the Force herself , though unaware of it . Rey finds herself able to experience Ren 's emotions and confronts him on his fear that he will never be as powerful as Vader . She later uses the `` Jedi mind trick '' to compel her stormtrooper guard to let her escape . Han arrives at the First Order 's battle station , Starkiller Base , as part of the Resistance 's plan to destroy it .

\n

\n After Han plants explosives to destroy the base , he confronts Ren , calling him by his real name , Ben , and implores him to abandon the dark side , warning him that Snoke will kill him once he accomplishes his goal to seize control of the galaxy . Ren refuses and kills his father , enraging Chewbacca , Han 's copilot , who fires , injuring Ren . As Finn and Rey flee the damaged base , a badly injured Ren follows and confronts them . Finn fights Ren with Luke 's recovered lightsaber , but Ren overpowers and severely wounds him . Rey then takes up the lightsaber and , using the Force , begins to overcome Ren , as well as striking him on the face with the lightsaber , leaving Ren with a scar on the right side of his face . Before the duel is finished , they are separated by a seismic fissure created by the collapsing base . Rey and the others escape as Snoke orders General Hux to evacuate the base and bring Ren to him to complete his training .

\n The last Jedi ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Star Wars : The Last Jedi

\n Ren 's inner conflict continues into The Last Jedi , specifically through his conversations with Rey , with whom he connects through the Force . Rey believes that his conflict will ultimately bring him back to the light side . Ren captures her and brings her before Snoke , who orders Ren to kill her . However , Ren uses the Force to ignite a lightsaber at Snoke 's side and cut him in half , killing him . Ren beseeches Rey to join him in creating a new order , separate from the legacies created by Snoke and Luke . When Rey refuses , Ren declares himself Supreme Leader of the First Order , and orders his forces to attack the Resistance base on Crait . Ren engages Luke in battle and appears to blow him up and cut him in half , but Luke remains standing ; `` Luke '' is revealed to be simply a vision projected from the real Luke on Ahch - To , serving as a distraction which allows the Resistance to escape from the First Order . When Luke vanishes , the First Order storms the base , but Resistance has already evacuated ; he shares a final look with Rey through the Force before Rey closes the door to the Millennium Falcon and escapes with the Resistance .

\n

\n Related works and promotional material ( edit )

\n

\n He is a playable character in the 2015 Force Awakens add - on to the Disney Infinity 3.0 video game , with an Infinity character figurine available separately . He is also a character in the strategy video game Star Wars : Force Arena .

\n

\n Hasbro has released a 3 \u2044 - inch ( 9.5 cm ) Kylo Ren action figure , and a 6 - inch ( 15 cm ) figure in their Black Series line . He is also featured in the Lego Star Wars playsets Kylo Ren 's Command Shuttle ( 2015 ) and Battle on Takodana ( 2016 ) , as well as a Lego Buildable Figure . The Lego version of Kylo also appears in the 2016 short form animated series Lego Star Wars : The Resistance Rises .

\n

\n In January 2016 , Driver reprised the role for a Star Wars / Undercover Boss sketch on Saturday Night Live , with Kylo Ren disguising himself as a radar technician named `` Matt '' to determine what the Starkiller Base employees really think of him .

\n

\n Kylo Ren appears in Star Wars Battlefront II , voiced by Matthew Wood and Roger Craig Smith , masked and unmasked respectively . In the game , Kylo interrogates Del Meeko about Lor San Tekka 's location ( who possess the map to Luke Skywalker ) using his Force abilities . When Del finally relents and reveals the map and Lor San Tekka 's location , Kylo leaves him for Hask , Del 's former comrade in Inferno Squad .

\n

\n Novels ( edit )

\n

\n Kylo Ren is a point of view character in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Alan Dean Foster .

\n

\n In the 2017 Chuck Wendig novel Star Wars : Aftermath : Empire 's End , Ben Solo is stated as having been born on the planet Chandrila on the same day as a peace treaty is signed between the remnants of the Empire and the New Galactic Republic . Kylo Ren is additionally mentioned in the 2017 novel Star Wars : Phasma .

\n

\n Reception ( edit )

\n Adam Driver received positive reviews for his performance as Kylo Ren .

\n Both the character of Kylo Ren and Driver 's performance have been positively received . Many complimented Ren 's conflicted nature and depth , as well as his costume design , and noted there were many places the character could be taken in future installments . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised the character and the actor alike , saying , `` He is gorgeously cruel , spiteful and capricious -- and unlike the Vader of old , he is given to petulant temper tantrums , with his lightsaber drawn . '' Terri Schwartz of IGN also called Driver 's performance `` spectacular '' , noting that `` his performance adds great depth to a character who could have come off as one - dimensional , and the implications of his arc leave a viewer with plenty to think about after they leave the theater . '' Collin wrote , `` To describe Kylo Ren as this film 's Vader would be accurate in a sense ... But it would also be to undersell the deep ingenuity with which this astonishing character has been crafted by Abrams , Kasdan and Arndt , and also the wells of emotional tumult Driver invests in him . '' Comparing the character to the one - note Vader of the 1977 film , Leon calls Ren `` a living battleground between darkness and light , making him a far more resonant and familiar portrayal of that struggle than we 've ever seen in Star Wars ... ( which ) makes him a far more interesting villain . '' Abrams told Entertainment Weekly , `` it was a great joy to work with Adam Driver on this role , because he threw himself into it in a deep and remarkable way . '' Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter noted , `` Ren is given a pronounced inferiority complex , a clever bad guy twist that could be taken to interesting places both in the writing and performance . '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote , `` The bald - faced attempt to clone Vader , one of the greatest badasses in film history , is clankingly obvious , but Driver , masked and unmasked , gives him hypnotic and haunting contours . '' Kyle Buchanan of Vulture.com was underwhelmed by the reveal of Driver under the mask . Leon , however , argued :

\n

\n But that face -- that of a normal , vulnerable young man -- is the most subversively terrifying thing about J. J. Abrams ' reimagining of A New Hope . Rather than pure evil , Ren is something far more familiar : He is human . Just like the real - life young men with minds clouded by fear , hate , and anger who commit unspeakable acts in our world every day ... all the visual cues that leave the character open to criticisms of not being `` evil '' enough -- are all signs of Ren 's struggle between the Dark Side and the Light .

\n

\n Driver won a 2016 Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal . In January 2018 , Kylo was voted seventh greatest movie villain of all time by the readers of Empire .

\n

\n Family tree ( edit )

\n Main article : Solo family \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Skywalker family tree
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n Aika Lars \n \n \n \n Cliegg Lars \n \n Shmi Skywalker \n \n \n Jobal Naberrie \n \n \n \n Ruwee Naberrie
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Beru Whitesun \n \n \n \n Owen Lars \n \n \n \n \n Anakin Skywalker \n \n \n \n \n \n Padm\u00e9 Amidala \n \n \n \n Bail Organa \n \n Breha Organa
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Luke Skywalker \n \n Leia Organa \n \n \n \n Han Solo
\n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Ben Solo \n
\n
\n
\n References :
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Hidalgo , Pablo ( 2016 ) . Star Wars Character Encyclopedia : Updated and Expanded .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Databank : Cliegg Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Databank : Shmi Skywalker Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) and Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 )
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Databank : Beru Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Databank : Owen Lars '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Databank : Anakin Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Databank : Darth Vader '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Databank : Padm\u00e9 Amidala '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Databank : Bail Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa , as established in Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Databank : Luke Skywalker '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) , Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son , Ben Skywalker .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Databank : Princess Leia Organa '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : The Force Awakens. 2015 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe ( Legends ) continuity , Han and Leia have three children : Jaina , Jacen and Anakin Solo .
    18. \n
\n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Wendig , Chuck ( 2017 ) . Star Wars : Aftermath : Empire 's End . Del Rey . ISBN 9781101966976 . What is known is this : The child 's name is Ben , and he takes his father 's last name , even as Leia keeps only her own family name , Organa .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( Little Golden Book ) . Golden Books . April 12 , 2016 . ISBN 9780736434911 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Dennis , Catrina ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Legacy of My Mother : 5 Women Who Changed the Star Wars Galaxy '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Dyer , James ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` JJ Abrams Spills Details On Kylo Ren '' . Empire . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode VII Cast Announced '' . StarWars.com. April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Watch the Incredible Star Wars : The Force Awakens Trailer '' . Rolling Stone . November 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Lewis , Andy ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Trailer Report : Star Wars Teaser Beats Age of Ultron In Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Kain , Erik ( November 29 , 2014 ) . `` 5 Reasons The New Star Wars Trailer Was The Perfect First Look At The Force Awakens '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( November 28 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars The Force Awakens trailer : 5 things we 've learned from the EPIC Episode VII trailer '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Gilman , Greg ( November 29 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars : Episode VII -- The Force Awakens Trailer Unmasks a Stormtrooper , Teases Villain '' . TheWrap . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens character names revealed ( in coolest way possible ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Digital Trading Cards '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2015 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Driver 's and Lupita Nyong'o's Characters Revealed in Exclusive Star Wars : The Force Awakens Photos '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` How Kylo Ren 's Terrifying Mask Was Designed to Be Unforgettable to Kids '' . Time . December 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 .
    15. \n
  15. \n ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : Kylo Ren 's shroud is pulled back at last , but ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : Hiatt , Brian ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars Strikes Back : Behind the Scenes of the Biggest Movie of the Year '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ McMillan , Graeme ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` How the Abandoned Star Wars Expanded Universe Inspired Force Awakens '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Bouie , Jamelle ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` How The Force Awakens Remixes the Star Wars Expanded Universe '' . Slate . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Kendrick , Ben ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars 7 : Kylo Ren Backstory Explained '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 20 , 2015 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Saavedra , John ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Easter Eggs and Reference Guide ( Kylo Ren / Ben Solo and the Knights of Ren ) '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Dickens , Donna ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Kylo Ren Looks An Awful Lot Like This Other Star Wars Character '' . HitFix . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Chung , Frank ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Who is the new Star Wars villain ? '' . News.com.au . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 .
    23. \n
  23. \n ^ Jump up to : Collin , Robbie ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens review : ' the magic is back ' '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` 14 things Star Wars fans will love about The Force Awakens '' . The Telegraph . December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 .
    25. \n
  25. \n ^ Jump up to : Leon , Melissa ( December 27 , 2015 ) . `` Emo Kylo Ren : Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' Polarizing Villain '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 .
    26. \n
  26. \n ^ Jump up to : Hawkes , Rebecca ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Adam Driver : why Kylo Ren is nothing like Vader '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Robertson , Andy ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Infinity : The Force Awakens Dated , Adds Kylo Ren And Poe Dameron '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Valdes , Giancarlo ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Infinity 's Star Wars : The Force Awakens lets John Boyega play with himself '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Play Set for Disney Infinity 3.0 Edition Now Available '' . StarWars.com . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Infinity adds to Force Awakens experience '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Compendio , Chris ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Kylo Ren and Rey Finally Join Mobile Game Star Wars : Force Arena '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Spry , Jeff ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Leaked peek at Hasbro 's Kylo Ren , Captain Phasma and 10 more The Force Awakens action figures '' . Blastr . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Myatt , D. Martin . `` 03 Kylo Ren from Hasbro 's The Black Series '' . Rebelscum.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` 75104 - 1 : Kylo Ren 's Command Shuttle '' . Brickset.com. 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` Minifigs : sw663 : Kylo Ren ( 75104 ) '' . Brickset.com. 2015 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` 75139 - 1 : Battle on Takodana '' . Brickset.com. 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Minifigs : sw717 : Kylo Ren ( 75139 ) '' . Brickset.com. 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` 75117 - 1 : Kylo Ren '' . Brickset.com. 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Force Awakens characters to appear in new LEGO Star Wars series '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 23 , 2016 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` LEGO Star Wars : The Resistance Rises to Debut on Disney XD February 15 '' . Oh My Disney . February 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Watercutter , Angela ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` This New Animated Lego Star Wars Short Looks Legit '' . Wired . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Poe Dameron Stages a Daring Rescue in the First The Force Awakens Lego Short '' . io9 . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ McGee , Ryan ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Adam Driver on ' SNL ' : 3 Sketches You Have to See '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Mroz , Guillaume ( @ guillaume_mroz ) ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry , incomplete information : Matthew Woods : Masked Kylo Ren Roger Craig Smith : Unmasked Kylo Ren '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 -- via Twitter .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Foster , Alan Dean ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter I '' . The Force Awakens ( e-book ) . ISBN 9781101965504 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Trendacosta , Katharine ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` Everything That Aftermath : Empire 's End Reveals About the New Star Wars Universe '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Review ( Or How I Might Just Like Kylo Ren ) '' . thebiglead.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Force Awakens Thrilling If Not Familiar Adventure '' . thereeldeal.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` What Happened To Kylo Ren After The Force Awakens ? The Villian Could Make A Return '' . Bustle.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens review -- ' a spectacular homecoming ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 22 December 2015 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens : Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Buchanan , Kyle ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Let 's Discuss the Ending of Star Wars : The Force Awakens '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Cohen , David S. ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` The Force Awakens Rings Up Eight Saturn Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Agar , Chris ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Kylo Ren Voted Seventh - Greatest Movie Villain '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 .
    57. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kylo Ren .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Star Wars characters
\n
    \n
  • \n List of The Clone Wars characters
    • \n
  • \n List of Rebels characters
    • \n
  • \n List of Legends characters
    • \n
\n
\n Characters \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Canon \n
    \n
  • \n Admiral Ackbar
    • \n
  • \n Padm\u00e9 Amidala
    • \n
  • \n Cassian Andor
    • \n
  • \n Wedge Antilles
    • \n
  • \n Cad Bane
    • \n
  • \n Darth Bane
    • \n
  • \n BB - 8
    • \n
  • \n Jar Jar Binks
    • \n
  • \n C - 3PO
    • \n
  • \n Lando Calrissian
    • \n
  • \n Chewbacca
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Connix
    • \n
  • \n Poe Dameron
    • \n
  • \n Count Dooku
    • \n
  • \n Jyn Erso
    • \n
  • \n Boba Fett
    • \n
  • \n Jango Fett
    • \n
  • \n Finn
    • \n
  • \n Saw Gerrera
    • \n
  • \n Greedo
    • \n
  • \n Tag Greenley
    • \n
  • \n General Grievous
    • \n
  • \n Jabba the Hutt
    • \n
  • \n General Hux
    • \n
  • \n Kanan Jarrus
    • \n
  • \n Qui - Gon Jinn
    • \n
  • \n K - 2SO
    • \n
  • \n Maz Kanata
    • \n
  • \n Obi - Wan Kenobi
    • \n
  • \n Orson Krennic
    • \n
  • \n Princess Leia
    • \n
  • \n Darth Maul
    • \n
  • \n Nien Nunb
    • \n
  • \n Bink Otauna
    • \n
  • \n Palpatine
    • \n
  • \n Captain Phasma
    • \n
  • \n Admiral Piett
    • \n
  • \n R2 - D2
    • \n
  • \n Kylo Ren
    • \n
  • \n Rey
    • \n
  • \n Captain Rex
    • \n
  • \n Bodhi Rook
    • \n
  • \n Bail Organa
    • \n
  • \n Luke Skywalker
    • \n
  • \n Supreme Leader Snoke
    • \n
  • \n Han Solo
    • \n
  • \n Ahsoka Tano
    • \n
  • \n Grand Moff Tarkin
    • \n
  • \n Grand Admiral Thrawn
    • \n
  • \n Rose Tico
    • \n
  • \n Darth Vader
    • \n
  • \n Asajj Ventress
    • \n
  • \n Iden Versio
    • \n
  • \n Watto
    • \n
  • \n Wicket W. Warrick
    • \n
  • \n Mace Windu
    • \n
  • \n Yoda
    • \n
\n
\n Legends \n
    \n
  • \n Mara Jade
    • \n
  • \n Kyle Katarn
    • \n
  • \n KOTOR characters
      \n
    • \n HK - 47
      • \n
    • \n Kreia
      • \n
    • \n Revan
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Starkiller
    • \n
  • \n Jacen Solo
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Organizations \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Force - users \n
    \n
  • \n Jedi
    • \n
  • \n Sith
    • \n
\n
\n Military \n
    \n
  • \n Battle droid
    • \n
  • \n Clone trooper
    • \n
  • \n Stormtrooper
    • \n
  • \n Rogue Squadron
    • \n
\n
\n Families \n
    \n
  • \n Skywalker family
    • \n
  • \n Solo family
    • \n
\n
\n Bands \n
    \n
  • \n Figrin D'an and the Modal Nodes
    • \n
  • \n Max Rebo Band
    • \n
\n
\n Species \n
    \n
  • \n Bantha
    • \n
  • \n Ewok
    • \n
  • \n Hutt
    • \n
  • \n Sarlacc
    • \n
  • \n Tusken Raiders
    • \n
  • \n Wookiees
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Droid
    • \n
  • \n Mandalorian
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kylo_Ren&oldid=822171546 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where does kylo ren's name come from", "long_answers": ["Abrams told Empire in August 2015 , `` Kylo Ren is not a Sith . He works under Supreme Leader Snoke , who is a powerful figure on the Dark Side of the Force . '' Abrams had previously told Entertainment Weekly that the character , `` came to the name Kylo Ren when he joined a group called the Knights of Ren . '' Robbie Collin of The Telegraph described Ren as `` a hot - headed , radicalised Dark Side jihadi , whose red lightsaber splutters and crackles as violently as his temper '' . Abrams noted , `` The lightsaber is something that he built himself , and is as dangerous and as fierce and as ragged as the character . '' The Telegraph also explains that Ren 's wild and erratic temper and `` angsty '' instability make him dangerous . Melissa Leon of The Daily Beast describes Ren 's use of the Force as `` formidable '' , citing his ability to stop a blaster shot mid-air , immobilize victims and probe their minds against their will .\n", "Kylo Ren is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise . Introduced in the 2015 film Star Wars : The Force Awakens , he is portrayed by Adam Driver . Kylo Ren is the chosen name of Ben Solo , the son of original Star Wars trilogy characters Han Solo and Leia Organa . Though trained by his uncle Luke Skywalker as a Jedi , he has been seduced to the dark side of the Force by Supreme Leader Snoke and aspires to be as powerful as his grandfather , Darth Vader . Kylo Ren is also the master of the Knights of Ren , as well as a commander and later the supreme leader of the First Order , an organization spawned from the fallen Galactic Empire . He is featured in The Force Awakens media and merchandising and appears in the film 's sequel , Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) .\n"], "short_answers": ["the character , `` came to the name Kylo Ren when he joined a group called the Knights of Ren . ''\n"]} {"text": "OPEC - wikipedia

\n OPEC

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC )
\n Flag
\n
\n Headquarters \n Vienna , Austria
\n Official language \n English
\n Type \n International cartel
\n Membership \n 14 states ( May 2017 ) ( show )
    \n
  • \n Algeria
    • \n
  • \n Angola
    • \n
  • \n Ecuador
    • \n
  • \n Equatorial Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Gabon
    • \n
  • \n Iran *
    • \n
  • \n Iraq *
    • \n
  • \n Kuwait *
    • \n
  • \n Libya
    • \n
  • \n Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Qatar
    • \n
  • \n Saudi Arabia *
    • \n
  • \n United Arab Emirates
    • \n
  • \n Venezuela *
    • \n
  • \n * founding member
    • \n
\n
\n Leaders
\n Secretary General \n Mohammed Barkindo
\n Establishment \n Baghdad , Iraq
\n Statute \n September 1960
\n In effect \n January 1961
\n Currency \n Indexed as USD per barrel ( US $ / bbl )
\n Website OPEC.org
\n

\n Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC , / \u02c8o\u028ap\u025bk / OH - pek , or OPEP in several other languages ) is an intergovernmental organization of 14 nations as of February 2018 , founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members ( Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , and Venezuela ) , and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna , Austria . As of 2016 , the 14 countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 73 percent of the world 's `` proven '' oil reserves , giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by American - dominated multinational oil companies .

\n

\n OPEC 's stated mission is `` to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets , in order to secure an efficient , economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers , a steady income to producers , and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry . '' The organization is also a significant provider of information about the international oil market . As of May 2017 , OPEC 's members are Algeria , Angola , Ecuador , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Libya , Nigeria , Qatar , Saudi Arabia ( the de facto leader ) , United Arab Emirates , and Venezuela , while Indonesia is a former member . Two - thirds of OPEC 's oil production and reserves are in its six Middle Eastern countries that surround the oil - rich Persian Gulf .

\n

\n The formation of OPEC marked a turning point toward national sovereignty over natural resources , and OPEC decisions have come to play a prominent role in the global oil market and international relations . The effect can be particularly strong when wars or civil disorders lead to extended interruptions in supply . In the 1970s , restrictions in oil production led to a dramatic rise in oil prices and OPEC 's revenue and wealth , with long - lasting and far - reaching consequences for the global economy . In the 1980s , OPEC started setting production targets for its member nations ; and generally when the production targets are reduced , oil prices increase , most recently from the organization 's 2008 and 2016 decisions to trim oversupply .

\n

\n Economists often cite OPEC as a textbook example of a cartel that cooperates to reduce market competition , but whose consultations are protected by the doctrine of state immunity under international law . In December 2014 , `` OPEC and the oil men '' ranked as # 3 on Lloyd 's list of `` the top 100 most influential people in the shipping industry '' . However , their influence on international trade is periodically challenged by the expansion of non-OPEC energy sources , and by the recurring temptation for individual OPEC countries to exceed production ceilings and pursue conflicting self - interests .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Membership ( edit )

\n

\n Current member countries ( edit )

\n

\n As of May 2017 , OPEC has 14 member countries : six in the Middle East ( Western Asia ) , six in Africa , and two in South America . According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) , OPEC 's combined rate of oil production ( including gas condensate ) represented 44 percent of the world 's total in 2016 , and OPEC accounted for 73 percent of the world 's `` proven '' oil reserves , including 48 percent from just the six Middle Eastern members :

\n

\n Approval of a new member country requires agreement by three - quarters of OPEC 's existing members , including all five of the founders . In October 2015 , Sudan formally submitted an application to join , but it is not yet a member .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Country \n Region \n Membership Years \n Population ( 2016 est . ) \n Area ( km ) \n Oil Production ( bbl / day , 2016 ) \n Proven Reserves ( bbl , 2016 )
\n Algeria \n North Africa \n 1969 -- \n 40,606,052 \n 2,381,740 \n 1,348,361 \n 12,200,000,000
\n Angola \n Southern Africa \n 2007 -- \n 28,813,463 \n 1,246,700 \n 1,769,615 \n 8,423,000,000
\n Ecuador \n South America \n 1973 -- 1992 , 2007 -- \n 16,385,068 \n 283,560 \n 548,421 \n 8,273,000,000
\n Equatorial Guinea \n Central Africa \n 2017 -- \n 1,221,490 \n 28,051 \n 227,000 \n 1,100,000,000
\n Gabon \n Central Africa \n 1975 -- 1995 , 2016 -- \n 1,979,786 \n 267,667 \n 210,820 \n 2,000,000,000
\n Iran \n Middle East \n 1960 -- \n 80,277,428 \n 1,648,000 \n 3,990,956 \n 157,530,000,000
\n Iraq \n Middle East \n 1960 -- \n 37,202,572 \n 437,072 \n 4,451,516 \n 143,069,000,000
\n Kuwait \n Middle East \n 1960 -- \n 4,052,584 \n 17,820 \n 2,923,825 \n 101,500,000,000
\n Libya \n North Africa \n 1962 -- \n 6,293,253 \n 1,759,540 \n 384,686 \n 48,363,000,000
\n Nigeria \n West Africa \n 1971 -- \n 185,989,640 \n 923,768 \n 1,999,885 \n 37,070,000,000
\n Qatar \n Middle East \n 1961 -- \n 2,569,804 \n 11,437 \n 1,522,902 \n 25,244,000,000
\n Saudi Arabia \n Middle East \n 1960 -- \n 32,275,687 \n 2,149,690 \n 10,460,710 \n 266,578,000,000
\n United Arab Emirates \n Middle East \n 1967 -- \n 9,269,612 \n 83,600 \n 3,106,077 \n 97,800,000,000
\n Venezuela \n South America \n 1960 -- \n 31,568,179 \n 912,050 \n 2,276,967 \n 299,953,000,000
\n OPEC Total \n 478,498,000 \n 12,150,695 \n 35,221,740 \n 1,209,103,000,000
\n World Total \n 7,618,511,000 \n 510,072,000 \n 80,622,287 \n 1,650,585,000,000
\n OPEC Percent \n 6 % \n 2 % \n 44 % \n 73 %
\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : One petroleum barrel ( bbl ) is approximately 42 U.S. gallons , or 159 liters , or 0.159 m , varying slightly with temperature . To put the production numbers in context , a supertanker typically holds 2,000,000 barrels ( 320,000 m ) , and the world 's current production rate would take approximately 56 years to exhaust the world 's current proven reserves .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : The five founding members attended the first OPEC conference in September 1960 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ The UAE was founded in December 1971 . Its OPEC membership originated with the Emirate of Abu Dhabi .
    4. \n
\n

\n Lapsed members ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Country \n Region \n Membership Years \n Population ( 2016 est . ) \n Area ( km ) \n Oil Production ( bbl / day , 2016 ) \n Proven Reserves ( bbl , 2016 )
\n Indonesia \n Southeast Asia \n 1962 -- 2008 , Jan - Nov 2016 \n 261,115,456 \n 1,904,569 \n 833,667 \n 3,692,500,000
\n

\n For countries that export petroleum at relatively low volume , their limited negotiating power as OPEC members would not necessarily justify the burdens imposed by OPEC production quotas and membership costs . Ecuador withdrew from OPEC in December 1992 , because it was unwilling to pay the annual US $2 million membership fee and felt that it needed to produce more oil than it was allowed under its OPEC quota at the time , although it rejoined in October 2007 . Similar concerns prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995 ; it rejoined in July 2016 . In May 2008 , Indonesia announced that it would leave OPEC when its membership expired at the end of that year , having become a net importer of oil and being unable to meet its production quota . It rejoined the organization in January 2016 , but announced another `` temporary suspension '' of its membership at year - end when OPEC requested a 5 percent production cut .

\n

\n Some commentators consider that the United States was a de facto member of OPEC during its formal occupation of Iraq , due to its leadership of the Coalition Provisional Authority in 2003 -- 2004 . But this is not borne out by the minutes of OPEC meetings , as no US representative attended in an official capacity .

\n

\n Observers ( edit )

\n

\n Since the 1980s , representatives from Egypt , Mexico , Norway , Oman , Russia , and other oil - exporting nations have attended many OPEC meetings as observers . This arrangement serves as an informal mechanism for coordinating policies .

\n

\n Leadership and decision - Making ( edit )

\n OPEC Conference delegates at Swissotel , Quito , Ecuador , December 2010 See also : List of Secretaries General of OPEC

\n The OPEC Conference is the supreme authority of the organization , and consists of delegations normally headed by the oil ministers of member countries . The chief executive of the organization is the OPEC Secretary General . The Conference ordinarily meets at the Vienna headquarters , at least twice a year and in additional extraordinary sessions when necessary . It generally operates on the principles of unanimity and `` one member , one vote '' , with each country paying an equal membership fee into the annual budget . However , since Saudi Arabia is by far the largest and most - profitable oil exporter in the world , with enough capacity to function as the traditional swing producer to balance the global market , it serves as `` OPEC 's de facto leader '' .

\n

\n International cartel ( edit )

\n

\n At various times , OPEC members have displayed apparent anti-competitive cartel behavior through the organization 's agreements about oil production and price levels . In fact , economists often cite OPEC as a textbook example of a cartel that cooperates to reduce market competition , as in this definition from OECD 's Glossary of Industrial Organisation Economics and Competition Law :

\n

\n International commodity agreements covering products such as coffee , sugar , tin and more recently oil ( OPEC : Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ) are examples of international cartels which have publicly entailed agreements between different national governments .

\n

\n OPEC members strongly prefer to describe their organization as a modest force for market stabilization , rather than a powerful anti-competitive cartel . In its defense , the organization was founded as a counterweight against the previous `` Seven Sisters '' cartel of multinational oil companies , and non-OPEC energy suppliers have maintained enough market share for a substantial degree of worldwide competition . Moreover , because of an economic `` prisoner 's dilemma '' that encourages each member nation individually to discount its price and exceed its production quota , widespread cheating within OPEC often erodes its ability to influence global oil prices through collective action .

\n

\n OPEC has not been involved in any disputes related to the competition rules of the World Trade Organization , even though the objectives , actions , and principles of the two organizations diverge considerably . A key US District Court decision held that OPEC consultations are protected as `` governmental '' acts of state by the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act , and are therefore beyond the legal reach of US competition law governing `` commercial '' acts . Despite popular sentiment against OPEC , legislative proposals to limit the organization 's sovereign immunity , such as the NOPEC Act , have so far been unsuccessful .

\n

\n Conflicts ( edit )

\n

\n OPEC often has difficulty agreeing on policy decisions because its member countries differ widely in their oil export capacities , production costs , reserves , geological features , population , economic development , budgetary situations , and political circumstances . Indeed , over the course of market cycles , oil reserves can themselves become a source of serious conflict , instability and imbalances , in what economists call the `` natural resource curse '' . A further complication is that religion - linked conflicts in the Middle East are recurring features of the geopolitical landscape for this oil - rich region . Internationally important conflicts in OPEC 's history have included the Six - Day War ( 1967 ) , Yom Kippur War ( 1973 ) , a hostage siege directed by Palestinian militants ( 1975 ) , the Iranian Revolution ( 1979 ) , Iran -- Iraq War ( 1980 -- 1988 ) , Iraqi occupation of Kuwait ( 1990 -- 1991 ) , September 11 attacks by mostly Saudi hijackers ( 2001 ) , American occupation of Iraq ( 2003 -- 2011 ) , Conflict in the Niger Delta ( 2004 -- present ) , Arab Spring ( 2010 -- 2012 ) , Libyan Crisis ( 2011 -- present ) , and international Embargo against Iran ( 2012 -- 2016 ) . Although events such as these can temporarily disrupt oil supplies and elevate prices , the frequent disputes and instabilities tend to limit OPEC 's long - term cohesion and effectiveness .

\n

\n Market Information ( edit )

\n

\n As one area in which OPEC members have been able to cooperate productively over the decades , the organization has significantly improved the quality and quantity of information available about the international oil market . This is especially helpful for a natural - resource industry whose smooth functioning requires months and years of careful planning .

\n

\n Publications and research ( edit )

\n Logo for JODI , in which OPEC is a founding member

\n In April 2001 , OPEC collaborated with five other international organizations ( APEC , Eurostat , IEA , OLADE ( es ) , UNSD ) to improve the availability and reliability of oil data . They launched the Joint Oil Data Exercise , which in 2005 was joined by IEF and renamed the Joint Organisations Data Initiative ( JODI ) , covering more than 90 percent of the global oil market . GECF joined as an eighth partner in 2014 , enabling JODI also to cover nearly 90 percent of the global market for natural gas .

\n

\n Since 2007 , OPEC has published the `` World Oil Outlook '' ( WOO ) annually , in which it presents a comprehensive analysis of the global oil industry including medium - and long - term projections for supply and demand . OPEC also produces an `` Annual Statistical Bulletin '' ( ASB ) , and publishes more - frequent updates in its `` Monthly Oil Market Report '' ( MOMR ) and `` OPEC Bulletin '' .

\n

\n Crude oil benchmarks ( edit )

\n Sulfur content and API gravity of different types of crude oil See also : Benchmark ( crude oil )

\n A `` crude oil benchmark '' is a standardized petroleum product that serves as a convenient reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil , including standardized contracts in major futures markets since 1983 . Benchmarks are used because oil prices differ ( usually by a few dollars per barrel ) based on variety , grade , delivery date and location , and other legal requirements .

\n

\n The OPEC Reference Basket of Crudes has been an important benchmark for oil prices since 2000 . It is calculated as a weighted average of prices for petroleum blends from the OPEC member countries : Saharan Blend ( Algeria ) , Girassol ( Angola ) , Oriente ( Ecuador ) , Rabi Light ( Gabon ) , Iran Heavy ( Islamic Republic of Iran ) , Basra Light ( Iraq ) , Kuwait Export ( Kuwait ) , Es Sider ( Libya ) , Bonny Light ( Nigeria ) , Qatar Marine ( Qatar ) , Arab Light ( Saudi Arabia ) , Murban ( UAE ) , and Merey ( Venezuela ) .

\n

\n North Sea Brent Crude Oil is the leading benchmark for Atlantic basin crude oils , and is used to price approximately two - thirds of the world 's traded crude oil . Other well - known benchmarks are West Texas Intermediate ( WTI ) , Dubai Crude , Oman Crude , and Urals oil .

\n

\n Spare capacity ( edit )

\n

\n The US Energy Information Administration , the statistical arm of the US Department of Energy , defines spare capacity for crude oil market management `` as the volume of production that can be brought on within 30 days and sustained for at least 90 days ... OPEC spare capacity provides an indicator of the world oil market 's ability to respond to potential crises that reduce oil supplies . ''

\n

\n In November 2014 , the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) estimated that OPEC 's `` effective '' spare capacity , adjusted for ongoing disruptions in countries like Libya and Nigeria , was 3.5 million barrels per day ( 560,000 m / d ) and that this number would increase to a peak in 2017 of 4.6 million barrels per day ( 730,000 m / d ) . By November 2015 , the IEA changed its assessment `` with OPEC 's spare production buffer stretched thin , as Saudi Arabia -- which holds the lion 's share of excess capacity -- and its ( Persian ) Gulf neighbours pump at near - record rates . ''

\n

\n History and impact ( edit )

\n

\n Post-WWII situation ( edit )

\n

\n In 1949 , Venezuela and Iran took the earliest steps in the direction of OPEC , by inviting Iraq , Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to improve communication among petroleum - exporting nations as the world recovered from World War II . At the time , some of the world 's largest oil fields were just entering production in the Middle East . The United States had established the Interstate Oil Compact Commission to join the Texas Railroad Commission in limiting overproduction . The US was simultaneously the world 's largest producer and consumer of oil ; and the world market was dominated by a group of multinational companies known as the `` Seven Sisters '' , five of which were headquartered in the US following the breakup of John D. Rockefeller 's original Standard Oil monopoly . Oil - exporting countries were eventually motivated to form OPEC as a counterweight to this concentration of political and economic power .

\n

\n 1959 -- 1960 anger from exporting countries ( edit )

\n

\n In February 1959 , as new supplies were becoming available , the multinational oil companies ( MOCs ) unilaterally reduced their posted prices for Venezuelan and Middle Eastern crude oil by 10 percent . Weeks later , the Arab League 's first Arab Petroleum Congress convened in Cairo , Egypt , where the influential journalist Wanda Jablonski introduced Saudi Arabia 's Abdullah Tariki to Venezuela 's observer Juan Pablo P\u00e9rez Alfonzo , representing the two then - largest oil - producing nations outside the United States and the Soviet Union . Both oil ministers were angered by the price cuts , and the two led their fellow delegates to establish the Maadi Pact or Gentlemen 's Agreement , calling for an `` Oil Consultation Commission '' of exporting countries , to which MOCs should present price - change plans . Jablonski reported a marked hostility toward the West and a growing outcry against `` absentee landlordism '' of the MOCs , which at the time controlled all oil operations within the exporting countries and wielded enormous political influence . In August 1960 , ignoring the warnings , and with the US favoring Canadian and Mexican oil for strategic reasons , the MOCs again unilaterally announced significant cuts in their posted prices for Middle Eastern crude oil .

\n

\n 1960 -- 1975 founding and expansion ( edit )

\n OPEC headquarters in Vienna ( 2009 building )

\n The following month , during 10 -- 14 September 1960 , the Baghdad Conference was held at the initiative of Tariki , P\u00e9rez Alfonzo , and Iraqi prime minister Abd al - Karim Qasim , whose country had skipped the 1959 congress . Government representatives from Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia and Venezuela met in Baghdad to discuss ways to increase the price of crude oil produced by their countries , and ways to respond to unilateral actions by the MOCs . Despite strong US opposition : `` Together with Arab and non-Arab producers , Saudi Arabia formed the Organization of Petroleum Export Countries ( OPEC ) to secure the best price available from the major oil corporations . '' The Middle Eastern members originally called for OPEC headquarters to be in Baghdad or Beirut , but Venezuela argued for a neutral location , and so the organization chose Geneva , Switzerland . On 1 September 1965 , OPEC moved to Vienna , Austria , after Switzerland declined to extend diplomatic privileges .

\n

\n During 1961 -- 1975 , the five founding nations were joined by Qatar ( 1961 ) , Indonesia ( 1962 -- 2008 , rejoined 2014 - 2016 ) , Libya ( 1962 ) , United Arab Emirates ( originally just the Emirate of Abu Dhabi , 1967 ) , Algeria ( 1969 ) , Nigeria ( 1971 ) , Ecuador ( 1973 -- 1992 , rejoined 2007 ) , and Gabon ( 1975 -- 1994 , rejoined 2016 ) . By the early 1970s , OPEC 's membership accounted for more than half of worldwide oil production . Indicating that OPEC is not averse to further expansion , Mohammed Barkindo , OPEC 's Acting Secretary General in 2006 , urged his African neighbors Angola and Sudan to join , and Angola did in 2007 , followed by Equatorial Guinea in 2017 . Since the 1980s , representatives from Egypt , Mexico , Norway , Oman , Russia , and other oil - exporting nations have attended many OPEC meetings as observers , as an informal mechanism for coordinating policies .

\n

\n 1973 -- 1974 oil embargo ( edit )

\n An undersupplied US gasoline station , closed during the oil embargo in 1973 Main article : 1973 oil crisis

\n In October 1973 , the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OAPEC , consisting of the Arab majority of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria ) declared significant production cuts and an oil embargo against the United States and other industrialized nations that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War . A previous embargo attempt was largely ineffective in response to the Six - Day War in 1967 . However , in 1973 , the result was a sharp rise in oil prices and OPEC revenues , from US $3 / bbl to US $12 / bbl , and an emergency period of energy rationing , intensified by panic reactions , a declining trend in US oil production , currency devaluations , and a lengthy UK coal - miners dispute . For a time , the UK imposed an emergency three - day workweek . Seven European nations banned non-essential Sunday driving . US gas stations limited the amount of gasoline that could be dispensed , closed on Sundays , and restricted the days when gasoline could be purchased , based on license plate numbers . Even after the embargo ended in March 1974 following intense diplomatic activity , prices continued to rise . The world experienced a global economic recession , with unemployment and inflation surging simultaneously , steep declines in stock and bond prices , major shifts in trade balances and petrodollar flows , and a dramatic end to the post-WWII economic boom .

\n

\n The 1973 -- 1974 oil embargo had lasting effects on the United States and other industrialized nations , which established the International Energy Agency in response , as well as national emergency stockpiles designed to withstand months of future supply disruptions . Oil conservation efforts included lower speed limits on highways , smaller and more energy - efficient cars and appliances , year - round daylight saving time , reduced usage of heating and air - conditioning , better insulation , increased support of mass transit , and greater emphasis on coal , natural gas , ethanol , nuclear and other alternative energy sources . These long - term efforts became effective enough that US oil consumption would rise only 11 percent during 1980 -- 2014 , while real GDP rose 150 percent . But in the 1970s , OPEC nations demonstrated convincingly that their oil could be used as both a political and economic weapon against other nations , at least in the short term .

\n

\n 1975 -- 1980 Special Fund , now OFID ( edit )

\n Main article : OPEC Fund for International Development

\n OPEC 's international aid activities date from well before the 1973 -- 1974 oil price surge . For example , the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development has operated since 1961 .

\n

\n In the years after 1973 , as an example of so - called `` checkbook diplomacy '' , certain Arab nations have been among the world 's largest providers of foreign aid , and OPEC added to its goals the selling of oil for the socio - economic growth of poorer nations . The OPEC Special Fund was conceived in Algiers , Algeria , in March 1975 , and was formally established the following January . `` A Solemn Declaration ' reaffirmed the natural solidarity which unites OPEC countries with other developing countries in their struggle to overcome underdevelopment , ' and called for measures to strengthen cooperation between these countries ... ( The OPEC Special Fund 's ) resources are additional to those already made available by OPEC states through a number of bilateral and multilateral channels . '' The Fund became an official international development agency in May 1980 and was renamed the OPEC Fund for International Development ( OFID ) , with Permanent Observer status at the United Nations .

\n

\n 1975 hostage siege ( edit )

\n Main article : OPEC siege

\n On 21 December 1975 , Saudi Arabia 's Ahmed Zaki Yamani , Iran 's Jamshid Amuzegar , and the other OPEC oil ministers were taken hostage at their semi-annual conference in Vienna , Austria . The attack , which killed three non-ministers , was orchestrated by a six - person team led by Venezuelan terrorist `` Carlos the Jackal '' , and which included Gabriele Kr\u00f6cher - Tiedemann and Hans - Joachim Klein . The self - named `` Arm of the Arab Revolution '' group declared its goal to be the liberation of Palestine . Carlos planned to take over the conference by force and hold for ransom all eleven attending oil ministers , except for Yamani and Amuzegar who were to be executed .

\n

\n Carlos arranged bus and plane travel for his team and 42 of the original 63 hostages , with stops in Algiers and Tripoli , planning to fly eventually to Baghdad , where Yamani and Amuzegar were to be killed . All 30 non-Arab hostages were released in Algiers , excluding Amuzegar . Additional hostages were released at another stop in Tripoli before returning to Algiers . With only 10 hostages remaining , Carlos held a phone conversation with Algerian President Houari Boum\u00e9dienne , who informed Carlos that the oil ministers ' deaths would result in an attack on the plane . Boum\u00e9dienne must also have offered Carlos asylum at this time and possibly financial compensation for failing to complete his assignment . Carlos expressed his regret at not being able to murder Yamani and Amuzegar , then he and his comrades left the plane . All the hostages and terrorists walked away from the situation , two days after it began .

\n

\n Some time after the attack , Carlos 's accomplices revealed that the operation was commanded by Wadie Haddad , a founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine . They also claimed that the idea and funding came from an Arab president , widely thought to be Muammar al - Gaddafi of Libya , itself an OPEC member . Fellow militants Bassam Abu Sharif and Klein claimed that Carlos received and kept a ransom between US $20 million and US $50 million from `` an Arab president '' . Carlos claimed that Saudi Arabia paid ransom on behalf of Iran , but that the money was `` diverted en route and lost by the Revolution '' . He was finally captured in 1994 and is serving life sentences for at least 16 other murders .

\n

\n 1979 -- 1980 oil Crisis and 1980s oil glut ( edit )

\n Fluctuations of OPEC net oil export revenues since 1972 Main articles : 1979 oil crisis and 1980s oil glut

\n In response to a wave of oil nationalizations and the high prices of the 1970s , industrial nations took steps to reduce their dependence on OPEC oil , especially after prices reached new peaks approaching US $40 / bbl in 1979 -- 1980 when the Iranian Revolution and Iran -- Iraq War disrupted regional stability and oil supplies . Electric utilities worldwide switched from oil to coal , natural gas , or nuclear power ; national governments initiated multibillion - dollar research programs to develop alternatives to oil ; and commercial exploration developed major non-OPEC oilfields in Siberia , Alaska , the North Sea , and the Gulf of Mexico . By 1986 , daily worldwide demand for oil dropped by 5 million barrels , non-OPEC production rose by an even - larger amount , and OPEC 's market share sank from approximately 50 percent in 1979 to less than 30 percent in 1985 . Illustrating the volatile multi-year timeframes of typical market cycles for natural resources , the result was a six - year decline in the price of oil , which culminated by plunging more than half in 1986 alone . As one oil analyst summarized succinctly : `` When the price of something as essential as oil spikes , humanity does two things : finds more of it and finds ways to use less of it . ''

\n

\n To combat falling revenue from oil sales , in 1982 Saudi Arabia pressed OPEC for audited national production quotas in an attempt to limit output and boost prices . When other OPEC nations failed to comply , Saudi Arabia first slashed its own production from 10 million barrels daily in 1979 -- 1981 to just one - third of that level in 1985 . When even this proved ineffective , Saudi Arabia reversed course and flooded the market with cheap oil , causing prices to fall below US $10 / bbl and higher - cost producers to become unprofitable . Faced with increasing economic hardship ( which ultimately contributed to the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989 ) , the `` free - riding '' oil exporters that had previously failed to comply with OPEC agreements finally began to limit production to shore up prices , based on painstakingly negotiated national quotas that sought to balance oil - related and economic criteria since 1986 . ( Within their sovereign - controlled territories , the national governments of OPEC members are able to impose production limits on both government - owned and private oil companies . ) Generally when OPEC production targets are reduced , oil prices increase .

\n

\n 1990 -- 2003 ample supply and modest disruptions ( edit )

\n See also : 1990 oil price shock One of the hundreds of Kuwaiti oil fires set by retreating Iraqi troops in 1991 Fluctuations of Brent crude oil price , 1988 -- 2015

\n Leading up to his August 1990 Invasion of Kuwait , Iraqi President Saddam Hussein was pushing OPEC to end overproduction and to send oil prices higher , in order to help OPEC members financially and to accelerate rebuilding from the 1980 -- 1988 Iran -- Iraq War . But these two Iraqi wars against fellow OPEC founders marked a low point in the cohesion of the organization , and oil prices subsided quickly after the short - term supply disruptions . The September 2001 Al Qaeda attacks on the US and the March 2003 US invasion of Iraq had even milder short - term impacts on oil prices , as Saudi Arabia and other exporters again cooperated to keep the world adequately supplied .

\n

\n In the 1990s , OPEC lost its two newest members , who had joined in the mid-1970s . Ecuador withdrew in December 1992 , because it was unwilling to pay the annual US $2 million membership fee and felt that it needed to produce more oil than it was allowed under the OPEC quota , although it rejoined in October 2007 . Similar concerns prompted Gabon to suspend membership in January 1995 ; it rejoined in July 2016 . Iraq has remained a member of OPEC since the organization 's founding , but Iraqi production was not a part of OPEC quota agreements from 1998 to 2016 , due to the country 's daunting political difficulties .

\n

\n Lower demand triggered by the 1997 -- 1998 Asian financial crisis saw the price of oil fall back to 1986 levels . After oil slumped to around US $10 / bbl , joint diplomacy achieved a gradual slowing of oil production by OPEC , Mexico and Norway .

\n

\n In June 2003 , the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) and OPEC held their first joint workshop on energy issues . They have continued to meet regularly since then , `` to collectively better understand trends , analysis and viewpoints and advance market transparency and predictability . ''

\n

\n 2003 -- 2011 volatility ( edit )

\n See also : Oil price increases of 2003 -- 2008

\n Widespread insurgency and sabotage occurred during the 2003 -- 2008 height of the American occupation of Iraq , coinciding with rapidly increasing oil demand from China and commodity - hungry investors , recurring violence against the Nigerian oil industry , and dwindling spare capacity as a cushion against potential shortages . This combination of forces prompted a sharp rise in oil prices to levels far higher than those previously targeted by OPEC . Price volatility reached an extreme in 2008 , as WTI crude oil surged to a record US $147 / bbl in July and then plunged back to US $32 / bbl in December , during the worst global recession since World War II . OPEC 's annual oil export revenue also set a new record in 2008 , estimated around US $1 trillion , and reached similar annual rates in 2011 -- 2014 ( along with extensive petrodollar recycling activity ) before plunging again . By the time of the 2011 Libyan Civil War and Arab Spring , OPEC started issuing explicit statements to counter `` excessive speculation '' in oil futures markets , blaming financial speculators for increasing volatility beyond market fundamentals .

\n

\n In May 2008 , Indonesia announced that it would leave OPEC when its membership expired at the end of that year , having become a net importer of oil and being unable to meet its production quota . A statement released by OPEC on 10 September 2008 confirmed Indonesia 's withdrawal , noting that OPEC `` regretfully accepted the wish of Indonesia to suspend its full membership in the organization , and recorded its hope that the country would be in a position to rejoin the organization in the not - too - distant future . ''

\n

\n 2008 production dispute ( edit )

\n Countries by net oil exports ( 2008 )

\n The differing economic needs of OPEC member states often affect the internal debates behind OPEC production quotas . Poorer members have pushed for production cuts from fellow members , to increase the price of oil and thus their own revenues . These proposals conflict with Saudi Arabia 's stated long - term strategy of being a partner with the world 's economic powers to ensure a steady flow of oil that would support economic expansion . Part of the basis for this policy is the Saudi concern that overly expensive oil or unreliable supply will drive industrial nations to conserve energy and develop alternative fuels , curtailing the worldwide demand for oil and eventually leaving unneeded barrels in the ground . To this point , Saudi Oil Minister Yamani famously remarked in 1973 : `` The Stone Age did n't end because we ran out of stones . ''

\n

\n On 10 September 2008 , with oil prices still near US $100 / bbl , a production dispute occurred when the Saudis reportedly walked out of a negotiating session where rival members voted to reduce OPEC output . Although Saudi delegates officially endorsed the new quotas , they stated anonymously that they would not observe them . The New York Times quoted one such delegate as saying : `` Saudi Arabia will meet the market 's demand . We will see what the market requires and we will not leave a customer without oil . The policy has not changed . '' Over the next few months , oil prices plummeted into the $30 s , and did not return to $100 until the Libyan Civil War in 2011 .

\n

\n 2014 -- 2017 oil glut ( edit )

\n See also : 2010s oil glut Countries by oil production ( 2013 ) Top oil - producing countries ( million barrels per day , 1973 -- 2016 ) Gusher well in Saudi Arabia : conventional source of OPEC production Shale `` fracking '' in the US : important new challenge to OPEC market share

\n During 2014 -- 2015 , OPEC members consistently exceeded their production ceiling , and China experienced a slowdown in economic growth . At the same time , US oil production nearly doubled from 2008 levels and approached the world - leading `` swing producer '' volumes of Saudi Arabia and Russia , due to the substantial long - term improvement and spread of shale `` fracking '' technology in response to the years of record oil prices . These developments led in turn to a plunge in US oil import requirements ( moving closer to energy independence ) , a record volume of worldwide oil inventories , and a collapse in oil prices that continued into early 2016 .

\n

\n In spite of global oversupply , on 27 November 2014 in Vienna , Saudi Oil Minister Ali Al - Naimi blocked appeals from poorer OPEC members for production cuts to support prices . Naimi argued that the oil market should be left to rebalance itself competitively at lower price levels , strategically rebuilding OPEC 's long - term market share by ending the profitability of high - cost US shale oil production . As he explained in an interview :

\n

\n Is it reasonable for a highly efficient producer to reduce output , while the producer of poor efficiency continues to produce ? That is crooked logic . If I reduce , what happens to my market share ? The price will go up and the Russians , the Brazilians , US shale oil producers will take my share ... We want to tell the world that high - efficiency producing countries are the ones that deserve market share . That is the operative principle in all capitalist countries ... One thing is for sure : Current prices ( roughly US $60 / bbl ) do not support all producers .

\n

\n A year later , when OPEC met in Vienna on 4 December 2015 , the organization had exceeded its production ceiling for 18 consecutive months , US oil production had declined only slightly from its peak , world markets appeared to be oversupplied by at least 2 million barrels per day despite war - torn Libya pumping 1 million barrels below capacity , oil producers were making major adjustments to withstand prices as low as the $40 s , Indonesia was rejoining the export organization , Iraqi production had surged after years of disorder , Iranian output was poised to rebound with the lifting of international sanctions , hundreds of world leaders at the Paris Climate Agreement were committing to limit carbon emissions from fossil fuels , and solar technologies were becoming steadily more competitive and prevalent . In light of all these market pressures , OPEC decided to set aside its ineffective production ceiling until the next ministerial conference in June 2016 . By 20 January 2016 , the OPEC Reference Basket was down to US $22.48 / bbl -- less than one - fourth of its high from June 2014 ( $110.48 ) , less than one - sixth of its record from July 2008 ( $140.73 ) , and back below the April 2003 starting point ( $23.27 ) of its historic run - up .

\n

\n As 2016 continued , the oil glut was partially trimmed with significant production offline in the US , Canada , Libya , Nigeria and China , and the basket price gradually rose back into the $40 s . OPEC regained a modest percentage of market share , saw the cancellation of many competing drilling projects , maintained the status quo at its June conference , and endorsed `` prices at levels that are suitable for both producers and consumers '' , although many producers were still experiencing serious economic difficulties .

\n

\n 2017 - 2018 production cut ( edit )

\n

\n As OPEC members grew weary of a multi-year supply contest with diminishing returns and shrinking financial reserves , the organization finally attempted its first production cut since 2008 . Despite many political obstacles , a September 2016 decision to trim approximately 1 million barrels per day was codified by a new quota agreement at the November 2016 OPEC conference . The agreement ( which exempted disruption - ridden members Libya and Nigeria ) covered the first half of 2017 -- alongside promised reductions from Russia and ten other non-members , offset by expected increases in the US shale sector , Libya , Nigeria , spare capacity , and surging late - 2016 OPEC production before the cuts took effect . Indonesia announced another `` temporary suspension '' of its OPEC membership , rather than accepting the organization 's requested 5 percent production cut . Prices fluctuated around US $50 / bbl , and OPEC in May 2017 decided to extend the new quotas through March 2018 , with the world waiting to see if and how the oil inventory glut might be fully siphoned - off by then . Longtime oil analyst Daniel Yergin `` described the relationship between OPEC and shale as ' mutual coexistence ' , with both sides learning to live with prices that are lower than they would like . ''

\n

\n In December 2017 , Russia and OPEC agreed to extend the production cut of 1.8 million barrels / day until the end of 2018 .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Glossary of Industrial Organisation Economics and Competition Law '' ( PDF ) . OECD. 1993 . p. 19 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Member Countries '' . OPEC . Retrieved 29 January 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC 172nd Meeting concludes '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 25 May 2017 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Our Mission '' . OPEC . Retrieved 16 February 2013 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Most Influential People in the Shipping Industry : 3 . OPEC and the oil men '' . Lloyd 's List . 12 December 2014 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Production of Crude Oil including Lease Condensate 2016 '' ( CVS download ) . US Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 28 May 2017 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Crude Oil Proved Reserves 2016 '' ( CVS download ) . U.S. Energy Information Administration . Retrieved 28 May 2017 .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Statute '' ( PDF ) . OPEC . 2012 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Sudan awaiting decision on its OPEC membership application : minister '' . Sudan Tribune . 22 October 2015 .
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Field Listing : Area '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 4 January 2009 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Hayler , William B. ; Keever , John M. ( 2003 ) . American Merchant Seaman 's Manual . Cornell Maritime Press . p. 14.3 . ISBN 0 - 87033 - 549 - 9 .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Ecuador Set to Leave OPEC '' . The New York Times . 18 September 1992 . Retrieved 8 April 2016 .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Gabon Plans To Quit OPEC '' . The New York Times . 9 January 1995 . Retrieved 8 April 2016 .
    15. \n
  15. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia to withdraw from OPEC '' . BBC . 28 May 2008 . Retrieved 27 January 2014 .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Fergus ; Asmarini , Wilda ( 1 December 2016 ) . `` Net oil importer Indonesia leaves producer club OPEC , again '' . Reuters . Retrieved 1 December 2016 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Noah , Timothy ( 10 July 2007 ) . `` Go NOPEC '' . Slate . Retrieved 21 August 2009 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Noah , Timothy ( 18 September 2003 ) . `` Is Bremer a Price Fixer ? Letting Iraq 's oil minister attend an OPEC meeting may violate the Sherman Antitrust Act '' . Slate . Retrieved 13 January 2016 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` Iraq to Attend Next OPEC Ministerial Meeting '' . Arab News . 17 September 2003 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` 127th Meeting of the OPEC Conference '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 24 September 2003 . Retrieved 16 February 2013 .
    21. \n
  21. \n ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC : Fifty Years Regulating Oil Market Roller Coaster '' . Inter Press Service . 14 September 2010 .
    22. \n
  22. \n ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC discord fuels further oil price drop '' . The Financial Times . 7 December 2015 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ G\u00fclen , S. G\u00fcrcan ( 1996 ) . `` Is OPEC a Cartel ? Evidence from Cointegration and Causality Tests '' ( PDF ) . The Energy Journal . 17 ( 2 ) : 43 -- 57 . doi : 10.5547 / issn0195 - 6574 - ej - vol17 - no2 - 3 . Archived from the original on 16 September 2000 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link )
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` The Global Energy Scene '' ( PDF ) . OPEC Bulletin . 43 ( 5 ) : 24 -- 41 . June -- July 2012 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Browning , Edgar K. ; Zupan , Mark A. ( 2004 ) . `` The Prisoner 's Dilemma and Cheating by Cartel Members '' . Microeconomics : Theory & Applications ( 8th ed . ) . Wiley . pp. 394 -- 396 . ISBN 978 - 0471678717 . Retrieved 5 September 2016 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Colgan , Jeff ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` OPEC , the Phantom Menace '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 9 November 2016 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Van de Graaf , Thijs ( 2016 ) . `` Is OPEC dead ? Oil exporters , the Paris agreement and the transition to a post-carbon world '' . Energy Research & Social Science . doi : 10.1016 / j. erss. 2016.10. 005 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Farah , Paolo Davide ; Cima , Elena ( September 2013 ) . `` Energy Trade and the WTO : Implications for Renewable Energy and the OPEC Cartel '' . Journal of International Economic Law . 16 ( 3 ) : 707 -- 740 . SSRN 2330416 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Weil , Dan ( 25 November 2007 ) . `` If OPEC Is a Cartel , Why Is n't It Illegal ? '' . Newsmax . Retrieved 27 January 2014 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Joelson , Mark R. ; Griffin , Joseph P. ( 1975 ) . `` The Legal Status of Nation - State Cartels Under United States Antitrust and Public International Law '' . The International Lawyer. 9 ( 4 ) : 617 -- 645 . JSTOR 40704964 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Learsy , Raymond J. ( 10 September 2012 ) . `` NOPEC ( ' No Oil Producing and Exporting Cartels Act ' ) : A Presidential Issue and a Test of Political Integrity '' . Huffington Post . Varied forms of a NOPEC bill have been introduced some 16 times since 1999 , only to be vehemently resisted by the oil industry .
    32. \n
  32. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Interview With Saudi Oil Minister Ali Naimi '' . Middle East Economic Survey . 57 ( 51 / 52 ) . 22 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2015 .
    33. \n
  33. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Saudis Vow to Ignore OPEC Decision to Cut Production '' . The New York Times . 11 September 2008 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Palley , Thomas I. ( December 2003 ) . `` Lifting the Natural Resource Curse '' . Foreign Service Journal .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Ross , Michael L. ( May 2015 ) . `` What Have We Learned about the Resource Curse ? '' . Annual Review of Political Science . 18 : 239 -- 259 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - polisci - 052213 - 040359 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Kessler , Oren ( 13 February 2016 ) . `` The Middle East 's Conflicts Are About Religion '' . The National Interest . Retrieved 17 March 2016 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Motadel , David ( 24 May 2015 ) . `` ' Defending the Faith ' in the Middle East '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 March 2016 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Mattar , Philip , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) '' . Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa . 3 ( 2nd ed . ) . Detroit : Gale / Macmillan Reference USA . ISBN 978 - 0028657691 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` History of the Joint Organisations Data Initiative '' . JODI . Retrieved 23 December 2015 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` World Oil Outlook '' . OPEC . Retrieved 31 December 2015 .
    41. \n
  41. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Statistical Bulletin '' . OPEC . Retrieved 31 December 2015 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Monthly Oil Market Report '' . OPEC . Retrieved 31 December 2015 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` OPEC Bulletin '' . OPEC . Retrieved 31 December 2015 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` Oil markets explained '' . BBC News . 18 October 2007 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Razavi , Hossein ( April 1989 ) . The new era of petroleum trading : spot - oil , spot - related contracts , and futures markets ( PDF ) . The World Bank . pp. 65 -- 69 . ISBN 0 - 8213 - 1199 - 9 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` OPEC Basket Price '' . OPEC . Retrieved 6 January 2017 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Brent crude and other oil price benchmarks '' . Reuters. 5 April 2011 .
    48. \n
  48. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Energy & Financial Markets : What Drives Crude Oil Prices ? '' . US Energy Information Administration . 2014 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Effective ' OPEC Spare Capacity : Reality - Based Data '' ( PDF ) . IEA Energy ( 7 ) : 13 . November 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2016 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` 3 billion barrel cushion '' . Oil Market Report . International Energy Agency . 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 .
    51. \n
  51. \n ^ Jump up to : `` General Information '' ( PDF ) . OPEC . May 2012 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 .
    52. \n
  52. \n ^ Jump up to : Yergin , Daniel ( 1991 ) . The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money , and Power . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 499 -- 503 . ISBN 978 - 0671502485 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Painter , David S. ( 2012 ) . `` Oil and the American Century '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 99 ( 1 ) : 32 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas073 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Vassiliou , M.S. ( 2009 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry . Scarecrow Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0810862883 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Styan , David ( 2006 ) . France and Iraq : Oil , Arms and French Policy Making in the Middle East . I.B. Tauris . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 1845110451 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Citino , Nathan J. ( 2002 ) . From Arab Nationalism to OPEC : Eisenhower , King Sa'ud , and the Making of US - Saudi Relations . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 34095 - 5 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Skeet , Ian ( 1988 ) . OPEC : Twenty - Five Years of Prices and Politics . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 24 .
    58. \n
  58. \n ^ Jump up to : Denning , Liam ( 1 June 2016 ) . `` How OPEC Won the Battle and Lost the War '' . Bloomberg News .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` Angola , Sudan to ask for OPEC membership '' . Associated Press . 3 December 2006 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Kumins , Lawrence ( 1975 ) . `` Oil and the Economy '' . Energy Shock : 189 .
    61. \n
  61. \n ^ Jump up to : Maugeri , Leonardo ( 2006 ) . The Age of Oil : The Mythology , History , and Future of the World 's Most Controversial Resource . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 112 -- 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 99008 - 4 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Foreign Relations of the United States , 1964 -- 1968 , Vol . XXXIV : Energy Diplomacy and Global Issues , Document 266 . US Department of State . 1999 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` British Economics and Trade Union politics 1973 -- 1974 '' . The National Archives ( UK ) . January 2005 . Retrieved 29 December 2015 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` Europe car ban becoming a real traffic stopper '' . Chicago Tribune . 26 November 1973 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . Basic Books . pp. 313 -- 318 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 04195 - 4 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` Gas Fever : Happiness Is a Full Tank '' . Time . 18 February 1974 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Skidelsky , Robert ( 2009 ) . Keynes : The Return of the Master . Allen Lane . pp. 116 -- 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84614 - 258 - 1 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Masouros , Pavlos E. ( 2013 ) . Corporate Law and Economic Stagnation : How Shareholder Value and Short - Termism Contribute to the Decline of the Western Economies . Eleven International Publishing . pp. 60 -- 62 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` Energy Crisis ( 1970s ) '' . The History Channel . 2010 . Retrieved 25 December 2015 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Horton , Sarah ( October 2000 ) . `` The 1973 Oil Crisis '' ( PDF ) . Pennsylvania Envirothon . Retrieved 16 February 2013 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` Oil Shock : The role of OPEC '' . Socialism Today ( 51 ) . October 2000 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Aven , Petr ; Nazarov , Vladimir ; Lazaryan , Samvel ( 17 May 2016 ) . `` Twilight of the Petrostate '' . The National Interest . Retrieved 2 June 2016 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . Kuwait Fund . Retrieved 23 December 2015 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ Oweiss , Ibrahim M. ( 1990 ) . `` Economics of Petrodollars '' . In Esfandiari , Haleh ; Udovitch , A.L. The Economic Dimensions of Middle Eastern History . Darwin Press . pp. 179 -- 199 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ Hubbard , Ben ( 21 June 2015 ) . `` Cables Released by WikiLeaks Reveal Saudis ' Checkbook Diplomacy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 October 2016 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . OFID . Retrieved 13 January 2016 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ `` The Agreement Establishing the OPEC Fund for International Development '' ( PDF ) . OPEC . 27 May 1980 . Retrieved 12 January 2016 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ `` Intergovernmental Organizations '' . United Nations . Retrieved 28 April 2017 .
    79. \n
  79. \n ^ Jump up to : Bellamy , Patrick . `` Carlos the Jackal : Trail of Terror '' . truTV . Archived from the original on 7 January 2012 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link )
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ Follain , John ( 1998 ) . Jackal : The Complete Story of the Legendary Terrorist , Carlos the Jackal . Arcade Publishing . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 1559704663 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Anderson , Gary ( 28 March 2017 ) . `` ' Carlos the Jackal ' jailed over 1974 Paris grenade attack '' . Sky News . Retrieved 22 April 2017 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ `` OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet '' . US Energy Information Administration . 10 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2008 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link )
    83. \n
  83. \n ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC Revenues Fact Sheet '' . US Energy Information Administration . 15 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ Mouawad , Jad ( 3 March 2008 ) . `` Oil Prices Pass Record Set in ' 80s , but Then Recede '' . The New York Times .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ Denning , Liam ( 18 May 2016 ) . `` It 's Saudi Arabia 's World . Big Oil Just Lives In It '' . Bloomberg News .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Toth , Ferenc L. ; Rogner , Hans - Holger ( January 2006 ) . `` Oil and nuclear power : Past , present , and future '' ( PDF ) . Energy Economics . 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 25 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ `` Renewables in Global Energy Supply : An IEA Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency . January 2007 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ `` Renewable Energy : World Invests $244 billion in 2012 , Geographic Shift to Developing Countries '' ( Press release ) . United Nations Environment Programme. 12 June 2013 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ Bromley , Simon ( 2013 ) . American Power and the Prospects for International Order . John Wiley & Sons . p. 95 . ISBN 9780745658414 .
    90. \n
  90. \n ^ Jump up to : Robert , Paul ( 2004 ) . The End of Oil : The Decline of the Petroleum Economy and the Rise of a New Energy Order . New York : Houghton Mifflin Company . pp. 103 -- 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 23977 - 1 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ Hershey Jr. , Robert D. ( 30 December 1989 ) . `` Worrying Anew Over Oil Imports '' . The New York Times .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ Gaidar , Yegor ( April 2007 ) . `` The Soviet Collapse : Grain and Oil '' ( PDF ) . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . Oil production in Saudi Arabia increased fourfold , while oil prices collapsed by approximately the same amount in real terms . As a result , the Soviet Union lost approximately $20 billion per year , money without which the country simply could not survive .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ McMaken , Ryan ( 7 November 2014 ) . `` The Economics Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall '' . Mises Institute . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . High oil prices in the 1970s propped up the regime so well , that had it not been for Soviet oil sales , it 's quite possible the regime would have collapsed a decade earlier .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ `` Brief History '' . OPEC . Retrieved 16 February 2013 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ `` Libya orders oil cuts of 270K bpd '' . Associated Press . 30 December 2008 . Libya has asked oil companies to slash production by 270,000 barrels per day . Abu Dhabi National Oil Co. told customers in letters dated Dec. 25 that it was cutting ... 10 to 15 percent of all types of ADNOC crude in February . Ecuadorean President Rafael Correa said the South American nation would suspend crude production by Italy 's Agip and reduce quotas for other companies to comply with new OPEC cuts .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ `` Report to Congress : United States Gulf Environmental Technical Assistance '' . US Environmental Protection Agency . 1991 . p. 14 . Retrieved 11 April 2016 .
    97. \n
  97. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Europe Brent Crude Oil Spot Price FOB ( DOE ) '' . Quandl . Retrieved 1 January 2016 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Ibrahim , Youssef M. ( 18 July 1990 ) . `` Iraq Threatens Emirates and Kuwait on Oil Glut '' . The New York Times .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ `` Iraq heads for OPEC clash over quota '' . UPI. 5 February 2010 . Iraq , a founding member of OPEC , has not had a production quota since 1998 , when it was pegged at 1.3 million bpd to allow Saddam Hussein 's regime to sell oil for food during U.N. sanctions imposed in 1990 ... Despite the success of the 2009 auctions , problems remain -- mounting violence in the run - up to March 7 parliamentary elections , uncertainty over their outcome , and , probably more importantly , the absence of a long - delayed oil law that will define revenue - sharing and regulation of the industry .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ Putting a Price on Energy ( PDF ) . Energy Charter Secretariat. 2007 . p. 90 . ISBN 9059480465 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ `` Dialogue replaces OPEC -- IEA Mistrust '' ( PDF ) . IEA Energy ( 7 ) : 7 . November 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2 May 2016 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ Simmons , Greg ( 7 December 2005 ) . `` Dems Doubt Iraq Progress '' . Fox News .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ `` Oil price ' may hit $200 a barrel ' '' . BBC News . 7 May 2008 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ Masters , Michael W. ( 20 May 2008 ) . `` Testimony '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ Tuttle , Robert ; Galal , Ola ( 10 May 2010 ) . `` Oil Ministers See Demand Rising '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 14 January 2016 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ `` Opening address to the 159th Meeting of the OPEC Conference '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 12 December 2014 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ `` 149th Meeting of the OPEC Conference '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 10 September 2008 . Retrieved 16 December 2015 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ Owen , Nick A. ; Inderwildi , Oliver R. ; King , David A. ( August 2010 ) . `` The status of conventional world oil reserves : Hype or cause for concern ? '' . Energy Policy . 38 ( 8 ) : 4743 -- 4749 . doi : 10.1016 / j. enpol. 2010.02. 026 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ Al - Naimi , Ali ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Saudi oil policy : stability with strength '' . Saudi Embassy . Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link )
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ Waldman , Peter ( 12 April 2015 ) . `` Saudi Arabia 's Plan to Extend the Age of Oil '' . Bloomberg News .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ Frei , Matt ( 3 July 2008 ) . `` Washington diary : Oil addiction '' . BBC . Retrieved 27 January 2014 .
    112. \n
  112. \n ^ Jump up to : `` OPEC Basket Daily Archives '' . OPEC . Retrieved 21 January 2016 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ `` Monthly Energy Review '' ( PDF ) . US Energy Information Administration . 25 May 2017 . Figure 11.1 a . Retrieved 28 May 2017 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ Krassnov , Clifford ( 3 November 2014 ) . `` US Oil Prices Fall Below $80 a Barrel '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 December 2014 .
    115. \n
  115. \n ^ Jump up to : Smith , Grant ; Rascouet , Angelina ; Mahdi , Wael ( 4 December 2015 ) . `` OPEC Wo n't Cut Production to Stop Oil 's Slump '' . Bloomberg News .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ `` Inside OPEC room , Naimi declares price war on US shale oil '' . Reuters. 28 November 2014 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ `` Country Analysis Brief : Libya '' ( PDF ) . US Energy Information Administration . 19 November 2015 . Retrieved 22 May 2016 .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ `` Despite Climate Concerns , OPEC Plans to Keep Pumping Oil While It Can '' . The New York Times . 5 December 2015 .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ `` OPEC ceiling falls in '' . Argus Media . 7 December 2015 .
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ Kalantari , Hashem ; Sergie , Mohammed ( 2 January 2016 ) . `` Iran Says Post-Sanctions Crude Output Boost Wo n't Hurt Prices '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 18 April 2016 .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ `` OPEC 169th Meeting concludes '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 2 June 2016 .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ Halligan , Liam ( 4 June 2016 ) . `` OPEC is very much alive as Saudis learn to tread softly '' . The Telegraph .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ `` OPEC Has Its Way as China Oil Output Cut by Most in 15 Years '' . Bloomberg News . 13 June 2016 .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ `` North America Rig Count '' . Baker Hughes . Retrieved 21 February 2017 .
    125. \n
  125. \n Jump up ^ `` OPEC Agrees to Cut Production in Drive to End Record Glut '' . Bloomberg News . 30 November 2016 .
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ `` OPEC 171st Meeting concludes '' . OPEC ( Press release ) . 30 November 2016 .
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ Blas , Javier ( 20 October 2016 ) . `` The World 's Biggest Oil Kingdom Reverses Course '' . Bloomberg News .
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ Hume , Neil ( 28 September 2016 ) . `` OPEC agrees on need for output cut '' . The Financial Times .
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ `` Russian Energy Minister Says Oil Cuts to Start in January '' . Bloomberg News . 11 December 2016 .
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ `` OPEC Said to Break Bread With Shale in Rare Show of Detente '' . Bloomberg News . 7 March 2017 .
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ `` Russia backs gradual , managed exit from oil cuts with OPEC '' . Reuters. 2017 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 25 .
    132. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to OPEC .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC )
\n
    \n
  • \n Algeria
    • \n
  • \n Angola
    • \n
  • \n Ecuador
    • \n
  • \n Equatorial Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Gabon
    • \n
  • \n Iran
    • \n
  • \n Iraq
    • \n
  • \n Kuwait
    • \n
  • \n Libya
    • \n
  • \n Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Qatar
    • \n
  • \n Saudi Arabia
    • \n
  • \n United Arab Emirates
    • \n
  • \n Venezuela
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n List of Secretaries General
    • \n
  • \n OPEC Fund for International Development
    • \n
  • \n OPEC Reference Basket
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Heads of state of OPEC member states
\n
    \n
  • \n Bouteflika
    • \n
  • \n Louren\u00e7o
    • \n
  • \n Moreno
    • \n
  • \n Obiang
    • \n
  • \n Bongo
    • \n
  • \n Khamenei
    • \n
  • \n Masum
    • \n
  • \n Sabah
    • \n
  • \n Sarraj
    • \n
  • \n Buhari
    • \n
  • \n Tamim
    • \n
  • \n Salman
    • \n
  • \n Khalifa
    • \n
  • \n Maduro
    • \n
\n
\n Acting heads of state shown in italics .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Petroleum industry
\n
    \n
  • \n Petroleum
    • \n
  • \n Primary energy
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Benchmarks \n
    \n
  • \n Argus Sour
    • \n
  • \n Bonny Light
    • \n
  • \n Brent
    • \n
  • \n Dubai
    • \n
  • \n Indian Basket
    • \n
  • \n Indonesian
    • \n
  • \n Isthmus - 34 Light
    • \n
  • \n Japan Cocktail
    • \n
  • \n OPEC Reference Basket
    • \n
  • \n Tapis
    • \n
  • \n Urals
    • \n
  • \n West Texas Intermediate
    • \n
  • \n Western Canadian Select
    • \n
\n
\n Data \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Natural gas \n
    \n
  • \n Consumption
    • \n
  • \n Production
    • \n
  • \n Reserves
    • \n
  • \n Imports
    • \n
  • \n Exports
    • \n
  • \n Price
    • \n
\n
\n Petroleum \n
    \n
  • \n Consumption
    • \n
  • \n Production
    • \n
  • \n Reserves
    • \n
  • \n Imports
    • \n
  • \n Exports
    • \n
  • \n Price ( of gasoline and diesel )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Exploration \n
    \n
  • \n Core sampling
    • \n
  • \n Geophysics
    • \n
  • \n Integrated asset modelling
    • \n
  • \n Petroleum engineering
      \n
    • \n Reservoir simulation
      • \n
    • \n Seismic to simulation
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Petroleum geology
    • \n
  • \n Petrophysics
    • \n
  • \n Reflection seismology ( Seismic inversion )
    • \n
  • \n Seismic source
    • \n
\n
\n Drilling \n
    \n
  • \n Blowout
    • \n
  • \n Completion ( Squeeze job )
    • \n
  • \n Differential sticking
    • \n
  • \n Directional drilling ( Geosteering )
    • \n
  • \n Drilling engineering
    • \n
  • \n Drilling fluid ( invasion )
    • \n
  • \n Drill stem test
    • \n
  • \n Lost circulation
    • \n
  • \n Measurement
    • \n
  • \n Tracers
    • \n
  • \n Underbalanced drilling
    • \n
  • \n Well logging
    • \n
\n
\n Production \n
    \n
  • \n Petroleum fiscal regime
      \n
    • \n Concessions
      • \n
    • \n Production sharing agreements
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Artificial lift
      \n
    • \n Pumpjack
      • \n
    • \n Submersible pump ( ESP )
      • \n
    • \n Gas lift
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Downstream
    • \n
  • \n Enhanced oil recovery ( EOR )
      \n
    • \n Steam injection
      • \n
    • \n Gas reinjection
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Midstream
    • \n
  • \n Petroleum product
    • \n
  • \n Pipeline transport
    • \n
  • \n Refining
    • \n
  • \n Upstream
    • \n
  • \n Water injection
    • \n
  • \n Well intervention
    • \n
  • \n XT
    • \n
\n
\n History \n
    \n
  • \n 1967 Oil Embargo
    • \n
  • \n 1973 oil crisis
    • \n
  • \n 1979 energy crisis
    • \n
  • \n 1980s oil glut
    • \n
  • \n 1990 oil price shock
    • \n
  • \n 2000s energy crisis
    • \n
  • \n 2010s oil glut
    • \n
  • \n Founders
    • \n
  • \n History of the petroleum industry
    • \n
  • \n Nationalization
    • \n
  • \n OPEC
    • \n
  • \n GECF
    • \n
  • \n Seven Sisters
    • \n
  • \n Standard Oil
    • \n
  • \n Oil market timelines
    • \n
\n
\n Provinces and fields \n
    \n
  • \n List of natural gas fields
    • \n
  • \n List of oil fields
    • \n
  • \n East Midlands Oil Province
    • \n
  • \n East Texas
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Niger Delta
    • \n
  • \n North Sea
    • \n
  • \n Permian Basin
    • \n
  • \n Persian Gulf
    • \n
  • \n Prudhoe Bay Oil Field
    • \n
  • \n Russia
    • \n
  • \n Venezuela
    • \n
  • \n Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
    • \n
\n
\n Other topics \n
    \n
  • \n Acronyms
    • \n
  • \n Oil shale gas
    • \n
  • \n Peak oil
      \n
    • \n mitigation
      • \n
    • \n timing
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n People
    • \n
  • \n Petrocurrency
    • \n
  • \n Petrodollar recycling
    • \n
  • \n Shale band
    • \n
  • \n Shale gas
    • \n
  • \n Swing producer
    • \n
  • \n Unconventional oil
      \n
    • \n heavy crude
      • \n
    • \n oil sands
      • \n
    • \n oil shale
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Companies and organisations
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Major petroleum companies \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Supermajors \n
    \n
  • \n BP
    • \n
  • \n Chevron
    • \n
  • \n Eni
    • \n
  • \n ExxonMobil
    • \n
  • \n Royal Dutch Shell
    • \n
  • \n Total
    • \n
\n
\n National oil companies \n
    \n
  • \n ADNOC ( UAE )
    • \n
  • \n CNOOC ( China )
    • \n
  • \n CNPC ( China )
    • \n
  • \n Ecopetrol ( Colombia )
    • \n
  • \n Gazprom ( Russia )
    • \n
  • \n Iraq National Oil Company
    • \n
  • \n Indian Oil Corporation
    • \n
  • \n KazMunayGas ( Kazakhstan )
    • \n
  • \n Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
    • \n
  • \n Lotos ( Poland )
    • \n
  • \n Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation
    • \n
  • \n NIOC ( Iran )
    • \n
  • \n NISOC ( Iran )
    • \n
  • \n OGDCL ( Pakistan )
    • \n
  • \n ONGC ( India )
    • \n
  • \n PDVSA ( Venezuela )
    • \n
  • \n PKN Orlen ( Poland )
    • \n
  • \n Pemex ( Mexico )
    • \n
  • \n Pertamina ( Indonesia )
    • \n
  • \n PetroBangla ( Bangladesh )
    • \n
  • \n Petrobras ( Brazil )
    • \n
  • \n PetroChina
    • \n
  • \n Petronas ( Malaysia )
    • \n
  • \n Petrovietnam
    • \n
  • \n PTT ( Thailand )
    • \n
  • \n Qatar Petroleum
    • \n
  • \n Rosneft ( Russia )
    • \n
  • \n Saudi Aramco ( Saudi Arabia )
    • \n
  • \n Sinopec ( China )
    • \n
  • \n SOCAR ( Azerbaijan )
    • \n
  • \n Sonangol ( Angola )
    • \n
  • \n Sonatrach ( Algeria )
    • \n
  • \n Statoil ( Norway )
    • \n
  • \n TPAO ( Turkey )
    • \n
  • \n YPF ( Argentina )
    • \n
\n
\n Energy trading \n
    \n
  • \n Glencore
    • \n
  • \n Gunvor
    • \n
  • \n Mercuria
    • \n
  • \n Naftiran Intertrade
    • \n
  • \n Trafigura
    • \n
  • \n Vitol
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Anadarko
    • \n
  • \n Apache
    • \n
  • \n BG Group
    • \n
  • \n Cenovus Energy
    • \n
  • \n Compa\u00f1\u00eda Espa\u00f1ola de Petr\u00f3leos
    • \n
  • \n ConocoPhillips
    • \n
  • \n Devon
    • \n
  • \n Galp Energia
    • \n
  • \n Hess
    • \n
  • \n Husky Energy
    • \n
  • \n Imperial Oil
    • \n
  • \n JXTG Holdings
    • \n
  • \n Lukoil
    • \n
  • \n Marathon Oil
    • \n
  • \n Occidental
    • \n
  • \n OMV
    • \n
  • \n Port Harcourt Refining Company
    • \n
  • \n Reliance Industries
    • \n
  • \n Repsol
    • \n
  • \n Suncor Energy
    • \n
  • \n Surgutneftegas
    • \n
  • \n TNK - BP
    • \n
  • \n Tullow Oil
    • \n
  • \n T\u00fcpra\u015f
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Major services companies \n
    \n
  • \n Amec Foster Wheeler
    • \n
  • \n Baker Hughes
    • \n
  • \n Cameron
    • \n
  • \n CGG
    • \n
  • \n CH2M Hill
    • \n
  • \n Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
    • \n
  • \n China Oilfield Services
    • \n
  • \n Enbridge
    • \n
  • \n Ensco
    • \n
  • \n GE Oil & Gas
    • \n
  • \n Halliburton
    • \n
  • \n Nabors Industries
    • \n
  • \n Naftiran Intertrade
    • \n
  • \n National Oilwell Varco
    • \n
  • \n Petrofac
    • \n
  • \n Saipem
    • \n
  • \n Schlumberger
    • \n
  • \n Snam
    • \n
  • \n Subsea 7
    • \n
  • \n TransCanada
    • \n
  • \n Transocean
    • \n
  • \n Weatherford
    • \n
  • \n Wood Group
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
    • \n
  • \n International Energy Agency
    • \n
  • \n International Petroleum Exchange
    • \n
  • \n OPEC
    • \n
  • \n Society of Petroleum Engineers
    • \n
  • \n World Petroleum Council
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Commons
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n VIAF : 125519550
    • \n
  • \n ISNI : 0000 0001 2364 6718
    • \n
  • \n GND : 75351 - 8
    • \n
  • \n SUDOC : 111165520
    • \n
  • \n BNF : cb12024345m ( data )
    • \n
  • \n NLA : 35401025
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 00639099
    • \n
  • \n NKC : uk2011659074
    • \n
  • \n BNE : XX87122
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OPEC&oldid=834259589 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "how many countries are a part of opec", "long_answers": ["Country Region Membership Years Population ( 2016 est . ) Area ( km ) Oil Production ( bbl / day , 2016 ) Proven Reserves ( bbl , 2016 ) Algeria North Africa 1969 -- 40,606,052 2,381,740 1,348,361 12,200,000,000 Angola Southern Africa 2007 -- 28,813,463 1,246,700 1,769,615 8,423,000,000 Ecuador South America 1973 -- 1992 , 2007 -- 16,385,068 283,560 548,421 8,273,000,000 Equatorial Guinea Central Africa 2017 -- 1,221,490 28,051 227,000 1,100,000,000 Gabon Central Africa 1975 -- 1995 , 2016 -- 1,979,786 267,667 210,820 2,000,000,000 Iran Middle East 1960 -- 80,277,428 1,648,000 3,990,956 157,530,000,000 Iraq Middle East 1960 -- 37,202,572 437,072 4,451,516 143,069,000,000 Kuwait Middle East 1960 -- 4,052,584 17,820 2,923,825 101,500,000,000 Libya North Africa 1962 -- 6,293,253 1,759,540 384,686 48,363,000,000 Nigeria West Africa 1971 -- 185,989,640 923,768 1,999,885 37,070,000,000 Qatar Middle East 1961 -- 2,569,804 11,437 1,522,902 25,244,000,000 Saudi Arabia Middle East 1960 -- 32,275,687 2,149,690 10,460,710 266,578,000,000 United Arab Emirates Middle East 1967 -- 9,269,612 83,600 3,106,077 97,800,000,000 Venezuela South America 1960 -- 31,568,179 912,050 2,276,967 299,953,000,000 OPEC Total 478,498,000 12,150,695 35,221,740 1,209,103,000,000 World Total 7,618,511,000 510,072,000 80,622,287 1,650,585,000,000 OPEC Percent 6 % 2 % 44 % 73 %\n", "Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) Flag Headquarters Vienna , Austria Official language English Type International cartel Membership 14 states ( May 2017 ) ( show ) Algeria Angola Ecuador Equatorial Guinea Gabon Iran * Iraq * Kuwait * Libya Nigeria Qatar Saudi Arabia * United Arab Emirates Venezuela * * founding member Leaders Secretary General Mohammed Barkindo Establishment Baghdad , Iraq Statute September 1960 In effect January 1961 Currency Indexed as USD per barrel ( US $ / bbl ) Website OPEC.org\n", "Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC , / \u02c8o\u028ap\u025bk / OH - pek , or OPEP in several other languages ) is an intergovernmental organization of 14 nations as of February 2018 , founded in 1960 in Baghdad by the first five members ( Iran , Iraq , Kuwait , Saudi Arabia , and Venezuela ) , and headquartered since 1965 in Vienna , Austria . As of 2016 , the 14 countries accounted for an estimated 44 percent of global oil production and 73 percent of the world 's `` proven '' oil reserves , giving OPEC a major influence on global oil prices that were previously determined by American - dominated multinational oil companies .\n"], "short_answers": ["14\n", "14\n", "14\n", "14\n"]} {"text": "Jeep - wikipedia

\n Jeep

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. motor manufacturing company . For the original World War II Jeep , see Willys MB . For other uses , see Jeep ( disambiguation ) . \n Jeep \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Type \n Division
\n Industry \n Automotive
\n Founded \n 1943 trademark application 1945 first civilian Jeep launched
\n Headquarters \n Toledo , Ohio , U.S.
\n Area served \n Worldwide
\n Key people \n Michael Manley ( CEO of Jeep division ) Sergio Marchionne ( CEO of FCA US LLC )
\n Products \n Sport utility vehicles Luxury vehicles
\n Owner \n Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
\n Parent \n
    \n
  • \n Willys - Overland ( 1943 - 1953 )
    • \n
  • \n Kaiser - Jeep ( 1953 - 1970 )
    • \n
  • \n American Motors Corporation ( 1970 - 1986 )
    • \n
  • \n Chrysler ( 1987 - present )
    • \n
\n
\n Website \n jeep.com
\n

\n Jeep is a brand of American automobiles that is a division of FCA US LLC ( formerly Chrysler Group , LLC ) , a wholly owned subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles . Jeep has been a part of Chrysler since 1987 , when Chrysler acquired the Jeep brand , along with remaining assets , from its previous owner : American Motors Corporation ( AMC ) .

\n

\n Jeep 's current product range consists solely of sport utility vehicles and off - road vehicles , but has also included pickup trucks in the past . Some of Jeep 's vehicles , such as the Grand Cherokee and the Wagoneer , reach into the luxury segment . Jeep sold 1.4 million SUVs globally in 2016 , up from 500,000 in 2008 , two - thirds of which in North America , and was Fiat - Chrysler 's best selling brand in the U.S. during the first half of 2017 . In the U.S. alone , over 2400 dealerships hold franchise rights to sell Jeep - branded vehicles , and if Jeep were spun off into a separate company , it is estimated to be worth between $22 and $33.5 billion -- slightly more than all of FCA ( US ) .

\n

\n Prior to 1940 the term `` jeep '' had been used as U.S. Army slang for new recruits or vehicles , but the World War II `` jeep '' that went into production in 1941 specifically tied the name to this light military 4x4 , arguably making them the oldest four - wheel drive mass - production vehicles now known as SUVs . The Jeep became the primary light 4 - wheel - drive vehicle of the United States Army and the Allies during World War II , as well as the postwar period . The term became common worldwide in the wake of the war . Doug Stewart noted : `` The spartan , cramped , and unstintingly functional jeep became the ubiquitous World War II four - wheeled personification of Yankee ingenuity and cocky , can - do determination . ''

\n

\n The Jeep marque has been headquartered in Toledo , Ohio , ever since Willys - Overland launched production of the first CJ or Civilian Jeep branded models there in 1945 . Its replacement , the conceptually consistent Jeep Wrangler series , remains in production since 1986 . With its solid axles and open top , the Wrangler has been called the Jeep model that is as central to the brand 's identity as the rear - engined 911 is to Porsche .

\n

\n At least two Jeep models ( the CJ - 5 and the SJ Wagoneer ) enjoyed extraordinary three - decade production runs of a single body generation . Jeeps have since the war inspired a number of other light utility vehicles , such as the Land Rover . Many Jeep variants serving similar military and civilian roles have since been designed in other nations . In lowercase the term `` jeep '' continues to be used as a generic term for vehicles inspired by the Jeep that are suitable for use on rough terrain .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n World War II Jeeps

\n Main article : Willys MB Bantam BRC 40 Ford Pygmy Dashboard of World War II era jeep . Jeep with 50 cal . Browning machine gun

\n Development -- 1 . Bantam reconnaissance Car

\n

\n When it became clear that the United States would be involved in the European theatre of World War II , the U.S. Army contacted 135 companies to create working prototypes of a four - wheel - drive reconnaissance car . Only two companies responded : American Bantam Car Company and Willys - Overland . The Army set a seemingly impossible deadline of 49 days to supply a working prototype . Willys asked for more time , but was refused . The broke American Bantam Car Company had only a skeleton staff left on the payroll and solicited Karl Probst , a talented freelance designer from Detroit . After turning down Bantam 's initial request , Probst responded to an Army request and began work on July 17 , 1940 , initially without salary .

\n

\n Probst laid out full plans for the Bantam prototype , known as the BRC or Bantam Reconnaissance Car , in just two days , working up a cost estimate the next day . Bantam 's bid was submitted , complete with blueprints , on July 22 . While much of the vehicle could be assembled from off - the - shelf automotive parts , custom four - wheel drivetrain components were to be supplied by Spicer . The hand - built prototype was completed in Butler , Pennsylvania , and driven to Camp Holabird , Maryland , delivered for Army testing on September 23 . The vehicle met all the Army 's criteria except engine torque .

\n

\n World War II had already begun in Asia , with Japan expanding in China , Manchuria and Southeast Asia . The Imperial Japanese Army used a small four - wheel - drive car for reconnaissance and troop movements , having introduced the Kurogane Type 95 in 1936 .

\n

\n Development -- 2 . Enter Willys and Ford

\n

\n The Army thought that the Bantam company was too small to supply the required number of vehicles , so it supplied the Bantam design to Willys and Ford , and encouraged them to modify the design . The resulting Ford `` Pygmy '' and Willys `` Quad '' prototypes looked very similar to the Bantam BRC prototype , and Spicer supplied very similar four - wheel drivetrain components to all three manufacturers .

\n

\n 1,500 of each model ( Bantam BRC - 40 , Ford GP , and Willys MA ) were built and extensively field - tested . After the weight specification was revised from 1,275 lb ( 578 kg ) to a maximum of 2,450 lb ( 1,110 kg ) including oil and water , Willys - Overland 's chief engineer Delmar `` Barney '' Roos modified the design in order to use Willys 's heavy but powerful `` Go Devil '' engine , and won the initial production contract . The Willys version became the standard Jeep design , designated the model MB and was built at their plant in Toledo , Ohio . The familiar pressed - metal Jeep grille was a Ford design feature and incorporated in the final design by the Army .

\n

\n Because the US War Department required a large number of vehicles in a short time , Willys - Overland granted the US Government a non-exclusive license to allow another company to manufacture vehicles using Willys ' specifications . The Army chose Ford as a second supplier , building Jeeps to the Willys ' design . Willys supplied Ford with a complete set of plans and specifications . American Bantam , the creators of the first Jeep , built approximately 2,700 of them to the BRC - 40 design , but spent the rest of the war building heavy - duty trailers for the Army .

\n

\n Full production -- Willys MB and Ford GPW

\n 1943 Willys Jeep

\n Final production version Jeeps built by Willys - Overland were the Model MB , while those built by Ford were the Model GPW ( G = government vehicle , P designated the 80 '' wheelbase , and W = the Willys engine design ) . There were subtle differences between the two . The versions produced by Ford had every component ( including bolt heads ) marked with an `` F '' . Willys also followed the Ford pattern by stamping its name into some body parts , but stopped this in 1942 . The cost per vehicle trended upwards as the war continued from the price under the first contract from Willys at US $648.74 ( Ford 's was $782.59 per unit ) . Willys - Overland and Ford , under the direction of Charles E. Sorensen ( Vice-President of Ford during World War II ) , produced about 640,000 Jeeps towards the war effort , which accounted for approximately 18 % of all the wheeled military vehicles built in the U.S. during the war .

\n

\n Jeeps were used by every service of the U.S. military . An average of 145 were supplied to every Army infantry regiment . Jeeps were used for many purposes , including cable laying , saw milling , as firefighting pumpers , field ambulances , tractors and , with suitable wheels , would even run on railway tracks . An amphibious jeep , the model GPA , or `` seep '' ( Sea Jeep ) was built for Ford in modest numbers but it could not be considered a huge success -- it was neither a good off - road vehicle nor a good boat . As part of the war effort , nearly 30 % of all Jeep production was supplied to Great Britain and to the Soviet Red Army .

\n

\n Postwar military Jeeps

\n

\n The Jeep has been widely imitated around the world , including in France by Delahaye and by Hotchkiss et Cie ( after 1954 , Hotchkiss manufactured Jeeps under license from Willys ) , and in Japan by Mitsubishi Motors and Toyota . The utilitarian good looks of the original Jeep have been hailed by industrial designers and museum curators alike . The Museum of Modern Art described the Jeep as a masterpiece of functionalist design , and has periodically exhibited the Jeep as part of its collection . Pulitzer Prize - winning war correspondent Ernie Pyle called the jeep , along with the Coleman G.I. Pocket Stove , `` the two most important pieces of noncombat equipment ever developed . '' Jeeps became even more famous following the war , as they became available on the surplus market . Some ads claimed to offer `` Jeeps still in the factory crate . '' This legend persisted for decades , despite the fact that Jeeps were never shipped from the factory in crates ( although Ford did `` knock down '' Jeeps for easier shipping , which may have perpetuated the myth ) .

\n

\n The Jeepney is a unique type of taxi or bus created in the Philippines . The first Jeepneys were military - surplus MBs and GPWs , left behind in the war - ravaged country following World War II and Filipino independence . Jeepneys were built from Jeeps by lengthening and widening the rear `` tub '' of the vehicle , allowing them to carry more passengers . Over the years , Jeepneys have become the most ubiquitous symbol of the modern Philippines , even as they have been decorated in more elaborate and flamboyant styles by their owners . Most Jeepneys today are scratch - built by local manufacturers , using different powertrains . Some are even constructed from stainless steel .

\n

\n In the United States military , the Jeep has been supplanted by a number of vehicles ( e.g. Ford 's M151 ) of which the latest is the Humvee .

\n

\n CJ - V35 / U

\n

\n After World War II , Jeep began to experiment with new designs , including a model that could drive under water . On February 1 , 1950 , contract N8ss - 2660 was approved for 1,000 units `` especially adapted for general reconnaissance or command communications '' and `` constructed for short period underwater operation such as encountered in landing and fording operations . '' The engine was modified with a snorkel system so that the engine could properly breathe under water .

\n Jeep M715

\n M715

\n

\n In 1965 , Jeep developed the M715 1.25 - ton army truck , a militarized version of the civilian J - series Jeep truck , which served extensively in the Vietnam War . It had heavier full - floating axles and a foldable , vertical , flat windshield . Today , it serves other countries , and is still being produced by Kia under license .

\n

\n Jeep etymology

\n See also : Willys MB \u00a7 How the jeep got its name

\n Many explanations of the origin of the word jeep have proven difficult to verify . The most widely held theory is that the military designation GP ( for Government Purposes or General Purpose ) was slurred into the word Jeep in the same way that the contemporary HMMWV ( for High - Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle ) has become known as the Humvee . Joe Frazer , Willys - Overland President from 1939 to 1944 , claimed to have coined the word jeep by slurring the initials G.P. There are no contemporaneous uses of `` GP '' before later attempts to create a `` backronym . ''

\n

\n A more detailed view , popularized by R. Lee Ermey on his television series Mail Call , disputes this `` slurred GP '' origin , saying that the vehicle was designed for specific duties , and was never referred to as `` General Purpose '' and it is highly unlikely that the average jeep - driving GI would have been familiar with this designation . The Ford GPW abbreviation actually meant G for government use , P to designate its 80 - inch ( 2,000 mm ) wheelbase and W to indicate its Willys - Overland designed engine . Ermey suggests that soldiers at the time were so impressed with the new vehicles that they informally named it after Eugene the Jeep , a character in the Thimble Theatre comic strip and cartoons created by E.C. Segar , as early as mid-March 1936 . Eugene the Jeep was Popeye 's `` jungle pet '' and was `` small , able to move between dimensions and could solve seemingly impossible problems . ''

\n

\n The word `` jeep '' however , was used as early as World War I , as US Army slang for new uninitiated recruits , or by mechanics to refer to new unproven vehicles . In 1937 , tractors which were supplied by Minneapolis Moline to the US Army were called jeeps . A precursor of the Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress was also referred to as the jeep .

\n

\n Words of the Fighting Forces by Clinton A. Sanders , a dictionary of military slang , published in 1942 , in the library at The Pentagon gives this definition :

\n
\n
\n Jeep : A four - wheel drive vehicle of one - half - to one - and - one - half - ton capacity for reconnaissance or other army duty . A term applied to the bantam - cars , and occasionally to other motor vehicles ( U.S.A. ) in the Air Corps , the Link Trainer ; in the armored forces , the 1\u20442 - ton command vehicle . Also referred to as `` any small plane , helicopter , or gadget . ''
\n
\n

\n This definition is supported by the use of the term `` jeep carrier '' to refer to the Navy 's small escort carriers .

\n

\n Early in 1941 , Willys - Overland demonstrated the vehicle 's off - road capability by having it drive up the steps of the United States Capitol , driven by Willys test driver Irving `` Red '' Hausmann , who had recently heard soldiers at Fort Holabird calling it a `` jeep . '' When asked by syndicated columnist Katharine Hillyer for the Washington Daily News ( or by a bystander , according to another account ) what it was called , Hausmann answered , `` It 's a jeep . ''

\n

\n Katharine Hillyer 's article was published nationally on February 19 , 1941 , and included a picture of the vehicle with the caption :

\n
\n
\n LAWMAKERS TAKE A RIDE - With Senator Meade , of New York , at the wheel , and Representative Thomas , of New Jersey , sitting beside him , one of the Army 's new scout cars , known as `` jeeps '' or `` quads '' , climbs up the Capitol steps in a demonstration yesterday . Soldiers in the rear seat for gunners were unperturbed .
\n
\n

\n Although the term was also military slang for vehicles that were untried or untested , this exposure caused all other jeep references to fade , leaving the 4x4 with the name .

\n

\n Brand , trademarks and image

\n Willys wartime advertisement promoting its Jeeps ' contribution to the war effort

\n The `` Jeep '' brand has gone through many owners , starting with Willys - Overland , which filed the original trademark application for the `` Jeep '' brand - name in February 1943 . To help establish the term as a Willys brand , the firm campaigned with advertisements emphasizing Willys ' prominent contribution to the Jeep that helped win the war . Willys ' application initially met with years of opposition , primarily from Bantam , but also from Minneapolis - Moline . The Federal Trade Commission initially ruled in favor of Bantam in May 1943 , largely ignoring Minneapolis - Moline 's claim , and continued to scold Willys - Overland after the war for its advertising . The FTC even slapped the company with a formal complaint , to cease and desist any claims that it `` created or designed '' the Jeep -- Willys was only allowed to advertise its contribution to the jeep 's development . Willys however proceeded to produce the first Civilian Jeep ( CJ ) branded vehicles in 1945 , and simply copyrighted the Jeep name in 1946 . Being the only company that continually produced `` Jeep '' vehicles after the war , Willys - Overland was eventually granted the name `` Jeep '' as a registered trademark in June 1950 .

\n

\n Willys had also seriously considered the brand name AGRIJEEP , and was granted the trademark for it in December of 1944 , but instead the civilian production models as of 1945 were marketed as the `` Universal Jeep , '' which reflected a wider range of uses outside of farming .

\n

\n A division of FCA US LLC , the most recent successor company to the Jeep brand , now holds trademark status on the name `` Jeep '' and the distinctive 7 - slot front grille design . The original 9 - slot grille associated with all World War II jeeps was designed by Ford for their GPW , and because it weighed less than the original `` Slat Grille '' of Willys ( an arrangement of flat bars ) , was incorporated into the `` standardized jeep '' design .

\n

\n The history of the HMMWV ( Humvee ) has ties with Jeep . In 1971 , Jeep 's Defense and Government Products Division was turned into AM General , a wholly owned subsidiary of American Motors Corporation , which also owned Jeep . In 1979 , while still owned by American Motors , AM General began the first steps toward designing the Humvee . AM General also continued manufacturing the two - wheel - drive DJ , which Jeep created in 1953 . The General Motors Hummer and Chrysler Jeep have been waging battle in U.S. courts over the right to use seven slots in their respective radiator grilles . Chrysler Jeep claims it has the exclusive rights to use the seven vertical slits since it is the sole remaining assignee of the various companies since Willys gave their postwar jeeps seven slots instead of Ford 's nine - slot design for the Jeep .

\n

\n Off - road abilities

\n Jeep Wrangler off - roading .

\n Jeep advertising has always emphasized the brand 's vehicles ' off - road capabilities . Today , the Wrangler is one of the few remaining four - wheel - drive vehicles with solid front and rear axles . These axles are known for their durability , strength , and articulation . New Wranglers come with a Dana 44 rear differential and a Dana 30 front differential . The upgraded Rubicon model of the JK Wrangler is equipped with electronically activated locking differentials , Dana 44 axles front and rear with 4.10 gears , a 4 : 1 transfer case , electronic sway bar disconnect and heavy duty suspension .

\n

\n Another benefit of solid axle vehicles is they tend to be easier and cheaper to `` lift '' with aftermarket suspension systems . This increases the distance between the axle and chassis of the vehicle . By increasing this distance , larger tires can be installed , which will increase the ground clearance , allowing it to traverse even larger and more difficult obstacles . In addition to higher ground clearance , many owners aim to increase suspension articulation or `` flex '' to give their Jeeps greatly improved off - road capabilities . Good suspension articulation keeps all four wheels in contact with the ground and maintains traction .

\n

\n Useful features of the smaller Jeeps are their short wheelbases , narrow frames , and ample approach , breakover , and departure angles , allowing them to fit into places where full - size four - wheel drives have difficulty .

\n

\n Company History and ownership

\n

\n After the war , Willys did not resume production of its passenger - car models , choosing instead to concentrate on Jeeps and Jeep - branded vehicles , launching the Jeep Station Wagon in 1946 , the Jeep Truck in 1947 , and the Jeepster in 1948 . An attempt to re-enter the passenger - car market in 1952 with the Willys Aero sedan proved unsuccessful , and ended with the company 's acquisition by Kaiser Motors in 1953 , for $60 million . Kaiser initially called the merged company `` Willys Motors '' , but renamed itself Kaiser - Jeep in 1963 . By the end of 1955 , Kaiser - Frazer had dropped the Willys Aero , as well as its own passenger cars to sell Jeeps exclusively .

\n

\n American Motors Corporation ( AMC ) in turn purchased Kaiser 's money - losing Jeep operations in 1970 . This time $70 million changed hands . The utility vehicles complemented AMC 's passenger car business by sharing components , achieving volume efficiencies , as well as capitalizing on Jeep 's international and government markets . In 1971 AMC spun off Jeep 's commercial , postal and military vehicle lines into a separate subsidiary , AM General -- the company that later developed the M998 Humvee . In 1976 Jeep introduced the CJ - 7 , replacing the CJ - 6 in North America , as well as crossing 100,000 civilian units in annual global sales for the first time .

\n

\n The French automaker Renault began investing in AMC in 1979 . During this period Jeep introduced the XJ Cherokee , its first unibody SUV ; and global sales top 200,000 for the first time in 1985 . However , the replacement of the CJ Jeeps by the new Wrangler line in 1986 marked the start of a different era . By 1987 , the automobile markets had changed and Renault itself was experiencing financial troubles .

\n

\n At the same time , Chrysler Corporation wanted to capture the Jeep brand , as well as other assets of AMC . So Chrysler bought out AMC in 1987 , shortly after the Jeep CJ - 7 had been replaced with the AMC - designed Wrangler YJ . After more than 40 years , the four - wheel drive utility vehicles brand that had been a profitable niche for smaller automakers , fell into the hands of one of the Big Three ; and Jeep was the only AMC brand continued by Chrysler after the acquisition . But Chrysler subsequently merged with Daimler - Benz in 1998 and folded into DaimlerChrysler . DaimlerChrysler eventually sold most of their interest in Chrysler to a private equity company in 2007 . Chrysler and the Jeep division operated under Chrysler Group LLC , until December 15 , 2014 , when Chrysler folded into Fiat Chrysler Automobiles , with the stateside division operating under ' FCA US LLC ' .

\n

\n Jeeps have been built under licence by various manufacturers around the world , including Mahindra in India , EBRO in Spain , and several in South America . Mitsubishi built more than 30 models in Japan between 1953 and 1998 . Most were based on the CJ - 3B model of the original Willys - Kaiser design .

\n

\n Toledo , Ohio has been the headquarters of the Jeep brand since its inception , and the city has always been proud of this heritage . Although no longer produced in the same Toledo Complex as the World War II originals , two streets in the vicinity of the old plant are named Willys Parkway and Jeep Parkway . The Jeep Wrangler and Jeep Cherokee are built in the city currently , in separate facilities , not far from the site of the original Willys - Overland plant .

\n

\n American Motors set up the first automobile - manufacturing joint venture in the People 's Republic of China on January 15 , 1984 . The result was Beijing Jeep Corporation , Ltd. , in partnership with Beijing Automobile Industry Corporation , to produce the Jeep Cherokee ( XJ ) in Beijing . Manufacture continued after Chrysler 's buyout of AMC . This joint venture is now part of DaimlerChrysler and DaimlerChrysler China Invest Corporation . The original 1984 XJ model was updated and called the `` Jeep 2500 '' toward the end of its production that ended after 2005 .

\n

\n While Jeeps have been built in India under licence by Mahindra & Mahindra since the 1960s , Jeep has entered the Indian market directly in 2016 , starting with release of the Wrangler and Grand Cherokee in the country .

\n

\n Ownership chronology

\n \n

\n Military Jeeps model list

\n This is a list of military light utility vehicles , made under the Jeep brand , by the Jeep company , or its corporate forebears , beginning with Willys - Overland , the first company to officially market `` Jeep '' branded cars and light trucks . For a full list of U.S. military jeeps , that includes models built by other brands and companies , see : List of U.S. military jeeps Willys MA on assembly line , 1941 . 1942 Willys MB slat grille . 1952 -- 1957 Willys / Kaiser MD Jeep M715 truck \n

\n Civilian Jeeps model list

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section may be too long and excessively detailed . Please consider summarizing the material while citing sources as needed . ( December 2017 )
\n Main article : List of Jeep vehicles

\n Jeep CJ

\n Main article : Jeep CJ ( Civilian Jeep ) 1982 Jeep Scrambler

\n The CJ ( for `` Civilian Jeep '' ) series were literally the first `` Jeep '' branded vehicles produced for the civilian public , beginning in 1945 with the CJ - 2A , followed by the CJ - 3A in 1949 and the CJ - 3B in 1953 . These early Jeeps are commonly referred to as `` flatfenders '' because their front fenders were flat and rectangular across , like on their military forebears , the Willys MB and identical Ford GPW models . The CJ - 4 exists only as a 1951 prototype , and is the `` missing link '' between the flat - fendered CJ - 2A and CJ - 3B and the round - fendered CJ - 5 first introduced in 1955 .

\n \n

\n Willys Jeep Station Wagon and Truck

\n \n

\n With over 300,000 wagons and its variants built in the U.S. , it was one of Willys ' most successful post-World War II models . Its production coincided with consumers moving to the suburbs .

\n

\n Willys / Jeep Jeepster & ( Jeepster ) commando

\n Main articles : Willys / Jeep Jeepster and Jeepster Commando

\n The 1948 introduced Jeepster was directly based on the rear - wheel - drive Jeep Station Wagon chassis , and shared many of the same parts .

\n \n

\n ( Jeepster ) Commando

\n \n

\n Jeep Forward Control

\n Main article : Jeep Forward Control \n

\n Jeep DJ and Fleetvan

\n Main articles : Jeep DJ ( Dispatcher Jeep ) and Fleetvan A USPS mail delivery vehicle made by Jeep

\n From 1955 onwards Willys offered two - wheel drive versions of their CJ Jeeps for commercial use , called DJ models ( for ' Dispatcher Jeep ' ) , in both open and closed body - styles . A well - known version was the right - hand drive model with sliding side - doors , used by the US Postal service . In 1961 the range was expanded with the ' Fleetvan ' delivery - van , based on DJ Jeeps .

\n \n

\n Fleetvan Jeep

\n \n `` Full - Size Jeeps '' Jeep Wagoneer ca . 1968 J20 pickup , Honcho package

\n SJ Wagoneer , Cherokee and pickups

\n Main article : Jeep SJ ( aka Full Size Jeep )

\n SUV models ( 1962 - 1991 )

\n \n

\n Pickup models ( 1962 - 1988 )

\n \n

\n Jeep Cherokee ( XJ ) and Comanche

\n 1988 Jeep Cherokee 2.5 Main articles : Jeep Cherokee ( XJ ) and Jeep Comanche \n Jeep Wrangler 1989 Jeep Wrangler YJ Islander 1997 Jeep Wrangler TJ 2016 Jeep Wrangler JK Unlimited ( MIAS ' 16 )

\n Jeep Wrangler

\n Main article : Jeep Wrangler \n

\n Grand Cherokee

\n Main article : Jeep Grand Cherokee 1st generation Grand Cherokee ZJ . 2008 - 2010 WK Grand Cherokee . \n

\n Jeep Liberty / Cherokee

\n Main article : Jeep Liberty 2008 - 2009 Jeep Liberty \n

\n Jeep Commander

\n \n

\n Jeep Compass and Patriot platform

\n Main articles : Jeep Compass and Jeep Patriot \n

\n Concepts and prototypes

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section may be too long and excessively detailed . Please consider summarizing the material while citing sources as needed . ( April 2018 )
\n \n

\n Current models

\n

\n The Jeep brand currently produces five models , but 8 vehicles are under the brand name or use the Jeep logo :

\n \n

\n Future models

\n \n

\n Jeeps built outside the U.S.A.

\n The Troller T4 Mahindra & Mahindra Limited Indian Jeep

\n Jeeps have been built and / or assembled around the world by various companies .

\n \n Spanish - built long - wheelbase CJ - 3B \n

\n Jeep apparel and sponsorships

\n

\n Jeep is also a brand of apparel of outdoor lifestyle sold under license . It is reported that there are between 600 and 1,500 such outlets in China , vastly outnumbering the number of Jeep auto dealers in the country .

\n

\n In April 2012 Jeep signed a shirt sponsorship deal worth \u20ac 35m ( $45 m ) with Italian football club Juventus .

\n

\n In August 2014 Jeep signed a sponsorship deal with Greek football club AEK Athens F.C. .

\n

\n See also

\n \n

\n References

\n
\n
\n Inline
\n
\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Statham , Steve ( 2002 ) . Jeep Color History . MBI Publishing . pp. 26 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0636 - 9 . Retrieved 28 October 2010 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Chrysler 8 - K / A SEC filing '' ( PDF ) . secdatabase.com. 3 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 ... served as the auditor for Fiat S.p.A. and its consolidated subsidiaries , which include Chrysler Group
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Group LLC '' . InsideView company data . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 . Chrysler Group LLC operates as a subsidiary of Fiat North America LLC
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Jeep Guns For 2 Million In Annual Sales -- Forbes , Feb 24 , 2017
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Could Fiat Chrysler spin off Jeep , Ram ? ' Yes ' -- Detroit Free Press
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : China 's Great Wall sets sights on Jeep -- AutoNews.com , August 21 , 2017
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Marchionne Is Betting Big on Rugged Jeep to Steer Fiat - Bloomberg , 24 augustus 2017
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Zaloga , Steven J. ( 2011 ) . Jeeps 1941 -- 45 . Bloomsbury Publishing . ISBN 9781780961477 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Origin of the Term Jeep -- Olive - Drab
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Russell , Philip ( 2013 ) . 100 Military Inventions that Changed the World . Little , Brown Book Group . ISBN 9781472106704 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Stewart , Doug ( 1992 ) . `` Hail to the jeep ! Could we have won without it ? '' . Smithsonian. 23 ( 8 ) : 60 -- 69 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Allen , Jim ( 2004 ) . Jeep Collector 's Library . MBI Publishing . pp. 49 -- 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1979 - 6 . Retrieved 22 May 2014 .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : Curbside Classic : Kaiser Jeep CJ - 5 -- Transcendent Independent
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Gunn , Richard ( 2006 ) . Trucks & Off - Road Vehicles . Motorbooks . p. 137 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 2569 - 8 . Retrieved 31 July 2011 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Robson , Graham ( 1981 ) . The Rover Story . Stephens . p. 87 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85059 - 543 - 7 . The first Land - Rover owed a lot to the Jeep . Designer Gordon Bashford , who laid out the basic concept , makes no secret of that . It was also his job to go off to an ex-WD surplus vehicle dump in the Cotswolds , buy a couple of roadworthy Jeeps ...
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Morr , Tom ; Brubaker , Ken ( 2007 ) . The Joy of Jeep . MBI Publishing . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3061 - 6 . Retrieved 28 October 2010 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` The Military Jeep '' . Cossor.com.au . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 12 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Invention of the Jeep - Pennsylvania Historical Markers '' . Waymarking.com. 2006 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 23 February 2012 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` Ford Manufacturers a Jeep '' . Jeep History . Retrieved 4 July 2012 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Notman , Robert ( 2006 ) . Bantam , Ford and Willys - 1 / 4 - Ton Reconnaissance Cars . Lulu.com . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84728 - 188 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 30 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Auto Editors of Consumer Guide ( 14 December 2007 ) . `` 1940 -- 1941 Jeep '' . Retrieved 24 February 2012 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Allen , Jim ( 2003 ) . Jeep : Collector 's Library . MBI Publishing . pp. 36 -- 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1486 - 9 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Scott , Graham ( 1996 ) . Essential Military Jeep : Willys , Ford & Bantam models 1941 -- 45 . MBI Publishing . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 870979 - 76 - 4 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Zaloga , Steven J. ( 2005 ) . Jeeps 1941 -- 45 . Osprey Publishing . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 888 - 5 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` The History of Jeep '' . Gear Heads. 17 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2012 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Borth , Christy . Masters of Mass Production , pp. 208 - 36 , Bobbs - Merrill Co. , Indianapolis , IN , 1945 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Herman , Arthur . Freedom 's Forge : How American Business Produced Victory in World War II , pp. 214 , 218 , 342 , Random House , New York , NY , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6964 - 4 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Leigh Brown , Patricia , `` Where Do You Hang The 747 ? '' , The New York Times , December 13 , 1998
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` New Acquisitions -- Smart Car , Volkswagen `` Beetle , '' and Willys - Overland Jeep -- Join Three Other Automobiles in MoMA 's Collection '' ( PDF ) . The Museum of Modern Art . June 2002 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 30 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ R. Cole , `` Chairman Offers to Buy Coleman '' , The New York Times , Page D1 , Feb. 15 , 1989 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` Jeep in a crate $50 ! - The legend of Jeep Body Tubs '' . motorcitymusclecars. 7 July 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 January 2015 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` The 3A 's Navy Cousin - The CJ - V35 / U '' . Cj3apage.com. 1950 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 .
    33. \n
  33. \n ^ Jump up to : Brown , Arch ( 2001 ) . Jeep : The Unstoppable Legend . Publications International . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 7853 - 5562 - 6 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Wordorigins.org '' . Wordorigins.org . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Borth , Christy . Masters of Mass Production , pp. 208 - 236 , Bobbs - Merrill Co. , Indianapolis , IN , 1945 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Sfetcu , Nicolae ( 2014 ) . The Car Show .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ The Industrial Jeep - 1943 NTX - Minneapolis - Moline 's -- Hemmings Motor News
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Pulos , Arthur J. ( 1988 ) . The American Design Adventure , 1940 -- 1975 . MIT Press . p. 20 . ISBN 9780262161060 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ How the Jeep got its name -- Allpar
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Allen , Jim ( 27 July 2015 ) . `` The Oldest Restored Civilian Jeep '' . FourWheeler.com . Extreme Ventures , LLC . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 22 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Toledo - built Jeeps ' sales results abroad mirror those in North American market '' . News.top100.biz. 2007 - 11 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 .
    42. \n
  42. \n ^ Jump up to : Cranswick , Marc ( 2001 ) . Cars of American Motors : An Illustrated History . McFarland . pp. 239 -- 240 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4672 - 8 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 .
    43. \n
  43. \n ^ Jump up to : Jeep 's climb to the top : A year - by - year history -- Autoweek
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` Mitsubishi Jeep Photos on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2002 - 08 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Mann , Jim ( 1997 ) . Beijing Jeep : A Case Study of Western Business in China . Perseus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 3327 - 4 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Dunne , Timothy ( 2007 - 11 - 02 ) . `` Can Chrysler Rebound in China ? '' . Business Week . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 26 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Will Jeep storm India despite ' exorbitant ' price tag ? Fiat has fingers crossed '' . Hindustan Times . 2 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 .
    48. \n
  48. \n ^ Jump up to : Cool Jeeps You Never Saw - 4 - Wheel & Off - Road Magazine
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` Jungle Buggy Packs A Load '' . Popular Science . Bonnier Corporation . 152 ( 5 ) : 122 . May 1948 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Evolution Of Deep Water Fording and the Jeep
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Built to Fly - Army Tests Aluminum Jeep -- Popular Science , Feb 1954 , p. 162
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Foster , Patrick R. ( 2014 ) . Jeep : The History of America 's Greatest Vehicle . Motorbooks . p. 63 . ISBN 9780760345856 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ 3 / 4 ton 4x4 - G503 Military Vehicle Forums
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ ' Jeep ' Truck , Diesel engine , 7000 - pound GVW , 4x4 ( SM - 1020 ) ( PDF ) . Service Manual . Toledo , Ohio : Kaiser Jeep Corporation . May 1964 . p. 1 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ 1948 Willys Jeepster Introduction -- HowStuffWorks
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` Jeepster VJ '' . Jeep.off-road.com . Archived from the original on 13 October 2007 . Retrieved 23 February 2012 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ http://www.encs.com/vehicles.aspx?id=2210
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ https://www.aev-conversions.com/vehicles/brute-double-cab
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` Jeepster fixed roof coupe '' . americanjeepsterclub.org . Archived from the original on 24 February 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Prototype X-98 on CJ3B.info
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` 196X Jeepster front '' . americanjeepsterclub.org . Archived from the original on 24 February 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` 196X Jeepster top view '' . americanjeepsterclub.org . Archived from the original on 24 February 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 23 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Cranswick , Marc ( 2001 ) . Cars of American Motors : An Illustrated History . McFarland . pp. 146 -- 147 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4672 - 8 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Statham , Steve ( 2002 ) . Jeep Color History . MBI Publishing . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0636 - 9 . Retrieved 11 June 2011 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Orlove , Raphael ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` The 1991 Jeep Wagoneer 2000 Was Large Enough To Eat The Moon '' . Jalopnik . Retrieved 31 March 2018 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` 1999 Jeep Commander Concept Car '' . Test Drive Junkie . Retrieved 31 March 2018 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Jewett , Dale . `` 2005 Detroit : Jeep blows into auto show with twin - Hemi Hurricane '' . Retrieved 23 February 2012 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ https://www.caranddriver.com/features/the-2021-jeep-wagoneer-and-grand-wagoneer-are-cars-worth-waiting-for-feature
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` Jeeps Around the World on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2009 - 01 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Argentina on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2005 - 02 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Australia on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Brasil on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ `` Kaiser Jeep in Canada 1959 -- 69 on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` Fiat to Re-introduce Jeep to China '' . ChinaAutoWeb.com . May 2010 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Colombia on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2010 - 03 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in France on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2008 - 09 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ `` Mahindra Jeeps on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2007 - 01 - 31 . Archived from the original on 1999 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Italy on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2009 - 03 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Japan on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2009 - 01 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Korea on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2006 - 11 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Mexico on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2002 - 07 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in the Netherlands on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` Jeepneys of the Philippines on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2005 - 04 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` Philippine firm brings old WWII jeeps back to life '' . Afp.google.com. 2008 - 06 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 11 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ `` Electric minibuses start commercial operations in Philippines '' . Gulf-Times.com. 2008 - 07 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 02 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Fabella , Ferdinand ( 2008 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Enforcers to drive E-jeeps '' . ManilaStandardToday.com . Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 18 January 2015 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Spain on CJ3B.info '' . 14 January 2017 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ `` Jeeps in Turkey on The CJ3B Page '' . Film.queensu.ca. 2005 - 11 - 22 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 04 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ Frost , Laurence ( 27 April 2012 ) . `` China auto market laggards chase premium profile '' . Chicago Tribune . Reuters . Retrieved 11 June 2012 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ Higgins , Tim ( 21 May 2012 ) . `` Jeeps Sell for $189,750 as China Demand Offsets Tariffs '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 June 2012 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ `` Juventus nets Jeep Deal '' . Football-Italia.net. 2002 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 23 .
    92. \n
\n
\n
\n General
\n
\n \n

\n External links

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jeep , Jeep vehicles and Willys vehicles .
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Look up jeep in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Jeep road vehicle timeline , 1945 -- 1970s -- next ''
\n Type \n 1940s \n 1950s \n 1960s \n 1970s
\n 5 \n 6 \n 7 \n 8 \n 9 \n 0 \n \n \n \n \n 5 \n 6 \n 7 \n 8 \n 9 \n 0 \n \n \n \n \n 5 \n 6 \n 7 \n 8 \n 9 \n 0 \n \n \n \n \n 5 \n 6 \n 7 \n 8 \n 9
\n Traditional \n CJ - 2A \n CJ - 3A \n CJ - 5
\n \n \n CJ - 3B \n \n CJ - 7
\n \n \n CJ - 6 \n
\n Dispatcher \n \n \n DJ - 3A \n DJ - 5 / 6 \n AM General
\n Compact SUV \n \n Jeepster ( VJ ) \n \n \n Jeepster Commando \n Commando \n
\n SUV \n \n Willys Jeep Station Wagon \n \n \n Cherokee ( SJ )
\n \n \n \n Wagoneer ( SJ )
\n Compact pickup \n \n \n \n Jeepster Commando \n Commando \n
\n Full - size pickup \n \n Willys Jeep Truck \n \n
\n \n \n \n Gladiator \n J - Series
\n Truck \n \n \n Forward Control \n \n
\n Van \n \n \n \n FJ - 3 / 3A \n FJ - 6 / 6A \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n `` previous -- Jeep road vehicle timeline , 1980s -- present
\n Type \n 1980s \n 1990s \n 2000s \n 2010s
\n 0 \n \n \n \n \n 5 \n 6 \n 7 \n 8 \n 9 \n 0 \n \n \n \n \n 5 \n 6 \n 7 \n 8 \n 9 \n 0 \n \n \n \n \n 5 \n 6 \n 7 \n 8 \n 9 \n 0 \n \n \n \n \n 5 \n 6 \n 7 \n 8
\n Traditional \n CJ - 5 \n \n \n \n
\n CJ - 7 \n Wrangler ( YJ ) \n Wrangler ( TJ ) \n Wrangler ( JK ) \n Wrangler ( JL )
\n \n \n \n Wrangler Unlimited ( LJ ) \n Wrangler Unlimited ( JKU ) \n Wrangler Unlimited ( JLU )
\n Subcompact crossover \n \n \n \n \n Renegade ( BU )
\n Compact crossover \n \n \n \n Compass ( MK49 ) \n Compass ( MP )
\n \n \n \n Patriot ( MK74 ) \n
\n Mid-size crossover \n \n \n \n \n Cherokee ( KL )
\n Compact SUV \n \n Cherokee / Wagoneer ( XJ ) \n Liberty / Cherokee ( KJ ) \n Liberty / Cherokee ( KK ) \n
\n Mid-size SUV \n \n \n Grand Cherokee / Grand Wagoneer ( ZJ ) \n Grand Cherokee ( WJ ) \n Grand Cherokee ( WK ) \n Grand Cherokee ( WK2 )
\n \n \n \n Commander ( XK ) \n
\n Full - size SUV \n Cherokee ( SJ ) \n \n \n \n
\n Wagoneer / Grand Wagoneer ( SJ ) \n \n \n
\n Compact pickup \n \n CJ - 8 ( Scrambler ) \n Comanche ( MJ ) \n \n \n
\n Midsize pickup \n \n CJ - 10 \n \n \n \n \n Scrambler ( JT )
\n Full - size pickup \n J - Series \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n FCA US LLC
\n Marques \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Current \n
    \n
  • \n Chrysler
    • \n
  • \n Dodge
    • \n
  • \n Jeep
    • \n
  • \n Ram
    • \n
  • \n Fiat Automobiles ( USA )
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct \n
    \n
  • \n AMC ( 1966 -- 1988 )
    • \n
  • \n Commer ( 1905 -- 1979 )
    • \n
  • \n Barreiros ( 1959 -- 1978 )
    • \n
  • \n DeSoto ( 1928 -- 1961 )
    • \n
  • \n Eagle ( 1988 -- 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Fargo ( 1920 -- 1972 )
    • \n
  • \n Hillman ( 1907 -- 1976 )
    • \n
  • \n Humber ( 1898 -- 1975 )
    • \n
  • \n Imperial ( 1955 -- 1975 , 1981 -- 1983 )
    • \n
  • \n Karrier ( 1908 -- 1977 )
    • \n
  • \n Plymouth ( 1928 -- 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Singer ( 1905 -- 1970 )
    • \n
  • \n Simca ( 1934 -- 1977 )
    • \n
  • \n SRT ( 2013 -- 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n Sunbeam ( 1901 -- 1976 )
    • \n
  • \n Valiant ( 1960 -- 1966 )
    • \n
\n
\n 		\n
\n Divisions and subsidiaries \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Current \n
    \n
  • \n Chrysler Australia
    • \n
  • \n Chrysler Capital
    • \n
  • \n Chrysler Canada
    • \n
  • \n Dodge
    • \n
  • \n Jeep
    • \n
  • \n Mopar
    • \n
  • \n Ram Trucks
    • \n
  • \n Street & Racing Technology ( SRT )
    • \n
  • \n Road Track ( R / T )
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct \n
    \n
  • \n Chrysler - Plymouth ( 1928 -- 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n American Motors Corporation ( 1954 -- 88 )
    • \n
  • \n Chrysler Australia ( 1951 -- 81 )
    • \n
  • \n Chrysler Europe ( 1967 -- 81 )
    • \n
  • \n Chrysler UK ( 1970 -- 81 )
    • \n
  • \n Envi ( 2007 -- 09 )
    • \n
\n
\n Former \n
    \n
  • \n Eurostar Automobilwerk
    • \n
  • \n Global Electric Motorcars
    • \n
  • \n Chrysler First Financial Services Corporation
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Joint ventures and alliances \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Current \n
    \n
  • \n United States Council for Automotive Research
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct \n
    \n
  • \n Diamond - Star Motors
    • \n
  • \n DaimlerChrysler -- Mitsubishi alliance
    • \n
  • \n Global Engine Alliance
    • \n
\n
\n
\n People \n
    \n
  • \n Walter Chrysler
    • \n
  • \n Lee Iacocca
    • \n
  • \n Bob Lutz
    • \n
  • \n C. Robert Kidder
    • \n
  • \n Thomas W. LaSorda
    • \n
  • \n Sergio Marchionne
    • \n
  • \n Louis Rhodes
    • \n
\n
\n Places \n
    \n
  • \n Chrysler Building
    • \n
  • \n Chrysler Headquarters and Technology Center
    • \n
  • \n Factories
    • \n
  • \n Proving grounds
    • \n
\n
\n Products \n
    \n
  • \n Engines ( Hemi , Pentastar , WGE )
    • \n
  • \n Platforms
    • \n
  • \n Transmissions
    • \n
  • \n Vehicles
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Big Three
    • \n
  • \n Cerberus Capital Management
    • \n
  • \n Chrysler Classic Racing
    • \n
  • \n Daimler - Chrysler ( 1998 -- 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n History ( Chapter 11 reorganization )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Parent
\n
\n Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
\n Marques \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Current \n
    \n
  • \n Abarth
    • \n
  • \n Alfa Romeo
    • \n
  • \n Chrysler
    • \n
  • \n Dodge
    • \n
  • \n FIAT
    • \n
  • \n Fiat Professional
    • \n
  • \n Jeep
    • \n
  • \n Lancia
    • \n
  • \n Maserati
    • \n
  • \n Ram
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct \n
    \n
  • \n AMC
    • \n
  • \n Autobianchi
    • \n
  • \n Barreiros
    • \n
  • \n Ceirano
    • \n
  • \n Commer
    • \n
  • \n DeSoto
    • \n
  • \n Eagle
    • \n
  • \n Fargo
    • \n
  • \n Hillman
    • \n
  • \n Humber
    • \n
  • \n Imperial
    • \n
  • \n Innocenti
    • \n
  • \n Karrier
    • \n
  • \n Pegaso
    • \n
  • \n Plymouth
    • \n
  • \n SCAT
    • \n
  • \n Seddon Atkinson
    • \n
  • \n Singer
    • \n
  • \n Simca
    • \n
  • \n S.P.A. ( Societ\u00e0 Piemontese Automobili )
    • \n
  • \n SRT
    • \n
  • \n Sunbeam
    • \n
  • \n Valiant
    • \n
  • \n Zastava Automobiles
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Subsidiaries \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n FCA Italy \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Subsidiaries \n
    \n
  • \n Abarth & C .
    • \n
  • \n Alfa Romeo Automobiles
    • \n
  • \n Fiat Automobiles
    • \n
  • \n Fiat Professional
    • \n
  • \n Lancia Automobiles
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n FCA Argentina
    • \n
  • \n FCA Auto Poland
    • \n
  • \n FCA Brasil
    • \n
\n
\n Current JV \n
    \n
  • \n FCA Srbija ( 67 % )
    • \n
  • \n FCA India Automobiles ( 50 % )
    • \n
  • \n GAC FCA ( 50 % )
    • \n
  • \n Sevel ( 50 % )
    • \n
  • \n Tofa\u015f ( 37.8 % )
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct JV \n
    \n
  • \n Nanjing Fiat Automobile
    • \n
\n
\n
\n FCA US \n see own template for a list of marques , divisions and joint ventures
\n
    \n
  • \n Comau
    • \n
  • \n Fiat Powertrain Technologies ( VM Motori )
    • \n
  • \n Italiana Editrice ( 77 % )
      \n
    • \n La Stampa
      • \n
    • \n Il Secolo XIX
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Magneti Marelli
    • \n
  • \n Maserati
    • \n
  • \n Teksid ( 84.8 % )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Facilities \n
    \n
  • \n List of assembly sites
    • \n
  • \n Lingotto ( former )
    • \n
  • \n Nard\u00f2 Ring ( former )
    • \n
\n
\n People \n
    \n
  • \n Giovanni Agnelli
    • \n
  • \n Gianni Agnelli
    • \n
  • \n Andrea Agnelli
    • \n
  • \n John Elkann
    • \n
  • \n Sergio Marchionne
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Fiat S.p.A.
    • \n
  • \n CNH Industrial
      \n
    • \n Iveco
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n EXOR
    • \n
  • \n Fiat Aviazione
    • \n
  • \n Fiat Ferroviaria
    • \n
  • \n Fiat Industrial
    • \n
  • \n Ferrari
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
  • \n Commons
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Automotive industry in the United States
\n
    \n
  • \n Automotive industry
    • \n
  • \n Economy of the United States
    • \n
  • \n Transportation in the United States
    • \n
\n
\n American vehicle manufacturers ( list ) \n
    \n
  • \n AGCO
      \n
    • \n Challenger Tractor
      • \n
    • \n Massey Ferguson
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n AM General
    • \n
  • \n American Expedition Vehicles
    • \n
  • \n American Growler
    • \n
  • \n Amp Electric Vehicles
    • \n
  • \n Anteros Coachworks
    • \n
  • \n Arcimoto
    • \n
  • \n Armour Group , Inc .
    • \n
  • \n ATK motorcycles
    • \n
  • \n Aurica Motors
    • \n
  • \n Autocar
    • \n
  • \n Blue Bird
    • \n
  • \n Boulder Electric Vehicle
    • \n
  • \n Brammo
    • \n
  • \n Brunton Stalker
    • \n
  • \n Caterpillar
    • \n
  • \n FCA US
      \n
    • \n Chrysler
      • \n
    • \n Dodge
      • \n
    • \n Jeep
      • \n
    • \n Ram
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n CNH Industrial
      \n
    • \n Case CE
      • \n
    • \n Case IH
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Commuter Cars
    • \n
  • \n Cushman
    • \n
  • \n Cummins
    • \n
  • \n Cycle - Scoot
    • \n
  • \n DeLorean
    • \n
  • \n Chenowth Racing Products
    • \n
  • \n Eagle Bus
    • \n
  • \n Environmental Performance Vehicles
    • \n
  • \n Equus
    • \n
  • \n Elio Motors
    • \n
  • \n Faraday Future
    • \n
  • \n Fisker Inc .
    • \n
  • \n Ford
      \n
    • \n Lincoln
      • \n
    • \n SVT
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n General Dynamics Land Systems
    • \n
  • \n General Motors
      \n
    • \n Buick
      • \n
    • \n Cadillac
      • \n
    • \n Chevrolet
      • \n
    • \n GMC
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Gillig
    • \n
  • \n Glaval Bus
    • \n
  • \n GreenTech
    • \n
  • \n Harley - Davidson
    • \n
  • \n HDT Global
    • \n
  • \n Hennessey
    • \n
  • \n HME
    • \n
  • \n John Deere
    • \n
  • \n Karma Automotive
    • \n
  • \n Legacy
    • \n
  • \n Nikola
    • \n
  • \n Local Motors
    • \n
  • \n Lockheed Martin
    • \n
  • \n Lingenfelter
    • \n
  • \n Lenco Industries
    • \n
  • \n Mack Trucks
    • \n
  • \n Millennium Luxury Coaches
    • \n
  • \n Morgan Olson
    • \n
  • \n Mosler Automotive
    • \n
  • \n MotoCzysz
    • \n
  • \n Motor Coach Industries
    • \n
  • \n Myers Motors
    • \n
  • \n Navistar International
      \n
    • \n IC Bus
      • \n
    • \n International
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Nissan Commercial Vehicles
    • \n
  • \n Oshkosh
      \n
    • \n Pierce
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Paccar
      \n
    • \n Kenworth
      • \n
    • \n Peterbilt
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Panoz
    • \n
  • \n Phoenix Motorcars
    • \n
  • \n Polaris Industries
      \n
    • \n Global Electric Motorcars
      • \n
    • \n Indian
      • \n
    • \n Victory
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Proterra
    • \n
  • \n REV Group
      \n
    • \n Champion Bus
      • \n
    • \n Collins
      • \n
    • \n ElDorado National
      • \n
    • \n E-One
      • \n
    • \n Fleetwood
      • \n
    • \n Goshen Coach
      • \n
    • \n Holiday Rambler
      • \n
    • \n Laymor
      • \n
    • \n Wheeled Coach
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Saleen
    • \n
  • \n Shelby American
    • \n
  • \n SSC North America
    • \n
  • \n Starcraft Bus
    • \n
  • \n Superformance
    • \n
  • \n Tesla
    • \n
  • \n Textron Marine & Land Systems
    • \n
  • \n Trans Tech
    • \n
  • \n TranStar Racing
    • \n
  • \n Ultimaster
    • \n
  • \n VIA Motors
    • \n
  • \n Visionary Vehicles
    • \n
  • \n Wheego Electric Cars
    • \n
  • \n ZAP
    • \n
  • \n Zimmer Motorcars
    • \n
\n
\n Foreign vehicle manufacturers with US operations \n
    \n
  • \n AB Volvo USA
    • \n
  • \n BMW US Manufacturing Company
    • \n
  • \n BYD Auto America
    • \n
  • \n Changan USA
    • \n
  • \n Daimler North America
      \n
    • \n Daimler Trucks North America
        \n
      • \n Thomas
        • \n
      • \n Freightliner
        • \n
      • \n Western Star
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n FAW Group USA
    • \n
  • \n Fiat USA
    • \n
  • \n FHI America
    • \n
  • \n Honda of America
      \n
    • \n Acura
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Hyundai USA
    • \n
  • \n Isuzu America
    • \n
  • \n Kia Motors America
    • \n
  • \n Mazda America
    • \n
  • \n Mitsubishi Motors North America
    • \n
  • \n New Flyer Industries ( 1 )
      \n
    • \n New Flyer
      • \n
    • \n NABI
      • \n
    • \n Motor Coach Industries
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Nissan USA
    • \n
  • \n Peugeot USA
    • \n
  • \n SAIC Motor USA
    • \n
  • \n Suzuki America
    • \n
  • \n Toyota Motor Sales , U.S.A.
      \n
    • \n Lexus
      • \n
    • \n Scion
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Volkswagen Group of America
    • \n
  • \n Wanxiang America
    • \n
\n
\n Active factories \n
    \n
  • \n BMW US Manufacturing Company
    • \n
  • \n Fiat Chrysler factories
    • \n
  • \n Ford factories
    • \n
  • \n General Motors factories
    • \n
  • \n Honda of America factories
    • \n
  • \n Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama
    • \n
  • \n Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia
    • \n
  • \n Mercedes - Benz U.S. International
    • \n
  • \n Nissan North America
    • \n
  • \n Subaru of Indiana Automotive , Inc .
    • \n
  • \n Tesla Factory
    • \n
  • \n Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America
    • \n
  • \n Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant
    • \n
\n
\n Components companies \n
    \n
  • \n Allison
    • \n
  • \n BorgWarner
    • \n
  • \n Caterpillar
    • \n
  • \n Cummins
    • \n
  • \n Delphi
    • \n
  • \n Detroit Diesel
    • \n
  • \n Ingersoll Rand
    • \n
  • \n Eaton
    • \n
  • \n Firestone
    • \n
  • \n Goodyear
    • \n
  • \n Nexteer
    • \n
  • \n Remy International
    • \n
  • \n Timken
    • \n
  • \n Torrington
    • \n
  • \n Visteon
    • \n
\n
\n Insurance and finance companies \n
    \n
  • \n Allstate
      \n
    • \n Ecompass Insurance
      • \n
    • \n Esurance
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ally Financial
    • \n
  • \n Erie Insurance Group
    • \n
  • \n Farmers Insurance Group
      \n
    • \n 21st Century Insurance
      • \n
    • \n Farmers Insurance
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n GM Financial
    • \n
  • \n GMAC Insurance
    • \n
  • \n Kemper Direct
    • \n
  • \n Progressive
    • \n
  • \n Safe Auto
    • \n
  • \n State Farm
    • \n
\n
\n Design studios \n
    \n
  • \n Calty Design Research
    • \n
  • \n Designworks
    • \n
\n
\n By state \n
    \n
  • \n Massachusetts
    • \n
\n
\n Former manufacturers ( 2 ) \n
    \n
  • \n Coda
    • \n
  • \n FMC
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct vehicle manufacturers \n
    \n
  • \n Allis - Chalmers
    • \n
  • \n American Austin
    • \n
  • \n American LaFrance
    • \n
  • \n American Motors
      \n
    • \n Hudson
        \n
      • \n Essex
        • \n
      • \n Terraplane
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Nash
      • \n
    • \n Rambler
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Armor Holdings
    • \n
  • \n Armored Motor Car Company
    • \n
  • \n Auburn Automobile
    • \n
  • \n Avanti Motor Corporation
    • \n
  • \n Avery
    • \n
  • \n BMC
    • \n
  • \n Carbon Motors Corporation
    • \n
  • \n Checker Motors Corporation
    • \n
  • \n Clydesdale Motor Truck Company
    • \n
  • \n Commonwealth
    • \n
  • \n Cord
    • \n
  • \n Case
    • \n
  • \n CNH Global
    • \n
  • \n Duesenberg
    • \n
  • \n Durant
      \n
    • \n Flint
      • \n
    • \n Locomobile
      • \n
    • \n Mason
      • \n
    • \n Rugby
      • \n
    • \n Star
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Excalibur
    • \n
  • \n FCA US
      \n
    • \n Eagle
      • \n
    • \n Plymouth
      • \n
    • \n Street & Racing Technology ( still used as a trim for dodge vehicles )
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Fiberfab
    • \n
  • \n Fitch Four Drive
    • \n
  • \n Fisker Automotive
    • \n
  • \n Fisker Coachbuild
    • \n
  • \n Force Protection
    • \n
  • \n Ford
      \n
    • \n Continental
      • \n
    • \n Edsel
      • \n
    • \n Mercury
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n General Motors
      \n
    • \n Cartercar
      • \n
    • \n Elmore
      • \n
    • \n GM Diesel
      • \n
    • \n Geo
      • \n
    • \n Hummer
      • \n
    • \n LaSalle
      • \n
    • \n Marquette
      • \n
    • \n McLaughlin
      • \n
    • \n Oakland
      • \n
    • \n Oldsmobile
      • \n
    • \n Pontiac
      • \n
    • \n Saturn
      • \n
    • \n Scripps - Booth
      • \n
    • \n Sheridan
      • \n
    • \n Viking
      • \n
    • \n Yellow Coach
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Green Vehicles
    • \n
  • \n Grumman
    • \n
  • \n Henney
    • \n
  • \n International Harvester
    • \n
  • \n Jeffery
    • \n
  • \n Kaiser - Frazer
      \n
    • \n Allstate
      • \n
    • \n Frazer
      • \n
    • \n Henry J
      • \n
    • \n Kaiser
      • \n
    • \n Willys
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Marathon Motor Works
    • \n
  • \n Marmon
      \n
    • \n Roosevelt
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Marvel Motors
    • \n
  • \n Matbro
    • \n
  • \n Mercer
    • \n
  • \n Monaco Coach
    • \n
  • \n Muntz Car Company
    • \n
  • \n North American Bus Industries
    • \n
  • \n Oliver Farm Equipment
    • \n
  • \n Packard
    • \n
  • \n Peerless Motor Company
    • \n
  • \n Pierce - Arrow
    • \n
  • \n Sebring Vanguard
    • \n
  • \n Sterling Trucks
    • \n
  • \n Studebaker
      \n
    • \n Erskine
      • \n
    • \n Rockne
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Stutz
    • \n
  • \n Twentieth Century Motor Car Corporation
    • \n
  • \n United Defense
    • \n
  • \n VL
    • \n
  • \n White
    • \n
  • \n Wildfire
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct factories \n
    \n
  • \n Brampton Assembly ( AMC )
    • \n
  • \n Diamond - Star Motors
    • \n
  • \n Fiat Chrysler factories closed
    • \n
  • \n Ford factories closed
    • \n
  • \n General Motors factories closed
    • \n
  • \n NUMMI
    • \n
  • \n Packard Automotive Plant
    • \n
  • \n Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n AAA
    • \n
  • \n Chicago Auto Show
    • \n
  • \n Interstate Highway System
    • \n
  • \n National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
    • \n
  • \n New York International Auto Show
    • \n
  • \n North American International Auto Show
    • \n
  • \n SAE International
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n ( 1 ) Although New Flyer is Canadian , their Subsidiaries , NABI and Motor Coach Industries , are headquartered in the U.S.
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n ( 2 ) Former meaning the company is no longer in the automotive manufacturing business
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n NDL : 00575508
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeep&oldid=837725447 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what type of car is a jeep considered", "long_answers": ["Prior to 1940 the term `` jeep '' had been used as U.S. Army slang for new recruits or vehicles , but the World War II `` jeep '' that went into production in 1941 specifically tied the name to this light military 4x4 , arguably making them the oldest four - wheel drive mass - production vehicles now known as SUVs . The Jeep became the primary light 4 - wheel - drive vehicle of the United States Army and the Allies during World War II , as well as the postwar period . The term became common worldwide in the wake of the war . Doug Stewart noted : `` The spartan , cramped , and unstintingly functional jeep became the ubiquitous World War II four - wheeled personification of Yankee ingenuity and cocky , can - do determination . ''\n", "Jeep 's current product range consists solely of sport utility vehicles and off - road vehicles , but has also included pickup trucks in the past . Some of Jeep 's vehicles , such as the Grand Cherokee and the Wagoneer , reach into the luxury segment . Jeep sold 1.4 million SUVs globally in 2016 , up from 500,000 in 2008 , two - thirds of which in North America , and was Fiat - Chrysler 's best selling brand in the U.S. during the first half of 2017 . In the U.S. alone , over 2400 dealerships hold franchise rights to sell Jeep - branded vehicles , and if Jeep were spun off into a separate company , it is estimated to be worth between $22 and $33.5 billion -- slightly more than all of FCA ( US ) .\n", "At least two Jeep models ( the CJ - 5 and the SJ Wagoneer ) enjoyed extraordinary three - decade production runs of a single body generation . Jeeps have since the war inspired a number of other light utility vehicles , such as the Land Rover . Many Jeep variants serving similar military and civilian roles have since been designed in other nations . In lowercase the term `` jeep '' continues to be used as a generic term for vehicles inspired by the Jeep that are suitable for use on rough terrain .\n"], "short_answers": ["light utility vehicles\n", "sport utility vehicles\n", "off - road vehicles\n"]} {"text": "Foreign relations of Australia - Wikipedia

\n Foreign relations of Australia

\n Jump to : navigation , search

\n Foreign relations of Australia are influenced by its position as a leading trading nation and as a significant donor of humanitarian aid . Australia 's foreign policy is guided by a commitment to multilateralism and regionalism , as well as to strong bilateral relations with its allies . Key concerns include free trade , terrorism , refugees , economic co-operation with Asia and stability in the Asia - Pacific . Australia is active in the United Nations and the Commonwealth of Nations . Given its history of starting and supporting important regional and global initiatives , it has been described as a regional middle power par excellence .

\n

\n Australia 's imports of major weapons increased 65 per cent between 2005 -- 2009 and 2010 -- 14 , making it the sixth largest importer in the world according to SIPRI .

\n

\n It has become steadfastly allied with New Zealand , through long - standing ties dating back to the 1800s , as well as the United States , throughout the Cold War and since . Over recent decades Australia has sought to strengthen its relationship with Asian countries , with this becoming the focus of the country 's network of diplomatic missions .

\n RG Casey House , Canberra , is the headquarters of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade .

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n Main article : Diplomatic history of Australia

\n Before the Second World War , the British Government handled most of Australia 's foreign policy . The critical decision during the war was to more closely align the military and the diplomacy with the United States . The first accredited diplomat sent to any foreign country was Richard Casey , appointed in January 1940 . Since 1941 , United States has been the most important ally and trading partner . Australian concluded an agreement in 1944 with New Zealand dealing with the security , welfare , and advancement of the people of the independent territories of the Pacific ( the ANZAC pact ) . After the war , Australia played a role in the Far Eastern Commission in Japan and supported Indonesian independence during that country 's revolt against the Dutch ( 1945 -- 49 ) .

\n

\n Australia was one of the founders of both the United Nations and the South Pacific Commission ( 1947 ) , and in 1950 , it proposed the Colombo Plan to assist developing countries in Asia . In addition to contributing to UN forces in the Korean War -- it was the first country to announce it would do so after the United States -- Australia sent troops to assist in putting down the communist revolt in Malaya in 1948 -- 60 and later to combat the Indonesian - supported invasion of Sarawak in 1963 -- 65 .

\n

\n Australia sent troops to repel communism and assist South Vietnamese and American forces in the Vietnam War , in a move that stirred up antiwar activism at home . It joined coalition forces in the Persian Gulf War in 1991 . Australia has been active in the Australia -- New Zealand -- United Kingdom agreement and the Five Power Defence Arrangement -- successive arrangements with Britain and New Zealand to ensure the security of Singapore and Malaysia .

\n

\n In 1999 Australian peace keeping forces intervened in East Timor following its referendum to secede from Indonesia . In 2006 Australia sent a contingent of Australian troops to the state to assist in the 2006 East Timor crisis .

\n

\n International agencies , treaties , and agreements ( edit )

\n See also : Australia and the United Nations \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n One of the drafters of the UN Charter , Australia has given firm support to the United Nations and its specialised agencies . It was a member of the Security Council in 1986 -- 87 , a member of the Economic and Social Council in 1986 -- 89 , and a member of the UN Commission on Human Rights in 1994 -- 96 . Australia takes a prominent part in many other UN activities , including peacekeeping , disarmament negotiations , and narcotics control .

\n

\n Australia also is active in meetings of the Commonwealth Heads of Government and the Pacific Islands Forum , and has been a leader in the Cairns Group -- countries pressing for agricultural trade reform in the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ( GATT ) negotiations -- and in the APEC forum . In September 1999 , acting under a UN Security Council mandate , Australia led an international coalition to restore order in East Timor upon Indonesia 's withdrawal from that territory .

\n

\n Australia has devoted particular attention to relations between developed and developing nations , with emphasis on the countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) -- Indonesia , Singapore , Malaysia , Thailand , the Philippines , and Brunei -- and the island states of the South Pacific . Australia is an active participant in the ASEAN Regional Forum ( ARF ) , which promotes regional co-operation on security issues . Australia was a participant at the inaugural ASEAN sponsored East Asia Summit in 2005 . Australia 's place at the summit was only secured after it agreed to reverse its policy and accede to ASEAN 's Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia . Australia had been reluctant to sign the treaty out of concerns regarding how it would affect Australia 's obligation under other treaty arrangements including ANZUS .

\n

\n Papua New Guinea ( PNG ) , a former Australian territory , is the largest recipient of Australian assistance . Starting in 1997 -- 99 Australia contributed to the IMF program for Thailand and assisted Indonesia and PNG with regional environmental crisis and drought relief efforts .

\n

\n Security treaties ( edit )

\n

\n Australia is party to the Australia , New Zealand , United States security treaty .

\n

\n It has also been a party of the Australia , New Zealand , United Kingdom force .

\n

\n Trade ( edit )

\n

\n Overall Australia 's largest trading partners are the United States , Korea , Japan , China , and the United Kingdom . Australia currently has bilateral Free Trade Agreements with New Zealand , the United States , Thailand and Singapore as of 2007 . As well as this , Australia is in the process undertaking studies on Free Trade Agreements with ASEAN , China , Chile , India , Indonesia , and Malaysia .

\n \n

\n Armaments ( edit )

\n

\n To bolster its foreign policy , Australia maintains a very well - equipped military , According to SIPRI , Australia is the sixth largest importer of major weapons in the world . The US supplied 68 per cent of Australia 's imports and Spain 19 per cent . Australia is modernising its armed forces but also acquiring weapons that significantly increase its long - range capabilities . Among the weapons imported in 2010 -- 14 were 5 tanker aircraft and the first of 2 amphibious assault ships from Spain , along with 2 large transport aircraft and 4 airborne early warning ( AEW ) aircraft from the USA . Australia also received 26 combat aircraft from the USA , with 82 more on order ( see box 3 ) , as well as 8 anti-submarine warfare aircraft from the USA and 3 Hobart destroyers from Spain .

\n

\n Foreign missions ( edit )

\n Embassy of Australia in Washington Australia House , Canada , is an example of an Australian mission ( it serves as the ambassadorial residence ) . As Canada is a fellow Commonwealth nation , Australia maintains a High Commission there .

\n Australia has diplomatic representatives in over 90 locations . Australia has official relations with a number of countries . In a number of countries , Australia maintains an embassy , or in the case of Commonwealth countries , a high commission . Australia has consulates in many countries where there are no official government ties in existence , and these serve primarily to assist Australian travellers and business people visiting those countries . A number of Canadian missions provide consular assistance to Australians in countries in Africa where Australia does not maintain an office ( and Australia reciprocates this arrangement for Canada in some other countries ) through the Canada - Australia Consular Services Sharing Agreement .

\n

\n Due to the One China Policy of the People 's Republic of China , the Australian Office in Taiwan ( formerly the Australian Commerce and Industry Office ) unofficially represents Australia 's interest in Taiwan , serving a function similar to other Australian Consulates .

\n

\n Oceania ( edit )

\n See also : Arc of Instability , Pacific Solution , and RAMSI

\n Australia is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum and other regional organisations . It has High Commissions in Fiji , Kiribati , Nauru , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea , Samoa , the Solomon Islands , Tonga and Vanuatu . It has an embassy in the Federated States of Micronesia . Australia provides aid to many of its developing Pacific Islands neighbours , and to Papua New Guinea .

\n

\n Australia 's approach to the Pacific has included frequent references to what it has perceived as an `` Arc of Instability '' among its island neighbours . In August 2006 Australian Defence Minister Brendan Nelson stated to the Australian Parliament :

\n

\n We can not afford to have failing states in our region . The so - called ' arc of instability ' , which basically goes from East Timor through to the south - west Pacific states , means that not only does Australia have a responsibility in preventing and indeed assisting with humanitarian and disaster relief , but also that we can not allow any of these countries to become havens for transnational crime , nor indeed havens for terrorism .

\n

\n As from early 2008 , the Australian government led by Kevin Rudd began what it called a `` new approach '' to relations between Australia and the Pacific , appointing a Parliamentary Secretary for Pacific Island Affairs , Duncan Kerr . In February , Kerr and fellow Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs , Bob McMullan visited Samoa , Tonga and Kiribati in February , and stated :

\n
\n
\n `` Broadly , the approach is one of much more partnership and engagement on the basis of mutual respect . We 're not going to be lecturing or hectoring , we 're going to try and work together with them and I think we set a pretty good standard with the way we started . The relationships we 've established with ministers and leaders in those countries ( Kiribati , Tonga and Samoa ) is very positive . ''
\n
\n

\n Fiji ( edit )

\n Main article : Australia -- Fiji relations

\n Relations with Fiji are strained due to Australia 's condemnation of the military coup which overthrew the government of Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase in December 2006 . Military leader and `` interim Prime Minister '' Voreqe Bainimarama accused Australia of `` bullying '' Fiji by applying sanctions and insisting on a swift return to a democratic government . In March 2008 the Fiji Human Rights Commission published a report which alleged that Australia might have been planning an armed intervention in Fiji in late 2006 . Australian Foreign Minister Stephen Smith dismissed the allegations , and stated : `` The best thing that can happen in Fiji is not spurious suggestions about Australian activity but having an election , returning Fiji to democracy , respecting human rights '' .

\n

\n On 4 November 2009 , Fijian military leader , Voreqe ( Frank ) Bainimarama , expelled the Australian high commissioner James Batley and his New Zealand counterpart . He said that Australia and New Zealand had tried to undermine Fiji 's judiciary and weaken its economy . New Zealand and Australia disputed key aspects of Fiji 's claims . In response , Australia quickly expelled Fiji 's acting high commissioner , Kamlesh Kumar Arya .

\n

\n Nauru ( edit )

\n Main article : Australia -- Nauru relations

\n Australian - Nauruan relations go back almost a century . Australia administered Nauru as a dependent territory from 1914 to 1968 , and has remained one of Nauru 's foremost economic and aid partners thereafter .

\n

\n Relations between Australia and Nauru were essentially framed by the Pacific Solution , whereby Nauru housed a detention centre for unauthorised refugee applicants who had attempted to enter Australia , and Australia provided financial aid in return . The detention centre was closed by Australia in February 2008 , causing Nauru to express concern regarding the future of its economy .

\n

\n New Zealand ( edit )

\n Main article : Australia -- New Zealand relations

\n The relationship between Australia and New Zealand is exceptionally close on both the national and interpersonal scales . This close relationship goes back to the time of the first World War and the ANZAC Spirit forged at Gallipoli . Former New Zealand Prime Minister Mike Moore declared that Australians and New Zealanders have more in common than New Yorkers and Californians .

\n

\n Papua New Guinea ( edit )

\n Main article : Australia -- Papua New Guinea relations

\n Papua New Guinea is Australia 's closest neighbour , and former dependent territory . Relations between Canberra and Port Moresby are close , although there have been tensions in recent years . Papua New Guinea has developed much closer relations with Australia than with Indonesia , the only country it shares a border with . The two countries are Commonwealth realms , and Papua New Guinea benefits from economic development aid from Australia .

\n

\n Under the government of John Howard , Australia 's relations with Michael Somare 's Papua New Guinea worsened , primarily because of the `` Julian Moti affair '' , but also because of the `` shoes episode '' .

\n

\n Solomon Islands ( edit )

\n Main article : Australia -- Solomon Islands relations

\n Under the government of John Howard , Australia 's relations with Manasseh Sogavare 's Solomon Islands were strained , primarily because of the `` Julian Moti affair '' . Sogavare notably accused Australia of conducting neo-colonialism in the Solomons via RAMSI . On 1 October 2007 , the Solomon Islands ' Foreign Affairs Minister Patteson Oti addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations , and accused Australia of undermining his country 's sovereignty :

\n

\n Mine is too nationalistic a government to become captive to the fortunes which justify our perpetual retention under siege . My ( country 's government ) remain ( s ) unmoved by Australian resistance to our attempts to reclaim our sovereignty and independence .

\n

\n This led Australia to exercise its right of reply , denying the accusation . Relations subsequently improved when both Howard and Sogavare lost office in December 2007 , and their successors - Kevin Rudd and Derek Sikua - immediately set out to improve relations between Canberra and Honiara .

\n

\n Australia currently leads the Regional Assistance Mission to Solomon Islands , at the request of the Governor - General of the Solomon Islands .

\n

\n Tonga ( edit )

\n Main article : Australia -- Tonga relations

\n Following the 2006 riots in Tonga , Australia sent police officers , at Tonga 's request , to help stabilise the situation in the kingdom .

\n

\n Southeast and East Asia ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Country \n Formal Relations Began \n Notes
\n East Timor \n \n See Australia -- East Timor relations

\n Australia and East Timor are near neighbours with close political and trade ties . East Timor , one of the poorest countries in Asia , lies about 610 kilometres ( 380 mi ) northwest of the Australian city of Darwin and Australia has played a prominent role in the young republic 's history . Australia led the military force that helped stabilise the country after it chose independence from Indonesia in 1999 and has been a major source of aid since .

\n
    \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Dili .
    • \n
  • \n East Timor has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate general in Sydney .
    • \n
\n
\n Brunei \n 1984 \n See Australia -- Brunei relations
    \n
  • \n Australia 's High commission is situated in Brunei 's capital Bandar Seri Begawan while Brunei 's High commission is located in Australia 's capital Canberra .
    • \n
  • \n Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations .
    • \n
\n
\n Cambodia \n 1953 \n See Australia -- Cambodia relations
    \n
  • \n Australia 's embassy is situated in the Cambodian capital Phnom Penh and Cambodia 's embassy is located in Australia 's capital Canberra .
    • \n
  • \n Australia played a major role in the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia in the 1990s .
    • \n
  • \n Cambodia and Australia signed a controversial refugee resettlement deal in September 2014 .
    • \n
\n
\n Indonesia \n \n See Australia -- Indonesia relations

\n Since Indonesian independence , the two countries have maintained mutual diplomatic relations , formalised co-operation ( especially in the fields of fisheries conservation , law enforcement , and justice co-operation ) , a measure of security co-operation , broadening treaty relationships , co-membership of regional forums , and co-participation in several multilateral Treaties of significance .

\n

\n Recent years have seen a deepening of Australia 's aid commitment to Indonesia , and Australia has become a popular venue for Indonesian students .

\n

\n In 2008 -- 09 Indonesia is the largest recipient of Australian aid at a value of $462 million .

\n
\n Japan \n \n See Australia -- Japan relations

\n Australia - Japan relations are generally warm , substantial and driven by mutual interests , and have expanded beyond strong economic and commercial links to other spheres , including culture , tourism , defence and scientific co-operation .

\n
\n Malaysia \n \n See Australia -- Malaysia relations
    \n
  • \n Australia has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur .
    • \n
  • \n Malaysia has a high commission in Canberra .
    • \n
  • \n Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations .
    • \n
  • \n Both Australia and Malaysia are members of the Five Power Defence Arrangements and often participate in military exercises together .
    • \n
\n
\n Mongolia \n \n

\n See Australia -- Mongolia relations Australia and Mongolia established relations in 1972 . Relations have grown stronger in recent years with free - market reforms in Mongolia and high - profile visits from leaders of both countries . Trade between the two countries is small but mainly based on mining and there have been steps to grow this . Australia provides foreign aid to Mongolia .

\n
\n Myanmar \n \n See Foreign relations of Myanmar
\n Nepal \n \n

\n Australia and Nepal have had diplomatic relations for over 50 years . They have a modest trade relationship but Australia provides more foreign aid than exports . Australia has a few points of interest such as in tourism , commerce and education .

\n
\n North Korea \n \n See Foreign relations of North Korea

\n Diplomatic relations are stressed due to North Korea 's nuclear weapons program . Since October 2006 visas have not been issued for North Korean citizens and North Korean ships have been banned from Australia 's ports . Economically , relations are more modest ; North Korea ranks 125th in the order of Australia 's trade partners , with two - way trade valued between A $6 -- 11 million . On 22 April , North Korea threatened Australia with a nuclear strike .

\n
\n People 's Republic of China \n \n See Australia -- China relations
\n Philippines \n \n See Australia -- Philippines relations
    \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Manila .
    • \n
  • \n Philippines has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate general in Sydney .
    • \n
\n
\n Taiwan \n \n See Australia -- Taiwan relations
    \n
  • \n Australia does not have diplomatic relations with Taiwan , in conjunction with its recognition of People 's Republic of China , as the sole legitimate government of China .
    • \n
  • \n Nevertheless , Australia supports Taiwan 's participation in international organisations and encourages private investment .
    • \n
  • \n Taiwan has four economic and cultural offices in Australia .
    • \n
  • \n The two countries have a large trade relationship , with exports to Taiwan in 2011 worth over $9 billion and imports from Taiwan worth $3.8 billion .
    • \n
\n
\n Singapore \n \n See Australia -- Singapore relations
    \n
  • \n Australia has a high commission in Singapore .
    • \n
  • \n Singapore has a high commission in Canberra .
    • \n
  • \n Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations .
    • \n
  • \n Both Australia and Singapore are members of the Five Power Defence Arrangements and often participate in military exercises together .
    • \n
\n
\n South Korea \n October 1961 \n See Australia -- South Korea relations
    \n
  • \n The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) and the Commonwealth of Australia ( Australia ) began in October 1961 .
    • \n
  • \n Both are a member state of the MIKTA .
    • \n
  • \n The Republic of Korea has a Consulate General in Sydney and an embassy in Canberra Australia .
    • \n
  • \n The Commonwealth of Australia has an embassy in Seoul Republic of Korea .
    • \n
  • \n During the Korean War Australia sent 17,000 soldiers to offer military co-operation with South Korea .
    • \n
  • \n Economic ties has been strengthened while trade value between the two reached $18 billion in 2007 Australia -- Korea Free Trade Agreement ( KAFTA ) .
    • \n
  • \n Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relations with South Korea
    • \n
  • \n South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relations with the Commonwealth of Australia
    • \n
  • \n Foreign relations of South Korea # Europe Foreign relations of South Korea Foreign relations of the Republic of Korea .
    • \n
\n
\n Thailand \n 1952 \n See Australia -- Thailand relations
    \n
  • \n Thailand is represented through its embassy in Canberra and a consulate general in Sydney .
    • \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Bangkok .
    • \n
  • \n Thailand - Australia Free Trade Agreement
    • \n
\n
\n Vietnam \n 1973 \n
    \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate general in Ho Chi Minh City .
    • \n
  • \n Vietnam has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate general in Sydney and Perth .
    • \n
  • \n There are around 295,000 people of Vietnamese descent living in Australia .
    • \n
  • \n Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Vietnam
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Americas ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Country \n Formal Relations Began \n Notes
\n Argentina \n \n See Foreign relations of Argentina # Australia

\n Australia and Argentina both have embassies in each other 's capitals . They are both members of multi-national groups such as the G20 and Cairns Group and share common interests in many issues such as Antarctica and international peacekeeping . There is significant trade and investment between the two countries .

\n
\n Barbados \n \n See Australia -- Barbados relations
    \n
  • \n The Australian High Commissioner to Barbados is accredited from Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago .
    • \n
  • \n Barbados is represented in Australia through its High Commission in Ottawa , Ontario , ( Canada ) . Barbados maintains an honorary consul in Australia . Barbados and Australia established diplomatic relations on 7 January 1974 . Both Barbados and Australia are current members of the United Nations , Commonwealth of Nations , and comprised as former parts of the British Empire .
    • \n
\n
\n Belize \n \n
    \n
  • \n Australia is represented in Belize by its High Commission in Trinidad and Tobago .
    • \n
  • \n Both countries are members of Commonwealth of Nations .
    • \n
\n
\n Bolivia \n \n

\n Bolivia and Australia work together on a wide variety of issues . There is investment in mining services and technology . Bolivia and Australia are part of the Cairns Group . Still trade is quite small , In 2002 The Hon Mark Vaile visited Santa Cruz for the Cairns Group meeting . Bolivia has an embassy in Canberra . Australia has a Consulate in La Paz . Australia -- Bolivia bilateral treaties include two extradition treaties .

\n
\n Brazil \n \n See Australia -- Brazil relations

\n Brazil has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate general in Sydney . Australia has an embassy in Bras\u00edlia and a consulate in S\u00e3o Paulo .

\n
\n Canada \n \n See Australia -- Canada relations

\n Canada 's and Australia 's militaries have fought alongside each other numerous times including the Second Boer War , World War I , World War II , the Korean War and many United Nations Security Council - sanctioned missions . To maintain this military alliance , a Canadian Defence Advisor is stationed at the High Commission in Canberra to share intelligence . Australia and Canada both contributed the International force in East Timor and both worked closely together to fight terrorism in Afghanistan

\n
\n Chile \n \n See Australia -- Chile relations

\n During the Australian gold rush of the 1850s , Chile became one of Australia 's major food suppliers . After 1866 , however , interaction and trade was minimal . Today both are members of the APEC the Cairns Group .

\n

\n Australia and Chile signed the Australia - Chile Free Trade Agreement on 30 July 2008 . The agreement came into effect in the first quarter of 2009 .

\n
\n Colombia \n September 1975 \n

\n Australia and Colombia are part of the Cairns Group . Colombia reopened its embassy in Canberra in 2008 , Australia established an honorary consulate in Bogota in 1989 and is due to open a resident embassy in 2017 . Colombia and Australia have a growing trade relationship in mining and Agriculture . Both armies fought alongside each other in the Korean war . A total of 6 Australia -- Colombia bilateral treaties , all extended to Australia by the British Empire , are in force with Columbia , covering trade , arbitration and extradition .

\n
\n Cuba \n \n

\n Official relations began in January 1989 . Cuba opened an embassy in Australia on 24 October 2008 . The relations between the countries were given a fresh new start in 2009 , When the foreign minister at the time Stephen Smith visited Cuba . Foreign Minister of Cuba Bruno Rodriguez , visited Australia as a guest of government in 2010 . There are only two Australia -- Cuba bilateral treaties , extended to Australia by the British Empire covering extradition .

\n
\n Ecuador \n \n

\n Ecuador has an embassy in Canberra . Australia 's embassy in Santiago , Chile is accredited to Ecuador . Trade between the two countries is small but is increasing and there are future opportunities to strengthen trade and investment . A number of Australia -- Ecuador bilateral treaties have been agreed between the two countries - such as extradition .

\n
\n El Salvador \n \n

\n There is a large Salvadoran community in Australia , many of whom migrated after the Salvadoran Civil War . There are some old Australia -- El Salvador bilateral treaties covering trade and extradition .

\n
\n Guatemala \n \n

\n There are 4 Australia -- Guatemala bilateral treaties extended to Australia by the British Empire . Guatemala has an embassy in Canberra , Australia . The Australian embassy in Mexico has consular responsibility for Guatemala . Trade between the two countries is A $ 32 Million .

\n
\n Grenada \n \n
    \n
  • \n Australia is represented in Grenada by its High Commission in Trinidad and Tobago .
    • \n
  • \n Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations .
    • \n
\n
\n Jamaica \n \n

\n Both countries members of the Commonwealth of nations and have sporting ties , particularly cricket . Trade is modest , with the balance heavily in Australia 's favour .

\n
\n Mexico \n 1966 \n See Australia -- Mexico relations

\n The two APEC members Australia and Mexico celebrated the 40th anniversary of diplomatic relations in 2006 . Cooperation expansions recently has resulted in several commercial outcomes , including bilateral double taxation agreements signed in 2004 , a memorandum of understanding on mining ( MOU ) in 2002 , an MOU on Training and Education signed in 2003 an MOU on energy in 2005 and in August 2005 an MOU on investment protection and promotion agreement . Two - way trade is worth A $2.5 billion .

\n
\n Paraguay \n \n See Australia -- Paraguay relations

\n Australia 's relations with Paraguay are growing . In 2011 , Paraguay opened an embassy in Canberra , Australia opened a consulate in Asunci\u00f3n . As agricultural producers and exporters , they work together to achieve fairer international trade in agricultural products through membership of the Cairns Group and co-operation in other multilateral fora . Australia is also increasing its engagement with Paraguay through development co-operation and people - to - people exchanges . An increasing number of Paraguayan students are pursuing their education at Australian institutions .

\n
\n Peru \n 1963 \n See Foreign relations of Peru # Australia

\n The two APEC members have worked together on a wide range of issues . The two countries have mutual interests . In 2006 the Australian Bureau of Meteorology has signed a memorandum of understanding to help with the El Ni\u00f1o and La Ni\u00f1a weather patterns . Another memorandum of understanding was signed on co-operation with education . With goodwill the Peruvian congress signed a Peru Australia Friendship league in 2004 . Trade ties are strong and are growing . Many big mining companies have offices in Peru . Peru has an embassy in Canberra . Australia has an embassy in Lima .

\n
\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines \n \n
    \n
  • \n Australia is represented in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines by its High Commission in Trinidad and Tobago .
    • \n
  • \n Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations .
    • \n
\n
\n United States \n \n Prime Minister of Australia , John Howard , with US President George W. Bush on 16 May 2006 , during Howard 's seventh official visit to the White House as Prime Minister . From left to right : the Prime Minister 's wife Janette Howard , former US First Lady Laura Bush , Howard and Bush .

\n See Australia -- United States relations

\n

\n While Australia has emphasised its relationship with the United States since 1942 , as Britain 's influence in Asia declined . At the governmental level , United - States - Australia relations are formalised by the ANZUS treaty and the Australia - United States Free Trade Agreement .

\n
\n Uruguay \n \n See Australia -- Uruguay relations
    \n
  • \n Australia is represented in Uruguay through its embassy in Buenos Aires ( Argentina ) and an honorary consulate in Montevideo .
    • \n
  • \n Uruguay has an embassy in Canberra and a general consulate in Sydney .
    • \n
  • \n Australia and Uruguay share an interest in the Antarctic waters and the fisheries therein .
    • \n
\n
\n Venezuela \n \n
    \n
  • \n Australia is represented in Venezuela through its embassy in Chile . Venezuela has an embassy in Canberra
    • \n
  • \n Bilateral trade is modest , in particular the mining sectors of both countries .
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Europe ( edit )

\n See also : Australia -- European Union relations \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Country \n Formal Relations Began \n Notes
\n Albania \n 1985 \n
    \n
  • \n Albania has a consulate in Adelaide and Australia 's embassy in Greece is accredited to Albania
    • \n
  • \n Albania 's foreign minister Edmond Panariti visited Australia in August 2012 , following on from a visit to Albania from Richard Marles , parliamentary secretary for foreign affairs .
    • \n
  • \n There are approximately 11,000 people in Australia of Albanian descent .
    • \n
  • \n In recent years , the Australian Government has provided financial and humanitarian assistance to Albania .
    • \n
\n
\n Armenia \n \n

\n The first Armenians migrated to Australia in the 1850s , during the gold rush . The majority came to Australia in the 1960s , starting with the Armenians of Egypt after Nasser came to power then , in the early 1970s , from Cyprus after the Turkish occupation of the island and from 1975 until 1992 , a period of civil unrest in Lebanon . Person - to - person governmental links are increasing although they are still modest . In September 2003 , The Hon Mr Philip Ruddock MP visited Armenia in his former capacity as Australian Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs . In October 2005 , the Armenian Foreign Minister , H.E. Mr Vardan Oskanyan , visited Australia . In November 2005 , The Hon Mr Joe Hockey MP , Minister for Human Services , visited Armenia . The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia has not passed a motion recognising the mass murder of Armenians in 1915 as genocide , although the State of NSW has done so . The Australian Government elections of 2007 created an atmosphere in which the Opposition Labor party declared it will push for the Recognition of the Armenian Genocide in Australian Parliament if Labor wins the Elections .

\n
\n Austria \n \n See Foreign relations of Austria # Bilateral relationships
\n Belarus \n 9 January 1992 \n
    \n
  • \n Australia is represented in Belarus through its embassy in Moscow , Russia .
    • \n
  • \n Belarus has an embassy in Canberra .
    • \n
\n
\n Belgium \n \n
    \n
  • \n Both countries have a growing bilateral commercial relationship , going back to World War One when they entered after Belgium was invaded by Germany .
    • \n
  • \n They share similar approaches to many international issues , including arms control , whaling and Antarctica .
    • \n
  • \n Trade and investment relations are very significant . In 2012 , total Belgian investment in Australia was valued at A $6.4 billion , and Australian investment in Belgium totalled $2 billion . In 2012 , Belgium was ranked as Australia 's 24th largest merchandise trading partner .
    • \n
  • \n Almost 30 Australia -- Belgium bilateral treaties cover extradition , trade , taxation , and social security .
    • \n
\n
\n Bosnia and Herzegovina \n 1994 \n
    \n
  • \n Australia recognised Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 and established diplomatic relations in 1994 .
    • \n
  • \n Australia has a consulate in Sarajevo , Bosnia and Herzegovina has an embassy in Canberra .
    • \n
  • \n Australia has a continuing interest in efforts to maintain peace and build prosperity in Bosnia and Herzegovina . Since 1993 -- 94 , Australia has contributed humanitarian assistance worth over A $17 million to countries in the Balkans , including to Bosnia and Herzegovina .
    • \n
\n
\n Bulgaria \n 1972 \n
    \n
  • \n Australia is represented in Bulgaria through its embassy in Athens ( Greece ) . Australia has an honorary consulate in Sofia .
    • \n
  • \n Bulgaria has an embassy in Canberra .
    • \n
\n
\n Croatia \n 1992 \n

\n Australia gave recognition of Croatia in January 1992

\n
    \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Zagreb , Croatia have an embassy in Canberra in addition to consulates in Melbourne , Sydney and Perth
    • \n
  • \n Over 118,000 Australians are of Croatian descent , the largest of the former Yugoslav nations .
    • \n
  • \n The two nations have signed a few bilateral agreements such as a social security agreement in May 2003 to give greater protection to people who have lived or worked in Australia and / or Croatia .
    • \n
  • \n Bilateral trade is worth A $42 million .
    • \n
\n
\n Cyprus \n \n
    \n
  • \n Since 1964 , Australia has provided personnel and equipment to the UNFICYP .
    • \n
  • \n Australia has a High Commission in Nicosia .
    • \n
  • \n Cyprus has High Commission in Canberra .
    • \n
  • \n Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Cyprus
    • \n
  • \n Cypriot Ministry of Foreign Affairs : list of bilateral treaties with Australia ( PDF )
    • \n
\n
\n Czech Republic \n 1920 \n
    \n
  • \n Australia is represented in the Czech Republic through its embassy in Warsaw ( Poland ) and through an honorary consulate in Prague .
    • \n
  • \n The Czech Republic has an embassy in Canberra , a consulate in Sydney and five honorary consulates ( in Melbourne , Perth , Adelaide , Hobart and Brisbane ) .
    • \n
  • \n There are around 21,000 people of Czech descent living in Australia .
    • \n
  • \n A number of Australia -- Czech Republic bilateral treaties have been agreed between the two countries , covering extradition , trade , nuclear energy and other matters .
    • \n
  • \n Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with the Czech Republic
    • \n
\n
\n Denmark \n \n See Australia -- Denmark relations
\n Estonia \n 000000001921 - 09 - 22 - 0000 22 September 1921 \n See Australia -- Estonia relations

\n Australia was among the first countries to re-recognise Estonia 's independence on 27 August 1991 . Both countries re-established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1991 .

\n

\n Australia is represented in Estonia through its embassy in Stockholm ( Sweden ) , and through an honorary consulate in Tallinn . Estonia is represented in Australia through its embassy in Canberra and four honorary consulates ( in Claremont , Hobart , Melbourne and Sydney ) . Australia is host to one of the largest communities of Estonians abroad , with 8,232 people identifying as Estonian in the 2006 Australian Census .

\n
\n Finland \n \n See Australia -- Finland relations

\n Diplomatic relations were established on 31 May 1949 . Australia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm , Sweden , and through an honorary consulate in Helsinki . Finland has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate in Sydney .

\n
\n France \n \n See Australia -- France relations

\n France and Australia have a close relationship founded on historical contacts , shared values of democracy and human rights , substantial commercial links , and a keen interest in each other 's culture .

\n
\n Germany \n \n See Australia -- Germany relations
    \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Berlin and a general consulate in Frankfurt .
    • \n
  • \n Germany has an embassy in Canberra .
    • \n
  • \n Trade between the 2 countries is sizeable but heavily weighted to imports from Germany . In 2008 , total two - way merchandise trade was valued at over A $13.4 billion , of which A $11.4 billion ( 85 per cent ) were imports from Germany .
    • \n
\n
\n Greece \n \n
    \n
  • \n There is a large Greek community in Australia ( dating back from the 1950s and 1960s ) . See Greek Australian .
    • \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Athens .
    • \n
  • \n Australia and Greece were Allies during WWII and Australian forces took part in the Battle of Greece and Battle of Crete .
    • \n
  • \n Greece also has Consulates General in Sydney , Melbourne and Adelaide , as well as a Consulate in Perth , honorary consulates general in Brisbane and Darwin , and honorary Consulates in Newcastle and Hobart .
    • \n
  • \n Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Greece
    • \n
  • \n Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Australia
    • \n
\n
\n Hungary \n 1972 \n
    \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Budapest .
    • \n
  • \n Hungary has an embassy in Canberra , a consulate general in Sydney and four honorary consulate ( in Adelaide , Brisbane , Melbourne and Perth ) .
    • \n
  • \n There are 67,000 people of Hungarian ancestry living in Australia , many Hungarian - Australians have been active in the fields of business , academia , politics and the arts such as Nick Greiner , Frank Lowy , Judy Cassab , and Les Murray
    • \n
  • \n In recent years there have been several high - level visits to strengthen relations .
    • \n
  • \n Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Hungary
    • \n
\n
\n Iceland \n \n
    \n
  • \n Australia 's Danish consulate is accredited to Iceland and Iceland has 3 consulates in Australia .
    • \n
  • \n Trade between the two countries is modest .
    • \n
\n
\n Ireland \n \n See Australia -- Ireland relations
    \n
  • \n Australia and Ireland share a close historical relationship with strong cultural links between the two nations .
    • \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Dublin .
    • \n
  • \n Ireland has an embassy in Canberra , a Consulate General in Sydney and an honorary consulate in Victoria , and both nations are former British colonies .
    • \n
  • \n About 20 % of the Australian population have Irish ancestry , which often predates Irish Independence in 1922 .
    • \n
  • \n Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Ireland
    • \n
\n
\n Italy \n \n
    \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Rome and a general consulate in Milan .
    • \n
  • \n Italy has an embassy in Canberra , two general consulates ( in Melbourne and Sydney ) and three consulates ( in Adelaide , Brisbane and Perth ) .
    • \n
  • \n Italy and Australia have for long years , sustained a muscular and positively friendly relationship in the categories of immigration , political strategism , and commercial trade .
    • \n
  • \n There are around 850,000 people of Italian descent living in Australia .
    • \n
  • \n Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with Italy
    • \n
\n
\n Kosovo \n 21 May 2008 \n See Australia -- Kosovo relations
    \n
  • \n Australia recognised the Republic of Kosovo on 19 February 2008 .
    • \n
  • \n Australia 's Ambassador to Kosovo is subordinate to the Embassy in Vienna .
    • \n
  • \n Kosovo has an embassy in Canberra .
    • \n
\n
\n Kyrgyzstan \n \n

\n Australia is represented in Kyrgyzstan by its embassy in Moscow .

\n
\n Luxembourg \n \n
    \n
  • \n Australia is represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in Brussels ( Belgium ) .
    • \n
  • \n Luxembourg is represented in Australia through the embassy of the Netherlands in Canberra and through an honorary consulate in East Lindfield .
    • \n
  • \n Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about the relation with Luxembourg
    • \n
\n
\n Macedonia \n 15 February 1994 \n
    \n
  • \n Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 February 1994 .
    • \n
  • \n Australia is represented in Macedonia by its embassy in Belgrade , Serbia and an honorary consulate in Skopje .
    • \n
  • \n Macedonia has and embassy in Canberra .
    • \n
\n
\n Malta \n 1967 \n

\n See Australia -- Malta relations

\n
    \n
  • \n Australia has a High Commission in Valletta .
    • \n
  • \n Malta has a High Commission in Canberra , two Consulates - General ( in Melbourne and Sydney ) , and four honorary consulates ( in Adelaide , Ascot Vale , Melbourne and Perth ) .
    • \n
  • \n Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Malta
    • \n
\n
\n Moldova \n \n

\n Australia is represented in Moldova by its embassy in Moscow .

\n
\n Montenegro \n 000000002006 - 09 - 01 - 0000 1 September 2006 \n
    \n
  • \n Australia recognised the Republic of Montenegro on 27 June 2006 .
    • \n
  • \n Australia is represented in Montenegro through a non-resident ambassador based in the Australian embassy in Belgrade ( Serbia ) .
    • \n
  • \n Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Montenegro
    • \n
\n
\n Netherlands \n \n

\n See Australia -- Netherlands relations

\n
    \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in The Hague
    • \n
  • \n The Netherlands has an embassy in Canberra .
    • \n
\n
\n Norway \n \n
    \n
  • \n Australia has an honorary consulate in Oslo , and is represented in Norway through its embassy in Stockholm ( Sweden ) .
    • \n
  • \n Norway has an embassy in Canberra .
    • \n
\n

\n See Australia -- Norway relations

\n
\n Poland \n February 1972 \n See Australia -- Poland relations
    \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Warsaw .
    • \n
  • \n Poland has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate - general in Sydney .
    • \n
  • \n 170,000 people of Polish ancestry live in Australia . The Polish community is active in promoting people - to - people contact and commercial and academic ties through a number of community organisations , bilateral business councils and institutes .
    • \n
  • \n Australian investment in Poland is valued at around A $570 million .
    • \n
\n
\n Portugal \n \n
    \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Lisbon while Portugal have an embassy in Canberra and a consulate in Sydney
    • \n
  • \n Both countries disagreed on East Timor during the twentieth century but today work closely in ensuring stability there and giving foreign aid .
    • \n
  • \n There are 40,000 people of Portuguese descent in Australia .
    • \n
  • \n Australia had a strong trade relationship with Portugal but recently has diminished due to the European sovereign - debt crisis
    • \n
  • \n They have signed a few bilateral agreements on social security and Visas .
    • \n
\n
\n Romania \n 000000001968 - 03 - 18 - 0000 18 March 1968 \n
    \n
  • \n Australia has a non-resident ambassador in its embassy in Belgrade ( Serbia ) , and has a consulate general in Bucharest .
    • \n
  • \n Romania has an embassy in Canberra and a general consulate in Sydney .
    • \n
  • \n Romania and Australia have concluded an Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement , signed in 1994 , a Trade and Economic Agreement ( signed with full effect for Australia in July 2002 and for Romania in January 2003 ) and an Agreement for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and the Prevention of Fiscal Evasion , signed in 2001 .
    • \n
\n
\n Russia \n 1942 \n See Australia -- Russia relations
    \n
  • \n The first Australian embassy in Moscow opened in 1943 . Australia has an embassy in Moscow and two honorary consulates ( in Saint Petersburg and Vladivostok ) .
    • \n
  • \n Russia has an embassy in Canberra and a consulate - general in Sydney .
    • \n
  • \n Australian Department of Foreign Affaires and Trade about the relation with Russia
    • \n
\n
\n Serbia \n 1966 \n See Australia -- Serbia relations
    \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Belgrade . The Australian Ambassador to Serbia is Dr Helena Studdert .
    • \n
  • \n Serbia has an embassy in Canberra and a general consulate in Sydney . Serbian Ambassador to Australia is due to arrive in late 2010 and Consul - General in Sydney is Aleksandar Besarabi\u0107 .
    • \n
  • \n The European office of the Australian Federal Police is located in Belgrade as of 2003 .
    • \n
  • \n In the 2006 Australian Census , 95,364 people identified themselves as having Serbian origin .
    • \n
\n
\n Slovakia \n 1993 \n
    \n
  • \n Australia 's embassy in Vienna is accredited to Slovakia .
    • \n
  • \n Serbia has an embassy in Canberra and consulates in Brisbane and Melbourne .
    • \n
  • \n Two - way trade between the countries stands at $115 million .
    • \n
  • \n There are approximately 10,000 people of Slovak origin living in Australia .
    • \n
\n
\n Slovenia \n 000000001992 - 02 - 05 - 0000 5 February 1992 \n
    \n
  • \n Australia recognised Slovenia as an independent state on 16 January 1992 .
    • \n
  • \n Australia is represented in Slovenian through its embassy in Vienna , Austria , and through an honorary consulate in Ljubljana .
    • \n
  • \n Slovenia has an embassy in Canberra and an honorary consulate in Camperdown , New South Wales .
    • \n
  • \n There are between 20,000 and 25,000 Slovenians who live in Australia .
    • \n
  • \n Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Slovenia
    • \n
\n
\n Spain \n \n
    \n
  • \n Spain has an embassy in Canberra as well as consulates in every mainland state capital city
    • \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Madrid
    • \n
  • \n The two countries signed a Joint Action Agreement in June 2009 in conjunction with increased Spanish engagement in the Asia - Pacific and in addition to many other bilateral agreements
    • \n
  • \n 84,000 Australians claim Spanish descent
    • \n
  • \n Trade in 2010 -- 11 reached around A $2.56 billion
    • \n
  • \n Many Australian developers have invested in projects in Spain and in turn Spanish companies have invested in Australian projects
    • \n
\n
\n Sweden \n \n See Australia -- Sweden relations

\n Australia has an embassy in Stockholm . Sweden has an embassy in Canberra as well as a Consulate - General in Sydney . Sweden is also represented by consulates in Adelaide , Brisbane , Cairns , Darwin , Hobart , Melbourne and Perth .

\n
    \n
  • \n Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Sweden
    • \n
\n
\n Switzerland \n 1961 \n
    \n
  • \n Switzerland opened a consulate in Sydney in 1855 and one in Melbourne in 1856 .
    • \n
  • \n Australia is represented to Switzerland through its embassy in Berlin ( Germany ) and Australia also has a consulate - general in Geneva .
    • \n
  • \n Switzerland has an embassy in Canberra , a consulate - general in Sydney and six honorary consulates in Adelaide , Brisbane , Darwin , Hobart , Melbourne and Perth .
    • \n
  • \n Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Switzerland
    • \n
  • \n Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs about relations with Australia
    • \n
\n
\n Ukraine \n \n
    \n
  • \n Ukraine opened an Embassy in Canberra in March 2003 .
    • \n
  • \n Australia 's Ambassador in Vienna is accredited to Ukraine .
    • \n
  • \n The 2006 Census recorded 13,665 Ukrainian - born persons in Australia . Most Ukrainian migrants to Australia arrived in the post-World War II period .
    • \n
\n

\n The small but active Ukrainian community in Australia plays an important role in developing bilateral relations . In 2002 the Australian Federation of Ukrainian Organisations helped establish Ukrainian - Australian House in Kyiv to promote commercial ties .

\n
    \n
  • \n Trade relations are modest .
    • \n
  • \n Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Ukraine
    • \n
\n
\n United Kingdom \n \n See Australia -- United Kingdom relations

\n British - Australian relations are close , marked by shared history , culture , institutions and language , extensive people - to - people links , aligned security interests , and vibrant trade and investment co-operation .

\n
\n Vatican City \n 1973 \n
    \n
  • \n Since the establishment of diplomatic relations with the Holy See in 1973 , Australia has maintained a non-resident Head of Mission , based in another European capital , as well as an office at the Holy See , headed by a Counsellor .
    • \n
  • \n The Holy See has maintained an Apostolic Nunciature in Canberra since 1973 .
    • \n
  • \n On 21 July 2008 , the Australian Government announced that it would appoint for the first time a resident Ambassador to the Holy See -- the Hon Tim Fischer AC . According to the Australian Foreign Ministry , this marked a significant deepening of Australia 's relations with the Vatican since it would allow Australia to expand dialogue with the Vatican in areas including human rights , political and religious freedom , inter-faith dialogue , food security , arms control , refugees and anti-people trafficking , and climate change . Mr Fischer commenced his appointment on 30 January 2009 and presented credentials to Pope Benedict XVI on 12 February 2009 .
    • \n
  • \n The Australian Prime Minister , Mr Rudd , visited the Pope Benedict XVI and met the Vatican 's Secretary of State on 9 July 2009 .
    • \n
  • \n The Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs , the Hon Stephen Smith MP , met HE Archbishop Dominique Mamberti , the Holy See 's Secretary for Relations with States on 3 December 2008 during his visit to Oslo to sign the Convention on Cluster Munitions . The Holy See played a facilitating role in relation to the Oslo process as a member of the Core Group of States .
    • \n
\n
\n

\n South Asia and central Asia ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Country \n Formal Relations Began \n Notes
\n Afghanistan \n 1994 \n
    \n
  • \n Australia has had relations with Afghanistan since the 1860s when Afghan camel riders came to Australia . The Ghan train is named after them .
    • \n
  • \n Australia has been fighting against the Taliban in the Afghanistan war since 2001 .
    • \n
  • \n In late 2001 , the Australian Defence Force commenced Operation Slipper as Australia 's contribution to assist the NATO - led International Security Assistance Force mission in the War in Afghanistan and the War on Terror to combat the Taliban and their allied groups . The operation ended on 31 December 2014 and was replaced with Operation Highroad , which commenced on 1 January 2015 to assist the NATO - led Resolute Support Mission engaging in the War in Afghanistan .
    • \n
  • \n Australia has contributed nearly $500 million in assistance to Afghanistan since they entered the war and has accepted many Afghan refugees .
    • \n
  • \n In January 2016 , Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull visited the Australian troops stationed at Camp Qargha in Kabul , Afghanistan , where he also met with Afghan President Ashraf Ghani and chief executive officer Abdullah Abdullah .
    • \n
\n
\n Bangladesh \n 1971 \n See Australia -- Bangladesh relations
    \n
  • \n Australia was the fourth country , and the first in the developed world , to recognise Bangladesh 's independence in 1971 . A high commission was opened in Dhaka and relations have been warm since then .
    • \n
  • \n In 2008 , Bangladesh signed a bilateral counter-terrorism MOU with Australia , their first with any country .
    • \n
  • \n The number of Bangladeshis in Australia has increased in recent years .
    • \n
  • \n Bangladesh is a significant recipient of foreign aid from Australia .
    • \n
\n
\n India \n 1941 \n See Australia -- India relations
    \n
  • \n India established diplomatic relations with Australia in 1941 , six years before its independence . The Australian Government subsequently supported the independence of India and Pakistan from the British Empire .
    • \n
  • \n India and Australia share close historical ties , with both countries being former British colonies and members of the Commonwealth of Nations . They also share close sporting ties , with both countries sharing their passion for cricket . They also compete against each other in field hockey and in the Commonwealth Games .
    • \n
  • \n Economic relations between the two nations is strong , with India being Australia 's fourth largest export partner and the eighth largest trading partner .
    • \n
  • \n In 1963 Australia provide defence aid to India in the face of Chinese action .
    • \n
  • \n In 2009 , relations were strained between the two nations by attacks on Indian students ( termed Curry Bashings ) in Melbourne . Police denied any racial motivation , but this was viewed differently by the Government of India leading to high - level meetings with Australian officials .
    • \n
  • \n The persistent refusal of Australia to sell uranium to India due to the latter not being a signatory to the NPT has also hampered bilateral relations . However , this policy was reversed in 2011 .
    • \n
\n
\n Kazakhstan \n \n

\n Australia and Kazakhstan relations began in 1992 . Since then Kazakhstan has opened a consulate in Sydney in 1996 , but it closed in 2003 due to resource constraints . There have been a number of high level visits taken place between the two countries to sign co-operation agreements between the two countries . Trade relations are modest .

\n
\n Pakistan \n \n See Australia -- Pakistan relations
    \n
  • \n Relations with Pakistan started before partition . Australia supported India and Pakistan 's independence .
    • \n
  • \n In 1960 , Australia provided A \u00a3 11 million in aid to Pakistan as part of the Indus Waters Treaty .
    • \n
  • \n The relations between the two countries have been friendly , with former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf having visited Australia in 2005 and the former Prime Minister of Australia , John Howard , also having extended a visit to Pakistan in 2005 as well , following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which had immensely targeted the northern areas of Pakistan . He also announced 500 new scholarships for students in Pakistan to study in Australia .
    • \n
\n
\n Sri Lanka \n \n
    \n
  • \n Bilateral relations are generally warm , supported by trade , investment flows , education , immigration and other development co-operations . Australia is also a member in helping the economic and social development of Sri Lanka .
    • \n
  • \n In 2007 a two - way trade agreement was created between Australia and Sri Lanka valued at $232 million a year . The trade agreement includes exports from Australia such as vegetables and dairy products . Tea and other foods , textiles , clothing , rubber , iron and steel which are the main imports from Sri Lanka .
    • \n
  • \n In 2008 -- 09 the estimated budget for aid to Sri Lanka is $27 million .
    • \n
\n

\n Sri Lanka Country Brief

\n
\n Tajikistan \n \n

\n Australia is represented in Tajikistan by its embassy in Moscow .

\n
\n

\n Western Asia ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Country \n Formal relations began \n Notes
\n Azerbaijan \n 1992 \n
    \n
  • \n Australia and Azerbaijan established diplomatic contacts in June 1992 .
    • \n
\n
\n Georgia \n 1992 \n
    \n
  • \n Australia recognised Georgia 's independence in 1992 .
    • \n
  • \n Australia 's embassy in Turkey is accredited to Georgia , Georgia has a consulate in Australia .
    • \n
  • \n In 2008 Australia provided $1 million in humanitarian aid to Georgia in the aftermath of the Russo - Georgian War .
    • \n
  • \n There are modest trade relations
    • \n
\n
\n Iran \n 1968 \n
    \n
  • \n Australia opened an embassy in Tehran in 1968 and Iran have had an embassy in Canberra since 1971 .
    • \n
  • \n Two - way trade has diminished in recent years but was still over $200 million as of 2011 .
    • \n
  • \n Australia , like most Western countries , have expressed concerns about Iran 's human - rights record and its nuclear - weapons program .
    • \n
  • \n 25,000 people of Iranian descent live in Australia .
    • \n
\n
\n Iraq \n 1968 \n
    \n
  • \n Australia and Iraq have had varying relations since 1938 , improving following the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003 .
    • \n
  • \n Australia provides foreign aid ; there is also a modest trade relationship that both countries strive to enlarge in the coming years .
    • \n
  • \n A sizeable Iraqi community lives in Australia .
    • \n
  • \n In 2009 Nouri al - Maliki became the first Iraqi prime minister to visit Australia . He and then Australian prime minister Kevin Rudd signed a declaration to increase co-operation and to strengthen trade and investment ties .
    • \n
\n
\n Israel \n 1948 \n See Australia -- Israel relations
    \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Tel Aviv .
    • \n
  • \n Israel has an embassy in Canberra .
    • \n
  • \n 120,000 Jews live in Australia .
    • \n
  • \n Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Israel
    • \n
\n
\n Jordan \n \n
    \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Amman and Jordan has an embassy in Canberra .
    • \n
  • \n Trade relations are significant , valued at over $150 million .
    • \n
\n
\n Lebanon \n \n
    \n
  • \n Australia enjoys friendly relations with Lebanon . Australia has an embassy in Beirut and Lebanon has an embassy in Canberra .
    • \n
  • \n 74,000 Lebanese - born people live in Australia , mainly in Sydney , and there are more people of Lebanese descent including Marie Bashir , Steve Bracks and Hazem El Masri .
    • \n
  • \n Australia has a modest trade relationship with Lebanon and has also given foreign aid in the aftermath of the Lebanese civil war of 1975 -- 1990 .
    • \n
\n
\n Saudi Arabia \n \n
    \n
  • \n Saudi Arabia is one of Australia 's most important trading partners in the Middle East ; two - way trade was valued at $1.9 billion in 2011 .
    • \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Riyadh and Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Canberra .
    • \n
  • \n A large number of Saudi students choose to study in Australia , mostly under the King Abdullah Scholarship Program . In 2009 , 12,500 Saudi students enrolled in Australian educational institutions .
    • \n
  • \n Australians in Saudi Arabia are a sizeable community consisting mainly of up to 5,000 with the majority based in major commercial centres such as Riyadh and Jeddah .
    • \n
  • \n A Memorandum of Understanding was signed in Canberra between Australia - Saudi Business Council
    • \n
  • \n Official Press Agency stated on Apr , 14 , 2015 that the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Australia are Discussing Developing Cooperation Ties
    • \n
  • \n Bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Australia have improved and progressed significantly in recent years and moved from normal relations to relations of mutual trust and partnership in various fields .
    • \n
  • \n Saudi Arabia 's Foreign Affairs statement on Australian - Saudi Arabian relations
    • \n
\n
\n Turkey \n 1967 \n See Australia -- Turkey relations
    \n
  • \n Australia has had an embassy in Ankara since 1968 , a consulate - general in Istanbul and a consulate in \u00c7anakkale .
    • \n
  • \n Turkey has had an embassy in Canberra since 1967 and two consulates - general -- in Melbourne and in Sydney .
    • \n
  • \n Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Australia
    • \n
  • \n Australian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Turkey
    • \n
\n
\n United Arab Emirates \n \n
    \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate in Dubai . The UAE have an embassy in Canberra .
    • \n
  • \n Both countries have extensive trade relations . In 2009 trade was worth over A $4.25 billion .
    • \n
  • \n There are 91 flights per week between the two countries , and roughly 12,000 to 15,000 Australians live and work in the UAE .
    • \n
  • \n The countries have a shared strategic view on regional security , thanks to high - level dialogue between them .
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Africa ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Country \n Formal Relations Began \n Notes
\n Cape Verde \n \n

\n Australia and Cape Verde are represented to each other 's country through their respective embassies in Lisbon , Portugal .

\n
\n Comoros \n \n

\n Australia is represented in Comoros by its embassy in Port Louis .

\n
\n Egypt \n 1950 \n
    \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Cairo .
    • \n
  • \n Egypt has an embassy in Canberra and two Consulates - General ( in Melbourne and Sydney ) .
    • \n
  • \n Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Egypt
    • \n
\n
\n Ghana \n 1957 \n
    \n
  • \n Australia has an embassy in Accra and Ghana have an embassy in Canberra and a Consulate - General in Sydney .
    • \n
  • \n Australia 's trade relations are modest , valued at A $113 million in 2007 , most of that exports to Ghana . Australian mining investment in Ghana has grown in recent years , primarily in the gold mining sector .
    • \n
  • \n Australia also provides foreign aid to Ghana to alleviate poverty , improve the environment and promote human rights .
    • \n
\n
\n Kenya \n \n
    \n
  • \n Australia 's relations with Kenya are based on Kenya 's key role and position in East Africa and its importance in multilateral bodies such as the United Nations , the Commonwealth and the World Trade Organization . Australia and Kenya maintain High Commissions in Nairobi and Canberra respectively .
    • \n
  • \n Australia has limited commercial interest in Kenya but the mining sector has grown in recent years and in 2007 Australian exports to Kenya were worth over $52 million .
    • \n
  • \n Australia is a significant donor of foreign aid to Kenya
    • \n
\n
\n Libya \n \n
    \n
  • \n Australia was a major non-military backer of the revolutionaries during the Libyan Civil War , sending more humanitarian aid to Libya than any other single country after the United States . It was relatively early to recognise the NTC , doing so on 9 June 2011 , months before the capture of Tripoli .
    • \n
  • \n This was after years of stressed relations with Libya under the Gaddafi regime . Relations are now improving as a consequence . This was evident in December 2011 , when then Australian Foreign Affairs Minister Kevin Rudd travelled to Libya to meet with Libyan Prime Minister Abdurrahim El - Keib . Rudd ceremonially hoisted the flag of Australia at his country 's consul - general in Tripoli and pledged Canberra 's support for efforts to remove unexploded landmines in Libya , as well as advice on Libya 's planned transition to democratic governance .
    • \n
\n
\n Madagascar \n \n

\n Australia 's diplomatic representation to Madagascar is from the High Commission in Port Louis , Mauritius . Madagascar is represented by an Honorary Consul - General based in Sydney .

\n
\n Malawi \n \n
    \n
  • \n Australia is represented in Malawi by its embassy in Harare .
    • \n
  • \n Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations .
    • \n
\n
\n Morocco \n 1976 \n See Australia -- Morocco relations
    \n
  • \n Morocco has had an embassy in Canberra since 2004 , the Australian Embassy in Paris is accredited to Morocco .
    • \n
  • \n Australian Parliamentary Delegations have visited Morocco in 1993 , 2011 and 2013 .
    • \n
\n
\n Nigeria \n 1960 \n
    \n
  • \n Australia has a high commission in Abuja and Nigeria have an embassy in Canberra
    • \n
  • \n Both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations
    • \n
  • \n Australia provides foreign aid to Nigeria in addition to exports such as plastics , dairy products and wine .
    • \n
\n
\n Somalia \n \n
    \n
  • \n Australia has modest relations with Somalia despite there not being a central government since 1991 .
    • \n
  • \n Australia provided over $61 million to Somalia in 2011 in response to the Horn of Africa humanitarian crisis .
    • \n
  • \n In September 2012 following the election of Hassan Sheikh Ahmed Mohamoud , foreign minister Bob Carr said , '' Australia shares the cautious optimism of the international community about Somalia 's future prospects . ''
    • \n
\n
\n South Africa \n \n See Australia -- South Africa relations
    \n
  • \n Australia has a High Commission in Pretoria .
    • \n
  • \n South Africa has a High Commission in Canberra .
    • \n
\n
\n Zambia \n \n
    \n
  • \n The Australian Ambassador to Zimbabwe is accredited to Zambia as Australian High Commissioner . He is assisted by an Honorary Consul in Lusaka .
    • \n
  • \n Zambia has a High Commission in Canberra .
    • \n
  • \n Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations .
    • \n
\n
\n Zimbabwe \n \n See Australia -- Zimbabwe relations

\n Both countries have full embassy level diplomatic relations . Australia currently manintains an embassy in Harare , and Zimbabwe maintains an embassy in Canberra .

\n
\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n \n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Fels , Enrico ( 2017 ) . Shifting Power in Asia - Pacific ? The Rise of China , Sino - US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance . Springer . p. 365 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 45689 - 8 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 25 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Trends in International Arms Transfer , 2014 '' . www.sipri.org . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Margaret MacMillan ( 2003 ) . Parties Long Estranged : Canada and Australia in the Twentieth Century . UBC Press . p. 15 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Roger John Bell , Unequal allies : Australian - American relations and the Pacific war ( Melbourne University Press , 1977 )
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Joseph Gabriel Starke , The ANZUS Treaty Alliance ( Melbourne University Press , 1965 )
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ E.G. Whitlam , `` Australia , Indonesia and Europe 's empires . '' Australian Journal of International Affairs ( 1980 ) 34 # 1 pp : 3 -- 12 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Percy Claude Spender , Exercises in diplomacy ; the ANZUS treaty and the Colombo Plan ( 1969 ) .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Peter Geoffrey Edwards , A Nation at War : Australian Politics , society and diplomacy during the Vietnam War 1965 -- 1975 ( Allen & Unwin , 1997 )
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ James Cotton , East Timor , Australia and regional order : intervention and its aftermath in Southeast Asia ( Routledge , 2004 )
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 29 June 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 06 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Dobell , Graeme ( 20 August 2006 ) . `` The Pacific ' arc of instability ' '' . Correspondent 's Report .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Aust , Pacific working on damaged relationship '' , Edmond Roy , ABC News , 10 February 2008
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Smith rejects Fiji accusations '' , The Australian , 2 April 2008
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Chris Merritt and Patrick Walters , ' Fiji Expels High Commissioner ' , The Australian 4 November 2009 , ( 1 )
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Samantha Maiden , ' Australia expels top Fiji Diplomat in retaliation move ' , The Australian , 4 November 2009 , ( 2 )
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` NZ , Australia ' should consider merger ' '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 4 December 2006 . Retrieved 20 March 2008 . The House of Representatives Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs ( found ) `` While Australia and New Zealand are of course two sovereign nations , it seems to the committee that the strong ties between the two countries -- the economic , cultural , migration , defence , governmental and people - to - people linkages -- suggest that an even closer relationship , including the possibility of union , is both desirable and realistic , ''
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 6 February 2016 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Patteson , Oti ( 2 October 2007 ) . `` Statement at the 62nd session of the United Nations General Assembly '' ( PDF ) . un.org .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Australia exercises its right of reply to Patteson Oti 's statement Archived 2 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , United Nations General Assembly , 2 October 2007
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ http://www.dfat.gov.au/media/speeches/foreign/1996/austindo.html
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Indonesia '' . dfat.gov.au .
    22. \n
  22. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Mongolia '' . dfat.gov.au .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Nepal '' . dfat.gov.au .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` Home -- Australian Embassy '' . embassy.gov.au .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Phil . Embassy -- Canberra , Australia -- Philippine Embassy -- Canberra , Australia '' . philembassy.org.au .
    27. \n
  27. \n ^ Jump up to : Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of Korea . `` Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of Korea - Asia Pacific '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of Korea .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` Embassy of the Republic of Korea to the Commonwealth of Australia '' . Aus-act.mofa.go.kr ( in Korean ) . Retrieved 22 October 2016 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Home '' . Southkorea.embassy.gov.au. 15 October 2016 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 February 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 06 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` Vietnam -- Australia Relations '' . Mofa.gov.vn . Retrieved 22 October 2016 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Australian High Commission to Trinidad and Tobago ( Accredited to Barbados )
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` Belize '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Australia - Canada bilateral relations '' . Government of Canada . Archived from the original on 12 September 2008 . Retrieved 12 November 2008 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ James Jupp ( 2001 ) . The Australian People : An Encyclopedia of the Nation , Its People and Their Origins . p. 196 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ President of Colombia ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` Decreto 2182 de 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Diario Oficial ( decree ) ( in Spanish ) . Bogot\u00e1 : Colombia , National Printing Office ( 48,107 ) . ISSN 0122 - 2112 . OCLC 500057889 . Retrieved 14 December 2012 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Search results '' . protocol.dfat.gov.au . Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 6 July 2017 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` Guatemala '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 6 July 2017 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` Guatemala Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . dfat.gov.au . Dept Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 15 December 2017 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ ( 3 )
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Paraguay '' . dfat.gov.au .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Saint Vincent and the Grenadines '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . `` Albanian Foreign Minister visits Australia '' . foreignminister.gov.au .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` Cooperation between the Republic of Belarus and Australia '' . mfa.gov.by .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` Belarus '' . dfat.gov.au .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b , \u0421\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 , \u0410\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441 \u0438 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b '' . mfa.gov.by .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Belgium '' . dfat.gov.au .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Bosnia and Herzegovina '' . dfat.gov.au .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria '' . dfat.gov.au .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` The Embassy of the Republic of Bulgaria in Canberra '' . Bulgaria.org.au . Retrieved 22 October 2016 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Croatia '' . dfat.gov.au .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ `` Home -- Australian High Commission '' . embassy.gov.au .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` HIGH COMMISSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS IN CANBERRA -- High Commissioner '' . cyprus.org.au .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ `` Strona g\u0142\u00f3wna -- Australian Embassy '' . australia.pl .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ `` Czech embassy in Canberra '' . mzv.cz .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` Czech consulate in Sydney '' . mzv.cz .
    57. \n
  57. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade about relations with Estonia '' . Dfat.gov.au . Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 3 June 2009 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` Honorary Consuls in Australia and New Zealand '' . Canberra.vm.ee . Estonian Embassy in Canberra . Retrieved 5 March 2016 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Australia '' . Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 3 June 2009 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` Germany '' . dfat.gov.au .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` Home -- Australian Embassy '' . embassy.gov.au .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Finckh , Gemma ( 17 April 2016 ) . `` Why Visiting A Dentist Is Important - Dentist Appointment Points To Remember '' . Greekembassy.org.au . Retrieved 22 October 2016 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Commonwealth of Australia . `` About the Australian Embassy in Hungary '' . Retrieved 23 December 2008 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` Home -- Australian Embassy '' . embassy.gov.au .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 06 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ `` Home -- Australian Embassy '' . embassy.gov.au .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` Ambasciata d'Italia - Canberra '' . Ambcanberra.esteri.it . Retrieved 22 October 2016 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` Consolato Generale - Sydney '' . Conssydney.esteri.it . Retrieved 22 October 2016 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ `` Consolato - Perth '' . Consperth.esteri.it . Retrieved 22 October 2016 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` Kosovo Country Brief '' . Australian Government -- Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . 3 October 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2009 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ `` Australia Recognises the Republic of Kosovo '' . Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . 19 February 2008 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ `` Australia 's International Relations '' . Australian Embassy and Permanent Mission to the United Nations , Austria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , Slovakia , and Slovenia . Retrieved 28 March 2009 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` Flamuri i Kosov\u00ebs shpaloset n\u00eb Canberra t\u00eb Australis\u00eb '' . Kosovo MFA. 15 February 2013 . Retrieved 23 February 2013 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ `` Kyrgyzstan '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ `` Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia country brief '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ `` Australian Consulate in Skopje , Macedonia , Former Yugoslav Republic of '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ 1111 , Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , R.G. Casey Building , John McEwen Crescent , Barton ACT 0221 Australia Tel : + 61 2 6261 . `` Search results '' . protocol.dfat.gov.au .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ `` Home -- Australian High Commission '' . embassy.gov.au .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ `` Sorry . The page you are looking for does not exist '' ( PDF ) . gov.mt .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` Moldova '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Trade , corporateName = Department of Foreign Affairs and . `` Australian Embassy in '' . australia.pl .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` Strona niedost\u0119pna '' . www.canberra.msz.gov.pl .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` Poland '' . dfat.gov.au .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ `` Portugal '' . dfat.gov.au .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ `` AMBASADA ROM\u00c2NIEI \u00een Australia '' . mae.ro .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ `` Romania '' . dfat.gov.au .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ `` Homepage -- Australian Embassy '' . embassy.gov.au .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ `` \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0410\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0438 '' . Australia.mid.ru . Retrieved 22 October 2016 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` Slovak Republic '' . dfat.gov.au .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ `` Diplomatic relations '' . Embassy of the Republic of Slovenia Canberra . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 October 2008 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 February 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 06 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ `` Spain '' . dfat.gov.au .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ `` \u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 '' . Ukremb.info . Retrieved 22 October 2016 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ `` Holy See , The '' . dfat.gov.au .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ `` Operation Slipper '' . Australian Army . 20 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ `` Australia supports new mission in Afghanistan '' . Australian Department of Defence. 31 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 9 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 January 2016 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Ireland , Judith ( 18 January 2016 ) . `` Malcolm Turnbull visits Australian troops in Afghanistan ahead of Obama meeting '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 18 January 2016 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh '' . dfat.gov.au .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ Foreign relations of India # Australia
    101. \n
  101. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Ben Chifley '' . Australia 's Prime Ministers . National Archives of Australia . Archived from the original on 9 July 2009 . Retrieved 26 July 2009 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ Clare , Nelson ( 7 January 2008 ) . `` Harbhajan Singh handed lengthy ban '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 25 April 2010 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ Vinay Kamath , Swetha Kannan . `` India - Australia trade on new pitch '' . The Hindu Business Line .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` Exchange of Notes constituting an Agreement between the Government of Australia and the Government of India on Defence Aid to India ATS 27 of 1963 `` . Australasian Legal Information Institute , Australian Treaties Library . Retrieved on 15 April 2017 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ ( 4 )
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- Asia - Pacific -- ' Race ' attacks spark Indian rally '' . bbc.co.uk .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ `` Labor ends ban on uranium exports to India '' . ABC News .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ `` Indus Basin Development Fund ( Supplemental ) Agreement , 1964 ATS 14 of 1964 `` . Australasian Legal Information Institute , Australian Treaties Library . Retrieved on 15 April 2017 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- South Asia -- Musharraf on key Australia visit '' . bbc.co.uk .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ `` Australia 's aid program '' . ausaid.gov.au . Archived from the original on 17 April 2012 .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka '' . dfat.gov.au .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ `` Tajikistan '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ `` Azerbaijan -- Australia relations '' . Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the Commonwealth of Australia , New Zealand and Republic of Fiji . Embassy of the Republic of Azerbaijan to the Commonwealth of Australia , New Zealand and Republic of Fiji. 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2015 . Diplomatic contacts between two countries have been established on June 19 , 1992 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ Nina Markovic ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` It 's complicated : a timeline of Australia -- Iran relations in a historical perspective '' . Parliament of Australia . Retrieved 24 August 2013 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ `` Iran '' . dfat.gov.au .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ `` Iraq '' . dfat.gov.au .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ `` Home -- Australian Embassy '' . embassy.gov.au .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ `` Error - 2010 - f3 '' . mfa.gov.il .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ `` Lebanon '' . dfat.gov.au .
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . `` Australia strengthens Middle East relations '' . foreignminister.gov.au .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ `` Saudi Arabia '' . dfat.gov.au .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ `` ESTIMATES OF AUSTRALIAN CITIZENS LIVING OVERSEAS ( as at December 2001 ) '' ( PDF ) . Southern-cross-group.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 July 2008 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ `` A Memorandum of Understanding was signed in Canberra between Australia - Saudi Business Council Australia Saudi Business CouncilAustralia Saudi Business Council '' . Australiasaudicouncil.com.au . Retrieved 22 October 2016 .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ `` Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , Australia Discuss Developing Cooperation Ties , Saudi Press Agency Australia Saudi Business CouncilAustralia Saudi Business Council '' . Australiasaudicouncil.com.au. 14 April 2015 . Retrieved 22 October 2016 .
    125. \n
  125. \n Jump up ^ `` Saudi Relations with Australia kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Ministry of Foreign Affairs '' . Embassies.mofa.gov.sa . Retrieved 22 October 2016 .
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ `` Home -- Australian Embassy '' . embassy.gov.au .
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ `` The Turkish Embassy -- Arts , Music , Recreation and Travel '' . The Turkish Embassy .
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ `` United Arab Emirates '' . dfat.gov.au .
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ ( 5 )
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ `` Comoros '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade .
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ `` Home -- Australian Embassy '' . embassy.gov.au .
    132. \n
  132. \n Jump up ^ ( 6 )
    133. \n
  133. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 June 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 .
    134. \n
  134. \n Jump up ^ `` Foreign embassies and consulates in Australia -- Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . dfat.gov.au .
    135. \n
  135. \n Jump up ^ `` Ghana Visas , Passports , Travel Advice -- Ghana Consulate , Sydney '' . ghana.org.au .
    136. \n
  136. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 June 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 27 .
    137. \n
  137. \n Jump up ^ `` Australia Supports the New Libya at International Conference '' . Australian Minister of Trade . 1 September 2011 . Retrieved 22 January 2012 .
    138. \n
  138. \n Jump up ^ Willingham , Richard ( 28 April 2011 ) . `` Australia Funding Libyan Evacuation Ship , Reveals Rudd '' . The Age . Retrieved 30 April 2011 .
    139. \n
  139. \n Jump up ^ `` Australia 's FM says Libyan opposition NTC only representative of Libya '' . Xinhua. 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 .
    140. \n
  140. \n Jump up ^ Oakes , Dan ( 10 June 2011 ) . `` Canberra backs new Libya '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 10 June 2011 .
    141. \n
  141. \n Jump up ^ Pollard , Ruth ( 10 December 2011 ) . `` Australia extends a helping hand to Libya '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 22 January 2012 .
    142. \n
  142. \n Jump up ^ `` Madagascar '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade .
    143. \n
  143. \n Jump up ^ `` Malawi '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade .
    144. \n
  144. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 15 June 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 .
    145. \n
  145. \n Jump up ^ Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . `` Election of Somalia 's President '' . foreignminister.gov.au .
    146. \n
  146. \n Jump up ^ `` Zambia '' . Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade .
    147. \n
  147. \n Jump up ^ 1111 , Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , R.G. Casey Building , John McEwen Crescent , Barton ACT 0221 Australia Tel : + 61 2 6261 . `` Search results '' . protocol.dfat.gov.au .
    148. \n
  148. \n Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe -- Country Brief '' . Archived from the original on 6 August 2007 . Retrieved 9 May 2008 .
    149. \n
  149. \n Jump up ^ `` Australian Embassy , Zimbabwe '' . Retrieved 9 May 2008 .
    150. \n
  150. \n Jump up ^ `` Zimbabwe Details '' . Archived from the original on 15 April 2008 . Retrieved 9 May 2008 .
    151. \n
\n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Foreign relations of Australia
\n Africa \n
    \n
  • \n Algeria
    • \n
  • \n Egypt
    • \n
  • \n Kenya
    • \n
  • \n Morocco
    • \n
  • \n Senegal
    • \n
  • \n South Africa
    • \n
  • \n Zimbabwe
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Americas \n
    \n
  • \n Argentina
    • \n
  • \n Barbados
    • \n
  • \n Brazil
    • \n
  • \n Canada
    • \n
  • \n Chile
    • \n
  • \n Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Paraguay
    • \n
  • \n Trinidad and Tobago
    • \n
  • \n United States
    • \n
  • \n Uruguay
    • \n
\n
\n Asia \n
    \n
  • \n Bangladesh
    • \n
  • \n Brunei
    • \n
  • \n Cambodia
    • \n
  • \n China
    • \n
  • \n East Timor
    • \n
  • \n Hong Kong
    • \n
  • \n India
    • \n
  • \n Indonesia
    • \n
  • \n Iran
    • \n
  • \n Israel
    • \n
  • \n Japan
    • \n
  • \n Malaysia
    • \n
  • \n Mongolia
    • \n
  • \n North Korea
    • \n
  • \n Pakistan
    • \n
  • \n Philippines
    • \n
  • \n Qatar
    • \n
  • \n Singapore
    • \n
  • \n South Korea
    • \n
  • \n Sri Lanka
    • \n
  • \n Taiwan
    • \n
  • \n Thailand
    • \n
  • \n Turkey
    • \n
  • \n United Arab Emirates
    • \n
  • \n Vietnam
    • \n
\n
\n Europe \n
    \n
  • \n European Union
    • \n
  • \n Austria
    • \n
  • \n Bulgaria
    • \n
  • \n Czech Republic
    • \n
  • \n Denmark
    • \n
  • \n Estonia
    • \n
  • \n Finland
    • \n
  • \n France
    • \n
  • \n Germany
    • \n
  • \n Greece
    • \n
  • \n Ireland
    • \n
  • \n Italy
    • \n
  • \n Kosovo
    • \n
  • \n Malta
    • \n
  • \n Montenegro
    • \n
  • \n Netherlands
    • \n
  • \n Norway
    • \n
  • \n Poland
    • \n
  • \n Russia
    • \n
  • \n Serbia
    • \n
  • \n Sweden
    • \n
  • \n Switzerland
    • \n
  • \n United Kingdom
    • \n
\n
\n Oceania \n
    \n
  • \n Federated States of Micronesia
    • \n
  • \n Fiji
    • \n
  • \n Nauru
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
    • \n
  • \n Palau
    • \n
  • \n Papua New Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Solomon Islands
    • \n
  • \n Tonga
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Minister for Foreign Affairs
    • \n
  • \n Diplomatic missions of / in Australia
    • \n
  • \n High Commissioners and Ambassadors
    • \n
  • \n United Nations
    • \n
  • \n Foreign policy history
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Members of the Commonwealth of Nations
\n Sovereign states ( Members ) \n
    \n
  • \n Antigua and Barbuda
    • \n
  • \n Australia
    • \n
  • \n Bahamas
    • \n
  • \n Bangladesh
    • \n
  • \n Barbados
    • \n
  • \n Belize
    • \n
  • \n Botswana
    • \n
  • \n Brunei
    • \n
  • \n Cameroon
    • \n
  • \n Canada
    • \n
  • \n Cyprus
    • \n
  • \n Dominica
    • \n
  • \n Fiji
    • \n
  • \n Ghana
    • \n
  • \n Grenada
    • \n
  • \n Guyana
    • \n
  • \n India
    • \n
  • \n Jamaica
    • \n
  • \n Kenya
    • \n
  • \n Kiribati
    • \n
  • \n Lesotho
    • \n
  • \n Malawi
    • \n
  • \n Malaysia
    • \n
  • \n Malta
    • \n
  • \n Mauritius
    • \n
  • \n Mozambique
    • \n
  • \n Namibia
    • \n
  • \n Nauru
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
    • \n
  • \n Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Pakistan
    • \n
  • \n Papua New Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Rwanda
    • \n
  • \n St. Kitts and Nevis
    • \n
  • \n St. Lucia
    • \n
  • \n St. Vincent and the Grenadines
    • \n
  • \n Samoa
    • \n
  • \n Seychelles
    • \n
  • \n Sierra Leone
    • \n
  • \n Singapore
    • \n
  • \n Solomon Islands
    • \n
  • \n South Africa
    • \n
  • \n Sri Lanka
    • \n
  • \n Swaziland
    • \n
  • \n Tanzania
    • \n
  • \n Tonga
    • \n
  • \n Trinidad and Tobago
    • \n
  • \n Tuvalu
    • \n
  • \n Uganda
    • \n
  • \n United Kingdom
    • \n
  • \n Vanuatu
    • \n
  • \n Zambia
    • \n
\n
\n Dependencies of Members \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Australia \n
    \n
  • \n Ashmore and Cartier Islands
    • \n
  • \n Australian Antarctic Territory
    • \n
  • \n Christmas Island
    • \n
  • \n Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands
    • \n
  • \n Coral Sea Islands
    • \n
  • \n Heard Island and McDonald Islands
    • \n
  • \n Norfolk Island
    • \n
\n
\n New Zealand \n
    \n
  • \n Cook Islands
    • \n
  • \n Niue
    • \n
  • \n Ross Dependency
    • \n
  • \n Tokelau
    • \n
\n
\n United Kingdom \n
    \n
  • \n Akrotiri and Dhekelia
    • \n
  • \n Anguilla
    • \n
  • \n Bermuda
    • \n
  • \n British Antarctic Territory
    • \n
  • \n British Indian Ocean Territory
    • \n
  • \n British Virgin Islands
    • \n
  • \n Cayman Islands
    • \n
  • \n Falkland Islands
    • \n
  • \n Gibraltar
    • \n
  • \n Guernsey
    • \n
  • \n Isle of Man
    • \n
  • \n Jersey
    • \n
  • \n Montserrat
    • \n
  • \n Pitcairn Islands
    • \n
  • \n St. Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
    • \n
  • \n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
    • \n
  • \n Turks and Caicos Islands
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Source : Commonwealth Secretariat - Member States
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n East Asia Summit ( EAS )
\n
    \n
  • \n First
    • \n
  • \n Second
    • \n
  • \n Third
    • \n
  • \n Fourth
    • \n
  • \n Fifth
    • \n
  • \n Sixth
    • \n
  • \n Seventh
    • \n
  • \n Eighth
    • \n
  • \n Ninth
    • \n
  • \n Tenth
    • \n
  • \n Eleventh
    • \n
  • \n Twelfth
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Australia
    • \n
  • \n Brunei
    • \n
  • \n Cambodia
    • \n
  • \n China
    • \n
  • \n India
    • \n
  • \n Indonesia
    • \n
  • \n Japan
    • \n
  • \n Laos
    • \n
  • \n Malaysia
    • \n
  • \n Myanmar
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
    • \n
  • \n Philippines
    • \n
  • \n Russia
    • \n
  • \n Singapore
    • \n
  • \n South Korea
    • \n
  • \n Thailand
    • \n
  • \n United States
    • \n
  • \n Vietnam
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Pacific Islands Forum ( PIF )
\n Members \n
    \n
  • \n Australia
    • \n
  • \n Cook Islands
    • \n
  • \n Fiji
    • \n
  • \n Kiribati
    • \n
  • \n Marshall Islands
    • \n
  • \n Micronesia
    • \n
  • \n Nauru
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
    • \n
  • \n Niue
    • \n
  • \n Palau
    • \n
  • \n Papua New Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Samoa
    • \n
  • \n Solomon Islands
    • \n
  • \n Tonga
    • \n
  • \n Tuvalu
    • \n
  • \n Vanuatu
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Associate members \n
    \n
  • \n French Polynesia
    • \n
  • \n New Caledonia
    • \n
\n
\n Observers \n
    \n
  • \n Commonwealth of Nations
    • \n
  • \n East Timor
    • \n
  • \n Tokelau
    • \n
  • \n United Nations
    • \n
  • \n Wallis and Futuna
    • \n
  • \n Guam
    • \n
  • \n American Samoa
    • \n
  • \n Northern Mariana Islands
    • \n
  • \n Asian Development Bank
    • \n
  • \n Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission ( WCPFC )
    • \n
\n
\n Dialogue partners \n
    \n
  • \n Canada
    • \n
  • \n China
    • \n
  • \n Cuba
    • \n
  • \n European Union
    • \n
  • \n France
    • \n
  • \n India
    • \n
  • \n Indonesia
    • \n
  • \n Italy
    • \n
  • \n Japan
    • \n
  • \n Korea
    • \n
  • \n Malaysia
    • \n
  • \n Philippines
    • \n
  • \n Spain
    • \n
  • \n Thailand
    • \n
  • \n Turkey
    • \n
  • \n United Kingdom
    • \n
  • \n United States
    • \n
\n
\n Meetings \n
    \n
  • \n 45th
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Australia articles
\n History \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Timeline
    • \n
  • \n Bibliography
    • \n
  • \n Prehistory
    • \n
  • \n Archaeology
    • \n
  • \n European Exploration
    • \n
  • \n Territorial evolution
    • \n
  • \n 1788 -- 1850
    • \n
  • \n 1851 -- 1900
    • \n
  • \n 1901 -- 1945
    • \n
  • \n Since 1945
    • \n
\n
\n By topic \n
    \n
  • \n Constitutional
    • \n
  • \n Diplomatic
    • \n
  • \n Economic
    • \n
  • \n Federation
    • \n
  • \n Immigration
    • \n
  • \n Indigenous
    • \n
  • \n Military
    • \n
  • \n Monarchy
    • \n
  • \n Railway
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Geography \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Climate
    • \n
  • \n Continent
    • \n
  • \n Deserts
    • \n
  • \n Environment
      \n
    • \n issues
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Earthquakes
    • \n
  • \n Flora
    • \n
  • \n Fauna
    • \n
  • \n Forests
    • \n
  • \n Geology
    • \n
  • \n Islands
    • \n
  • \n Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Regions
    • \n
  • \n Protected areas
    • \n
  • \n Rivers
    • \n
\n
\n Subdivisions \n
    \n
  • \n States and Territories
    • \n
  • \n Capitals
    • \n
  • \n Cities
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Politics \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Constitution
    • \n
  • \n Courts
    • \n
  • \n Elections
      \n
    • \n Donations
      • \n
    • \n Electoral system
      • \n
    • \n Parties
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Federal budget
    • \n
  • \n Foreign relations
    • \n
  • \n Government
    • \n
  • \n Governor - General
    • \n
  • \n Human rights
      \n
    • \n Intersex
      • \n
    • \n LGBT
      • \n
    • \n Transgender
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Intelligence and security
    • \n
  • \n Law
      \n
    • \n Constitution
      • \n
    • \n Judiciary
      • \n
    • \n Enforcement
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Military
    • \n
  • \n Monarchy
    • \n
  • \n National debt
    • \n
  • \n Parliament
    • \n
  • \n Public Service
    • \n
  • \n Women
      \n
    • \n Government leaders
      • \n
    • \n Government ministers
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Economy \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Agriculture
    • \n
  • \n Dollar ( currency )
    • \n
  • \n Energy
    • \n
  • \n Gross state product
    • \n
  • \n Home ownership
      \n
    • \n Public housing
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Household income
    • \n
  • \n Manufacturing
    • \n
  • \n Media
    • \n
  • \n Mining
    • \n
  • \n Poverty
    • \n
  • \n Reserve Bank
    • \n
  • \n Stock Exchange
    • \n
  • \n Superannuation
    • \n
  • \n Taxation
    • \n
  • \n Telecommunications
    • \n
  • \n Tourism
    • \n
  • \n Transportation
    • \n
  • \n Welfare system
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Society \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Crime
    • \n
  • \n Demographics
    • \n
  • \n Education
    • \n
  • \n Ethnic groups
    • \n
  • \n Healthcare
    • \n
  • \n Homelessness
    • \n
  • \n Immigration
    • \n
  • \n Languages
    • \n
  • \n Religion
    • \n
  • \n Women
    • \n
\n
\n Culture \n
    \n
  • \n Architecture
    • \n
  • \n Art
    • \n
  • \n Arts
    • \n
  • \n Australian English
    • \n
  • \n Cinema
    • \n
  • \n Cuisine
    • \n
  • \n Dance
    • \n
  • \n Literature
    • \n
  • \n Music
    • \n
  • \n Public holidays
    • \n
  • \n Radio
    • \n
  • \n Sport
    • \n
  • \n Symbols
    • \n
  • \n Television
    • \n
  • \n Theatre
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Outline
    • \n
  • \n Index
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Politics of Australia
\n Commonwealth \n
    \n
  • \n Monarch
    • \n
  • \n Governor - General
    • \n
  • \n Prime Minister
    • \n
  • \n Cabinet ( Shadow Cabinet )
    • \n
  • \n Executive Council
    • \n
  • \n Ministry
    • \n
  • \n Foreign relations
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Parliament
    • \n
  • \n House of Representatives
    • \n
  • \n Senate
    • \n
  • \n Opposition Leader
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n High Court
    • \n
  • \n Lower courts
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Constitution
    • \n
  • \n Statute of Westminster
    • \n
  • \n Australia Act
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Federal elections \n
    \n
  • \n pre-1969
    • \n
  • \n 1969
    • \n
  • \n 1972
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1977
    • \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1984
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1993
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1998
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2007
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2013
    • \n
  • \n 2016
    • \n
  • \n next
    • \n
  • \n by - elections
    • \n
\n
\n State / Territory governments \n
    \n
  • \n Governors and Administrators
    • \n
  • \n Premiers and Chief Ministers
    • \n
  • \n Parliaments and Assemblies
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n NSW
    • \n
  • \n Vic
    • \n
  • \n Qld
    • \n
  • \n WA
    • \n
  • \n SA
    • \n
  • \n Tas
    • \n
  • \n ACT
    • \n
  • \n NT
    • \n
\n
\n State / Territory elections \n
    \n
  • \n Vic 2014
    • \n
  • \n SA 2014
    • \n
  • \n Tas 2014
    • \n
  • \n NSW 2015
    • \n
  • \n ACT 2016
    • \n
  • \n NT 2016
    • \n
  • \n WA 2017
    • \n
  • \n Qld 2017
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Vic 2018
    • \n
  • \n SA 2018
    • \n
  • \n Tas 2018
    • \n
  • \n NSW 2019
    • \n
  • \n ACT 2020
    • \n
  • \n NT 2020
    • \n
  • \n WA 2021
    • \n
  • \n Qld 2020
    • \n
\n
\n Local government \n
    \n
  • \n NSW
    • \n
  • \n Vic
    • \n
  • \n Qld
    • \n
  • \n WA
    • \n
  • \n SA
    • \n
  • \n Tas
    • \n
  • \n NT
    • \n
\n
\n Political parties \n
    \n
  • \n Coalition ( Liberal , National , Liberal National , Country Liberal )
    • \n
  • \n Conservatives
    • \n
  • \n Greens
    • \n
  • \n Hinch
    • \n
  • \n Katter
    • \n
  • \n Labor
    • \n
  • \n Lambie
    • \n
  • \n Liberal Democrat
    • \n
  • \n One Nation
    • \n
  • \n Xenophon
    • \n
  • \n Other parties
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_relations_of_Australia&oldid=821836514 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n Languages

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "with which regions does australia have historical ties", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Eastern coastal plains - Wikipedia

\n Eastern coastal plains

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( May 2015 )
\n View of Fields at Biccavolu , Eastern coastal plains , Andhra Pradesh

\n The Eastern Coastal Plains refers to a wide stretch of landmass of India , lying between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal . It is wider and leveled than the western coastal plains and stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the north through Andhra Pradesh and Odisha . Chilka Lake is a brackish water lake along the eastern coastal plain . It lies in the state of Odisha and stretches to the south of the Mahanadi Delta .

\n

\n Deltas of many of India 's rivers form a major portion of these plains . The Mahanadi , Godavari , Kaveri and Krishna rivers drain these plains . The region receives both the Northeast & Southwest monsoon rains with its annual rainfall averaging between 1,000 and 3,000 mm ( 39 and 118 in ) . The width of the plains varies between 100 and 130 km ( 62 to 80 miles ) .

\n

\n It is locally known as Utkal Plains in the Northern part between Cossye and Rushikulya Rivers , Northern Circars in the Central part between Rushikulya and Krishna Rivers and , as Coromandel Coast in the Southern part from the south of river Krishna till the Southern tip of Mainland India at Cape Comorin where it merges with the Western Coastal Plains .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Sr. Bimcy ; Sr. Sisily ; Charlotte . Bibliographic information . Scholar Publishing House . pp. 20 -- 21 . ISBN 8171725163 .
    2. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Geography of India
\n Climate \n
    \n
  • \n Climate
    • \n
  • \n Climatic regions
    • \n
\n
\n Geology \n
    \n
  • \n Fossil Parks
    • \n
  • \n Geology of India
    • \n
  • \n Indian Plate
    • \n
  • \n Stones
    • \n
\n
\n Landforms \n
    \n
  • \n Beaches
    • \n
  • \n Canals
    • \n
  • \n Desert
    • \n
  • \n Extreme points
    • \n
  • \n Glaciers
    • \n
  • \n Islands
    • \n
  • \n Lakes
    • \n
  • \n Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Rivers
    • \n
  • \n Valleys
    • \n
  • \n Volcanoes
    • \n
  • \n Waterfalls
    • \n
  • \n Plains
      \n
    • \n Indo - Gangetic
      • \n
    • \n Eastern Coastal
      • \n
    • \n Western Coastal
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Regions \n
    \n
  • \n North India
    • \n
  • \n Northeast India
    • \n
  • \n East India
    • \n
  • \n South India
    • \n
  • \n West India
    • \n
  • \n Central India
    • \n
\n
\n Subdivisions \n
    \n
  • \n Autonomous administrative divisions
    • \n
  • \n States and territories
    • \n
  • \n Districts
    • \n
  • \n Cities
    • \n
  • \n Towns
    • \n
  • \n Municipalities
    • \n
\n
\n Environment \n
    \n
  • \n Biogeographic classification
    • \n
  • \n Ecoregions
    • \n
  • \n Fauna
    • \n
  • \n Flora
    • \n
  • \n Forests
    • \n
  • \n Issues
    • \n
  • \n Protected Areas
    • \n
  • \n Wildlife
    • \n
\n
\n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This Indian location article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_coastal_plains&oldid=812520937 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where are the coastal plains of india situated", "long_answers": ["The Eastern Coastal Plains refers to a wide stretch of landmass of India , lying between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal . It is wider and leveled than the western coastal plains and stretches from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the north through Andhra Pradesh and Odisha . Chilka Lake is a brackish water lake along the eastern coastal plain . It lies in the state of Odisha and stretches to the south of the Mahanadi Delta .\n"], "short_answers": ["between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal\n", "from Tamil Nadu in the south to West Bengal in the north through Andhra Pradesh and Odisha\n", "between the Eastern Ghats and the Bay of Bengal\n"]} {"text": "Deion Sanders - wikipedia

\n Deion Sanders

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n Deion Sanders \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Sanders in 2011
\n No. 21 , 37
\n Position : \n Cornerback
\n
\n Date of birth : \n ( 1967 - 08 - 09 ) August 9 , 1967 ( age 50 )
\n Place of birth : \n Fort Myers , Florida
\n Height : \n 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m )
\n Weight : \n 198 lb ( 90 kg )
\n Career information
\n High school : \n North Fort Myers ( FL )
\n College : \n Florida State
\n NFL Draft : \n 1989 / Round : 1 / Pick : 5
\n Career history
\n
    \n
  • \n Atlanta Falcons ( 1989 -- 1993 )
    • \n
  • \n San Francisco 49ers ( 1994 )
    • \n
  • \n Dallas Cowboys ( 1995 -- 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Washington Redskins ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Baltimore Ravens ( 2004 -- 2005 )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Career highlights and awards
\n
    \n
  • \n 2 \u00d7 Super Bowl champion ( XXIX , XXX )
    • \n
  • \n 8 \u00d7 Pro Bowl ( 1991 -- 1994 , 1996 -- 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n 8 \u00d7 First - team All - Pro ( 1991 -- 1994 , 1996 -- 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n NFL Defensive Player of the Year ( 1994 )
    • \n
  • \n NFL 1990s All - Decade Team
    • \n
  • \n Atlanta Falcons Ring of Honor
    • \n
  • \n Jim Thorpe Award ( 1988 )
    • \n
  • \n 2 \u00d7 Unanimous All - American ( 1987 , 1988 )
    • \n
  • \n Florida State Seminoles No. 2 retired
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Career NFL statistics
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Interceptions : \n 53
\n Defensive touchdowns : \n 10
\n Return touchdowns : \n 9
\n Receptions : \n 60
\n Receiving yards : \n 784
\n Receiving touchdowns : \n 3
\n Player stats at NFL.com
\n
\n
\n Player stats at PFR
\n Pro Football Hall of Fame
\n College Football Hall of Fame
\n
\n

\n Deion Luywnn Sanders Sr. ( / \u02c8di\u02d0\u0252n / ; born August 9 , 1967 ) , nicknamed Primetime , is a former American football and baseball player who works as an analyst for CBS Sports and the NFL Network . He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011 .

\n

\n Sanders played football primarily at cornerback , but also as a kick returner , punt returner and occasionally wide receiver . He played in the National Football League ( NFL ) for the Atlanta Falcons , the San Francisco 49ers , the Dallas Cowboys , the Washington Redskins and the Baltimore Ravens , winning the Super Bowl with both the 49ers and the Cowboys . An outfielder in baseball , he played professionally for the New York Yankees , the Atlanta Braves , the Cincinnati Reds and the San Francisco Giants , and participated in the 1992 World Series with the Braves . He attended Florida State University , where he was recognized as a two - time All - American in football , and also played baseball and ran track .

\n

\n Sanders founded the Prime Prep Academy charter school in 2012 and has coached at the school . The school was closed January 30 , 2015 , due to financial insolvency . In 2014 , he debuted his new show , the Deion Family Playbook .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Early life ( edit )

\n

\n High school ( edit )

\n

\n Sanders was born in Fort Myers , Florida . He attended North Fort Myers High School in North Fort Myers , and was a letterman and All - State honoree in football , basketball and baseball . In 1985 , Sanders was named to the Florida High School Association All - Century Team which selected the top 33 players in the 100 - year history of high school football in the state .

\n

\n The Kansas City Royals selected Sanders out of North Fort Myers High School in the sixth round of the 1985 Major League Baseball draft . He did not sign with the Royals .

\n

\n College career ( edit )

\n Sanders at Florida State

\n Sanders enrolled at Florida State University and played three sports for the Florida State Seminoles : football , baseball , and track . Beginning his freshman year , he started in the Seminoles ' secondary , played outfield for the baseball team that finished fifth in the nation , and helped lead the track and field team to a conference championship .

\n

\n Under head coach Bobby Bowden , Sanders was a two - time consensus All - American cornerback in 1987 and 1988 , and a third team All - American in 1986 , intercepting 14 passes in his career , including three in bowl games , and managed to return one interception 100 yards for a touchdown breaking Fred Biletnikoff 's interception return record by one yard . He won the Jim Thorpe Award in 1988 . He was also a standout punt returner for Florida State , leading the nation in 1988 with his punt return average , and breaking the school 's record for career punt return yards . Sanders made an interception with 5 seconds left to seal Florida State 's 13 - 7 win over Auburn in the 1989 Sugar Bowl , during the 1988 postseason . Based on those accolades , his jersey at Florida State , # 2 , was retired in 1995 . He finished his career with 126 punt returns for 1,429 yards .

\n

\n While playing baseball under head coach Mike Martin at Florida State , Sanders hit . 331 in 1986 ; he was known more for base stealing , compiling 27 stolen bases in 1987 .

\n

\n Sanders once played the first game of a baseball doubleheader , ran a leg of a 4 \u00d7 100 relay , then returned to play another baseball game .

\n

\n Professional baseball career ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Deion Sanders
\n Left fielder / Center fielder
\n Born : ( 1967 - 08 - 09 ) August 9 , 1967 ( age 50 ) Fort Myers , Florida
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Batted : Left \n Threw : Left
\n
\n MLB debut
\n May 31 , 1989 , for the New York Yankees
\n Last MLB appearance
\n June 14 , 2001 , for the Cincinnati Reds
\n MLB statistics
\n Batting average \n . 263
\n Hits \n 558
\n Home runs \n 39
\n Stolen bases \n 186
\n
\n Teams
\n
    \n
  • \n New York Yankees ( 1989 -- 1990 )
    • \n
  • \n Atlanta Braves ( 1991 -- 1994 )
    • \n
  • \n Cincinnati Reds ( 1994 -- 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n San Francisco Giants ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n Cincinnati Reds ( 1997 , 2001 )
    • \n
\n
\n Career highlights and awards
\n
    \n
  • \n NL Triples champion ( 1992 )
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Sanders played a nine - year , part - time baseball career , playing left and center field in 641 games with 4 teams . He was originally drafted by the Kansas City Royals in the 6th round of the 1985 draft , but did not sign with them . The New York Yankees selected Sanders in the 30th round of the 1988 Major League Baseball draft , and he signed with the team on June 22 . He opened the 1989 season with the Albany - Colonie Yankees of the Class AA Eastern League . Though he planned to leave the Yankees in July to attend NFL training camp , he became embroiled in a contract dispute with the Falcons , and used the Yankees as leverage . He received a promotion to the major leagues , and spent the summer with the Columbus Clippers of the Class AAA International League . He made his major league baseball debut on May 31 , 1989 .

\n

\n Sanders made the Yankees ' Opening Day roster for the 1990 season . On May 22 , 1990 , Sanders became involved in a dispute with Chicago White Sox ' catcher Carlton Fisk . Sanders started by stepping up to the plate with one out and a runner on third , drawing a dollar sign in the dirt before the pitch and then failed to run to first base after hitting a routine pop fly to shortstop , trotting back to the dugout instead . The Yankee fans booed , and Fisk told Sanders to `` run the fucking ball out '' and called Sanders a `` piece of shit . '' Later in the game , Sanders told Fisk that `` the days of slavery are over . '' Fisk was furious . `` He comes up and wants to make it a racial issue , there 's no racial issue involved . There is a right way and a wrong way to play this game . ''

\n

\n By mid-July , Sanders expressed that he was unsure if he would remain with the Yankees or report to NFL training camp for the upcoming NFL season . He requested a $1 million salary for the 1991 season , and the Yankees ended negotiations on a contract extension with Sanders . He left the team , finishing the 1990 season with a . 158 batting average and three home runs in 57 games . In September 1990 , the Yankees placed Sanders on waivers with the intention of giving him his release , as Yankees ' general manager Gene Michael said that Sanders ' football career was stunting his baseball development .

\n

\n Sanders later signed with the Atlanta Braves for the 1991 MLB season . On July 31 , Sanders hit a key three - run homer to spark a comeback win against the Pittsburgh Pirates during the Braves ' run to the National League West Division title . However , he had to leave the Braves the very next day to report to the Atlanta Falcons because of a clause in his NFL contract and missed the postseason . Before the 1992 season , Sanders reworked his NFL deal whereby he still reported to the Falcons for training camp in August , but was allowed to rejoin the Braves for the postseason .

\n

\n During his most productive year in the majors , the 1992 season , he hit . 304 for the team , stole 26 bases , and led the NL with 14 triples in 97 games . During the 1989 season , he hit a major league home run and scored a touchdown in the NFL in the same week , the only player ever to do so . Sanders is also the only man to play in both a Super Bowl and a World Series .

\n Sanders batting for the Braves in 1993 .

\n In four games of the 1992 World Series , Sanders batted . 533 with 4 runs , 8 hits , 2 doubles , and 1 RBI while playing with a broken bone in his foot . Despite Sanders 's performance , the Braves ultimately lost to the Toronto Blue Jays in six games . In Game 3 , he narrowly avoided being a victim of what would have been only the second triple play in World Series history ( following Bill Wambsganss 's unassisted triple play in 1920 ) . With Sanders on second base and Terry Pendleton on first , David Justice hit a deep fly ball to center field that Blue Jays center fielder Devon White unexpectedly caught with a leaping effort . Pendleton passed Sanders on the bases for the second out , but umpire Bob Davidson called Sanders safe after he scampered back to second base . Replays showed that Toronto third baseman Kelly Gruber tagged him on the heel before he returned to second .

\n

\n In 1997 , Sanders finished 2nd in the NL with 56 stolen bases in 115 games while with the Cincinnati Reds before leaving baseball for three years .

\n

\n Sanders returned to the Reds in 2001 , but was released after playing in only 29 games and batting just . 173 . Following his release from the Reds he signed a minor league contract with the Toronto Blue Jays triple - A affiliate , Syracuse Chiefs . Sanders was hitting . 252 for Syracuse before the Washington Redskins found a loophole in his contract which compelled him to return to the Redskins . His football contract had been negotiated to allow for Sanders to play both baseball and football , but the terms of the contract stated that Sanders could miss NFL training camp and the first few games of the season only if he were playing Major League Baseball . Since he was not then on an MLB roster , Sanders had to leave Syracuse and return to the Redskins so he would not violate his NFL contract . But before arriving at training camp , Sanders informed Redskins personnel he was retiring from professional baseball . In his final professional baseball game , Sanders hit a solo home run and an RBI single in Syracuse 's 12 - 6 win over the Toledo Mud Hens . As those in MLB and the NFL urged Sanders to concentrate on only one sport , he would often explain , `` football is my wife and baseball is my mistress . ''

\n

\n Professional football career ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n Draft and Atlanta Falcons ( edit )

\n

\n At the 1989 NFL Scouting Combine , Sanders ran a 4.27 second 40 - yard dash . He was the fifth pick overall in the 1989 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons , where he played until 1993 . Despite fumbling ( and recovering ) his first NFL punt ( which was re-kicked on a penalty ) , Sanders ran for a touchdown on his second attempt of his first game . During his time in Atlanta , he intercepted 24 passes ( including a career - high 7 in 1993 ) , three of which he returned for touchdowns . In 1992 , he also led the league in kickoff return yards ( 1,067 ) , yards per return ( 26.7 ) and return touchdowns ( 2 ) . On October 11 , 1992 , Sanders played in a Falcons game at Miami and then flew to Pittsburgh , hoping to play in the Braves ' League Championship Series game against the Pirates that evening and become the first athlete to play in two professional leagues in the same day . Sanders ultimately did not , however , appear in the baseball game that night . Over his five years with the Falcons , Sanders scored ten touchdowns ( three defensive , three kick returns , two punt returns , and two receptions ) .

\n

\n San Francisco 49ers ( edit )

\n

\n After five seasons Sanders signed on to play the 1994 season with the San Francisco 49ers , where he had arguably his best season as a professional football player , recording six interceptions and returning them for an NFL best and a then - NFL record 303 yards and three touchdowns . Two of his interceptions were returned for a gain of at least 90 yards , making him the first player to do this in NFL history . On October 16 , 1994 , Sanders made his dramatic return to the Georgia Dome in a 49er uniform . After getting into a scuffle with his former Falcon teammate Andre Rison , Sanders intercepted a pass from quarterback Jeff George and returned it 93 yards while mockingly staring down the entire Falcons sideline before high - stepping into the end zone . Sanders was later voted the 1994 NFL Defensive Player of the Year and recorded an interception in the 49ers 49 -- 26 victory over the San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX , earning him his first championship ring .

\n

\n Dallas Cowboys ( edit )

\n

\n Following his successful season with the 49ers , Sanders , along with his agent Eugene Parker , courted numerous teams in need of a cornerback . The several teams in the `` Deion Sweepstakes '' , as it was called by the media , were the Philadelphia Eagles , Oakland Raiders , Miami Dolphins , New Orleans Saints , San Francisco 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys , who had lost their starting cornerback Kevin Smith to injury for the rest of the season .

\n

\n On September 9 , 1995 ( which fell in Week 2 of that NFL season ) , Sanders signed a lucrative contract with the Dallas Cowboys ( seven years , $35 million with a $12.999 million signing bonus , because owner Jerry Jones was superstitious of the number 13 ) , essentially making him , at the time , the highest - paid defensive player in the NFL . Sanders later stated in his book Power , Money & Sex : How Success Almost Ruined My Life that the Oakland Raiders offered him more money than any other team , but he chose to play in Dallas for more time on the offensive side of the ball , a chance to win back - to - back Super Bowls , and because of his friendship with Cowboys wide receiver Michael Irvin . Arthroscopic surgery kept him sidelined until his debut in Week 9 , which was once again in Atlanta against the Falcons ; the Cowboys won , 28 - 13 . He went on to help the Cowboys win their third title in four years in Super Bowl XXX against the Pittsburgh Steelers , where he returned a punt for 11 yards and caught a 47 - yard reception on offense , setting up Dallas ' first touchdown of the game and a 27 -- 17 victory . Sanders played four more seasons with Dallas , earning Pro Bowl selection in all of them . On June 2 , 2000 , he was released in a salary cap move .

\n

\n Washington Redskins ( edit )

\n

\n Soon after being released by the Cowboys , the Washington Redskins and Daniel Snyder signed Sanders to a hefty $56 million , 7 - year contract . At the end of the 2000 season and an above - average statistical year , Sanders abruptly retired after only playing one year with the Redskins .

\n

\n Baltimore Ravens ( edit )

\n

\n In 2004 , Sanders announced that he was going to end his retirement , after being lured back to football by Ravens cornerback Corey Fuller , linebacker Ray Lewis and best friend Joe Zorovich . A major reason for doing so was to play with Ray Lewis . He signed a 1 - year deal with the Baltimore Ravens to be a nickelback . Sanders chose to wear the number 37 , which matched his age at the time , to preemptively let people know that he was well aware of his relative senior status as an NFL player ( additionally , the number 21 , used by Sanders throughout his career , was already being worn by Ravens Pro Bowl cornerback Chris McAlister ) . Against the Buffalo Bills in Week 7 of 2004 , Sanders scored his ninth career interception return touchdown , moving him into a tie for second place with Ken Houston and Aeneas Williams , and behind Rod Woodson ( with 12 ) for all - time in the statistical category .

\n Sanders in 2008 .

\n In January 2006 , after playing two seasons as a corner and safety for Baltimore in which the Ravens did not qualify for the postseason , Sanders once again retired from the NFL and became an analyst for the NFL Network .

\n

\n Legacy ( edit )

\n

\n During his 14 - year NFL career , Sanders was a perennial All - Pro and one of the strongest pass defenders ever . He was known for being a relatively poor tackler and he was not much of a factor in run support .

\n

\n Sanders also occasionally lined up with his team 's offense . During the 1996 season , Sanders skipped the baseball season , concentrating on football , and attended the first NFL training camp of his career to better familiarize himself with the nuances of the wide receiver position . He became only the second two - way starter ( after the Cardinals ' Roy Green ) in the NFL since Chuck Bednarik for the first half of the season due .

\n

\n Sanders is the only man to play in both a Super Bowl and a World Series , to hit an MLB home run and score an NFL touchdown in the same week , and to have both a reception and an interception in the Super Bowl . He is one of two players to score an NFL touchdown six different ways .

\n

\n During his career , Sanders intercepted 53 passes for 1,331 yards ( a 25.1 yards per return average ) , recovered four fumbles for 15 yards , returned 155 kickoffs for 3,523 yards , gained 2,199 yards on 212 punt returns , and caught 60 passes for 784 yards . Sanders amassed 7,838 all - purpose yards and scored 22 touchdowns : nine interception returns , six punt returns , three kickoff returns , three receiving , and one fumble recovery . His 19 defensive and return touchdowns was an NFL record ( now held by Devin Hester ) . In the postseason , Sanders added 5 more interceptions , as well as 3 receptions for 95 yards , 4 carries for 39 yards , and two touchdowns ( one rushing and one receiving ) . He was selected to eight Pro Bowls and won the NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award in 1994 .

\n \n

\n Sanders also had a rushing TD in the playoffs ( against the Philadelphia Eagles in January 1996 ) . This makes him ( including post season ) one of only two players in NFL history ( Bill Dudley being the other ) to score a touchdown six different ways ( interception return , punt return , kickoff return , receiving , rushing , and a fumble recovery ) .

\n

\n On February 6 , 2011 , at Super Bowl XLV in Arlington , Texas , Sanders performed the pre-game coin toss .

\n

\n Sanders did not attend classes or take final exams during the fall semester of his senior year at Florida State , yet played in the Sugar Bowl against Auburn . This caused the Florida State Legislature to create the ' Deion Sanders rule ' , whereby a football athlete at any state university could not play in a bowl game if he failed to successfully complete the previous semester .

\n

\n In 1995 , he signed with the Dallas Cowboys for a minimum yearly base salary and a nearly $13 million signing bonus in an attempt to circumvent the NFL 's salary cap . This caused the NFL to institute its own ' Deion Sanders rule ' whereby a prorated portion of a player 's signing bonus counted against the salary cap .

\n

\n Media appearances and pop culture Fame ( edit )

\n See also : Leon Sandcastle

\n Sanders became known for sporting a `` do - rag '' or bandana and for his high - stepping into the end zone followed by his touchdown dance celebrations . At the end of his Hall of Fame speech , he put a bandana on his bust .

\n

\n His `` Prime Time '' nickname was given to him by a friend and high - school teammate , Florida Gators defensive back Richard Fain . The two played pickup basketball games together during the prime time television hour , and Sanders ' athletic display during those games earned him the nickname . His other nickname is `` Neon Deion '' .

\n

\n Following his first Super Bowl victory with the San Francisco 49ers , Sanders hosted Saturday Night Live , broadcast on February 18 , 1995 .

\n

\n In January 1995 , Sanders became the official spokesman of the Sega Sports line of video games . Sanders has also appeared in television commercials for such companies as Nike , Pepsi , Burger King , Pizza Hut , and American Express . These included a Road Runner Pepsi ad , with Sanders as Wile E. Coyote , and a Pizza Hut commercial in which he appeared with Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones . He also makes a cameo as himself in the film Celtic Pride .

\n

\n Sanders , known for his custom - made showy suits and flashy jewelry , frequently capitalized on his image . On December 26 , 1994 , Sanders released Prime Time , a rap album on Bust It Records ( MC Hammer 's label , of whom Sanders is a friend ) that featured the singles `` Must Be the Money '' and `` Prime Time Keeps on Tickin ' '' . The album was universally panned by critics , and despite Sanders ' fame , neither the album nor its singles charted in the Top 40 .

\n

\n Sanders also appeared in Hammer 's `` Too Legit to Quit '' music video , and his alter - ego `` Prime Time '' showed up in Hammer 's `` Pumps and a Bump '' video . Hammer , a big sports fan , had launched a new enterprise during his career called Roll Wit It Entertainment & Sports Management and boasted such clients as Evander Holyfield , Deion Sanders and Reggie Brooks . In 1995 , Hammer released `` Straight to My Feet '' ( with Deion Sanders ) from the Street Fighter soundtrack ( released in December 1994 ) . The song charted # 57 in the UK .

\n

\n After retiring from the NFL , Sanders worked as a pre-game commentator for CBS ' The NFL Today until 2004 , when contract negotiations failed . Sanders turned down a 30 % salary increase demanding to be paid $2.5 million , the highest of any NFL TV analyst . He was replaced by Shannon Sharpe . During Sanders ' run , he participated in several sketches . The first was `` Primetime and 21st '' , a mock street corner where Sanders ( not yet a regular panelist ) would give his opinions . Another was his `` Sanders Claus '' persona , one of numerous sketches that involved young kids in football jerseys , representing NFL players , receiving a sarcastic gift from Sanders . Deion actually debuted as `` Sanders Claus '' in a set of Nike commercials . Sanders still takes presents at Christmas time to local children 's hospitals in his area dressed as `` Sanders Claus '' .

\n Sanders as an NFL Network analyst in 2008 .

\n Sanders frequently made guest appearances on ESPN , especially on the ESPN Radio Dallas affiliate , and briefly hosted a show called The New American Sportsman . He also hosted the 2002 Miss USA pageant .

\n

\n Sanders also was co-host of the 2004 GMA Music Awards broadcast , taped in late April 2004 , and slated for air on UPN in May 2004 . When negotiations with fellow Viacom property CBS failed ( see above ) two weeks before the broadcast , and he signed a deal with ESPN , UPN promptly canceled the broadcast , and the show aired on the i Network in December 2004 ( both UPN and CBS are now owned by CBS Corporation ) .

\n

\n Sanders works at NFL Network as an analyst on a number of the network 's shows . Prior to the Sunday night game , Sanders , alongside host Rich Eisen and Steve Mariucci , breaks down all the action from the afternoon games on NFL GameDay . At the conclusion of all the action on Sunday , Sanders , Mariucci , Michael Irvin and host Fran Charles recap the day 's action with highlights , analysis and postgame interviews . For the 2010 season , Sanders joined Eisen , Mariucci and Marshall Faulk on the road for Thursday Night Kickoff presented by Lexus , NFL Network 's two - hour pregame show leading into Thursday Night Football . The group broadcasts live from the stadium two hours prior to all eight live Thursday Night Football games and returns for the Sprint halftime show and Kay Jewelers postgame show . Sanders also has a segment called `` Let 's Go Primetime '' on NFL Network .

\n

\n In 2008 , Sanders and his wife starred in the reality show Deion & Pilar : Prime Time Love , centering on them and their five children living in the small town of Prosper , Texas .

\n

\n Sanders appeared as himself in the fourth season of The League , playing a prospective buyer of Andre 's apartment .

\n

\n In 2014 , Sanders was featured in an episode of Running Wild with Bear Grylls , where he and Grylls hiked in the desert of southern Utah for two days , rappelling down canyon walls and later climbing up a mesa .

\n

\n Sanders served as an alumni captain for Team Sanders in the 2014 Pro Bowl .

\n

\n In 2014 , he rejoined CBS Sports as a studio analyst for Thursday games only . He still works for the NFL Network on Sundays .

\n

\n Sanders and his girlfriend Tracey Edmonds were featured together on an episode of Tiny House Nation that first aired on January 21 , 2017 .

\n

\n Other business and Entertainment ventures ( edit )

\n

\n In addition to his sports career , Sanders also had a career in music as a rapper . He released his debut album , Prime Time , through Hammer 's Bust It Records label via Capitol Records , in 1994 .

\n

\n Sanders moved on to other ventures after his retirement . In 2003 , Sanders took interest in Devin Hester , a return specialist from Miami . Sanders mentored Hester , counseling and advising him during various points of his collegiate career . The Chicago Bears drafted Hester in the second round of the 2006 NFL Draft . Since then , Hester has broken the record for the most total returns for touchdowns in NFL history with 15 punt returns and 5 kick off returns . Hester has cited Sanders as one of his major inspirations and idols , and thanked him for his training and advice . Hester , also known as `` Anytime '' , occasionally performs Sanders ' signature touchdown dance and high - steps in homage to his mentor .

\n

\n Sanders also tried to adopt a high school running back , Noel Devine , who was one of the top recruits in 2007 . Sanders was advised against this , but responded , `` He does n't have parents ; they died . God put this young man in my heart . This is not about sports . This is about a kid 's life . '' He now mentors Devine , and was a factor in Devine 's extended wait to sign a letter - of - intent to West Virginia University . Devine eventually signed to play football for the Mountaineers . Sanders has also been a mentor to Oakland Raiders wide receiver Michael Crabtree , as well as Dallas Cowboys wide receiver , Dez Bryant .

\n

\n In January 2004 , Sanders was hired as an assistant coach to the Dallas Fury , a women 's professional basketball team in the National Women 's Basketball League , even though Sanders had never played organized basketball either in college or the professional level .

\n

\n On September 2 , 2005 , in response to the after - effects of Hurricane Katrina , Sanders challenged all professional athletes in the four major sports to donate $1,000 each to relief efforts , hoping to raise between $1.5 and $3 million total . Sanders said `` Through unity , we can touch thousands ... I have friends and relatives that feel this pain . Help in any way you can . '' In April 2006 , Sanders became an owner of the Austin Wranglers , an Arena Football League team .

\n

\n Sanders has occasionally served as a celebrity spokesperson , such as representing Monitronics , a security system firm , at an industry conference in the spring of 2010 .

\n

\n In 2012 , he co-founded Prime Prep Academy , a grouping of charter schools in Texas . The school was plagued by ethical , legal and financial issues , and closed on January 30 , 2015 , due to financial insolvency .

\n

\n Discography ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Album \n Chart Positions
\n US Hip - Hop \n US Heatseekers
\n 1994 \n Prime Time \n 70 \n 14
\n 2005 \n The Encore Remix \n - \n -
\n `` -- '' denotes the album failed to chart or not released
\n

\n Personal life ( edit )

\n

\n Sanders has been married twice -- to Carolyn Chambers ( 1989 -- 1998 ) , with whom he has two children ( Deion Jr. and Deiondra ) , and Pilar Biggers - Sanders ( 1999 -- 2013 ) with whom he has three children ( Shilo , Shelomi Golenzer and Shedeur ) .

\n

\n Sanders , along with J.M. Black , published his autobiography , Power , Money & Sex : How Success Almost Ruined My Life . World Publishing 1998 . The book was inspired after he began counseling with Bishop T.D. Jakes . He notes his agent Eugene E. Parker as another person who influenced his life .

\n

\n He appeared with his family on the NBC show Celebrity Family Feud which premiered on June 24 , 2008 .

\n

\n On September 22 , 2011 , he served Pilar Biggers - Sanders with divorce papers . He then backed away from the story and denied he and Pilar would be divorcing . By December 17 , 2011 , he had followed through with filing for divorce . On March 12 , 2013 , he was awarded primary custody of his two sons , Shilo and Shedeur , and Pilar was awarded primary custody of their daughter Shelomi . However , one week later , a judge awarded custody of Shelomi to him as well . During the divorce battle , Pilar made several accusations of abuse against him on social media and in interviews , leading him to file a Defamation of Character lawsuit against her . In 2015 , he was vindicated when the court awarded him a $2.2 million judgment against his ex-wife in the case .

\n

\n Sanders is a devout Christian . He has been in a relationship with Tracey Edmonds since 2012 .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Mosier , Jeff ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Prime Prep Academy troubles continue after closing '' . Dallasnews.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 09 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders Fired By His Own School , Again '' . ThePostGame . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Deion enough to njoyed ' Prime ' moments on diamond '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Florida State Football Guide '' . Issuu.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` ESPN Classic - Prime Time '' . www.espn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 06 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Football Flash No Flash In Pan '' . The New York Times . May 18 , 1989 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` SPORTS PEOPLE -- FOOTBALL -- Sanders N.F.L. Bound -- NYTimes.com '' . The New York Times . April 14 , 1989 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` SPORTS PEOPLE -- FOOTBALL -- Deion Sanders ' Fed Up ' -- NYTimes.com '' . The New York Times . August 29 , 1989 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Sanders Dives Into Prime Time as He Makes Yankee Debut '' . The New York Times . June 1 , 1989 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Yankees , Sanders Have a Parting '' . The New York Times . July 31 , 1990 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Kass , John . When it comes to heart , truth hurts Sanders . Chicago Tribune . January 30 , 2011 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Donnelly , Joe . Fisk 's Outburst at Sanders Was One for Yankee Pride . Newsday . May 24 , 1990 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Forum Clip : `` Carlton Fisk on Deion Sanders '' . The Forum Channel . February 2005 . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` Is Sanders Staying ? He 's Puzzled '' . The New York Times . July 18 , 1990 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Yankees , Sanders Have a Parting '' . The New York Times . July 31 , 1990 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` BASEBALL -- Deion Sanders Placed On Waivers by Yanks -- NYTimes.com '' . The New York Times . September 25 , 1990 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 .
    17. \n
  17. \n ^ Jump up to : `` ESPN Classic -- Where Sanders goes , teams win '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` World Series champ speaks about tomahawks and triple plays '' Archived November 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Western Wheel , August 20 , 2008
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` Deion 's contract presents major dilemma '' . USA Today . July 27 , 2001 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Houston Chronicle '' . Sanders knows Bo 's woes .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Prime 's Time : The True Story of Deion 's Mythical 40 - Yard Dash '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Hessler , Warner ( April 23 , 1989 ) . `` NFL General Managers Moan About Another Diluted Draft '' . Daily Press . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Draft History '' . Football.about.com . June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` October 11 , 1992 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) Game 5 , Braves at Pirates '' . Baseball-Reference.com . October 11 , 1992 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` Taking Big Hacks In Free Agency Can Produce Foul Balls '' . DallasCowboys.com . March 18 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Cowboys Make Deion Free Man '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . June 3 , 2000 . Retrieved March 18 , 2016 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` How $100 Million Becomes $62.2 Million '' . The Washington Post . June 2000 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Brandt , Gil . `` Ten things you did n't know about Deion Sanders '' . NFL . National Football League . Retrieved 28 January 2017 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders HOF Speech '' . Video Entry . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Kallestad , Brent . `` Deion Changes the Rules Again : Pro football : This time , however , it 's for better education of athletes with new standards in Florida . '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 29 January 2017 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Trex , Ethan . `` Two Rules Named After Deion Sanders '' . mental_floss . Mental Floss , Inc . Retrieved 29 January 2017 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` NFL Videos : 2011 HOF : Deion Sanders '' . Nfl.com . August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Frohman , Jimmy . `` 11 Most Awesome NFL Player Nicknames '' . Phactual . Phactual , LLC . Retrieved 24 January 2017 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` CES ProNews Flashes ! '' . GamePro . IDG ( 68 ) : 156 . March 1995 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Ebony -- Google Books . Books.google.com . October 1990 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` '' The League '' 12.12. 12 ( TV Episode 2012 ) `` . IMDb . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Running Wild with Bear Grylis -- Deion Sanders '' . NBC . Retrieved 13 July 2015 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` 2014 Pro Bowl features new format for NFL all - star game '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 .
    39. \n
  39. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Deion Sanders Goes Tiny '' . FYI , . A & E Television Networks , LLC . Retrieved 22 January 2017 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` Pilot episode is prime - time '' . Chicago Tribune .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Hester wins second straight player of week award '' .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Q&A : Devin Hester '' . Chicago Tribune .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` ESPN.com : Where Sanders goes , teams win '' . Espn.go.com . August 9 , 1967 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Prime Time joins Wranglers -- ArenaFootball.com -- The Official Web site of the Arena Football League AFL Archived January 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ The Street . `` Monitronics Welcomes NFL Stars At ISC West '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 15 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders Files for Divorce from Wife , Pilar '' . Essence.com .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders -- WINS Child Custody War with Estranged Wife Pilar Sanders '' . tmz.com . March 12 , 2013 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Pilar Sanders In Tears Over Visitation Schedule Of Her Children '' . RumorFix -- The Anti Tabloid .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Gabrielle McMillen . `` Deion Sanders wins $2.2 million in defamation lawsuit against ex-wife '' . Sporting News .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ https://www.christianspeakers360.com/speaker/deion-sanders.php
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders Talks Relationship With Tracey Edmonds : ' Every Night Is A Date Night ' '' . xonecole . xonecole.com . Retrieved 23 January 2017 .
    52. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikiquote has quotations related to : Deion Sanders
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deion Sanders .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Links to related articles
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n 1987 College Football All - America Team consensus selections
\n Offense \n
    \n
  • \n QB Don McPherson
    • \n
  • \n RB Lorenzo White
    • \n
  • \n RB Craig Heyward
    • \n
  • \n WR Tim Brown
    • \n
  • \n WR Wendell Davis
    • \n
  • \n TE Keith Jackson
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n OL Mark Hutson
    • \n
  • \n OL Dave Cadigan
    • \n
  • \n OL John Elliott
    • \n
  • \n OL Randall McDaniel
    • \n
  • \n C Nacho Albergamo
    • \n
\n
\n Defense \n
    \n
  • \n DL Daniel Stubbs
    • \n
  • \n DL Chad Hennings
    • \n
  • \n DL Tracy Rocker
    • \n
  • \n DL Ted Gregory
    • \n
  • \n DL John Roper
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n LB Chris Spielman
    • \n
  • \n LB Aundray Bruce
    • \n
  • \n LB Dante Jones
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n DB Bennie Blades
    • \n
  • \n DB Deion Sanders
    • \n
  • \n DB Rickey Dixon
    • \n
  • \n DB Chuck Cecil
    • \n
\n
\n Special teams \n
    \n
  • \n PK David Treadwell
    • \n
  • \n P Tom Tupa
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n 1988 College Football All - America Team consensus selections
\n Offense \n
    \n
  • \n QB Steve Walsh & Troy Aikman
    • \n
  • \n RB Barry Sanders
    • \n
  • \n RB Anthony Thompson
    • \n
  • \n RB Tim Worley
    • \n
  • \n WR Jason Phillips
    • \n
  • \n WR Hart Lee Dykes
    • \n
  • \n TE Marv Cook
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n OL Tony Mandarich
    • \n
  • \n OL Anthony Phillips
    • \n
  • \n OL Mike Utley
    • \n
  • \n OL Mark Stepnoski
    • \n
  • \n C Jake Young
    • \n
  • \n C John Vitale
    • \n
\n
\n Defense \n
    \n
  • \n DL Mark Messner
    • \n
  • \n DL Tracy Rocker
    • \n
  • \n DL Wayne Martin
    • \n
  • \n DL Frank Stams
    • \n
  • \n DL Bill Hawkins
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n LB Derrick Thomas
    • \n
  • \n LB Broderick Thomas
    • \n
  • \n LB Mike Stonebreaker
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n DB Deion Sanders
    • \n
  • \n DB Donnell Woolford
    • \n
  • \n DB Louis Oliver
    • \n
  • \n DB Darryl Henley
    • \n
\n
\n Special teams \n
    \n
  • \n PK Kendall Trainor
    • \n
  • \n P Keith English
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Jim Thorpe Award winners
\n
    \n
  • \n 1986 : Everett
    • \n
  • \n 1987 : Blades & Dixon
    • \n
  • \n 1988 : Sanders
    • \n
  • \n 1989 : Carrier
    • \n
  • \n 1990 : Lewis
    • \n
  • \n 1991 : Buckley
    • \n
  • \n 1992 : Figures
    • \n
  • \n 1993 : Langham
    • \n
  • \n 1994 : Hudson
    • \n
  • \n 1995 : Myers
    • \n
  • \n 1996 : Wright
    • \n
  • \n 1997 : Woodson
    • \n
  • \n 1998 : Winfield
    • \n
  • \n 1999 : Carter
    • \n
  • \n 2000 : Fletcher
    • \n
  • \n 2001 : Williams
    • \n
  • \n 2002 : Newman
    • \n
  • \n 2003 : Strait
    • \n
  • \n 2004 : Rogers
    • \n
  • \n 2005 : Huff
    • \n
  • \n 2006 : Ross
    • \n
  • \n 2007 : Cason
    • \n
  • \n 2008 : Jenkins
    • \n
  • \n 2009 : Berry
    • \n
  • \n 2010 : Peterson
    • \n
  • \n 2011 : Claiborne
    • \n
  • \n 2012 : Banks
    • \n
  • \n 2013 : Dennard
    • \n
  • \n 2014 : Holliman
    • \n
  • \n 2015 : King
    • \n
  • \n 2016 : Jackson
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n FWAA 1969 -- 1994 Quarter - century All - America Team
\n
    \n
  • \n Offense : QB John Elway
    • \n
  • \n RB Tony Dorsett
    • \n
  • \n RB Herschel Walker
    • \n
  • \n WR Jerry Rice
    • \n
  • \n WR Anthony Carter
    • \n
  • \n TE Keith Jackson
    • \n
  • \n G John Hannah
    • \n
  • \n G Dean Steinkuhler
    • \n
  • \n T Jerry Sisemore
    • \n
  • \n T Bill Fralic
    • \n
  • \n C Dave Rimington
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Defense : DE Jack Youngblood
    • \n
  • \n DE Lee Roy Selmon
    • \n
  • \n DT Steve Emtman
    • \n
  • \n DT Randy White
    • \n
  • \n OLB Hugh Green
    • \n
  • \n OLB Lawrence Taylor
    • \n
  • \n MLB Mike Singletary
    • \n
  • \n CB Deion Sanders
    • \n
  • \n CB Jack Tatum
    • \n
  • \n SS Kenny Easley
    • \n
  • \n FS Ronnie Lott
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Special Teams P Ray Guy
    • \n
  • \n PK Tony Franklin
    • \n
  • \n KR Johnny Rodgers
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n 1989 NFL draft first - round selections
\n
    \n
  • \n Troy Aikman
    • \n
  • \n Tony Mandarich
    • \n
  • \n Barry Sanders
    • \n
  • \n Derrick Thomas
    • \n
  • \n Deion Sanders
    • \n
  • \n Broderick Thomas
    • \n
  • \n Tim Worley
    • \n
  • \n Burt Grossman
    • \n
  • \n Sammie Smith
    • \n
  • \n Eric Hill
    • \n
  • \n Donnell Woolford
    • \n
  • \n Trace Armstrong
    • \n
  • \n Eric Metcalf
    • \n
  • \n Jeff Lageman
    • \n
  • \n Andy Heck
    • \n
  • \n Hart Lee Dykes
    • \n
  • \n Joe Wolf
    • \n
  • \n Brian Williams
    • \n
  • \n Wayne Martin
    • \n
  • \n Steve Atwater
    • \n
  • \n Bill Hawkins
    • \n
  • \n Andre Rison
    • \n
  • \n David Williams
    • \n
  • \n Tom Ricketts
    • \n
  • \n Louis Oliver
    • \n
  • \n Cleveland Gary
    • \n
  • \n Shawn Collins
    • \n
  • \n Keith DeLong
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Atlanta Falcons first - round draft picks
\n
    \n
  • \n Nobis
    • \n
  • \n Johnson
    • \n
  • \n Humphrey
    • \n
  • \n Kunz
    • \n
  • \n Small
    • \n
  • \n Profit
    • \n
  • \n Ellis
    • \n
  • \n Bartkowski
    • \n
  • \n Bean
    • \n
  • \n Bryant
    • \n
  • \n Faumuina
    • \n
  • \n Kenn
    • \n
  • \n D. Smith
    • \n
  • \n J. Miller
    • \n
  • \n Butler
    • \n
  • \n Riggs
    • \n
  • \n Pitts
    • \n
  • \n Bryan
    • \n
  • \n Fralic
    • \n
  • \n Casillas
    • \n
  • \n Green
    • \n
  • \n C. Miller
    • \n
  • \n Bruce
    • \n
  • \n Sanders
    • \n
  • \n Collins
    • \n
  • \n Broussard
    • \n
  • \n Pickens
    • \n
  • \n Pritchard
    • \n
  • \n Whitfield
    • \n
  • \n T. Smith
    • \n
  • \n Kennedy
    • \n
  • \n Bush
    • \n
  • \n Booker
    • \n
  • \n Brooking
    • \n
  • \n Kerney
    • \n
  • \n Vick
    • \n
  • \n Duckett
    • \n
  • \n Hall
    • \n
  • \n Jenkins
    • \n
  • \n White
    • \n
  • \n Anderson
    • \n
  • \n Ryan
    • \n
  • \n Baker
    • \n
  • \n Jerry
    • \n
  • \n Weatherspoon
    • \n
  • \n Jones
    • \n
  • \n Trufant
    • \n
  • \n Matthews
    • \n
  • \n Beasley
    • \n
  • \n Neal
    • \n
  • \n McKinley
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Atlanta Falcons 1989 NFL draft selections
\n
    \n
  • \n Deion Sanders
    • \n
  • \n Shawn Collins
    • \n
  • \n Ralph Norwood
    • \n
  • \n Keith Jones
    • \n
  • \n Troy Sadowski
    • \n
  • \n Undra Johnson
    • \n
  • \n Paul Singer
    • \n
  • \n Chris Dunn
    • \n
  • \n Greg Paterra
    • \n
  • \n Tony Bowick
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XXIX champions
\n
    \n
  • \n 4 Doug Brien
    • \n
  • \n 8 Steve Young ( MVP )
    • \n
  • \n 10 Klaus Wilmsmeyer
    • \n
  • \n 14 Bill Musgrave
    • \n
  • \n 18 Elvis Grbac
    • \n
  • \n 20 Derek Loville
    • \n
  • \n 21 Deion Sanders
    • \n
  • \n 22 Tyronne Drakeford
    • \n
  • \n 25 Eric Davis
    • \n
  • \n 27 Adam Walker
    • \n
  • \n 28 Dana Hall
    • \n
  • \n 32 Ricky Watters
    • \n
  • \n 33 Dedrick Dodge
    • \n
  • \n 35 Dexter Carter
    • \n
  • \n 36 Merton Hanks
    • \n
  • \n 40 William Floyd
    • \n
  • \n 41 Toi Cook
    • \n
  • \n 43 Marc Logan
    • \n
  • \n 45 Adrian Hardy
    • \n
  • \n 46 Tim McDonald
    • \n
  • \n 50 Gary Plummer
    • \n
  • \n 51 Ken Norton Jr .
    • \n
  • \n 53 Tony Peterson
    • \n
  • \n 54 Lee Woodall
    • \n
  • \n 55 Kevin Mitchell
    • \n
  • \n 57 Rickey Jackson
    • \n
  • \n 58 Todd Kelly
    • \n
  • \n 61 Jesse Sapolu
    • \n
  • \n 63 Derrick Deese
    • \n
  • \n 64 Ralph Tamm
    • \n
  • \n 65 Harry Boatswain
    • \n
  • \n 66 Bart Oates
    • \n
  • \n 67 Chris Dalman
    • \n
  • \n 69 Rod Milstead
    • \n
  • \n 71 Charles Mann
    • \n
  • \n 72 Mark Thomas
    • \n
  • \n 74 Steve Wallace
    • \n
  • \n 75 Frank Pollack
    • \n
  • \n 77 Brian Bollinger
    • \n
  • \n 79 Harris Barton
    • \n
  • \n 80 Jerry Rice
    • \n
  • \n 81 Ed McCaffrey
    • \n
  • \n 82 John Taylor
    • \n
  • \n 84 Brent Jones
    • \n
  • \n 85 Ted Popson
    • \n
  • \n 86 Brett Carolan
    • \n
  • \n 88 Nate Singleton
    • \n
  • \n 90 Darin Jordan
    • \n
  • \n 91 Rhett Hall
    • \n
  • \n 92 Troy Wilson
    • \n
  • \n 94 Dana Stubblefield
    • \n
  • \n 95 Richard Dent
    • \n
  • \n 96 Dennis Brown
    • \n
  • \n 97 Bryant Young
    • \n
  • \n 98 Antonio Goss
    • \n
  • \n 99 Tim Harris
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Head coach : George Seifert
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Coaches : Dwaine Board
    • \n
  • \n Neal Dahlen
    • \n
  • \n Tom Holmoe
    • \n
  • \n Carl Jackson
    • \n
  • \n Larry Kirksey
    • \n
  • \n Gary Kubiak
    • \n
  • \n Alan Lowry
    • \n
  • \n John Marshall
    • \n
  • \n Bobb McKittrick
    • \n
  • \n Bill McPherson
    • \n
  • \n Brian Pariani
    • \n
  • \n Bo Pelini
    • \n
  • \n Ray Rhodes
    • \n
  • \n Mike Shanahan
    • \n
  • \n Mike Solari
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XXX champions
\n
    \n
  • \n 8 Troy Aikman
    • \n
  • \n 10 Jon Baker
    • \n
  • \n 11 Wade Wilson
    • \n
  • \n 17 Jason Garrett
    • \n
  • \n 18 Chris Boniol
    • \n
  • \n 19 John Jett
    • \n
  • \n 20 Sherman Williams
    • \n
  • \n 21 Deion Sanders
    • \n
  • \n 22 Emmitt Smith
    • \n
  • \n 23 Robert Bailey
    • \n
  • \n 24 Larry Brown ( MVP )
    • \n
  • \n 25 Scott Case
    • \n
  • \n 26 Kevin Smith
    • \n
  • \n 27 Greg Tremble
    • \n
  • \n 28 Darren Woodson
    • \n
  • \n 29 Alundis Brice
    • \n
  • \n 31 Brock Marion
    • \n
  • \n 36 Dominique Ross
    • \n
  • \n 38 David Lang
    • \n
  • \n 40 Bill Bates
    • \n
  • \n 42 Charlie Williams
    • \n
  • \n 43 Greg Briggs
    • \n
  • \n 47 Clayton Holmes
    • \n
  • \n 48 Daryl Johnston
    • \n
  • \n 52 Jim Schwantz
    • \n
  • \n 53 Ray Donaldson
    • \n
  • \n 54 Darryl Hardy
    • \n
  • \n 54 Anthony Fieldings
    • \n
  • \n 55 Robert Jones
    • \n
  • \n 56 Reggie Barnes
    • \n
  • \n 58 Dixon Edwards
    • \n
  • \n 59 Darrin Smith
    • \n
  • \n 60 Derek Kennard
    • \n
  • \n 61 Nate Newton
    • \n
  • \n 65 Ron Stone
    • \n
  • \n 67 Russell Maryland
    • \n
  • \n 68 Michael Batiste
    • \n
  • \n 69 George Hegamin
    • \n
  • \n 70 Dale Hellestrae
    • \n
  • \n 71 Mark Tuinei
    • \n
  • \n 73 Larry Allen
    • \n
  • \n 78 Leon Lett
    • \n
  • \n 79 Erik Williams
    • \n
  • \n 81 Ed Hervey
    • \n
  • \n 82 Cory Fleming
    • \n
  • \n 83 Kendell Watkins
    • \n
  • \n 84 Jay Novacek
    • \n
  • \n 85 Kevin Williams
    • \n
  • \n 86 Eric Bjornson
    • \n
  • \n 87 Billy Davis
    • \n
  • \n 88 Michael Irvin
    • \n
  • \n 90 Oscar Sturgis
    • \n
  • \n 91 Darren Benson
    • \n
  • \n 92 Tony Tolbert
    • \n
  • \n 94 Charles Haley
    • \n
  • \n 95 Chad Hennings
    • \n
  • \n 96 Shante Carver
    • \n
  • \n 98 Godfrey Myles
    • \n
  • \n 99 Hurvin McCormack
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Head coach : Barry Switzer
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Coaches : Hubbard Alexander
    • \n
  • \n Joe Avezzano
    • \n
  • \n Craig Boller
    • \n
  • \n Joe Brodsky
    • \n
  • \n Dave Campo
    • \n
  • \n Jim Eddy
    • \n
  • \n Robert Ford
    • \n
  • \n Steve Hoffman
    • \n
  • \n Hudson Houck
    • \n
  • \n Ernie Zampese
    • \n
  • \n Mike Zimmer
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Associated Press NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award winners
\n
    \n
  • \n 1971 : Page
    • \n
  • \n 1972 : Greene
    • \n
  • \n 1973 : Anderson
    • \n
  • \n 1974 : Greene
    • \n
  • \n 1975 : Blount
    • \n
  • \n 1976 : Lambert
    • \n
  • \n 1977 : Martin
    • \n
  • \n 1978 : Gradishar
    • \n
  • \n 1979 : Selmon
    • \n
  • \n 1980 : Hayes
    • \n
  • \n 1981 : Taylor
    • \n
  • \n 1982 : Taylor
    • \n
  • \n 1983 : Betters
    • \n
  • \n 1984 : Easley
    • \n
  • \n 1985 : Singletary
    • \n
  • \n 1986 : Taylor
    • \n
  • \n 1987 : White
    • \n
  • \n 1988 : Singletary
    • \n
  • \n 1989 : Millard
    • \n
  • \n 1990 : Smith
    • \n
  • \n 1991 : Swilling
    • \n
  • \n 1992 : Kennedy
    • \n
  • \n 1993 : R. Woodson
    • \n
  • \n 1994 : D. Sanders
    • \n
  • \n 1995 : Paup
    • \n
  • \n 1996 : Smith
    • \n
  • \n 1997 : Stubblefield
    • \n
  • \n 1998 : White
    • \n
  • \n 1999 : Sapp
    • \n
  • \n 2000 : Lewis
    • \n
  • \n 2001 : Strahan
    • \n
  • \n 2002 : Brooks
    • \n
  • \n 2003 : Lewis
    • \n
  • \n 2004 : Reed
    • \n
  • \n 2005 : Urlacher
    • \n
  • \n 2006 : Taylor
    • \n
  • \n 2007 : B. Sanders
    • \n
  • \n 2008 : Harrison
    • \n
  • \n 2009 : C. Woodson
    • \n
  • \n 2010 : Polamalu
    • \n
  • \n 2011 : Suggs
    • \n
  • \n 2012 : Watt
    • \n
  • \n 2013 : Kuechly
    • \n
  • \n 2014 : Watt
    • \n
  • \n 2015 : Watt
    • \n
  • \n 2016 : Mack
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n National Football League NFL 's 1990s All - Decade Team
\n
    \n
  • \n Brett Favre
    • \n
  • \n John Elway
    • \n
  • \n Barry Sanders
    • \n
  • \n Emmitt Smith
    • \n
  • \n Terrell Davis
    • \n
  • \n Thurman Thomas
    • \n
  • \n Cris Carter
    • \n
  • \n Jerry Rice
    • \n
  • \n Tim Brown
    • \n
  • \n Michael Irvin
    • \n
  • \n Shannon Sharpe
    • \n
  • \n Ben Coates
    • \n
  • \n Willie Roaf
    • \n
  • \n Gary Zimmerman
    • \n
  • \n Tony Boselli
    • \n
  • \n Richmond Webb
    • \n
  • \n Bruce Matthews
    • \n
  • \n Randall McDaniel
    • \n
  • \n Larry Allen
    • \n
  • \n Steve Wisniewski
    • \n
  • \n Dermontti Dawson
    • \n
  • \n Mark Stepnoski
    • \n
  • \n Bruce Smith
    • \n
  • \n Reggie White
    • \n
  • \n Chris Doleman
    • \n
  • \n Neil Smith
    • \n
  • \n Cortez Kennedy
    • \n
  • \n John Randle
    • \n
  • \n Warren Sapp
    • \n
  • \n Bryant Young
    • \n
  • \n Kevin Greene
    • \n
  • \n Junior Seau
    • \n
  • \n Derrick Thomas
    • \n
  • \n Cornelius Bennett
    • \n
  • \n Hardy Nickerson
    • \n
  • \n Levon Kirkland
    • \n
  • \n Deion Sanders
    • \n
  • \n Rod Woodson
    • \n
  • \n Darrell Green
    • \n
  • \n Aeneas Williams
    • \n
  • \n Steve Atwater
    • \n
  • \n LeRoy Butler
    • \n
  • \n Carnell Lake
    • \n
  • \n Ronnie Lott
    • \n
  • \n Darren Bennett
    • \n
  • \n Sean Landeta
    • \n
  • \n Morten Andersen
    • \n
  • \n Gary Anderson
    • \n
  • \n Mel Gray
    • \n
  • \n Michael Bates
    • \n
  • \n Bill Parcells
    • \n
  • \n Marv Levy
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n NFL Network
\n On - air talent \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Current \n
    \n
  • \n Kay Adams
    • \n
  • \n Brian Baldinger
    • \n
  • \n Judy Battista
    • \n
  • \n Brian Billick
    • \n
  • \n Tiffany Blackmon
    • \n
  • \n Kyle Brandt
    • \n
  • \n Albert Breer
    • \n
  • \n Bucky Brooks
    • \n
  • \n Nate Burleson
    • \n
  • \n Charley Casserly
    • \n
  • \n Erin Coscarelli
    • \n
  • \n Stacey Dales
    • \n
  • \n Dave Dameshek
    • \n
  • \n Charles Davis
    • \n
  • \n Terrell Davis
    • \n
  • \n Jamie Dukes
    • \n
  • \n Rich Eisen
    • \n
  • \n Heath Evans
    • \n
  • \n Michael Fabiano
    • \n
  • \n Marshall Faulk
    • \n
  • \n Alex Flanagan
    • \n
  • \n Jay Glazer
    • \n
  • \n Rebecca Haarlow
    • \n
  • \n Scott Hanson
    • \n
  • \n Elliot Harrison
    • \n
  • \n Michael Irvin
    • \n
  • \n Daniel Jeremiah
    • \n
  • \n Kimberly Jones
    • \n
  • \n Aditi Kinkhabwala
    • \n
  • \n Andrea Kremer
    • \n
  • \n Rhett Lewis
    • \n
  • \n Steve Mariucci
    • \n
  • \n Mike Mayock
    • \n
  • \n Willie McGinest
    • \n
  • \n Randy Moss
    • \n
  • \n Adam Rank
    • \n
  • \n Ian Rapoport
    • \n
  • \n Lindsay Rhodes
    • \n
  • \n Deion Sanders
    • \n
  • \n Peter Schrager
    • \n
  • \n Sterling Sharpe
    • \n
  • \n Andrew Siciliano
    • \n
  • \n Jane Slater
    • \n
  • \n Jason Smith
    • \n
  • \n Matt Smith
    • \n
  • \n Melissa Stark
    • \n
  • \n Amber Theoharis
    • \n
  • \n Kurt Warner
    • \n
  • \n Solomon Wilcots
    • \n
  • \n Ari Wolfe
    • \n
  • \n Cole Wright
    • \n
  • \n Steve Wyche
    • \n
\n
\n Former \n
    \n
  • \n Jennifer Allen
    • \n
  • \n Marcus Allen
    • \n
  • \n Bobby Beathard
    • \n
  • \n Michelle Beisner
    • \n
  • \n Paul Burmeister
    • \n
  • \n Fran Charles
    • \n
  • \n Jeff Darlington
    • \n
  • \n Butch Davis
    • \n
  • \n Spero Dedes
    • \n
  • \n Dennis Green
    • \n
  • \n Kara Henderson
    • \n
  • \n Derrin Horton
    • \n
  • \n Seth Joyner
    • \n
  • \n Lincoln Kennedy
    • \n
  • \n Jason La Canfora
    • \n
  • \n Michael Lombardi
    • \n
  • \n Mike Martz
    • \n
  • \n Jim E. Mora
    • \n
  • \n Brad Nessler
    • \n
  • \n Ken Norton Jr .
    • \n
  • \n Bob Papa
    • \n
  • \n Glenn Parker
    • \n
  • \n Bill Patrick
    • \n
  • \n Mike Pereira
    • \n
  • \n Molly Qerim
    • \n
  • \n Dan Reeves
    • \n
  • \n Warren Sapp
    • \n
  • \n Danyelle Sargent
    • \n
  • \n Adam Schefter
    • \n
  • \n Darren Sharper
    • \n
  • \n Emmitt Smith
    • \n
  • \n Tom Waddle
    • \n
  • \n Rod Woodson
    • \n
  • \n Nicole Zaloumis
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Programs \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Current \n
    \n
  • \n America 's Game : The Super Bowl Champions
    • \n
  • \n A Football Life
    • \n
  • \n Good Morning Football
    • \n
  • \n NFL Classics
    • \n
  • \n NFL GameDay
    • \n
  • \n NFL RedZone
    • \n
  • \n NFL Replay
    • \n
  • \n NFL Scoreboard
    • \n
  • \n NFL Top 10
    • \n
  • \n NFL Top 100
    • \n
  • \n NFL Total Access
    • \n
  • \n Path to the Draft
    • \n
  • \n Thursday Night Football
    • \n
\n
\n Former \n
    \n
  • \n College Football Now
    • \n
  • \n College Scoreboard
    • \n
  • \n Football America
    • \n
  • \n NFL AM
    • \n
  • \n NFL Cheerleader Playoffs
    • \n
  • \n NFL Films Game of the Week
    • \n
  • \n NFL HQ
    • \n
  • \n Point After
    • \n
  • \n Put Up Your Dukes
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Thursday Night Football on CBS , NBC and NFL Network
\n Pregame \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n CBS \n
    \n
  • \n James Brown
    • \n
  • \n Bill Cowher
    • \n
  • \n Deion Sanders
    • \n
\n
\n NBC \n
    \n
  • \n Bob Costas
    • \n
  • \n Tony Dungy
    • \n
  • \n Rodney Harrison
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Secondary \n
    \n
  • \n Rich Eisen
    • \n
  • \n Marshall Faulk
    • \n
  • \n Steve Mariucci
    • \n
  • \n Michael Irvin
    • \n
\n
\n Game coverage \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n CBS \n
    \n
  • \n Jim Nantz ( Play - by - play )
    • \n
  • \n Tony Romo ( Color commentary )
    • \n
  • \n Tracy Wolfson ( Sideline reporter )
    • \n
\n
\n NBC \n
    \n
  • \n Mike Tirico ( Play - by - play )
    • \n
  • \n Cris Collinsworth ( Color commentary )
    • \n
  • \n Heather Cox ( Sideline reporter )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Former \n
    \n
  • \n Bryant Gumbel
    • \n
  • \n Dick Vermeil
    • \n
  • \n Tom Hammond
    • \n
  • \n Scott Hanson
    • \n
  • \n Adam Schefter
    • \n
  • \n Warren Sapp
    • \n
  • \n Bob Papa
    • \n
  • \n Matt Millen
    • \n
  • \n Joe Theismann
    • \n
  • \n Fran Charles
    • \n
  • \n Jim Mora
    • \n
  • \n Kara Henderson
    • \n
  • \n Sterling Sharpe
    • \n
  • \n Kurt Warner
    • \n
  • \n Jay Glazer
    • \n
  • \n Brad Nessler
    • \n
  • \n Mike Mayock
    • \n
  • \n Alex Flanagan
    • \n
  • \n Phil Simms
    • \n
  • \n Al Michaels
    • \n
\n
\n Notable broadcasts \n
    \n
  • \n Bills Toronto Series
    • \n
  • \n World Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2007 New England Patriots -- New York Giants game
    • \n
  • \n `` The Miracle in Motown ''
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n The NFL Today team
\n Current \n
    \n
  • \n James Brown ( host )
    • \n
  • \n Bill Cowher ( analyst )
    • \n
  • \n Phil Simms ( analyst -- Sundays )
    • \n
  • \n Nate Burleson ( analyst -- Sundays )
    • \n
  • \n Boomer Esiason ( analyst -- Sundays )
    • \n
  • \n Deion Sanders ( analyst -- Thursdays )
    • \n
  • \n Jason La Canfora ( NFL insider )
    • \n
  • \n Jim Rome ( contributor )
    • \n
\n
\n Former \n
    \n
  • \n Marcus Allen
    • \n
  • \n Terry Bradshaw
    • \n
  • \n Dick Butkus
    • \n
  • \n Charlsie Cantey
    • \n
  • \n Charley Casserly
    • \n
  • \n Irv Cross
    • \n
  • \n Randy Cross
    • \n
  • \n Mike Ditka
    • \n
  • \n Phyllis George
    • \n
  • \n Jerry Glanville
    • \n
  • \n Tony Gonzalez
    • \n
  • \n Greg Gumbel
    • \n
  • \n Craig James
    • \n
  • \n Brent Jones
    • \n
  • \n Jayne Kennedy
    • \n
  • \n Michael Lombardi
    • \n
  • \n Dan Marino
    • \n
  • \n Will McDonough
    • \n
  • \n Brent Musburger
    • \n
  • \n Jim Nantz
    • \n
  • \n Pat O'Brien
    • \n
  • \n Bart Scott
    • \n
  • \n George Seifert
    • \n
  • \n Shannon Sharpe
    • \n
  • \n Jimmy `` The Greek '' Snyder
    • \n
  • \n Lesley Visser
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n CBS Sports
    • \n
  • \n NFL on CBS
    • \n
  • \n The NFL Today
    • \n
  • \n List of NFL Today personalities
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Atlanta Falcons Ring of Honor inductees
\n
    \n
  • \n William Andrews
    • \n
  • \n Steve Bartkowski
    • \n
  • \n Tommy Nobis
    • \n
  • \n Deion Sanders
    • \n
  • \n Jessie Tuggle
    • \n
  • \n Jeff Van Note
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Pro Football Hall of Fame Class of 2011
\n
    \n
  • \n Richard Dent
    • \n
  • \n Marshall Faulk
    • \n
  • \n Chris Hanburger
    • \n
  • \n Les Richter
    • \n
  • \n Ed Sabol
    • \n
  • \n Deion Sanders
    • \n
  • \n Shannon Sharpe
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame
\n Quarterbacks \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Pre-modern era \n
    \n
  • \n Baugh
    • \n
  • \n Clark
    • \n
  • \n Conzelman
    • \n
  • \n Driscoll
    • \n
  • \n Friedman
    • \n
  • \n Herber
    • \n
  • \n Luckman
    • \n
  • \n A. Parker
    • \n
\n
\n Modern era \n
    \n
  • \n Aikman
    • \n
  • \n Blanda
    • \n
  • \n Bradshaw
    • \n
  • \n L. Dawson
    • \n
  • \n Elway
    • \n
  • \n Favre
    • \n
  • \n Fouts
    • \n
  • \n Graham
    • \n
  • \n Griese
    • \n
  • \n Jurgensen
    • \n
  • \n J. Kelly
    • \n
  • \n Layne
    • \n
  • \n Marino
    • \n
  • \n Montana
    • \n
  • \n Moon
    • \n
  • \n Namath
    • \n
  • \n Stabler
    • \n
  • \n Starr
    • \n
  • \n Staubach
    • \n
  • \n Tarkenton
    • \n
  • \n Tittle
    • \n
  • \n Unitas
    • \n
  • \n Van Brocklin
    • \n
  • \n Warner
    • \n
  • \n Waterfield
    • \n
  • \n Young
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Running backs \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Pre-modern era \n
    \n
  • \n Battles
    • \n
  • \n Canadeo
    • \n
  • \n Dudley
    • \n
  • \n Grange
    • \n
  • \n Guyon
    • \n
  • \n Hinkle
    • \n
  • \n Lambeau
    • \n
  • \n Leemans
    • \n
  • \n McAfee
    • \n
  • \n McNally
    • \n
  • \n Nagurski
    • \n
  • \n Nevers
    • \n
  • \n Pollard
    • \n
  • \n Strong
    • \n
  • \n Thorpe
    • \n
  • \n Van Buren
    • \n
\n
\n Modern era \n
    \n
  • \n M. Allen
    • \n
  • \n Bettis
    • \n
  • \n J. Brown
    • \n
  • \n Campbell
    • \n
  • \n Csonka
    • \n
  • \n T. Davis
    • \n
  • \n Dickerson
    • \n
  • \n Dorsett
    • \n
  • \n Faulk
    • \n
  • \n Gifford
    • \n
  • \n Harris
    • \n
  • \n Hornung
    • \n
  • \n J.H. Johnson
    • \n
  • \n L. Kelly
    • \n
  • \n F. Little
    • \n
  • \n Martin
    • \n
  • \n Matson
    • \n
  • \n McElhenny
    • \n
  • \n Moore
    • \n
  • \n Motley
    • \n
  • \n Payton
    • \n
  • \n Perry
    • \n
  • \n Riggins
    • \n
  • \n B. Sanders
    • \n
  • \n Sayers
    • \n
  • \n Simpson
    • \n
  • \n E. Smith
    • \n
  • \n Jim Taylor
    • \n
  • \n T. Thomas
    • \n
  • \n Tomlinson
    • \n
  • \n Trippi
    • \n
  • \n Walker
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Wide receivers / ends \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Pre-modern era \n
    \n
  • \n Badgro
    • \n
  • \n Chamberlin
    • \n
  • \n Flaherty
    • \n
  • \n Halas
    • \n
  • \n Hewitt
    • \n
  • \n Hutson
    • \n
  • \n Millner
    • \n
\n
\n Modern era \n
    \n
  • \n Alworth
    • \n
  • \n Berry
    • \n
  • \n Biletnikoff
    • \n
  • \n T. Brown
    • \n
  • \n Carter
    • \n
  • \n Fears
    • \n
  • \n Harrison
    • \n
  • \n Hayes
    • \n
  • \n Hirsch
    • \n
  • \n Irvin
    • \n
  • \n Joiner
    • \n
  • \n Largent
    • \n
  • \n Lavelli
    • \n
  • \n Lofton
    • \n
  • \n Maynard
    • \n
  • \n McDonald
    • \n
  • \n Mitchell
    • \n
  • \n Monk
    • \n
  • \n Pihos
    • \n
  • \n Reed
    • \n
  • \n Rice
    • \n
  • \n Stallworth
    • \n
  • \n Swann
    • \n
  • \n C. Taylor
    • \n
  • \n Warfield
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Tight ends \n
    \n
  • \n Casper
    • \n
  • \n Ditka
    • \n
  • \n Mackey
    • \n
  • \n Newsome
    • \n
  • \n C. Sanders
    • \n
  • \n Sharpe
    • \n
  • \n J. Smith
    • \n
  • \n Winslow
    • \n
\n
\n Offensive linemen \n
    \n
  • \n L. Allen
    • \n
  • \n B. Brown
    • \n
  • \n R. Brown
    • \n
  • \n Creekmur
    • \n
  • \n D. Dawson
    • \n
  • \n DeLamielleure
    • \n
  • \n Dierdorf
    • \n
  • \n Gatski
    • \n
  • \n Gregg
    • \n
  • \n Grimm
    • \n
  • \n Hannah
    • \n
  • \n Hickerson
    • \n
  • \n S. Jones
    • \n
  • \n W. Jones
    • \n
  • \n Langer
    • \n
  • \n L. Little
    • \n
  • \n Mack
    • \n
  • \n Matthews
    • \n
  • \n McCormack
    • \n
  • \n McDaniel
    • \n
  • \n Mix
    • \n
  • \n Munchak
    • \n
  • \n Mu\u00f1oz
    • \n
  • \n Ogden
    • \n
  • \n Otto
    • \n
  • \n Pace
    • \n
  • \n J. Parker
    • \n
  • \n Ringo
    • \n
  • \n Roaf
    • \n
  • \n Shaw
    • \n
  • \n Shell
    • \n
  • \n Shields
    • \n
  • \n Slater
    • \n
  • \n St. Clair
    • \n
  • \n Stanfel
    • \n
  • \n Stephenson
    • \n
  • \n Tingelhoff
    • \n
  • \n Upshaw
    • \n
  • \n Webster
    • \n
  • \n Wright
    • \n
  • \n Yary
    • \n
  • \n Zimmerman
    • \n
\n
\n Pre-modern era two - way players \n
    \n
  • \n Edwards
    • \n
  • \n Fortmann
    • \n
  • \n Healey
    • \n
  • \n Hein
    • \n
  • \n Henry
    • \n
  • \n Hubbard
    • \n
  • \n Kiesling
    • \n
  • \n Kinard
    • \n
  • \n Lyman
    • \n
  • \n Michalske
    • \n
  • \n Musso
    • \n
  • \n Owen
    • \n
  • \n Stydahar
    • \n
  • \n Trafton
    • \n
  • \n Turner
    • \n
  • \n Wojciechowicz
    • \n
\n
\n Defensive linemen \n
    \n
  • \n Atkins
    • \n
  • \n Bethea
    • \n
  • \n Buchanan
    • \n
  • \n Culp
    • \n
  • \n W. Davis
    • \n
  • \n Dean
    • \n
  • \n Dent
    • \n
  • \n Doleman
    • \n
  • \n Donovan
    • \n
  • \n Eller
    • \n
  • \n Ford
    • \n
  • \n J. Greene
    • \n
  • \n Haley
    • \n
  • \n Hampton
    • \n
  • \n Humphrey
    • \n
  • \n D. Jones
    • \n
  • \n Jordan
    • \n
  • \n Kennedy
    • \n
  • \n Lilly
    • \n
  • \n Long
    • \n
  • \n Marchetti
    • \n
  • \n Nomellini
    • \n
  • \n Olsen
    • \n
  • \n Page
    • \n
  • \n Randle
    • \n
  • \n Robustelli
    • \n
  • \n Sapp
    • \n
  • \n Selmon
    • \n
  • \n B. Smith
    • \n
  • \n Stautner
    • \n
  • \n Strahan
    • \n
  • \n Ja . Taylor
    • \n
  • \n Weinmeister
    • \n
  • \n Ra . White
    • \n
  • \n Re . White
    • \n
  • \n Willis
    • \n
  • \n Youngblood
    • \n
\n
\n Linebackers \n
    \n
  • \n Bednarik
    • \n
  • \n Bo . Bell
    • \n
  • \n Brooks
    • \n
  • \n Buoniconti
    • \n
  • \n Butkus
    • \n
  • \n Carson
    • \n
  • \n Connor
    • \n
  • \n George
    • \n
  • \n K. Greene
    • \n
  • \n Ham
    • \n
  • \n Hanburger
    • \n
  • \n Hendricks
    • \n
  • \n Huff
    • \n
  • \n Jackson
    • \n
  • \n Lambert
    • \n
  • \n Lanier
    • \n
  • \n Nitschke
    • \n
  • \n Richter
    • \n
  • \n Robinson
    • \n
  • \n Schmidt
    • \n
  • \n Seau
    • \n
  • \n Singletary
    • \n
  • \n L. Taylor
    • \n
  • \n D. Thomas
    • \n
  • \n Tippett
    • \n
  • \n Wilcox
    • \n
\n
\n Defensive backs \n
    \n
  • \n Adderley
    • \n
  • \n Barney
    • \n
  • \n Blount
    • \n
  • \n W. Brown
    • \n
  • \n Butler
    • \n
  • \n Christiansen
    • \n
  • \n Easley
    • \n
  • \n Green
    • \n
  • \n Haynes
    • \n
  • \n Houston
    • \n
  • \n J. Johnson
    • \n
  • \n Krause
    • \n
  • \n Lane
    • \n
  • \n Lary
    • \n
  • \n LeBeau
    • \n
  • \n Lott
    • \n
  • \n Renfro
    • \n
  • \n D. Sanders
    • \n
  • \n E. Thomas
    • \n
  • \n Tunnell
    • \n
  • \n Wehrli
    • \n
  • \n Williams
    • \n
  • \n L. Wilson
    • \n
  • \n Wood
    • \n
  • \n Woodson
    • \n
\n
\n Placekickers & punters \n
    \n
  • \n Andersen
    • \n
  • \n Groza
    • \n
  • \n Guy
    • \n
  • \n Stenerud
    • \n
\n
\n Coaches \n
    \n
  • \n G. Allen
    • \n
  • \n P. Brown
    • \n
  • \n Chamberlin
    • \n
  • \n Conzelman
    • \n
  • \n Dungy
    • \n
  • \n Ewbank
    • \n
  • \n Flaherty
    • \n
  • \n Gibbs
    • \n
  • \n Gillman
    • \n
  • \n Grant
    • \n
  • \n Halas
    • \n
  • \n Lambeau
    • \n
  • \n Landry
    • \n
  • \n Levy
    • \n
  • \n Lombardi
    • \n
  • \n Madden
    • \n
  • \n Neale
    • \n
  • \n Noll
    • \n
  • \n Owen
    • \n
  • \n Parcells
    • \n
  • \n Shula
    • \n
  • \n Stram
    • \n
  • \n Walsh
    • \n
\n
\n Contributors \n
    \n
  • \n Be . Bell
    • \n
  • \n Bidwill
    • \n
  • \n Carr
    • \n
  • \n A. Davis
    • \n
  • \n DeBartolo
    • \n
  • \n Finks
    • \n
  • \n Halas
    • \n
  • \n Hunt
    • \n
  • \n J. Jones
    • \n
  • \n Lambeau
    • \n
  • \n T. Mara
    • \n
  • \n W. Mara
    • \n
  • \n Marshall
    • \n
  • \n Polian
    • \n
  • \n Ray
    • \n
  • \n Reeves
    • \n
  • \n A. Rooney
    • \n
  • \n D. Rooney
    • \n
  • \n Rozelle
    • \n
  • \n Sabol
    • \n
  • \n Schramm
    • \n
  • \n R. Wilson
    • \n
  • \n Wolf
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n VIAF : 1673250
    • \n
  • \n LCCN : n92120072
    • \n
  • \n MusicBrainz : dacabb3a - 5238 - 4e7b - 8c37 - 0aeff48cadf2
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deion_Sanders&oldid=806110229 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who did deion sanders go in the hall of fame as", "long_answers": ["Deion Sanders Sanders in 2011 No. 21 , 37 Position : Cornerback Date of birth : ( 1967 - 08 - 09 ) August 9 , 1967 ( age 50 ) Place of birth : Fort Myers , Florida Height : 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) Weight : 198 lb ( 90 kg ) Career information High school : North Fort Myers ( FL ) College : Florida State NFL Draft : 1989 / Round : 1 / Pick : 5 Career history Atlanta Falcons ( 1989 -- 1993 ) San Francisco 49ers ( 1994 ) Dallas Cowboys ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Washington Redskins ( 2000 ) Baltimore Ravens ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Career highlights and awards 2 \u00d7 Super Bowl champion ( XXIX , XXX ) 8 \u00d7 Pro Bowl ( 1991 -- 1994 , 1996 -- 1999 ) 8 \u00d7 First - team All - Pro ( 1991 -- 1994 , 1996 -- 1999 ) NFL Defensive Player of the Year ( 1994 ) NFL 1990s All - Decade Team Atlanta Falcons Ring of Honor Jim Thorpe Award ( 1988 ) 2 \u00d7 Unanimous All - American ( 1987 , 1988 ) Florida State Seminoles No. 2 retired Career NFL statistics Interceptions : 53 Defensive touchdowns : 10 Return touchdowns : 9 Receptions : 60 Receiving yards : 784 Receiving touchdowns : 3 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR Pro Football Hall of Fame College Football Hall of Fame\n"], "short_answers": ["Cornerback\n"]} {"text": "Manchester United F.C. - Wikipedia

\n Manchester United F.C.

\n Jump to : navigation , search `` MUFC '' and `` Manchester United '' redirect here . For other uses , see MUFC ( disambiguation ) . For the basketball team , see Manchester Eagles . Not to be confused with F.C. United of Manchester . \n Manchester United \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Full name \n Manchester United Football Club
\n Nickname ( s ) \n The Red Devils
\n Short name \n MUFC
\n Founded \n 1878 ; 140 years ago ( 1878 ) , as Newton Heath LYR F.C. 1902 ; 116 years ago ( 1902 ) , as Manchester United F.C.
\n Ground \n Old Trafford
\n Ground Capacity \n 74,994
\n Owner \n Manchester United plc ( NYSE : MANU )
\n Co-chairmen \n Joel and Avram Glazer
\n Manager \n Jos\u00e9 Mourinho
\n League \n Premier League
\n 2016 -- 17 \n Premier League , 6th of 20
\n Website \n Club website
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Home colours \n Away colours \n Third colours
\n
\n
\n Current season
\n

\n Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed `` the Red Devils '' , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 .

\n

\n Manchester United have won a record 20 League titles , 12 FA Cups , 5 League Cups and a record 21 FA Community Shields . The club has also won three UEFA Champions Leagues , one UEFA Europa League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup , one Intercontinental Cup and one FIFA Club World Cup . In 1998 -- 99 , the club became the first in the history of English football to achieve the treble of the Premier League , the FA Cup and the UEFA Champions League . In 2016 -- 17 , by winning the UEFA Europa League , they became one of five clubs to have won all three main UEFA club competitions . In addition , they became the only professional English club to have won every ongoing honour available to the first team that is organised by a national or international governing body .

\n

\n The 1958 Munich air disaster claimed the lives of eight players . In 1968 , under the management of Matt Busby , Manchester United became the first English football club to win the European Cup . Alex Ferguson won 38 trophies as manager , including 13 Premier League titles , 5 FA Cups and 2 UEFA Champions Leagues , between 1986 and 2013 , when he announced his retirement . Jos\u00e9 Mourinho is the club 's current manager , having been appointed on 27 May 2016 .

\n

\n Manchester United was the highest - earning football club in the world for 2016 -- 17 , with an annual revenue of \u20ac 676.3 million , and the world 's most valuable football club in 2017 , valued at \u00a3 2.86 billion . As of June 2015 , it is the world 's most valuable football brand , estimated to be worth $1.2 billion . After being floated on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club was purchased by Malcolm Glazer in May 2005 in a deal valuing the club at almost \u00a3 800 million , after which the company was taken private again , before going public once more in August 2012 , when they made an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange . Manchester United is one of the most widely supported football clubs in the world , and has its strongest rivalries with Liverpool , Manchester City and Leeds United .

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n History

\n

\n Early years ( 1878 -- 1945 )

\n Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1878 -- 1945 ) A chart showing the progress of Manchester United through the English football league system from joining as Newton Heath in 1892 -- 93 to the present

\n Manchester United was formed in 1878 as Newton Heath LYR Football Club by the Carriage and Wagon department of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway ( LYR ) depot at Newton Heath . The team initially played games against other departments and railway companies , but on 20 November 1880 , they competed in their first recorded match ; wearing the colours of the railway company -- green and gold -- they were defeated 6 -- 0 by Bolton Wanderers ' reserve team . By 1888 , the club had become a founding member of The Combination , a regional football league . Following the league 's dissolution after only one season , Newton Heath joined the newly formed Football Alliance , which ran for three seasons before being merged with the Football League . This resulted in the club starting the 1892 -- 93 season in the First Division , by which time it had become independent of the railway company and dropped the `` LYR '' from its name . After two seasons , the club was relegated to the Second Division .

\n The Manchester United team at the start of the 1905 -- 06 season , in which they were runners - up in the Second Division

\n In January 1902 , with debts of \u00a3 2,670 -- equivalent to \u00a3 270,000 in 2018 -- the club was served with a winding - up order . Captain Harry Stafford found four local businessmen , including John Henry Davies ( who became club president ) , each willing to invest \u00a3 500 in return for a direct interest in running the club and who subsequently changed the name ; on 24 April 1902 , Manchester United was officially born . Under Ernest Mangnall , who assumed managerial duties in 1903 , the team finished as Second Division runners - up in 1906 and secured promotion to the First Division , which they won in 1908 -- the club 's first league title . The following season began with victory in the first ever Charity Shield and ended with the club 's first FA Cup title . Manchester United won the First Division for the second time in 1911 , but at the end of the following season , Mangnall left the club to join Manchester City .

\n

\n In 1922 , three years after the resumption of football following the First World War , the club was relegated to the Second Division , where it remained until regaining promotion in 1925 . Relegated again in 1931 , Manchester United became a yo - yo club , achieving its all - time lowest position of 20th place in the Second Division in 1934 . Following the death of principal benefactor John Henry Davies in October 1927 , the club 's finances deteriorated to the extent that Manchester United would likely have gone bankrupt had it not been for James W. Gibson , who , in December 1931 , invested \u00a3 2,000 and assumed control of the club . In the 1938 -- 39 season , the last year of football before the Second World War , the club finished 14th in the First Division .

\n

\n Busby years ( 1945 -- 1969 )

\n Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1945 -- 1969 ) The Busby Babes in Denmark in 1955

\n In October 1945 , the impending resumption of football led to the managerial appointment of Matt Busby , who demanded an unprecedented level of control over team selection , player transfers and training sessions . Busby led the team to second - place league finishes in 1947 , 1948 and 1949 , and to FA Cup victory in 1948 . In 1952 , the club won the First Division , its first league title for 41 years . With an average age of 22 , the back - to - back title winning side of 1956 were labelled `` the Busby Babes '' by the media , a testament to Busby 's faith in his youth players . In 1957 , Manchester United became the first English team to compete in the European Cup , despite objections from The Football League , who had denied Chelsea the same opportunity the previous season . En route to the semi-final , which they lost to Real Madrid , the team recorded a 10 -- 0 victory over Belgian champions Anderlecht , which remains the club 's biggest victory on record .

\n A plaque at Old Trafford in memory of those who died in the Munich air disaster , including players ' names

\n The following season , on the way home from a European Cup quarter - final victory against Red Star Belgrade , the aircraft carrying the Manchester United players , officials and journalists crashed while attempting to take off after refuelling in Munich , Germany . The Munich air disaster of 6 February 1958 claimed 23 lives , including those of eight players -- Geoff Bent , Roger Byrne , Eddie Colman , Duncan Edwards , Mark Jones , David Pegg , Tommy Taylor and Billy Whelan -- and injured several more .

\n Manchester United ( 1963 )

\n Assistant manager Jimmy Murphy took over as manager while Busby recovered from his injuries and the club 's makeshift side reached the FA Cup final , which they lost to Bolton Wanderers . In recognition of the team 's tragedy , UEFA invited the club to compete in the 1958 -- 59 European Cup alongside eventual League champions Wolverhampton Wanderers . Despite approval from the FA , the Football League determined that the club should not enter the competition , since it had not qualified . Busby rebuilt the team through the 1960s by signing players such as Denis Law and Pat Crerand , who combined with the next generation of youth players -- including George Best -- to win the FA Cup in 1963 . The following season , they finished second in the league , then won the title in 1965 and 1967 . In 1968 , Manchester United became the first English ( and second British ) club to win the European Cup , beating Benfica 4 -- 1 in the final with a team that contained three European Footballers of the Year : Bobby Charlton , Denis Law and George Best . Matt Busby resigned as manager in 1969 and was replaced by the reserve team coach , former Manchester United player Wilf McGuinness .

\n

\n 1969 -- 1986

\n Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1969 -- 1986 ) Bryan Robson was the captain of Manchester United for 12 years , longer than any other player .

\n Following an eighth - place finish in the 1969 -- 70 season and a poor start to the 1970 -- 71 season , Busby was persuaded to temporarily resume managerial duties , and McGuinness returned to his position as reserve team coach . In June 1971 , Frank O'Farrell was appointed as manager , but lasted less than 18 months before being replaced by Tommy Docherty in December 1972 . Docherty saved Manchester United from relegation that season , only to see them relegated in 1974 ; by that time the trio of Best , Law , and Charlton had left the club . The team won promotion at the first attempt and reached the FA Cup final in 1976 , but were beaten by Southampton . They reached the final again in 1977 , beating Liverpool 2 -- 1 . Docherty was dismissed shortly afterwards , following the revelation of his affair with the club physiotherapist 's wife .

\n

\n Dave Sexton replaced Docherty as manager in the summer of 1977 . Despite major signings , including Joe Jordan , Gordon McQueen , Gary Bailey , and Ray Wilkins , the team failed to achieve any significant results ; they finished in the top two in 1979 -- 80 and lost to Arsenal in the 1979 FA Cup Final . Sexton was dismissed in 1981 , even though the team won the last seven games under his direction . He was replaced by Ron Atkinson , who immediately broke the British record transfer fee to sign Bryan Robson from West Bromwich Albion . Under Atkinson , Manchester United won the FA Cup twice in three years -- in 1983 and 1985 . In 1985 -- 86 , after 13 wins and two draws in its first 15 matches , the club was favourite to win the league , but finished in fourth place . The following season , with the club in danger of relegation by November , Atkinson was dismissed .

\n

\n Ferguson years ( 1986 -- 2013 )

\n Main article : History of Manchester United F.C. ( 1986 -- 2013 ) Alex Ferguson managed the team between 1986 and 2013 .

\n Alex Ferguson and his assistant Archie Knox arrived from Aberdeen on the day of Atkinson 's dismissal , and guided the club to an 11th - place finish in the league . Despite a second - place finish in 1987 -- 88 , the club was back in 11th place the following season . Reportedly on the verge of being dismissed , victory over Crystal Palace in the 1990 FA Cup Final replay ( after a 3 -- 3 draw ) saved Ferguson 's career . The following season , Manchester United claimed its first Cup Winners ' Cup title and competed in the 1991 UEFA Super Cup , beating European Cup holders Red Star Belgrade 1 -- 0 in the final at Old Trafford . A second consecutive League Cup final appearance followed in 1992 , in which the team beat Nottingham Forest 1 -- 0 at Wembley . In 1993 , the club won its first league title since 1967 , and a year later , for the first time since 1957 , it won a second consecutive title -- alongside the FA Cup -- to complete the first `` Double '' in the club 's history .

\n Ryan Giggs is the most decorated player in English football history .

\n In the 1998 -- 99 season , Manchester United became the first team to win the Premier League , FA Cup and UEFA Champions League -- `` The Treble '' -- in the same season . Losing 1 -- 0 going into injury time in the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final , Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskj\u00e6r scored late goals to claim a dramatic victory over Bayern Munich , in what is considered one of the greatest comebacks of all time . The club also won the Intercontinental Cup after beating Palmeiras 1 -- 0 in Tokyo . Ferguson was subsequently knighted for his services to football .

\n

\n Manchester United won the league again in the 1999 -- 2000 and 2000 -- 01 seasons . The team finished third in 2001 -- 02 , before regaining the title in 2002 -- 03 . They won the 2003 -- 04 FA Cup , beating Millwall 3 -- 0 in the final at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff to lift the trophy for a record 11th time . In the 2005 -- 06 season , Manchester United failed to qualify for the knockout phase of the UEFA Champions League for the first time in over a decade , but recovered to secure a second - place league finish and victory over Wigan Athletic in the 2006 Football League Cup Final . The club regained the Premier League in the 2006 -- 07 and 2007 -- 08 seasons , and completed the European double by beating Chelsea 6 -- 5 on penalties in the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final in Moscow 's Luzhniki Stadium . Ryan Giggs made a record 759th appearance for the club in this game , overtaking previous record holder Bobby Charlton . In December 2008 , the club won the 2008 FIFA Club World Cup and followed this with the 2008 -- 09 Football League Cup , and its third successive Premier League title . That summer , Cristiano Ronaldo was sold to Real Madrid for a world record \u00a3 80 million . In 2010 , Manchester United defeated Aston Villa 2 -- 1 at Wembley to retain the League Cup , its first successful defence of a knockout cup competition .

\n

\n After finishing as runner - up to Chelsea in the 2009 -- 10 season , United achieved a record 19th league title in 2010 -- 11 , securing the championship with a 1 -- 1 away draw against Blackburn Rovers on 14 May 2011 . This was extended to 20 league titles in 2012 -- 13 , securing the championship with a 3 -- 0 home win against Aston Villa on 22 April 2013 .

\n

\n 2013 -- Present

\n

\n On 8 May 2013 , Ferguson announced that he was to retire as manager at the end of the football season , but would remain at the club as a director and club ambassador . The club announced the next day that Everton manager David Moyes would replace him from 1 July , having signed a six - year contract . Ryan Giggs took over as interim player - manager 10 months later , on 22 April 2014 , when Moyes was sacked after a poor season in which the club failed to defend their Premier League title and failed to qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the first time since 1995 -- 96 . They also failed to qualify for the Europa League , meaning that it was the first time Manchester United had n't qualified for a European competition since 1990 . On 19 May 2014 , it was confirmed that Louis van Gaal would replace Moyes as Manchester United manager on a three - year deal , with Giggs as his assistant . Malcolm Glazer , the patriarch of the Glazer family that owns the club , died on 28 May 2014 .

\n

\n Although Van Gaal 's first season saw United once again qualify for the Champions League through a fourth - place finish in the Premier League , his second season saw United go out of the same tournament in the group stage . United also fell behind in the title race for the third consecutive season , finishing in 5th place , in spite of several expensive signings during Van Gaal 's tenure . However , that same season , Manchester United won the FA Cup for a 12th time . Despite this victory , Van Gaal was sacked as manager just two days later , with Jos\u00e9 Mourinho appointed in his place on 27 May , signing a three - year contract . That season , United finished in sixth place while winning the EFL Cup for the fifth time and the Europa League for the first time , as well as the FA Community Shield for a record 21st time . Wayne Rooney scored his 250th goal with United , surpassing Sir Bobby Charlton as United 's all - time top scorer , before leaving the club at the end of the season to return to Everton .

\n

\n Crest and colours

\n Manchester United badge in the 1960s

\n The club crest is derived from the Manchester City Council coat of arms , although all that remains of it on the current crest is the ship in full sail . The devil stems from the club 's nickname `` The Red Devils '' ; it was included on club programmes and scarves in the 1960s , and incorporated into the club crest in 1970 , although the crest was not included on the chest of the shirt until 1971 .

\n

\n Newton Heath 's uniform in 1879 , four years before the club played its first competitive match , has been documented as ' white with blue cord ' . A photograph of the Newton Heath team , taken in 1892 , is believed to show the players wearing red - and - white quartered jerseys and navy blue knickerbockers . Between 1894 -- 96 , the players wore distinctive green and gold jerseys which were replaced in 1896 by white shirts , which were worn with navy blue shorts .

\n

\n After the name change in 1902 , the club colours were changed to red shirts , white shorts , and black socks , which has become the standard Manchester United home kit . Very few changes were made to the kit until 1922 when the club adopted white shirts bearing a deep red `` V '' around the neck , similar to the shirt worn in the 1909 FA Cup Final . They remained part of their home kits until 1927 . For a period in 1934 , the cherry and white hooped change shirt became the home colours , but the following season the red shirt was recalled after the club 's lowest ever league placing of 20th in the Second Division and the hooped shirt dropped back to being the change . The black socks were changed to white from 1959 to 1965 , where they were replaced with red socks up until 1971 , when the club reverted to black . Black shorts and / or white socks are sometimes worn with the home strip , most often in away games , if there is a clash with the opponent 's kit . Since 1997 -- 98 , white socks have been the preferred choice for European games , which are typically played on weeknights , to aid with player visibility . The current home kit is a red Henley shirt , with black - and - white - banded cuffs and the trademark Adidas three stripes in white across the shoulders .

\n

\n The Manchester United away strip has often been a white shirt , black shorts and white socks , but there have been several exceptions . These include an all - black strip with blue and gold trimmings between 1993 and 1995 , the navy blue shirt with silver horizontal pinstripes worn during the 1999 -- 2000 season , and the 2011 -- 12 away kit , which had a royal blue body and sleeves with hoops made of small midnight navy blue and black stripes , with black shorts and blue socks . An all - grey away kit worn during the 1995 -- 96 season was dropped after just five games , most notoriously against Southampton where Alex Ferguson forced the team to change into the third kit during half - time of its final outing . The reason for dropping it being that the players claimed to have trouble finding their teammates against the crowd , United failed to win a competitive game in the kit . In 2001 , to celebrate 100 years as `` Manchester United '' , a reversible white / gold away kit was released , although the actual match day shirts were not reversible .

\n

\n The club 's third kit is often all - blue , this was most recently the case during the 2014 -- 15 season . Exceptions include a green - and - gold halved shirt worn between 1992 and 1994 , a blue - and - white striped shirt worn during the 1994 -- 95 and 1995 -- 96 seasons and once in 1996 -- 97 , an all - black kit worn during the Treble - winning 1998 -- 99 season , and a white shirt with black - and - red horizontal pinstripes worn between 2003 -- 04 and 2005 -- 06 . From 2006 -- 07 to 2013 -- 14 , the third kit was the previous season 's away kit , albeit updated with the new club sponsor in 2006 -- 07 and 2010 -- 11 , apart from 2008 -- 09 when an all - blue kit was launch to mark the 40th anniversary of the 1967 -- 68 European Cup success .

\n

\n Kit evolution

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 1879 -- 1880 , 1896 -- 1902 \n 1880 -- 1887 \n 1887 -- 1893 \n 1893 -- 1894 \n 1894 -- 1896
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 1902 -- 1920 , 1921 -- 1922 , 1927 -- 1934 , 1934 -- 1960 , 1971 -- present \n 1920 -- 1921 , 1963 -- 1971 \n 1922 -- 1927 \n 1934 \n 1960 -- 1963 ( 1997 -- present )
\n
\n
\n Notes
\n
\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Since 1997 this combination is primarily used in domestic competitions and friendlies .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Since 1997 this combination is primarily used in European and international competitions .
    3. \n
\n

\n Grounds

\n Old Trafford after its expansion completed in 2006

\n Newton Heath initially played on a field on North Road , close to the railway yard ; the original capacity was about 12,000 , but club officials deemed the facilities inadequate for a club hoping to join The Football League . Some expansion took place in 1887 , and in 1891 , Newton Heath used its minimal financial reserves to purchase two grandstands , each able to hold 1,000 spectators . Although attendances were not recorded for many of the earliest matches at North Road , the highest documented attendance was approximately 15,000 for a First Division match against Sunderland on 4 March 1893 . A similar attendance was also recorded for a friendly match against Gorton Villa on 5 September 1889 .

\n

\n In June 1893 , after the club was evicted from North Road by its owners , Manchester Deans and Canons , who felt it was inappropriate for the club to charge an entry fee to the ground , secretary A.H. Albut procured the use of the Bank Street ground in Clayton . It initially had no stands , by the start of the 1893 -- 94 season , two had been built ; one spanning the full length of the pitch on one side and the other behind the goal at the `` Bradford end '' . At the opposite end , the `` Clayton end '' , the ground had been `` built up , thousands thus being provided for '' . Newton Heath 's first league match at Bank Street was played against Burnley on 1 September 1893 , when 10,000 people saw Alf Farman score a hat - trick , Newton Heath 's only goals in a 3 -- 2 win . The remaining stands were completed for the following league game against Nottingham Forest three weeks later . In October 1895 , before the visit of Manchester City , the club purchased a 2,000 - capacity stand from the Broughton Rangers rugby league club , and put up another stand on the `` reserved side '' ( as distinct from the `` popular side '' ) . However , weather restricted the attendance for the Manchester City match to just 12,000 .

\n

\n When the Bank Street ground was temporarily closed by bailiffs in 1902 , club captain Harry Stafford raised enough money to pay for the club 's next away game at Bristol City and found a temporary ground at Harpurhey for the next reserves game against Padiham . Following financial investment , new club president John Henry Davies paid \u00a3 500 for the erection of a new 1,000 - seat stand at Bank Street . Within four years , the stadium had cover on all four sides , as well as the ability to hold approximately 50,000 spectators , some of whom could watch from the viewing gallery atop the Main Stand .

\n

\n However , following Manchester United 's first league title in 1908 and the FA Cup a year later , it was decided that Bank Street was too restrictive for Davies ' ambition ; in February 1909 , six weeks before the club 's first FA Cup title , Old Trafford was named as the home of Manchester United , following the purchase of land for around \u00a3 60,000 . Architect Archibald Leitch was given a budget of \u00a3 30,000 for construction ; original plans called for seating capacity of 100,000 , though budget constraints forced a revision to 77,000 . The building was constructed by Messrs Brameld and Smith of Manchester . The stadium 's record attendance was registered on 25 March 1939 , when an FA Cup semi-final between Wolverhampton Wanderers and Grimsby Town drew 76,962 spectators .

\n

\n Bombing in the Second World War destroyed much of the stadium ; the central tunnel in the South Stand was all that remained of that quarter . After the war , the club received compensation from the War Damage Commission in the amount of \u00a3 22,278 . While reconstruction took place , the team played its `` home '' games at Manchester City 's Maine Road ground ; Manchester United was charged \u00a3 5,000 per year , plus a nominal percentage of gate receipts . Later improvements included the addition of roofs , first to the Stretford End and then to the North and East Stands . The roofs were supported by pillars that obstructed many fans ' views , and they were eventually replaced with a cantilevered structure . The Stretford End was the last stand to receive a cantilevered roof , completed in time for the 1993 -- 94 season . First used on 25 March 1957 and costing \u00a3 40,000 , four 180 - foot ( 55 m ) pylons were erected , each housing 54 individual floodlights . These were dismantled in 1987 and replaced by a lighting system embedded in the roof of each stand , which remains in use today .

\n

\n The Taylor Report 's requirement for an all - seater stadium lowered capacity at Old Trafford to around 44,000 by 1993 . In 1995 , the North Stand was redeveloped into three tiers , restoring capacity to approximately 55,000 . At the end of the 1998 -- 99 season , second tiers were added to the East and West Stands , raising capacity to around 67,000 , and between July 2005 and May 2006 , 8,000 more seats were added via second tiers in the north - west and north - east quadrants . Part of the new seating was used for the first time on 26 March 2006 , when an attendance of 69,070 became a new Premier League record . The record was pushed steadily upwards before reaching its peak on 31 March 2007 , when 76,098 spectators saw Manchester United beat Blackburn Rovers 4 -- 1 , with just 114 seats ( 0.15 per cent of the total capacity of 76,212 ) unoccupied . In 2009 , reorganisation of the seating resulted in a reduction of capacity by 255 to 75,957 . Manchester United has the second highest average attendance of European football clubs only behind Borussia Dortmund .

\n

\n Support

\n

\n Manchester United is one of the most popular football clubs in the world , with one of the highest average home attendance in Europe . The club states that its worldwide fan base includes more than 200 officially recognised branches of the Manchester United Supporters Club ( MUSC ) , in at least 24 countries . The club takes advantage of this support through its worldwide summer tours . Accountancy firm and sports industry consultants Deloitte estimate that Manchester United has 75 million fans worldwide , while other estimates put this figure closer to 333 million . The club has the third highest social media following in the world among sports teams ( after Barcelona and Real Madrid ) , with over 71 million Facebook fans as of September 2016 . A 2014 study showed that Manchester United had the loudest fans in the Premier League .

\n

\n Supporters are represented by two independent bodies ; the Independent Manchester United Supporters ' Association ( IMUSA ) , which maintains close links to the club through the MUFC Fans Forum , and the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust ( MUST ) . After the Glazer family 's takeover in 2005 , a group of fans formed a splinter club , F.C. United of Manchester . The West Stand of Old Trafford -- the `` Stretford End '' -- is the home end and the traditional source of the club 's most vocal support .

\n

\n Rivalries

\n Main articles : Arsenal F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , Manchester derby , Liverpool F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry , and Leeds United F.C. -- Manchester United F.C. rivalry

\n Manchester United has rivalries with Arsenal , Leeds United , Liverpool , and Manchester City , against whom they contest the Manchester derby .

\n

\n The rivalry with Liverpool is rooted in competition between the cities during the Industrial Revolution when Manchester was famous for its textile industry while Liverpool was a major port . Manchester United and Liverpool are also the two most successful teams in England and , at many points in their history , they have battled each other for the league title ( most recently in the 2008 -- 09 season ) . Their matches are usually considered by the players and their fans as the biggest in any given season .

\n

\n The `` Roses Rivalry '' with Leeds stems from the Wars of the Roses , fought between the House of Lancaster and the House of York , with Manchester United representing Lancashire and Leeds representing Yorkshire .

\n

\n The rivalry with Arsenal arises from the numerous times the two teams , as well as managers Alex Ferguson and Ars\u00e8ne Wenger , have battled for the Premier League title . With 33 titles between them ( 20 for Manchester United , 13 for Arsenal ) this fixture has become known as one of the finest Premier League match - ups in history .

\n

\n Global brand

\n Aeroflot is an official carrier of the club .

\n Manchester United has been described as a global brand ; a 2011 report by Brand Finance , valued the club 's trademarks and associated intellectual property at \u00a3 412 million -- an increase of \u00a3 39 million on the previous year , valuing it at \u00a3 11 million more than the second best brand , Real Madrid -- and gave the brand a strength rating of AAA ( Extremely Strong ) . In July 2012 , Manchester United was ranked first by Forbes magazine in its list of the ten most valuable sports team brands , valuing the Manchester United brand at $2.23 billion . The club is ranked third in the Deloitte Football Money League ( behind Real Madrid and Barcelona ) . In January 2013 , the club became the first sports team in the world to be valued at $3 billion . Forbes Magazine valued the club at $3.3 billion -- $1.2 billion higher than the next most valuable sports team . They were overtaken by Real Madrid for the next four years , but Manchester United returned to the top of the Forbes list in June 2017 , with a valuation of $3.689 billion .

\n

\n The core strength of Manchester United 's global brand is often attributed to Matt Busby 's rebuilding of the team and subsequent success following the Munich air disaster , which drew worldwide acclaim . The `` iconic '' team included Bobby Charlton and Nobby Stiles ( members of England 's World Cup winning team ) , Denis Law and George Best . The attacking style of play adopted by this team ( in contrast to the defensive - minded `` catenaccio '' approach favoured by the leading Italian teams of the era ) `` captured the imagination of the English footballing public '' . Busby 's team also became associated with the liberalisation of Western society during the 1960s ; George Best , known as the `` Fifth Beatle '' for his iconic haircut , was the first footballer to significantly develop an off - the - field media profile .

\n

\n As the second English football club to float on the London Stock Exchange in 1991 , the club raised significant capital , with which it further developed its commercial strategy . The club 's focus on commercial and sporting success brought significant profits in an industry often characterised by chronic losses . The strength of the Manchester United brand was bolstered by intense off - the - field media attention to individual players , most notably David Beckham ( who quickly developed his own global brand ) . This attention often generates greater interest in on - the - field activities , and hence generates sponsorship opportunities -- the value of which is driven by television exposure . During his time with the club , Beckham 's popularity across Asia was integral to the club 's commercial success in that part of the world .

\n

\n Because higher league placement results in a greater share of television rights , success on the field generates greater income for the club . Since the inception of the Premier League , Manchester United has received the largest share of the revenue generated from the BSkyB broadcasting deal . Manchester United has also consistently enjoyed the highest commercial income of any English club ; in 2005 -- 06 , the club 's commercial arm generated \u00a3 51 million , compared to \u00a3 42.5 million at Chelsea , \u00a3 39.3 million at Liverpool , \u00a3 34 million at Arsenal and \u00a3 27.9 million at Newcastle United . A key sponsorship relationship was with sportswear company Nike , who managed the club 's merchandising operation as part of a \u00a3 303 million 13 - year partnership between 2002 and 2015 . Through Manchester United Finance and the club 's membership scheme , One United , those with an affinity for the club can purchase a range of branded goods and services . Additionally , Manchester United - branded media services -- such as the club 's dedicated television channel , MUTV -- have allowed the club to expand its fan base to those beyond the reach of its Old Trafford stadium .

\n

\n Sponsorship

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Period \n Kit manufacturer \n Shirt sponsor
\n 1945 -- 1975 \n Umbro \n --
\n 1975 -- 1980 \n Admiral
\n 1980 -- 1982 \n Adidas
\n 1982 -- 1992 \n Sharp Electronics
\n 1992 -- 2000 \n Umbro
\n 2000 -- 2002 \n Vodafone
\n 2002 -- 2006 \n Nike
\n 2006 -- 2010 \n AIG
\n 2010 -- 2014 \n Aon
\n 2014 -- 2015 \n Chevrolet
\n 2015 -- \n Adidas
\n

\n In an initial five - year deal worth \u00a3 500,000 , Sharp Electronics became the club 's first shirt sponsor at the beginning of the 1982 -- 83 season , a relationship that lasted until the end of the 1999 -- 2000 season , when Vodafone agreed a four - year , \u00a3 30 million deal . Vodafone agreed to pay \u00a3 36 million to extend the deal by four years , but after two seasons triggered a break clause in order to concentrate on its sponsorship of the Champions League .

\n

\n To commence at the start of the 2006 -- 07 season , American insurance corporation AIG agreed a four - year \u00a3 56.5 million deal which in September 2006 became the most valuable in the world . At the beginning of the 2010 -- 11 season , American reinsurance company Aon became the club 's principal sponsor in a four - year deal reputed to be worth approximately \u00a3 80 million , making it the most lucrative shirt sponsorship deal in football history . Manchester United announced their first training kit sponsor in August 2011 , agreeing a four - year deal with DHL reported to be worth \u00a3 40 million ; it is believed to be the first instance of training kit sponsorship in English football . The DHL contract lasted for over a year before the club bought back the contract in October 2012 , although they remained the club 's official logistics partner . The contract for the training kit sponsorship was then sold to Aon in April 2013 for a deal worth \u00a3 180 million over eight years , which also included purchasing the naming rights for the Trafford Training Centre .

\n

\n The club 's first kit manufacturer was Umbro , until a five - year deal was agreed with Admiral Sportswear in 1975 . Adidas received the contract in 1980 , before Umbro started a second spell in 1992 . Umbro 's sponsorship lasted for ten years , followed by Nike 's record - breaking \u00a3 302.9 million deal that lasted until 2015 ; 3.8 million replica shirts were sold in the first 22 months with the company . In addition to Nike and Chevrolet , the club also has several lower - level `` platinum '' sponsors , including Aon and Budweiser .

\n

\n On 30 July 2012 , United signed a seven - year deal with American automotive corporation General Motors , which replaced Aon as the shirt sponsor from the 2014 -- 15 season . The new $80 m-a - year shirt deal is worth $559 m over seven years and features the logo of General Motors brand Chevrolet . Nike announced that they would not renew their kit supply deal with Manchester United after the 2014 -- 15 season , citing rising costs . Since the start of the 2015 -- 16 season , Adidas has manufactured Manchester United 's kit as part of a world - record 10 - year deal worth a minimum of \u00a3 750 million .

\n

\n Ownership and finances

\n See also : Glazer ownership of Manchester United

\n Originally funded by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company , the club became a limited company in 1892 and sold shares to local supporters for \u00a3 1 via an application form . In 1902 , majority ownership passed to the four local businessmen who invested \u00a3 500 to save the club from bankruptcy , including future club president John Henry Davies . After his death in 1927 , the club faced bankruptcy yet again , but was saved in December 1931 by James W. Gibson , who assumed control of the club after an investment of \u00a3 2,000 . Gibson promoted his son , Alan , to the board in 1948 , but died three years later ; the Gibson family retained ownership of the club through James ' wife , Lillian , but the position of chairman passed to former player Harold Hardman .

\n

\n Promoted to the board a few days after the Munich air disaster , Louis Edwards , a friend of Matt Busby , began acquiring shares in the club ; for an investment of approximately \u00a3 40,000 , he accumulated a 54 per cent shareholding and took control in January 1964 . When Lillian Gibson died in January 1971 , her shares passed to Alan Gibson who sold a percentage of his shares to Louis Edwards ' son , Martin , in 1978 ; Martin Edwards went on to become chairman upon his father 's death in 1980 . Media tycoon Robert Maxwell attempted to buy the club in 1984 , but did not meet Edwards ' asking price . In 1989 , chairman Martin Edwards attempted to sell the club to Michael Knighton for \u00a3 20 million , but the sale fell through and Knighton joined the board of directors instead .

\n

\n Manchester United was floated on the stock market in June 1991 ( raising \u00a3 6.7 million ) , and received yet another takeover bid in 1998 , this time from Rupert Murdoch 's British Sky Broadcasting Corporation . This resulted in the formation of Shareholders United Against Murdoch -- now the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust -- who encouraged supporters to buy shares in the club in an attempt to block any hostile takeover . The Manchester United board accepted a \u00a3 623 million offer , but the takeover was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission at the final hurdle in April 1999 . A few years later , a power struggle emerged between the club 's manager , Alex Ferguson , and his horse - racing partners , John Magnier and J.P. McManus , who had gradually become the majority shareholders . In a dispute that stemmed from contested ownership of the horse Rock of Gibraltar , Magnier and McManus attempted to have Ferguson removed from his position as manager , and the board responded by approaching investors to attempt to reduce the Irishmen 's majority .

\n

\n In May 2005 , Malcolm Glazer purchased the 28.7 per cent stake held by McManus and Magnier , thus acquiring a controlling interest through his investment vehicle Red Football Ltd in a highly leveraged takeover valuing the club at approximately \u00a3 800 million ( then approx . $1.5 billion ) . Once the purchase was complete , the club was taken off the stock exchange . In July 2006 , the club announced a \u00a3 660 million debt refinancing package , resulting in a 30 per cent reduction in annual interest payments to \u00a3 62 million a year . In January 2010 , with debts of \u00a3 716.5 million ( $1.17 billion ) , Manchester United further refinanced through a bond issue worth \u00a3 504 million , enabling them to pay off most of the \u00a3 509 million owed to international banks . The annual interest payable on the bonds -- which mature on 1 February 2017 -- is approximately \u00a3 45 million per annum . Despite restructuring , the club 's debt prompted protests from fans on 23 January 2010 , at Old Trafford and the club 's Trafford Training Centre . Supporter groups encouraged match - going fans to wear green and gold , the colours of Newton Heath . On 30 January , reports emerged that the Manchester United Supporters ' Trust had held meetings with a group of wealthy fans , dubbed the `` Red Knights '' , with plans to buying out the Glazers ' controlling interest .

\n

\n In August 2011 , the Glazers were believed to have approached Credit Suisse in preparation for a $1 billion ( approx. \u00a3 600 million ) initial public offering ( IPO ) on the Singapore stock exchange that would value the club at more than \u00a3 2 billion . However , in July 2012 , the club announced plans to list its IPO on the New York Stock Exchange instead . Shares were originally set to go on sale for between $16 and $20 each , but the price was cut to $14 by the launch of the IPO on 10 August , following negative comments from Wall Street analysts and Facebook 's disappointing stock market debut in May . Even after the cut , Manchester United was valued at $2.3 billion , making it the most valuable football club in the world .

\n

\n Players

\n

\n First - team squad

\n
\n
\n As of 22 March 2018
\n
\n

\n Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n \n Position \n Player
\n \n \n GK \n David de Gea
\n \n \n DF \n Victor Lindel\u00f6f
\n \n \n DF \n Eric Bailly
\n \n \n DF \n Phil Jones
\n 5 \n \n DF \n Marcos Rojo
\n 6 \n \n MF \n Paul Pogba
\n 7 \n \n FW \n Alexis S\u00e1nchez
\n 8 \n \n MF \n Juan Mata
\n 9 \n \n FW \n Romelu Lukaku
\n 11 \n \n FW \n Anthony Martial
\n 12 \n \n DF \n Chris Smalling
\n 14 \n \n MF \n Jesse Lingard
\n 16 \n \n MF \n Michael Carrick ( captain )
\n 		\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n \n Position \n Player
\n 17 \n \n DF \n Daley Blind
\n 18 \n \n MF \n Ashley Young
\n 19 \n \n FW \n Marcus Rashford
\n 20 \n \n GK \n Sergio Romero
\n 21 \n \n MF \n Ander Herrera
\n 23 \n \n DF \n Luke Shaw
\n 25 \n \n DF \n Antonio Valencia ( vice-captain )
\n 27 \n \n MF \n Marouane Fellaini
\n 31 \n \n MF \n Nemanja Mati\u0107
\n 36 \n \n DF \n Matteo Darmian
\n 39 \n \n MF \n Scott McTominay
\n 40 \n \n GK \n Joel Castro Pereira
\n 43 \n \n DF \n Cameron Borthwick - Jackson
\n
\n Out on loan

\n Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n \n Position \n Player
\n 15 \n \n MF \n Andreas Pereira ( at Valencia until 30 June 2018 )
\n 24 \n \n DF \n Timothy Fosu - Mensah ( at Crystal Palace until 30 June 2018 )
\n 		\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n \n Position \n Player
\n 32 \n \n GK \n Sam Johnstone ( at Aston Villa until 30 June 2018 )
\n 38 \n \n DF \n Axel Tuanzebe ( at Aston Villa until 30 June 2018 )
\n
\n

\n Reserves and academy

\n Further information : Manchester United F.C. Reserves and Academy

\n Former players

\n Further information : List of Manchester United F.C. players and Category : Manchester United F.C. players

\n Club captains

\n Further information : List of Manchester United F.C. players \u00a7 Club captains

\n Player records

\n Further information : List of Manchester United F.C. records and statistics

\n Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year

\n Further information : Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year

\n Club officials

\n \n
\n
\n Manchester United Limited
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Manchester United Football Club
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n
\n Senior club staff
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Director of Group Operations : Alan Dawson MBE
    • \n
  • \n Director of Communications : Phil Townsend
    • \n
  • \n Director of Legal and Business Affairs : Patrick Stewart
    • \n
  • \n Director of Finance and IT : Steve Deaville
    • \n
  • \n Director of Venue : David French
    • \n
  • \n Director of Partnerships : Sean Jefferson
    • \n
  • \n CEO of Media : Phil Lynch
    • \n
  • \n Ticket office manager : Sam Kelleher
    • \n
  • \n Safety officer : Charlie Coxon
    • \n
  • \n Stadium manager : Ian Collins
    • \n
  • \n Grounds manager : Anthony Sinclair
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Coaching staff
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Manager : Jos\u00e9 Mourinho
    • \n
  • \n Assistant manager : Rui Faria
    • \n
  • \n Coach : Silvino Louro
    • \n
  • \n Coach : Ricardo Formosinho
    • \n
  • \n Goalkeeping coach : Emilio Alvarez
    • \n
  • \n Fitness coach : Carlos Lalin
    • \n
  • \n Tactical analyst : Giovanni Cerra
    • \n
  • \n Head of first - team development : John Murtough
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Scouting Staff
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Chief scout : Jim Lawlor
    • \n
  • \n Head of global scouting : Marcel Bout
    • \n
  • \n Scouts : Gerado Guzm\u00e1n , Sandro Orlandelli , Tommy M\u00f8ller Nielsen , Javier Ribalta
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n
\n Academy coaching staff
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Director of youth academy : Nicky Butt
    • \n
  • \n Academy operations manager : Nick Cox
    • \n
  • \n Under - 23 manager : Ricky Sbragia
    • \n
  • \n Under - 23s team assistant manager : Tommy Martin
    • \n
  • \n Under - 18 head coach : Kieran McKenna
    • \n
  • \n Under - 18s coach : John Cooke
    • \n
  • \n Under - 18s coach : Colin Little
    • \n
  • \n Head of Academy Coaching : Tony Whelan
    • \n
  • \n Under - 16 Head Coach : Neil Ryan
    • \n
  • \n Under - 12 - 14 Head Coach : Hasney Aljofree
    • \n
  • \n Under 12s Head Coach : Lee Unsworth
    • \n
  • \n Under 10s Head Coach : Eamon Mulvey
    • \n
  • \n Under 9s Head Coach : Eddie Leach
    • \n
  • \n Academy goalkeeping coach : Alan Fettis
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Medical and sports science staff
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Head of sports medicine and science / club doctor : Dr. Steve McNally
    • \n
  • \n Assistant club doctor : Dr. Tony Gill
    • \n
  • \n Head first - team physiotherapist : Richard Merron
    • \n
  • \n Assistant first team physiotherapist : Jon Picot
    • \n
  • \n Head of academy physiotherapy : Neil Hough
    • \n
  • \n Senior academy physiotherapist : Mandy Johnson
    • \n
  • \n Academy physiotherapist : John Davin
    • \n
  • \n Masseurs : Gary Armer , Rod Thornley and Andy Caveney
    • \n
  • \n Club dietician : Trevor Lea
    • \n
  • \n Head of performance : Tony Strudwick
    • \n
  • \n Head of strength and conditioning : Dr. Gary Walker
    • \n
  • \n Head of human performance : Dr. Richard Hawkins
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Managerial history

\n Main article : List of Manchester United F.C. managers \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Dates \n Name \n Notes
\n 1878 -- 1892 \n Unknown \n
\n 1892 -- 1900 \n A.H. Albut \n
\n 1900 -- 1903 \n James West \n
\n 1903 -- 1912 \n Ernest Mangnall \n
\n 1912 -- 1914 \n John Bentley \n
\n 1914 -- 1921 \n Jack Robson \n
\n 1921 -- 1926 \n John Chapman \n
\n 1926 -- 1927 \n Lal Hilditch \n Player - manager
\n 1927 -- 1931 \n Herbert Bamlett \n
\n 1931 -- 1932 \n Walter Crickmer \n
\n 1932 -- 1937 \n Scott Duncan \n
\n 1937 -- 1945 \n Walter Crickmer \n
\n 1945 -- 1969 \n Matt Busby \n
\n 1969 -- 1970 \n Wilf McGuinness \n
\n 1970 -- 1971 \n Matt Busby \n
\n 1971 -- 1972 \n Frank O'Farrell \n
\n 1972 -- 1977 \n Tommy Docherty \n
\n 1977 -- 1981 \n Dave Sexton \n
\n 1981 -- 1986 \n Ron Atkinson \n
\n 1986 -- 2013 \n Alex Ferguson \n
\n 2013 -- 2014 \n David Moyes \n
\n 2014 \n Ryan Giggs \n Interim player - manager
\n 2014 -- 2016 \n Louis van Gaal \n
\n 2016 -- \n Jos\u00e9 Mourinho \n
\n

\n Honours

\n Winners ' and runners - up medals from Manchester United 's UEFA Champions League final appearances in 2008 , 2009 and 2011

\n Manchester United are one of the most successful clubs in Europe . The club 's first trophy was the Manchester Cup , which it won as Newton Heath LYR in 1886 . In 1908 , the club won its first league title , and won the FA Cup for the first time the following year . Manchester United won the most trophies in the 1990s ; five league titles , four FA Cups , one League Cup , five Charity Shields ( one shared ) , one UEFA Champions League , one UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , one UEFA Super Cup and one Intercontinental Cup .

\n

\n The club holds the record for most top - division titles ( 20 ) -- including a record 13 Premier League titles -- and FA Community Shields ( 21 ) . It was also the first English club to win the European Cup in 1968 , and , as of 2017 , is the only British club to have won the Club World Cup , in 2008 . United also became the sole British club to win the Intercontinental Cup , in 1999 . The club 's most recent trophy came in May 2017 , with the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League .

\n

\n In winning the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Europa League , United became the fifth club in history to have won the `` European Treble '' of European Cup / UEFA Champions League , European Cup Winners ' Cup / UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , and UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League after Juventus , Ajax , Bayern Munich and Chelsea .

\n

\n Domestic

\n League \n Cups \n

\n European

\n \n

\n Worldwide

\n \n

\n Doubles and trebles

\n \n

\n Especially short competitions such as the Charity / Community Shield , Intercontinental Cup ( now defunct ) , FIFA Club World Cup or UEFA Super Cup are not generally considered to contribute towards a Double or Treble .

\n

\n See also

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n Book : Manchester United F.C.
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n

\n Footnotes

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Sources are divided on the exact date of the meeting and subsequent name change . Whilst official club sources claim that it occurred on 26 April , the meeting was reported by the Manchester Evening Chronicle in its edition of 25 April , suggesting it was indeed on 24 April .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Upon its formation in 1992 , the Premier League became the top tier of English football ; the First and Second Divisions then became the second and third tiers , respectively . The First Division is now known as the Football League Championship and the Second Division is now known as Football League One .
    4. \n
\n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2015 / 16 '' ( PDF ) . Premier League . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United -- Stadium '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . Retrieved 9 November 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` BBC ON THIS DAY - 14 - 1969 : Matt Busby retires from Man United '' . bbc.co.uk .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11667/10862214/jose-mourinho-wants-manchester-united-to-close-the-circle-of-trophies-and-win-europa-league
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` The 49 trophies of Sir Alex Ferguson - the most successful managerial career Britain has ever known '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 October 2015 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Stewart , Rob ( 1 October 2009 ) . `` Sir Alex Ferguson successful because he was given time , says Steve Bruce '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 11 May 2011 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Northcroft , Jonathan ( 5 November 2006 ) . `` 20 glorious years , 20 key decisions '' . The Sunday Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 24 June 2010 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United remain football 's top revenue - generator '' . BBC News ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 23 January 2018 . Retrieved 14 April 2018 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Man Utd back on top of Forbes ' most valuable list at \u00a3 2.86 bn '' . Sky Sports . 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United is ' most valuable football brand ' '' . BBC News ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 8 June 2015 . Retrieved 8 June 2015 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Schwartz , Peter J. ( 18 April 2012 ) . `` Manchester United Again The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Team '' . Forbes Magazine . Retrieved 5 May 2012 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 126 .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Bar\u00e7a , the most loved club in the world '' . Marca . Retrieved 15 December 2014
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 8 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ James ( 2008 ) , p. 66 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Tyrrell & Meek ( 1996 ) , p. 99 .
    17. \n
  17. \n ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 9 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ James ( 2008 ) , p. 92 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 118 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 11 .
    21. \n
  21. \n ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 12 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 13 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 10 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Murphy ( 2006 ) , p. 71 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Glanville , Brian ( 27 April 2005 ) . `` The great Chelsea surrender '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 24 June 2010 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 14 -- 15 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` 1958 : United players killed in air disaster '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 6 February 1958 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ White , Jim ( 2008 ) , p. 136 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 17 .
    31. \n
  31. \n ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 18 -- 19 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Moore , Rob ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 11 December 2009 ) . `` European Footballer of the Year ( '' Ballon d'Or `` ) '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 24 June 2010 .
    33. \n
  33. \n ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 19 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 110 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Murphy ( 2006 ) , p. 134 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` 1977 : Manchester United sack manager '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 4 July 1977 . Retrieved 2 April 2010 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 20 .
    38. \n
  38. \n ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 20 -- 21 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 21 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 148 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 148 -- 149 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Arise Sir Alex ? '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 27 May 1999 . Retrieved 2 April 2010 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Bevan , Chris ( 4 November 2006 ) . `` How Robins saved Ferguson 's job '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 2 April 2010 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` Ryan Giggs wins 2009 BBC Sports Personality award '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 13 December 2009 . Retrieved 11 June 2010 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` United crowned kings of Europe '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 26 May 1999 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Hoult , Nick ( 28 August 2007 ) . `` Ole Gunnar Solskjaer leaves golden memories '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 23 July 2011 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Magnani , Loris ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 30 April 2005 ) . `` Intercontinental Club Cup '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 24 June 2010 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Hughes , Rob ( 8 March 2004 ) . `` Ferguson and Magnier : a truce in the internal warfare at United '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 24 June 2010 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` Viduka hands title to Man Utd '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 4 May 2003 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` Man Utd win FA Cup '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 22 May 2004 . Retrieved 9 July 2010 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United 's Champions League exits , 1993 -- 2011 '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . 8 December 2011 . Retrieved 14 August 2014 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Shuttleworth , Peter ( 21 May 2008 ) . `` Spot - on Giggs overtakes Charlton '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 9 July 2010 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 1 March 2009 ) . `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Tottenham ( aet ) '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 1 March 2009 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 16 May 2009 ) . `` Man Utd 0 -- 0 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 16 May 2009 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 12 June 2009 ) . `` Cristiano Ronaldo transfer : World - record deal shows football is booming , says Sepp Blatter '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 9 January 2011 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` Rooney the hero as United overcome Villa '' . ESPNsoccernet. 28 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2010 . Retrieved 2 April 2010 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ( 14 May 2011 ) . `` Manchester United clinch record 19th English title '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 14 May 2011 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` How Manchester United won the 2012 -- 13 Barclays Premier League '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 22 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2013 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` Sir Alex Ferguson to retire as Manchester United manager '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` Sir Alex Ferguson to retire this summer , Manchester United confirm '' . Sky Sports . BSkyB. 8 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` David Moyes : Manchester United appoint Everton boss '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United confirm appointment of David Moyes on a six - year contract '' . Sky Sports . BSkyB. 9 May 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2013 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 9 May 2013 ) . `` David Moyes quits as Everton manager to take over at Manchester United '' . guardian.co.uk . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 9 May 2013 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` David Moyes sacked by Manchester United after just 10 months in charge '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . 22 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 April 2014 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Hassan , Nabil ( 11 May 2014 ) . `` Southampton 1 -- 1 Man Utd '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 29 May 2014 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United : Louis van Gaal confirmed as new manager '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 19 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2014 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 28 May 2014 ) . `` Manchester United owner Malcolm Glazer dies aged 86 '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 28 May 2014 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Jack ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` Wolfsburg 3 - 2 Man Utd : Champions League exit for van Gaal 's men '' . Sky Sports ( BSkyB ) . Retrieved 17 February 2016 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Smith , Alan ( 21 May 2016 ) . `` Crystal Palace 1 - 2 Manchester United ( aet ) : FA Cup final -- as it happened ! '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 21 May 2016 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ; Roan , Dan ( 23 May 2016 ) . `` Manchester United : Louis van Gaal sacked as manager '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 23 May 2016 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho : Man Utd confirm former Chelsea boss as new manager '' . BBC Sport. 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 27 May 2016 .
    72. \n
  72. \n ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 49 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ Angus , J. Keith ( 1879 ) . The Sportsman 's Year - Book for 1880 . Cassell , Petter , Galpin & Co. p. 182 .
    74. \n
  74. \n ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 48 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 26 August 2011 ) . `` Sir Alex Ferguson 's ability to play the generation game is vital to Manchester United 's phenomenal success '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 12 May 2017 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ `` Adidas and United launch new 2017 / 18 home kit '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 3 July 2017 . Retrieved 16 July 2017 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , p. 157 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ `` Reds unveil new away kit '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 15 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 July 2011 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ Sharpe , Lee ( 15 April 2006 ) . `` 13.04. 96 Manchester United 's grey day at The Dell '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 January 2012 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , p. 158 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` United reveal blue third kit for 2014 / 15 season '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 29 July 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , pp. 154 -- 159 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` New blue kit for 08 / 09 '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ White , Jim ( 2008 ) p. 21 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ James ( 2008 ) , p. 392 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , p. 54 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , p. 51 .
    88. \n
  88. \n ^ Jump up to : Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , pp. 21 -- 22 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , p. 24 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , pp. 33 -- 34 .
    91. \n
  91. \n ^ Jump up to : Inglis ( 1996 ) , p. 234 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ Rollin and Rollin , pp. 254 -- 255 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ White , John ( 2007 ) , p. 11 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 44 -- 45 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ `` Man Utd 3 -- 0 Birmingham '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 26 March 2006 . Retrieved 29 January 2011 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ Coppack , Nick ( 31 March 2007 ) . `` Report : United 4 Blackburn 1 '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Morgan ( 2010 ) , pp. 44 -- 48 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Bartram , Steve ( 19 November 2009 ) . `` OT100 # 9 : Record gate '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ `` Barclays Premier League Stats : Team Attendance -- 2012 -- 13 '' . ESPN FC . ESPN Internet Ventures . 3 May 2013 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ `` German Bundesliga Stats : Team Attendance -- 2012 -- 13 '' . ESPN FC . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 11 May 2013 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ `` Spanish La Liga Stats : Team Attendance -- 2012 -- 13 '' . ESPN FC . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved 11 May 2013 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 6 November 2009 ) . `` Manchester United top of the 25 best supported clubs in Europe '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 6 November 2009 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ `` Local Supporters Clubs '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ Cass , Bob ( 15 December 2007 ) . `` United moving down south as fanbase reaches 333 million '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 20 June 2010 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Facebook fan pages '' . FanPageList.com . Retrieved 23 November 2015
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United fans the Premier League 's loudest , says study '' . ESPN FC . ESPN Internet Ventures . 24 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 February 2015 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ `` Fans ' Forum '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 .
    108. \n
  108. \n ^ Jump up to : Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , p. 52 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ Smith , Martin ( 15 April 2008 ) . `` Bitter rivals do battle '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved 24 June 2010 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ Stone , Simon ( 16 September 2005 ) . `` Giggs : Liverpool our biggest test '' . Manchester Evening News . Archived from the original on 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 March 2010 .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ Rohrer , Finlo ( 21 August 2007 ) . `` Scouse v Manc '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 24 June 2010 .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ Dunning ( 1999 ) , p. 151 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ `` Arsenal v Manchester United head - to - head record '' . Arsenal official web . Retrieved 24 April 2013 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ `` Rivalry between Ars\u00e8ne Wenger and Sir Alex Ferguson unmatched in sport '' . The Guardian . 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 24 April 2013 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ `` Top 30 Football Club Brands '' ( PDF ) . Brand Finance . September 2011 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ Badenhausen , Kurt ( 16 July 2012 ) . `` Manchester United Tops The World 's 50 Most Valuable Sports Teams '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2012 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid becomes the first sports team in the world to generate \u20ac 400m in revenues as it tops Deloitte Football Money League '' . Deloitte . 2 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike ( 27 January 2013 ) . `` Manchester United Becomes First Team Valued At $3 Billion '' . Forbes . Retrieved 29 January 2013 .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ Ozanian , Mike ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` The World 's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 13 October 2017 .
    120. \n
  120. \n ^ Jump up to : Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 116 .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 124 .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 121 .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ `` Beckham fever grips Japan '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 18 June 2003 . Retrieved 20 June 2010 .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 120 .
    125. \n
  125. \n Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 122 .
    126. \n
  126. \n ^ Jump up to : Ducker , James ( 4 June 2009 ) . `` Manchester United show financial muscle after signing record \u00a3 80m shirt contract '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 9 July 2010 .
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ `` Oilinvest to renegotiate Juventus sponsorship '' . SportBusiness ( SBG Companies ) . 7 September 2006 . Retrieved 28 May 2007 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) .
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ `` Man Utd sign \u00a3 56m AIG shirt deal '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 6 April 2006 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 .
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ Smith , Ben ; Ducker , James ( 3 June 2009 ) . `` Manchester United announce \u00a3 80 million sponsorship deal with Aon '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 9 July 2010 .
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ `` DHL delivers new shirt deal '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 .
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United unveils two new commercial deals '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 .
    132. \n
  132. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United buy back training kit sponsorship rights from DHL '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . 26 October 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2014 .
    133. \n
  133. \n Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 7 April 2013 ) . `` Manchester United to sign \u00a3 180m Aon deal to change name of Carrington training base '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 28 January 2014 .
    134. \n
  134. \n Jump up ^ `` Admiral : Heritage '' . Admiral Sportswear . Archived from the original on 28 February 2009 . Retrieved 11 July 2010 .
    135. \n
  135. \n Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , p. 149 .
    136. \n
  136. \n Jump up ^ Devlin ( 2005 ) , p. 148 .
    137. \n
  137. \n Jump up ^ Hamil ( 2008 ) , p. 127 .
    138. \n
  138. \n Jump up ^ `` Man Utd in \u00a3 300m Nike deal '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 November 2000 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 .
    139. \n
  139. \n Jump up ^ Wachman , Richard ( 24 April 2010 ) . `` Manchester United fans call on corporate sponsors to back fight against Glazers '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 14 July 2010 .
    140. \n
  140. \n Jump up ^ Edgecliffe , Andrew ( 4 August 2012 ) . `` GM in record Man Utd sponsorship deal '' . FT.com . Retrieved 29 October 2012 .
    141. \n
  141. \n Jump up ^ `` Chevrolet signs seven year deal '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 30 July 2012 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 .
    142. \n
  142. \n Jump up ^ `` Premier League : Sportswear giants Nike to end Manchester United sponsorship '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 9 July 2014 .
    143. \n
  143. \n Jump up ^ Bray , Chad ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` Nike and Manchester United Set to End Equipment Partnership '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 July 2014 .
    144. \n
  144. \n Jump up ^ Jackson , Jamie ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Manchester United sign record 10 - year kit deal with Adidas worth \u00a3 750m '' . theguardian.com . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 14 July 2014 .
    145. \n
  145. \n Jump up ^ De Menezes , Jack ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Manchester United and adidas announce record \u00a3 75m - per - year deal after Nike pull out '' . independent.co.uk . Independent Print . Archived from the original on 1 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 July 2014 .
    146. \n
  146. \n Jump up ^ Crick & Smith ( 1990 ) , p. 181 .
    147. \n
  147. \n Jump up ^ Crick & Smith ( 1990 ) , p. 92 .
    148. \n
  148. \n Jump up ^ White , Jim ( 2008 ) , p. 92 .
    149. \n
  149. \n Jump up ^ Dobson & Goddard ( 2004 ) , p. 190 .
    150. \n
  150. \n ^ Jump up to : `` 1989 : Man U sold in record takeover deal '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 18 August 1989 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 .
    151. \n
  151. \n Jump up ^ Dobson & Goddard ( 2004 ) , p. 191 .
    152. \n
  152. \n Jump up ^ Bose ( 2007 ) , p. 157 .
    153. \n
  153. \n Jump up ^ Bose ( 2007 ) , p. 175 .
    154. \n
  154. \n Jump up ^ Bose ( 2007 ) , pp. 234 -- 235 .
    155. \n
  155. \n Jump up ^ `` Glazer Man Utd stake exceeds 75 % '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 16 May 2005 . Retrieved 11 August 2007 .
    156. \n
  156. \n Jump up ^ `` Glazer gets 98 % of Man Utd shares '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 23 June 2005 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 .
    157. \n
  157. \n Jump up ^ `` Glazers Tighten Grip On United With Debt Refinancing '' . The Political Economy of Football . 8 July 2006 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 .
    158. \n
  158. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United reveal refinancing plans '' . RT\u00c9 ( Raidi\u00f3 Teilif\u00eds \u00c9ireann ) . 18 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 January 2010 . Retrieved 24 June 2010 .
    159. \n
  159. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United debt hits \u00a3 716m '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 20 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2010 .
    160. \n
  160. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United to raise \u00a3 500m '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 11 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2010 .
    161. \n
  161. \n Jump up ^ Wilson , Bill ( 22 January 2010 ) . `` Manchester United raise \u00a3 504m in bond issue '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 January 2010 .
    162. \n
  162. \n Jump up ^ Hughes , Ian ( 23 January 2010 ) . `` Man Utd 4 -- 0 Hull '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 January 2010 .
    163. \n
  163. \n Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister Gordon Brown warns football over debts '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2010 .
    164. \n
  164. \n Jump up ^ Hassan , Nabil ; Roan , Dan ( 30 January 2010 ) . `` Wealthy Man Utd fans approach broker about takeover '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 4 March 2010 .
    165. \n
  165. \n Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 16 August 2011 ) . `` Manchester United eyes a partial flotation on Singapore stock exchange '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 17 August 2011 .
    166. \n
  166. \n Jump up ^ 1Hrishikesh , Sharanya ; Pandey , Ashutosh ( 3 July 2012 ) . `` Manchester United picks NYSE for U.S. public offering '' . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved 4 July 2012 .
    167. \n
  167. \n Jump up ^ Rushe , Dominic ( 10 August 2012 ) . `` Manchester United IPO : share prices cut before US stock market flotation '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 24 August 2012 .
    168. \n
  168. \n Jump up ^ `` Players and Staff - First Team '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 17 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 .
    169. \n
  169. \n Jump up ^ Froggatt , Mark ( 2 September 2017 ) . `` Pereira joins Valencia on season - long loan '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 2 September 2017 .
    170. \n
  170. \n Jump up ^ `` Fosu - Mensah joins Crystal Palace on loan '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 10 August 2017 .
    171. \n
  171. \n Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 14 July 2017 ) . `` Johnstone to spend season at Villa '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 14 July 2017 .
    172. \n
  172. \n Jump up ^ http://www.manutd.com/en/News-And-Features/Football-News/2018/Jan/Manchester-United-defender-Axel-Tuanzebe-joins-Aston-Villa-on-loan-for-the-rest-of-the-season.aspx
    173. \n
  173. \n Jump up ^ Red Football Shareholder Limited : Group of companies ' accounts made up to 30 June 2009 . Downloaded from Companies House UK
    174. \n
  174. \n Jump up ^ Gardner , Neil ( 8 October 2009 ) . `` Martin Edwards voices concerns over Manchester United 's future '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers . Retrieved 11 June 2010 .
    175. \n
  175. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Board of Directors '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 1 July 2013 .
    176. \n
  176. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United appoints Cliff Baty as Chief Financial Officer '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 26 October 2015 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 .
    177. \n
  177. \n Jump up ^ Sale , Charles ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` Fergie lands \u00a3 100k - a-day deal as United ambassador ... with help from son who champions once vowed never to work with '' . Mail Online . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 1 April 2015 .
    178. \n
  178. \n Jump up ^ `` Reds ' new Club Secretary '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 20 December 2009 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 .
    179. \n
  179. \n Jump up ^ Tuck , James ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Cole enjoying club role '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 2 June 2014 .
    180. \n
  180. \n Jump up ^ `` Nev 's new role '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 .
    181. \n
  181. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United appoint Bryan Robson as global ambassador '' . The Times . London : Times Newspapers. 20 March 2008 . Retrieved 11 June 2010 .
    182. \n
  182. \n Jump up ^ `` New role for Schmeichel '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 27 July 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2014 .
    183. \n
  183. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Sir Alex Ferguson earned more than \u00a3 2m in eight months for \u00a3 100,000 - a-day Manchester United ambassador role and David Moyes was handed pay - off of almost \u00a3 5m '' . Daily Mail . 26 January 2015 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 .
    184. \n
  184. \n Jump up ^ `` Park Ji - sung appointed Manchester United club ambassador as retired South Korean returns to Old Trafford for Everton clash '' . Daily Mail . 2 October 2014 . Retrieved 21 February 2015 .
    185. \n
  185. \n Jump up ^ `` Former Manchester United striker Dwight Yorke denied entry to the United States '' . The Independent . 17 February 2017 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 .
    186. \n
  186. \n Jump up ^ `` Nemanja Vidic returns to Manchester United in an ambassadorial role '' . The Independent . 23 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2017 .
    187. \n
  187. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Club Directory : Manchester United Football Club Limited '' . Premier League . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 .
    188. \n
  188. \n Jump up ^ `` Jose Mourinho : Man Utd confirm former Chelsea boss as new manager '' . BBC Sport ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) . 27 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
    189. \n
  189. \n ^ Jump up to : Marshall , Adam ( 7 July 2016 ) . `` Mourinho 's coaching team confirmed '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 7 July 2016 .
    190. \n
  190. \n Jump up ^ `` Why Manchester United will not appoint a director of football '' . manchestereveningnews.co.uk . Retrieved 1 June 2016 .
    191. \n
  191. \n Jump up ^ `` Interview : Jim Lawlor '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 3 December 2010 .
    192. \n
  192. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United name Marcel Bout as head of global scouting for transfer policy '' . manchestereveningnews.co.uk . MEN Media . 6 October 2016 . Retrieved 6 October 2016 .
    193. \n
  193. \n Jump up ^ AS , Diario ( 31 August 2016 ) . `` Mourinho signs Atl\u00e9tico Madrid 's chief scout Gerardo Guzm\u00e1n '' . Retrieved 23 September 2016 .
    194. \n
  194. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United boss Jose Mourinho hires Brazilian scout Sandro Orlandelli '' . ibtimes.co.uk . IB Times . 26 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 .
    195. \n
  195. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United kick off massive overhaul of scouting department by bringing in former Rangers coach Tommy Moller Nielsen '' . dailymail.co.uk . Daily Mail . 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 .
    196. \n
  196. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United sign Juventus scout Javier Ribalta to boost transfer search '' . Manchester Evening News . 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 .
    197. \n
  197. \n Jump up ^ `` Nicky Butt appointed head of academy '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Archived from the original on 16 February 2016 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 .
    198. \n
  198. \n Jump up ^ `` United Appoint Ricky Sbragia '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 .
    199. \n
  199. \n Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 1 September 2016 ) . `` McKenna appointed United Under 18s coach '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 1 September 2016 .
    200. \n
  200. \n Jump up ^ Bartram , Steve ( 5 November 2015 ) . `` United provide a higher education '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 28 August 2017 .
    201. \n
  201. \n Jump up ^ Marshall , Adam ( 28 July 2014 ) . `` Keeper focus : Joel Pereira '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Retrieved 29 July 2014 .
    202. \n
  202. \n Jump up ^ `` Reds appoint new club doctor '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 4 July 2006 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 .
    203. \n
  203. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Man Utd stars given home comforts by Jose Mourinho '' . 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 .
    204. \n
  204. \n Jump up ^ `` Neil Hough takes up Academy role '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . 7 July 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 .
    205. \n
  205. \n Jump up ^ `` Club confirm new responsibilities for Strudwick '' . www.ManUtd.com . Retrieved 3 October 2014 .
    206. \n
  206. \n Jump up ^ Shergold , Adam ( 15 July 2013 ) . `` United 's coaches get tough in training as De Gea and Van Persie return ... so it 's no wonder they needed a sit down afterwards ! '' . Mail Online . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 2 June 2014 .
    207. \n
  207. \n Jump up ^ `` Coaching Staff : Richard Hawkins '' . ManUtd.com . Manchester United . Archived from the original on 9 December 2010 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 .
    208. \n
  208. \n Jump up ^ Barnes et al. ( 2001 ) , pp. 54 -- 57 .
    209. \n
  209. \n Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Craig ( 13 August 2015 ) . `` Which club has won the most trophies in Europe ? The most successful clubs from the best leagues revealed '' . talkSPORT . Retrieved 30 October 2015 .
    210. \n
  210. \n Jump up ^ Shury & Landamore ( 2005 ) , p. 8 .
    211. \n
  211. \n Jump up ^ `` Manchester United win the UEFA Europa League '' . manutd.com. 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 .
    212. \n
  212. \n Jump up ^ `` Europa League final : Manchester United on the brink of unique achievement no other English club could ever match '' . talkSPORT. 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 28 May 2017 .
    213. \n
  213. \n Jump up ^ Rice , Simon ( 20 May 2010 ) . `` Treble treble : The teams that won the treble '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print . Retrieved 14 July 2010 .
    214. \n
\n

\n Further reading

\n \n

\n External links

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikiquote has quotations related to : Manchester United F.C.
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikinews has news related to : Manchester United F.C.
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manchester United FC .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Manchester United Football Club
\n
    \n
  • \n Players
    • \n
  • \n Managers
    • \n
  • \n Reserves & Academy
    • \n
  • \n Records & statistics
    • \n
  • \n Current season
    • \n
\n
\n History \n
    \n
  • \n 1878 -- 1945
    • \n
  • \n 1945 -- 1969
    • \n
  • \n 1969 -- 1986
    • \n
  • \n 1986 -- 2013
    • \n
  • \n Seasons
    • \n
  • \n Europe
    • \n
\n
\n Munich air disaster \n
    \n
  • \n Munich air disaster
    • \n
  • \n Busby Babes
    • \n
  • \n United
    • \n
\n
\n Home stadium \n
    \n
  • \n North Road ( 1878 -- 1893 )
    • \n
  • \n Bank Street ( 1893 -- 1910 )
    • \n
  • \n Old Trafford ( 1910 -- present )
    • \n
  • \n Stretford End
    • \n
  • \n Sir Matt Busby Way
    • \n
\n
\n Training ground \n
    \n
  • \n The Cliff
    • \n
  • \n Trafford Training Centre
    • \n
\n
\n Players \n
    \n
  • \n 100 + appearances
    • \n
  • \n 25 -- 99 appearances
    • \n
  • \n 1 -- 24 appearances
    • \n
  • \n Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year
    • \n
\n
\n Rivalries \n
    \n
  • \n League record by opponent
    • \n
  • \n Manchester derby
    • \n
  • \n Liverpool rivalry
    • \n
  • \n Leeds United rivalry
    • \n
  • \n Arsenal rivalry
    • \n
\n
\n Supporters \n
    \n
  • \n Independent Manchester United Supporters Association
    • \n
  • \n Manchester United Supporters ' Trust
    • \n
  • \n Red Army
    • \n
\n
\n Media \n
    \n
  • \n MUTV
    • \n
  • \n MU Radio
    • \n
  • \n Inside United
    • \n
  • \n Red Issue
    • \n
  • \n Red News
    • \n
\n
\n Related articles \n
    \n
  • \n Fergie 's Fledglings
    • \n
  • \n United Trinity
    • \n
  • \n F.C. United of Manchester
    • \n
  • \n Glazer ownership
    • \n
  • \n Mascots
    • \n
  • \n 1915 British football betting scandal
    • \n
  • \n Railway station
    • \n
  • \n The Class of ' 92
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book : Manchester United F.C.
    • \n
  • \n Category : Manchester United F.C.
    • \n
  • \n Portal : Association football
    • \n
  • \n Manchester United task force
    • \n
  • \n Commons : Manchester United FC
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Links to related articles
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Premier League
\n Seasons \n
    \n
  • \n 1992 -- 93
    • \n
  • \n 1993 -- 94
    • \n
  • \n 1994 -- 95
    • \n
  • \n 1995 -- 96
    • \n
  • \n 1996 -- 97
    • \n
  • \n 1997 -- 98
    • \n
  • \n 1998 -- 99
    • \n
  • \n 1999 -- 2000
    • \n
  • \n 2000 -- 01
    • \n
  • \n 2001 -- 02
    • \n
  • \n 2002 -- 03
    • \n
  • \n 2003 -- 04
    • \n
  • \n 2004 -- 05
    • \n
  • \n 2005 -- 06
    • \n
  • \n 2006 -- 07
    • \n
  • \n 2007 -- 08
    • \n
  • \n 2008 -- 09
    • \n
  • \n 2009 -- 10
    • \n
  • \n 2010 -- 11
    • \n
  • \n 2011 -- 12
    • \n
  • \n 2012 -- 13
    • \n
  • \n 2013 -- 14
    • \n
  • \n 2014 -- 15
    • \n
  • \n 2015 -- 16
    • \n
  • \n 2016 -- 17
    • \n
  • \n 2017 -- 18
    • \n
  • \n 2018 -- 19
    • \n
\n
\n Clubs \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 2017 -- 18 \n
    \n
  • \n AFC Bournemouth
    • \n
  • \n Arsenal
    • \n
  • \n Brighton & Hove Albion
    • \n
  • \n Burnley
    • \n
  • \n Chelsea
    • \n
  • \n Crystal Palace
    • \n
  • \n Everton
    • \n
  • \n Huddersfield Town
    • \n
  • \n Leicester City
    • \n
  • \n Liverpool
    • \n
  • \n Manchester City
    • \n
  • \n Manchester United
    • \n
  • \n Newcastle United
    • \n
  • \n Southampton
    • \n
  • \n Stoke City
    • \n
  • \n Swansea City
    • \n
  • \n Tottenham Hotspur
    • \n
  • \n Watford
    • \n
  • \n West Bromwich Albion
    • \n
  • \n West Ham United
    • \n
\n
\n Former \n
    \n
  • \n Aston Villa
    • \n
  • \n Barnsley
    • \n
  • \n Birmingham City
    • \n
  • \n Blackburn Rovers
    • \n
  • \n Blackpool
    • \n
  • \n Bolton Wanderers
    • \n
  • \n Bradford City
    • \n
  • \n Cardiff City
    • \n
  • \n Charlton Athletic
    • \n
  • \n Coventry City
    • \n
  • \n Derby County
    • \n
  • \n Fulham
    • \n
  • \n Hull City
    • \n
  • \n Ipswich Town
    • \n
  • \n Leeds United
    • \n
  • \n Middlesbrough
    • \n
  • \n Norwich City
    • \n
  • \n Nottingham Forest
    • \n
  • \n Oldham Athletic
    • \n
  • \n Portsmouth
    • \n
  • \n Queens Park Rangers
    • \n
  • \n Reading
    • \n
  • \n Sheffield United
    • \n
  • \n Sheffield Wednesday
    • \n
  • \n Sunderland
    • \n
  • \n Swindon Town
    • \n
  • \n Wigan Athletic
    • \n
  • \n Wimbledon ( defunct )
    • \n
  • \n Wolverhampton Wanderers ( returning in 2018 - 19 )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Competition \n
    \n
  • \n Teams
      \n
    • \n winners
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Players
      \n
    • \n foreign
      • \n
    • \n foreign scorers
      • \n
    • \n winners
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Managers
      \n
    • \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Stadia
    • \n
  • \n Founding
    • \n
  • \n Broadcasting foundation
    • \n
  • \n Broadcasters
    • \n
  • \n Referees
    • \n
\n
\n Statistics and awards \n
    \n
  • \n Records
    • \n
  • \n All - time table
    • \n
  • \n Hat - tricks
    • \n
  • \n Highest scores
    • \n
  • \n Golden Boot
    • \n
  • \n Golden Glove
    • \n
  • \n Manager of the Season
    • \n
  • \n Player of the Season
    • \n
  • \n Manager of the Month
    • \n
  • \n Player of the Month
    • \n
  • \n Goal of the Month
    • \n
  • \n Players with 500 + appearances
    • \n
  • \n Players with 100 + goals
    • \n
  • \n Top scorers by season
    • \n
  • \n Goalkeepers with 100 + clean sheets
    • \n
  • \n 10 Seasons Awards
    • \n
  • \n 20 Seasons Awards
    • \n
\n
\n Finances \n
    \n
  • \n Richest clubs :
      \n
    • \n Deloitte list
      • \n
    • \n Forbes ' list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Team owners
    • \n
  • \n Transfer records
    • \n
  • \n Game 39
    • \n
  • \n Premier League -- Football League gulf
    • \n
\n
\n Associated competitions \n
    \n
  • \n Asia Trophy
    • \n
  • \n FA Community Shield
    • \n
  • \n FA Cup
    • \n
  • \n EFL Cup
    • \n
  • \n UEFA Champions League
    • \n
  • \n UEFA Europa League
    • \n
  • \n Premier League 2
    • \n
  • \n U18 Premier League
    • \n
  • \n Premier League International Cup
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Former members of the G - 14 ( 2000 -- 2008 )
\n 2000 -- 2008 \n
    \n
  • \n Ajax
    • \n
  • \n Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n Bayern Munich
    • \n
  • \n Borussia Dortmund
    • \n
  • \n Internazionale
    • \n
  • \n Juventus
    • \n
  • \n Liverpool
    • \n
  • \n Manchester United
    • \n
  • \n Marseille
    • \n
  • \n Milan
    • \n
  • \n Paris Saint - Germain
    • \n
  • \n Porto
    • \n
  • \n PSV Eindhoven
    • \n
  • \n Real Madrid
    • \n
\n
\n 2002 -- 2008 \n
    \n
  • \n Arsenal
    • \n
  • \n Bayer Leverkusen
    • \n
  • \n Lyon
    • \n
  • \n Valencia
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Founding members of the ECA
\n
    \n
  • \n Ajax
    • \n
  • \n Anderlecht
    • \n
  • \n Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n Bayern Munich
    • \n
  • \n Birkirkara
    • \n
  • \n Chelsea
    • \n
  • \n Copenhagen
    • \n
  • \n Dinamo Zagreb
    • \n
  • \n Juventus
    • \n
  • \n Olympique Lyonnais
    • \n
  • \n Manchester United
    • \n
  • \n Milan
    • \n
  • \n Olympiacos
    • \n
  • \n Porto
    • \n
  • \n Rangers
    • \n
  • \n Real Madrid
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners
\n European Cup \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 1950s \n
    \n
  • \n 1955 -- 56 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 1956 -- 57 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 1957 -- 58 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 1958 -- 59 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 1959 -- 60 : Real Madrid
    • \n
\n
\n 1960s \n
    \n
  • \n 1960 -- 61 : Benfica
    • \n
  • \n 1961 -- 62 : Benfica
    • \n
  • \n 1962 -- 63 : Milan
    • \n
  • \n 1963 -- 64 : Internazionale
    • \n
  • \n 1964 -- 65 : Internazionale
    • \n
  • \n 1965 -- 66 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 1966 -- 67 : Celtic
    • \n
  • \n 1967 -- 68 : Manchester United
    • \n
  • \n 1968 -- 69 : Milan
    • \n
  • \n 1969 -- 70 : Feyenoord
    • \n
\n
\n 1970s \n
    \n
  • \n 1970 -- 71 : Ajax
    • \n
  • \n 1971 -- 72 : Ajax
    • \n
  • \n 1972 -- 73 : Ajax
    • \n
  • \n 1973 -- 74 : Bayern Munich
    • \n
  • \n 1974 -- 75 : Bayern Munich
    • \n
  • \n 1975 -- 76 : Bayern Munich
    • \n
  • \n 1976 -- 77 : Liverpool
    • \n
  • \n 1977 -- 78 : Liverpool
    • \n
  • \n 1978 -- 79 : Nottingham Forest
    • \n
  • \n 1979 -- 80 : Nottingham Forest
    • \n
\n
\n 1980s \n
    \n
  • \n 1980 -- 81 : Liverpool
    • \n
  • \n 1981 -- 82 : Aston Villa
    • \n
  • \n 1982 -- 83 : Hamburg
    • \n
  • \n 1983 -- 84 : Liverpool
    • \n
  • \n 1984 -- 85 : Juventus
    • \n
  • \n 1985 -- 86 : Steaua Bucure\u0219ti
    • \n
  • \n 1986 -- 87 : Porto
    • \n
  • \n 1987 -- 88 : PSV
    • \n
  • \n 1988 -- 89 : Milan
    • \n
  • \n 1989 -- 90 : Milan
    • \n
\n
\n 1990s \n
    \n
  • \n 1990 -- 91 : Red Star Belgrade
    • \n
  • \n 1991 -- 92 : Barcelona
    • \n
\n
\n
\n UEFA Champions League \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 1990s \n
    \n
  • \n 1992 -- 93 : Marseille
    • \n
  • \n 1993 -- 94 : Milan
    • \n
  • \n 1994 -- 95 : Ajax
    • \n
  • \n 1995 -- 96 : Juventus
    • \n
  • \n 1996 -- 97 : Borussia Dortmund
    • \n
  • \n 1997 -- 98 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 1998 -- 99 : Manchester United
    • \n
  • \n 1999 -- 2000 : Real Madrid
    • \n
\n
\n 2000s \n
    \n
  • \n 2000 -- 01 : Bayern Munich
    • \n
  • \n 2001 -- 02 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 2002 -- 03 : Milan
    • \n
  • \n 2003 -- 04 : Porto
    • \n
  • \n 2004 -- 05 : Liverpool
    • \n
  • \n 2005 -- 06 : Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 2006 -- 07 : Milan
    • \n
  • \n 2007 -- 08 : Manchester United
    • \n
  • \n 2008 -- 09 : Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 2009 -- 10 : Internazionale
    • \n
\n
\n 2010s \n
    \n
  • \n 2010 -- 11 : Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 2011 -- 12 : Chelsea
    • \n
  • \n 2012 -- 13 : Bayern Munich
    • \n
  • \n 2013 -- 14 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 2014 -- 15 : Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 2015 -- 16 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 2016 -- 17 : Real Madrid
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Finals
    • \n
  • \n Winning managers
    • \n
  • \n Winning players
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n UEFA Cup and UEFA Europa League winners
\n UEFA Cup \n
    \n
  • \n 1971 -- 72 : Tottenham Hotspur
    • \n
  • \n 1972 -- 73 : Liverpool
    • \n
  • \n 1973 -- 74 : Feyenoord
    • \n
  • \n 1974 -- 75 : Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach
    • \n
  • \n 1975 -- 76 : Liverpool
    • \n
  • \n 1976 -- 77 : Juventus
    • \n
  • \n 1977 -- 78 : PSV
    • \n
  • \n 1978 -- 79 : Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach
    • \n
  • \n 1979 -- 80 : Eintracht Frankfurt
    • \n
  • \n 1980 -- 81 : Ipswich Town
    • \n
  • \n 1981 -- 82 : IFK G\u00f6teborg
    • \n
  • \n 1982 -- 83 : Anderlecht
    • \n
  • \n 1983 -- 84 : Tottenham Hotspur
    • \n
  • \n 1984 -- 85 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 1985 -- 86 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 1986 -- 87 : IFK G\u00f6teborg
    • \n
  • \n 1987 -- 88 : Bayer Leverkusen
    • \n
  • \n 1988 -- 89 : Napoli
    • \n
  • \n 1989 -- 90 : Juventus
    • \n
  • \n 1990 -- 91 : Internazionale
    • \n
  • \n 1991 -- 92 : Ajax
    • \n
  • \n 1992 -- 93 : Juventus
    • \n
  • \n 1993 -- 94 : Internazionale
    • \n
  • \n 1994 -- 95 : Parma
    • \n
  • \n 1995 -- 96 : Bayern Munich
    • \n
  • \n 1996 -- 97 : Schalke 04
    • \n
  • \n 1997 -- 98 : Internazionale
    • \n
  • \n 1998 -- 99 : Parma
    • \n
  • \n 1999 -- 2000 : Galatasaray
    • \n
  • \n 2000 -- 01 : Liverpool
    • \n
  • \n 2001 -- 02 : Feyenoord
    • \n
  • \n 2002 -- 03 : Porto
    • \n
  • \n 2003 -- 04 : Valencia
    • \n
  • \n 2004 -- 05 : CSKA Moscow
    • \n
  • \n 2005 -- 06 : Sevilla
    • \n
  • \n 2006 -- 07 : Sevilla
    • \n
  • \n 2007 -- 08 : Zenit St. Petersburg
    • \n
  • \n 2008 -- 09 : Shakhtar Donetsk
    • \n
\n
\n UEFA Europa League \n
    \n
  • \n 2009 -- 10 : Atl\u00e9tico Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 2010 -- 11 : Porto
    • \n
  • \n 2011 -- 12 : Atl\u00e9tico Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 2012 -- 13 : Chelsea
    • \n
  • \n 2013 -- 14 : Sevilla
    • \n
  • \n 2014 -- 15 : Sevilla
    • \n
  • \n 2015 -- 16 : Sevilla
    • \n
  • \n 2016 -- 17 : Manchester United
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup winners
\n Winners \n
    \n
  • \n 1960 -- 61 : Fiorentina
    • \n
  • \n 1961 -- 62 : Atl\u00e9tico Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 1962 -- 63 : Tottenham Hotspur
    • \n
  • \n 1963 -- 64 : Sporting CP
    • \n
  • \n 1964 -- 65 : West Ham United
    • \n
  • \n 1965 -- 66 : Borussia Dortmund
    • \n
  • \n 1966 -- 67 : Bayern Munich
    • \n
  • \n 1967 -- 68 : Milan
    • \n
  • \n 1968 -- 69 : Slovan Bratislava
    • \n
  • \n 1969 -- 70 : Manchester City
    • \n
  • \n 1970 -- 71 : Chelsea
    • \n
  • \n 1971 -- 72 : Rangers
    • \n
  • \n 1972 -- 73 : Milan
    • \n
  • \n 1973 -- 74 : Magdeburg
    • \n
  • \n 1974 -- 75 : Dynamo Kyiv
    • \n
  • \n 1975 -- 76 : Anderlecht
    • \n
  • \n 1976 -- 77 : Hamburg
    • \n
  • \n 1977 -- 78 : Anderlecht
    • \n
  • \n 1978 -- 79 : Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 1979 -- 80 : Valencia
    • \n
  • \n 1980 -- 81 : Dinamo Tbilisi
    • \n
  • \n 1981 -- 82 : Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 1982 -- 83 : Aberdeen
    • \n
  • \n 1983 -- 84 : Juventus
    • \n
  • \n 1984 -- 85 : Everton
    • \n
  • \n 1985 -- 86 : Dynamo Kyiv
    • \n
  • \n 1986 -- 87 : Ajax
    • \n
  • \n 1987 -- 88 : Mechelen
    • \n
  • \n 1988 -- 89 : Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 1989 -- 90 : Sampdoria
    • \n
  • \n 1990 -- 91 : Manchester United
    • \n
  • \n 1991 -- 92 : Werder Bremen
    • \n
  • \n 1992 -- 93 : Parma
    • \n
  • \n 1993 -- 94 : Arsenal
    • \n
  • \n 1994 -- 95 : Real Zaragoza
    • \n
  • \n 1995 -- 96 : Paris Saint - Germain
    • \n
  • \n 1996 -- 97 : Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 1997 -- 98 : Chelsea
    • \n
  • \n 1998 -- 99 : Lazio
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n UEFA Super Cup winners
\n UCL vs. CWC \n
    \n
  • \n 1973 : Ajax
    • \n
  • \n 1975 : Dynamo Kyiv
    • \n
  • \n 1976 : Anderlecht
    • \n
  • \n 1977 : Liverpool
    • \n
  • \n 1978 : Anderlecht
    • \n
  • \n 1979 : Nottingham Forest
    • \n
  • \n 1980 : Valencia
    • \n
  • \n 1982 : Aston Villa
    • \n
  • \n 1983 : Aberdeen
    • \n
  • \n 1984 : Juventus
    • \n
  • \n 1986 : Steaua Bucure\u0219ti
    • \n
  • \n 1987 : Porto
    • \n
  • \n 1988 : Mechelen
    • \n
  • \n 1989 : Milan
    • \n
  • \n 1990 : Milan
    • \n
  • \n 1991 : Manchester United
    • \n
  • \n 1992 : Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 1993 : Parma
    • \n
  • \n 1994 : Milan
    • \n
  • \n 1995 : Ajax
    • \n
  • \n 1996 : Juventus
    • \n
  • \n 1997 : Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 1998 : Chelsea
    • \n
  • \n 1999 : Lazio
    • \n
\n
\n UCL vs. UEL \n
    \n
  • \n 2000 : Galatasaray
    • \n
  • \n 2001 : Liverpool
    • \n
  • \n 2002 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 2003 : Milan
    • \n
  • \n 2004 : Valencia
    • \n
  • \n 2005 : Liverpool
    • \n
  • \n 2006 : Sevilla
    • \n
  • \n 2007 : Milan
    • \n
  • \n 2008 : Zenit St. Petersburg
    • \n
  • \n 2009 : Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 2010 : Atl\u00e9tico Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 2011 : Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 2012 : Atl\u00e9tico Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 2013 : Bayern Munich
    • \n
  • \n 2014 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 2015 : Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 2016 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 2017 : Real Madrid
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Intercontinental Cup winners
\n Two - legged editions \n
    \n
  • \n 1960 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 1961 : Pe\u00f1arol
    • \n
  • \n 1962 : Santos
    • \n
  • \n 1963 : Santos
    • \n
  • \n 1964 : Internazionale
    • \n
  • \n 1965 : Internazionale
    • \n
  • \n 1966 : Pe\u00f1arol
    • \n
  • \n 1967 : Racing
    • \n
  • \n 1968 : Estudiantes de La Plata
    • \n
  • \n 1969 : Milan
    • \n
  • \n 1970 : Feyenoord
    • \n
  • \n 1971 : Nacional
    • \n
  • \n 1972 : Ajax
    • \n
  • \n 1973 : Independiente
    • \n
  • \n 1974 : Atl\u00e9tico Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 1976 : Bayern Munich
    • \n
  • \n 1977 : Boca Juniors
    • \n
  • \n 1979 : Olimpia
    • \n
\n
\n Single match editions \n
    \n
  • \n 1980 : Nacional
    • \n
  • \n 1981 : Flamengo
    • \n
  • \n 1982 : Pe\u00f1arol
    • \n
  • \n 1983 : Gr\u00eamio
    • \n
  • \n 1984 : Independiente
    • \n
  • \n 1985 : Juventus
    • \n
  • \n 1986 : River Plate
    • \n
  • \n 1987 : Porto
    • \n
  • \n 1988 : Nacional
    • \n
  • \n 1989 : Milan
    • \n
  • \n 1990 : Milan
    • \n
  • \n 1991 : Red Star Belgrade
    • \n
  • \n 1992 : S\u00e3o Paulo
    • \n
  • \n 1993 : S\u00e3o Paulo
    • \n
  • \n 1994 : V\u00e9lez S\u00e1rsfield
    • \n
  • \n 1995 : Ajax
    • \n
  • \n 1996 : Juventus
    • \n
  • \n 1997 : Borussia Dortmund
    • \n
  • \n 1998 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 1999 : Manchester United
    • \n
  • \n 2000 : Boca Juniors
    • \n
  • \n 2001 : Bayern Munich
    • \n
  • \n 2002 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 2003 : Boca Juniors
    • \n
  • \n 2004 : Porto
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n FIFA Club World Cup winners
\n
    \n
  • \n 2000 : Corinthians
    • \n
  • \n 2005 : S\u00e3o Paulo
    • \n
  • \n 2006 : Internacional
    • \n
  • \n 2007 : Milan
    • \n
  • \n 2008 : Manchester United
    • \n
  • \n 2009 : Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 2010 : Internazionale
    • \n
  • \n 2011 : Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 2012 : Corinthians
    • \n
  • \n 2013 : Bayern Munich
    • \n
  • \n 2014 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 2015 : Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 2016 : Real Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 2017 : Real Madrid
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Football in Greater Manchester
\n Manchester FA
\n Clubs ( List of ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Premier League & Football League ( tiers 1 -- 4 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n Manchester City
    • \n
  • \n Manchester United
    • \n
\n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n Bolton Wanderers
    • \n
\n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n Bury
    • \n
  • \n Oldham Athletic
    • \n
  • \n Rochdale
    • \n
  • \n Wigan Athletic
    • \n
\n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n None
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Non-League ( tiers 5 -- 11 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 5 \n
    \n
  • \n None
    • \n
\n
\n 6 \n
    \n
  • \n Curzon Ashton
    • \n
  • \n F.C. United of Manchester
    • \n
  • \n Salford City
    • \n
  • \n Stockport County
    • \n
\n
\n 7 \n
    \n
  • \n Altrincham
    • \n
  • \n Ashton United
    • \n
  • \n Stalybridge Celtic
    • \n
\n
\n 8 \n
    \n
  • \n Atherton Collieries
    • \n
  • \n Droylsden
    • \n
  • \n Hyde United
    • \n
  • \n Mossley
    • \n
  • \n Radcliffe Borough
    • \n
  • \n Ramsbottom United
    • \n
  • \n Trafford
    • \n
\n
\n 9 \n
    \n
  • \n Abbey Hey
    • \n
  • \n Ashton Athletic
    • \n
  • \n Irlam
    • \n
  • \n Maine Road
    • \n
  • \n West Didsbury & Chorlton
    • \n
\n
\n 10 \n
    \n
  • \n Atherton Laburnum Rovers
    • \n
  • \n Chadderton
    • \n
  • \n Cheadle Town
    • \n
  • \n Daisy Hill
    • \n
  • \n Prestwich Heys
    • \n
  • \n Stockport Town
    • \n
\n
\n 11 \n
    \n
  • \n Ashton Town
    • \n
  • \n Eagley
    • \n
  • \n Wythenshawe Amateurs
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Competitions \n
    \n
  • \n Manchester Premier Cup
    • \n
  • \n Manchester Senior Cup
    • \n
\n
\n Venues \n
    \n
  • \n Boundary Park
    • \n
  • \n Bower Fold
    • \n
  • \n Broadhurst Park
    • \n
  • \n Butcher 's Arms Ground
    • \n
  • \n City of Manchester Stadium
    • \n
  • \n DW Stadium
    • \n
  • \n Edgeley Park
    • \n
  • \n Ewen Fields
    • \n
  • \n Gigg Lane
    • \n
  • \n Macron Stadium
    • \n
  • \n Moss Lane
    • \n
  • \n Old Trafford
    • \n
  • \n Spotland Stadium
    • \n
\n
\n Other topics \n
    \n
  • \n Manchester derby
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year winners
\n
    \n
  • \n 2000 : Manchester United F.C.
    • \n
  • \n 2001 : France national football team
    • \n
  • \n 2002 : Australia national cricket team
    • \n
  • \n 2003 : Brazil national football team
    • \n
  • \n 2004 : England national rugby union team
    • \n
  • \n 2005 : Greece national football team
    • \n
  • \n 2006 : Renault F1
    • \n
  • \n 2007 : Italy national football team
    • \n
  • \n 2008 : South Africa national rugby union team
    • \n
  • \n 2009 : Chinese Olympic team
    • \n
  • \n 2010 : Brawn GP
    • \n
  • \n 2011 : Spain national football team
    • \n
  • \n 2012 : FC Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 2013 : European Ryder Cup team
    • \n
  • \n 2014 : Bayern Munich
    • \n
  • \n 2015 : Germany national football team
    • \n
  • \n 2016 : New Zealand national rugby union team
    • \n
  • \n 2017 : Chicago Cubs
    • \n
  • \n 2018 : Mercedes F1
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n VIAF : 167809407
    • \n
  • \n LCCN : n82237215
    • \n
  • \n ISNI : 0000 0001 2300 2509
    • \n
  • \n GND : 6509184 - X
    • \n
  • \n SELIBR : 380906
    • \n
  • \n SUDOC : 081854099
    • \n
  • \n BNF : cb14607076p ( data )
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 01189794
    • \n
  • \n NKC : pna2005285575
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchester_United_F.C.&oldid=838521139 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what is the name of manchester united stadium", "long_answers": ["Manchester United Football Club is a professional football club based in Old Trafford , Greater Manchester , England , that competes in the Premier League , the top flight of English football . Nicknamed `` the Red Devils '' , the club was founded as Newton Heath LYR Football Club in 1878 , changed its name to Manchester United in 1902 and moved to its current stadium , Old Trafford , in 1910 .\n"], "short_answers": ["Old Trafford\n", "Old Trafford\n", "Old Trafford\n", "Old Trafford\n", "Old Trafford\n"]} {"text": "Vascular tissue - wikipedia

\n Vascular tissue

\n Jump to : navigation , search Cross section of celery stalk , showing vascular bundles , which include both phloem and xylem . Detail of the vasculature of a bramble leaf . This article is about vascular tissue in plants . For transport in animals , see Circulatory system .

\n Vascular tissue is a complex conducting tissue , formed of more than one cell type , found in vascular plants . The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem . These two tissues transport fluid and nutrients internally . There are also two meristems associated with vascular tissue : the vascular cambium and the cork cambium . All the vascular tissues within a particular plant together constitute the vascular tissue system of that plant .

\n

\n The cells in vascular tissue are typically long and slender . Since the xylem and phloem function in the conduction of water , minerals , and nutrients throughout the plant , it is not surprising that their form should be similar to pipes . The individual cells of phloem are connected end - to - end , just as the sections of a pipe might be . As the plant grows , new vascular tissue differentiates in the growing tips of the plant . The new tissue is aligned with existing vascular tissue , maintaining its connection throughout the plant . The vascular tissue in plants is arranged in long , discrete strands called vascular bundles . These bundles include both xylem and phloem , as well as supporting and protective cells . In stems and roots , the xylem typically lies closer to the interior of the stem with phloem towards the exterior of the stem . In the stems of some Asterales dicots , there may be phloem located inwardly from the xylem as well .

\n

\n Between the xylem and phloem is a meristem called the vascular cambium . This tissue divides off cells that will become additional xylem and phloem . This growth increases the girth of the plant , rather than its length . As long as the vascular cambium continues to produce new cells , the plant will continue to grow more stout . In trees and other plants that develop wood , the vascular cambium allows the expansion of vascular tissue that produces woody growth . Because this growth ruptures the epidermis of the stem , woody plants also have a cork cambium that develops among the phloem . The cork cambium gives rise to thickened cork cells to protect the surface of the plant and reduce water loss . Both the production of wood and the production of cork are forms of secondary growth .

\n

\n In leaves , the vascular bundles are located among the spongy mesophyll . The xylem is oriented toward the adaxial surface of the leaf ( usually the upper side ) , and phloem is oriented toward the abaxial surface of the leaf . This is why aphids are typically found on the underside of the leaves rather than on the top , since the phloem transports sugars manufactured by the plant and they are closer to the lower surface .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Biological tissues
\n Animals \n
    \n
  • \n Epithelial
    • \n
  • \n Connective
    • \n
  • \n Muscular
    • \n
  • \n Nervous
    • \n
\n
\n Plants \n
    \n
  • \n Dermal tissue
      \n
    • \n Epidermis : Cuticle
      • \n
    • \n Pavement cell
      • \n
    • \n Guard cell
      • \n
    • \n Subsidiary cell
      • \n
    • \n Periderm : Phellem
      • \n
    • \n Phelloderm
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Vascular tissue
      \n
    • \n Phloem : Sieve tube
      • \n
    • \n Companion cell
      • \n
    • \n Phloem fiber
      • \n
    • \n Phloem parenchyma
      • \n
    • \n Xylem : Tracheid
      • \n
    • \n Vessel element
      • \n
    • \n Xylem fiber
      • \n
    • \n Xylem parenchyma
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Ground tissue
      \n
    • \n Parenchyma : Chlorenchyma
      • \n
    • \n Aerenchyma
      • \n
    • \n Collenchyma
      • \n
    • \n Sclerenchyma : Sclereid
      • \n
    • \n Fiber
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Meristematic tissue
      \n
    • \n Primary : Protoderm
      • \n
    • \n Procambium
      • \n
    • \n Ground meristem
      • \n
    • \n Secondary : Cork cambium
      • \n
    • \n Vascular cambium
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Botany
\n History of botany
\n Subdisciplines \n
    \n
  • \n Plant systematics
    • \n
  • \n Ethnobotany
    • \n
  • \n Paleobotany
    • \n
  • \n Plant anatomy
    • \n
  • \n Plant ecology
    • \n
  • \n Phytogeography
      \n
    • \n Geobotany
      • \n
    • \n Flora
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Phytochemistry
    • \n
  • \n Plant pathology
    • \n
  • \n Bryology
    • \n
  • \n Phycology
    • \n
  • \n Floristics
    • \n
  • \n Dendrology
    • \n
\n
\n Plant groups \n
    \n
  • \n Algae
    • \n
  • \n Archaeplastida
    • \n
  • \n Bryophyte
    • \n
  • \n Non-vascular plants
    • \n
  • \n Vascular plants
    • \n
  • \n Spermatophytes
    • \n
  • \n Pteridophyte
    • \n
  • \n Gymnosperm
    • \n
  • \n Angiosperm
    • \n
\n
\n Plant morphology ( glossary ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Plant cells \n
    \n
  • \n Cell wall
    • \n
  • \n Phragmoplast
    • \n
  • \n Plastid
    • \n
  • \n Plasmodesma
    • \n
  • \n Vacuole
    • \n
\n
\n Tissues \n
    \n
  • \n Meristem
    • \n
  • \n Vascular tissue
      \n
    • \n Vascular bundle
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ground tissue
      \n
    • \n Mesophyll
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Cork
    • \n
  • \n Wood
    • \n
  • \n Storage organs
    • \n
\n
\n Vegetative \n
    \n
  • \n Root
    • \n
  • \n Rhizoid
    • \n
  • \n Bulb
    • \n
  • \n Rhizome
    • \n
  • \n Shoot
      \n
    • \n Stem
      • \n
    • \n Leaf
        \n
      • \n Petiole
        • \n
      • \n Cataphyll
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Bud
      • \n
    • \n Sessility
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Reproductive ( Flower ) \n
    \n
  • \n Flower development
    • \n
  • \n Inflorescence
      \n
    • \n Umbel
      • \n
    • \n Raceme
      • \n
    • \n Bract
      • \n
    • \n Pedicellate
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Flower
      \n
    • \n Whorl
      • \n
    • \n Floral symmetry
      • \n
    • \n Floral diagram
      • \n
    • \n Floral formula
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Receptacle
    • \n
  • \n Hypanthium ( Floral cup )
    • \n
  • \n Perianth
      \n
    • \n Tepal
      • \n
    • \n Petal
      • \n
    • \n Sepal
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Sporophyll
    • \n
  • \n Gynoecium
      \n
    • \n Ovary
        \n
      • \n Ovule
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Stigma
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Archegonium
    • \n
  • \n Androecium
      \n
    • \n Stamen
      • \n
    • \n Staminode
      • \n
    • \n Pollen
      • \n
    • \n Tapetum
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Gynandrium
    • \n
  • \n Gametophyte
    • \n
  • \n Sporophyte
    • \n
  • \n Plant embryo
    • \n
  • \n Fruit
      \n
    • \n Fruit anatomy
      • \n
    • \n Berry
      • \n
    • \n Capsule
      • \n
    • \n Seed
        \n
      • \n Seed dispersal
        • \n
      • \n Endosperm
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Surface structures \n
    \n
  • \n Epicuticular wax
    • \n
  • \n Plant cuticle
    • \n
  • \n Epidermis
    • \n
  • \n Stoma
    • \n
  • \n Nectary
    • \n
  • \n Trichome
    • \n
  • \n Prickle
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Plant physiology
    • \n
  • \n Materials
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Nutrition
    • \n
  • \n Photosynthesis
      \n
    • \n Chlorophyll
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Plant hormone
    • \n
  • \n Transpiration
    • \n
  • \n Turgor pressure
    • \n
  • \n Bulk flow
    • \n
  • \n Aleurone
    • \n
  • \n Phytomelanin
    • \n
  • \n Sugar
    • \n
  • \n Sap
    • \n
  • \n Starch
    • \n
  • \n Cellulose
    • \n
\n
\n Plant growth and habit \n
    \n
  • \n Secondary growth
    • \n
  • \n Woody plants
    • \n
  • \n Herbaceous plants
    • \n
  • \n Habit
      \n
    • \n Vines
        \n
      • \n Lianas
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Shrubs
        \n
      • \n Subshrubs
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Trees
      • \n
    • \n Succulent plants
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Reproduction
    \n
  • \n Evolution
    • \n
  • \n Ecology
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Alternation of generations
    • \n
  • \n Sporangium
      \n
    • \n Spore
      • \n
    • \n Microsporangia
        \n
      • \n Microspore
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Megasporangium
        \n
      • \n Megaspore
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Pollination
      \n
    • \n Pollinators
      • \n
    • \n Pollen tube
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Double fertilization
    • \n
  • \n Germination
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary development
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary history
      \n
    • \n timeline
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Hardiness zone
    • \n
\n
\n Plant taxonomy \n
    \n
  • \n History of plant systematics
    • \n
  • \n Herbarium
    • \n
  • \n Biological classification
    • \n
  • \n Botanical nomenclature
      \n
    • \n Botanical name
      • \n
    • \n Correct name
      • \n
    • \n Author citation
      • \n
    • \n International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN )
      • \n
    • \n - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP )
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Taxonomic rank
    • \n
  • \n International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT )
    • \n
  • \n Plant taxonomy systems
    • \n
  • \n Cultivated plant taxonomy
      \n
    • \n Citrus taxonomy
      • \n
    • \n cultigen
        \n
      • \n cultivar
        • \n
      • \n Group
        • \n
      • \n grex
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Practice \n
    \n
  • \n Agronomy
    • \n
  • \n Floriculture
    • \n
  • \n Forestry
    • \n
  • \n Horticulture
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Lists
    • \n
  • \n Related topics
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Botanical terms
    • \n
  • \n Botanists
      \n
    • \n by author abbreviation
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Botanical expedition
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
  • \n WikiProject
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vascular_tissue&oldid=810492978 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where is most vascular tissue found in plants", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Most common words in English - wikipedia

\n Most common words in English

\n Jump to : navigation , search

\n Studies that estimate and rank the most common words in English examine texts written in English . Perhaps the most comprehensive such analysis is one that was conducted against the Oxford English Corpus ( OEC ) , a very large collection of texts from around the world that are written in the English language . A text corpus is a large collection of written works that are organised in a way that makes such analysis easier .

\n

\n In total , the texts in the Oxford English Corpus contain more than 2 billion words . The OEC includes a wide variety of writing samples , such as literary works , novels , academic journals , newspapers , magazines , Hansard 's Parliamentary Debates , blogs , chat logs , and emails .

\n

\n Another English corpus that has been used to study word frequency is the Brown Corpus , which was compiled by researchers at Brown University in the 1960s . The researchers published their analysis of the Brown Corpus in 1967 . Their findings were similar , but not identical , to the findings of the OEC analysis .

\n

\n According to The Reading Teacher 's Book of Lists , the first 25 words in the OEC make up about one - third of all printed material in English , and the first 100 words make up about half of all written English . According to a study cited by Robert McCrum in The Story of English , all of the first hundred of the most common words in English are of Anglo - Saxon origin .

\n

\n Some lists of common words distinguish between word forms , while others rank all forms of a word as a single lexeme ( the form of the word as it would appear in a dictionary ) . For example , the lexeme be ( as in to be ) comprises all its conjugations ( is , was , are , were , etc . ) , and contractions of those conjugations . Note also that these top 100 lemmas listed below account for 50 % of all the words in the Oxford English Corpus .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n 100 most common words

\n

\n Based on an analysis of the Oxford English Corpus ( a large collection of texts in the English language ) , the 100 words that occur most frequently in written English is given below .

\n

\n The table also includes frequencies from other corpora , note that as well as usage differences , lemmatisation may differ from corpus to corpus - for example splitting the prepositional use of `` to '' from the use as a particle . Also the COCA list includes dispersion as well as frequency to calculate rank .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Word \n Parts of speech \n OEC rank \n COCA rank \n Dolch level
\n the \n Article \n \n \n Pre-primer
\n be \n Verb \n \n \n primer
\n to \n Preposition \n \n 7 , 9 \n Pre-primer
\n of \n Preposition \n \n \n Grade 1
\n and \n Conjunction \n 5 \n \n Pre-primer
\n \n Article \n 6 \n 5 \n Pre-primer
\n in \n Preposition \n 7 \n 6 , 128 , 3038 \n Pre-primer
\n that \n Conjunction et al . \n 8 \n 12 , 27 , 903 \n primer
\n have \n Verb \n 9 \n 8 \n primer
\n \n Pronoun \n 10 \n 11 \n Pre-primer
\n it \n Pronoun \n 11 \n 10 \n Pre-primer
\n for \n Preposition \n 12 \n 13 , 2339 \n Pre-primer
\n not \n Adverb et al . \n 13 \n 28 , 2929 \n Pre-primer
\n on \n Preposition \n 14 \n 17 , 155 \n primer
\n with \n Preposition \n 15 \n 16 \n primer
\n he \n Pronoun \n 16 \n 15 \n primer
\n as \n Adverb , conjunction , et al . \n 17 \n 33 , 49 , 129 \n Grade 1
\n you \n Pronoun \n 18 \n 14 \n Pre-primer
\n do \n Verb , noun \n 19 \n 18 \n primer
\n at \n Preposition \n 20 \n 22 \n primer
\n this \n Determiner , adverb , noun \n 21 \n 20 , 4665 \n primer
\n but \n Preposition , adverb , conjunction \n 22 \n 23 , 1715 \n primer
\n his \n Possessive pronoun \n 23 \n 25 , 1887 \n Grade 1
\n by \n Preposition \n 24 \n 30 , 1190 \n Grade 1
\n from \n Preposition \n 25 \n 26 \n Grade 1
\n they \n Pronoun \n 26 \n 21 \n primer
\n we \n Pronoun \n 27 \n 24 \n Pre-primer
\n say \n Verb et al . \n 28 \n 19 \n primer
\n her \n Possessive pronoun \n 29 , 106 \n 42 \n Grade 1
\n she \n Pronoun \n 30 \n 31 \n primer
\n or \n Conjunction \n 31 \n 32 \n Grade 2
\n an \n Article \n 32 \n ( a ) \n Grade 1
\n will \n Verb , noun \n 33 \n 48 , 1506 \n primer
\n my \n Possessive pronoun \n 34 \n 44 \n Pre-primer
\n one \n Noun , adjective , et al . \n 35 \n 51 , 104 , 839 \n Pre-primer
\n all \n Adjective \n 36 \n 43 , 222 \n primer
\n would \n Verb \n 37 \n 41 \n Grade 2
\n there \n Adverb , pronoun , et al . \n 38 \n 53 , 116 \n primer
\n their \n Possessive pronoun \n 39 \n 36 \n Grade 2
\n what \n Pronoun , adverb , et al . \n 40 \n 34 \n primer
\n so \n Conjunction , adverb , et al . \n 41 \n 55 , 196 \n primer
\n up \n Adverb , preposition , et al . \n 42 \n 50 , 456 \n Pre-primer
\n out \n Preposition \n 43 \n 64 , 149 \n primer
\n if \n Conjunction \n 44 \n 40 \n Grade 3
\n about \n Preposition , adverb , et al . \n 45 \n 46 , 179 \n Grade 3
\n who \n Pronoun , noun \n 46 \n 38 \n primer
\n get \n Verb \n 47 \n 39 \n primer
\n which \n \n 48 \n 58 \n Grade 2
\n go \n Verb , noun \n 49 \n 35 \n Pre-primer
\n me \n Pronoun \n 50 \n 61 \n Pre-primer
\n when \n \n 51 \n 57 , 136 \n Grade 1
\n make \n Verb , noun \n 52 \n 45 \n
\n can \n \n 53 \n 37 , 2973 \n
\n like \n \n 54 \n 74 , 208 , 1123 , 1684 , 2702 \n
\n time \n \n 55 \n 52 \n
\n no \n \n 56 \n 93 , 699 , 916 , 1111 , 4555 \n
\n just \n Adjective \n 57 \n 66 , 1823 \n
\n him \n Pronoun \n 58 \n 68 \n
\n know \n Verb , noun \n 59 \n 47 \n
\n take \n Verb , noun \n 60 \n 63 \n
\n people \n Noun \n 61 \n 62 \n
\n into \n \n 62 \n 65 \n
\n year \n Noun \n 63 \n 54 \n
\n your \n Possessive pronoun \n 64 \n 69 \n
\n good \n Adjective \n 65 \n 110 , 2280 \n
\n some \n \n 66 \n 60 \n
\n could \n Verb \n 67 \n 71 \n
\n them \n \n 68 \n 59 \n
\n see \n Verb \n 69 \n 67 \n
\n other \n \n 70 \n 75 , 715 , 2355 \n
\n than \n \n 71 \n 73 , 712 \n
\n then \n \n 72 \n 77 \n
\n now \n \n 73 \n 72 , 1906 \n
\n look \n Verb \n 74 \n 85 , 604 \n
\n only \n \n 75 \n 101 , 329 \n
\n come \n Verb \n 76 \n 70 \n
\n its \n Possessive pronoun \n 77 \n 78 \n
\n over \n Preposition \n 78 \n 124 , 182 \n
\n think \n \n 79 \n 56 \n
\n also \n \n 80 \n 87 \n
\n back \n \n 81 \n 108 , 323 , 1877 \n
\n after \n Preposition \n 82 \n 120 , 260 \n
\n use \n Verb , noun \n 83 \n 92 , 429 \n
\n two \n \n 84 \n 80 \n
\n how \n \n 85 \n 76 \n
\n our \n Possessive pronoun \n 86 \n 79 \n
\n work \n Verb , noun \n 87 \n 117 , 199 \n
\n first \n \n 88 \n 86 , 2064 \n
\n well \n Adverb \n 89 \n 100 , 644 \n
\n way \n \n 90 \n 84 , 4090 \n
\n even \n \n 91 \n 107 , 484 \n
\n new \n Adjective et al . \n 92 \n 88 \n
\n want \n \n 93 \n 83 \n
\n because \n \n 94 \n 89 , 509 \n
\n any \n \n 95 \n 109 , 4720 \n
\n these \n \n 96 \n 82 \n
\n give \n Verb \n 97 \n 98 \n
\n day \n \n 98 \n 90 \n
\n most \n \n 99 \n 144 , 187 \n
\n us \n Pronoun \n 100 \n 113 \n
\n

\n Parts of speech

\n

\n The following is the same list subdivided by part of speech . The list labeled `` Others '' includes pronouns , possessives , articles , modal verbs , adverbs , and conjunctions .

\n Nouns
    \n
  1. \n time
    2. \n
  2. \n person
    3. \n
  3. \n year
    4. \n
  4. \n way
    5. \n
  5. \n day
    6. \n
  6. \n thing
    7. \n
  7. \n man
    8. \n
  8. \n world
    9. \n
  9. \n life
    10. \n
  10. \n hand
    11. \n
  11. \n part
    12. \n
  12. \n child
    13. \n
  13. \n eye
    14. \n
  14. \n woman
    15. \n
  15. \n place
    16. \n
  16. \n work
    17. \n
  17. \n week
    18. \n
  18. \n case
    19. \n
  19. \n point
    20. \n
  20. \n government
    21. \n
  21. \n company
    22. \n
  22. \n number
    23. \n
  23. \n group
    24. \n
  24. \n problem
    25. \n
  25. \n fact
    26. \n
\n Verbs
    \n
  1. \n be
    2. \n
  2. \n have
    3. \n
  3. \n do
    4. \n
  4. \n say
    5. \n
  5. \n get
    6. \n
  6. \n make
    7. \n
  7. \n go
    8. \n
  8. \n know
    9. \n
  9. \n take
    10. \n
  10. \n see
    11. \n
  11. \n come
    12. \n
  12. \n think
    13. \n
  13. \n look
    14. \n
  14. \n want
    15. \n
  15. \n give
    16. \n
  16. \n use
    17. \n
  17. \n find
    18. \n
  18. \n tell
    19. \n
  19. \n ask
    20. \n
  20. \n work
    21. \n
  21. \n seem
    22. \n
  22. \n feel
    23. \n
  23. \n try
    24. \n
  24. \n leave
    25. \n
  25. \n call
    26. \n
\n Adjectives
    \n
  1. \n good
    2. \n
  2. \n new
    3. \n
  3. \n first
    4. \n
  4. \n last
    5. \n
  5. \n long
    6. \n
  6. \n great
    7. \n
  7. \n little
    8. \n
  8. \n own
    9. \n
  9. \n other
    10. \n
  10. \n old
    11. \n
  11. \n right
    12. \n
  12. \n big
    13. \n
  13. \n high
    14. \n
  14. \n different
    15. \n
  15. \n small
    16. \n
  16. \n large
    17. \n
  17. \n next
    18. \n
  18. \n early
    19. \n
  19. \n young
    20. \n
  20. \n important
    21. \n
  21. \n few
    22. \n
  22. \n public
    23. \n
  23. \n bad
    24. \n
  24. \n same
    25. \n
  25. \n able
    26. \n
\n Prepositions
    \n
  1. \n to
    2. \n
  2. \n of
    3. \n
  3. \n in
    4. \n
  4. \n for
    5. \n
  5. \n on
    6. \n
  6. \n with
    7. \n
  7. \n at
    8. \n
  8. \n by
    9. \n
  9. \n from
    10. \n
  10. \n up
    11. \n
  11. \n about
    12. \n
  12. \n into
    13. \n
  13. \n over
    14. \n
  14. \n after
    15. \n
\n Others
    \n
  1. \n the
    2. \n
  2. \n and
    3. \n
  3. \n
    4. \n
  4. \n that
    5. \n
  5. \n
    6. \n
  6. \n it
    7. \n
  7. \n not
    8. \n
  8. \n he
    9. \n
  9. \n as
    10. \n
  10. \n you
    11. \n
  11. \n this
    12. \n
  12. \n but
    13. \n
  13. \n his
    14. \n
  14. \n they
    15. \n
  15. \n her
    16. \n
  16. \n she
    17. \n
  17. \n or
    18. \n
  18. \n an
    19. \n
  19. \n will
    20. \n
  20. \n my
    21. \n
  21. \n one
    22. \n
  22. \n all
    23. \n
  23. \n would
    24. \n
  24. \n there
    25. \n
  25. \n their
    26. \n
\n

\n See also

\n \n \n

\n Word lists

\n \n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Oxford English Corpus : Facts about the language '' . OxfordDictionaries.com . Oxford University Press . What is the commonest word ? . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` The Oxford English Corpus '' . AskOxford.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ The First 100 Most Commonly Used English Words .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Bill Bryson , The Mother Tongue : English and How It Got That Way , Harper Perennial , 2001 , page 58
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Benjamin Zimmer . June 22 , 2006 . Time after time after time ... Language Log . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Word frequency : based on 450 million word COCA corpus '' . www.wordfrequency.info . Retrieved 11 April 2018 .
    7. \n
\n

\n External links

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Look up frequency lists in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Most_common_words_in_English&oldid=835929341 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "how common is the word in the english language", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "The Black stallion ( film ) - wikipedia

\n The Black stallion ( film )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n The Black Stallion
\n 1979 poster
\n Directed by \n Carroll Ballard
\n Produced by \n
    \n
  • \n Fred Roos
    • \n
  • \n Francis Ford Coppola
    • \n
  • \n Tom Sternberg
    • \n
\n
\n Screenplay by \n
    \n
  • \n Melissa Mathison
    • \n
  • \n Jeanne Rosenberg
    • \n
  • \n William D. Wittliff
    • \n
\n
\n Based on \n The Black Stallion by Walter Farley
\n Starring \n
    \n
  • \n Kelly Reno
    • \n
  • \n Mickey Rooney
    • \n
  • \n Teri Garr
    • \n
\n
\n Music by \n Carmine Coppola
\n Cinematography \n Caleb Deschanel
\n Edited by \n Robert Dalva
\n Production company \n American Zoetrope
\n Distributed by \n United Artists
\n Release date \n
    \n
  • \n October 17 , 1979 ( 1979 - 10 - 17 )
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Running time \n 118 minutes
\n Country \n United States
\n Language \n English
\n Budget \n $2.7 million
\n Box office \n $37.8 million
\n

\n The Black Stallion is a 1979 American adventure film based on the 1941 classic children 's novel The Black Stallion by Walter Farley . But the film starts in 1946 , five years after the book was published . It tells the story of Alec Ramsey , who is shipwrecked on a deserted island with a wild Arabian stallion whom he befriends . After being rescued , they are set on entering a race challenging two champion horses .

\n

\n The film is adapted by Melissa Mathison , Jeanne Rosenberg and William D. Wittliff . It is directed by Carroll Ballard . The movie stars Kelly Reno , Mickey Rooney , Teri Garr , Hoyt Axton , and the Arabian horse Cass Ole . The film features music by Carmine Coppola , the father of Hollywood producer Francis Ford Coppola , who was the executive producer of the film .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Plot ( edit )

\n

\n In 1946 Alec Ramsey is aboard the steamer Drake off the coast of North Africa , where he sees a wild black stallion being forced into a makeshift stable compartment and heavily restrained by ropes leading to his halter . Captivated by the horse , Alec later sneaks to the horse to feed him some sugar cubes , but he is caught by the horse 's supposed owner , who tells him in Arabic to stay away from Shetan and shoves the boy away .

\n

\n Later in their cabin , Alec 's father shows Alec his winnings from a card game and gives him a pocket knife and a small statue of Bucephalus , and tells the story of how Alexander the Great became Bucephalus ' master . Later that night , Alec is thrown out of his bunk ; he grabs his knife and his Bucephalus statue and joins his father on the other side of the cabin . His father puts Alec into a life jacket and they struggle with the rest of the passengers to get on deck . The ship is in flames and has started to sink . Alec 's father leaves him by the compartment holding The Black to go help the crew . In the chaos , Alec opens the compartment hatch but is attacked by Shetan 's owner who cuts Alec 's life jacket off him so he can take it for himself . Alec 's father rescues Alec from his attacker but the life jacket is lost and father & son are separated . The black stallion breaks free from his compartment and then jumps into the sea . Alec himself is swept overboard by a gigantic wave . Once in the water , he swims toward the stallion and managed to grab hold of the ropes that were previously restraining the stallion .

\n

\n Alec wakes on the shore of a deserted island and starts to explore . He finds the stallion caught in his restraints with the ropes stuck between the rocks . With his knife , Alec manages to free the stallion once again and the stallion runs away . For a time , the two keep their distance . Alec discovers means to survive by catching fish and seaweed . As Alec suddenly faces a cobra eye to eye , the Black comes to the rescue and kills the snake , only to run off again .

\n

\n By now , Alec decides to try to get closer to the horse and offer him some seaweed . The hungry stallion finds himself unable to resist , but visibly struggles with his distrust for humans . Eventually , the hunger wins and he takes Alec 's offer ; their bond has been sealed and the two are now inseparable . Alec even manages to ride the unbroken horse , after many times falling off the horse . One day , a fishing ship arrives , rescuing both Alec and the stallion .

\n

\n Back home in Flushing , NY , Alec is given a hero 's welcome . The Black has a temporary home in Alec 's backyard , but a garbage man not knowing that there is a wild horse in the backyard is chased by the Black , who races off down the street after being spooked by a passing car . Alec chases after him through every part of town , but loses track of him . The next day , Alec meets Snoe ( and Napoleon ) who tell him where the Black is . Alec finds the stallion in the barn of Henry Dailey , a retired jockey and racehorse trainer , who apparently spent all night catching the Black . Henry allows Alec to keep the Black in his barn .

\n

\n When Alec wonders how fast the Black is , Alec and Henry decide to train the Black for the racetrack , while Henry teaches Alec how to be a jockey . The Black surprises Henry with his speed . Henry immediately starts plotting to get the Black into a match race between two of the country 's current champions , to be held at Santa Anita , California . To do that , he sets up a secret demonstration at night where the press can witness his speed , keeping the identity of Alec and the Black secret . The news about the mystery horse is soon widespread and the Black is entered into the race .

\n

\n The race is the most anticipated horse - racing event of the year . Before the two champions and the Black enter the starting gate , the Black gets into a fight with one of his opponents , wounding his leg . Alec does not see the wound until he is in the gate . As he dismounts , the bell rings and the horses take off . Alec desperately tries to stay on his horse and trying to stop him . He falls behind , but the Black wo n't stop . When Alec regains his balance , the Black is well on his way to catch up with his opponents . Alec now encourages the Black to run as fast as he can , remembering the wild rides on the island , as they catch up . The Black eventually wins by two lengths .

\n

\n Cast ( edit )

\n \n

\n Horses ( edit )

\n

\n Cass Ole , a champion Arabian stallion , was featured in most of the movie 's scenes , with Fae Jur , another black Arabian stallion , being his main double . Fae Jur 's main scene is the one where Alec is trying to gain the trust of the Black on the beach . Two other stunt doubles were used for running , fighting and swimming scenes .

\n

\n El Mokhtar , an Egyptian Arabian racehorse , was the producers ' first choice to portray the Black , but they were unable to secure his services for the film from his owners , who declined any offers . He does appear in The Black Stallion Returns , alongside Cass Ole , by which time the studio bought out the syndicate of owners in order to secure El Mokhtar 's services .

\n

\n Napoleon was portrayed by Junior , who previously appeared in National Lampoon 's Animal House as Trooper , Niedermeyer 's horse .

\n

\n Awards and honors ( edit )

\n

\n Academy Awards ( edit )

\n

\n The film received two nominations for the Academy Awards :

\n \n

\n In addition , Alan Splet was awarded with a Special Achievement Award for sound editing .

\n

\n Golden Globe Awards ( edit )

\n

\n Carmine Coppola was nominated for Best Original Score at the Golden Globe Awards . He later won the award in this category for his score of Apocalypse Now .

\n

\n British Academy Awards ( edit )

\n

\n Caleb Deschanel was nominated for Best Cinematography by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts Awards .

\n

\n La film Critics Awards ( edit )

\n

\n The film received two awards from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards for Best Cinematography ( Caleb Deschanel ) and Best Music ( Carmine Coppola ) .

\n

\n Others ( edit )

\n

\n The film also won the 1979 National Society of Film Critics award for Best Cinematography .

\n

\n In 2002 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' .

\n

\n Also , the film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists :

\n \n

\n Sequel , prequel and television series ( edit )

\n

\n The film was followed in 1983 by a sequel , The Black Stallion Returns , which also starred Reno . There was also a television series called The Adventures of the Black Stallion which aired from 1990 to 1993 and starred Mickey Rooney and Richard Ian Cox . In 2003 , a 50 - minute prequel called The Young Black Stallion , was shot and released for IMAX theaters .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` The Black Stallion , Box Office Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Junior '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Cannady , Sheryl ( 2002 - 12 - 17 ) . `` Librarian of Congress Adds 25 Films to National Film Registry '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years of Film Scores Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 .
    7. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n The Black Stallion by Walter Farley
\n Books \n
    \n
  • \n The Black Stallion book series
    • \n
\n
\n Films \n
    \n
  • \n The Black Stallion ( 1979 )
    • \n
  • \n The Black Stallion Returns ( 1983 )
    • \n
  • \n The Young Black Stallion ( 2003 )
    • \n
\n
\n Television \n
    \n
  • \n The Adventures of the Black Stallion ( 1990 - 1993 )
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Cass Ole
    • \n
  • \n El Mokhtar
    • \n
  • \n Docs Keepin Time
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Films directed by Carroll Ballard
\n
    \n
  • \n The Black Stallion ( 1979 )
    • \n
  • \n Never Cry Wolf ( 1983 )
    • \n
  • \n Nutcracker : The Motion Picture ( 1986 )
    • \n
  • \n Wind ( 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n Fly Away Home ( 1996 )
    • \n
  • \n Duma ( 2005 )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Black_Stallion_(film)&oldid=836268326 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who played the mother in the black stallion", "long_answers": ["Teri Garr as Mrs. Ramsay , Alec 's mother\n"], "short_answers": ["Teri Garr\n", "Teri Garr\n", "Teri Garr\n"]} {"text": "The Proud Family ( soundtrack ) - Wikipedia

\n The Proud Family ( soundtrack )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n The Proud Family
\n
\n Soundtrack album by Various Artists
\n Released \n April 20 , 2004 August 16 , 2005 ( Re-release )
\n Genre \n Soul , hip hop , hip hop soul
\n Label \n Walt Disney
\n

\n The Proud Family is a soundtrack album for the show of the same name . A combination of both original tunes by the characters in the show , popular hits by popular music artists such as Alicia Keys , Jhen\u00e9 Aiko , India Arie , and Solange Knowles & Destiny 's Child ( who perform the theme song ) , and classic soul music from artists such as Aretha Franklin and The O'Jays .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This soundtrack - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Proud_Family_(soundtrack)&oldid=638462881 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "who sings the theme song for the proud family", "long_answers": ["The Proud Family is a soundtrack album for the show of the same name . A combination of both original tunes by the characters in the show , popular hits by popular music artists such as Alicia Keys , Jhen\u00e9 Aiko , India Arie , and Solange Knowles & Destiny 's Child ( who perform the theme song ) , and classic soul music from artists such as Aretha Franklin and The O'Jays .\n"], "short_answers": ["Destiny 's Child\n", "Solange Knowles\n", "Destiny 's Child\n", "Destiny 's Child\n", "Solange Knowles\n", "Solange Knowles\n"]} {"text": "Ca n't Get You Out of My Head - Wikipedia

\n Ca n't Get You Out of My Head

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head ''
\n Single cover used for CD # 02 and digital releases of the song .
\n Single by Kylie Minogue
\n from the album Fever
\n B - side \n `` Boy '' `` Rendezvous at Sunset ''
\n Released \n 8 September 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 08 )
\n Format \n
    \n
  • \n CD
    • \n
  • \n digital download
    • \n
\n
\n Recorded \n 2001 ; London , England
\n Genre \n
    \n
  • \n Synthpop
    • \n
  • \n dance - pop
    • \n
\n
\n Length \n 3 : 50
\n Label \n Parlophone
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Cathy Dennis
    • \n
  • \n Rob Davis
    • \n
\n
\n Producer ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Cathy Dennis
    • \n
  • \n Rob Davis
    • \n
\n
\n Kylie Minogue singles chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Your Disco Needs You '' ( 2001 ) \n `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( 2001 ) \n `` In Your Eyes '' ( 2002 )
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Your Disco Needs You '' ( 2001 ) \n `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( 2001 ) \n `` In Your Eyes '' ( 2002 )
\n
\n
\n Music video
\n `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' on YouTube
\n
\n

\n `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is a song recorded by Australian singer Kylie Minogue for her eighth studio album , titled Fever , which she released in 2001 . The song was released in Australia by Parlophone as the lead single from the album on 8 September 2001 . It was released on 17 September 2001 in the United Kingdom . In the United States , the single was released on 18 February 2002 . Jointly written , composed , and produced by Cathy Dennis and Rob Davis , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is a midtempo dance - pop song which lyrically details its narrator 's obsession towards her lover . The song is famous for its `` la la la '' hook .

\n

\n In addition to positive reviews from music critics , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' found commercial success on a large scale . It peaked at number one on the charts of Austria , Belgium , France , Germany , Italy , Poland , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , and every other European country excluding Finland . It also topped the charts of Minogue 's native country Australia , Canada and New Zealand . In the United States , the song peaked at number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming Minogue 's biggest hit in the region since `` The Loco - Motion '' . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' reportedly reached number one in 40 countries across the globe . It was certified triple - platinum in Australia , double - platinum in the United Kingdom , and gold in the United States . It became Minogue 's first single to sell in excess of one million copies in the United Kingdom , where it also stands as the 28th best - selling single of the millennium . As of 2013 , the song was Minogue 's highest selling single and one of the best - selling singles of all time , with worldwide sales exceeding five million .

\n

\n The accompanying music video for the song was directed by Dawn Shadforth , and featured Minogue performing various dance routines in different futuristic backdrops . It became notable for the revealing hooded white jumpsuit Minogue wore during one of the scenes . The song has been performed by Minogue during all of her concert tours as of 2017 , with the exception of the Anti Tour . Following its release , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ranked on a number of decade - end lists compiled by magazines such as Rolling Stone , The Guardian , and NME . It is considered to be Minogue 's strongest commercial breakthrough in the United States and is said to have been the reason behind the success of its parent album Fever in the region . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is also recognized as Minogue 's signature song and was a defining point in her musical career . In 2012 , the song was re-recorded for inclusion in Minogue 's orchestral compilation album , The Abbey Road Sessions .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Background and Recording ( edit )

\n

\n In 2000 , Minogue signed to the Parlophone Records label and released her seventh studio album , Light Years . The disco and Europop inspired album was a critical and commercial success , and was later certified four times - platinum in Minogue 's native country Australia for shipment of 280,000 units , and platinum in the United Kingdom for shipment of 300,000 units . `` Spinning Around '' was released as the lead single from the album , and it was a commercial success , attaining a platinum certification in Australia for shipment of 70,000 units , and a silver certification in the United Kingdom for shipment of 200,000 units . She promoted the album by embarking on the On a Night Like This tour . Minogue premiered `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' by performing it during the tour , and soon after , discussion regarding the song `` quickly set online messageboards alight . '' `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was chosen as the lead single from Minogue 's eighth studio album , Fever , and it was released on 8 September 2001 by Parlophone in Australia , while in the United Kingdom and other European countries it was released on 17 September .

\n My A&R at the time , Miles Leonard and Jamie Nelson , said , `` We 've got something . Come into the office . We 've got to play you something . '' So I went to the EMI office , and I had the same reaction you did , about 20 seconds in . I could n't even fathom what I was hearing . It just ... did something . I was beside myself . Then at the end of the song , panic set in . I was saying `` Are you sure we 've got this song ? Do n't tell me that we do n't ! Is it secured ? Can we have it ? '' And we did ! And that kick - started a whole different phase in my career .

\n -- Minogue , about her reaction to hearing the demo of the song .

\n

\n `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was jointly written , composed , and produced by Cathy Dennis and Rob Davis . Dennis and Davis had been brought together by British artist manager Simon Fuller , who wanted the duo to come up with a song for British pop group S Club 7 . The song was recorded using Cubase music software , which Davis ran on his Mac computer . Davis began playing an acoustic guitar and ran a 125 beats per minute drum loop , on which Dennis , herself a singer who had enjoyed chart success in the United States , began singing the line `` I just ca n't get you out of my head '' in the key of D minor . After three and a half hours , the demo was recorded and the vocals were laid afterwards . Dennis called their recording setup for the song `` the most primitive set - up you could imagine ! Different producers work in different ways . But it 's good to be reminded you do n't have to be reliant on equipment . A song is about melody and lyrics and being able to take something away in your memory that is going to haunt you . '' She also regarded their production as a `` very natural and fluid process , '' saying : `` We know how hard we work sometimes to write songs and then spend months picking them to pieces , but this was the easiest process , the chemicals were all happy and working together . ''

\n

\n But after Fuller heard the demo , he felt it was wrong for S Club 7 and rejected it ; English singer - songwriter Sophie Ellis - Bextor also turned down the offer to record it . Davis then met with Minogue 's A&R executive , Jamie Nelson . After hearing the demo cassette of the song , Nelson booked it for Minogue to record later that year . Nelson was impressed by the `` vibe '' of the song and felt it would please the `` danceheads . '' Although Davis was initially under the impression that the recording deal would be called off later , Minogue became enthusiastic to record the song after hearing 20 seconds of the demo . The whole song , including Minogue 's vocals , were recorded at Davis 's home studio in Surrey . The music , excluding the guitar part , was programmed using Korg Triton workstation via MIDI . Dennis later remarked : `` Even though Kylie was n't the first artist to be offered the song , I do n't believe it was meant to go to anyone other than Kylie , and I do n't believe anyone else would have done the incredible job she did with it , with the video , looking super-hot ! ''

\n

\n Composition ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' A 21 - second sample of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' containing the hook and part of the chorus of the song . The song is known for its `` la la la '' hook .
\n Problems playing this file ? See media help .
\n

\n `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is a `` robotic '' midtempo dance - pop song , with a tempo of 126 beats per minute . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by EMI Music Publishing , Minogue 's vocal range spans from C to D. Minogue chants a `` la la la '' hook in the song , which is often heralded as its most appealing part . BBC Radio 2 noted that the composition of the song is `` deceptively simple , but its veins run with the whole history of electronic music . '' They described the song 's bassline as `` pulsing , '' and recognised influences of English rock band New Order and German electronic music band Kraftwerk . The song does not follow the common verse - chorus structure and is instead composed of numerous `` misplaced sections . '' Dennis reasoned that these sections `` somehow work together '' as she and Davis `` did n't try to force any structure after the event . The seeds were watered and they very quickly sprouted into something bigger than any of us . '' Likewise , Davis commented : `` It breaks a few rules as it starts with a chorus and in comes the ' la 's ' -- that is what confused my publisher ( Fuller ) when he first heard it . ''

\n

\n Through the lyrics of the song , its singer expresses an obsession with an anonymous figure . Dorian Lynskey from The Guardian termed the song a `` mystery '' as Minogue never reveals the identity of her object of infatuation . The critic suggested that the person Minogue is referring to is either `` a partner , an evasive one - night stand or someone who does n't know she exists . '' Writing for the same newspaper , Everett True identified a `` darker element '' in the simple lyrics and felt this sentiment was echoed in Minogue 's restrained vocals . Further , True emphasised that while Minogue 's 1987 single `` I Should Be So Lucky '' had presented an optimistic romantic future , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' focuses on an `` unhealthy '' and potentially destructive obsession . He also noted that in the former song , Minogue played `` the wide - eyed ing\u00e9nue with alacrity , '' but in the latter song she is aware of the harmful nature of her infatuation , calling it a `` desire that is wholly dependent on her own self - control . ''

\n

\n In late 2012 , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was re-recorded by Minogue for inclusion in her orchestral compilation album , The Abbey Road Sessions . On the album , Minogue reworked 16 of her past songs with an orchestra , which , according to Nick Levine from BBC Music , `` re-imagine them without the disco glitz and vocal effects . '' The Abbey Road Sessions - version of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' features a `` more dramatic , fully fleshed out '' musical arrangement , and follows a pizzicato playing technique , in which the strings of a string instrument are continuously plucked .

\n

\n Critical reception ( edit )

\n Minogue performing `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' during her 2009 North American For You , For Me Tour .

\n The song received overwhelming critical acclaim , subsequently being cited as one of the greatest songs of the 2000s . Chris True from AllMusic picked the song as a highlight of Fever , commenting that it `` pulses and grooves like no other she 's ( Minogue 's ) recorded . '' Jason Thompson from PopMatters described Minogue 's vocals as a `` sexual come on '' and called the song `` trim and funky , certainly something that could n't miss anywhere . '' Dominique Leone from Pitchfork Media praised the commercial prospect of the song , saying that it `` exudes a catchiness that belies its inherent simplicity , so reassuring during an era when chart acts sound increasingly baroque and producers race to see who can ape electronic music trends first . '' Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly said that the song `` fully lives up to its title '' with `` every sound a hook , '' and compared it to the works of Andrea True . Michael Hubbard from MusicOMH labelled the song `` one of 2001 's best singles , '' saying that it `` predictably beat off lesser ' competition . ' '' In 2012 , The Guardian critic Everett True defined `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' as `` one of those rare moments in pop : sleek and chic and stylish and damnably danceable , but with a darker element hidden in plain sight . '' Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz felt that `` the metallic production would n't carry quite as much of its impact if Minogue had attempted to outshine it ; wisely , her voice operates alongside it , finding renewed power in its drive '' , concluding that `` almost 15 years after its release , it still sounds fresh , forward - thinking and alive '' .

\n

\n The Abbey Road Sessions -- version of the song received generally positive reviews . Tim Sendra from AllMusic felt that `` most interesting reboot '' in the album took place on `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head , '' saying that the `` insistent strings push the song along with a tightly coiled electricity that is impossible to resist . '' He also picked the song as a highlight on the album . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine chose the song as one of the `` standouts '' on the album , saying that its arrangement `` compensate for the lack of synthetic dance beats and vocal effects . '' Tania Zeine from ARIA Charts described the track as a `` powerful violin ballad with the accompaniment of a large orchestra throughout the remainder . '' Simon Price from The Independent said that while the original version of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' would be `` impossible to improve on , '' the reworked version `` turns it into a pizzicato thriller score . '' Jude Rogers from The Quietus , however , felt that the song does not `` respond well to this ( orchestral ) treatment . '' Louis Vartel from the LGBT oriented website NewNownext , called it `` a pulsing march through the most hypnotic beat of the past 20 years ( ... ) Kylie 's American breakthrough still holds up as a cool , streamlined dance - floor magnet '' . He ranked the track on the second position of his list of the singer 's 48 greatest songs , in honor of her 48th birthday . John Russell , from LGBT magazine Queerty , concluded that `` even if ' La - La - La ' did n't make Kylie a household name in the States , at the very least it introduced her to a whole new generation of adoring American gays '' .

\n

\n Commercial performance ( edit )

\n In the United Kingdom , the simultaneous releases of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' and Victoria Beckham 's single `` Not Such an Innocent Girl '' ( pictured ) became the focus of media attention , with the BBC deeming it the `` battle of the pop princesses . ''

\n In Minogue 's native country , Australia , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' entered at number one on the Australian Singles Chart of 23 September 2001 , and remained at that position for four weeks . It spent a total of 12 weeks on the chart . In this region , it was certified triple - platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments of 210,000 units .

\n

\n In both the Dutch - speaking Flanders and French - speaking Wallonia regions of Belgium , the song peaked at number one on the Ultratop chart , spending a total of 22 and 24 weeks on the charts , respectively . In Belgium , the song was certified double - platinum for sales of 100,000 units . In France , the song entered the French Singles Chart at number 14 and peaked at number one , spending a total of 41 weeks on the chart . In this region , it was certified platinum by the Syndicat National de l'\u00c9dition Phonographique for sales of 500,000 units . As of August 2014 , the song was the 22nd best - selling single of the 21st century in France , with 542,000 units sold . In Germany , the song was number one for one week on the German Singles Chart . In this region , it was certified platinum by the Federal Association of Music Industry for shipments of 500,000 units . In Ireland , the song entered at number one on the Ireland Singles Chart , spending a total of consecutive 19 weeks on the chart .

\n

\n In the United Kingdom , the single faced competition in a hugely - hyped chart battle with Victoria Beckham 's single `` Not Such an Innocent Girl . '' On the chart date of 29 September 2001 , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart with first week sales of 306,000 units , while `` Not Such an Innocent Girl '' debuted at number six with first week sales of 35,000 units . It spent four weeks at number one , and a total of 25 weeks inside the top 40 on the chart . The song spent a record - breaking eight weeks at number one on the airplay chart of the country and became the first to garner 3000 radio plays in a single week . Subsequently , it became the most - played song of 2001 in the region . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry for shipments of 600,000 units in 2001 . The certification was upgraded to double - platinum in 2015 , denoting shipments of 1,200,000 units .

\n

\n In the United States , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' peaked at number seven on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming Minogue 's best selling single in the region since her interpretation of `` The Loco - Motion . '' Additionally , the song peaked at number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart , at number 23 on the Adult Top 40 chart , at number three on the Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) chart , and number eight on the Radio Songs chart . In this region , the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 500,000 units .

\n

\n Music video ( edit )

\n

\n Development and synopsis ( edit )

\n The white hooded jumpsuit sported by Minogue ( pictured ) was seen as a highlight of the video

\n The accompanying music video for `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was directed by Dawn Shadforth , and featured dance routines choreographed by Michael Rooney . Early in Minogue 's career , her youthful look , slim figure , and her `` proportionally '' large mouth attracted comments from various critics , with British red top newspaper News of the World speculating that the singer could possibly be an alien . Later while discussing the video , Shadforth and music critic Paul Morley took this `` bizarre suggestion '' into consideration to comment on Minogue as a `` creative , experimental artist . '' Shadforth blocked some shots of the initial driving scene based upon similar shots of Shirley Manson piloting an airplane in her award - winning dogfight clip for Garbage 's `` Special . ''

\n

\n The video was released on 11 August 2001 . It begins with Minogue driving a De Tomaso Mangusta sports car on a futuristic bridge , while singing the `` la la la '' hook of the song . The next scene consists of a number of dance couples performing a dance routine dressed in black and white costumes ; they are soon joined by Minogue , who is seen wearing a white tracksuit . The setting changes to a room where Minogue is seen striking various poses sporting bright crimson lipstick and a hooded white jumpsuit with a neckline plunging down to her navel . The outfit was designed by London - based fashion designer Fee Doran , under the label of Mrs Jones . Minogue then performs a synchronised dance routine with several backup dancers , who are wearing red and black suits . As the video ends , she performs a similar routine on the top of a building during the night , this time wearing a lavender halter neck dress with ribbon tile trim . Various scenes in the video show Minogue 's face `` unusually '' close to the lens of the camera , thus it `` subtly distorts , yet remains glamorous . '' Shadforth felt the shot gave a `` sort of sense of intimacy and as you say a sort of strangeness , '' again drawing upon the suggestion of Minogue being an alien . Similarly , Morley opined that it was `` the side of Kylie that suddenly reveals itself as being experimental , she is prepared to push herself into positions and shapes that might not be conventionally attractive ( ... ) She becomes alien Kylie as well . ''

\n

\n Legacy ( edit )

\n

\n At the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards ceremony , the music video was nominated for Best Dance Video , while Michael Rooney won the award for Best Choreography . The hooded white jumpsuit Minogue wore in the music video is often considered to be one of her most iconic looks , particularly due to its deep plunging neckline . British fashion designer and Minogue 's stylist William Baker described the choice of the outfit , saying it was `` it was pure but kind of slutty at the same time . '' The outfit was put on display at Kylie : The Exhibition , an exhibition that featured `` costumes and memorabilia collected over Kylie 's career , '' held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London , England , and at Kylie : an exhibition , a similar exhibition held at the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney , Australia . It was also included in Minogue 's official fashion photography book , Kylie / Fashion , which was released on 19 November 2012 by Thames and Hudson to celebrate Minogue 's completion of 25 years in music .

\n

\n The music video served as an inspiration for Morley while writing his book Words and Music : the history of pop in the shape of a city . In the book , Morley `` turned the lonely drive she ( Minogue ) made in the song 's video towards a city ( ... ) into a fictional history of music , '' referring to the opening sequence of the music video . The critic takes a ride with Minogue through a city and encounters various musicians and artists like the ghost of Elvis Presley , and Madonna , Kraftwerk , and ( Ludwig ) Wittgenstein . Academics Diane Railton and Paul Weston , in their 2005 essay Naughty Girls and Red Blooded Women ( Representations of Female Heterosexuality in Music Video ) , contrasted the music video of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' with that of American singer Beyonc\u00e9 's 2003 single `` Baby Boy . '' Railton and Weston concluded that while both videos focus on two singers performing seductive dance routines , Minogue is presented in a calculated manner and `` is always provisional , restricted , and contingent , '' whereas Beyonc\u00e9 displays a particular `` primitive , feral , uncontrolled and uncontrollable '' sexuality embodied by the black female body . The two felt that the videos were representative of the raced depictions of white and black women in colonial times and pop culture , respectively .

\n

\n Comedian John Bishop made a parody of the video which appeared in an episode of the ITV show The Nightly Show , which Bishop was guest presenting . The same video featured in the introduction video of Bishop 's 2017 tour `` Winging It '' .

\n

\n Live performances ( edit )

\n Minogue performing the song , as part of her Kiss Me Once Tour , on 2014 .

\n On 2 August 2001 , Minogue performed `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' at the BBC Radio 1 One Big Sunday show held at Leicester , in the United Kingdom , along with `` Spinning Around ; '' for the performance , she wore a black trilby hat , a sleeveless T - shirt upon which a picture of Marilyn Monroe had been printed , knee - length black boots , and trousers with open zips placed on both the thighs . She performed `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' on 8 November 2001 at the MTV Europe Music Awards ceremony in 2001 . At the 2002 Brit Awards held on 20 February 2002 , Minogue performed a mash - up version of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' and British band New Order 's 1983 song `` Blue Monday '' conceived by and also produced by Stuart Crichton . The mash - up was soon released as the B - side to `` Love at First Sight , '' the third single from the album Fever . The live performance of the mash - up ranked at number 40 on The Guardian 's list of `` 50 Key Events in the History of Dance Music '' in 2011 . The mashup was dubbed `` Ca n't Get Blue Monday Out of My Head '' during its inclusion as the B - side to `` Love at First Sight '' and as a remix on Minogue 's remix album Boombox . On 16 March 2002 , Minogue performed `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' along with `` In Your Eyes , '' the second single from Fever , on Saturday Night Live . On 4 June 2012 , she sang `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' at the Diamond Jubilee Concert in front of the Buckingham Palace , held in honour of Elizabeth II 's completion of 60 years as Queen . Minogue wore a pearl - studded black jacket and hat for the performance . The dance troupe Flawless , who had been finalists on the British television talent show Britain 's Got Talent , served as Minogue 's backup dancers . More recently , Minogue has performed a version of the song remixed by Steve Anderson . She performed the version during her `` MasterCard Pricless Gig '' and other mini-concerts to promote her twelfth studio album Kiss Me Once . It was performed during her seven - song set at the 2014 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony , as the final song of her performance . She also performed on the French TV show Le Grand Journal along with `` I Was Gonna Cancel . ''

\n

\n Following its release , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' has been performed by Minogue during all of her concert tours as of 2013 , with the exception of the Anti Tour in 2012 . In 2001 , the song was included in the setlist of Minogue 's On a Night Like This tour , which was launched to promote Light Years . According to Tim DiGravina from AllMusic , the performance was infused with an `` almost tangible passion and fire . '' The song was included in the encore segment of the KylieFever2002 tour , which was launched to promote Fever . In 2003 , Minogue performed the song on the one - night only concert Money Ca n't Buy , which concert was used to promote her ninth studio album , Body Language , and was held at major entertainment venue Hammersmith Apollo in London . During the performance , `` a visual flurry of quasi-Japanese symbols '' was projected onto large digital screens set behind the stage , and dancers wearing bondage costumes carried out a `` robotic '' dance routine .

\n Minogue performing `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' on the Aphrodite : Les Folies Tour , 2011 .

\n In 2005 , she performed the song on her Showgirl : The Greatest Hits Tour . But Minogue was unable to complete the tour , as she was diagnosed with early breast cancer and had to cancel the Australian leg of the tour . After undergoing treatment and recovery , Minogue resumed the concert tour in the form of Showgirl : The Homecoming Tour in 2007 , and she included `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' on the setlist . In 2008 , she performed the song on the KylieX2008 tour , which was launched to promote her tenth studio album , X . The show was split into five acts ; `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was featured on the first act , titled `` Xlectro Static , '' in a mashup with the song `` Boombox . '' In 2009 , she performed the same version of the song on the For You , for Me tour , which was her first concert tour in North America . A more rock - oriented version of the song was performed during the Aphrodite : Les Folies Tour , which was launched to promote her eleventh studio album , Aphrodite . It was regarded as `` seemingly inspired by the crunch of Janet Jackson 's `` Black Cat . '' During the performance , male back - up dancers in `` S&M dog collars '' danced with female back - up dancers , who were dressed in red ballroom gowns . In 2012 , Minogue promoted The Abbey Road Sessions by performing on the BBC Proms in the Park at Hyde Park , London . During the event , she also sang the orchestral version of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head . '' More recently , the Steve Anderson remix was performed on Minogue 's Kiss Me Once Tour and Kylie Summer 2015 Tour . It followed a performance of `` Sexercize '' in the fourth section , and an interlude dubbed the `` Sex Segue . '' She also performed this version during the 2015 Royal Albert Hall performance as part of her `` Kylie Christmas '' concert .

\n

\n Legacy ( edit )

\n

\n Commercial impact ( edit )

\n

\n Following its release , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' peaked at number one on the charts of every European country ( except Finland ) , Australia , New Zealand and Canada . The song reportedly reached number one in 40 countries worldwide , and as of 2013 , it has sold over seven million copies . In the United Kingdom , the total sales of the song are accumulated to be around 1.16 million units , thus making it the 75th best - selling single in the United Kingdom of all time . It is Minogue 's highest selling single as of 2013 and also one of the best - selling singles of all time . As of June 2015 , it is the 28th best - selling single of the millennium in the United Kingdom . The song is notable for being Minogue 's biggest and strongest commercial breakthrough in the United States , a region in which Minogue had previously managed to achieve little success . The commercial success of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' in the US is often considered to have piloted its parent album Fever to achieve similar success in the region . The album would later peak at number three on the Billboard 200 chart , and attain a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of 1,000,000 units . Fever reportedly sold over six million copies worldwide , becoming Minogue 's highest selling album as of 2013 .

\n

\n Cultural impact ( edit )

\n Eventually , with the hugely successful `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head , '' Kylie would rattle the American pop psyche , reminding the rather insular scene that the bubbly girl who had first made waves with the 1987 cover of `` The Loco - Motion '' had developed into a stylish , experienced , and able pop performer with a clear agenda -- both musically and visually -- and the chops to match .

\n -- Chris True , in his biography of Minogue at AllMusic .

\n

\n In 2011 , Rolling Stone magazine ranked `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' at number 45 on `` 100 Best Songs of the 2000s '' list , noting that Minogue had `` seduced the U.S. with this mirror - ball classic '' and that `` we 've been hearing it at the gym ever since . '' NME ranked the song at number 74 on their `` 100 Best Track of the Noughties '' list , saying it `` encapsulated everything enviable in a well - crafted song '' and heralding it as Minogue 's best single . In 2012 , Priya Elan from NME ranked the song at number four on his `` The Greatest Pop Songs in History '' list , saying : `` It was unlike any song I remember hearing before . '' In 2012 , The Guardian included the song in their list of `` The Best Number One Records , '' labelling it to be `` sleek , Arctic - blue minimalism , like an emotionally thwarted retelling of Donna Summer 's `` I Feel Love . '' In the same year , PRS for Music , a UK copyright collection society and performance rights organisation which collects royalties on behalf of songwriters and composers , named `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' the `` Most Popular Song of the Decade '' as it received the highest airplay and live covers in the 2000s ( decade ) .

\n Minogue performing `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' during her KylieX Tour ( 2008 ) .

\n In 2013 , a survey of 700 people was conducted as part of the Manchester Science Festival to find out which song they considered the `` catchiest , '' and `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' topped the poll . Lee Barron , in his essay The Seven Ages of Kylie Minogue : Postmodernism , Identity , and Performative Mimicry , noted that the song `` further established Minogue 's cultural and commercial relevance in the new millennium . '' He remarked that the song `` with its hypnotic ' la la la ' refrain and the deceptively uncomplicated , catchily repetitive beats and synth - sound , marked yet another clearly defined image transformation from the camp - infused Light Years to an emphasis upon a cool , machine - like sexuality , a trait clearly identifiable within the promotional video for ' Ca n't Get You Out of My Head . ' '' Similarly , Everett True from The Guardian wrote that the song continued the `` change in the marketing and public perception of Kylie '' and her transition from the `` homely girl - next - door '' to `` a much more flirtatious , sophisticated persona '' that started with the release of `` Spinning Around '' in 2000 . True also felt that the success of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' was one of the motivating factors behind `` manufactured '' pop music gaining a `` new postmodern respectability '' and marked a `` clear shift in attitude towards pop music among the ' serious ' rock critic fraternity : the idea that ( manufactured , female ) pop music might well be the equal of ( organic , male ) rock music after all , that each has their high points and their low . '' In 2011 , Minogue 's official website posted a special article marking the song 's 10th anniversary on 8 September , the release date of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' in Australia . `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is recognised as Minogue 's signature song .

\n

\n `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' garnered Minogue a number of awards . At the 2001 Top of the Pops Awards ceremony , the song won the award for `` Best Single . '' At the 2002 ARIA Music Awards ceremony , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' won the awards for `` Single of the Year '' and `` Highest Selling Single , '' and Minogue won the `` Outstanding Achievement Award . '' In 2002 , it won a Dutch Edison Award for `` Single of the Year . '' In the same year , Dennis and Davis won three awards at the 47th Ivor Novello Awards for their composition of the song ; they won the awards `` The Ivors Dance Award , '' `` Most Performed Work , '' and `` International Hit of the Year . '' At the inaugural Premios Oye ! in 2002 , the song received a nomination in the category of `` Song of the Year . '' In the 2007 episode of The Simpsons , `` Homerazzi '' , the track is heard playing in a celebrity - packed nightclub into which Homer storms . The track is also heard in the films Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason , Hey Good Looking ! , Holy Motors , and 20,000 Days on Earth . The `` Ca n't Get Blue Monday Out of My Head '' mash - up is heard in the film Layer Cake , and New Order themselves sampled the song during their 2005 Coachella set as they performed `` Blue Monday '' .

\n

\n Formats and track listings ( edit )

\n

\n These are the formats and track listings of major single releases of `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head : ''

\n \n
    \n
  1. \n `` Ca n't Get You Out Of My Head '' -- 3 : 50
    2. \n
  2. \n `` Boy '' -- 3 : 47
    3. \n
  3. \n `` Rendezvous at Sunset '' -- 3 : 23
    4. \n
\n \n
    \n
  1. \n `` Ca n't Get You Out Of My Head '' - 3 : 50
    2. \n
  2. \n `` Ca n't Get You Out Of My Head '' ( K & M Mindprint Mix ) - 6 : 34
    3. \n
  3. \n `` Ca n't Get You Out Of My Head '' ( Plastika Mix ) - 9 : 26
    4. \n
\n \n
    \n
  1. \n `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' -- 3 : 52
    2. \n
  2. \n `` Boy '' -- 3 : 48
    3. \n
\n

\n Charts ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n Weekly charts ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 2001 -- 02 ) \n Peak position
\n Australia ( ARIA ) \n
\n Austria ( \u00d63 Austria Top 40 ) \n
\n Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) \n
\n Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) \n
\n Brazil ( ABPD ) \n
\n Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) \n
\n Denmark ( Tracklisten ) \n
\n Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) \n 5
\n France ( SNEP ) \n
\n Germany ( Official German Charts ) \n
\n Greece ( IFPI Greece ) \n
\n Ireland ( IRMA ) \n
\n Italy ( FIMI ) \n
\n Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) \n
\n New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) \n
\n Norway ( VG - lista ) \n
\n Poland ( Polish Singles Chart ) \n
\n Portugal ( Billboard ) \n
\n Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) \n
\n Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) \n
\n South Africa ( RiSA ) \n
\n Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) \n
\n Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) \n
\n Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) \n
\n UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) \n
\n US Billboard Hot 100 \n 7
\n US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) \n 23
\n US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) \n
\n US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) \n
\n US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) \n 9
\n 		\n

\n Year - end charts ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 2001 ) \n Position
\n Australian Singles Chart \n
\n Austrian Singles Chart \n
\n Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) \n 8
\n Belgian Singles Chart ( Wallonia ) \n 7
\n Dutch Top 40 \n
\n French Singles Chart \n 8
\n German Singles Chart \n 6
\n Irish Singles Chart \n 7
\n Italian Singles Chart \n
\n New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) \n 45
\n Romanian Singles Chart \n
\n Swiss Singles Chart \n
\n UK Singles Chart \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 2002 ) \n Position
\n Austrian Singles Chart \n 50
\n French Singles Chart \n 36
\n Swiss Singles Chart \n 26
\n US Billboard Hot 100 \n 45
\n

\n Decade - end charts ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Country \n Position
\n Australia \n 58
\n Germany \n 67
\n Netherlands \n 15
\n United Kingdom \n 7
\n

\n All Time Charts ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Country \n Position
\n UK Singles Chart \n 72
\n
\n

\n Certifications ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Region \n Certification \n Certified units / Sales
\n Australia ( ARIA ) \n 3 \u00d7 Platinum \n 210,000
\n Austria ( IFPI Austria ) \n Platinum \n 40,000
\n Belgium ( BEA ) \n 2 \u00d7 Platinum \n 100,000
\n France ( SNEP ) \n Platinum \n 918,000
\n Germany ( BVMI ) \n Platinum \n 500,000
\n Greece ( IFPI Greece ) \n Platinum \n 20,000
\n Italy ( FIMI ) \n Platinum \n 50,000
\n Netherlands ( NVPI ) \n Platinum \n 60,000
\n New Zealand ( RMNZ ) \n Gold \n 5,000
\n Norway ( IFPI Norway ) \n Platinum \n 10,000
\n South Africa \n Platinum \n 50,000 ^
\n Sweden ( GLF ) \n Platinum \n 30,000
\n Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) \n Platinum \n 40,000
\n United Kingdom ( BPI ) \n 2 \u00d7 Platinum \n 1,200,000
\n United States ( RIAA ) \n Gold \n 531,000
\n

\n sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone

\n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : True , Chris . `` Kylie Minogue -- Biography '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 21 July 2013 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2001 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 17 January 2010 . Retrieved 21 July 2013 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Certified Awards '' . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original on 6 February 2013 . Retrieved 21 July 2013 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2000 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 20 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 July 2013 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Ten Years Ago On 8Th September 2001 ... '' Kylie.com . Parlophone Records . 8 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 31 May 2012 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . Kylie.com . Parlophone Records . Archived from the original on 27 February 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Price , Simon ( 25 October 2012 ) . `` Limitless Joy : Kylie Minogue Interviewed '' . The Quietus . Retrieved 6 October 2013 .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : `` I Wrote That : Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . M Magazine . PRS for Music . 26 September 2011 . Retrieved 5 October 2013 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` The Kylie hit you ca n't get out of your head '' . BBC . 31 December 2011 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : Inglis , Sam ( May 2002 ) . `` People + Opinion : Rob Davis '' . Sound on Sound . SOS Publications Group . Archived from the original on 2004 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 25 June 2014 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Dorian , Lynskey ( 21 May 2012 ) . `` The best No 1 records : Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 July 2013 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Ivan ( 28 February 2012 ) . `` Ten Years Gone : Kylie Minogue -- Fever '' . Hectic But Eclectic . Retrieved 4 August 2013 .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : True , Chris . `` Fever - Kylie Minogue '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . Musicnotes.com . EMI Music Publishing . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    15. \n
  15. \n ^ Jump up to : Lynskey , Dorian ( 31 May 2012 ) . `` The best No 1 records : Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The People 's Songs - Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . BBC . Retrieved 21 August 2013 .
    17. \n
  17. \n ^ Jump up to : True , Everett ( 29 July 2014 ) . `` Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head : a damnably danceable hit '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 July 2014 .
    18. \n
  18. \n ^ Jump up to : Sendra , Tim . `` The Abbey Road Sessions - Kylie Minogue '' . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 16 July 2013 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Levine , Nick . `` Kylie Minogue The Abbey Road Sessions Review '' . BBC Music . BBC . Retrieved 17 July 2013 .
    20. \n
  20. \n ^ Jump up to : Cinquemani , Sal ( 11 November 2012 ) . `` Kylie Minogue : The Abbey Road Sessions '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    21. \n
  21. \n ^ Jump up to : Price , Simon ( 28 October 2012 ) . `` Album : Kylie Minogue , The Abbey Road Sessions ( Parlophone ) '' . The Independent . Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Top Songs of the 2000s '' . Acclaimed Music . Retrieved 14 November 2016 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Thompson , Jason ( 25 February 2002 ) . `` Kylie Minogue : Fever '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 22 July 2013 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Leone , Dominique ( 21 March 2002 ) . `` Kylie Minogue : Fever '' . Pitchfork Media . Retrieved 22 July 2013 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Farber , Jim ( 1 March 2002 ) . `` Fever ( 2002 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 3 August 2013 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Hubbard , Michael ( 1 October 2001 ) . `` Kylie Minogue -- Fever '' . MusicOMH . Retrieved 3 August 2013 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Jason , Lippshutz ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` Kylie Minogue Primer : The Top 10 Past Hits You Need To Know '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 January 2017 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Zeine , Tania . `` Review : Kylie Minogue -- ' The Abbey Roads Sessions ' Album '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 18 August 2013 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Rogers , Jude ( 30 November 2012 ) . `` Kylie '' . The Quietus . Retrieved 17 July 2013 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Vartel , Louis ( 26 May 2016 ) . `` Kylie Minogue 's 48 Best Songs , Ranked ! '' . NewNowNext . Archived from the original on 25 February 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2017 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Russell , John ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` MUSIC : Queerty 's Top 10 Favorite Kylie Minogue Videos '' . Queerty . Retrieved 21 January 2017 .
    32. \n
  32. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Kylie and Beckham begin chart race '' . BBC . 17 September 2001 . Retrieved 19 December 2007 .
    33. \n
  33. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . Australian Charts . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2001 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue - Can Not Get You Out of My Head '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue - Can Not Get You Out of My Head '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Les Disques D'Or / De Platine - Singles - 2002 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue - Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in French ) . French Charts . Hung Medien . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` Certifications Singles Platine -- ann\u00e9e 2001 '' ( in French ) . SNEP Musique . Archived from the original on 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` Top 100 des singles les plus vendus du mill\u00e9naire en France , \u00e9pisode 8 ( 30 - 21 ) '' . Chartsinfrance , PureCharts. 30 August 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 17 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Single - Kylie Minogue Can not Get You Out of My Head '' ( in German ) . Charts.de . Media Control . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Singles , Week Ending 20 September 2001 '' . GfK. 20 September 2001 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Singles , Week Ending 24 January 2002 '' . GfK. 31 January 2002 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Bests Victoria on U.K. Singles Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Boshoff , Alison . `` Kylie beats Posh in chart clash '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` 2001 Top 40 Official Singles Chart UK Archive '' . Official Charts Company . 29 September 2009 . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue - Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 31 July 2013 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue - Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 31 July 2013 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue - Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 31 July 2013 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue - Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 31 July 2013 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue - Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 31 July 2013 .
    54. \n
  54. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original on 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 19 August 2013 .
    55. \n
  55. \n ^ Jump up to : Daw , Robbie ( 27 February 2012 ) . `` Kylie Minogue 's ' Fever ' Turns 10 : Backtracking '' . Idolator . Buzz Media . Retrieved 31 July 2013 .
    56. \n
  56. \n ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Bee ( 12 June 2013 ) . `` Kylie Minogue : Pop Star , Fashion Darling ... Who ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 August 2013 .
    57. \n
  57. \n ^ Jump up to : Bailey , Kristen ( 6 February 2007 ) . `` Come into Her World -- Kylie Minogue at the V&A , London '' . Culture24 . Retrieved 19 August 2013 .
    58. \n
  58. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Inside the Kylie Minogue Fashion Shoot : Part 1 '' . Stylist . Shortlist Media Ltd . Retrieved 19 August 2013 .
    59. \n
  59. \n ^ Jump up to : Karmali , Sarah ( 29 October 2012 ) . `` Kylie Minogue Launches Fashion Book '' . Vogue . Retrieved 19 August 2013 .
    60. \n
  60. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head ( 2001 ) '' . IMVDb . Retrieved 19 August 2013 .
    61. \n
  61. \n ^ Jump up to : Halligan , Benjamin ; Edgar , Robert ; Fairclough - Isaacs , Kirsty ( 26 June 2013 ) . The Music Documentary : Acid Rock to Electropop . London : Routledge . p. 228 . ISBN 978 - 0415528023 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ William Baker , Kylie Minogue ( 2002 ) . Kylie : La La La . Hodder & Staughton . ISBN 0 - 340 - 73439 - 6 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Kaslikowski , Adam ( 25 February 2013 ) . `` The De Tomaso Mangusta , An Alternative Version '' . Petrolicious . Retrieved 19 August 2013 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` Cobra Killer -- de Tomaso Mangusta # 8MA 1216 '' . Gettin ' A Li'l Psycho on Tyres. 20 April 2011 . Retrieved 19 August 2013 .
    65. \n
  65. \n ^ Jump up to : Christina ( 29 March 2011 ) . `` Come and get dressed up by Mrs. Jones on Friday '' . Fashion 's Most Wanted . Retrieved 19 August 2013 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ Taylor , Ben ( 28 May 2013 ) . `` Kylie Minogue 's Best music video Moments '' . Swide . Retrieved 19 August 2013 .
    67. \n
  67. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Kylie : an exhibition '' . Powerhouse Museum . Retrieved 19 August 2013 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 2002 '' . MTV . Viacom Media Networks . 29 August 2002 . Retrieved 18 March 2014 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Morley , Paul ( 13 March 2011 ) . `` Paul Morley on music '' . The Observer . Retrieved 13 December 2013 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ `` Words and Music : A History of Pop in the Shape of a City ( Paperback ) '' . Amazon.com ( UK ) . Retrieved 13 December 2013 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Railton , Diane ; Watson , Paul ( 2005 ) . `` Naughty Girls and Red Blooded Women ( Representations of Female Heterosexuality in Music Video ) '' . Feminist Media Studies . 5 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1080 / 14680770500058207 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ `` One Big Sunday 2001 -- Leicester - Kylie Minogue '' . BBC . 2 August 2001 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ `` In pictures : MTV Europe Awards 2001 '' . BBC . 8 November 2001 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 .
    74. \n
  74. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Ca n't Get Blue Monday Out of My Head '' . Niagara.edu . Retrieved 21 August 2013 .
    75. \n
  75. \n ^ Jump up to : Elan , Priya ( 3 January 2012 ) . `` The Greatest Pop Songs in History -- No. 4 : Kylie Minogue , ' Ca n't Get You Out of My Head ' '' . NME . Archived from the original on 6 September 2014 . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link )
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Vine , Richard ( 15 June 2011 ) . `` Kylie mashes up Ca n't Get You Out of My Head with Blue Monday at the Brits '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 August 2013 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue - Love at First Sight '' . Australian Charts . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 August 2013 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Inskeep , Thomas . `` Boombox - Kylie Minogue '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 22 August 2013 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ `` Love at First Sight ( French CD ) - Kylie Minogue '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 22 August 2013 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ `` '' Saturday Night Live '' Ian McKellen / Kylie Minogue ( TV Episode 2002 ) `` . IMDb . Amazon.com . Retrieved 20 August 2013 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Anisiobi , JJ ( 5 June 2012 ) . `` Here come the girls : Kylie Minogue and Jessie J show off their legs as well as their voices at The Queen 's Diamond Jubilee concert '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 15 December 2013 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ DiGravina , Tim . `` Live in Sydney - Kylie Minogue '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 21 August 2013 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` Average setlist for tour : KylieFever2002 '' . Setlist.fm . Retrieved 21 August 2013 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` Body Language Live '' . Billboard . Retrieved 20 July 2013 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ Battaglia , Anna ( 27 December 2004 ) . `` Kylie Minogue : Body Language Live '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion , Inc . Retrieved 21 August 2013 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Hogwood , Ben . `` Kylie Minogue -- Showgirl : The Greatest Hits Tour '' . MusicOMH . Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 October 2013 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie diagnosed with breast cancer , cancels aussie leg of showgirl tour '' . Fridae. 18 May 2005 . Retrieved 20 June 2013 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Mawer , Sharon . `` Showgirl Homecoming Live - Kylie Minogue '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 5 October 2013 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie X 2008 - Kylie Minogue '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 5 October 2013 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 6 October 2009 ) . `` Kylie Minogue / October 4 , 2009 / Los Angeles ( Hollywood Bowl ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 21 August 2013 .
    91. \n
  91. \n ^ Jump up to : Power , Ed ( 24 March 2011 ) . `` Kylie Minogue , The O2 , Dublin , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 21 August 2013 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ `` Live : Kylie Minogue Makes Grand Entrance After Grand Entrance At The Hammerstein '' . Johnston , Maura. 3 May 2011 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Cooper , Joel ( 10 September 2012 ) . `` There 's no business like show business ... Kylie 's still got it as she dazzles at Proms in the Park '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 20 June 2013 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ `` BBC Proms in the Park 2012 '' . BBC Radio 2 . BBC UK . Retrieved 5 October 2013 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ Paine , Andre ( 30 September 2014 ) . `` Kylie Minogue : Kiss Me Once tour , O2 Arena - concert review : ' Kylie 's perky show proves she 's still the princess of pop ' '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 20 March 2017 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ Woods , Adam ( 19 December 2015 ) . `` A national treasure and she 's not even from here : How Kylie stole Christmas '' . Daily Mail . Daily Mail and General Trust . Retrieved 20 March 2017 .
    97. \n
  97. \n ^ Jump up to : `` 100 Best Tracks of the 00s -- No. 74 Kylie Minogue -- ' Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . NME . Archived from the original on 14 June 2013 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link )
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Burke , Robert ( 1 September 2009 ) . `` Biggest Selling Singles Since The Year 2000 '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ Lane , Daniel ( 27 June 2013 ) . `` Daft Punk 's Get Lucky becomes one of the UK 's biggest selling singles of all - time ! '' . Official Charts . Retrieved 2 January 2014 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of the Millennium so far revealed '' . Official Charts Company . 11 June 2015 . Retrieved 13 June 2015 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ Ivan ( 28 February 2012 ) . `` Ten Years Gone : Kylie Minogue -- Fever '' . Hectic But Eclectic . Retrieved 16 August 2013 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue biography '' . The Biography Channel . A + E Networks . Retrieved 4 August 2013 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ `` Can Kylie Break in the U.S. ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 August 2013 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie 's US success rewarded '' . BBC . 6 March 2003 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue - Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 August 2013 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ `` Fever '' . Kylie.com . Parlophone Records . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 August 2013 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Songs of the 2000s : Kylie Minogue , ' Ca n't Get You Out of My Head ' '' . Rolling Stone . 16 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Tops Chart For Most Popular Song of the Decade '' . PRS for Music . 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ `` The Kylie hit you ca n't get out of your head '' . BBC . 31 December 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ Lay , Kat ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` Why you ca n't get that tune out of your head ... '' The Times . News UK . Retrieved 18 October 2013 .
    111. \n
  111. \n ^ Jump up to : Barron , Lee ( December 2008 ) . `` The Seven Ages of Kylie Minogue : Postmodernism , Identity , and Performative Mimicry '' ( PDF ) . Nebula : 13 . Retrieved 6 October 2013 .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 8 August 2013 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ `` TOTP Awards : The winners '' . BBC . 30 November 2001 . Retrieved 22 August 2013 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ `` Winners by Year '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 27 November 2011 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ Goody , Chloe ( 27 July 2012 ) . `` Kylie Minogue : 25 Great Music Moments '' . MSN . Microsoft . Retrieved 22 August 2013 .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ `` Minogue Track Tops Ivor Novello Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved 5 October 2013 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ `` Todo listo para los Premios Oye ! '' . Ritmoson Latino . Televisa . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 27 November 2013 .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ `` The Simpsons ( TV Series ) , Homerazzi ( 2007 ) - Soundtracks '' . IMDB . Retrieved 1 October 2015 .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ Prevatt , Mike ( 9 May 2005 ) . `` COACHELLA 2005 '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 19 March 2018 .
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head Part 1 ( Single , Enhanced , Import ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 22 August 2013 .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Get You Out Of My Head Part 2 ( Single , Import ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 26 March 2017 .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head -- Single '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . Apple Inc . Retrieved 22 August 2013 .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in German ) . \u00d63 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    125. \n
  125. \n Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 .
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 August 2014 .
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue : Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    132. \n
  132. \n Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Minogue , Kylie Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    133. \n
  133. \n Jump up ^ `` Greek Singles Chart '' . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on 3 April 2002 . Retrieved 12 May 2012 .
    134. \n
  134. \n Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 38 , 2001 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    135. \n
  135. \n Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    136. \n
  136. \n Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    137. \n
  137. \n Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    138. \n
  138. \n Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    139. \n
  139. \n Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Music Control '' . Archived from the original on 24 October 2007 .
    140. \n
  140. \n Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World '' . Billboard. 12 January 2002 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Retrieved 15 September 2012 .
    141. \n
  141. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Top of the Year 2001 '' . Archived from the original on 9 December 2002 .
    142. \n
  142. \n Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    143. \n
  143. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Music Divas & Rock Bands Top Sounth African Certifications '' . Music Industry News Network . Retrieved 12 February 2015 .
    144. \n
  144. \n Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    145. \n
  145. \n Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    146. \n
  146. \n Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    147. \n
  147. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    148. \n
  148. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    149. \n
  149. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    150. \n
  150. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    151. \n
  151. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    152. \n
  152. \n Jump up ^ `` Kylie Minogue Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 November 2013 .
    153. \n
  153. \n Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- End of Year Charts -- Top 100 Singles 2001 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 8 August 2015 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    154. \n
  154. \n Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade - 2001 '' ( in German ) . Austrian Charts . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 1 August 2012 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    155. \n
  155. \n Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2001 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    156. \n
  156. \n Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuel 2001 '' ( in French ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    157. \n
  157. \n Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2001 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Charts . GfK . Archived from the original on 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    158. \n
  158. \n Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles -- ann\u00e9e 2001 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'\u00c9dition Phonographique . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    159. \n
  159. \n Jump up ^ Tolksdorf , Markus . `` German Top 20 -- The Chart of 2001 '' . Infinity Charts . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    160. \n
  160. \n Jump up ^ `` Best of 2001 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    161. \n
  161. \n Jump up ^ `` Italy Best of 2001 '' . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved 14 February 2017 .
    162. \n
  162. \n Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 2001 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 11 December 2017 .
    163. \n
  163. \n Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts 2001 '' ( in German ) . Swiss Charts . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 21 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    164. \n
  164. \n Jump up ^ `` Yearly Best Selling Singles '' ( PDF ) . British Phonographic Industry . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    165. \n
  165. \n Jump up ^ `` Jahreshitparade - 2002 '' ( in German ) . Austrian Charts . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 12 March 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    166. \n
  166. \n Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles -- ann\u00e9e 2002 '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'\u00c9dition Phonographique . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    167. \n
  167. \n Jump up ^ `` Swiss Year - End Charts 2002 '' ( in German ) . Swiss Charts . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    168. \n
  168. \n Jump up ^ http://www.bobborst.com/popculture/top-100-songs-of-the-year/?year=2002
    169. \n
  169. \n Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Sales -- ARIA End of Decade Singles / Top 100 '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 September 2010 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    170. \n
  170. \n Jump up ^ `` Die erfolgreichsten Hits des neuen Jahrtausends '' ( in German ) . RTL Television . Retrieved 11 December 2013 .
    171. \n
  171. \n Jump up ^ `` Decennium Charts -- Singles 2000 -- 2009 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Charts . GfK . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    172. \n
  172. \n Jump up ^ Nihal ( 31 December 2009 ) . `` Charts of the Decade , Episode 4 '' . BBC . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .
    173. \n
  173. \n Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2001 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association .
    174. \n
  174. \n Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Kylie Minogue in the field Interpret . Enter Ca n't Get You Out of My Head in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen
    175. \n
  175. \n Jump up ^ `` Ultratop \u2212 Goud en Platina -- 2002 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien .
    176. \n
  176. \n Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'\u00c9dition Phonographique .
    177. \n
  177. \n Jump up ^ `` Les Singles Platine : '' ( in French ) . Infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on 5 February 2015 . Retrieved 1 August 2013 .
    178. \n
  178. \n Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Kylie Minogue ; ' Ca n't Get You Out of My Head ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie .
    179. \n
  179. \n Jump up ^ `` Greek single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI Greece .
    180. \n
  180. \n Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana .
    181. \n
  181. \n Jump up ^ `` Goud & Platina -- Kylie Minoque -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in Dutch ) . NVPI . Archived from the original on 11 December 2008 . Retrieved 15 August 2012 .
    182. \n
  182. \n Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . Recorded Music NZ .
    183. \n
  183. \n Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway .
    184. \n
  184. \n Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat \u2212 \u00c5r 2002 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden .
    185. \n
  185. \n Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Kylie Minogue ; ' Ca n't Get You Out of My Head ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien .
    186. \n
  186. \n Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Ca n't Get You Out of My Head in the search field and then press Enter .
    187. \n
  187. \n Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( 29 September 2016 ) . `` Flashback to 2001 : Victoria Beckham battles Kylie Minogue for Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 29 September 2016 .
    188. \n
  188. \n Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Kylie Minogue -- Get You Out of My Head '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH
    189. \n
  189. \n Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 4 March 2011 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Katy Perry , Kylie Minogue , Cee Lo Green '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 April 2013 .
    190. \n
\n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n

\n The Complete Kylie , Simon Sheridan , Reynolds & Hearn Books ( February 2009 ) . ( 2nd ed . ) ISBN 1 - 905287 - 89 - 5

\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Kylie Minogue songs
\n
    \n
  • \n Singles discography
    • \n
\n
\n Kylie \n
    \n
  • \n `` I Should Be So Lucky ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Loco - Motion ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Je ne sais pas pourquoi ''
    • \n
  • \n `` It 's No Secret ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Got to Be Certain ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Turn It into Love ''
    • \n
\n
\n Enjoy Yourself \n
    \n
  • \n `` Hand on Your Heart ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Would n't Change a Thing ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Never Too Late ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Tears on My Pillow ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Especially for You ''
    • \n
\n
\n Rhythm of Love \n
    \n
  • \n `` Better the Devil You Know ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Step Back in Time ''
    • \n
  • \n `` What Do I Have to Do ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Shocked ''
    • \n
\n
\n Let 's Get to It \n
    \n
  • \n `` Word Is Out ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Give Me Just a Little More Time ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Finer Feelings ''
    • \n
  • \n `` If You Were with Me Now ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Guess I Like It Like That ''
    • \n
\n
\n Greatest Hits \n
    \n
  • \n `` What Kind of Fool ( Heard All That Before ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Celebration ''
    • \n
\n
\n Kylie Minogue \n
    \n
  • \n `` Confide in Me ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Put Yourself in My Place ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Where Is the Feeling ? ''
    • \n
\n
\n Impossible Princess \n
    \n
  • \n `` Too Far ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Cowboy Style ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Some Kind of Bliss ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Did It Again ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Breathe ''
    • \n
\n
\n Light Years \n
    \n
  • \n `` Spinning Around ''
    • \n
  • \n `` On a Night Like This ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Your Disco Needs You ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Please Stay ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Butterfly ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Kids ''
    • \n
\n
\n Fever \n
    \n
  • \n `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head ''
    • \n
  • \n `` In Your Eyes ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Love at First Sight ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Come into My World ''
    • \n
\n
\n Body Language \n
    \n
  • \n `` Slow ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Red Blooded Woman ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Chocolate ''
    • \n
\n
\n Ultimate Kylie \n
    \n
  • \n `` I Believe in You ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Giving You Up ''
    • \n
\n
\n X \n
    \n
  • \n `` 2 Hearts ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Wow ''
    • \n
  • \n `` In My Arms ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Speakerphone ''
    • \n
  • \n `` All I See ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The One ''
    • \n
\n
\n Aphrodite \n
    \n
  • \n `` All the Lovers ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Get Outta My Way ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Put Your Hands Up ( If You Feel Love ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Aphrodite ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Better than Today ''
    • \n
\n
\n A Kylie Christmas \n
    \n
  • \n `` Let It Snow ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Santa Baby ''
    • \n
\n
\n The Abbey Road Sessions \n
    \n
  • \n `` Flower ''
    • \n
\n
\n Kiss Me Once \n
    \n
  • \n `` Into the Blue ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Was Gonna Cancel ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Sexercize ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Beautiful ''
    • \n
\n
\n Kylie + Garibay \n
    \n
  • \n `` Black and White ''
    • \n
\n
\n Kylie Christmas \n
    \n
  • \n `` It 's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Winter Wonderland ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Christmas Wrapping ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Only You ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Every Day 's Like Christmas ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I 'm Gonna Be Warm This Winter ''
    • \n
  • \n `` 2000 Miles ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas ''
    • \n
  • \n `` 100 Degrees ''
    • \n
\n
\n Kylie Christmas : Snow Queen Edition \n
    \n
  • \n `` Stay Another Day ''
    • \n
  • \n `` At Christmas ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Wonderful Christmastime ''
    • \n
  • \n `` I Wish It Could Be Christmas Everyday ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Christmas Lights ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Everybody 's Free ( To Feel Good ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Night Fever ''
    • \n
\n
\n Golden \n
    \n
  • \n `` Dancing ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Stop Me from Falling ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Raining Glitter ''
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n ARIA Award for Single of the Year
\n
    \n
  • \n `` You 're the Voice '' by John Farnham ( 1987 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Beds Are Burning '' by Midnight Oil ( 1988 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Under the Milky Way '' by The Church ( 1989 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Crying in the Chapel '' by Peter Blakeley ( 1990 )
    • \n
  • \n `` I Do n't Wanna Be with Nobody But You '' by Absent Friends ( 1991 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Treaty ( Filthy Lucre Remix ) '' by Yothu Yindi ( 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n `` The Day You Went Away '' by Wendy Matthews ( 1993 )
    • \n
  • \n `` The Honeymoon Is Over '' by The Cruel Sea ( 1994 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Tomorrow '' by Silverchair ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Kylie Minogue ( 1996 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Truly Madly Deeply '' by Savage Garden ( 1997 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Torn '' by Natalie Imbruglia ( 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n `` The Day You Come '' by Powderfinger ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Do n't Call Me Baby '' by Madison Avenue ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n `` My Happiness '' by Powderfinger ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' by Kylie Minogue ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Born to Try '' by Delta Goodrem ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Are You Gonna Be My Girl '' by Jet ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Catch My Disease '' by Ben Lee ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Black Fingernails , Red Wine '' by Eskimo Joe ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Straight Lines '' by Silverchair ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Sweet About Me '' by Gabriella Cilmi ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Walking on a Dream '' by Empire of the Sun ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Big Jet Plane '' by Angus & Julia Stone ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra ( 2011 )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Can%27t_Get_You_Out_of_My_Head&oldid=838110772 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who wrote cant get you out of my head lyrics", "long_answers": ["`` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is a song recorded by Australian singer Kylie Minogue for her eighth studio album , titled Fever , which she released in 2001 . The song was released in Australia by Parlophone as the lead single from the album on 8 September 2001 . It was released on 17 September 2001 in the United Kingdom . In the United States , the single was released on 18 February 2002 . Jointly written , composed , and produced by Cathy Dennis and Rob Davis , `` Ca n't Get You Out of My Head '' is a midtempo dance - pop song which lyrically details its narrator 's obsession towards her lover . The song is famous for its `` la la la '' hook .\n"], "short_answers": ["Cathy Dennis and Rob Davis\n", "Cathy Dennis\n", "Rob Davis\n", "Cathy Dennis and Rob Davis\n", "Cathy Dennis\n", "Rob Davis\n", "Cathy Dennis\n", "Rob Davis\n"]} {"text": "Stopping by woods on a Snowy Evening - wikipedia

\n Stopping by woods on a Snowy Evening

\n Jump to : navigation , search

\n `` Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening '' is a poem written in 1922 by Robert Frost , and published in 1923 in his New Hampshire volume . Imagery , personification , and repetition are prominent in the work . In a letter to Louis Untermeyer , Frost called it `` my best bid for remembrance '' .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Overview ( edit )

\n

\n Frost wrote the poem in June 1922 at his house in Shaftsbury , Vermont . He had been up the entire night writing the long poem `` New Hampshire '' and had finally finished when he realized morning had come . He went out to view the sunrise and suddenly got the idea for `` Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening '' . He wrote the new poem `` about the snowy evening and the little horse as if I 'd had a hallucination '' in just `` a few minutes without strain '' .

\n

\n The poem is written in iambic tetrameter in the Rubaiyat stanza created by Edward Fitzgerald . Each verse ( save the last ) follows an a-a-b-a rhyming scheme , with the following verse 's a 's rhyming with that verse 's b , which is a chain rhyme ( another example is the terza rima used in Dante 's Inferno . ) Overall , the rhyme scheme is AABA - BBCB - CCDC - DDDD .

\n

\n The text of the poem describes the thoughts of a lone rider ( the speaker ) , pausing at night in his travel to watch snow falling in the woods . It ends with him reminding himself that , despite the loveliness of the view , `` I have promises to keep , / And miles to go before I sleep . ''

\n

\n Use in eulogies ( edit )

\n

\n In the early morning of November 23 , 1963 , Sid Davis of Westinghouse Broadcasting reported the arrival of President John F. Kennedy 's casket to the White House . As Frost was one of the President 's favorite poets , Davis concluded his report with a passage from this poem but was overcome with emotion as he signed off .

\n

\n At the funeral of former Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau , on October 3 , 2000 , his eldest son Justin rephrased the last stanza of this poem in his eulogy : `` The woods are lovely , dark and deep . He has kept his promises and earned his sleep . ''

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Tuten , Nancy Lewis ; Zubizarreta , John ( 2001 ) . The Robert Frost Encyclopedia . Greenwood Publishing . p. 347 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29464 - X . Retrieved 9 December 2011 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Frost , Carol . `` Sincerity and Inventions : On Robert Frost '' . Academy of American Poets . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 04 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Poirier , Richard ( 1977 ) . Robert Frost : The Work of Knowing . London : Oxford University Press . p. 181 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502216 - 5 . In fact , the woods are not , as the Lathem edition would have it ( with its obtuse emendation of a comma after the second adjective in line 13 ) , merely ' lovely , dark , and deep . ' Rather , as Frost in all the editions he supervised intended , they are ' lovely , ( i.e. ) dark and deep ' ; the loveliness thereby partakes of the depth and darkness which make the woods so ominous .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` My Brush with History - `` We Heard the Shots ... '' : Aboard the Press Bus in Dallas 40 Years Ago '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 26 September 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 30 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link )
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Davis , Sid ; Bennett , Susan ; Trost , Catherine ' Cathy ' ; Rather , Daniel ' Dan ' Irvin Jr ( 2004 ) . `` Return To The White House '' . President Kennedy Has Been Shot : Experience The Moment - to - Moment Account of The Four Days That Changed America . Newseum ( illustrated ed . ) . Naperville , IL : Sourcebooks . p. 173 . ISBN 1 - 4022 - 0317 - 9 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Justin Trudeau 's eulogy '' . On This Day . Toronto , ON , CA : CBC Radio . 3 October 2000 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 .
    7. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Robert Frost
\n Poems \n
    \n
  • \n `` Acquainted with the Night ''
    • \n
  • \n `` After Apple - Picking ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Birches ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Death of the Hired Man ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Fire and Ice ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Gift Outright ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Mending Wall ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Nothing Gold Can Stay ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Out , Out - ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Oven Bird ''
    • \n
  • \n `` A Question ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Road Not Taken ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening ''
    • \n
\n
\n Poetry collections \n
    \n
  • \n A Boy 's Will
    • \n
  • \n North of Boston
    • \n
  • \n Mountain Interval
    • \n
  • \n New Hampshire
    • \n
  • \n West - Running Brook
    • \n
  • \n Collected Poems of Robert Frost
    • \n
  • \n A Further Range
    • \n
  • \n A Witness Tree
    • \n
  • \n In the Clearing
    • \n
\n
\n Plays \n
    \n
  • \n A Masque of Reason
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Robert Frost Farm , New Hampshire
    • \n
  • \n The Frost Place , Home and Museum
    • \n
  • \n Robert Frost Farm ( Ripton , Vermont )
    • \n
  • \n Robert Frost Farm ( South Shaftsbury , Vermont )
    • \n
  • \n Robert Frost House , Massachusetts
    • \n
  • \n Robert Frost Medal
    • \n
  • \n Frostiana ( 1959 choral art )
    • \n
  • \n Robert Frost : A Lover 's Quarrel with the World ( 1963 documentary )
    • \n
  • \n Robert Frost : A Life ( 2000 biography )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stopping_by_Woods_on_a_Snowy_Evening&oldid=826525203 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who wrote the poem the woods are lovely dark and deep", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Hamlet - wikipedia

\n Hamlet

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the play by William Shakespeare . For other uses , see Hamlet ( disambiguation ) . The American actor Edwin Booth as Hamlet , ca . 1870

\n The Tragedy of Hamlet , Prince of Denmark , often shortened to Hamlet ( / \u02c8h\u00e6ml\u026at / ) , is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare at an uncertain date between 1599 and 1602 . Set in Denmark , the play dramatises the revenge Prince Hamlet is called to wreak upon his uncle , Claudius , by the ghost of Hamlet 's father , King Hamlet . Claudius had murdered his own brother and seized the throne , also marrying his deceased brother 's widow .

\n

\n Hamlet is Shakespeare 's longest play , and is considered among the most powerful and influential works of world literature , with a story capable of `` seemingly endless retelling and adaptation by others '' . It was probably one of Shakespeare 's most popular works during his lifetime , and still ranks among his most performed , topping the performance list of the Royal Shakespeare Company and its predecessors in Stratford - upon - Avon since 1879 . It has inspired many other writers -- from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Charles Dickens to James Joyce and Iris Murdoch -- and has been described as `` the world 's most filmed story after Cinderella '' .

\n

\n The story of Shakespeare 's Hamlet was derived from the legend of Amleth , preserved by 13th - century chronicler Saxo Grammaticus in his Gesta Danorum , as subsequently retold by the 16th - century scholar Fran\u00e7ois de Belleforest . Shakespeare may also have drawn on an earlier Elizabethan play known today as the Ur - Hamlet , though some scholars believe he himself wrote the Ur - Hamlet , later revising it to create the version of Hamlet we now have . He almost certainly wrote his version of the title role for his fellow actor , Richard Burbage , the leading tragedian of Shakespeare 's time . In the 400 years since its inception , the role has been performed by numerous highly acclaimed actors in each successive century .

\n

\n Three different early versions of the play are extant : the First Quarto ( Q1 , 1603 ) ; the Second Quarto ( Q2 , 1604 ) ; and the First Folio ( F1 , 1623 ) . Each version includes lines and entire scenes missing from the others . The play 's structure and depth of characterisation have inspired much critical scrutiny . One such example is the centuries - old debate about Hamlet 's hesitation to kill his uncle , which some see as merely a plot device to prolong the action , but which others argue is a dramatisation of the complex philosophical and ethical issues that surround cold - blooded murder , calculated revenge , and thwarted desire . More recently , psychoanalytic critics have examined Hamlet 's unconscious desires , while feminist critics have re-evaluated and attempted to rehabilitate the often maligned characters of Ophelia and Gertrude .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Characters ( edit )

\n Main article : Characters in Hamlet \n

\n Plot ( edit )

\n

\n Act I ( edit )

\n

\n The protagonist of Hamlet is Prince Hamlet of Denmark , son of the recently deceased King Hamlet , and nephew of King Claudius , his father 's brother and successor . Claudius hastily married King Hamlet 's widow , Gertrude , Hamlet 's mother , and took the throne for himself . Denmark has a long - standing feud with neighbouring Norway , in which King Hamlet slew King Fortinbras of Norway in a battle some years ago . Although Denmark defeated Norway , and the Norwegian throne fell to King Fortinbras 's infirm brother , Denmark fears that an invasion led by the dead Norwegian king 's son , Prince Fortinbras , is imminent .

\n

\n On a cold night on the ramparts of Elsinore , the Danish royal castle , the sentries Bernardo and Marcellus discuss a ghost resembling the late King Hamlet which they have recently seen , and bring Prince Hamlet 's friend Horatio as a witness . After the ghost appears again , the three vow to tell Prince Hamlet what they have witnessed .

\n

\n As the court gathers the next day , while King Claudius and Queen Gertrude discuss affairs of state with their elderly adviser Polonius , Hamlet looks on glumly . During the court , Claudius grants permission for Polonius 's son Laertes to return to school in France , and sends envoys to inform the King of Norway about Fortinbras . Claudius also scolds Hamlet for continuing to grieve over his father , and forbids him from returning to his schooling in Wittenberg . After the court exits , Hamlet despairs of his father 's death and his mother 's hasty remarriage . Learning of the ghost from Horatio , Hamlet resolves to see it himself .

\n Horatio , Hamlet , and the ghost ( Artist : Henry Fuseli , 1789 )

\n As Polonius 's son Laertes prepares to depart for a visit to France , Polonius gives him contradictory advice that culminates in the ironic maxim `` to thine own self be true . '' Polonius 's daughter , Ophelia , admits her interest in Hamlet , but Laertes warns her against seeking the prince 's attention , and Polonius orders her to reject his advances . That night on the rampart , the ghost appears to Hamlet , telling the prince that he has been condemned to Purgatory due to his inability to receive his last rites . He further explains that he was murdered by Claudius and demands that Hamlet avenge him . Hamlet agrees and the ghost vanishes . The prince confides to Horatio and the sentries that from now on he plans to `` put an antic disposition on '' , or act as though he has gone mad , and forces them to swear to keep his plans for revenge secret . Privately , however , he remains uncertain of the ghost 's reliability .

\n

\n Act II ( edit )

\n

\n After the departure of Laertes , Polonius sends his servant Reynaldo to Paris to spy on his son . Soon thereafter , Ophelia rushes to her father , telling him that Hamlet arrived at her door the prior night half - undressed and behaving erratically . Polonius blames love for Hamlet 's madness and resolves to inform Claudius and Gertrude . As he enters to do so , the king and queen finish welcoming Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , two student acquaintances of Hamlet , to Elsinore . The royal couple has requested that the students investigate the cause of Hamlet 's mood and behaviour . Additional news requires that Polonius wait to be heard : messengers from Norway inform Claudius that the King of Norway has rebuked Prince Fortinbras for attempting to re-fight his father 's battles . The forces that Fortinbras had conscripted to march against Denmark will instead be sent against Poland , though they will pass through Danish territory to get there .

\n

\n Polonius tells Claudius and Gertrude his theory regarding Hamlet 's behaviour , and speaks to Hamlet in a hall of the castle to try to uncover more information . Hamlet feigns madness but subtly insults Polonius all the while . When Rosencrantz and Guildenstern arrive , Hamlet greets his `` friends '' warmly , but quickly discerns that they are spies . Hamlet becomes bitter , admitting that he is upset at his situation but refusing to give the true reason why , instead commenting on `` what a piece of work '' humanity is . Rosencrantz and Guildenstern tell Hamlet that they have brought along a troupe of actors that they met while traveling to Elsinore . Hamlet , after welcoming the actors and dismissing his friends - turned - spies , asks them to deliver a soliloquy about the death of King Priam and Queen Hecuba at the climax of the Trojan War . Impressed by their delivery of the speech , he plots to stage The Murder of Gonzago , a play featuring a death in the style of his father 's murder , and to determine the truth of the ghost 's story , as well as Claudius 's guilt or innocence , by studying Claudius 's reaction .

\n

\n Act III ( edit )

\n

\n Polonius forces Ophelia to return Hamlet 's love letters and tokens of affection to the prince while he and Claudius watch from afar to evaluate Hamlet 's reaction . Hamlet is walking alone in the hall as the King and Polonius await Ophelia 's entrance , musing whether `` to be or not to be '' . When Ophelia enters and tries to return Hamlet 's things , Hamlet accuses her of immodesty and cries `` get thee to a nunnery '' , though it is unclear whether this , too , is a show of madness or genuine distress . His reaction convinces Claudius that Hamlet is not mad for love . Shortly thereafter , the court assembles to watch the play Hamlet has commissioned . After seeing the Player King murdered by his rival pouring poison in his ear , Claudius abruptly rises and runs from the room : for Hamlet , proof positive of his uncle 's guilt .

\n Hamlet mistakenly stabs Polonius ( Artist : Coke Smyth , 19th century ) .

\n Gertrude summons Hamlet to her room to demand an explanation . Meanwhile , Claudius soliloquizes about the impossibility of repenting , since he still has possession of his ill - gotten goods : his brother 's crown and wife . He sinks to his knees . Hamlet , on his way to visit his mother , sneaks up behind him , but does not kill him , reasoning that killing Claudius while he is praying will send him straight to heaven while his father 's ghost is stuck in purgatory . In the queen 's bedchamber , Hamlet and Gertrude fight bitterly . Polonius , spying on the conversation from behind a tapestry , makes a noise .

\n

\n Hamlet , believing it is Claudius , stabs wildly , killing Polonius , but pulls aside the curtain and sees his mistake . In a rage , Hamlet brutally insults his mother for her apparent ignorance of Claudius 's villainy , but the ghost enters and reprimands Hamlet for his inaction and harsh words . Unable to see or hear the ghost herself , Gertrude takes Hamlet 's conversation with it as further evidence of madness . After begging the queen to stop sleeping with Claudius , Hamlet leaves , dragging Polonius 's corpse away .

\n

\n Act IV ( edit )

\n

\n Hamlet jokes with Claudius about where he has hidden Polonius 's body , and the king , fearing for his life , sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to accompany Hamlet to England with a sealed letter to the English king requesting that Hamlet be executed immediately .

\n

\n Demented by grief at Polonius 's death , Ophelia wanders Elsinore . Laertes arrives back from France , enraged by his father 's death and his sister 's madness . Claudius convinces Laertes that Hamlet is solely responsible , but a letter soon arrives indicating that Hamlet has returned to Denmark , foiling Claudius ' plan . Claudius switches tactics , proposing a fencing match between Laertes and Hamlet to settle their differences . Laertes will be given a poison - tipped foil , and Claudius will offer Hamlet poisoned wine as a congratulation if that fails . Gertrude interrupts to report that Ophelia has drowned , though it is unclear whether it was suicide or an accident exacerbated by her madness .

\n The gravedigger scene ( Artist : Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix , 1839 )

\n Act v ( edit )

\n

\n Horatio has received a letter from Hamlet , explaining that the prince escaped by negotiating with pirates who attempted to attack his England - bound ship , and the friends reunite offstage . Two gravediggers discuss Ophelia 's apparent suicide while digging her grave . Hamlet arrives with Horatio and banters with one of the gravediggers , who unearths the skull of a jester from Hamlet 's childhood , Yorick . Hamlet picks up the skull , saying `` alas , poor Yorick '' as he contemplates mortality . Ophelia 's funeral procession approaches , led by Laertes . Hamlet and Horatio initially hide , but when Hamlet realizes that Ophelia is the one being buried , he reveals himself , proclaiming his love for her . Laertes and Hamlet fight by Ophelia 's graveside , but the brawl is broken up .

\n

\n Back at Elsinore , Hamlet explains to Horatio that he had discovered Claudius 's letter with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 's belongings and replaced it with a forged copy indicating that his former friends should be killed instead . A foppish courtier , Osric , interrupts the conversation to deliver the fencing challenge to Hamlet . Hamlet , despite Horatio 's pleas , accepts it . Hamlet does well at first , leading the match by two hits to none , and Gertrude raises a toast to him using the poisoned glass of wine Claudius had set aside for Hamlet . Claudius tries to stop her , but is too late : she drinks , and Laertes realizes the plot will be revealed . Laertes slashes Hamlet with his poisoned blade . In the ensuing scuffle , they switch weapons and Hamlet wounds Laertes with his own poisoned sword . Gertrude collapses and , claiming she has been poisoned , dies . In his dying moments , Laertes reconciles with Hamlet and reveals Claudius 's plan . Hamlet rushes at Claudius and kills him . As the poison takes effect , Hamlet , hearing that Fortinbras is marching through the area , names the Norwegian prince as his successor . Horatio , distraught at the thought of being the last survivor and living whilst Hamlet does not , says he will commit suicide by drinking the dregs of Gertrude 's poisoned wine , but Hamlet begs him to live on and tell his story . Hamlet dies in Horatio 's arms , proclaiming `` the rest is silence '' . Fortinbras , who was ostensibly marching towards Poland with his army , arrives at the palace , along with an English ambassador bringing news of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern 's deaths . Horatio promises to recount the full story of what happened , and Fortinbras , seeing the entire Danish royal family dead , takes the crown for himself , and orders a military funeral to honour Hamlet .

\n

\n Sources ( edit )

\n Main article : Sources of Hamlet A facsimile of Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus , which contains the legend of Amleth

\n Hamlet - like legends are so widely found ( for example in Italy , Spain , Scandinavia , Byzantium , and Arabia ) that the core `` hero - as - fool '' theme is possibly Indo - European in origin . Several ancient written precursors to Hamlet can be identified . The first is the anonymous Scandinavian Saga of Hrolf Kraki . In this , the murdered king has two sons -- Hroar and Helgi -- who spend most of the story in disguise , under false names , rather than feigning madness , in a sequence of events that differs from Shakespeare 's . The second is the Roman legend of Brutus , recorded in two separate Latin works . Its hero , Lucius ( `` shining , light '' ) , changes his name and persona to Brutus ( `` dull , stupid '' ) , playing the role of a fool to avoid the fate of his father and brothers , and eventually slaying his family 's killer , King Tarquinius . A 17th - century Nordic scholar , Torfaeus , compared the Icelandic hero Amlodi and the Spanish hero Prince Ambales ( from the Ambales Saga ) to Shakespeare 's Hamlet . Similarities include the prince 's feigned madness , his accidental killing of the king 's counsellor in his mother 's bedroom , and the eventual slaying of his uncle .

\n

\n Many of the earlier legendary elements are interwoven in the 13th - century `` Life of Amleth '' ( Latin : Vita Amlethi ) by Saxo Grammaticus , part of Gesta Danorum . Written in Latin , it reflects classical Roman concepts of virtue and heroism , and was widely available in Shakespeare 's day . Significant parallels include the prince feigning madness , his mother 's hasty marriage to the usurper , the prince killing a hidden spy , and the prince substituting the execution of two retainers for his own . A reasonably faithful version of Saxo 's story was translated into French in 1570 by Fran\u00e7ois de Belleforest , in his Histoires tragiques . Belleforest embellished Saxo 's text substantially , almost doubling its length , and introduced the hero 's melancholy .

\n Title page of The Spanish Tragedy by Thomas Kyd

\n According to one theory , Shakespeare 's main source is an earlier play -- now lost -- known today as the Ur - Hamlet . Possibly written by Thomas Kyd or even William Shakespeare , the Ur - Hamlet would have existed by 1589 , and would have incorporated a ghost . Shakespeare 's company , the Chamberlain 's Men , may have purchased that play and performed a version for some time , which Shakespeare reworked . However , since no copy of the Ur - Hamlet has survived , it is impossible to compare its language and style with the known works of any of its putative authors . Consequently , there is no direct evidence that Kyd wrote it , nor any evidence that the play was not an early version of Hamlet by Shakespeare himself . This latter idea -- placing Hamlet far earlier than the generally accepted date , with a much longer period of development -- has attracted some support .

\n

\n The upshot is that scholars can not assert with any confidence how much material Shakespeare took from the Ur - Hamlet ( if it even existed ) , how much from Belleforest or Saxo , and how much from other contemporary sources ( such as Kyd 's The Spanish Tragedy ) . No clear evidence exists that Shakespeare made any direct references to Saxo 's version . However , elements of Belleforest 's version which are not in Saxo 's story do appear in Shakespeare 's play . Whether Shakespeare took these from Belleforest directly or from the hypothetical Ur - Hamlet remains unclear .

\n

\n Most scholars reject the idea that Hamlet is in any way connected with Shakespeare 's only son , Hamnet Shakespeare , who died in 1596 at age eleven . Conventional wisdom holds that Hamlet is too obviously connected to legend , and the name Hamnet was quite popular at the time . However , Stephen Greenblatt has argued that the coincidence of the names and Shakespeare 's grief for the loss of his son may lie at the heart of the tragedy . He notes that the name of Hamnet Sadler , the Stratford neighbour after whom Hamnet was named , was often written as Hamlet Sadler and that , in the loose orthography of the time , the names were virtually interchangeable .

\n

\n Scholars have often speculated that Hamlet 's Polonius might have been inspired by William Cecil ( Lord Burghley ) -- Lord High Treasurer and chief counsellor to Queen Elizabeth I. E.K. Chambers suggested Polonius 's advice to Laertes may have echoed Burghley 's to his son Robert Cecil . John Dover Wilson thought it almost certain that the figure of Polonius caricatured Burghley . A.L. Rowse speculated that Polonius 's tedious verbosity might have resembled Burghley 's . Lilian Winstanley thought the name Corambis ( in the First Quarto ) did suggest Cecil and Burghley . Harold Jenkins considers the idea that Polonius might be a caricature of Burghley is a conjecture , and may be based on the similar role they each played at court , and also on the fact that Burghley addressed his Ten Precepts to his son , as in the play Polonius offers `` precepts '' to Laertes , his son . Jenkins suggests that any personal satire may be found in the name `` Polonius '' , which might point to a Polish or Polonian connection . G.R. Hibbard hypothesised that differences in names ( Corambis / Polonius : Montano / Raynoldo ) between the First Quarto and other editions might reflect a desire not to offend scholars at Oxford University .

\n

\n Date ( edit )

\n John Barrymore as Hamlet ( 1922 )

\n `` Any dating of Hamlet must be tentative '' , cautions the New Cambridge editor , Phillip Edwards . The earliest date estimate relies on Hamlet 's frequent allusions to Shakespeare 's Julius Caesar , itself dated to mid-1599 . The latest date estimate is based on an entry , of 26 July 1602 , in the Register of the Stationers ' Company , indicating that Hamlet was `` latelie Acted by the Lo : Chamberleyne his servantes '' .

\n

\n In 1598 , Francis Meres published his Palladis Tamia , a survey of English literature from Chaucer to its present day , within which twelve of Shakespeare 's plays are named . Hamlet is not among them , suggesting that it had not yet been written . As Hamlet was very popular , Bernard Lott , the series editor of New Swan , believes it `` unlikely that he ( Meres ) would have overlooked ... so significant a piece '' .

\n

\n The phrase `` little eyases '' in the First Folio ( F1 ) may allude to the Children of the Chapel , whose popularity in London forced the Globe company into provincial touring . This became known as the War of the Theatres , and supports a 1601 dating . Katherine Duncan - Jones accepts a 1600 -- 1 attribution for the date Hamlet was written , but notes that the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , playing Hamlet in the 3000 - capacity Globe , were unlikely to be put to any disadvantage by an audience of `` barely one hundred '' for the Children of the Chapel 's equivalent play , Antonio 's Revenge ; she believes that Shakespeare , confident in the superiority of his own work , was making a playful and charitable allusion to his friend John Marston 's very similar piece .

\n

\n A contemporary of Shakespeare 's , Gabriel Harvey , wrote a marginal note in his copy of the 1598 edition of Chaucer 's works , which some scholars use as dating evidence . Harvey 's note says that `` the wiser sort '' enjoy Hamlet , and implies that the Earl of Essex -- executed in February 1601 for rebellion -- was still alive . Other scholars consider this inconclusive . Edwards , for example , concludes that the `` sense of time is so confused in Harvey 's note that it is really of little use in trying to date Hamlet '' . This is because the same note also refers to Spenser and Watson as if they were still alive ( `` our flourishing metricians '' ) , but also mentions `` Owen 's new epigrams '' , published in 1607 .

\n

\n Texts ( edit )

\n Title page of the 1605 printing ( Q2 ) of Hamlet

\n Three early editions of the text have survived , making attempts to establish a single `` authentic '' text problematic and inconclusive . Each surviving edition differs from the others :

\n \n

\n Other folios and quartos were subsequently published -- including John Smethwick 's Q3 , Q4 , and Q5 ( 1611 -- 37 ) -- but these are regarded as derivatives of the first three editions .

\n The first page of the First Folio printing of Hamlet , 1623

\n Early editors of Shakespeare 's works , beginning with Nicholas Rowe ( 1709 ) and Lewis Theobald ( 1733 ) , combined material from the two earliest sources of Hamlet available at the time , Q2 and F1 . Each text contains material that the other lacks , with many minor differences in wording : scarcely 200 lines are identical in the two . Editors have combined them in an effort to create one `` inclusive '' text that reflects an imagined `` ideal '' of Shakespeare 's original . Theobald 's version became standard for a long time , and his `` full text '' approach continues to influence editorial practice to the present day . Some contemporary scholarship , however , discounts this approach , instead considering `` an authentic Hamlet an unrealisable ideal ... there are texts of this play but no text '' . The 2006 publication by Arden Shakespeare of different Hamlet texts in different volumes is perhaps evidence of this shifting focus and emphasis . Other editors have continued to argue the need for well - edited editions taking material from all versions of the play . Colin Burrow has argued that `` most of us should read a text that is made up by conflating all three versions ... it 's about as likely that Shakespeare wrote : `` To be or not to be , ay , there 's the point '' ( in Q1 ) , as that he wrote the works of Francis Bacon . I suspect most people just wo n't want to read a three - text play ... ( multi-text editions are ) a version of the play that is out of touch with the needs of a wider public . ''

\n

\n Traditionally , editors of Shakespeare 's plays have divided them into five acts . None of the early texts of Hamlet , however , were arranged this way , and the play 's division into acts and scenes derives from a 1676 quarto . Modern editors generally follow this traditional division , but consider it unsatisfactory ; for example , after Hamlet drags Polonius 's body out of Gertrude 's bedchamber , there is an act - break after which the action appears to continue uninterrupted .

\n Comparison of the ' To be , or not to be ' soliloquy in the first three editions of Hamlet , showing the varying quality of the text in the Bad Quarto , the Good Quarto and the First Folio

\n The discovery in 1823 of Q1 -- whose existence had been quite unsuspected -- caused considerable interest and excitement , raising many questions of editorial practice and interpretation . Scholars immediately identified apparent deficiencies in Q1 , which was instrumental in the development of the concept of a Shakespearean `` bad quarto '' . Yet Q1 has value : it contains stage directions ( such as Ophelia entering with a lute and her hair down ) that reveal actual stage practices in a way that Q2 and F1 do not ; it contains an entire scene ( usually labelled 4.6 ) that does not appear in either Q2 or F1 ; and it is useful for comparison with the later editions . The major deficiency of Q1 is in the language : particularly noticeable in the opening lines of the famous `` To be , or not to be '' soliloquy : `` To be , or not to be , aye there 's the point . / To die , to sleep , is that all ? Aye all : / No , to sleep , to dream , aye marry there it goes . '' However , the scene order is more coherent , without the problems of Q2 and F1 of Hamlet seeming to resolve something in one scene and enter the next drowning in indecision . New Cambridge editor Kathleen Irace has noted that `` Q1 's more linear plot design is certainly easier ( ... ) to follow ( ... ) but the simplicity of the Q1 plot arrangement eliminates the alternating plot elements that correspond to Hamlet 's shifts in mood . ''

\n

\n Q1 is considerably shorter than Q2 or F1 and may be a memorial reconstruction of the play as Shakespeare 's company performed it , by an actor who played a minor role ( most likely Marcellus ) . Scholars disagree whether the reconstruction was pirated or authorised . It is suggested by Irace that Q1 is an abridged version intended especially for travelling productions , thus the question of length may be considered as separate from issues of poor textual quality . Editing Q1 thus poses problems in whether or not to `` correct '' differences from Q2 and F. Irace , in her introduction to Q1 , wrote that `` I have avoided as many other alterations as possible , because the differences ... are especially intriguing ... I have recorded a selection of Q2 / F readings in the collation . '' The idea that Q1 is not riddled with error but is instead eminently fit for the stage has led to at least 28 different Q1 productions since 1881 . Other productions have used the probably superior Q2 and Folio texts , but used Q1 's running order , in particular moving the to be or not to be soliloquy earlier . Developing this , some editors such as Jonathan Bate have argued that Q2 may represent `` a ' reading ' text as opposed to a ' performance ' one '' of Hamlet , analogous to how modern films released on disc may include deleted scenes : an edition containing all of Shakespeare 's material for the play for the pleasure of readers , so not representing the play as it would have been staged .

\n

\n Analysis and criticism ( edit )

\n Main article : Critical approaches to Hamlet

\n Critical History ( edit )

\n

\n From the early 17th century , the play was famous for its ghost and vivid dramatisation of melancholy and insanity , leading to a procession of mad courtiers and ladies in Jacobean and Caroline drama . Though it remained popular with mass audiences , late 17th - century Restoration critics saw Hamlet as primitive and disapproved of its lack of unity and decorum . This view changed drastically in the 18th century , when critics regarded Hamlet as a hero -- a pure , brilliant young man thrust into unfortunate circumstances . By the mid-18th century , however , the advent of Gothic literature brought psychological and mystical readings , returning madness and the ghost to the forefront . Not until the late 18th century did critics and performers begin to view Hamlet as confusing and inconsistent . Before then , he was either mad , or not ; either a hero , or not ; with no in - betweens . These developments represented a fundamental change in literary criticism , which came to focus more on character and less on plot . By the 19th century , Romantic critics valued Hamlet for its internal , individual conflict reflecting the strong contemporary emphasis on internal struggles and inner character in general . Then too , critics started to focus on Hamlet 's delay as a character trait , rather than a plot device . This focus on character and internal struggle continued into the 20th century , when criticism branched in several directions , discussed in context and interpretation below .

\n

\n Dramatic structure ( edit )

\n

\n Hamlet departed from contemporary dramatic convention in several ways . For example , in Shakespeare 's day , plays were usually expected to follow the advice of Aristotle in his Poetics : that a drama should focus on action , not character . In Hamlet , Shakespeare reverses this so that it is through the soliloquies , not the action , that the audience learns Hamlet 's motives and thoughts . The play is full of seeming discontinuities and irregularities of action , except in the `` bad '' quarto . At one point , as in the Gravedigger scene , Hamlet seems resolved to kill Claudius : in the next scene , however , when Claudius appears , he is suddenly tame . Scholars still debate whether these twists are mistakes or intentional additions to add to the play 's themes of confusion and duality . Hamlet also contains a recurrent Shakespearean device , a play within the play , a literary device or conceit in which one story is told during the action of another story .

\n

\n Length ( edit )

\n

\n Hamlet is Shakespeare 's longest play . The Riverside edition constitutes 4,042 lines totaling 29,551 words , typically requiring over four hours to stage . It is rare that the play is performed without some abridgments , and only one film adaptation has used a full - text conflation : Kenneth Branagh 's 1996 version , which runs slightly more than four hours .

\n

\n Language ( edit )

\n Hamlet 's statement that his dark clothes are the outer sign of his inner grief demonstrates strong rhetorical skill ( artist : Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix 1834 ) .

\n Much of Hamlet 's language is courtly : elaborate , witty discourse , as recommended by Baldassare Castiglione 's 1528 etiquette guide , The Courtier . This work specifically advises royal retainers to amuse their masters with inventive language . Osric and Polonius , especially , seem to respect this injunction . Claudius 's speech is rich with rhetorical figures -- as is Hamlet 's and , at times , Ophelia 's -- while the language of Horatio , the guards , and the gravediggers is simpler . Claudius 's high status is reinforced by using the royal first person plural ( `` we '' or `` us '' ) , and anaphora mixed with metaphor to resonate with Greek political speeches .

\n

\n Of all the characters , Hamlet has the greatest rhetorical skill . He uses highly developed metaphors , stichomythia , and in nine memorable words deploys both anaphora and asyndeton : `` to die : to sleep -- / To sleep , perchance to dream '' . In contrast , when occasion demands , he is precise and straightforward , as when he explains his inward emotion to his mother : `` But I have that within which passes show , / These but the trappings and the suits of woe '' . At times , he relies heavily on puns to express his true thoughts while simultaneously concealing them . His `` nunnery '' remarks to Ophelia are an example of a cruel double meaning as nunnery was Elizabethan slang for brothel . His very first words in the play are a pun ; when Claudius addresses him as `` my cousin Hamlet , and my son '' , Hamlet says as an aside : `` A little more than kin , and less than kind . ''

\n

\n An unusual rhetorical device , hendiadys , appears in several places in the play . Examples are found in Ophelia 's speech at the end of the nunnery scene : `` Th'expectancy and rose of the fair state '' and `` And I , of ladies most deject and wretched '' . Many scholars have found it odd that Shakespeare would , seemingly arbitrarily , use this rhetorical form throughout the play . One explanation may be that Hamlet was written later in Shakespeare 's life , when he was adept at matching rhetorical devices to characters and the plot . Linguist George T. Wright suggests that hendiadys had been used deliberately to heighten the play 's sense of duality and dislocation . Pauline Kiernan argues that Shakespeare changed English drama forever in Hamlet because he `` showed how a character 's language can often be saying several things at once , and contradictory meanings at that , to reflect fragmented thoughts and disturbed feelings '' . She gives the example of Hamlet 's advice to Ophelia , `` get thee to a nunnery '' , which is simultaneously a reference to a place of chastity and a slang term for a brothel , reflecting Hamlet 's confused feelings about female sexuality .

\n

\n Hamlet 's soliloquies have also captured the attention of scholars . Hamlet interrupts himself , vocalising either disgust or agreement with himself , and embellishing his own words . He has difficulty expressing himself directly and instead blunts the thrust of his thought with wordplay . It is not until late in the play , after his experience with the pirates , that Hamlet is able to articulate his feelings freely .

\n

\n Context and interpretation ( edit )

\n

\n Religious ( edit )

\n John Everett Millais ' Ophelia ( 1852 ) depicts Lady Ophelia 's mysterious death by drowning . In the play , the gravediggers discuss whether Ophelia 's death was a suicide and whether she merits a Christian burial .

\n Written at a time of religious upheaval , and in the wake of the English Reformation , the play is alternately Catholic ( or piously medieval ) and Protestant ( or consciously modern ) . The ghost describes himself as being in purgatory , and as dying without last rites . This and Ophelia 's burial ceremony , which is characteristically Catholic , make up most of the play 's Catholic connections . Some scholars have observed that revenge tragedies come from Catholic countries like Italy and Spain , where the revenge tragedies present contradictions of motives , since according to Catholic doctrine the duty to God and family precedes civil justice . Hamlet 's conundrum , then , is whether to avenge his father and kill Claudius , or to leave the vengeance to God , as his religion requires .

\n

\n Much of the play 's Protestant tones derive from its setting in Denmark -- both then and now a predominantly Protestant country , though it is unclear whether the fictional Denmark of the play is intended to portray this implicit fact . Dialog refers explicitly to Wittenberg , where Hamlet , Horatio , and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern attend university , implying where Martin Luther in 1517 first proposed his 95 theses and thereby initiated the Protestant Reformation .

\n

\n Philosophical ( edit )

\n Philosophical ideas in Hamlet are similar to those of the French writer Michel de Montaigne , a contemporary of Shakespeare 's ( artist : Thomas de Leu , fl. 1560 -- 1612 ) .

\n Hamlet is often perceived as a philosophical character , expounding ideas that are now described as relativist , existentialist , and sceptical . For example , he expresses a subjectivistic idea when he says to Rosencrantz : `` there is nothing either good or bad , but thinking makes it so '' . The idea that nothing is real except in the mind of the individual finds its roots in the Greek Sophists , who argued that since nothing can be perceived except through the senses -- and since all individuals sense , and therefore perceive things differently -- there is no absolute truth , but rather only relative truth . The clearest alleged instance of existentialism is in the `` to be , or not to be '' speech , where Hamlet is thought by some to use `` being '' to allude to life and action , and `` not being '' to death and inaction .

\n

\n Hamlet reflects the contemporary scepticism promoted by the French Renaissance humanist Michel de Montaigne . Prior to Montaigne 's time , humanists such as Pico della Mirandola had argued that man was God 's greatest creation , made in God 's image and able to choose his own nature , but this view was subsequently challenged in Montaigne 's Essais of 1580 . Hamlet 's `` What a piece of work is a man '' seems to echo many of Montaigne 's ideas , and many scholars have discussed whether Shakespeare drew directly from Montaigne or whether both men were simply reacting similarly to the spirit of the times .

\n

\n Psychoanalytic ( edit )

\n Freud suggested that an unconscious Oedipal conflict caused Hamlet 's hesitations ( artist : Eug\u00e8ne Delacroix 1844 ) .

\n In the first half of the 20th century , when psychoanalysis was at the height of its influence , its concepts were applied to Hamlet , notably by Sigmund Freud , Ernest Jones , and Jacques Lacan , and these studies influenced theatrical productions . In his The Interpretation of Dreams ( 1900 ) , Freud 's analysis starts from the premise that `` the play is built up on Hamlet 's hesitations over fulfilling the task of revenge that is assigned to him ; but its text offers no reasons or motives for these hesitations '' . After reviewing various literary theories , Freud concludes that Hamlet has an `` Oedipal desire for his mother and the subsequent guilt ( is ) preventing him from murdering the man ( Claudius ) who has done what he unconsciously wanted to do '' . Confronted with his repressed desires , Hamlet realises that `` he himself is literally no better than the sinner whom he is to punish '' . Freud suggests that Hamlet 's apparent `` distaste for sexuality '' -- articulated in his `` nunnery '' conversation with Ophelia -- accords with this interpretation . John Barrymore 's long - running 1922 performance in New York , directed by Thomas Hopkins , `` broke new ground in its Freudian approach to character '' , in keeping with the post-World War I rebellion against everything Victorian . He had a `` blunter intention '' than presenting the genteel , sweet prince of 19th - century tradition , imbuing his character with virility and lust .

\n

\n Beginning in 1910 , with the publication of `` The \u0152dipus - Complex as an Explanation of Hamlet 's Mystery : A Study in Motive '' Ernest Jones -- a psychoanalyst and Freud 's biographer -- developed Freud 's ideas into a series of essays that culminated in his book Hamlet and Oedipus ( 1949 ) . Influenced by Jones 's psychoanalytic approach , several productions have portrayed the `` closet scene '' , where Hamlet confronts his mother in her private quarters , in a sexual light . In this reading , Hamlet is disgusted by his mother 's `` incestuous '' relationship with Claudius while simultaneously fearful of killing him , as this would clear Hamlet 's path to his mother 's bed . Ophelia 's madness after her father 's death may also be read through the Freudian lens : as a reaction to the death of her hoped - for lover , her father . Ophelia is overwhelmed by having her unfulfilled love for him so abruptly terminated and drifts into the oblivion of insanity . In 1937 , Tyrone Guthrie directed Laurence Olivier in a Jones - inspired Hamlet at The Old Vic . Olivier later used some of these same ideas in his 1948 film version of the play .

\n

\n In the 1950s , Lacan 's structuralist theories about Hamlet were first presented in a series of seminars given in Paris and later published in `` Desire and the Interpretation of Desire in Hamlet '' . Lacan postulated that the human psyche is determined by structures of language and that the linguistic structures of Hamlet shed light on human desire . His point of departure is Freud 's Oedipal theories , and the central theme of mourning that runs through Hamlet . In Lacan 's analysis , Hamlet unconsciously assumes the role of phallus -- the cause of his inaction -- and is increasingly distanced from reality `` by mourning , fantasy , narcissism and psychosis '' , which create holes ( or lack ) in the real , imaginary , and symbolic aspects of his psyche . Lacan 's theories influenced literary criticism of Hamlet because of his alternative vision of the play and his use of semantics to explore the play 's psychological landscape .

\n

\n In the Bloom 's Shakespeare Through the Ages volume on Hamlet , editors Bloom and Foster express a conviction that the intentions of Shakespeare in portraying the character of Hamlet in the play exceeded the capacity of the Freudian Oedipus complex to completely encompass the extent of characteristics depicted in Hamlet throughout the tragedy : `` For once , Freud regressed in attempting to fasten the Oedipus Complex upon Hamlet : it will not stick , and merely showed that Freud did better than T.S. Eliot , who preferred Coriolanus to Hamlet , or so he said . Who can believe Eliot , when he exposes his own Hamlet Complex by declaring the play to be an aesthetic failure ? '' The book also notes James Joyce 's interpretation , stating that he `` did far better in the Library Scene of Ulysses , where Stephen marvelously credits Shakespeare , in this play , with universal fatherhood while accurately implying that Hamlet is fatherless , thus opening a pragmatic gap between Shakespeare and Hamlet . ''

\n

\n Joshua Rothman has written in The New Yorker that `` we tell the story wrong when we say that Freud used the idea of the Oedipus complex to understand Hamlet '' . Rothman suggests that `` it was the other way around : Hamlet helped Freud understand , and perhaps even invent , psychoanalysis '' . He concludes , `` The Oedipus complex is a misnomer . It should be called the ' Hamlet complex ' . ''

\n

\n In the essay `` Hamlet Made Simple '' , David P. Gontar turns the tables on the psychoanalysts by suggesting that Claudius is not a symbolic father figure but actually Prince Hamlet 's biological father . The hesitation in killing Claudius results from an unwillingness on Hamlet 's part to slay his real father . If Hamlet is the biological son of Claudius , that explains many things . Hamlet does not become King of Denmark on the occasion of the King 's death inasmuch as it is an open secret in court that he is Claudius 's biological son , and as such he is merely a court bastard not in the line of succession . He is angry with his mother because of her long standing affair with a man Hamlet hates , and Hamlet must face the fact that he has been sired by the man he loathes . That point overturns T.S. Eliot 's complaint that the play is a failure for not furnishing an `` objective correlative '' to account for Hamlet 's rage at his mother . Gontar suggests that if the reader assumes that Hamlet is not who he seems to be , the objective correlative becomes apparent . Hamlet is suicidal in the first soliloquy not because his mother quickly remarries but because of her adulterous affair with the despised Claudius which makes Hamlet his son . Finally , the ghost 's confirmation of an alternative fatherhood for Hamlet is a fabrication that gives the prince a motive for revenge .

\n

\n Feminist ( edit )

\n Ophelia is distracted by grief . Feminist critics have explored her descent into madness ( artist : Henrietta Rae 1890 ) .

\n In the 20th century , feminist critics opened up new approaches to Gertrude and Ophelia . New Historicist and cultural materialist critics examined the play in its historical context , attempting to piece together its original cultural environment . They focused on the gender system of early modern England , pointing to the common trinity of maid , wife , or widow , with whores outside of that stereotype . In this analysis , the essence of Hamlet is the central character 's changed perception of his mother as a whore because of her failure to remain faithful to Old Hamlet . In consequence , Hamlet loses his faith in all women , treating Ophelia as if she too were a whore and dishonest with Hamlet . Ophelia , by some critics , can be seen as honest and fair ; however , it is virtually impossible to link these two traits , since ' fairness ' is an outward trait , while ' honesty ' is an inward trait .

\n Hamlet tries to show his mother Gertrude his father 's ghost ( artist : Nicolai A. Abildgaard , ca . 1778 ) .

\n Carolyn Heilbrun 's 1957 essay `` The Character of Hamlet 's Mother '' defends Gertrude , arguing that the text never hints that Gertrude knew of Claudius poisoning King Hamlet . This analysis has been praised by many feminist critics , combating what is , by Heilbrun 's argument , centuries ' worth of misinterpretation . By this account , Gertrude 's worst crime is of pragmatically marrying her brother - in - law in order to avoid a power vacuum . This is borne out by the fact that King Hamlet 's ghost tells Hamlet to leave Gertrude out of Hamlet 's revenge , to leave her to heaven , an arbitrary mercy to grant to a conspirator to murder . This view has not been without objection from some critics .

\n

\n Ophelia has also been defended by feminist critics , most notably Elaine Showalter . Ophelia is surrounded by powerful men : her father , brother , and Hamlet . All three disappear : Laertes leaves , Hamlet abandons her , and Polonius dies . Conventional theories had argued that without these three powerful men making decisions for her , Ophelia is driven into madness . Feminist theorists argue that she goes mad with guilt because , when Hamlet kills her father , he has fulfilled her sexual desire to have Hamlet kill her father so they can be together . Showalter points out that Ophelia has become the symbol of the distraught and hysterical woman in modern culture .

\n

\n Influence ( edit )

\n See also : Literary influence of Hamlet

\n Hamlet is one of the most quoted works in the English language , and is often included on lists of the world 's greatest literature . As such , it reverberates through the writing of later centuries . Academic Laurie Osborne identifies the direct influence of Hamlet in numerous modern narratives , and divides them into four main categories : fictional accounts of the play 's composition , simplifications of the story for young readers , stories expanding the role of one or more characters , and narratives featuring performances of the play .

\n Actors before Hamlet by W\u0142adys\u0142aw Czach\u00f3rski ( 1875 ) , National Museum in Warsaw .

\n English poet John Milton was an early admirer of Shakespeare , and took evident inspiration from his work . As John Kerrigan discusses , Milton originally considered writing his epic poem Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) as a tragedy . While Milton did not ultimately go that route , the poem still shows distinct echoes of Shakespearean revenge tragedy , and of Hamlet in particular . As scholar Christopher N. Warren argues , Paradise Lost 's Satan `` undergoes a transformation in the poem from a Hamlet - like avenger into a Claudius - like usurper , '' a plot device that supports Milton 's larger Republican internationalist project . The poem also reworks theatrical language from Hamlet , especially around the idea of `` putting on '' certain dispositions , as when Hamlet puts on `` an antic disposition , '' similarly to the Son in Paradise Lost who `` can put on / ( God 's ) terrors . ''

\n

\n Henry Fielding 's Tom Jones , published about 1749 , describes a visit to Hamlet by Tom Jones and Mr Partridge , with similarities to the `` play within a play '' . In contrast , Goethe 's Bildungsroman Wilhelm Meister 's Apprenticeship , written between 1776 and 1796 , not only has a production of Hamlet at its core but also creates parallels between the ghost and Wilhelm Meister 's dead father . In the early 1850s , in Pierre , Herman Melville focuses on a Hamlet - like character 's long development as a writer . Ten years later , Dickens 's Great Expectations contains many Hamlet - like plot elements : it is driven by revenge - motivated actions , contains ghost - like characters ( Abel Magwitch and Miss Havisham ) , and focuses on the hero 's guilt . Academic Alexander Welsh notes that Great Expectations is an `` autobiographical novel '' and `` anticipates psychoanalytic readings of Hamlet itself '' . About the same time , George Eliot 's The Mill on the Floss was published , introducing Maggie Tulliver `` who is explicitly compared with Hamlet '' though `` with a reputation for sanity '' .

\n

\n L. Frank Baum 's first published short story was `` They Played a New Hamlet '' ( 1895 ) . When Baum had been touring New York State in the title role , the actor playing the ghost fell through the floorboards , and the rural audience thought it was part of the show and demanded that the actor repeat the fall , because they thought it was funny . Baum would later recount the actual story in an article , but the short story is told from the point of view of the actor playing the ghost .

\n

\n In the 1920s , James Joyce managed `` a more upbeat version '' of Hamlet -- stripped of obsession and revenge -- in Ulysses , though its main parallels are with Homer 's Odyssey . In the 1990s , two novelists were explicitly influenced by Hamlet . In Angela Carter 's Wise Children , To be or not to be is reworked as a song and dance routine , and Iris Murdoch 's The Black Prince has Oedipal themes and murder intertwined with a love affair between a Hamlet - obsessed writer , Bradley Pearson , and the daughter of his rival .

\n

\n There is the story of the woman who read Hamlet for the first time and said , `` I do n't see why people admire that play so . It is nothing but a bunch of quotations strung together . ''

\n

\n -- Isaac Asimov , Asimov 's Guide to Shakespeare , pg vii , Avenal Books , 1970

\n

\n Performance History ( edit )

\n Main articles : Hamlet in performance and Shakespeare in performance The day we see Hamlet die in the theatre , something of him dies for us . He is dethroned by the spectre of an actor , and we shall never be able to keep the usurper out of our dreams .

\n Maurice Maeterlinck in La Jeune Belgique ( 1890 ) .

\n

\n Shakespeare 's day to the Interregnum ( edit )

\n

\n Shakespeare almost certainly wrote the role of Hamlet for Richard Burbage . He was the chief tragedian of the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , with a capacious memory for lines and a wide emotional range . Judging by the number of reprints , Hamlet appears to have been Shakespeare 's fourth most popular play during his lifetime -- only Henry IV Part 1 , Richard III and Pericles eclipsed it . Shakespeare provides no clear indication of when his play is set ; however , as Elizabethan actors performed at the Globe in contemporary dress on minimal sets , this would not have affected the staging .

\n

\n Firm evidence for specific early performances of the play is scant . What is known is that the crew of the ship Red Dragon , anchored off Sierra Leone , performed Hamlet in September 1607 ; that the play toured in Germany within five years of Shakespeare 's death ; and that it was performed before James I in 1619 and Charles I in 1637 . Oxford editor George Hibbard argues that , since the contemporary literature contains many allusions and references to Hamlet ( only Falstaff is mentioned more , from Shakespeare ) , the play was surely performed with a frequency that the historical record misses .

\n

\n All theatres were closed down by the Puritan government during the Interregnum . Even during this time , however , playlets known as drolls were often performed illegally , including one called The Grave - Makers based on Act 5 , Scene 1 of Hamlet .

\n

\n Restoration and 18th century ( edit )

\n Title page and frontispiece for Hamlet , Prince of Denmark : A Tragedy . As it is now acted at the Theatres - Royal in Drury - Lane and Covent - Garden . London , 1776

\n The play was revived early in the Restoration . When the existing stock of pre-civil war plays was divided between the two newly created patent theatre companies , Hamlet was the only Shakespearean favourite that Sir William Davenant 's Duke 's Company secured . It became the first of Shakespeare 's plays to be presented with movable flats painted with generic scenery behind the proscenium arch of Lincoln 's Inn Fields Theatre . This new stage convention highlighted the frequency with which Shakespeare shifts dramatic location , encouraging the recurrent criticism of his failure to maintain unity of place . In the title role , Davenant cast Thomas Betterton , who continued to play the Dane until he was 74 . David Garrick at Drury Lane produced a version that adapted Shakespeare heavily ; he declared : `` I had sworn I would not leave the stage till I had rescued that noble play from all the rubbish of the fifth act . I have brought it forth without the grave - digger 's trick , Osrick , & the fencing match '' . The first actor known to have played Hamlet in North America is Lewis Hallam . Jr. , in the American Company 's production in Philadelphia in 1759 .

\n David Garrick 's iconic hand gesture expresses Hamlet 's shock at the first sight of the ghost ( artist : unknown ) .

\n John Philip Kemble made his Drury Lane debut as Hamlet in 1783 . His performance was said to be 20 minutes longer than anyone else 's , and his lengthy pauses provoked the suggestion by Richard Brinsley Sheridan that `` music should be played between the words '' . Sarah Siddons was the first actress known to play Hamlet ; many women have since played him as a breeches role , to great acclaim . In 1748 , Alexander Sumarokov wrote a Russian adaptation that focused on Prince Hamlet as the embodiment of an opposition to Claudius 's tyranny -- a treatment that would recur in Eastern European versions into the 20th century . In the years following America 's independence , Thomas Apthorpe Cooper , the young nation 's leading tragedian , performed Hamlet among other plays at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia , and at the Park Theatre in New York . Although chided for `` acknowledging acquaintances in the audience '' and `` inadequate memorisation of his lines '' , he became a national celebrity .

\n

\n 19th century ( edit )

\n A poster , ca . 1884 , for an American production of Hamlet ( starring Thomas W. Keene ) , showing several of the key scenes

\n From around 1810 to 1840 , the best - known Shakespearean performances in the United States were tours by leading London actors -- including George Frederick Cooke , Junius Brutus Booth , Edmund Kean , William Charles Macready , and Charles Kemble . Of these , Booth remained to make his career in the States , fathering the nation 's most notorious actor , John Wilkes Booth ( who later assassinated Abraham Lincoln ) , and its most famous Hamlet , Edwin Booth . Edwin Booth 's Hamlet at the Fifth Avenue Theatre in 1875 was described as `` ... the dark , sad , dreamy , mysterious hero of a poem. ... ( acted ) in an ideal manner , as far removed as possible from the plane of actual life '' . Booth played Hamlet for 100 nights in the 1864 / 5 season at The Winter Garden Theatre , inaugurating the era of long - run Shakespeare in America .

\n

\n In the United Kingdom , the actor - managers of the Victorian era ( including Kean , Samuel Phelps , Macready , and Henry Irving ) staged Shakespeare in a grand manner , with elaborate scenery and costumes . The tendency of actor - managers to emphasise the importance of their own central character did not always meet with the critics ' approval . George Bernard Shaw 's praise for Johnston Forbes - Robertson 's performance contains a sideswipe at Irving : `` The story of the play was perfectly intelligible , and quite took the attention of the audience off the principal actor at moments . What is the Lyceum coming to ? ''

\n

\n In London , Edmund Kean was the first Hamlet to abandon the regal finery usually associated with the role in favour of a plain costume , and he is said to have surprised his audience by playing Hamlet as serious and introspective . In stark contrast to earlier opulence , William Poel 's 1881 production of the Q1 text was an early attempt at reconstructing the Elizabethan theatre 's austerity ; his only backdrop was a set of red curtains . Sarah Bernhardt played the prince in her popular 1899 London production . In contrast to the `` effeminate '' view of the central character that usually accompanied a female casting , she described her character as `` manly and resolute , but nonetheless thoughtful ... ( he ) thinks before he acts , a trait indicative of great strength and great spiritual power '' .

\n

\n In France , Charles Kemble initiated an enthusiasm for Shakespeare ; and leading members of the Romantic movement such as Victor Hugo and Alexandre Dumas saw his 1827 Paris performance of Hamlet , particularly admiring the madness of Harriet Smithson 's Ophelia . In Germany , Hamlet had become so assimilated by the mid-19th century that Ferdinand Freiligrath declared that `` Germany is Hamlet '' . From the 1850s , the Parsi theatre tradition in India transformed Hamlet into folk performances , with dozens of songs added .

\n

\n 20th century ( edit )

\n

\n Apart from some western troupes ' 19th - century visits , the first professional performance of Hamlet in Japan was Otojir\u014d Kawakami 's 1903 Shimpa ( `` new school theatre '' ) adaptation . Tsubouchi Sh\u014dy\u014d translated Hamlet and produced a performance in 1911 that blended Shingeki ( `` new drama '' ) and Kabuki styles . This hybrid - genre reached its peak in Tsuneari Fukuda 's 1955 Hamlet . In 1998 , Yukio Ninagawa produced an acclaimed version of Hamlet in the style of N\u014d theatre , which he took to London .

\n

\n Konstantin Stanislavski and Edward Gordon Craig -- two of the 20th century 's most influential theatre practitioners -- collaborated on the Moscow Art Theatre 's seminal production of 1911 -- 12 . While Craig favoured stylised abstraction , Stanislavski , armed with his ' system , ' explored psychological motivation . Craig conceived of the play as a symbolist monodrama , offering a dream - like vision as seen through Hamlet 's eyes alone . This was most evident in the staging of the first court scene . The most famous aspect of the production is Craig 's use of large , abstract screens that altered the size and shape of the acting area for each scene , representing the character 's state of mind spatially or visualising a dramaturgical progression . The production attracted enthusiastic and unprecedented worldwide attention for the theatre and placed it `` on the cultural map for Western Europe '' .

\n

\n Hamlet is often played with contemporary political overtones . Leopold Jessner 's 1926 production at the Berlin Staatstheater portrayed Claudius 's court as a parody of the corrupt and fawning court of Kaiser Wilhelm . In Poland , the number of productions of Hamlet has tended to increase at times of political unrest , since its political themes ( suspected crimes , coups , surveillance ) can be used to comment on a contemporary situation . Similarly , Czech directors have used the play at times of occupation : a 1941 Vinohrady Theatre production `` emphasised , with due caution , the helpless situation of an intellectual attempting to endure in a ruthless environment '' . In China , performances of Hamlet often have political significance : Gu Wuwei 's 1916 The Usurper of State Power , an amalgam of Hamlet and Macbeth , was an attack on Yuan Shikai 's attempt to overthrow the republic . In 1942 , Jiao Juyin directed the play in a Confucian temple in Sichuan Province , to which the government had retreated from the advancing Japanese . In the immediate aftermath of the collapse of the protests at Tiananmen Square , Lin Zhaohua staged a 1990 Hamlet in which the prince was an ordinary individual tortured by a loss of meaning . In this production , the actors playing Hamlet , Claudius and Polonius exchanged roles at crucial moments in the performance , including the moment of Claudius 's death , at which point the actor mainly associated with Hamlet fell to the ground .

\n Mignon Nevada as Ophelia , 1910

\n Notable stagings in London and New York include Barrymore 's 1925 production at the Haymarket ; it influenced subsequent performances by John Gielgud and Laurence Olivier . Gielgud played the central role many times : his 1936 New York production ran for 132 performances , leading to the accolade that he was `` the finest interpreter of the role since Barrymore '' . Although `` posterity has treated Maurice Evans less kindly '' , throughout the 1930s and 1940s he was regarded by many as the leading interpreter of Shakespeare in the United States and in the 1938 / 9 season he presented Broadway 's first uncut Hamlet , running four and a half hours . Evans later performed a highly truncated version of the play that he played for South Pacific war zones during World War II which made the prince a more decisive character . The staging , known as the `` G.I. Hamlet '' , was produced on Broadway for 131 performances in 1945 / 46 . Olivier 's 1937 performance at The Old Vic was popular with audiences but not with critics , with James Agate writing in a famous review in The Sunday Times , `` Mr. Olivier does not speak poetry badly . He does not speak it at all . '' In 1937 Tyrone Guthrie directed the play at Elsinore , Denmark with Laurence Olivier as Hamlet and Vivien Leigh as Ophelia .

\n

\n In 1963 , Olivier directed Peter O'Toole as Hamlet in the inaugural performance of the newly formed National Theatre ; critics found resonance between O'Toole's Hamlet and John Osborne 's hero , Jimmy Porter , from Look Back in Anger .

\n

\n Richard Burton received his third Tony Award nomination when he played his second Hamlet , his first under John Gielgud 's direction , in 1964 in a production that holds the record for the longest run of the play in Broadway history ( 137 performances ) . The performance was set on a bare stage , conceived to appear like a dress rehearsal , with Burton in a black v - neck sweater , and Gielgud himself tape - recorded the voice for the ghost ( which appeared as a looming shadow ) . It was immortalised both on record and on a film that played in US theatres for a week in 1964 as well as being the subject of books written by cast members William Redfield and Richard L. Sterne .

\n

\n Other New York portrayals of Hamlet of note include that of Ralph Fiennes 's in 1995 ( for which he won the Tony Award for Best Actor ) -- which ran , from first preview to closing night , a total of one hundred performances . About the Fiennes Hamlet Vincent Canby wrote in The New York Times that it was `` ... not one for literary sleuths and Shakespeare scholars . It respects the play , but it does n't provide any new material for arcane debates on what it all means . Instead it 's an intelligent , beautifully read ... '' Stacy Keach played the role with an all - star cast at Joseph Papp 's Delacorte Theatre in the early 70s , with Colleen Dewhurst 's Gertrude , James Earl Jones 's King , Barnard Hughes 's Polonius , Sam Waterston 's Laertes and Ra\u00fal Juli\u00e1 's Osric . Sam Waterston later played the role himself at the Delacorte for the New York Shakespeare Festival , and the show transferred to the Vivian Beaumont Theatre in 1975 ( Stephen Lang played Bernardo and other roles ) . Stephen Lang 's Hamlet for the Roundabout Theatre Company in 1992 received mixed reviews and ran for sixty - one performances . David Warner played the role with the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in 1965 . William Hurt ( at Circle Rep Off - Broadway , memorably performing `` To Be Or Not to Be '' while lying on the floor ) , Jon Voight at Rutgers , and Christopher Walken ( fiercely ) at Stratford CT have all played the role , as has Diane Venora at the Public Theatre . Off Broadway , the Riverside Shakespeare Company mounted an uncut first folio Hamlet in 1978 at Columbia University , with a playing time of under three hours . In fact , Hamlet is the most produced Shakespeare play in New York theatre history , with sixty - four recorded productions on Broadway , and an untold number Off Broadway .

\n

\n Ian Charleson performed Hamlet from 9 October to 13 November 1989 , in Richard Eyre 's production at the Olivier Theatre , replacing Daniel Day - Lewis , who had abandoned the production . Seriously ill from AIDS at the time , Charleson died eight weeks after his last performance . Fellow actor and friend , Sir Ian McKellen , said that Charleson played Hamlet so well it was as if he had rehearsed the role all his life ; McKellen called it `` the perfect Hamlet '' . The performance garnered other major accolades as well , some critics echoing McKellen in calling it the definitive Hamlet performance .

\n

\n In Australia , a production of Hamlet was staged at the Belvoir Street Theatre in Sydney in 1994 starring notable names including Richard Roxburgh as Hamlet , Geoffrey Rush as Horatio , Jacqueline McKenzie as Ophelia and David Wenham as Laertes . The critically acclaimed production was directed by Niel Armfield .

\n

\n 21st century ( edit )

\n Benedict Cumberbatch began playing Hamlet at the Barbican Theatre in August 2015 .

\n Hamlet continues to be staged regularly , with actors such as Simon Russell Beale , Ben Whishaw , David Tennant , Angela Winkler , Samuel West , Christopher Eccleston , Maxine Peake , Rory Kinnear , Oscar Isaac , Christian Camargo , Andrew Scott , Paapa Essiedu and Michael Urie performing the lead role .

\n

\n In May 2009 , Hamlet opened with Jude Law in the title role at the Donmar Warehouse West End season at Wyndham 's Theatre . The production officially opened on 3 June and ran through 22 August 2009 . A further production of the play ran at Elsinore Castle in Denmark from 25 -- 30 August 2009 . The Jude Law Hamlet then moved to Broadway , and ran for 12 weeks at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York .

\n

\n In 2013 , American actor Paul Giamatti won critical acclaim for his performance on stage in the title role of Hamlet , performed in modern dress , at the Yale Repertory Theater , at Yale University in New Haven , Connecticut .

\n

\n The Globe Theatre of London initiated a project in 2014 to perform Hamlet in every country in the world in the space of two years . Titled Globe to Globe Hamlet , it began its tour on 23 April 2014 , the 450th anniversary of Shakespeare 's birth . As of 23 February 2016 , the project had performed in 170 countries .

\n

\n Benedict Cumberbatch played the role for a 12 - week run in a production at the Barbican Theatre , opening on 25 August 2015 . The play was produced by Sonia Friedman , and directed by Lyndsey Turner , with set design by Es Devlin . It was called the `` most in - demand theatre production of all time '' and sold out in seven hours after tickets went on sale 11 August 2014 , more than a year before the play opened .

\n

\n Tom Hiddleston played the role for a three - week run at Vanbrugh Theatre that opened on September 1 , 2017 and was directed by Kenneth Branagh .

\n

\n Film and TV performances ( edit )

\n Main article : Hamlet on screen See also : Hamlet in popular culture

\n The earliest screen success for Hamlet was Sarah Bernhardt 's five - minute film of the fencing scene , which was produced in 1900 . The film was an early attempt at combining sound and film , music and words were recorded on phonograph records , to be played along with the film . Silent versions were released in 1907 , 1908 , 1910 , 1913 , 1917 , and 1920 . In the 1921 film Hamlet , Danish actress Asta Nielsen played the role of Hamlet as a woman who spends her life disguised as a man .

\n

\n In 1942 Ernst Lubitsch directed a motion picture titled To Be or Not To Be . The story is a comedy about a troupe of Polish actors in the Nazi era . A key plot point revolves around the famous soliloquy . The story was remade in 1983 in a film starring ( and produced by ) Mel Brooks .

\n

\n Laurence Olivier 's 1948 moody black - and - white Hamlet won Best Picture and Best Actor Oscars , and is still , as of 2017 , the only Shakespeare film to have done so . His interpretation stressed the Oedipal overtones of the play , and cast 28 - year - old Eileen Herlie as Hamlet 's mother , opposite himself , at 41 , as Hamlet .

\n

\n In 1953 , actor Jack Manning performed the play in 15 - minute segments over two weeks in the short - lived late night DuMont series Monodrama Theater . New York Times TV critic Jack Gould praised Manning 's performance as Hamlet .

\n

\n Renowned Shakespearean actor - directors Sir John Gielgud , Sir Laurence Olivier and Sir Kenneth Branagh consider the definitive rendition of the play to be the 1964 Soviet film Gamlet ( Russian : \u0413\u0430\u043c\u043b\u0435\u0442 ) based on a translation by Boris Pasternak and directed by Grigori Kozintsev , with a score by Dmitri Shostakovich . Innokenty Smoktunovsky was cast in the role of Hamlet .

\n

\n John Gielgud directed Richard Burton in a Broadway production at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre in 1964 -- 5 , the longest - running Hamlet in the U.S. to date . A live film of the production was produced using `` Electronovision '' , a method of recording a live performance with multiple video cameras and converting the image to film . Eileen Herlie repeated her role from Olivier 's film version as the Queen , and the voice of Gielgud was heard as the ghost . The Gielgud / Burton production was also recorded complete and released on LP by Columbia Masterworks .

\n Sarah Bernhardt as Hamlet , with Yorick 's skull ( photographer : James Lafayette , c. 1885 -- 1900 ) .

\n The first Hamlet in color was a 1969 film directed by Tony Richardson with Nicol Williamson as Hamlet and Marianne Faithfull as Ophelia .

\n

\n In 1990 Franco Zeffirelli , whose Shakespeare films have been described as `` sensual rather than cerebral '' , cast Mel Gibson -- then famous for the Mad Max and Lethal Weapon movies -- in the title role of his 1990 version ; Glenn Close -- then famous as the psychotic `` other woman '' in Fatal Attraction -- played Gertrude , and Paul Scofield played Hamlet 's father .

\n

\n In contrast to Zeffirelli , whose Hamlet was heavily cut , Kenneth Branagh adapted , directed , and starred in a 1996 version containing every word of Shakespeare 's play , combining the material from the F1 and Q2 texts . Branagh 's Hamlet runs for just over four hours . Branagh set the film with late 19th - century costuming and furnishings , a production in many ways reminiscent of a Russian novel of the time ; and Blenheim Palace , built in the early 18th century , became Elsinore Castle in the external scenes . The film is structured as an epic and makes frequent use of flashbacks to highlight elements not made explicit in the play : Hamlet 's sexual relationship with Kate Winslet 's Ophelia , for example , or his childhood affection for Yorick ( played by Ken Dodd ) .

\n

\n In 2000 , Michael Almereyda 's Hamlet set the story in contemporary Manhattan , with Ethan Hawke playing Hamlet as a film student . Claudius ( played by Kyle MacLachlan ) became the CEO of `` Denmark Corporation '' , having taken over the company by killing his brother .

\n

\n The 2002 The Simpsons episode `` Tales from the Public Domain '' features a retelling of the play .

\n

\n There have also been several films that transposed the general storyline of Hamlet or elements thereof to other settings . For example , the 2014 Bollywood film Haider is an adaptation set in Kashmir . There have also been many films which included performances of scenes from Hamlet as a play - within - a-film .

\n

\n Stage pastiches ( edit )

\n

\n There have been various `` derivative works '' of Hamlet which recast the story from the point of view of other characters , or transpose the story into a new setting or act as sequels or prequels to Hamlet . This section is limited to those written for the stage .

\n

\n The best - known is Tom Stoppard 's 1966 play Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead , which retells many of the events of the story from the point of view of the characters Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and gives them a backstory of their own . Several times since 1995 , the American Shakespeare Center has mounted repertories that included both Hamlet and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , with the same actors performing the same roles in each ; in their 2001 and 2009 seasons the two plays were `` directed , designed , and rehearsed together to make the most out of the shared scenes and situations '' .

\n

\n W.S. Gilbert wrote a short comic play titled Rosencrantz and Guildenstern , in which Hamlet 's play is presented as a tragedy written by Claudius in his youth of which he is greatly embarrassed . Through the chaos triggered by Hamlet 's staging of it , Guildenstern helps Rosencrantz vie with Hamlet to make Ophelia his bride .

\n

\n Lee Blessing 's Fortinbras is a comical sequel to Hamlet in which all the deceased characters come back as ghosts . The New York Times reviewed the play , saying it is `` scarcely more than an extended comedy sketch , lacking the portent and linguistic complexity of Tom Stoppard 's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead . Fortinbras operates on a far less ambitious plane , but it is a ripping yarn and offers Keith Reddin a role in which he can commit comic mayhem '' .

\n

\n Caridad Svich 's 12 Ophelias ( a play with broken songs ) includes elements of the story of Hamlet but focuses on Ophelia . In Svich 's play , Ophelia is resurrected and rises from a pool of water , after her death in Hamlet . The play is a series of scenes and songs , and was first staged at public swimming pool in Brooklyn .

\n

\n David Davalos ' Wittenberg is a `` tragical - comical - historical '' prequel to Hamlet that depicts the Danish prince as a student at Wittenberg University ( now known as the University of Halle - Wittenberg ) , where he is torn between the conflicting teachings of his mentors John Faustus and Martin Luther . The New York Times reviewed the play , saying , `` Mr. Davalos has molded a daft campus comedy out of this unlikely convergence , '' and Nytheatre.com 's review said the playwright `` has imagined a fascinating alternate reality , and quite possibly , given the fictional Hamlet a back story that will inform the role for the future . ''

\n

\n Mad Boy Chronicle by Canadian playwright Michael O'Brien is a dark comedy loosely based on Hamlet , set in Viking Denmark in 999 A.D.

\n

\n Notes and references ( edit )

\n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : The gravedigger scene is in Hamlet 5.1. 1 -- 205 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ In his 1936 book The Problem of Hamlet : A Solution Andrew Cairncross asserted that the Hamlet referred to in 1589 was written by Shakespeare ; Peter Alexander , Eric Sams and , more recently , Harold Bloom have agreed . However Harold Jenkins , the editor of the second series Arden edition of the play , considers that there are not grounds for thinking that the Ur - Hamlet is an early work by Shakespeare , which he then rewrote .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Polonius was close to the Latin name for Robert Pullen , founder of Oxford University , and Reynaldo too close for safety to John Rainolds , the President of Corpus Christi College .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ MacCary suggests 1599 or 1600 ; James Shapiro offers late 1600 or early 1601 ; Wells and Taylor suggest that the play was written in 1600 and revised later ; the New Cambridge editor settles on mid-1601 ; the New Swan Shakespeare Advanced Series editor agrees with 1601 ; Thompson and Taylor , tentatively ( `` according to whether one is the more persuaded by Jenkins or by Honigmann '' ) suggest a terminus ad quem of either Spring 1601 or sometime in 1600 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ The whole conversation between Rozencrantz , Guildenstern and Hamlet concerning the touring players ' departure from the city is at Hamlet F1 2.2. 324 -- 360 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ The Arden Shakespeare third series published Q2 , with appendices , in their first volume , and the F1 and Q1 texts in their second volume . The RSC Shakespeare is the F1 text with additional Q2 passages in an appendix . The New Cambridge Shakespeare series has begun to publish separate volumes for the separate quarto versions that exist of Shakespeare 's plays .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Also used in Love 's Labour 's Lost and A Midsummer Night 's Dream .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ This compares with about two to three hours for a typical Elizajacobean play .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : The `` Nunnery Scene '' is Hamlet 3.1. 87 -- 160 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ This interpretation is widely held , but has been challenged by , among others , Harold Jenkins . He finds the evidence for a precedent for that interpretation to be insufficient and inconclusive , and considers the literal interpretation to be better suited to the dramatic context .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ In the New Testament , see Romans 12 : 19 : `` ' vengeance is mine , I will repay ' sayeth the Lord '' .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ See the articles on the Reformation in Denmark -- Norway and Holstein and Church of Denmark for details .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ The `` Closet Scene '' is Hamlet 3.4 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` There is a recent ' Be kind to Gertrude ' fashion among some feminist critics ... ''
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet has 208 quotations in The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations ; it takes up 10 of 85 pages dedicated to Shakespeare in the 1986 Bartlett 's Familiar Quotations ( 14th ed. 1968 ) . For examples of lists of the greatest books , see Harvard Classics , Great Books , Great Books of the Western World , Harold Bloom 's The Western Canon , St. John 's College reading list , and Columbia College Core Curriculum .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Hattaway asserts that `` Richard Burbage ... played Hieronimo and also Richard III but then was the first Hamlet , Lear , and Othello '' and Thomson argues that the identity of Hamlet as Burbage is built into the dramaturgy of several moments of the play : `` we will profoundly misjudge the position if we do not recognise that , whilst this is Hamlet talking about the groundlings , it is also Burbage talking to the groundlings '' . See also Thomson on the first player 's beard .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Samuel Pepys records his delight at the novelty of Hamlet `` done with scenes '' .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Letter to Sir William Young , 10 January 1773 , quoted by Uglow .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ George Bernard Shaw in The Saturday Review on 2 October 1897 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Sarah Bernhardt , in a letter to the London Daily Telegraph .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ For more on this production , see the MAT production of Hamlet article . Craig and Stanislavski began planning the production in 1908 but , due to a serious illness of Stanislavski 's , it was delayed until December , 1911 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ On Craig 's relationship to Symbolism , Russian symbolism , and its principles of monodrama in particular , see Taxidou ; on Craig 's staging proposals , see Innes ; on the centrality of the protagonist and his mirroring of the ' authorial self ' , see Taxidou and Innes .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ The first court scene is Hamlet 1.2. 1 -- 128 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ A brightly lit , golden pyramid descended from Claudius 's throne , representing the feudal hierarchy , giving the illusion of a single , unified mass of bodies . In the dark , shadowy foreground , separated by a gauze , Hamlet lay , as if dreaming . On Claudius 's exit - line the figures remained but the gauze was loosened , so that they appeared to melt away as if Hamlet 's thoughts had turned elsewhere . For this effect , the scene received an ovation , which was unheard of at the MAT .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ According to the Internet Broadway Database Romeo and Juliet is the second most - produced Shakespeare play on Broadway , with thirty - four different productions , followed by Twelfth Night , with thirty .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ The `` Fencing Scene '' is Hamlet 5.2. 203 -- 387 .
    27. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n

\n All references to Hamlet , unless otherwise specified , are taken from the Arden Shakespeare Q2 . Under their referencing system , 3.1. 55 means act 3 , scene 1 , line 55 . References to the First Quarto and First Folio are marked Hamlet Q1 and Hamlet F1 , respectively , and are taken from the Arden Shakespeare Hamlet : the texts of 1603 and 1623 . Their referencing system for Q1 has no act breaks , so 7.115 means scene 7 , line 115 .

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 74 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Taylor 2002 , p. 18 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Crystal & Crystal 2005 , p. 66 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 17 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet 1.4 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Trilling 2009 , p. 8 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet 5.1. 1 -- 205
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 36 -- 7 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 16 -- 25 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 5 -- 15 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 1 -- 5 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 25 -- 37 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , pp. 1 -- 2 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 66 -- 7 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , pp. 82 -- 5 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , p. 67 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Cairncross 1975 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Alexander 1964 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Jackson 1991 , p. 267 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Bloom 2001 , pp. xiii , 383 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 , p. 154 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , p. 84 n4 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , pp. 66 -- 8 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Saxo & Hansen 1983 , p. 6 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Greenblatt 2004a , p. 311 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Greenblatt 2004b .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Chambers 1930 , p. 418 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Wilson 1932 , p. 104 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Rowse 1963 , p. 323 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Winstanley 1977 , p. 114 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Cecil 2012 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , p. 35 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Hibbard 1987 , pp. 74 -- 5 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , p. 13 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Shapiro 2005 , p. 341 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Wells & Taylor 1988 , p. 653 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , p. 8 .
    38. \n
  38. \n ^ Jump up to : Lott 1970 , p. xlvi .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 58 -- 9 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 12 -- 13 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , pp. 5 -- 6 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet F1 2.2. 337 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet F1 2.2. 324 -- 360
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Duncan - Jones 2001 , pp. 143 -- 9 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Edwards 1985 , p. 5 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Hattaway 1987 , pp. 13 -- 20 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Chambers 1923b , pp. 486 -- 7 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Halliday 1964 , pp. 204 -- 5 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 465 .
    50. \n
  50. \n ^ Jump up to : Halliday 1964 , p. 204 .
    51. \n
  51. \n ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 78 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Hibbard 1987 , pp. 22 -- 3 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Hattaway 1987 , p. 16 .
    54. \n
  54. \n ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a .
    55. \n
  55. \n ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006b .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Bate & Rasmussen 2007 , p. 1923 .
    57. \n
  57. \n ^ Jump up to : Irace 1998 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Burrow 2002 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.4 and 4.1 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 543 -- 52 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Jenkins 1982 , p. 14 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet Q1 14 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Irace 1998 , pp. 1 -- 34 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Jackson 1986 , p. 171 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 85 -- 6 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006b , pp. 36 -- 9 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 18 -- 19 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Bate & Rasmussen 2008 , p. 11 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Crowl 2014 , pp. 5 -- 6 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Kirsch 1969 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Vickers 1974a , p. 447 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ Vickers 1974b , p. 92 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 , p. 184 -- 5 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ Vickers 1974c , p. 5 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 , p. 185 .
    77. \n
  77. \n ^ Jump up to : Wofford 1994 , p. 186 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Rosenberg 1992 , p. 179 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 67 -- 72 , 84 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ Kermode 2000 , p. 256 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Evans 1974 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Hirrel 2010 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 84 -- 5 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 63 -- 64 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet 1.2. 85 -- 86 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 89 -- 90 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 87 -- 160
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ OED 2005 .
    89. \n
  89. \n ^ Jump up to : Kiernan 2007 , p. 34 .
    90. \n
  90. \n ^ Jump up to : Jenkins 1982 , pp. 493 -- 5 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet 2.1. 63 -- 65 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 151 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 154 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 87 -- 8 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 91 -- 3 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 37 -- 8 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , p. 38 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet F1 2.2. 247 -- 248 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 47 -- 8 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 55 -- 87 .
    101. \n
  101. \n ^ Jump up to : MacCary 1998 , p. 49 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ Knowles 1999 , pp. 1049 , 1052 -- 3 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 73 -- 4 .
    104. \n
  104. \n ^ Jump up to : Freud 1900 , pp. 367 -- 8 .
    105. \n
  105. \n ^ Jump up to : Britton 1995 , pp. 207 -- 11 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ Morrison 1997 , pp. 4 , 129 -- 30 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ Cotsell 2005 , p. 191 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ Jones 1910 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.4 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 104 -- 7 , 113 -- 16 .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ de Grazia 2007 , pp. 168 -- 70 .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 102 .
    113. \n
  113. \n ^ Jump up to : Bloom & Foster 2008 , p. xii .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ Rothman 2013 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ Gontar 2013 .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet 4.5 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ Wofford 1994 , pp. 199 -- 202 .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ Howard 2003 , pp. 411 -- 15 .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ Heilbrun 1957 .
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 , pp. 58 -- 9 .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ Thompson 2001 , p. 4 .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ Showalter 1985 .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ Bloom 2003 , p. 57 .
    125. \n
  125. \n Jump up ^ MacCary 1998 , pp. 111 -- 13 .
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ Osborne 2007 , pp. 114 -- 33 .
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ Kerrigan 1996 , p. 122 .
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ Warren 2016 , p. 367 .
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ Warren 2016 , p. 379 .
    130. \n
  130. \n ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 123 -- 6 .
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ Welsh 2001 , p. 131 .
    132. \n
  132. \n ^ Jump up to : Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 126 -- 31 .
    133. \n
  133. \n Jump up ^ Novy 1994 , pp. 62 , 77 -- 8 .
    134. \n
  134. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet 3.1. 55 -- 87 .
    135. \n
  135. \n Jump up ^ Braun 1982 , p. 40 .
    136. \n
  136. \n Jump up ^ Taylor 2002 , p. 4 .
    137. \n
  137. \n Jump up ^ Banham 1998 , p. 141 .
    138. \n
  138. \n Jump up ^ Hattaway 1982 , p. 91 .
    139. \n
  139. \n Jump up ^ Thomson 1983 , p. 24 .
    140. \n
  140. \n Jump up ^ Thomson 1983 , p. 110 .
    141. \n
  141. \n Jump up ^ Taylor 2002 , p. 13 .
    142. \n
  142. \n Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 53 -- 5 .
    143. \n
  143. \n Jump up ^ Chambers 1930 , p. 334 .
    144. \n
  144. \n ^ Jump up to : Dawson 2002 , p. 176 .
    145. \n
  145. \n Jump up ^ Pitcher & Woudhuysen 1969 , p. 204 .
    146. \n
  146. \n Jump up ^ Hibbard 1987 , p. 17 .
    147. \n
  147. \n Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , p. 21 .
    148. \n
  148. \n Jump up ^ Holland 2007 , p. 34 .
    149. \n
  149. \n Jump up ^ Marsden 2002 , pp. 21 -- 2 .
    150. \n
  150. \n Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 1996 , p. 57 .
    151. \n
  151. \n Jump up ^ Taylor 1989 , p. 16 .
    152. \n
  152. \n Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , pp. 98 -- 9 .
    153. \n
  153. \n Jump up ^ Uglow 1977 , p. 473 .
    154. \n
  154. \n Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , p. 231 .
    155. \n
  155. \n Jump up ^ Moody 2002 , p. 41 .
    156. \n
  156. \n Jump up ^ Moody 2002 , p. 44 .
    157. \n
  157. \n Jump up ^ Gay 2002 , p. 159 .
    158. \n
  158. \n Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , pp. 185 -- 7 .
    159. \n
  159. \n Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 232 -- 3 .
    160. \n
  160. \n Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 235 -- 7 .
    161. \n
  161. \n Jump up ^ Winter 1875 .
    162. \n
  162. \n ^ Jump up to : Morrison 2002 , p. 241 .
    163. \n
  163. \n Jump up ^ Schoch 2002 , pp. 58 -- 75 .
    164. \n
  164. \n Jump up ^ Shaw 1961 , p. 81 .
    165. \n
  165. \n Jump up ^ Moody 2002 , p. 54 .
    166. \n
  166. \n Jump up ^ O'Connor 2002 , p. 77 .
    167. \n
  167. \n Jump up ^ Gay 2002 , p. 164 .
    168. \n
  168. \n Jump up ^ Holland 2002 , pp. 203 -- 5 .
    169. \n
  169. \n Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 184 .
    170. \n
  170. \n Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 188 .
    171. \n
  171. \n ^ Jump up to : Gillies et al. 2002 , pp. 259 -- 62 .
    172. \n
  172. \n Jump up ^ Dawson 2002 , p. 180 .
    173. \n
  173. \n Jump up ^ Benedetti 1999 , pp. 188 -- 211 .
    174. \n
  174. \n Jump up ^ Benedetti 1999 , pp. 189 , 195 .
    175. \n
  175. \n Jump up ^ Taxidou 1998 , pp. 38 -- 41 .
    176. \n
  176. \n ^ Jump up to : Innes 1983 , p. 153 .
    177. \n
  177. \n Jump up ^ Taxidou 1998 , p. 181 , 188 .
    178. \n
  178. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet 1.2. 1 -- 128 .
    179. \n
  179. \n Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , p. 152 .
    180. \n
  180. \n Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , pp. 165 -- 7 .
    181. \n
  181. \n Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , p. 172 .
    182. \n
  182. \n Jump up ^ Innes 1983 , pp. 140 -- 75 .
    183. \n
  183. \n Jump up ^ Hortmann 2002 , p. 214 .
    184. \n
  184. \n Jump up ^ Hortmann 2002 , p. 223 .
    185. \n
  185. \n Jump up ^ Burian 2004 .
    186. \n
  186. \n Jump up ^ Hortmann 2002 , pp. 224 -- 5 .
    187. \n
  187. \n ^ Jump up to : Gillies et al. 2002 , pp. 267 -- 9 .
    188. \n
  188. \n Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 247 -- 8 .
    189. \n
  189. \n Jump up ^ Thompson & Taylor 2006a , p. 109 .
    190. \n
  190. \n Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , p. 249 .
    191. \n
  191. \n Jump up ^ Morrison 2002 , pp. 249 -- 50 .
    192. \n
  192. \n Jump up ^ Blum 1981 , p. 307 .
    193. \n
  193. \n Jump up ^ Tanitch 1985 .
    194. \n
  194. \n Jump up ^ Smallwood 2002 , p. 108 .
    195. \n
  195. \n Jump up ^ National Theatre n.d.
    196. \n
  196. \n Jump up ^ Canby 1995 .
    197. \n
  197. \n ^ Jump up to : Gussow 1992 .
    198. \n
  198. \n Jump up ^ Guernsey & Sweet 2000 , p. 43 .
    199. \n
  199. \n Jump up ^ Panagako 1978 .
    200. \n
  200. \n Jump up ^ McKellen et al. 1990 , p. 124 .
    201. \n
  201. \n Jump up ^ Barratt 2005 , p. 63 .
    202. \n
  202. \n Jump up ^ Davison 1999 , pp. 170 -- 82 .
    203. \n
  203. \n Jump up ^ `` AusStage '' . www.ausstage.edu.au . Archived from the original on 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 .
    204. \n
  204. \n Jump up ^ Billington 2001 .
    205. \n
  205. \n Jump up ^ Gardner 2002 .
    206. \n
  206. \n Jump up ^ Billington 2008 .
    207. \n
  207. \n Jump up ^ Brown 2016 .
    208. \n
  208. \n Jump up ^ Shenton 2007 .
    209. \n
  209. \n Jump up ^ Broadwayworld 2009 .
    210. \n
  210. \n Jump up ^ Daily Mirror 2009 .
    211. \n
  211. \n Jump up ^ Law 2009 , 53 : 55 .
    212. \n
  212. \n Jump up ^ Itzkoff 2009 .
    213. \n
  213. \n Jump up ^ Fine 2013 .
    214. \n
  214. \n Jump up ^ Globe to Globe Hamlet n.d.
    215. \n
  215. \n Jump up ^ Stewart 2014 .
    216. \n
  216. \n Jump up ^ Calia 2014 .
    217. \n
  217. \n Jump up ^ Sulcas 2017 .
    218. \n
  218. \n Jump up ^ `` Tom Hiddleston in Hamlet review : a supremely self - assured Prince - Rada 's Jerwood Vanbrugh Theatre '' . The Telegraph . 2017 - 09 - 02 . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 .
    219. \n
  219. \n Jump up ^ Hamlet 5.2. 203 -- 387 .
    220. \n
  220. \n ^ Jump up to : Brode 2001 , pp. 117 -- 18 .
    221. \n
  221. \n Jump up ^ Davies 2000 , p. 171 .
    222. \n
  222. \n Jump up ^ Fox 2009 .
    223. \n
  223. \n Jump up ^ Brennan n.d.
    224. \n
  224. \n Jump up ^ Guntner 2000 , pp. 120 -- 1 .
    225. \n
  225. \n Jump up ^ Brode 2001 , pp. 125 -- 7 .
    226. \n
  226. \n Jump up ^ Cartmell 2000 , p. 212 .
    227. \n
  227. \n Jump up ^ Guntner 2000 , pp. 121 -- 2 .
    228. \n
  228. \n Jump up ^ Crowl 2000 , p. 232 .
    229. \n
  229. \n Jump up ^ Starks 1999 , p. 272 .
    230. \n
  230. \n Jump up ^ Keyishian 2000 , pp. 78 -- 9 .
    231. \n
  231. \n Jump up ^ Burnett 2003 .
    232. \n
  232. \n Jump up ^ Gupta 2014 .
    233. \n
  233. \n Jump up ^ Warren n.d.
    234. \n
  234. \n Jump up ^ Gilbert 1892 , pp. 349 -- 66 .
    235. \n
  235. \n Jump up ^ Schultz 2008 .
    236. \n
  236. \n Jump up ^ Grode 2011 .
    237. \n
  237. \n Jump up ^ Todoroff 2011 .
    238. \n
  238. \n Jump up ^ Brandes 2001 .
    239. \n
\n

\n Sources ( edit )

\n

\n Editions of Hamlet ( edit )

\n \n

\n Secondary sources ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Library resources about Hamlet
\n
    \n
  • \n Resources in your library
    • \n
  • \n Resources in other libraries
    • \n
\n
\n Listen to this article ( info / dl )

\n

\n This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Hamlet '' dated 2011 - 10 - 14 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles \n

\n Texts ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n Analysis ( edit )

\n \n

\n Related works ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n William Shakespeare
\n Plays \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Tragedies \n
    \n
  • \n Antony and Cleopatra
    • \n
  • \n Coriolanus
    • \n
  • \n Hamlet
    • \n
  • \n Julius Caesar
    • \n
  • \n King Lear
    • \n
  • \n Macbeth
    • \n
  • \n Othello
    • \n
  • \n Romeo and Juliet
    • \n
  • \n Timon of Athens
    • \n
  • \n Titus Andronicus
    • \n
  • \n Troilus and Cressida
    • \n
\n
\n Comedies \n
    \n
  • \n All 's Well That Ends Well
    • \n
  • \n As You Like It
    • \n
  • \n The Comedy of Errors
    • \n
  • \n Cymbeline
    • \n
  • \n Love 's Labour 's Lost
    • \n
  • \n Measure for Measure
    • \n
  • \n The Merchant of Venice
    • \n
  • \n The Merry Wives of Windsor
    • \n
  • \n A Midsummer Night 's Dream
    • \n
  • \n Much Ado About Nothing
    • \n
  • \n Pericles , Prince of Tyre *
    • \n
  • \n The Taming of the Shrew
    • \n
  • \n The Tempest
    • \n
  • \n Twelfth Night
    • \n
  • \n The Two Gentlemen of Verona
    • \n
  • \n The Two Noble Kinsmen *
    • \n
  • \n The Winter 's Tale
    • \n
\n
\n Histories \n
    \n
  • \n King John
    • \n
  • \n Edward III *
    • \n
  • \n Richard II
    • \n
  • \n Henry IV
      \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Henry V
    • \n
  • \n Henry VI
      \n
    • \n 1 *
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Richard III
    • \n
  • \n Henry VIII *
    • \n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n Problem plays
    • \n
  • \n Late romances
    • \n
  • \n Characters
      \n
    • \n A -- K
      • \n
    • \n L -- Z
      • \n
    • \n Ghost character
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Chronology
    • \n
  • \n Performances
    • \n
  • \n Settings
    • \n
  • \n Quarto publications
    • \n
  • \n First Folio
    • \n
  • \n Second Folio
    • \n
\n
\n 		\n
\n Poems \n
    \n
  • \n Shakespeare 's sonnets
      \n
    • \n comparison to Petrarch
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n A Lover 's Complaint
    • \n
  • \n The Phoenix and the Turtle
    • \n
  • \n The Rape of Lucrece
    • \n
  • \n Venus and Adonis
    • \n
\n
\n Apocrypha \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Plays \n
    \n
  • \n Arden of Faversham
    • \n
  • \n The Birth of Merlin
    • \n
  • \n Cardenio *
    • \n
  • \n Double Falsehood
    • \n
  • \n Edmund Ironside
    • \n
  • \n Fair Em
    • \n
  • \n Locrine
    • \n
  • \n The London Prodigal
    • \n
  • \n Love 's Labour 's Won
    • \n
  • \n The Merry Devil of Edmonton
    • \n
  • \n Mucedorus
    • \n
  • \n The Puritan
    • \n
  • \n The Second Maiden 's Tragedy
    • \n
  • \n Sejanus His Fall
    • \n
  • \n Sir John Oldcastle
    • \n
  • \n Sir Thomas More *
    • \n
  • \n The Spanish Tragedy
    • \n
  • \n Thomas Lord Cromwell
    • \n
  • \n Thomas of Woodstock
    • \n
  • \n Vortigern and Rowena
    • \n
  • \n A Yorkshire Tragedy
    • \n
\n
\n Poems \n
    \n
  • \n The Passionate Pilgrim
    • \n
  • \n To the Queen
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Life and works \n
    \n
  • \n Birthplace and childhood home
    • \n
  • \n Bibliography
      \n
    • \n Complete Works of William Shakespeare
      • \n
    • \n Translations
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Early editions
    • \n
  • \n Editors
    • \n
  • \n English Renaissance theatre
    • \n
  • \n Globe Theatre
    • \n
  • \n Handwriting
    • \n
  • \n Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men
      \n
    • \n The Theatre
      • \n
    • \n Curtain Theatre
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n New Place
    • \n
  • \n Portraits
    • \n
  • \n Religious views
    • \n
  • \n Sexuality
    • \n
  • \n Spelling of his name
    • \n
  • \n Stratford - upon - Avon
    • \n
  • \n Style
    • \n
\n
\n Legacy \n
    \n
  • \n Attribution studies
    • \n
  • \n Authorship question
    • \n
  • \n Influence
    • \n
  • \n Memorials
    • \n
  • \n Screen adaptations
    • \n
  • \n Shakespeare Birthplace Trust
    • \n
  • \n Folger Shakespeare Library
      \n
    • \n Shakespeare Quarterly
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica )
    • \n
  • \n Bardolatry
    • \n
  • \n Titles of works taken from Shakespeare
    • \n
\n
\n Family \n
    \n
  • \n Anne Hathaway ( wife )
    • \n
  • \n Susanna Hall ( daughter )
    • \n
  • \n Hamnet Shakespeare ( son )
    • \n
  • \n Judith Quiney ( daughter )
    • \n
  • \n Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter )
    • \n
  • \n John Shakespeare ( father )
    • \n
  • \n Mary Arden ( mother )
    • \n
  • \n Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother )
    • \n
  • \n Joan Shakespeare ( sister )
    • \n
  • \n Edmund Shakespeare ( brother )
    • \n
  • \n Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather )
    • \n
  • \n John Hall ( son - in - law )
    • \n
  • \n Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law )
    • \n
  • \n Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law )
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n * Shakespeare and other authors
    • \n
  • \n Lost
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n William Shakespeare 's Hamlet
\n Characters \n
    \n
  • \n Hamlet
    • \n
  • \n Claudius
    • \n
  • \n Gertrude
    • \n
  • \n Ghost
    • \n
  • \n Polonius
    • \n
  • \n Laertes
    • \n
  • \n Ophelia
    • \n
  • \n Horatio
    • \n
  • \n Rosencrantz and Guildenstern
    • \n
  • \n Fortinbras
    • \n
  • \n The Gravediggers
    • \n
  • \n Yorick
    • \n
\n
\n Soliloquies \n
    \n
  • \n `` To be , or not to be ''
      \n
    • \n `` Mortal coil ''
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n `` What a piece of work is a man ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Speak the speech ''
    • \n
\n
\n Words and phrases \n
    \n
  • \n `` The lady doth protest too much , methinks ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Thy name is ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Primrose path ''
    • \n
\n
\n Terminology \n
    \n
  • \n Dumbshow
    • \n
  • \n Induction
    • \n
  • \n Quiddity
    • \n
  • \n Substitution
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Sources
    • \n
  • \n Criticism
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Legend of Hamlet
    • \n
  • \n The Spanish Tragedy
    • \n
  • \n Ur - Hamlet
    • \n
  • \n Critical approaches
    • \n
  • \n Bibliographies
    • \n
  • \n Horwendill
    • \n
  • \n Saxo Grammaticus
    • \n
  • \n House of Gonzaga
    • \n
  • \n Damon and Pythias
    • \n
\n
\n Influence \n
    \n
  • \n Common phrases from Hamlet
    • \n
  • \n Hamlet in popular culture
    • \n
  • \n References to Ophelia
    • \n
  • \n Language of flowers
    • \n
  • \n Human skull symbolism
    • \n
\n
\n Performances \n
    \n
  • \n Moscow Art Theatre ( 1911 -- 1912 )
    • \n
  • \n Richard Burton ( 1964 )
    • \n
\n
\n On screen \n
    \n
  • \n 1900
    • \n
  • \n 1907
    • \n
  • \n 1908
    • \n
  • \n 1912
    • \n
  • \n 1913
    • \n
  • \n 1917
    • \n
  • \n 1921
    • \n
  • \n 1935
    • \n
  • \n 1948
    • \n
  • \n 1954
    • \n
  • \n 1961
    • \n
  • \n 1964
    • \n
  • \n 1969
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2000
    • \n
  • \n 2011
    • \n
\n
\n Adaptations \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Films \n
    \n
  • \n The Rest Is Silence ( 1959 )
    • \n
  • \n The Bad Sleep Well ( 1960 )
    • \n
  • \n Ophelia ( 1963 )
    • \n
  • \n Johnny Hamlet ( 1968 )
    • \n
  • \n One Hamlet Less ( 1973 )
    • \n
  • \n The Angel of Vengeance -- The Female Hamlet ( 1977 )
    • \n
  • \n Strange Brew ( 1983 )
    • \n
  • \n Hamlet Goes Business ( 1987 )
    • \n
  • \n The Lion King ( 1994 )
    • \n
  • \n Let the Devil Wear Black ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n The Banquet ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Tardid ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Karmayogi ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Haider ( 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n Hamlet A.D.D. ( 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n Ophelia ( 2018 )
    • \n
  • \n The Lion King ( 2019 )
    • \n
\n
\n Novels \n
    \n
  • \n Gertrude and Claudius ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Dating Hamlet ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Ophelia 's Revenge ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n The Dead Fathers Club ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Something Rotten ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Hamlet 's Father ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n The Story of Edgar Sawtelle ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n Hamlet Had an Uncle
    • \n
\n
\n Plays \n
    \n
  • \n Hamletmachine ( 1977 )
    • \n
  • \n Dogg 's Hamlet ( 1979 )
    • \n
  • \n Fortinbras ( 1991 )
    • \n
\n
\n Musicals \n
    \n
  • \n Rockabye Hamlet ( 1973 )
    • \n
  • \n The Lion King ( 1997 )
    • \n
\n
\n Television \n
    \n
  • \n Hamlet ( Australian TV , 1959 )
    • \n
  • \n Hamlet at Elsinore ( BBC , 1964 )
    • \n
  • \n Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( BBC , 1980 )
    • \n
  • \n Hamlet ( BBC 2 , animated , 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n Hamlet ( BBC 2 , 2009 )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Parodies \n
    \n
  • \n 15 - Minute Hamlet
    • \n
  • \n The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged )
    • \n
  • \n Rosencrantz and Guildenstern
    • \n
  • \n Io , Amleto
    • \n
  • \n The Klingon Hamlet
    • \n
  • \n `` Lyle the Kindly Viking ''
    • \n
  • \n To Be or Not to Be : That is the Adventure
    • \n
  • \n `` Tales from the Public Domain ''
    • \n
\n
\n Songs \n
    \n
  • \n `` My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone '' ( 16th century )
    • \n
  • \n `` Pull Me Under '' ( 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Song for Athene '' ( 1997 )
    • \n
\n
\n Opera / classical \n
    \n
  • \n Hamlet ( Thomas )
    • \n
  • \n Amleto ( Faccio )
    • \n
  • \n Hamlet ( Tchaikovsky )
    • \n
  • \n Tristia ( Berlioz )
    • \n
  • \n Die Hamletmaschine ( Rihm )
    • \n
  • \n Hamlet ( Dean )
    • \n
\n
\n Story within a story \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Films \n
    \n
  • \n To Be or Not to Be ( 1942 )
    • \n
  • \n Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja ( 1973 )
    • \n
  • \n To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 )
    • \n
  • \n Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 )
    • \n
  • \n Highlander II : The Quickening ( 1991 )
    • \n
  • \n Last Action Hero ( 1993 )
    • \n
  • \n Renaissance Man ( 1994 )
    • \n
  • \n In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n War ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Hamlet 2 ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Three Days ( 2012 )
    • \n
\n
\n Plays \n
    \n
  • \n Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1966 )
    • \n
  • \n Stage Blood ( 1974 )
    • \n
  • \n I Hate Hamlet ( 1991 )
    • \n
  • \n To Be or Not to Be ( 2008 )
    • \n
\n
\n Novels \n
    \n
  • \n Hamlet , Revenge ! ( 1937 )
    • \n
  • \n Theatre of War ( 1994 )
    • \n
  • \n `` The Undiscovered '' ( 1997 )
    • \n
  • \n The Shakespeare Stealer ( 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Interred with Their Bones ( 2007 )
    • \n
\n
\n Television \n
    \n
  • \n `` The Producer '' ( 1966 )
    • \n
  • \n `` The Conscience of the King '' ( 1966 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Born to Be King '' ( 1983 )
    • \n
  • \n `` Terrance and Phillip : Behind the Blow '' ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Slings & Arrows ( 2003 )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Art \n
    \n
  • \n Ophelia
    • \n
  • \n Affe mit Sch\u00e4del
    • \n
\n
\n Video game \n
    \n
  • \n Last Action Hero ( 1993 )
    • \n
  • \n Hamlet ( 2010 )
    • \n
\n
\n Intertextuality \n
    \n
  • \n Asterix and the Great Crossing
    • \n
  • \n The Seagull
    • \n
  • \n Sharpe 's Havoc
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Hamlet and Oedipus
    • \n
  • \n Hamlet and His Problems
    • \n
  • \n Hebenon
    • \n
  • \n Hamlet Q1
    • \n
  • \n Ostalo je \u0107utanje
    • \n
  • \n The Chronicles of Amber
    • \n
  • \n `` Symphony No. 65 '' ( Haydn )
    • \n
  • \n The Hobart Shakespeareans
    • \n
  • \n Gertrude -- The Cry
    • \n
  • \n Poor Murderer
    • \n
  • \n Something Rotten !
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Laurence Olivier Award for Best Revival
\n 1991 - 2000 \n
    \n
  • \n Pericles ( 1991 )
    • \n
  • \n Hedda Gabler ( 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n An Inspector Calls ( 1993 )
    • \n
  • \n Machinal ( 1994 )
    • \n
  • \n As You Like It ( 1995 )
    • \n
\n
\n 2001 - present \n
    \n
  • \n Twelfth Night / Uncle Vanya ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Mourning Becomes Electra ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n Hamlet ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Hedda Gabler ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n The Crucible ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Saint Joan ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n The Histories ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n After the Dance ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Anna Christie ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Long Day 's Journey into Night ( 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n Ghosts ( 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n A View from the Bridge ( 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Ma Rainey 's Black Bottom ( 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Yerma ( 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Angels in America ( 2018 )
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Portals Access related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Shakespeare portal
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects \n
    \n
  • \n Media from Commons
    • \n
  • \n Quotations from Wikiquote
    • \n
  • \n Source texts from Wikisource
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n VIAF : 176993890
    • \n
  • \n LCCN : n80008522
    • \n
  • \n GND : 4099350 - 4
    • \n
  • \n SUDOC : 027294773
    • \n
  • \n BNF : cb11936813g ( data )
    • \n
  • \n BNE : XX2961793
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamlet&oldid=838253610 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who did shakespeare write his play hamlet for", "long_answers": ["The story of Shakespeare 's Hamlet was derived from the legend of Amleth , preserved by 13th - century chronicler Saxo Grammaticus in his Gesta Danorum , as subsequently retold by the 16th - century scholar Fran\u00e7ois de Belleforest . Shakespeare may also have drawn on an earlier Elizabethan play known today as the Ur - Hamlet , though some scholars believe he himself wrote the Ur - Hamlet , later revising it to create the version of Hamlet we now have . He almost certainly wrote his version of the title role for his fellow actor , Richard Burbage , the leading tragedian of Shakespeare 's time . In the 400 years since its inception , the role has been performed by numerous highly acclaimed actors in each successive century .\n"], "short_answers": ["almost certainly wrote his version of the title role for his fellow actor , Richard Burbage\n", "his fellow actor , Richard Burbage\n", "for his fellow actor , Richard Burbage , the leading tragedian of Shakespeare 's time\n", "his fellow actor , Richard Burbage\n"]} {"text": "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight - wikipedia

\n Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

\n Jump to : navigation , search For the 1973 film adaptation , see Gawain and the Green Knight ( film ) . \n Sir Gawain and the Green Knight \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n First page of survived manuscript , circa 14th century .
\n Author \n Anonymous
\n Country \n Kingdom of England
\n Language \n Middle English
\n Genre \n Poem , chivalric romance , Arthurian and alliterative verse .
\n Publication date \n 14th century
\n

\n Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( Middle English : Sir Gawayn and \u00fee Grene Kny\u021dt ) is a late 14th - century Middle English chivalric romance . It is one of the best known Arthurian stories , with its plot combining two types of folklore motifs , the beheading game and the exchange of winnings . The Green Knight is interpreted by some as a representation of the Green Man of folklore and by others as an allusion to Christ . Written in stanzas of alliterative verse , each of which ends in a rhyming bob and wheel , it draws on Welsh , Irish , and English stories , as well as the French chivalric tradition . It is an important example of a chivalric romance , which typically involves a hero who goes on a quest which tests his prowess , and it remains popular to this day in modern English renderings from J.R.R. Tolkien , Simon Armitage , and others , as well as through film and stage adaptations .

\n

\n It describes how Sir Gawain , a knight of King Arthur 's Round Table , accepts a challenge from a mysterious `` Green Knight '' who challenges any knight to strike him with his axe if he will take a return blow in a year and a day . Gawain accepts and beheads him with his blow , at which the Green Knight stands up , picks up his head , and reminds Gawain of the appointed time . In his struggles to keep his bargain , Gawain demonstrates chivalry and loyalty until his honour is called into question by a test involving Lady Bertilak , the lady of the Green Knight 's castle .

\n

\n The poem survives in a single manuscript , the Cotton Nero A.x. , which also includes three religious narrative poems : Pearl , Purity and Patience . All are thought to have been written by the same unknown author , dubbed the `` Pearl Poet '' or `` Gawain Poet '' , since all four are written in a North West Midland dialect of Middle English .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Synopsis ( edit )

\n Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( from original manuscript , artist unknown )

\n In Camelot on New Year 's Day , King Arthur 's court is exchanging gifts and waiting for the feasting to start when the king asks first to see or hear of an exciting adventure . A gigantic figure , entirely green in appearance and riding a green horse , rides unexpectedly into the hall . He wears no armour but bears an axe in one hand and a holly bough in the other . Refusing to fight anyone there on the grounds that they are all too weak to take him on , he insists he has come for a friendly `` Christmas game '' : someone is to strike him once with his axe on condition that the Green Knight may return the blow in a year and a day . The splendid axe will belong to whoever takes him on . Arthur himself is prepared to accept the challenge when it appears no other knight will dare , but Sir Gawain , youngest of Arthur 's knights and his nephew , begs for the honour instead . The giant bends and bares his neck before him and Gawain neatly beheads him in one stroke . However , the Green Knight neither falls nor falters , but instead reaches out , picks up his severed head and remounts , holding up his bleeding head to Queen Guinevere while its writhing lips remind Gawain that the two must meet again at the Green Chapel . He then rides away . Gawain and Arthur admire the axe , hang it up as a trophy and encourage Guinevere to treat the whole matter lightly .

\n

\n As the date approaches , Sir Gawain sets off to find the Green Chapel and keep his side of the bargain . Many adventures and battles are alluded to ( but not described ) until Gawain comes across a splendid castle where he meets Bertilak de Hautdesert , the lord of the castle , and his beautiful wife , who are pleased to have such a renowned guest . Also present is an old and ugly lady , unnamed but treated with great honour by all . Gawain tells them of his New Year 's appointment at the Green Chapel and that he only has a few days remaining . Bertilak laughs , explains that the Green Chapel is less than two miles away and proposes that Gawain rest at the castle till then . Relieved and grateful , Gawain agrees .

\n

\n Before going hunting the next day Bertilak proposes a bargain : he will give Gawain whatever he catches on the condition that Gawain give him whatever he might gain during the day . Gawain accepts . After Bertilak leaves , Lady Bertilak visits Gawain 's bedroom and behaves seductively , but despite her best efforts he yields nothing but a single kiss in his unwillingness to offend her . When Bertilak returns and gives Gawain the deer he has killed , his guest gives a kiss to Bertilak without divulging its source . The next day the lady comes again , Gawain again courteously foils her advances , and later that day there is a similar exchange of a hunted boar for two kisses . She comes once more on the third morning , this time offering Gawain a gold ring as a keepsake . He gently but steadfastly refuses but she pleads that he at least take her belt , a girdle of green and gold silk which , the lady assures him , is charmed and will keep him from all physical harm . Tempted , as he may otherwise die the next day , Gawain accepts it , and they exchange three kisses . That evening , Bertilak returns with a fox , which he exchanges with Gawain for the three kisses -- but Gawain says nothing of the girdle .

\n

\n The next day , Gawain leaves for the Green Chapel with the girdle wound twice around his waist . He finds the Green Knight sharpening an axe and , as promised , Gawain bends his bared neck to receive his blow . At the first swing Gawain flinches slightly and the Green Knight belittles him for it . Ashamed of himself , Gawain does n't flinch with the second swing ; but again the Green Knight withholds the full force of his blow . The knight explains he was testing Gawain 's nerve . Angrily Gawain tells him to deliver his blow and so the knight does , causing only a slight wound on Gawain 's neck . The game is over . Gawain seizes his sword , helmet and shield , but the Green Knight , laughing , reveals himself to be the lord of the castle , Bertilak de Hautdesert , transformed by magic . He explains that the entire adventure was a trick of the ' elderly lady ' Gawain saw at the castle , who is actually the sorceress Morgan le Fay , Arthur 's sister , who intended to test Arthur 's knights and frighten Guinevere to death . Gawain is ashamed to have behaved deceitfully but the Green Knight laughs and professes him the most blameless knight in all the land . The two part on cordial terms . Gawain returns to Camelot wearing the girdle as a token of his failure to keep his promise . The Knights of the Round Table absolve him of blame and decide that henceforth that they will wear a green sash in recognition of Gawain 's adventure and as a reminder to be always honest .

\n

\n `` Pearl poet '' ( edit )

\n Main article : Pearl Poet

\n Though the real name of `` The Gawain Poet '' ( or poets ) is unknown , some inferences about him can be drawn from an informed reading of his works . The manuscript of Gawain is known in academic circles as Cotton Nero A.x. , following a naming system used by one of its owners , Robert Cotton , a collector of Medieval English texts . Before the Gawain manuscript came into Cotton 's possession , it was in the library of Henry Savile of Banke in Yorkshire . Little is known about its previous ownership , and until 1824 , when the manuscript was introduced to the academic community in a second edition of Thomas Warton 's History edited by Richard Price , it was almost entirely unknown . Even then , the Gawain poem was not published in its entirety until 1839 . Now held in the British Library , it has been dated to the late 14th century , meaning the poet was a contemporary of Geoffrey Chaucer , author of The Canterbury Tales , though it is unlikely that they ever met . The three other works found in the same manuscript as Gawain ( commonly known as Pearl , Patience , and Purity or Cleanliness ) are often considered to be written by the same author . However , the manuscript containing these poems was transcribed by a copyist and not by the original poet . Although nothing explicitly suggests that all four poems are by the same poet , comparative analysis of dialect , verse form , and diction have pointed towards single authorship .

\n

\n What is known today about the poet is largely general . As J.R.R. Tolkien and E.V. Gordon , after reviewing the text 's allusions , style , and themes , concluded in 1925 :

\n

\n He was a man of serious and devout mind , though not without humour ; he had an interest in theology , and some knowledge of it , though an amateur knowledge perhaps , rather than a professional ; he had Latin and French and was well enough read in French books , both romantic and instructive ; but his home was in the West Midlands of England ; so much his language shows , and his metre , and his scenery .

\n

\n The most commonly suggested candidate for authorship is John Massey of Cotton , Cheshire . He is known to have lived in the dialect region of the Pearl Poet and is thought to have written the poem St. Erkenwald , which some scholars argue bears stylistic similarities to Gawain . St. Erkenwald , however , has been dated by some scholars to a time outside the Gawain poet 's era . Thus , ascribing authorship to John Massey is still controversial and most critics consider the Gawain poet an unknown .

\n

\n Verse form ( edit )

\n

\n The 2,530 lines and 101 stanzas that make up Sir Gawain and the Green Knight are written in what linguists call the `` Alliterative Revival '' style typical of the 14th century . Instead of focusing on a metrical syllabic count and rhyme , the alliterative form of this period usually relied on the agreement of a pair of stressed syllables at the beginning of the line and another pair at the end . Each line always includes a pause , called a caesura , at some point after the first two stresses , dividing it into two half - lines . Although he largely follows the form of his day , the Gawain poet was somewhat freer with convention than his or her predecessors . The poet broke the alliterative lines into variable - length groups and ended these nominal stanzas with a rhyming section of five lines known as the bob and wheel , in which the `` bob '' is a very short line , sometimes of only two syllables , followed by the `` wheel , '' longer lines with internal rhyme .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Gawain \n \n Translation
\n ( bob )

\n ful clene ( wheel ) for wonder of his hwe men hade set in his semblaunt sene he ferde as freke were fade and oueral enker grene ( SGGK lines 146 -- 150 )

\n 		\n \n

\n ( bob ) full clean . ( wheel ) Great wonder of the knight Folk had in hall , I ween , Full fierce he was to sight , And over all bright green . ( SGGK lines 146 -- 150 )

\n
\n

\n Similar stories ( edit )

\n The legendary Irish figure C\u00fachulainn faced a trial similar to Gawain 's ( C\u00fachulain Slays the Hound of Culain by Stephen Reid , 1904 ) .

\n The earliest known story to feature a beheading game is the 8th - century Middle Irish tale Bricriu 's Feast . This story parallels Gawain in that , like the Green Knight , C\u00fa Chulainn 's antagonist feints three blows with the axe before letting his target depart without injury . A beheading exchange also appears in the late 12th - century Life of Caradoc , a Middle French narrative embedded in the anonymous First Continuation of Chr\u00e9tien de Troyes ' Perceval , the Story of the Grail . A notable difference in this story is that Caradoc 's challenger is his father in disguise , come to test his honour . Lancelot is given a beheading challenge in the early 13th - century Perlesvaus , in which a knight begs him to chop off his head or else put his own in jeopardy . Lancelot reluctantly cuts it off , agreeing to come to the same place in a year to put his head in the same danger . When Lancelot arrives , the people of the town celebrate and announce that they have finally found a true knight , because many others had failed this test of chivalry .

\n

\n The stories The Girl with the Mule ( alternately titled The Mule Without a Bridle ) and Hunbaut feature Gawain in beheading game situations . In Hunbaut , Gawain cuts off a man 's head and , before he can replace it , removes the magic cloak keeping the man alive , thus killing him . Several stories tell of knights who struggle to stave off the advances of voluptuous women sent by their lords as a test ; these stories include Yder , the Lancelot - Grail , Hunbaut , and The Knight of the Sword . The last two involve Gawain specifically . Usually the temptress is the daughter or wife of a lord to whom the knight owes respect , and the knight is tested to see whether or not he will remain chaste in trying circumstances .

\n

\n In the first branch of the medieval Welsh collection of tales known as the Mabinogion , Pwyll exchanges places for a year with Arawn , the lord of Annwn ( the Otherworld ) . Despite having his appearance changed to resemble Arawn exactly , Pwyll does not have sexual relations with Arawn 's wife during this time , thus establishing a lasting friendship between the two men . This story may , then , provide a background to Gawain 's attempts to resist the wife of the Green Knight ; thus , the story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight may be seen as a tale which combines elements of the Celtic beheading game and seduction test stories . Additionally , in both stories a year passes before the completion of the conclusion of the challenge or exchange . Some scholars disagree with this interpretation , however , as Arawn seems to have accepted the notion that Pwyll may reciprocate with his wife , making it less of a `` seduction test '' per se , as seduction tests typically involve a Lord and Lady conspiring to seduce a knight , seemingly against the wishes of the Lord .

\n

\n After the writing of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , several similar stories followed . The Greene Knight ( 15th -- 17th century ) is a rhymed retelling of nearly the same tale . In it , the plot is simplified , motives are more fully explained , and some names are changed . Another story , The Turke and Gowin ( 15th century ) , begins with a Turk entering Arthur 's court and asking , `` Is there any will , as a brother , To give a buffett and take another ? '' At the end of this poem the Turk , rather than buffeting Gawain back , asks the knight to cut off his head , which Gawain does . The Turk then praises Gawain and showers him with gifts . The Carle of Carlisle ( 17th century ) also resembles Gawain in a scene in which the Carle ( Churl ) , a lord , takes Sir Gawain to a chamber where two swords are hanging and orders Gawain to cut off his head or suffer his own to be cut off . Gawain obliges and strikes , but the Carle rises , laughing and unharmed . Unlike the Gawain poem , no return blow is demanded or given .

\n

\n Themes ( edit )

\n

\n Temptation and testing ( edit )

\n Knights of Gawain 's time were tested in their ability to balance the male - oriented chivalric code with the female - oriented rules of courtly love . ( God Speed ! -- Edmund Blair Leighton 1900 )

\n At the heart of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is the test of Gawain 's adherence to the code of chivalry . The typical temptation fable of medieval literature presents a series of tribulations assembled as tests or `` proofs '' of moral virtue . The stories often describe several individuals ' failures after which the main character is tested . Success in the proofs will often bring immunity or good fortune . Gawain 's ability to pass the tests of his host are of utmost importance to his survival , though he does not know it . It is only by fortuity or `` instinctive - courtesy '' that Sir Gawain is able to pass his test . Gawain does not realize , however , that these tests are all orchestrated by Sir Bertilak . In addition to the laws of chivalry , Gawain must respect another set of laws concerning courtly love . The knight 's code of honour requires him to do whatever a damsel asks . Gawain must accept the girdle from the Lady , but he must also keep the promise he has made to his host that he will give whatever he gains that day . Gawain chooses to keep the girdle out of fear of death , thus breaking his promise to the host but honouring the lady . Upon learning that the Green Knight is actually his host ( Bertilak ) , he realises that although he has completed his quest , he has failed to be virtuous . This test demonstrates the conflict between honour and knightly duties . In breaking his promise , Gawain believes he has lost his honour and failed in his duties .

\n

\n Hunting and seduction ( edit )

\n

\n Scholars have frequently noted the parallels between the three hunting scenes and the three seduction scenes in Gawain . They are generally agreed that the fox chase has significant parallels to the third seduction scene , in which Gawain accepts the girdle from Bertilak 's wife . Gawain , like the fox , fears for his life and is looking for a way to avoid death from the Green Knight 's axe . Like his counterpart , he resorts to trickery in order to save his skin . The fox uses tactics so unlike the first two animals , and so unexpectedly , that Bertilak has the hardest time hunting it . Similarly , Gawain finds the Lady 's advances in the third seduction scene more unpredictable and challenging to resist than her previous attempts . She changes her evasive language , typical of courtly love relationships , to a more assertive style . Her dress , relatively modest in earlier scenes , is suddenly voluptuous and revealing .

\n

\n The deer - and boar - hunting scenes are less clearly connected , although scholars have attempted to link each animal to Gawain 's reactions in the parallel seduction scene . Attempts to connect the deer hunt with the first seduction scene have unearthed a few parallels . Deer hunts of the time , like courtship , had to be done according to established rules . Women often favoured suitors who hunted well and skinned their animals , sometimes even watching while a deer was cleaned . The sequence describing the deer hunt is relatively unspecific and nonviolent , with an air of relaxation and exhilaration . The first seduction scene follows in a similar vein , with no overt physical advances and no apparent danger ; the entire exchange is humorously portrayed .

\n

\n The boar - hunting scene is , in contrast , laden with detail . Boars were ( and are ) much more difficult to hunt than deer ; approaching one with only a sword was akin to challenging a knight to single combat . In the hunting sequence , the boar flees but is cornered before a ravine . He turns to face Bertilak with his back to the ravine , prepared to fight . Bertilak dismounts and in the ensuing fight kills the boar . He removes its head and displays it on a pike . In the seduction scene , Bertilak 's wife , like the boar , is more forward , insisting that Gawain has a romantic reputation and that he must not disappoint her . Gawain , however , is successful in parrying her attacks , saying that surely she knows more than he about love . Both the boar hunt and the seduction scene can be seen as depictions of a moral victory : both Gawain and Bertilak face struggles alone and emerge triumphant . Masculinity has also been associated with hunting . The theme of masculinity is present throughout . In an article by Vern L. Bullough , `` Being a Male in the Middle Ages , '' he discusses Sir Gawain and how normally , masculinity is often viewed in terms of being sexually active . He notes that Sir Gawain is not part of this normalcy .

\n

\n Nature and chivalry ( edit )

\n

\n Some argue that nature represents a chaotic , lawless order which is in direct confrontation with the civilisation of Camelot throughout Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . The green horse and rider that first invade Arthur 's peaceful halls are iconic representations of nature 's disturbance . Nature is presented throughout the poem as rough and indifferent , constantly threatening the order of men and courtly life . Nature invades and disrupts order in the major events of the narrative , both symbolically and through the inner nature of humanity . This element appears first with the disruption caused by the Green Knight , later when Gawain must fight off his natural lust for Bertilak 's wife , and again when Gawain breaks his vow to Bertilak by choosing to keep the green girdle , valuing survival over virtue . Represented by the sin - stained girdle , nature is an underlying force , forever within man and keeping him imperfect ( in a chivalric sense ) . In this view , Gawain is part of a wider conflict between nature and chivalry , an examination of the ability of man 's order to overcome the chaos of nature .

\n

\n Several critics have made exactly the opposite interpretation , reading the poem as a comic critique of the Christianity of the time , particularly as embodied in the Christian chivalry of Arthur 's court . In its zeal to extirpate all traces of paganism , Christianity had cut itself off from the sources of life in nature and the female . The green girdle represents all the pentangle lacks . The Arthurian enterprise is doomed unless it can acknowledge the unattainability of the ideals of the Round Table , and , for the sake of realism and wholeness , recognize and incorporate the pagan values represented by the Green Knight .

\n

\n Games ( edit )

\n

\n The word gomen ( game ) is found 18 times in Gawain . Its similarity to the word gome ( man ) , which appears 21 times , has led some scholars to see men and games as centrally linked . Games at this time were seen as tests of worthiness , as when the Green Knight challenges the court 's right to its good name in a `` Christmas game '' . The `` game '' of exchanging gifts was common in Germanic cultures . If a man received a gift , he was obliged to provide the giver with a better gift or risk losing his honour , almost like an exchange of blows in a fight ( or in a `` beheading game '' ) . The poem revolves around two games : an exchange of beheading and an exchange of winnings . These appear at first to be unconnected . However , a victory in the first game will lead to a victory in the second . Elements of both games appear in other stories ; however , the linkage of outcomes is unique to Gawain .

\n

\n Times and seasons ( edit )

\n

\n Times , dates , seasons , and cycles within Gawain are often noted by scholars because of their symbolic nature . The story starts on New Year 's Eve with a beheading and culminates on the next New Year 's Day . Gawain leaves Camelot on All Saints Day and arrives at Bertilak 's castle on Christmas Eve . Furthermore , the Green Knight tells Gawain to meet him at the Green Chapel in `` a year and a day '' -- a period of time seen often in medieval literature . Some scholars interpret the yearly cycles , each beginning and ending in winter , as the poet 's attempt to convey the inevitable fall of all things good and noble in the world . Such a theme is strengthened by the image of Troy , a powerful nation once thought to be invincible which , according to the Aeneid , fell to the Greeks due to pride and ignorance . The Trojan connection shows itself in the presence of two virtually identical descriptions of Troy 's destruction . The poem 's first line reads : `` Since the siege and the assault were ceased at Troy '' and the final stanzaic line ( before the bob and wheel ) is `` After the siege and the assault were ceased at Troy '' .

\n

\n Symbolism ( edit )

\n

\n Significance of the colour Green ( edit )

\n In the 15th - century Saint Wolfgang and the Devil by Michael Pacher , the Devil is green . Poetic contemporaries such as Chaucer also drew connections between the colour green and the devil , leading scholars to draw similar connections in readings of the Green Knight .

\n Given the varied and even contradictory interpretations of the colour green , its precise meaning in the poem remains ambiguous . In English folklore and literature , green was traditionally used to symbolise nature and its associated attributes : fertility and rebirth . Stories of the medieval period also used it to allude to love and the base desires of man . Because of its connection with faeries and spirits in early English folklore , green also signified witchcraft , devilry and evil . It can also represent decay and toxicity . When combined with gold , as with the Green Knight and the girdle , green was often seen as representing youth 's passing . In Celtic mythology , green was associated with misfortune and death , and therefore avoided in clothing . The green girdle , originally worn for protection , became a symbol of shame and cowardice ; it is finally adopted as a symbol of honour by the knights of Camelot , signifying a transformation from good to evil and back again ; this displays both the spoiling and regenerative connotations of the colour green .

\n

\n The Green Knight ( edit )

\n Main article : Green Knight

\n Scholars have puzzled over the Green Knight 's symbolism since the discovery of the poem . He could be a version of the Green Man , a mythological being connected with nature in medieval art , a Christian symbol , or the Devil himself . British medieval scholar C.S. Lewis said the character was `` as vivid and concrete as any image in literature '' and J.R.R. Tolkien said he was the `` most difficult character '' to interpret in Sir Gawain . His major role in Arthurian literature is that of a judge and tester of knights , thus he is at once terrifying , friendly , and mysterious . He appears in only two other poems : The Greene Knight and King Arthur and King Cornwall . Scholars have attempted to connect him to other mythical characters , such as Jack in the green of English tradition and to Al - Khidr , but no definitive connection has yet been established .

\n

\n However , there is a possibility , as Alice Buchanan has argued , that the colour green is erroneously attributed to the Green Knight due to the poet 's mistranslation or misunderstanding of the Irish word glas , which could either mean grey or green . In the Death of Curoi ( one of the Irish stories from Bricriu 's Feast ) , Curoi stands in for Bertilak , and is often called `` the man of the grey mantle '' . Though the words usually used for grey in the Death of Curoi are lachtna or odar , roughly meaning milk - coloured and shadowy respectively , in later works featuring a green knight , the word glas is used and may have been the basis of misunderstanding .

\n Another famous Arthurian woman , The Lady of Shalott , with a medieval girdle around her waist ( John William Waterhouse , 1888 )

\n Girdle ( edit )

\n See also : Girdle in literature

\n The girdle 's symbolic meaning , in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , has been construed in a variety of ways . Interpretations range from sexual in nature to spiritual . Those who argue for the sexual inference view the girdle as a `` trophy '' . However , it is not entirely clear who the `` winner '' is : Sir Gawain or Lady Bertilak . The girdle is given to Gawain by Lady Bertilak in order to keep him safe when he confronts the Green Knight . When Lord Bertilak returns home from his hunting trip , Gawain does not reveal the girdle to his host but , instead , hides it . This introduces the spiritual interpretation , that Gawain 's acceptance of the girdle is a sign of his faltering faith in God , at least in the face of death . To some , the Green Knight is Christ , who overcomes death , while Gawain is the Every Christian , who in his struggles to follow Christ faithfully , chooses the easier path . In Sir Gawain , the easier choice is the girdle , which promises what Gawain most desires . Faith in God , alternatively , requires one 's acceptance that what one most desires does not always coincide with what God has planned . It is arguably best to view the girdle not as an either -- or situation , but as a complex , multi-faceted symbol that acts to test Gawain in more ways than one . While Gawain is able to resist Bertilak 's wife 's sexual advances , he is unable to resist the powers of the girdle . Gawain is operating under the laws of chivalry which , evidently , have rules that can contradict each other . In the story of Sir Gawain , Gawain finds himself torn between doing what a damsel asks ( accepting the girdle ) and keeping his promise ( returning anything given to him while his host is away ) .

\n

\n Pentangle ( edit )

\n See also : Pentagram The pentangle on Gawain 's shield is described as gold on a red background

\n The pentangle on Gawain 's shield is seen by many critics as signifying Gawain 's perfection and power over evil . The poem contains the only representation of such a symbol on Gawain 's shield in the Gawain literature . What is more , the poet uses a total of 46 lines in order to describe the meaning of the pentangle ; no other symbol in the poem receives as much attention or is described in such detail . The poem describes the pentangle as a symbol of faithfulness and an `` endless knot '' . From lines 640 to 654 , the five points of the pentangle relate directly to Gawain in five ways : five senses , his five fingers , his faith found in the five wounds of Christ , the five joys of Mary ( whose face was on the inside of the shield ) and finally friendship , fraternity , purity , politeness and pity ( traits that Gawain possessed around others ) . In line 625 , it is described as `` a sign by Solomon '' . Solomon , the third king of Israel , in the 10th century BC , was said to have the mark of the pentagram on his ring , which he received from the archangel Michael . The pentagram seal on this ring was said to give Solomon power over demons .

\n

\n Along these lines , some academics link the Gawain pentangle to magical traditions . In Germany , the symbol was called a Drudenfu\u00df and was placed on household objects to keep out evil . The symbol was also associated with magical charms that , if recited or written on a weapon , would call forth magical forces . However , concrete evidence tying the magical pentagram to Gawain 's pentangle is scarce .

\n

\n Gawain 's pentangle also symbolises the `` phenomenon of physically endless objects signifying a temporally endless quality . '' Many poets use the symbol of the circle to show infinity or endlessness , but Gawain 's poet insisted on using something more complex . In medieval number theory , the number five is considered a `` circular number '' , since it `` reproduces itself in its last digit when raised to its powers '' . Furthermore , it replicates itself geometrically ; that is , every pentangle has a smaller pentagon that allows a pentangle to be embedded in it and this `` process may be repeated forever with decreasing pentangles '' . Thus , by reproducing the number five , which in medieval number symbolism signified incorruptibility , Gawain 's pentangle represents his eternal incorruptibility .

\n

\n The Lady 's ring ( edit )

\n

\n Gawain 's refusal of the Lady Bertilak 's ring has major implications for the remainder of the story . While the modern student may tend to pay more attention to the girdle as the eminent object offered by the lady , readers in the time of Gawain would have noticed the significance of the offer of the ring as they believed that rings , and especially the embedded gems , had talismanic properties similarly done by the Gawain - poet in Pearl . This is especially true of the lady 's ring as scholars believe it to be a ruby or carbuncle , indicated when the Gawain - Poet describes it as a `` brygt sunne '' ( line 1819 ) , a `` fiery sun . '' This red colour can be seen as symbolizing royalty , divinity , and the Passion of the Christ , something that Gawain as a knight of the Round Table would strive for , but this colour could also represent the negative qualities of temptation and covetousness . Given the importance of magic rings in Arthurian romance , this remarkable ring would also have been believed to protect the wearer from harm just as Lady Bertilak claims the girdle will .

\n

\n Numbers ( edit )

\n

\n The poet highlights number symbolism to add symmetry and meaning to the poem . For example , three kisses are exchanged between Gawain and Bertilak 's wife ; Gawain is tempted by her on three separate days ; Bertilak goes hunting three times , and the Green Knight swings at Gawain three times with his axe . The number two also appears repeatedly , as in the two beheading scenes , two confession scenes , and two castles . The five points of the pentangle , the poet adds , represent Gawain 's virtues , for he is `` faithful five ways and five times each '' . The poet goes on to list the ways in which Gawain is virtuous : all five of his senses are without fault ; his five fingers never fail him , and he always remembers the five wounds of Christ , as well as the five joys of the Virgin Mary . The fifth five is Gawain himself , who embodies the five moral virtues of the code of chivalry : `` friendship , generosity , chastity , courtesy , and piety '' . All of these virtues reside , as the poet says , in the `` Endless Knot '' of the pentangle , which forever interlinks and is never broken . This intimate relationship between symbol and faith allows for rigorous allegorical interpretation , especially in the physical role that the shield plays in Gawain 's quest . Thus , the poet makes Gawain the epitome of perfection in knighthood through number symbolism .

\n

\n The number five is also found in the structure of the poem itself . Sir Gawain is 101 stanzas long , traditionally organised into four ' Fits ' of 21 , 24 , 34 , and 22 stanzas . These divisions , however , have since been disputed ; scholars have begun to believe that they are the work of the copyist and not of the poet . The surviving manuscript features a series of capital letters added after the fact by another scribe , and some scholars argue that these additions were an attempt to restore the original divisions . These letters divide the manuscript into nine parts . The first and last parts are 22 stanzas long . The second and second - to - last parts are only one stanza long , and the middle five parts are eleven stanzas long . The number eleven is associated with transgression in other medieval literature ( being one more than ten , a number associated with the Ten Commandments ) . Thus , this set of five elevens ( 55 stanzas ) creates the perfect mix of transgression and incorruption , suggesting that Gawain is faultless in his faults .

\n

\n Wounds ( edit )

\n

\n At the story 's climax , Gawain is wounded superficially in the neck by the Green Knight 's axe . During the medieval period , the body and the soul were believed to be so intimately connected that wounds were considered an outward sign of inward sin . The neck , specifically , was believed to correlate with the part of the soul related to will , connecting the reasoning part ( the head ) and the courageous part ( the heart ) . Gawain 's sin resulted from using his will to separate reasoning from courage . By accepting the girdle from the lady , he employs reason to do something less than courageous -- evade death in a dishonest way . Gawain 's wound is thus an outward sign of an internal wound . The Green Knight 's series of tests shows Gawain the weakness that has been in him all along : the desire to use his will pridefully for personal gain , rather than submitting his will in humility to God . The Green Knight , by engaging with the greatest knight of Camelot , also reveals the moral weakness of pride in all of Camelot , and therefore all of humanity . However , the wounds of Christ , believed to offer healing to wounded souls and bodies , are mentioned throughout the poem in the hope that this sin of prideful `` stiffneckedness '' will be healed among fallen mortals .

\n

\n Interpretations ( edit )

\n

\n Gawain as medieval romance ( edit )

\n Further information : Order of the Garter and Romance ( heroic literature ) Gawain represented the perfect knight , as a fighter , a lover , and a religious devotee . ( The Vigil by John Pettie , 1884 )

\n Many critics argue that Sir Gawain and the Green Knight should be viewed , above all , as a romance . Medieval romances typically recount the marvellous adventures of a chivalrous , heroic knight , often of super-human ability , who abides by chivalry 's strict codes of honour and demeanour , embarks upon a quest and defeats monsters , thereby winning the favour of a lady . Thus , medieval romances focus not on love and sentiment ( as the term `` romance '' implies today ) , but on adventure .

\n

\n Gawain 's function , as medieval scholar Alan Markman says , `` is the function of the romance hero ... to stand as the champion of the human race , and by submitting to strange and severe tests , to demonstrate human capabilities for good or bad action . '' Through Gawain 's adventure , it becomes clear that he is merely human . The reader becomes attached to this human view in the midst of the poem 's romanticism , relating to Gawain 's humanity while respecting his knightly qualities . Gawain `` shows us what moral conduct is . We shall probably not equal his behaviour , but we admire him for pointing out the way . ''

\n

\n In viewing the poem as a chivalric romance , many scholars see it as intertwining chivalric and courtly love laws under the English Order of the Garter . The group 's motto , ' honi soit qui mal y pense ' , or `` Shamed be he who finds evil here , '' is written at the end of the poem . Some critics describe Gawain 's peers wearing girdles of their own as evidence of the origin of the Order of the Garter . However , in the parallel poem The Greene Knight , the lace is white , not green , and is considered the origin of the collar worn by the knights of the Bath , not the Order of the Garter . The motto on the poem was probably written by a copyist and not by the original author . Still , the connection made by the copyist to the Order is not extraordinary .

\n

\n Christian interpretations ( edit )

\n Scholars have pointed out parallels between the girdle Bertilak 's wife offers Gawain , and the fruit Eve offered to Adam in the Biblical Garden of Eden . ( Adam and Eve Lucas Cranach , ca . 1513 )

\n The poem is in many ways deeply Christian , with frequent references to the fall of Adam and Eve and to Jesus Christ . Scholars have debated the depth of the Christian elements within the poem by looking at it in the context of the age in which it was written , coming up with varying views as to what represents a Christian element of the poem and what does not . For example , some critics compare Sir Gawain to the other three poems of the Gawain manuscript . Each has a heavily Christian theme , causing scholars to interpret Gawain similarly . Comparing it to the poem Cleanness ( also known as Purity ) , for example , they see it as a story of the apocalyptic fall of a civilisation , in Gawain 's case , Camelot . In this interpretation , Sir Gawain is like Noah , separated from his society and warned by the Green Knight ( who is seen as God 's representative ) of the coming doom of Camelot . Gawain , judged worthy through his test , is spared the doom of the rest of Camelot . King Arthur and his knights , however , misunderstand Gawain 's experience and wear garters themselves . In Cleanness the men who are saved are similarly helpless in warning their society of impending destruction .

\n

\n One of the key points stressed in this interpretation is that salvation is an individual experience difficult to communicate to outsiders . In his depiction of Camelot , the poet reveals a concern for his society , whose inevitable fall will bring about the ultimate destruction intended by God . Gawain was written around the time of the Black Death and Peasants ' Revolt , events which convinced many people that their world was coming to an apocalyptic end and this belief was reflected in literature and culture . However , other critics see weaknesses in this view , since the Green Knight is ultimately under the control of Morgan le Fay , often viewed as a figure of evil in Camelot tales . This makes the knight 's presence as a representative of God problematic .

\n

\n While the character of the Green Knight is usually not viewed as a representation of Christ in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , critics do acknowledge a parallel . Lawrence Besserman , a specialist in medieval literature , explains that `` the Green Knight is not a figurative representative of Christ . But the idea of Christ 's divine / human nature provides a medieval conceptual framework that supports the poet 's serious / comic account of the Green Knight 's supernatural / human qualities and actions . '' This duality exemplifies the influence and importance of Christian teachings and views of Christ in the era of the Gawain Poet .

\n

\n Furthermore , critics note the Christian reference to Christ 's crown of thorns at the conclusion of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . After Gawain returns to Camelot and tells his story regarding the newly acquired green sash , the poem concludes with a brief prayer and a reference to `` the thorn - crowned God '' . Besserman theorises that `` with these final words the poet redirects our attention from the circular girdle - turned - sash ( a double image of Gawain 's `` yntrawpe / renoun '' ) to the circular Crown of Thorns ( a double image of Christ 's humiliation turned triumph ) . ''

\n

\n Throughout the poem , Gawain encounters numerous trials testing his devotion and faith in Christianity . When Gawain sets out on his journey to find the Green Chapel , he finds himself lost , and only after praying to the Virgin Mary does he find his way . As he continues his journey , Gawain once again faces anguish regarding his inevitable encounter with the Green Knight . Instead of praying to Mary , as before , Gawain places his faith in the girdle given to him by Bertilak 's wife . From the Christian perspective , this leads to disastrous and embarrassing consequences for Gawain as he is forced to reevaluate his faith when the Green Knight points out his betrayal . Another interpretation sees the work in terms of the perfection of virtue , with the pentangle representing the moral perfection of the connected virtues , the Green Knight as Christ exhibiting perfect fortitude , and Gawain as slightly imperfect in fortitude by virtue of flinching when under the threat of death .

\n

\n An analogy is also made between Gawain 's trial and the Biblical test that Adam encounters in the Garden of Eden . Adam succumbs to Eve just as Gawain surrenders to Bertilak 's wife by accepting the girdle . Although Gawain sins by putting his faith in the girdle and not confessing when he is caught , the Green Knight pardons him , thereby allowing him to become a better Christian by learning from his mistakes . Through the various games played and hardships endured , Gawain finds his place within the Christian world .

\n

\n Feminist interpretations ( edit )

\n Lady Bertilak at Gawain 's bed ( from original manuscript , artist unknown )

\n Feminist literary critics see the poem as portraying women 's ultimate power over men . Morgan le Fay and Bertilak 's wife , for example , are the most powerful characters in the poem -- Morgan especially , as she begins the game by enchanting the Green Knight . The girdle and Gawain 's scar can be seen as symbols of feminine power , each of them diminishing Gawain 's masculinity . Gawain 's misogynist passage , in which he blames all of his troubles on women and lists the many men who have fallen prey to women 's wiles , further supports the feminist view of ultimate female power in the poem .

\n

\n In contrast , others argue that the poem focuses mostly on the opinions , actions , and abilities of men . For example , on the surface , it appears that Bertilak 's wife is a strong leading character . By adopting the masculine role , she appears to be an empowered individual , particularly in the bedroom scene . This is not entirely the case , however . While the Lady is being forward and outgoing , Gawain 's feelings and emotions are the focus of the story , and Gawain stands to gain or lose the most . The Lady `` makes the first move '' , so to speak , but Gawain ultimately decides what is to become of those actions . He , therefore , is in charge of the situation and even the relationship .

\n

\n In the bedroom scene , both the negative and positive actions of the Lady are motivated by her desire . Her feelings cause her to step out of the typical female role and into that of the male , thus becoming more empowered . At the same time , those same actions make the Lady appear adulterous ; some scholars compare her with Eve in the Bible . By forcing Gawain to take her girdle , i.e. the apple , the pact made with Bertilak -- and therefore the Green Knight -- is broken . In this sense , it is clear that at the hands of the Lady , Gawain is a `` good man seduced '' .

\n

\n Postcolonial interpretations ( edit )

\n

\n From 1350 to 1400 -- the period in which the poem is thought to have been written -- Wales experienced several raids at the hands of the English , who were attempting to colonise the area . The Gawain poet uses a North West Midlands dialect common on the Welsh -- English border , potentially placing him in the midst of this conflict . Patricia Clare Ingham is credited with first viewing the poem through the lens of postcolonialism , and since then a great deal of dispute has emerged over the extent to which colonial differences play a role in the poem . Most critics agree that gender plays a role , but differ about whether gender supports the colonial ideals or replaces them as English and Welsh cultures interact in the poem .

\n

\n A large amount of critical debate also surrounds the poem as it relates to the bi-cultural political landscape of the time . Some argue that Bertilak is an example of the hybrid Anglo - Welsh culture found on the Welsh -- English border . They therefore view the poem as a reflection of a hybrid culture that plays strong cultures off one another to create a new set of cultural rules and traditions . Other scholars , however , argue that historically much Welsh blood was shed well into the 14th century , creating a situation far removed from the more friendly hybridisation suggested by Ingham . To support this argument further , it is suggested that the poem creates an `` us versus them '' scenario contrasting the knowledgeable civilised English with the uncivilised borderlands that are home to Bertilak and the other monsters that Gawain encounters .

\n

\n In contrast to this perception of the colonial lands , others argue that the land of Hautdesert , Bertilak 's territory , has been misrepresented or ignored in modern criticism . They suggest that it is a land with its own moral agency , one that plays a central role in the story . Bonnie Lander , for example , argues that the denizens of Hautdesert are `` intelligently immoral '' , choosing to follow certain codes and rejecting others , a position which creates a `` distinction ... of moral insight versus moral faith '' . Lander thinks that the border dwellers are more sophisticated because they do not unthinkingly embrace the chivalric codes but challenge them in a philosophical , and -- in the case of Bertilak 's appearance at Arthur 's court -- literal sense . Lander 's argument about the superiority of the denizens of Hautdesert hinges on the lack of self - awareness present in Camelot , which leads to an unthinking populace that frowns on individualism . In this view , it is not Bertilak and his people , but Arthur and his court , who are the monsters .

\n

\n Gawain 's journey ( edit )

\n

\n Several scholars have attempted to find a real - world correspondence for Gawain 's journey to the Green Chapel . The Anglesey islands , for example , are mentioned in the poem . They exist today as a single island off the coast of Wales . In line 700 , Gawain is said to pass the `` Holy Head '' , believed by many scholars to be either Holywell or the Cistercian abbey of Poulton in Pulford . Holywell is associated with the beheading of Saint Winifred . As the story goes , Winifred was a virgin who was beheaded by a local leader after she refused his sexual advances . Her uncle , another saint , put her head back in place and healed the wound , leaving only a white scar . The parallels between this story and Gawain 's make this area a likely candidate for the journey .

\n

\n Gawain 's trek leads him directly into the centre of the Pearl Poet 's dialect region , where the candidates for the locations of the Castle at Hautdesert and the Green Chapel stand . Hautdesert is thought to be in the area of Swythamley in northwest Midland , as it lies in the writer 's dialect area and matches the topographical features described in the poem . The area is also known to have housed all of the animals hunted by Bertilak ( deer , boar , fox ) in the 14th century . The Green Chapel is thought to be in either Lud 's Church or Wetton Mill , as these areas closely match the descriptions given by the author . Ralph Elliott located the chapel ( `` two myle henne '' v1078 ) from the old manor house at Swythamley Park at the bottom of a valley ( `` bothm of the brem valay '' v2145 ) on a hillside ( `` loke a littel on the launde , on thi lyfte honde '' v2147 ) in an enormous fissure ( `` an olde caue , / or a creuisse of an olde cragge '' v2182 - 83 ) . Several have tried to replicate this expedition and others such as Michael Twomey have created a virtual tour of Gawain 's journey entitled ' Travels with Sir Gawain ' that include photographs of landscapes mentioned and particular views mentioned in the text .

\n

\n Homoerotic interpretations ( edit )

\n

\n According to medieval scholar Richard Zeikowitz , the Green Knight represents a threat to homosocial friendship in his medieval world . Zeikowitz argues that the narrator of the poem seems entranced by the Knight 's beauty , homoeroticising him in poetic form . The Green Knight 's attractiveness challenges the homosocial rules of King Arthur 's court and poses a threat to their way of life . Zeikowitz also states that Gawain seems to find Bertilak as attractive as the narrator finds the Green Knight . Bertilak , however , follows the homosocial code and develops a friendship with Gawain . Gawain 's embracing and kissing Bertilak in several scenes thus represents not a homosexual but a homosocial expression . Men of the time often embraced and kissed and this was acceptable under the chivalric code . Nonetheless , the Green Knight blurs the lines between homosociality and homosexuality , representing the difficulty medieval writers sometimes had in separating the two .

\n

\n Carolyn Dinshaw argues that the poem may have been a response to accusations that Richard II had a male lover -- an attempt to reestablish the idea that heterosexuality was the Christian norm . Around the time the poem was written , the Catholic Church was beginning to express concerns about kissing between males . Many religious figures were trying to make the distinction between strong trust and friendship between males and homosexuality . Still , the Pearl Poet seems to have been simultaneously entranced and repulsed by homosexual desire . In his other poem Cleanness , he points out several grievous sins , but spends lengthy passages describing them in minute detail . His obsession seems to carry into Gawain in his descriptions of the Green Knight .

\n

\n Beyond this , Dinshaw proposes that Gawain can be read as a woman - like figure . He is the passive one in the advances of Lady Bertilak , as well as in his encounters with Lord Bertilak , where he acts the part of a woman in kissing the man . However , while the poem does have homosexual elements , these elements are brought up by the poet in order to establish heterosexuality as the normal lifestyle of Gawain 's world . The poem does this by making the kisses between Lady Bertilak and Gawain sexual in nature , but rendering the kisses between Gawain and Lord Bertilak `` unintelligible '' to the medieval reader . In other words , the poet portrays kisses between a man and a woman as having the possibility of leading to sex , while in a heterosexual world kisses between a man and a man are portrayed as having no such possibility .

\n

\n Modern adaptations ( edit )

\n

\n Books ( edit )

\n

\n Though the surviving manuscript dates from the fourteenth century , the first published version of the poem did not appear until as late as 1839 , when Sir Frederic Madden of the British Museum recognized the poem as worth reading . Madden 's scholarly , Middle English edition of the poem was followed in 1898 by the first Modern English translation -- a prose version by literary scholar Jessie L. Weston . In 1925 , J.R.R. Tolkien and E.V. Gordon published a scholarly edition of the Middle English text of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ; a revised edition of this text was prepared by Norman Davis and published in 1967 . The book , featuring a text in Middle English with extensive scholarly notes , is frequently confused with the translation into Modern English that Tolkien prepared , along with translations of Pearl and Sir Orfeo , late in his life . Many editions of the latter work , first published in 1975 , shortly after his death , list Tolkien on the cover as author rather than translator .

\n

\n For students , especially undergraduate students , the text is usually given in translation . Notable translators include Jessie Weston , whose 1898 prose translation and 1907 poetic translation took many liberties with the original ; Theodore Banks , whose 1929 translation was praised for its adaptation of the language to modern usage ; and Marie Borroff , whose imitative translation was first published in 1967 and `` entered the academic canon '' in 1968 , in the second edition of the Norton Anthology of English Literature . In 2010 , her ( slightly revised ) translation was published as a Norton Critical Edition , with a foreword by Laura Howes . In 2007 , Simon Armitage , who grew up near the Gawain poet 's purported residence , published a translation which attracted attention in the US and the United Kingdom , and was published in the United States by Norton , which replaced Borroff 's translation with Armitage 's for the ninth edition of the Norton Anthology of English Literature . Other modern translations include those by Larry Benson , Brian Stone , James Winny , Helen Cooper , W.S. Merwin , Jacob Rosenberg , William Vantuono , Joseph Glaser , Bernard O'Donoghue , John Gardner , and Francis Ingledew . A new and illustrated translation of the work by illustrator and historian Michael Smith is currently being crowdsourced by publisher Unbound with a planned publication date of 2018 .

\n Sword of the Valiant ( 1984 ) , one of two film adaptations , starring Sean Connery as the Green Knight

\n Film and television ( edit )

\n

\n The poem has been adapted to film twice , on both occasions by writer - director Stephen Weeks : first as Gawain and the Green Knight in 1973 and again in 1984 as Sword of the Valiant : The Legend of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , featuring Miles O'Keeffe as Gawain and Sean Connery as the Green Knight . Both films have been criticised for deviating from the poem 's plot . Also , Bertilak and the Green Knight are never connected . French / Australian director Martin Beilby directed a short ( 30 ' ) film adaptation in 2014 . There have been at least two television adaptations , Gawain and the Green Knight in 1991 and the animated Sir Gawain and the Green Knight in 2002 . The BBC broadcast a documentary presented by Simon Armitage in which the journey depicted in the poem is traced , using what are believed to be the actual locations .

\n

\n The poem was also adapted for the Adventure Time episode ' Seventeen ' where the Green Knight arrives on Finn 's 17th birthday , issuing him the challenge , as well as a series of follow - up games .

\n

\n Theatre ( edit )

\n

\n The Tyneside Theatre company presented a stage version of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight at the University Theatre , Newcastle at Christmas 1971 . It was directed by Michael Bogdanov and adapted for the stage from the translation by Brian Stone . The music and lyrics were composed by Iwan Williams using medieval carols , such as the Boar 's Head Carol , as inspiration and folk instruments such as the Northumbrian pipes , whistles and bhodran to create a `` rough '' feel . Stone had referred Bogdanov to Cuchulain and the Beheading Game , a sequence which is contained in The Grenoside Sword dance . Bogdanov found the pentangle theme to be contained in most sword dances , and so incorporated a long sword dance while Gawain lay tossing uneasily before getting up to go to the Green Chapel . The dancers made the knot of the pentangle around his drowsing head with their swords . The interlacing of the hunting and wooing scenes was achieved by frequent cutting of the action from hunt to bed - chamber and back again , while the locale of both remained on - stage .

\n

\n In 1992 Simon Corble created an adaptation with medieval songs and music for The Midsommer Actors ' Company . performed as walkabout productions in the summer 1992 at Thurstaston Common and Beeston Castle and in August 1995 at Brimham Rocks , North Yorkshire . Corble later wrote a substantially revised version which was produced indoors at the O'Reilly Theatre , Oxford in February 2014 .

\n

\n Opera ( edit )

\n

\n Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was first adapted as an opera in 1978 by the composer Richard Blackford on commission from the village of Blewbury , Oxfordshire . The libretto was written for the adaptation by the children 's novelist John Emlyn Edwards . The `` Opera in Six Scenes '' was subsequently recorded by Decca between March and June 1979 and released on the Argo label in November 1979 .

\n

\n Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was adapted into an opera called Gawain by Harrison Birtwistle , first performed in 1991 . Birtwistle 's opera was praised for maintaining the complexity of the poem while translating it into lyric , musical form . Another operatic adaptation is Lynne Plowman 's Gwyneth and the Green Knight , first performed in 2002 . This opera uses Sir Gawain as the backdrop but refocuses the story on Gawain 's female squire , Gwyneth , who is trying to become a knight . Plowman 's version was praised for its approachability , as its target is the family audience and young children , but criticised for its use of modern language and occasional preachy nature .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Simpson , James . `` A Note on Middle English Meter . '' In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ( A New Verse Translation ) by Simon Armitage . Norton , 2008 . p. 18 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : The Norton Anthology of English Literature . Ed . Stephen Greenblatt . 8th ed . Vol . B. New York , London : W.W. Norton and Co. , 2006 . pp. 19 -- 21 and 160 -- 161 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 92833 - 0
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Web Resources for Pearl - poet Study : A Vetted Selection '' . Univ. of Calgary . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 01 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ First found in English c. 1400 , a phrase ' specified in certain legal matters in order to ensure the completion of a full year ' : comparable terms date from slightly earlier in Middle Dutch , Middle Low German and Anglo - Norman . From : `` year , n . '' OED Online . Oxford University Press , March 2017 . Web . 15 March 2017 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Masters of British Literature Volume A. Pearson Longman. 2008 . pp. 200 -- 201 . ISBN 9780321333995 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Pearl : Introduction '' . Medieval Institute Publications , Inc. 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 02 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Turville - Petre , Thorlac . The Alliterative Revival . Woodbridge : Brewer etc. , 1977 . pp. 126 -- 129 . ISBN 0 - 85991 - 019 - 9
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Burrow , J. Ricardian Poetry . London : Routledge and K. Paul , 1971 . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 7031 - 4 pp. 4 -- 5
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . The Broadview Anthology of British Literature : The Medieval Period , Vol. 1. , ed . Joseph Black , et al. Toronto : Broadview Press , Introduction , p. 235 . ISBN 1 - 55111 - 609 - X
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : Nelles , William . `` The Pearl - Poet '' . Cyclopedia of World Authors , Fourth Revised Edition Database : MagillOnLiterature Plus , 1958 .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Edited J.R.R. Tolkien and E.V. Gordon , revised Norman Davis , 1925 . introduction , xv . ASIN B000IPU84U
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Peterson , Clifford J ( 1974 ) . `` The Pearl - Poet and John Massey of Cotton , Cheshire '' . The Review of English Studies , New Series . 25 ( 99 ) : 257 -- 266 . doi : 10.1093 / res / xxv. 99.257 .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . Representative Poetry Online . University of Toronto Libraries. 1 August 2002 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 20 .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : Brewer , Elisabeth . Sir Gawain and the Green Knight : Sources and Analogues . Woodbridge : D.S. Brewer , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 85991 - 359 - 7
    15. \n
  15. \n ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Albert B. `` Morgan le Fay in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . '' Speculum . Vol. 35 , No. 2 ( Apr 1960 ) pp. 260 -- 274
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Hahn , Thomas . `` The Greene Knight '' . In Sir Gawain : Eleven Romances and Tales . Western Michigan University Medieval Institute Publications , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 879288 - 59 - 1 . Full text : The Greene Knight
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Hahn , Thomas . `` The Turke and Sir Gawain '' . In Sir Gawain : Eleven Romances and Tales . Western Michigan University Medieval Institute Publications , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 879288 - 59 - 1 . Online : The Turke and Sir Gawain .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Hahn , Thomas . `` The Carle of Carlisle '' , in Sir Gawain : Eleven Romances and Tales . Western Michigan University Medieval Institute Publications , 2000 . ISBN 1 - 879288 - 59 - 1 . Online : The Carle of Carlisle .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Kittredge , George Lyman . A Study of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . Harvard University Press , 1960 . p. 76 . ASIN B0006AWBXS
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Kittredge , p. 83
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Pearl , Sir Orfeo . Translated by J.R.R. Tolkien , New York : Ballantine Books , 1975 . 92 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Burrow , J.A. A Reading of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . London : Kegan Paul Ltd. , 1965 . p. 162 . ISBN 0 - 7100 - 8695 - 4
    23. \n
  23. \n ^ Jump up to : Burnley , J.D. ( 1973 ) . `` The Hunting Scenes in ' Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ' `` '' . The Yearbook of English Studies . 3 : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.2307 / 3506850 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ The `` hyndez '' ( hinds ) first described in the poem are probably from red deer , a species with large antlers like the American elk , while the subsequent `` dos and of o\u00feer dere '' ( does and other deer ) likely refer to the smaller fallow deer . ( Ong , Walter J. `` The Green Knight 's Harts and Bucks '' . Modern Language Notes . ( December 1950 ) 65.8 pp. 536 -- 539 . )
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Cawley , A.C. ' Pearl , Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ' : `` ... the Green Knight , alias Sir Bertilak , is an immensely vital person who is closely associated with the life of nature : his greenness , the birds and flies of his decorative embroidery , his beard as great as a bush , the holly branch in his hand , the energy he displays as a huntsman - all give him kinship with the physical world outside the castle . ''
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Woods , William F. `` Nature and the Inner Man in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . The Chaucer Review , Vol. 36 , No. 3 , 2002 , pp. 209 -- 227 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Green , Richard Hamilton . `` Gawain 's Shield and the Quest for Perfection '' . ELH . ( June 1962 ) 29.2 pp. 121 -- 139 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ This interpretation was first advanced by John Speirs in Scrutiny , vol. XVI , iv , 1949 ( incorporated in his Medieval English Poetry : The Non-Chaucerian Tradition , rev. ed. 1962 . Similar interpretations were later offered by Francis Berry in The Pelican Guide to English Literature : The Age of Chaucer , 1954 ; Goldhurst , `` The Green and the Gold : The Major Theme of Sit Gawain and the Green Knight , College English , Nov. 1958 ; A.C , Spearing , The Gawain - Poet : A Critical Study , 1970 ; W.A. Davenport , The Art of the Gawain - Poet , 1978 ; J. Tambling , `` A More Powerful Life : Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' , Haltwhistle Quarterly 9 , 1981 ; and K. Sagar , `` Sir Gawain and the Green Girdle '' , in his Literature and the Crime Against Nature , 2005 .
    29. \n
  29. \n ^ Jump up to : Goodlad , Lauren M. ( 1987 ) `` The Gamnes of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' , Comitatus : A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies , Vol. 18 , Article 4 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Harwood , Britton J ( 1991 ) . `` Gawain and the Gift '' . PMLA. 106 ( 3 ) : 483 -- 99 . doi : 10.2307 / 462781 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ For reasons not entirely understood , the Celts used the phrase `` a year and a day '' , to refer to exactly one year . See for example W.J. McGee 's `` The Beginning of Mathematics . '' American Anthropologist. ( Oct 1899 ) Vol. 1 Iss. 4 pp. 646 -- 674 .
    32. \n
  32. \n ^ Jump up to : Clark , S.L. ; Wasserman , Julian N. ( 1986 ) . `` The Passing of the Seasons and the Apocalyptic in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . South Central Review . 3 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 22 . doi : 10.2307 / 3189122 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Robertson , D.W. Jr . `` Why the Devil Wears Green '' . Modern Language Notes . ( November 1954 ) 69.7 pp. 470 -- 472 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Chamberlin , Vernon A. `` Symbolic Green : A Time - Honored Characterizing Device in Spanish Literature '' . Hispania . ( March 1968 ) 51.1 pp. 29 -- 37
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Goldhurst , William . `` The Green and the Gold : The Major Theme of Gawain and the Green Knight '' . College English . ( November 1958 ) 20.2 pp. 61 -- 65 . doi : 10.2307 / 372161
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Williams , Margaret . The Pearl Poet , His Complete Works . Random House , 1967 . ASIN B0006BQEJY
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Lewis , John S. `` Gawain and the Green Knight '' . College English . ( October 1959 ) 21.1 pp. 50 -- 51
    38. \n
  38. \n ^ Jump up to : Besserman , Lawrence . `` The Idea of the Green Knight '' . ELH . ( Summer 1986 ) 53.2 The Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 219 -- 239 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Hahn , Thomas . `` The Greene Knight '' . In Sir Gawain : Eleven Romances and Tales . Western Michigan University Medieval Institute Publications , 2000 p. 314 . ISBN 1 - 879288 - 59 - 1
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Hahn , Thomas . `` King Arthur and King Cornwall '' . In Sir Gawain : Eleven Romances and Tales . Western Michigan University Medieval Institute Publications , 2000 . p. 427 . ISBN 1 - 879288 - 59 - 1
    41. \n
  41. \n ^ Jump up to : Lasater , Alice E. Spain to England : A Comparative Study of Arabic , European , and English Literature of the Middle Ages . University Press of Mississippi , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 87805 - 056 - 6
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Rix , Michael M. `` A Re-Examination of the Castleton Garlanding '' . Folklore . ( June 1953 ) 64.2 pp. 342 -- 344
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Buchanan , Alice ( June 1932 ) . `` The Irish Framework of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . PLMA. 47 ( 2 ) : 315 -- 338 . doi : 10.2307 / 457878 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ . Friedman , Albert B. Morgan le Fay in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . Medieval Academy of America . Speculum , Vol. 35 , No. 2 , 1960
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Berger , Sidney E. `` Gawain 's Departure from the Peregrinatio '' . Morgantown : West Virginia University Press , 1985 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Burrow , J.A. A Reading of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . London : Kegan Paul Ltd. , 1965
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ The poem contains the first recorded use of the word pentangle in English ( Oxford English Dictionary Online ) .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Arthur , Ross G. Medieval Sign Theory and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . Toronto : University of Toronto Press , 1987 . pp. 22 , 26 . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 5717 - 9
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ LaBossi\u00e8re , Camille R. , and Gladson , Jerry A. `` Solomon '' , in A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature . Grand Rapids , Michigan : William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company , 1992 p. 722 .
    50. \n
  50. \n ^ Jump up to : Hulbert , J.R. `` Syr Gawayn and the Grene Knyzt ( Concluded ) '' . Modern Philology. ( April 1916 ) 13.12 pp. 689 -- 730 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Jackson , I. `` Sir Gawain 's Coat of Arms . '' The Modern Language Review . ( January 1920 ) 15.1 pp. 77 -- 79 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Arthur , pp. 33 -- 34 .
    53. \n
  53. \n ^ Jump up to : Arthur , p. 34 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Arthur , p. 35 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Cooke , Jessica ( 1998 ) . `` The Lady 's ' Blushing ' Ring in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . The Review of English Studies . 49 ( 193 ) : 1 -- 8 . doi : 10.1093 / res / 49.193. 1 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Andrew , Malcolm ; Ronald Waldron ( 1996 ) . The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript . Exeter : University of Exeter Press . p. 273 . ISBN 0 - 85989 - 514 - 9 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Borroff , Marie ( 2001 ) . Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Patience , Pearl : Verse Translations . New York : Norton . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 97658 - 8 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Cooke , `` The Lady 's ' Blushing , ' '' 3 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Cooke , `` The Lady 's ' Blushing , ' '' 4 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Cooke , `` The Lady 's ' Blushing , ' '' 2 , 5 , 7 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Howard , Donald R. `` Structure and Symmetry in Sir Gawain '' . Speculum . ( July 1964 ) 39.3 pp. 425 -- 433 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Book 2 , Stanza 27 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Kittredge , p. 93 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Book 2 , Stanza 28 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Mills , M. `` Christian Significance and Roman Tradition in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . '' Critical Studies of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . Eds . Donald R. Howard & Christian Zacher . 2nd ed . Notre Dame , Indiana : University of Notre Dame Press , 1970 . 85 -- 105 .
    66. \n
  66. \n ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Michael . `` Stanzaic Symmetry in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . Speculum . ( October 1982 ) 57.4 pp. 779 -- 785 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Reichardt , Paul F. ( 1984 ) . `` Gawain and the Image of the Wound '' . PMLA. 99 ( 2 ) : 154 -- 61 . doi : 10.2307 / 462158 . JSTOR 462158 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Arthur , pp. 121 -- 123 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Frye , Northrop . Anatomy of Criticism , p. 186 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01298 - 9
    70. \n
  70. \n ^ Jump up to : Markman , Alan M. `` The Meaning of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . PMLA . ( September 1957 ) 72.4 pp. 574 -- 586
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , second edition . Ed . J.R.R. Tolkien and E.V. Gordon , 1925 , note to lines 2514ff . ASIN B000IPU84U
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ The Norton Anthology of English Literature , eighth edition , Vol . BEd Stephen Greenblatt . New York , London : W.W. Norton and Co. , 2006 , p. 213 ( footnote ) . ISBN 0 - 393 - 92833 - 0
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , line 2529 .
    74. \n
  74. \n ^ Jump up to : Cox , Catherine . `` Genesis and Gender in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' , The Chaucer Review . ( 2001 ) 35.4 pp. 379 -- 390 . Retrieved on 22 September 2007 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ Beauregard , David . `` Moral Theology in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight : The Pentangle , the Green Knight , and the Perfection of Virtue , '' Renascence XLV. 3 ( 2013 ) , 146 - 62 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Pugh , Tison . `` Gawain and the Godgames '' . Christianity and Literature. ( 2002 ) 51.4 pp. 526 -- 551 . Retrieved on 30 September 2007 , from Saint Louis University
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Mills , David ( 1970 ) . `` The Rhetorical Function of Gawain 's Antifeminism ? '' . Neuphilologische Mitteilungen. 71 : 635 -- 4 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Heng , Geraldine ( 1991 ) . `` Feminine Knots and the Other Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . PMLA. 106 ( 3 ) : 500 -- 514 . doi : 10.2307 / 462782 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ Burns , E. Jane . `` Courtly Love : Who Needs It ? Recent Feminist Work in the Medieval Tradition '' . Signs . ( Autumn 2001 ) 27.1 pp. 23 -- 57 . Retrieved on 7 September 2007 from JSTOR
    80. \n
  80. \n ^ Jump up to : Burns , p. 24
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Rowley , Sharon M ( 2003 ) . `` Textual Studies , Feminism , and Performance in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . The Chaucer Review . 38 : 158 -- 177 . doi : 10.1353 / cr. 2003.0022 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Rowley , p. 161
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ Cox , p. 378
    84. \n
  84. \n ^ Jump up to : Cox , p. 379
    85. \n
  85. \n ^ Jump up to : Arner , Lynn ( Summer 2006 ) . `` The Ends of Enchantment : Colonialism and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . Texas Studies in Literature and Language . 48 ( 2 ) : 79 -- 101 . doi : 10.1353 / tsl. 2006.0006 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Lander , Bonnie ( 2007 ) . `` The Convention of Innocence and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 's Literary Sophisticates '' . Parergon. 24 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 66 . doi : 10.1353 / pgn. 2007.0046 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ Twomey , Michael . `` Anglesey and North Wales '' . Travels With Sir Gawain . Ithaca Univ . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Twomey , Michael . `` The Holy Head and the Wirral '' . Travels With Sir Gawain . Ithaca Univ . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ Twomey , Michael . `` Hautdesert '' . Travels With Sir Gawain . Ithaca Univ . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ Twomey , Michael . `` The Green Chapel '' . Travels With Sir Gawain . Ithaca Univ . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 21 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ RWV Elliott . `` Searching for the Green Chapel '' in JK Lloyd Jones ( ed ) . Chaucer 's Landscapes and Other Essays . Aust . Scholarly Publishing . Melbourne ( 2010 ) pp 293 -- 303 at p300 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ https://sites.google.com/site/travelswithsirgawain/
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Rudd , Gillian . `` ' Wilderness of Wirral ' in ' Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , ' '' Arthuriana , vol 23 no . 1 , 2013 , 53
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ Zeikowitz , Richard E. `` Befriending the Medieval Queer : A Pedagogy for Literature Classes . '' College English : Special Issue : Lesbian and Gay Studies / Queer Pedagogies . Vol. 65 No. 1 ( Sep 2002 ) pp. 67 -- 80
    95. \n
  95. \n ^ Jump up to : Dinshaw , Carolyn . `` A Kiss Is Just a Kiss : Heterosexuality and Its Consolations in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . '' Diacritics . Vol. 24 No. 2 / 3 ( Summer 1994 ) pp. 204 -- 226
    96. \n
  96. \n ^ Jump up to : Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , ed . Marie Borroff and Laura Howes , New York : Norton , 2010 , pg . vii
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1980 ) . Christopher Tolkien , ed . Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Pearl , and Sir Orfeo . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 27760 - 2 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ White , Michael ( 2003 ) . Tolkien : A Biography . New American Library . ISBN 0 - 451 - 21242 - 8 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ Farley , Frank E. ( 1930 ) . `` Rev. of Banks , Sir Gawain , and Andrew , Sir Gawain '' ( PDF ) . Speculum. 5 ( 2 ) : 222 -- 24 . doi : 10.2307 / 2847870 . JSTOR 2847870 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ Baragona , Alan ( 2012 ) . `` Rev. of Howes , Borroff , Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 111 ( 4 ) : 535 -- 38 . doi : 10.5406 / jenglgermphil. 111.4. 0535 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ Hirsch , Edward ( 16 December 2007 ) . `` A Stranger in Camelot '' . The New York Times . p. 7.1 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ Armitage , Simon ( 2007 ) . Sir Gawain and the Green Knight : A New Verse Translation . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06048 - 5 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ Mills , Maldwyn ( 1991 ) . `` Review '' . The Yearbook of English Studies . 21 : 336 -- 337 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . BBC Four . 17 August 2010 . Retrieved 5 August 2012 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ Stone , Brian ( 1974 ) . Sir Gawain and the Green Knight . Penguin . p. 138 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 140 - 44092 - 8 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ `` Sir Gawain and the Green Knight : A Seasonal Play in Verse with Medieval Christmas Songs and Music '' . Simon Corble website . Retrieved 6 May 2016 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ Turner , Francesca ( 7 July 1992 ) . `` Gawayne and the Green Knight '' . The Guardian .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ photos from Midsommer Actors archive on flickr
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ Nirula , Srishti ( 16 February 2014 ) . `` Sir Gawain pulls our strings '' . The Oxford Student . Retrieved 17 February 2014 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ Hopkins , Andrea ( 15 February 2014 ) . `` Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' . Daily Info , Oxford . Retrieved 18 February 2014 .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ Argo ZK 85 : Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ; an opera in six scenes by Richard Blackford . The Decca Record Company Ltd . Argo Division , 115 Fulham Road , London , SW3 6RR : 1979 .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ Bye , Anthony ( May 1991 ) . `` Birtwistle 's Gawain '' . The Musical Times . 132 ( 1779 ) : 231 -- 33 . doi : 10.2307 / 965691 . JSTOR 965691 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ `` Opera -- Gwyneth and the Green Knight '' . lynneplowman.co.uk . Archived from the original on 14 October 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 03 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ Kimberley , Nick ( 11 May 2003 ) . `` Classical : The footstomping way to repay a sound investment '' . The Independent on Sunday . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 01 .
    115. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n Find more aboutSir Gawain and the Green Knightat Wikipedia 's sister projects \n
\n
\n Online texts
\n
\n \n
\n
\n General information
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n The Pearl Poet
\n Works \n
    \n
  • \n Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
    • \n
  • \n Pearl
    • \n
  • \n Patience
    • \n
  • \n Cleanness
    • \n
  • \n St. Erkenwald
    • \n
\n
\n Characters \n
    \n
  • \n Green Knight
    • \n
  • \n Lady Bertilak
    • \n
\n
\n Poetic style \n
    \n
  • \n Bob and wheel
    • \n
  • \n Alliterative verse
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Wikiquote
    • \n
  • \n Wikisource texts
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Sir Gawain and the Green Knight by Pearl Poet
\n Characters \n
    \n
  • \n Green Knight
    • \n
  • \n Gawain
    • \n
  • \n Lady Bertilak
    • \n
  • \n Guinevere
    • \n
  • \n Morgan le Fay
    • \n
  • \n Caradoc
    • \n
\n
\n Film \n
    \n
  • \n Gawain and the Green Knight ( 1973 )
    • \n
  • \n Sword of the Valiant ( 1984 )
    • \n
\n
\n Literature \n
    \n
  • \n The Squire , His Knight , and His Lady
    • \n
  • \n The Hollowing
    • \n
\n
\n Opera \n
    \n
  • \n Gawain
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n The Greene Knight
    • \n
  • \n Honi soit qui mal y pense
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n VIAF : 174581151
    • \n
  • \n LCCN : n79068347
    • \n
  • \n GND : 4125015 - 1
    • \n
  • \n SUDOC : 028245075
    • \n
  • \n BNF : cb12012068r ( data )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sir_Gawain_and_the_Green_Knight&oldid=837444628 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "are there many copies of sir gawain and the green knight", "long_answers": ["The poem survives in a single manuscript , the Cotton Nero A.x. , which also includes three religious narrative poems : Pearl , Purity and Patience . All are thought to have been written by the same unknown author , dubbed the `` Pearl Poet '' or `` Gawain Poet '' , since all four are written in a North West Midland dialect of Middle English .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "List of the Fall characters - wikipedia

\n List of the Fall characters

\n Jump to : navigation , search

\n The Fall , starring Gillian Anderson , is a British - Irish drama series produced by Artists Studio and created by Allan Cubitt . It premiered in the Republic of Ireland at 21 : 30 on 12 May 2013 , and in the UK on BBC Two at 21 : 00 on 13 May 2013 . The series features Jamie Dornan , with John Lynch , Bronagh Waugh , Stuart Graham , and Niamh McGrady .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Cast overview ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Actor \n Character \n Series 1 \n Series 2 \n Series 3 \n Total Appearances
\n \n \n \n \n 5 \n 6 \n 7 \n 8 \n 9 \n 10 \n 11 \n 12 \n 13 \n 14 \n 15 \n 16 \n 17
\n Gillian Anderson \n DSI Stella Gibson \n \n 17
\n Jamie Dornan \n Paul Spector \n \n 17
\n John Lynch \n ACC Jim Burns \n \n 17
\n Aisling Franciosi \n Katie Benedetto \n \n N / A \n \n \n 16
\n Bronagh Waugh \n Sally Ann Spector \n \n N / A \n 15
\n Niamh McGrady \n PC Danielle Ferrington \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n \n 15
\n Stuart Graham \n DCI Matthew Eastwood \n N / A \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n \n 13
\n Bron\u00e1gh Taggart \n DC Gail McNally \n N / A \n \n \n 12
\n Valene Kane \n Rose Stagg \n N / A \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n \n 11
\n Emmett J. Scanlan \n DC Glen Martin \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n 10
\n Archie Panjabi \n Prof. Reed Smith \n N / A \n \n N / A \n 9
\n Richard Clements \n DC Rick Turner \n N / A \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n 9
\n Colin Morgan \n DS Tom Anderson \n N / A \n \n 9
\n Karen Hassan \n Annie Brawley \n \n N / A \n \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n 8
\n Jonjo O'Neill \n Tom Stagg \n N / A \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n 7
\n Nick Lee \n Ned Callan \n \n N / A \n \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n 6
\n Brian Milligan \n James Tyler \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n 6
\n Seainin Brennan \n Liz Tyler \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n 5
\n Ben Peel \n DS James Olson \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n 5
\n Ian McElhinney \n Morgan Monroe \n N / A \n \n \n N / A \n 5
\n Aidan McArdle \n Sean Healy \n N / A \n \n 5
\n Ruth Bradley \n Wallace \n N / A \n \n 5
\n Michael McElhatton \n DI Rob Breedlove \n \n N / A \n
\n Frank McCusker \n DCI Garrett Brink \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n
\n Aisling Bea \n Kiera Sheridan \n N / A \n \n N / A \n
\n Barry Ward \n Dr. Patrick Spencer \n N / A \n \n N / A \n
\n Krister Henriksson \n Dr. August Larson \n N / A \n \n
\n Laura Donnelly \n Sarah Kay \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n
\n Richard Coyle \n Dr. Joe O'Donnell \n N / A \n \n N / A \n \n N / A \n \n
\n Denise Gough \n Dr. Alison Walden \n N / A \n \n N / A \n \n
\n Se\u00e1n McGinley \n Fr . Peter Jensen \n N / A \n \n N / A \n
\n Genevieve O'Reilly \n DCI Joan Kinkead \n N / A \n \n N / A \n
\n Martin McCann \n David Alvarez \n N / A \n \n N / A \n
\n

\n Main characters ( edit )

\n

\n Det . Supt . Stella Gibson ( edit )

\n

\n DSI Stella Gibson ( Gillian Anderson ) , a senior Metropolitan Police Superintendent attached to Britain 's major case review team . Gibson has been seconded to the PSNI on a 28 - day review of a murder investigation that quickly escalates into the hunt for a serial killer and she 's made the Senior Investigating Officer ( and Silver Commander ) of Operation Musicman . Gibson is a very capable detective and a woman who 's highly comfortable with her own sexuality ; this plays a pivotal role in her story arc with other characters , primarily James Olson and Jim Burns . Whilst working in Belfast , she becomes embroiled in the politics of policing and uncovers corruption within the force . In the second series , with her investigation stalled , Gibson is forced to get results under the threat of a new 28 - day review into Operation Musicman . As Stella 's personal past comes back to haunt her , her professional present becomes further tangled in it . Stella has what Paul describes as `` daddy - issues '' , due to her father 's untimely death . During series three , Gibson is placed under investigation by the Police Ombudsman following the shooting of Spector . Burns allows her to retain her job , which leads her to fall victim to a vicious assault during her final showdown with the killer .

\n

\n Peter Paul Spector ( edit )

\n

\n Peter Paul Spector ( Jamie Dornan ) , the father of two young children . During the day , Paul is a bereavement counsellor , though at night he is , as dubbed by the press , the `` Belfast Strangler '' . As Paul hunts his prey , he begins to develop an obsession with , and an affinity for , Stella . He is married to Sally Ann , a neo-natal nurse , and has a strong friendship with Katie Benedetto . Spector claims that he had an affair with Katie , a fifteen - year - old school girl , in order to quell the suspicions of his wife . Sally Ann later becomes pregnant , and the first series ends with Paul fleeing Ireland for Scotland as the net closes in . In series 2 , returning to Ireland , Spector 's lust to kill is now stronger than ever . As he gets closer to Stella , he finds an unusual source of help in Katie . After an encounter with James Tyler , Spector is arrested , and , co-operating with officers , is gunned down by Tyler at a crime scene . After surviving his injuries , Spector claims to have lost six years of memory . After undergoing psychological evaluation , he attacks both Gibson and his psychiatrist , before committing suicide .

\n

\n Asst . Ch . Constable Jim Burns ( edit )

\n

\n ACC Jim Burns ( John Lynch ) , the Assistant Chief Constable of the PSNI in charge of operations , and the Gold Commander of Musicman . Burns had an affair with Stella several years previously , and , despite being married , still appears to be infatuated with her . He 's a skilled officer and knows how to balance politics and police - work . He is initially hesitant about linking the murders , but later provides the investigation with all the resources it requires . He is , at first , believed to be linked to the PSNI corruption scandal , though this is later disproved . During series 2 , his lust for Stella becomes more apparent when he attempts to force himself on her whilst drunk . This drinking continues into series three , and he resigns his commission during the series finale .

\n

\n Katie Benedetto ( edit )

\n

\n Katerina `` Katie '' Benedetto ( Aisling Franciosi ) , a 15 - year - old schoolgirl . She babysits the Spectors ' children and - over the course of doing so - develops an affinity for Paul Spector . Katie is a gifted musician and uses online videos to express her feelings . During series 2 she becomes deeply embroiled in Paul 's life . Paul ties her up in a hotel room , for example , whilst Katie breaks into a house wearing a shirt with Spector 's face on . Benedetto is placed under police surveillance and later arrested whilst trying to dispose of evidence that implicates Paul in the murders . In series three , she attacks a girl with acid , and is detained for her crimes . During this time , she reveals to Stella that her father 's death had a severe emotional impact on her , and she has been self - harming .

\n

\n Sally Ann Spector ( edit )

\n

\n Sally Ann Spector ( Bronagh Waugh ) , the wife of Paul Spector and a neonatal nurse . She has a deep devotion to Paul , but is wary of his character as she has never met his family . Sally Ann is the mother of his two children and is unaware of his dark side . Over the course of the series , she becomes embroiled in his crimes without her knowledge , and even provides a false alibi to the police . After leaving Paul for a short time , believing he slept with Katie , the two reconcile and she flees Ireland with him . In series 2 , they return . Sally Ann is pregnant with her third child , though she suffers a miscarriage . Following her arrest for assisting an offender , Sally attempts to kill her children .

\n

\n Pc Danielle Ferrington ( edit )

\n

\n PC Danielle Ferrington ( Niamh McGrady ) , a Police Constable first seen attending a breaking and entering call at Sarah Kay 's home . She blames herself for Kay 's murder and tells Gibson this , resulting in her being recruited by Stella to work with Operation Musicman . Dani is a skilled investigator , and proves herself invaluable to the team . She speaks openly of her homosexuality to bisexual Gibson , and as a result the two develop both a professional and a personal bond . She later returns to patrol , believing she can do the most good on the street . It is in this capacity that she is involved in a gunfight with Spector and , following her suspension from front - line duty , is re-recruited by Stella .

\n

\n Det . Ch . Insp . Matthew Eastwood ( edit )

\n

\n DCI Matt Eastwood ( Stuart Graham ) , a senior Detective Chief Inspector and longtime PSNI officer . Eastwood works for the Discipline and Complaints Commission and , as such , his character withstands the scrutiny of others . His primary task is to investigate corruption allegations within the PSNI . He and Stella work together several times due to her involvement with Olson and Breedlove . As well as being a corruption investigator , he is also trained in criminal investigations . During series 2 , he becomes Stella 's Deputy S.I.O. ( and Bronze Commander ) , questioning many of her investigative decisions . He and Stella become a formidable team during series three , and he is visibly saddened by her departure in the series finale .

\n

\n DC Gail McNally ( edit )

\n

\n DC Gail McNally ( Bron\u00e1gh Taggart ) , a detective who was assigned to Musicman sometime prior to the second series . She is Martin 's partner . Tough , eager , and skilled , McNally is not afraid to confront criminals in the same manner as her male colleagues . Gibson relies on her heavily during the investigative process .

\n

\n Rose Stagg ( edit )

\n

\n Rose Stagg ( Valene Kane ) , a woman who had a sexual relationship with Paul whilst at university . During a night of passion , Paul tried to strangle her to death . As the Belfast Strangler comes to the attention of the public , Stagg notices the similarities and contacts her close friend Reed Smith . Her husband was unaware the attack had taken place . She is later kidnapped and held captive by Spector . She is later found unconscious in a car trunk . During series three , Stagg reveals that her sexual relationship with Paul was entirely consensual , and that , during sex , he strangled her so aggressively she had to be revived .

\n

\n DC Glen Martin ( edit )

\n

\n DC Glen Martin ( Emmett Scanlan ) , a capable detective with a somewhat boyish attitude towards his work . Martin is an invaluable member of Gibson 's team and , during series two , takes on a more prominent role in the decision making process . He is partnered with DC Gail McNally , and is fiercely protective of her , though not to a fault . Stella is often shown to be displeased at his attitude towards police work , and in particular his habit of eating whilst on duty .

\n

\n Professor Reed Smith ( edit )

\n

\n Professor Reed Smith ( Archie Panjabi ) , an esteemed medical professional and the senior pathologist assigned to Musicman . An avid rider of motorcycles , and somewhat unconventional in manner , Smith develops a personal closeness to Gibson and the two confide in each - other regularly . She 's very professional , though her personal life later becomes embroiled in the case when an old friend of hers reveals she has had a sexual encounter with Spector . Whilst drinking with Stella , the two embrace in a kiss , and go back to Stella 's hotel room , though Reed later gets cold feet .

\n

\n DC Rick Turner ( edit )

\n

\n Rick Turner ( Richard Clements ) , a Detective Constable .

\n

\n Det . Sgt . Tom Anderson ( edit )

\n

\n DS Tom Anderson ( Colin Morgan ) , the Senior Investigating Officer of a death that could be linked to Stella 's investigation . Impressed with both his professional attitude and looks , Stella invites him to join her team . Seeing the parallels between Anderson and Spector , Stella allows him to conduct the arrest and interviews of Paul . He is later gunned down by James Tyler whilst cuffed to the serial killer , and suffers nerve damage as a result . After returning to active duty , Anderson is once again attacked by Spector whilst protecting Stella in an interview .

\n

\n Annie Brawley ( edit )

\n

\n Annie Brawley ( Karen Hassan ) , a woman who is recovering from an attack by Spector in which her brother died . Suffering from memory loss and unable to identify her attacker , Spector manipulates his way into her life .

\n

\n Tom Stagg ( edit )

\n

\n Tom Stagg ( Jonjo O'Neill ) , Rose Stagg 's husband and a close friend of Professor Reed Smith . He is unaware of his wife 's past relationship with Paul , and is at first ignorant to her involvement in the current case . Like Spector , he is the father of two children . He is particularly hurt when his wife goes missing , and is the first one to raise the alarm to Gibson and her team .

\n

\n Ned Callan ( edit )

\n

\n Ned Callan ( Nick Lee ) , a journalist with a keen interest in Gibson 's investigation . He 's intrepid , but does not always understand the boundaries placed upon him by the law .

\n

\n James Tyler ( edit )

\n

\n James ' Jimmy ' Tyler ( Brian Milligan ) , a gangster whose son died as a child of meningitis. Tyler is part of the gang that are responsible for the death of DS Olson , and his gang ties allow him to become threatening towards Paul when he believes Spector slept with his wife . Following a confrontation in which Ferrington is shot at , Tyler hunts down Spector and shoots both him and Anderson . He is killed by officers including Hagstrom as a result of this .

\n

\n Liz Tyler ( edit )

\n

\n Liz Tyler ( S\u00e9ain\u00edn Brennan ) , a grieving mother who was counselled by Spector following the death of her young son . Tyler develops a close friendship with Paul , and as a result the killer appears to put himself at great personal risk in order to protect her . Following a violent confrontation with her husband , Liz is placed in a half way house for her own protection . Feeling unattractive , she lied , stating that Spector had had sex with her , and a result Jimmy tracks her down , beats her , and goes on to shoot Paul and Tom Anderson .

\n

\n Det . Sgt . James Olson ( edit )

\n

\n DS James Olson ( Ben Peel ) , a young Sergeant who is first seen investigating an unrelated murder . Gibson invites him to her hotel room , and two engage in sexual activity . Following this , Olson begins to call Gibson , intimating he wants more than a one - night stand with her . After she rejects him , he is gunned down by unknown gang members . At the time of his death , he was married with at least one child . He is later linked to part of a wider corruption scandal within the PSNI . Following his death , Stella begins to see him in her dreams , implying his murder had a huge psychological impact on her . During series three , it is noted that his murder remains unsolved .

\n

\n Morgan Monroe ( edit )

\n

\n Morgan Monroe ( Ian McElhinney ) , the Chairman of the PSNI oversight executive board . Monroe wields great control over the police force and , in particular , Jim Burns . He is of questionable character , both personally and professionally . Morgan is the father - in - law of one of Spector 's victims , though he initially believes his own son to be responsible for the murder . He is linked to the PSNI corruption scandal that Stella uncovers over the course of her investigation . He later threatens Stella with a new 28 - day review into her own investigation . During series three , he is no longer the incumbent chairman . His departure remains unexplained .

\n

\n Se\u00e1n Healy ( edit )

\n

\n Sean Healy ( Aidan McArdle ) , Spector 's defense attorney . He is retained by Sally Ann , and continues to strongly advocate for Spector 's freedom at the possible cost of Stella 's career . This puts him at odds with Wallace , and the two develop a fractious relationship .

\n

\n Wallace ( edit )

\n

\n Wallace ( Ruth Bradley ) , Spector 's defense attorney . Though initially showing a strong support for Healy 's desire to free Spector , she later changes her position following his attack on Gibson . She also realises that her desire to do the right thing means she can not advocate for the criminal .

\n

\n Det . Insp . Rob Breedlove ( edit )

\n

\n DI Rob Breedlove ( Michael McElhatton ) , Sergeant James Olson 's partner . Breedlove finds himself caught up in the gangland violence of Northern Ireland and , as a result , begins moonlighting for a Belfast power broker . Corrupt , Breedlove first crosses paths with Stella following Olson 's death . After being confronted by Stella , Breedlove turns a gun on himself and commits suicide in the middle of the Police Station . His death marks the beginning of Gibson 's quest to uncover the corruption .

\n

\n Det . Ch . Insp . Garrett Brink ( edit )

\n

\n DCI Garrett Brink ( Frank McCusker ) , a veteran Detective Chief Inspector and , originally , the internal reviewer of Gibson 's investigation . After failing to make any progress in his review , he is subjected to a 28 - day review and subsequently becomes Gibson 's deputy SIO ( and Bronze Commander ) during Musicman . He 's a dedicated professional , but is more concerned with the politics of policing than with policing itself . Shortly after the first series , he is called to trial and as such steps down as Gibson 's number two .

\n

\n Kiera Sheridan ( edit )

\n

\n Kiera Sheridan ( Aisling Bea ) , an Intensive Care Nurse employed by Belfast General Hospital . During series three , she is responsible for the treatment of Spector . During series three , the two develop a bond , with Kiera gifting Paul both her phone number and a small amount of cash with writing on it . Following Paul 's discharge from hospital , the two share no further communication .

\n

\n Patrick Spencer ( edit )

\n

\n Spencer ( Barry Ward ) , an Intensive Care physician .

\n

\n August Larson ( edit )

\n

\n August Larson ( Krister Henriksson ) , a psychologist retained by the PSNI in order to examine Spector 's competency . Throughout his time with Spector , Larson also develops a strong friendship with Gibson , examining her psychology via various phone - calls and procedural meetings . In the finale , he is viciously attacked by Spector , though it is later stated that he is in critical - yet - stable condition .

\n

\n Sarah Kay ( edit )

\n

\n Sarah Kay ( Laura Donnelly ) , a young solicitor who is brought to the attention of Ferrington after a home invasion . Kay decides to stay at her house , unbeknownst to her that the culprit , Spector , would return . She is later found murdered . Ferrington blames herself for this , however it is her death that allows Stella to link the previous crimes together and establish Musicman .

\n

\n Joe O'Donnell ( edit )

\n

\n Dr. Joe O'Donnell ( Richard Coyle ) , an emergency medical physician who is responsible for the immediate treatment and oversight of Spector . Following Spector 's discharge , O'Donnell shares a tender moment with Gibson , in which he asks her numerous questions in order to assess her for concussion . He reveals he has five children , aged between seven months and twelve years old .

\n

\n Alison walden ( edit )

\n

\n Walden ( Denise Gough ) , a consultant neuropsychologist who works with Spector .

\n

\n Peter Jensen ( edit )

\n

\n Father Peter Jensen ( Se\u00e1n McGinley ) , was a priest until he was convicted of molesting numerous young choir boys . Regretful , Jensen attempts to make amends with God , but to little avail . During the investigation , Burns and Gibson notice Paul Spector was a member of his congregation , and Burns goes to interview him in order to gather background information on the killer . In series two , Jensen claims that he did not molest Paul , with Paul later clarifying that this was only because he did n't wash himself , with the goal of repulsing Peter . In series three , however , it is revealed that this is a lie , and that Paul was Jensen 's `` favourite , '' subjected to daily abuse for a year .

\n

\n Det . Ch . Insp . Joan Kinkead ( edit )

\n

\n Joan Kinkead ( Genevieve O'Reilly ) , a Detective Chief Inspector , and the senior investigating officer assigned to examine Spector 's shooting . She interviews Gibson under caution , though she later clears her of all wrongdoing .

\n

\n David Alvarez ( edit )

\n

\n David Alvarez ( Martin McCann ) , a childhood friend of Spector .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( 1 May 2013 ) . `` BBC Two Sets Premiere Date For ' The Fall ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved 1 May 2013 .
    2. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Fall_characters&oldid=811099612 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "who is rose in the fall season 2", "long_answers": ["Actor Character Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Total Appearances 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Gillian Anderson DSI Stella Gibson 17 Jamie Dornan Paul Spector 17 John Lynch ACC Jim Burns 17 Aisling Franciosi Katie Benedetto N / A 16 Bronagh Waugh Sally Ann Spector N / A 15 Niamh McGrady PC Danielle Ferrington N / A N / A 15 Stuart Graham DCI Matthew Eastwood N / A N / A N / A 13 Bron\u00e1gh Taggart DC Gail McNally N / A 12 Valene Kane Rose Stagg N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 Emmett J. Scanlan DC Glen Martin N / A N / A N / A 10 Archie Panjabi Prof. Reed Smith N / A N / A 9 Richard Clements DC Rick Turner N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 Colin Morgan DS Tom Anderson N / A 9 Karen Hassan Annie Brawley N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 Jonjo O'Neill Tom Stagg N / A N / A N / A 7 Nick Lee Ned Callan N / A N / A N / A 6 Brian Milligan James Tyler N / A N / A N / A 6 Seainin Brennan Liz Tyler N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 Ben Peel DS James Olson N / A N / A 5 Ian McElhinney Morgan Monroe N / A N / A 5 Aidan McArdle Sean Healy N / A 5 Ruth Bradley Wallace N / A 5 Michael McElhatton DI Rob Breedlove N / A Frank McCusker DCI Garrett Brink N / A N / A Aisling Bea Kiera Sheridan N / A N / A Barry Ward Dr. Patrick Spencer N / A N / A Krister Henriksson Dr. August Larson N / A Laura Donnelly Sarah Kay N / A N / A Richard Coyle Dr. Joe O'Donnell N / A N / A N / A Denise Gough Dr. Alison Walden N / A N / A Se\u00e1n McGinley Fr . Peter Jensen N / A N / A Genevieve O'Reilly DCI Joan Kinkead N / A N / A Martin McCann David Alvarez N / A N / A\n", "Rose Stagg ( Valene Kane ) , a woman who had a sexual relationship with Paul whilst at university . During a night of passion , Paul tried to strangle her to death . As the Belfast Strangler comes to the attention of the public , Stagg notices the similarities and contacts her close friend Reed Smith . Her husband was unaware the attack had taken place . She is later kidnapped and held captive by Spector . She is later found unconscious in a car trunk . During series three , Stagg reveals that her sexual relationship with Paul was entirely consensual , and that , during sex , he strangled her so aggressively she had to be revived .\n"], "short_answers": ["a woman who had a sexual relationship with Paul whilst at university\n", "Valene Kane\n", "Valene Kane\n", "Valene Kane\n"]} {"text": "The Sea of Monsters - wikipedia

\n The Sea of Monsters

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Percy Jackson novel . For other uses , see Sea of Monsters ( disambiguation ) . \n The Sea of Monsters \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Cover of unknown later US edition with Rocco illustration ( same as first ed . )
\n Author \n Rick Riordan
\n Cover artist \n John Rocco ( depicted )
\n Country \n United States
\n Series \n Percy Jackson & the Olympians ( book 2 )
\n Genre \n Fantasy , Greek mythology , young - adult novel
\n Published \n April 1 , 2006
\n Publisher \n Miramax Books and Disney Hyperion
\n Media type \n Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , audiobook , e-book
\n Pages \n 279 pp .
\n ISBN \n 0 - 7868 - 5686 - 6
\n OCLC \n 64664383
\n LC Class \n MLCS 2006 / 45756 ( P )
\n Preceded by \n The Lightning Thief
\n Followed by \n The Titan 's Curse
\n

\n The Sea of Monsters is a fantasy - adventure novel based on Greek mythology written by Rick Riordan and published in 2006 . It is the second novel in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series and the sequel to The Lightning Thief . This book chronicles the adventures of thirteen - year - old demigod Percy Jackson as he and his friends rescue his satyr friend Grover from the Cyclops Polyphemus and save the camp from a Titan 's attack by bringing the Golden Fleece to cure Thalia 's poisoned pine tree .

\n

\n The Sea of Monsters was released on April 1 , 2006 , by Miramax Books , an imprint of Hyperion Books for Children and thus Disney Publishing ( succeeded by the Disney Hyperion imprint ) . It was generally well -- received and was nominated for numerous awards , including the 2006 Book Sense Top Ten Summer Pick and the 2009 Mark Twain Award . It sold over 100,000 copies in paperback with over one million copies total and was released in audiobook format on September 6 , 2006 . The Sea of Monsters is followed by The Titan 's Curse , the third book of the five in the series .

\n

\n A film adaptation of the book , Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters , was released on August 7 , 2013 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Plot ( edit )

\n

\n Percy Jackson has been having nightmares about Grover Underwood running from an unseen monster and taking refuge in a wedding dress shop . At school , a group of laestrygonians attack Percy and his classmates in a fiery game of dodgeball , but he is saved by his new friend Tyson . Annabeth Chase arrives and takes Percy and Tyson to Camp Half - Blood in the taxi of the Gray Sisters , who give Percy a series of mysterious numbers they call `` the location ( he seeks ) '' . Percy , Annabeth , and Tyson find the camp under attack by the Colchis bulls , which Tyson is able to defeat because he is in reality a baby cyclops , not a human . They discover that Thalia 's tree has been poisoned , severely weakening the camp 's magic boundaries . Chiron is suspected of poisoning it because his father is the titan Kronos , and has been fired .

\n

\n Percy tells Annabeth about his dreams , and she deduces that Grover has found the Golden Fleece , which can cure Thalia 's poisoned tree , and is located at the coordinates from the Gray Sisters . Tantalus ( who replaced Chiron as camp counselor ) sends Clarisse La Rue on a quest to find the Golden Fleece . Percy , Annabeth , and Tyson run away from camp to find Grover . They are aided in their escape by the god Hermes , who helps them reach a passing cruise ship , the Princess Andromeda . Once aboard , they discover that the ship is full of tourists in a dream - like state living alongside Greek monsters . They are captured by Luke Castellan and learn that he is trying to revive his master Kronos . They escape on a lifeboat and eventually find one of many hideouts that Luke , Thalia , and Annabeth built as children . They are attacked by a hydra but are saved by Clarisse , who is sailing on a confederate ironclad called the CSS Birmingham .

\n

\n En route to the Sea of Monsters ( Bermuda triangle ) , the Birmingham is destroyed by Charybdis and Scylla . Thinking Tyson and Clarisse dead , Percy and Annabeth sail in a lifeboat to a nearby island , where they narrowly escape the sorceress Circe , who turns men into guinea pigs . They steal the Queen Anne 's Revenge from Circe 's harbor and sail towards the island of Polyphemus . Along the way , they pass the island of the Sirens and Annabeth confesses her fatal flaw , hubris , to Percy . When they reach the island , they find Grover , Clarisse , Tyson , and the fleece . Tyson and Percy work together to defeat Polyphemus and return the group to the mainland . Once there , Clarisse takes a plane to Camp Half - Blood with the Fleece . The remaining questers are captured by Luke and taken to the Princess Andromeda . Percy manages to contact Camp Half - Blood through an Iris Message and tricks Luke into admitting that he poisoned Thalia 's tree , proving Chiron 's innocence in front of the entire camp . Mr. D then sends Tantalus back to the Fields of Punishment . Luke duels Percy , beats him , and is about to kill the group , but before he does , Chiron and the his centaur relatives appear and rescue them . Returning to the camp , Chiron is given his job back and the Golden Fleece heals Thalia 's tree . However , in the final pages , the Golden Fleece also revives Thalia Grace , putting another half - blood back into play for the Great Prophecy the gods fear so much .

\n

\n Major characters ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Camp Half - Blood characters \n

\n Critical reception ( edit )

\n

\n The Sea of Monsters received generally positive reviews with reviewers praising the storyline , the themes and the author 's style of writing . `` In a feat worthy of his heroic subjects , Riordan crafts a sequel stronger than his compelling debut , '' said a Publishers Weekly review . School Library Journal singled out the novel 's plot and main character , stating , `` Percy is an appealing kid , and the subject of a chilling prophecy may resonate with readers . '' Child magazine wrote , `` Featuring the cliff - hangers and sassy attitude kids loved in The Lightning Thief -- plus a surprising new family secret -- this outstanding sequel should win over a fresh legion of fans . '' Children 's Literature called the writing extraordinary and added , `` This book , sequel to The Lightning Thief , is an amazing mixture of mythology and young adult fiction . '' Matt Berman , of Common Sense Media , praised the book , saying `` The Percy Jackson series continues to be pure fun , with the author doing nearly everything right to produce a book that few kids will be able to resist . '' Norah Piehl of Kidsreads.com lauded the style of the book , and noted similarities with its prequel . It sold over 100,000 copies in hardcover by the time paperback copies were released in April 2007 .

\n

\n However , Kirkus Reviews was critical of the book , writing , `` it 's doubtful Percy would n't guess Tyson 's otherworldly connection immediately after the dodgeball game ... some of the humor will zip over the heads of the target audience '' although they added , `` Percy 's sardonic narration and derring - do would keep the pages turning . ''

\n

\n Awards ( edit )

\n \n

\n Adaptations ( edit )

\n

\n Audiobook ( edit )

\n

\n On September 6 , 2006 , a seven - hour and 54 minute audiobook version of The Sea of Monsters , read by actor Jesse Bernstein , who also narrated The Lightning Thief 's audiobook , was published worldwide by Listening Library .

\n

\n AudioFile magazine praised the audio book , raving , `` This action - packed book ( second in a series ) will delight fans of Percy Jackson , the half - blood son of Poseidon , as Percy once again battles mythical monsters in modern - day settings while on his mission to save the tree that guards Camp Half - Blood . '' They praised Bernstein , saying `` Narrator Jesse Berns helps listeners slip right into the oddly engaging world that Riordan creates , in which contemporary teen characters and those from classical mythology intermingle '' and that he could successfully portray teenagers , while keeping the pace fast allowing listeners time to revel in the book 's humor . Auditions have already been cast for this yet to be blockbuster . There may still be a few spaces for extras , though . The magazine Publishers Weekly raved about Bernstein 's `` snappy delivery and all the right funny touches '' that made the `` action - packed fantasy such fun . ''

\n

\n Film adaptation ( edit )

\n Main article : Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters

\n Following the box office and DVD success of the movie , Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief , a film adaptation of The Sea of Monsters was first reported in early 2011 . In fall 2011 , it was confirmed that 20th Century Fox would release the film on March 27 , 2013 . Filming began in April 2012 . In February 2012 , Mary Birdsong , Missi Pyle and Yvette Nicole Brown were cast as the Gray Sisters . In March 2012 , Nathan Fillion joined the cast as Hermes and Anthony Head , replacing Pierce Brosnan , as Chiron . In April 2012 , Paloma Kwiatkowski was cast as Thalia and The Hunger Games star Leven Rambin has been cast as Clarisse La Rue . It was announced on May 8 , 2012 that the film had moved up to March 15 , 2013 . But later it was postponed for an August 16 , 2013 release . Fox decided on a final release date for August 7 , 2013 . Logan Lerman returned as Percy Jackson in the movie . Jake Abel also returned to the role of Luke Castellan . On January 2012 The Secret Circle star Grey Damon was cast as Chris Rodriguez . According to Alexandra Daddario , the film would be more similar to the book than the first film .

\n

\n Graphic novel ( edit )

\n

\n The Sea of Monsters has been published as a graphic novel .

\n

\n Sequel ( edit )

\n Main article : Percy Jackson and the Titan 's Curse

\n The novel was followed by The Titan 's Curse , released on May 1 , 2007 . In The Titan 's Curse , Percy , Grover , Annabeth and Thalia go to a school to recruit two powerful demigods . Like its predecessors , this book was well received and reviewers praised its humorous style and the plot of the story .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The sea of monsters '' ( first edition ) . LC Online Catalog . Library of Congress ( lccn.loc.gov ) . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 05 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Sea of Monsters review '' . Kirkus Reviews . April 1 , 2006 . Retrieved January 16 , 2011 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Book awards : BookSense Top Ten Summer Pick '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 12 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Twain Readers Award '' . Missouri Association of School Librarians . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 14 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Nawotka , Edward . `` Son of Poseidon Gaining Strength '' . Publishers Weekly . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Sarah , Weinman . `` Will ' Percy Jackson ' Author Rick Riordan Ever Reach J.K. Rowling Territory ? '' . DailyFinance . DailyFinance .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : `` ' X-Men : First Class ' & ' Rise Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Sequels Set For Summer 2014 ; ' Independence Day 3D ' Hits July 3 , 2013 '' . indiewire.com. 2012 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 31 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick ( May 3 , 2006 ) . The Sea of Monsters . Percy Jackson & the Olympians . Miramax Books . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 5686 - 6 . OCLC 64664383 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Piehl , Norah . `` Kidsreads.com -- The Sea of Monsters '' . Kidsreads.com . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 .
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Sea of Monsters : Percy Jackson and the Olympians , Book 2 '' . School Library Journal . 1 October 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Sea of Monsters review '' . Matt Berman . Common Sense Media . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` The Sea of Monsters '' . Publishers Weekly . 24 April 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Sea of Monsters ( Percy Jackson and the Olympians Series # 2 ) '' . barnesandnoble.com . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 10 .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Rick Riordan : Percy Jackson '' . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 12 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Barnes & Noble.com '' . Barnesandnoble.com. 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 22 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Top Shelf Fiction Pick for Middle School Readers , 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Voice of Youth Advocates . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Mark Twain Award 2007 -- 08 Winners '' . Missouri Association of School Librarians . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 27 .
    18. \n
  18. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Sequels for summer '' . Publishers Weekly . 24 July 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Bernstein , Jesse . `` Jesse Bernstein '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 .
    20. \n
  20. \n ^ Jump up to : Bernstien , Jesse ( 2006 ) . `` The Sea of Monsters '' . AudioFile . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ ' Percy Jackson and the Olympians ' Sequel Could Be Coming Soon ?
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 12 October 2011 ) . `` Fox Moves Ahead With New ' Die Hard ' and ' Percy Jackson ' Films '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 30 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Missi Pyle , Yvette Nicole Brown , Mary Birdsong Join ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` Nathan Fillion to Play Hermes in ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` Anthony Head to Play Chiron in ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Vancouver High Schooler Gets Dream Role In ' Percy Jackson ' Sequel '' . Deadline.com .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7 '' . ComingSoon.net. April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Riordan , Rick ( April 1 , 2007 ) . The Titan 's Curse . Percy Jackson & the Olympians . Hyperion Books for Children . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4231 - 0145 - 1 . OCLC 76863948 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Piehl , Norah . `` The Titan 's Curse : Kidsreads '' . Kidsreads.com .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Ruth , Sheila . `` The Titan 's Curse : Wands and Worlds Book Review '' .
    32. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n The Camp Half - Blood Chronicles
\n Percy Jackson & the Olympians \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Novels \n
    \n
  • \n The Lightning Thief
    • \n
  • \n The Sea of Monsters
    • \n
  • \n The Titan 's Curse
    • \n
  • \n The Battle of the Labyrinth
    • \n
  • \n The Last Olympian
    • \n
  • \n The Demigod Files
    • \n
\n
\n Films \n
    \n
  • \n Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief
    • \n
  • \n Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters
    • \n
  • \n Film cast members
    • \n
\n
\n
\n The Heroes of Olympus \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Novels \n
    \n
  • \n The Lost Hero
    • \n
  • \n The Son of Neptune
    • \n
  • \n The Mark of Athena
    • \n
  • \n The House of Hades
    • \n
  • \n The Blood of Olympus
    • \n
  • \n The Demigod Diaries
    • \n
\n
\n
\n The Trials of Apollo \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Novels \n
    \n
  • \n The Hidden Oracle
    • \n
  • \n The Dark Prophecy
    • \n
  • \n The Burning Maze
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Percy Jackson 's Greek Gods
    • \n
  • \n Percy Jackson 's Greek Heroes
    • \n
  • \n The Son of Sobek
    • \n
  • \n The Staff of Serapis
    • \n
  • \n The Crown of Ptolemy
    • \n
\n
\n Characters \n
    \n
  • \n Percy Jackson
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sea_of_Monsters&oldid=821188590 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "percy jackson and the olympians sea of monsters summary", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Emilio Scotto - wikipedia

\n Emilio Scotto

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Emilio Scotto
\n
\n \n Emilio Walter Eduardo Alfredo SCOTTO ( 1954 - 09 - 27 ) September 27 , 1954 ( age 63 ) Buenos Aires , Argentina
\n Residence \n Miami , Florida
\n Nationality \n Argentine
\n Occupation \n Motorcycle traveler , adventurer , writer and motivational speaker
\n Spouse ( s ) \n Monica Pino
\n

\n Emilio Scotto ( Buenos Aires , September 27 , 1954 ) is an Argentine adventurer , photojournalist , and writer . As of 2009 he holds the Guinness record for the world 's longest motorcycle ride , spanning 10 years , 279 countries and a total distance of 457,000 miles ( 735,000 km ) . The ride was done on a 1980 Honda Gold Wing GL1100 motorcycle Scotto calls `` Black Princess . '' Scotto recounted his travels in a 224 - page book illustrated with his photographs , The Longest Ride : My Ten - Year 500,000 Mile Motorcycle Journey , published in 2007 .

\n

\n In interviews , Scotto is known to make hyperbolic boasts on the importance of his adventures , such as `` This is more than a trip around the world , it 's the biggest trip in the history of human beings . ''

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Biography ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n In 1985 , Scotto quit his job as a Buenos Aires sales representative for the pharmaceutical company Pfizer to see the world on his five - year - old 1100 cc Honda Goldwing Interstate . Scotto , who had never traveled outside of Argentina before , left with only $300 and no contacts for the many stops on his journey .

\n

\n By the end of his journey in 1995 , Scotto went through 13 64 - page passports and his motorcycle received one replacement engine , consumed 12,500 US gallons ( 47,000 L ) of gasoline , 350 US gallons ( 1,300 L ) of oil , 86 tires , 12 batteries and nine new seats .

\n

\n Scotto 's odyssey was often perilous , including journeys through Nicaragua in 1985 during its civil war and Kuwait prior to the 1991 invasion by Iraq . The most dangerous part of his trip , he would later recall , came in Africa when he was arrested as a suspected spy in Burundi , Chad and Cameroon . He was also jailed on suspicion of carrying a forged passport in Zimbabwe . In Liberia , he came into the country during a period of military upheaval and needed to hide in a diplomatic compound in Monrovia for several days until he could receive safe passage out of the country .

\n

\n Scotto was not able to arrange to bring his motorcycle into North Korea , but he was able to walk by foot the demarcation zone separating that country from South Korea . He was nearly denied access to China when border officials insisted that he pay a $70,000 entry fee . Intervention by the Motorcycle Club of Beijing helped him enter the country without any prepayment .

\n

\n Although Scotto did not publicize his journey when he first departed , news of his adventure began to spread during his travels . In late 1986 , when he was stranded in New York City , a television news report helped bring in donations that allowed him to cross the ocean . Scotto was able to personally present a letter to Pope John Paul II at the Vatican , and Libyan leader Col. Muammar al - Gaddafi provided him with $300 for the African portion of his journey . During the later part of his journey , he received corporate sponsorship from Pepsi , Agip and Metzeler .

\n

\n In 1991 , Scotto married Monica Pino in New Delhi , India . She was his companion on the final four years of his trek .

\n

\n Reviews of the longest ride ( edit )

\n

\n A lighhearted capsule review by The Daily Telegraph recommended The Longest Ride on the strength of the approximately 200 photographs . A longer review in Flak Magazine found fault with the book 's lack of introspection , and the author 's apparent lack of curiosity about the world he explores . The reviewer speculates that Scotto is too distracted by his own adventure , and by attractive women , and so the amazing series of places and events he witnesses goes to waste . Alternatively , the reviewer suggests that the limitations of the author 's `` pedestrian prose '' are the reason he seems unable to appreciate the exotic scenes and diverse people he meets .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Emilio Walter Eduardo Alfredo SCOTTO info at Argentine electoral registry , published on Buscar Datos ( Search Data ) website .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` \u00bf Quien es Emilio Scotto ? '' , Otroladodelmundo ( blog ) ( in Spanish ) , Fotolog.com , 1993
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` The Best Travelled - UN Master List '' , The Best Travelled Retrieved 21 February 2016
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig ( 2009 ) , Guinness World Records 2009 , Random House , p. 176 , ISBN 9780553592566
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Stermer , Bill ( 2006 ) , Streetbikes : Everything You Need to Know , MotorBooks / MBI Publishing Company , ISBN 9780760323625
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Pool , Bob ( July 29 , 1992 ) , `` Slow Orbit Motorcyclist Prepares for 2nd Trip Around the World '' , The Los Angeles Times , Los Angeles , Calif. , p . Metro part B , 1
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Scotto , Emilio ( 2007 ) , The Longest Ride : My Ten - Year 500,000 Mile Motorcycle Journey , MotorBooks / MBI Publishing Company , ISBN 9780760326329
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Clark , Campbell ( 10 June 1994 ) , `` Motorbike odyssey ' biggest trip ' in history : Argentinian 's Goal is ' Moon and back ' '' , The Vancouver Sun , Vancouver , B.C.
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Emilio Scotto an amazing journey on YouTube
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Emilio Scotto Record for the world 's longest motorcycle ride . Source : Taringa .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ English , Andrew ( May 5 , 2007 ) , `` THE GEAR BOX Product reviews '' , The Daily Telegraph , London ( UK ) , p. 3
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Rymer , Michael ( 15 May 2007 ) , `` The Longest Ride by Emilio Scotto ; A 500,000 mile motorcycle journey ? Save it for reality TV . '' , Flak Magazine
    13. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Long - distance motorcycling
\n Riders \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Pre 1930 \n
    \n
  • \n Erwin `` Cannonball '' Baker
    • \n
  • \n William C. Chadeayne
    • \n
  • \n Carl Stearns Clancy
    • \n
  • \n Avis and Effie Hotchkiss
    • \n
  • \n Clare Sheridan and Oswald Frewen
    • \n
  • \n Robert Sex\u00e9
    • \n
  • \n Bessie Stringfield
    • \n
  • \n Zolt\u00e1n Sulkowsky and Gyula Bartha
    • \n
  • \n Augusta and Adeline Van Buren
    • \n
  • \n George A. Wyman
    • \n
\n
\n 1930 -- 2000 \n
    \n
  • \n Dave Barr
    • \n
  • \n Robert Edison Fulton Jr .
    • \n
  • \n Pat Garrod
    • \n
  • \n John Gerber
    • \n
  • \n David McGonigal
    • \n
  • \n Walter Muma
    • \n
  • \n Neil Peart
    • \n
  • \n Helge Pedersen
    • \n
  • \n Benka Pulko
    • \n
  • \n Max Reisch
    • \n
  • \n Jim Rogers
    • \n
  • \n Nick Sanders
    • \n
  • \n Emilio Scotto
    • \n
  • \n Ted Simon
    • \n
  • \n J\u016bgatsu Toi
    • \n
  • \n Austin Vince
    • \n
\n
\n 21st century \n
    \n
  • \n Cathy Birchall
    • \n
  • \n Charley Boorman
    • \n
  • \n Bharadwaj Dayala
    • \n
  • \n Kanichi Fujiwara
    • \n
  • \n Simon Gandolfi
    • \n
  • \n Pat Garrod
    • \n
  • \n Geoff Hill
    • \n
  • \n Allan Karl
    • \n
  • \n Sjaak Lucassen
    • \n
  • \n Danell Lynn
    • \n
  • \n Ewan McGregor
    • \n
  • \n Simon and Monika Newbound
    • \n
  • \n Jeffrey Polnaja
    • \n
  • \n Chris and Erin Ratay
    • \n
  • \n Kevin and Julia Sanders
    • \n
  • \n Ted Simon
    • \n
  • \n Claudio von Planta
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Long - distance rallies \n
    \n
  • \n Hoka Hey Motorcycle Challenge
    • \n
  • \n Hyder Seek
    • \n
  • \n Iron Butt Rally
    • \n
\n
\n Methodology : Rides of > 30,000 km or > 3,000 km before 1930 or record - setting transcontinental or intercontinental ride
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n VIAF : 51119956
    • \n
  • \n LCCN : n2006075134
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emilio_Scotto&oldid=833804963 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who holds the record for longest motorcycle jump", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "The Great Gatsby - Wikipedia

\n The Great Gatsby

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For the film , TV and opera adaptations , see The Great Gatsby ( disambiguation ) . \n The Great Gatsby \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Cover of the first edition in 1925 .
\n Author \n F. Scott Fitzgerald
\n Cover artist \n Francis Cugat
\n Country \n United States
\n Language \n English
\n Genre \n Novel
\n Published \n April 10 , 1925 ( Charles Scribner 's Sons )
\n Media type \n Print ( hardcover & paperback )
\n Preceded by \n The Beautiful and Damned ( 1922 )
\n Followed by \n Tender Is the Night ( 1934 )
\n

\n The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional town of West Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922 . The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession for the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan . Considered to be Fitzgerald 's magnum opus , The Great Gatsby explores themes of decadence , idealism , resistance to change , social upheaval , and excess , creating a portrait of the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties that has been described as a cautionary tale regarding the American Dream .

\n

\n Fitzgerald -- inspired by the parties he had attended while visiting Long Island 's north shore -- began planning the novel in 1923 , desiring to produce , in his words , `` something new -- something extraordinary and beautiful and simple and intricately patterned . '' Progress was slow , with Fitzgerald completing his first draft following a move to the French Riviera in 1924 . His editor , Maxwell Perkins , felt the book was vague and persuaded the author to revise over the following winter . Fitzgerald was repeatedly ambivalent about the book 's title and he considered a variety of alternatives , including titles that referenced the Roman character Trimalchio ; the title he was last documented to have desired was Under the Red , White , and Blue .

\n

\n First published by Scribner 's in April 1925 , The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews and sold poorly ; in its first year , the book sold only 20,000 copies . Fitzgerald died in 1940 , believing himself to be a failure and his work forgotten . However , the novel experienced a revival during World War II , and became a part of American high school curricula and numerous stage and film adaptations in the following decades . Today , The Great Gatsby is widely considered to be a literary classic and a contender for the title `` Great American Novel . '' In 1998 , the Modern Library editorial board voted it the 20th century 's best American novel and second best English - language novel of the same time period .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Historical context ( edit )

\n

\n Set on the prosperous Long Island of 1922 , The Great Gatsby provides a critical social history of America during the Roaring Twenties within its fictional narrative . That era , known for unprecedented economic prosperity , the evolution of jazz music flapper culture , new technologies in communication ( motion pictures , broadcast radio , recorded music ) forging a genuine mass culture ; and bootlegging , along with other criminal activity , is plausibly depicted in Fitzgerald 's novel . Fitzgerald uses many of these societal developments of the 1920s that were to build Gatsby 's stories from many of the simple details like automobiles to broader themes like Fitzgerald 's discreet allusions to the organized crime culture which was the source of Gatsby 's fortune . Fitzgerald depicts the garish society of the Roaring Twenties by placing the book 's plotline within the historical context of the era .

\n

\n Fitzgerald 's visits to Long Island 's north shore and his experience attending parties at mansions inspired The Great Gatsby 's setting . Today , there are a number of theories as to which mansion was the inspiration for the book . One possibility is Land 's End , a notable Gold Coast Mansion where Fitzgerald may have attended a party . Many of the events in Fitzgerald 's early life are reflected throughout The Great Gatsby . Fitzgerald was a young man from Minnesota , and like Nick , he was educated at an Ivy League school , Princeton ( in Nick 's case , Yale ) . Fitzgerald is also similar to Jay Gatsby , in that he fell in love while stationed far from home in the military and fell into a life of decadence trying to prove himself to the girl he loved . Fitzgerald became a second lieutenant , and was stationed at Camp Sheridan , in Montgomery , Alabama . There he met and fell in love with a wild seventeen - year - old beauty named Zelda Sayre . Zelda finally agreed to marry him , but her preference for wealth , fun , and leisure led her to delay their wedding until he could prove a success . Like Nick in The Great Gatsby , Fitzgerald found this new lifestyle seductive and exciting , and , like Gatsby , he had always idolized the very rich . In many ways , The Great Gatsby represents Fitzgerald 's attempt to confront his conflicting feelings about the Jazz Age . Like Gatsby , Fitzgerald was driven by his love for a woman who symbolized everything he wanted , even as she led him toward everything he despised .

\n

\n In her book Careless People : Murder , Mayhem and the Invention of ' The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) , Sarah Churchwell speculates that parts of the ending of The Great Gatsby were based on the Hall - Mills Case . Based on her forensic search for clues , she asserts that the two victims in the Hall - Mills murder case inspired the characters who were murdered in The Great Gatsby .

\n

\n Plot summary ( edit )

\n

\n The main events of the novel take place in the summer of 1922 . Nick Carraway , a Yale graduate and veteran of the Great War from the Midwest -- who serves as the novel 's narrator -- takes a job in New York as a bond salesman . He rents a small house on Long Island , in the fictional village of West Egg , next door to the lavish mansion of Jay Gatsby , a mysterious multi-millionaire who holds extravagant parties but does not participate in them . Nick drives around the bay to East Egg for dinner at the home of his cousin , Daisy Fay Buchanan , and her husband , Tom , a college acquaintance of Nick 's . They introduce Nick to Jordan Baker , an attractive , cynical young golfer with whom Nick begins a romantic relationship . She reveals to Nick that Tom has a mistress , Myrtle Wilson , who lives in the `` valley of ashes '' , an industrial dumping ground between West Egg and New York City . Not long after this revelation , Nick travels to New York City with Tom and Myrtle to an apartment Tom keeps for his affairs with Myrtle and others . At Tom 's New York apartment , a vulgar and bizarre party takes place . It ends with Tom breaking Myrtle 's nose after she annoys him by saying Daisy 's name several times .

\n The Plaza Hotel in the early - 1920s

\n As the summer progresses , Nick eventually receives an invitation to one of Gatsby 's parties . Nick encounters Jordan Baker at the party , and they meet Gatsby himself , an aloof and surprisingly young man who recognizes Nick from their same division in the Great War . Through Jordan , Nick later learns that Gatsby knew Daisy through a purely chance meeting in 1917 , when Daisy and her friends were doing volunteer services ' work with young Officers headed to Europe . From their brief meetings and casual encounters at that time , Gatsby became ( and still is ) deeply in love with Daisy . Even more , he became obsessed with the idea of her , and the ideal of living in the world he saw her living in , as the fulfillment of all the possible dreams he could ever have .

\n

\n Jordan confides in Nick that the only reason Gatsby bought the mansion is because it was across the bay from Tom and Daisy 's home , and that Gatsby 's extravagant lifestyle and wild parties were an attempt to impress Daisy and raise her curiosity about her `` anonymous '' neighbor across the bay . Gatsby had hoped that one day curiosity would have brought the unsuspecting Daisy to appear at his doorstep , and thereby he 'd be able to present himself as a `` new man '' , now of wealth and position , and now able to join her at her side and within her world . That however never played out , and although Tom had been invited ( as a guest of Jordan 's ) to a Gatsby party and had attended more than one of them , both he and Daisy had ( for different reasons ) never responded affirmatively to an RSVP to attend as the Buchanans ( Mr. and Mrs . ) . The deeper reasons behind this fact are expanded upon later in the story by Daisy . His research of Nick , who has so fortuitously rented the small cottage next door to Gatsby 's mansion , results in a wholly new approach to his problem of how to introduce Daisy to the `` new '' J. Gatsby .

\n

\n The whole purpose of the `` invitation '' to Nick to attend a Gatsby party was to develop a relationship with him so that Gatsby could later ask Nick to arrange a reunion between himself and Daisy . Nick invites Daisy to have tea at his house without telling her that Gatsby will also be there . After an initially awkward reunion , Gatsby and Daisy reestablish their connection . They begin an affair and , after a short time , Tom grows increasingly suspicious of his wife 's relationship with Gatsby . At a luncheon at the Buchanans ' house , Daisy speaks to Gatsby with such undisguised intimacy that Tom realizes she is in love with Gatsby . Though Tom is himself involved in an extramarital affair , he is outraged by his wife 's infidelity . He forces the group to drive into New York City and confronts Gatsby in a suite at the Plaza Hotel , asserting that he and Daisy have a history that Gatsby could never understand . In addition to that , he announces to his wife that Gatsby is a criminal whose fortune comes from bootlegging alcohol and other illegal activities . Daisy realizes that her allegiance is to Tom , and Tom contemptuously sends her back to East Egg with Gatsby , attempting to prove that Gatsby can not hurt her .

\n

\n When Nick , Jordan , and Tom drive through the valley of ashes on their way home , they discover that Gatsby 's car has struck and killed Tom 's mistress , Myrtle . Nick later learns from Gatsby that Daisy , not Gatsby himself , was driving the car at the time of the accident but Gatsby took the blame . Myrtle 's husband , George , falsely concludes that the driver of the yellow car is the secret lover he recently began suspecting she has , and sets out on foot to find him . After finding out the yellow car is Gatsby 's , he arrives at Gatsby 's mansion where he fatally shoots Gatsby and then himself . Nick stages an unsettlingly small funeral for Gatsby in which none of Gatsby 's associates or partygoers attend . Later , Nick runs into Tom in New York and finds out that Tom had told George that Gatsby was Myrtle 's secret lover and that Gatsby had killed her , then gave Gatsby 's address to George . Nick breaks up with Jordan , and , disillusioned with the East , moves back to the Midwest .

\n

\n Major characters ( edit )

\n \n

\n Writing and production ( edit )

\n The now - demolished Beacon Towers served as an inspiration for Gatsby 's home Oheka Castle was another North Shore inspiration for the novel 's setting

\n Fitzgerald began planning his third novel in June 1922 , but it was interrupted by production of his play , The Vegetable , in the summer and fall . The play failed miserably , and Fitzgerald worked that winter on magazine stories struggling to pay his debt caused by the production . The stories were , in his words , `` all trash and it nearly broke my heart , '' although included among those stories was `` Winter Dreams '' , which Fitzgerald later described as `` a sort of first draft of the Gatsby idea '' .

\n

\n After the birth of their child , the Fitzgeralds moved to Great Neck , New York , on Long Island , in October 1922 . The town was used as the scene of The Great Gatsby . Fitzgerald 's neighbors in Great Neck included such prominent and newly wealthy New Yorkers as writer Ring Lardner , actor Lew Fields , and comedian Ed Wynn . These figures were all considered to be `` new money '' , unlike those who came from Manhasset Neck or Cow Neck Peninsula , places which were home to many of New York 's wealthiest established families , and which sat across the bay from Great Neck . This real - life juxtaposition gave Fitzgerald his idea for `` West Egg '' and `` East Egg '' . In this novel , Great Neck ( King 's Point ) became the `` new money '' peninsula of West Egg and Port Washington ( Sands Point ) the old - money East Egg . Several mansions in the area served as inspiration for Gatsby 's home , such as Oheka Castle and Beacon Towers , since demolished .

\n

\n By mid-1923 , Fitzgerald had written 18,000 words for his novel but discarded most of his new story as a false start , some of which resurfaced in the 1924 short story `` Absolution '' .

\n

\n Work on The Great Gatsby began in earnest in April 1924 . Fitzgerald wrote in his ledger , `` Out of woods at last and starting novel . '' He decided to make a departure from the writing process of his previous novels and told Perkins that the novel was to be a `` consciously artistic achievement '' and a `` purely creative work -- not trashy imaginings as in my stories but the sustained imagination of a sincere and yet radiant world . '' He added later , during editing , that he felt `` an enormous power in me now , more than I 've ever had . '' Soon after this burst of inspiration , work slowed while the Fitzgeralds made a move to the French Riviera , where a serious crisis in their relationship soon developed . By August , however , Fitzgerald was hard at work and completed what he believed to be his final manuscript in October , sending the book to his editor , Maxwell Perkins , and agent , Harold Ober , on October 30 . The Fitzgeralds then moved to Rome for the winter . Fitzgerald made revisions through the winter after Perkins informed him in a November letter that the character of Gatsby was `` somewhat vague '' and Gatsby 's wealth and business , respectively , needed `` the suggestion of an explanation '' and should be `` adumbrated '' .

\n

\n Content after a few rounds of revision , Fitzgerald returned the final batch of revised galleys in the middle of February 1925 . Fitzgerald 's revisions included an extensive rewriting of Chapter VI and VIII . Despite this , he refused an offer of $10,000 for the serial rights in order not to delay the book 's publication . He had received a $3,939 advance in 1923 and $1,981.25 upon publication .

\n

\n Cover art ( edit )

\n

\n The cover of the first printing of The Great Gatsby is among the most celebrated pieces of art in American literature . It depicts disembodied eyes and a mouth over a blue skyline , with images of naked women reflected in the irises . A little - known artist named Francis Cugat was commissioned to illustrate the book while Fitzgerald was in the midst of writing it . The cover was completed before the novel ; Fitzgerald was so enamored with it that he told his publisher he had `` written it into '' the novel . Fitzgerald 's remarks about incorporating the painting into the novel led to the interpretation that the eyes are reminiscent of those of fictional optometrist Dr. T.J. Eckleburg ( depicted on a faded commercial billboard near George Wilson 's auto repair shop ) which Fitzgerald described as `` blue and gigantic -- their retinas are one yard high . They look out of no face , but instead , from a pair of enormous yellow spectacles which pass over a non-existent nose . '' Although this passage has some resemblance to the painting , a closer explanation can be found in the description of Daisy Buchanan as the `` girl whose disembodied face floated along the dark cornices and blinding signs . '' Ernest Hemingway wrote in A Moveable Feast that when Fitzgerald lent him a copy of The Great Gatsby to read , he immediately disliked the cover , but `` Scott told me not to be put off by it , that it had to do with a billboard along a highway in Long Island that was important in the story . He said he had liked the jacket and now he did n't like it . ''

\n

\n Title ( edit )

\n

\n Fitzgerald had difficulty choosing a title for his novel and entertained many choices before reluctantly choosing The Great Gatsby , a title inspired by Alain - Fournier 's Le Grand Meaulnes . Prior , Fitzgerald shifted between Gatsby ; Among Ash - Heaps and Millionaires ; Trimalchio ; Trimalchio in West Egg ; On the Road to West Egg ; Under the Red , White , and Blue ; Gold - Hatted Gatsby ; and The High - Bouncing Lover . The titles The Gold - Hatted Gatsby and The High - Bouncing Lover came from Fitzgerald 's epigraph for the novel , one which he wrote himself under the pen name of Thomas Parke D'Invilliers . He initially preferred titles referencing Trimalchio , the crude parvenu in Petronius 's Satyricon , and even refers to Gatsby as Trimalchio once in the novel : `` It was when curiosity about Gatsby was at its highest that the lights in his house failed to go on one Saturday night -- and , as obscurely as it had begun , his career as Trimalchio was over . '' Unlike Gatsby 's spectacular parties , Trimalchio participated in the audacious and libidinous orgies he hosted but , according to Tony Tanner 's introduction to the Penguin edition , there are subtle similarities between the two .

\n

\n In November 1924 , Fitzgerald wrote to Perkins that `` I have now decided to stick to the title I put on the book ... Trimalchio in West Egg '' but was eventually persuaded that the reference was too obscure and that people would not be able to pronounce it . His wife , Zelda , and Perkins both expressed their preference for The Great Gatsby and the next month Fitzgerald agreed . A month before publication , after a final review of the proofs , he asked if it would be possible to re-title it Trimalchio or Gold - Hatted Gatsby but Perkins advised against it . On March 19 , 1925 , Fitzgerald expressed intense enthusiasm for the title Under the Red , White and Blue , but it was at that stage too late to change . The Great Gatsby was published on April 10 , 1925 . Fitzgerald remarked that `` the title is only fair , rather bad than good . ''

\n

\n Early drafts of the novel entitled Trimalchio : An Early Version of The Great Gatsby have been published . A notable difference between the Trimalchio draft and The Great Gatsby is a less complete failure of Gatsby 's dream in Trimalchio . Another difference is that the argument between Tom Buchanan and Jay Gatsby is more even , although Daisy still returns to Tom .

\n

\n Themes ( edit )

\n

\n Sarah Churchwell sees The Great Gatsby as a `` cautionary tale of the decadent downside of the American dream . '' The story deals with the limits and realities of America 's myths of social and class mobility ; and the inevitably hopeless lower class aspirations to rise above the station ( s ) of their birth . The book in stark relief through the narrator , Nick Carraway , observes that : `` ... a sense of the fundamental decencies is parcelled out unequally at birth . '' Using elements of irony and tragic ending , it also delves into themes of excesses of the rich , and recklessness of youth . Others , like journalist Nick Gillespie , see The Great Gatsby as a story `` underlying permanence of class differences ; even in the face of a modern economy 's attempt to assert that the class structure is based ; not on status and inherited position ; but , upon the innovation and the ability of literally anyone , to succeed by meeting the ever - changing demands and tastes of consumers ' needs . '' This interpretation asserts that The Great Gatsby captures the American experience because it is a story about change and those who resist it ; whether the change comes in the form of a new wave of immigrants ( Southern Europeans in the early 20th century , Latin Americans today ) , the nouveau riche , or successful minorities , Americans from the 1920s to the 21st century have plenty of experience with changing economic and social circumstances . As Gillespie states , `` While the specific terms of the equation are always changing , it 's easy to see echoes of Gatsby 's basic conflict between established sources of economic and cultural power and upstarts in virtually all aspects of American society . '' Because this concept is particularly American and can be seen throughout American history , readers are able to relate to The Great Gatsby ( which has lent the novel an enduring popularity ) .

\n

\n Later critical writings on The Great Gatsby , following the novel 's revival , focus in particular on Fitzgerald 's disillusionment with the American Dream -- life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness -- in the context of the hedonistic Jazz Age , a name for the era which Fitzgerald claimed to have coined . In 1970 , Roger Pearson published the article Gatsby : False prophet of the American Dream , in which he states that Fitzgerald `` has come to be associated with this concept of the AMERICAN Dream more than any other writer of the twentieth century '' . Pearson goes on to suggest that Gatsby 's failure to realize the American dream demonstrates that it no longer exists except in the minds of those as materialistic as Gatsby . He concludes that the American dream pursued by Gatsby `` is , in reality , a nightmare '' , bringing nothing but discontent and disillusionment to those who chase it as they realize its unsustainability and ultimately its unattainability .

\n

\n In addition to exploring the trials and tribulations of achieving the great American dream during the Jazz Age , The Great Gatsby explores societal gender expectations as a theme , exemplifying in Daisy Buchanan 's character the marginalization of women in the East Egg social class that Fitzgerald depicts . As an upper - class , white woman living in East Egg during this time period in America , Daisy must adhere to certain societal expectations , including but certainly not limited to actively filling the role of dutiful wife , mother , keeper of the house , and charming socialite . As the reader finds in the novel , many of Daisy 's choices , ultimately culminating in the tragedy of the plot and misery for all those involved , can be at least partly attributed to her prescribed role as a `` beautiful little fool '' who is completely reliant on her husband for financial and societal security . For instance , one could argue that Daisy 's ultimate decision to remain with her husband despite her feelings for Gatsby can be attributed to the status , security , and comfort that her marriage to Tom Buchanan provides . Additionally , the theme of the female familial role within The Great Gatsby goes hand in hand with that of the ideal family unit associated with the great American dream - a dream that goes unrealized for Gatsby and Daisy in Fitzgerald 's prose .

\n

\n Reception ( edit )

\n

\n The Great Gatsby was published by Charles Scribner 's Sons on April 10 , 1925 . Fitzgerald called Perkins on the day of publication to monitor reviews : `` Any news ? '' `` Sales situation doubtful , '' read a wire from Perkins on April 20 , `` ( but ) excellent reviews . '' Fitzgerald responded on April 24 , saying the cable `` depressed '' him , closing the letter with `` Yours in great depression . '' Fitzgerald had hoped the novel would be a great commercial success , perhaps selling as many as 75,000 copies . By October , when the original sale had run its course , the book had sold fewer than 20,000 copies . Despite this , Scribner 's continually kept the book in print ; they carried the original edition on their trade list until 1946 , by which time Gatsby was in print in three other forms and the original edition was no longer needed . Fitzgerald received letters of praise from contemporaries T.S. Eliot , Edith Wharton , and Willa Cather regarding the novel ; however , this was private opinion , and Fitzgerald feverishly demanded the public recognition of reviewers and readers .

\n

\n The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews from literary critics of the day . Generally the most effusive of the positive reviews was Edwin Clark of The New York Times , who felt the novel was `` A curious book , a mystical , glamourous ( sic ) story of today . '' Similarly , Lillian C. Ford of the Los Angeles Times wrote , `` ( the novel ) leaves the reader in a mood of chastened wonder , '' calling the book `` a revelation of life '' and `` a work of art . '' The New York Post called the book `` fascinating ... His style fairly scintillates , and with a genuine brilliance ; he writes surely and soundly . '' The New York Herald Tribune was unimpressed , but referred to The Great Gatsby as `` purely ephemeral phenomenon , but it contains some of the nicest little touches of contemporary observation you could imagine - so light , so delicate , so sharp ... a literary lemon meringue . '' In The Chicago Daily Tribune , H.L. Mencken called the book `` in form no more than a glorified anecdote , and not too probable at that , '' while praising the book 's `` careful and brilliant finish . ''

\n

\n Several writers felt that the novel left much to be desired following Fitzgerald 's previous works and promptly criticized him . Harvey Eagleton of The Dallas Morning News believed the novel signaled the end of Fitzgerald 's success : `` One finishes Great Gatsby with a feeling of regret , not for the fate of the people in the book , but for Mr. Fitzgerald . '' John McClure of The Times - Picayune said that the book was unconvincing , writing , `` Even in conception and construction , The Great Gatsby seems a little raw . '' Ralph Coghlan of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch felt the book lacked what made Fitzgerald 's earlier novels endearing and called the book `` a minor performance ... At the moment , its author seems a bit bored and tired and cynical . '' Ruth Snyder of New York Evening World called the book 's style `` painfully forced '' , noting that the editors of the paper were `` quite convinced after reading The Great Gatsby that Mr. Fitzgerald is not one of the great American writers of to - day . '' The reviews struck Fitzgerald as completely missing the point : `` All the reviews , even the most enthusiastic , not one had the slightest idea what the book was about . ''

\n

\n Fitzgerald 's goal was to produce a literary work which would truly prove himself as a writer , and Gatsby did not have the commercial success of his two previous novels , This Side of Paradise and The Beautiful and Damned . Although the novel went through two initial printings , some of these copies remained unsold years later . Fitzgerald himself blamed poor sales on the fact that women tended to be the main audience for novels during this time , and Gatsby did not contain an admirable female character . According to his own ledger , now made available online by University of South Carolina 's Thomas Cooper library , he earned only $2,000 from the book . Although 1926 brought Owen Davis 's stage adaption and the Paramount - issued silent film version , both of which brought in money for the author , Fitzgerald still felt the novel fell short of the recognition he hoped for and , most importantly , would not propel him to becoming a serious novelist in the public eye . For several years afterward , the general public believed The Great Gatsby to be nothing more than a nostalgic period piece .

\n

\n Legacy and modern analysis ( edit )

\n

\n In 1940 , Fitzgerald suffered a third and final heart attack , and died believing his work forgotten . His obituary in The New York Times mentioned Gatsby as Fitzgerald `` at his best '' . A strong appreciation for the book had developed in underground circles ; future writers Edward Newhouse and Budd Schulberg were deeply affected by it and John O'Hara showed the book 's influence . The republication of Gatsby in Edmund Wilson 's edition of The Last Tycoon in 1941 produced an outburst of comment , with the general consensus expressing the sentiment that the book was an enduring work of fiction .

\n

\n In 1942 , a group of publishing executives created the Council on Books in Wartime . The Council 's purpose was to distribute paperback books to soldiers fighting in the Second World War . The Great Gatsby was one of these books . The books proved to be `` as popular as pin - up girls '' among the soldiers , according to the Saturday Evening Post 's contemporary report . 155,000 copies of Gatsby were distributed to soldiers overseas , and it is believed that this publicity ultimately boosted the novel 's popularity and sales .

\n

\n By 1944 , full - length articles on Fitzgerald 's works were being published , and the following year , `` the opinion that Gatsby was merely a period piece had almost entirely disappeared . '' This revival was paved by interest shown by literary critic Edmund Wilson , who was Fitzgerald 's friend . In 1951 , Arthur Mizener published The Far Side of Paradise , a biography of Fitzgerald . He emphasized The Great Gatsby 's positive reception by literary critics , which may have influenced public opinion and renewed interest in it .

\n

\n By 1960 , the book was steadily selling 50,000 copies per year , and renewed interest led The New York Times editorialist Arthur Mizener to proclaim the novel `` a classic of twentieth - century American fiction '' . The Great Gatsby has sold over 25 million copies worldwide as of 2013 , annually sells an additional 500,000 copies , and is Scribner 's most popular title ; in 2013 , the e-book alone sold 185,000 copies .

\n

\n Scribner 's copyright is scheduled to expire in 2020 , according to Maureen Corrigan 's book about the making of The Great Gatsby , So We Read On .

\n

\n Adaptations ( edit )

\n

\n Ballet ( edit )

\n \n

\n Computer games ( edit )

\n \n

\n Film and television ( edit )

\n

\n The Great Gatsby has resulted in a number of film and television adaptations :

\n \n

\n Literature ( edit )

\n \n

\n Opera ( edit )

\n

\n The New York Metropolitan Opera commissioned John Harbison to compose an operatic treatment of the novel to commemorate the 25th anniversary of James Levine 's debut . The work , called The Great Gatsby , premiered on December 20 , 1999 .

\n

\n Radio ( edit )

\n \n

\n Theater ( edit )

\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ The spelling `` Wolfshiem '' appears throughout Fitzgerald 's original manuscript , while `` Wolfsheim '' was introduced by an editor ( Edmund Wilson ) in the second edition and appears in later Scribner 's editions .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ The original edition used the anatomically incorrect word `` retinas '' , while some later editions have used the word `` irises '' .
    3. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Karolides , Nicholas J. ; Bald , Margaret ; Sova , Dawn B. ( 2011 ) . 120 Banned Books : Censorship Histories of World Literature ( Second ed . ) . Checkmark Books . p. 499 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 8232 - 2 . Rather than a celebration of such decadence , the novel functions as a cautionary tale in which an unhappy fate is inevitable for the poor and striving individual , and the rich are allowed to continue without penalty their careless treatment of others ' lives .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Hoover , Bob ( 10 May 2013 ) . `` ' The Great Gatsby ' still challenges myth of American Dream '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved 10 May 2013 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Something Extraordinary '' . Letters of Note . Images by Gareth M. lettersofnote.com. 25 March 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2013 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Novels '' . Modern Library . Retrieved 14 May 2014 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Bruccoli 2000 , pp. 53 -- 54
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Gross , Dalton ( 1998 ) . Understanding the Great Gatsby : A Student Casebook to Issues , Sources , and Historical Documents . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 167 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Kellogg , Carolyn . `` Last gasp of the Gatsby house '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 26 April 2013 .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : SparkNotes Editors . `` The Great Gatsby : Context '' . SparkNotes . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link )
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Powers , Thomas ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Road to West Egg '' . London Review of Books . 13 . pp. 9 -- 11 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Sarah Churchwell ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Murder , Mayhem , and the Invention of The Great Gatsby '' . The Leonard Lopate Show .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ David Holowka ( December 17 , 2009 ) . `` The Iron Triangle , part 1 / Wilson 's Garage '' . ArchiTakes .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ McCullen , Bonnie Shannon ( 2007 ) . `` This Tremendous Detail : The Oxford Stone in the House of Gatsby '' . In Assadi , Jamal ; Freedman , William . A Distant Drummer : Foreign Perspectives on F. Scott Fitzgerald . New York : Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 0820488516 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Conor , Liz ( 22 June 2004 ) . The Spectacular Modern Woman : Feminine Visibility in the 1920s . Indiana University Press . p. 301 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 21670 - 0 .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : Bruccoli 2000 , pp. 9 -- 11
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , F. Scott ( 1991 ) . Bruccoli , Matthew J. , ed . The Great Gatsby . The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald . Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 184 . ISBN 9780521402309 . This name combines two automobile makes : the sporty Jordan and the conservative Baker electric .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , F. Scott ( 2006 ) . Bloom , Harold , ed . The Great Gatsby . New York : Chelsea House Publishers . p. 95 . ISBN 9781438114545 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , F. Scott ( 1997 ) . Tredell , Nicolas , ed. F. Scott Fitzgerald : The Great Gatsby . Columbia Critical Guides . New York : Columbia University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 9780231115353 . ISSN 1559 - 3002 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ F. Scott Fitzgerald : The Great Gatsby . Cambridge University Press . 1991 . p. liv .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ F. Scott Fitzgerald : The Great Gatsby . Cambridge University Press . 1991 . p. 148 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , p. 29
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Mizener , Arthur ( 24 April 1960 ) . `` Gatsby , 35 Years Later '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . He had begun to plan the novel in June , 1923 , saying to Maxwell Perkins , ' I want to write something new -- something extraordinary and beautiful and simple and intricately patterned . ' But that summer and fall was devoted to the production of his play , ' The Vegetable . '
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Curnutt , Kirk ( 2004 ) . A Historical Guide to F. Scott Fitzgerald . Oxford University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0195153030 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . The failure of The Vegetable in the fall of 1923 caused Fitzgerald , who was by then in considerable debt , to shut himself in a stuffy room over a garage in Great Neck , New York , and write himself out of the red by turning out ten short stories for the magazine market .
    23. \n
  23. \n ^ Jump up to : Mizener , Arthur ( 24 April 1960 ) . `` Gatsby , 35 Years Later '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 May 2013 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , F. Scott ( 1963 ) . Turnbull , Andrew , ed . The Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald . Charles Scribner 's Sons . p. 189 . 3 . ' Winter Dreams ' ( a sort of first draft of the Gatsby idea from Metropolitan 1923 )
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Murphy , Mary Jo ( 30 September 2010 ) . `` Eyeing the Unreal Estate of Gatsby Esq '' . The New York Times .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , pp. 38 -- 39
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , p. 45
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Randall , M\u00f3nica ( 2003 ) . The Mansions of Long Island 's Gold Coast . Rizzoli . pp. 275 -- 277 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8478 - 2649 - 0 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ West , James L.W. , III ( 2000 ) . Trimalchio : An Early Version of The Great Gatsby . The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald . Cover Design by Dennis M. Arnold . Cambridge University Press . p. xi . ISBN 0 - 521 - 89047 - 0 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . He produces 18,000 words ; most of this material is later discarded , but he salvages the short story `` Absolution , '' published in June 1924 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Haglund , David ( 7 May 2013 ) . `` The Forgotten Childhood of Jay Gatsby '' . Slate .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Eble , Kenneth ( Winter 1974 ) . `` The Great Gatsby '' . College Literature. 1 ( 1 ) : 37 . ISSN 0093 - 3139 . JSTOR 25111007 . consciously artistic achievement
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Flanagan , Thomas ( 21 December 2000 ) . `` Fitzgerald 's ' Radiant World ' '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . He may have been remembering Fitzgerald 's words in that April letter : So in my new novel I 'm thrown directly on purely creative work -- not trashy imaginings as in my stories but the sustained imagination of a sincere yet radiant world .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Leader , Zachary ( 21 September 2000 ) . `` Daisy packs her bags '' . London Review of Books . 22 ( 18 ) : 13 -- 15 . ISSN 0260 - 9592 . Retrieved 24 February 2013 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Tate , Mary Jo ( 2007 ) . Critical Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald : A Literary Reference to His Life and Work . Infobase Publishing . p. 326 . ISBN 9781438108452 . They lived in ROME from October 1924 to February 1925 ...
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Perkins , Maxwell Evarts ( 2004 ) . Bruccoli , Matthew Joseph ; Baughman , Judith S. , eds . The Sons of Maxwell Perkins : Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald , Ernest Hemingway , Thomas Wolfe , and Their Editor . Univ. of South Carolina Press . pp. 27 -- 30 . ISBN 9781570035487 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , pp. 54 -- 56
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Fitzerald , F. Scott . `` F. Scott Fitzgerald 's ledger '' . Irvin Department of Rare Books and Special Collections . University of South Carolina . Retrieved 29 April 2013 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther . `` The Finances of F. Scott Fitzgerald , Handwritten by Fitzgerald '' . The Atlantic Wire . The Atlantic Media Company . Retrieved 29 April 2013 .
    39. \n
  39. \n ^ Jump up to : Scribner , Charles , III ( Winter 1992 ) . `` Celestial Eyes : From Metamorphosis to Masterpiece '' ( PDF ) . Princeton University Library Chronicle. 53 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 155 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . ( originally published as a brochure on 24 October 1991 to celebrate the Cambridge Edition of The Great Gatsby )
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Scribner , Charles , III ( Winter 1992 ) . `` Celestial Eyes : From Metamorphosis to Masterpiece '' ( PDF ) . Princeton University Library Chronicle. 53 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 155 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . We are left then with the enticing possibility that Fitzgerald 's arresting image was originally prompted by Cugat 's fantastic apparitions over the valley of ashes ; in other words , that the author derived his inventive metamorphosis from a recurrent theme of Cugat 's trial jackets , one which the artist himself was to reinterpret and transform through subsequent drafts . ( originally published as a brochure on 24 October 1991 to celebrate the Cambridge Edition of The Great Gatsby )
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Hemingway , Ernest ( 1964 ) . A Moveable Feast . New York : Scribner . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82499 - 4 .
    42. \n
  42. \n ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Kurt ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` American Icons : The Great Gatsby '' . Studio 360 . 14 : 26 . Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . ( Donald Skemer ( introduced 12 : 59 ) speaking ) He went through many many titles , uh , including Under the Red , White , and Blue and Trimalchio and Gold - hatted Gatsby ... ( James West ( introduced at 12 : 11 ) speaking ) The High Bouncing Lover . And , uh , he in the end did n't think that The Great Gatsby was a very good title , was dissatisfied with it .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` The girl at the Grand Palais '' . The Economist. 22 December 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2013 .
    44. \n
  44. \n ^ Jump up to : Vanderbilt , Arthur T. ( 1999 ) . The Making of a Bestseller : From Author to Reader . McFarland . p. 96 . ISBN 0786406631 . A week later , in his next letter , he was floundering : ' I have not decided to stick to the title I put on the book , Trimalchio in West Egg . The only other titles that seem to fit it are Trimalchio and On the Road to West Egg . I had two others , Gold - hatted Gatsby and The High - bouncing Lover , but they seemed too slight . '
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Wulick , Dr. Anna . `` Understanding The Great Gatsby First Line and Epigraph '' . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 15 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ F. Scott Fitzgerald , Chapter 7 opening sentence , The Great Gatsby
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Tanner 's introduction to the Penguin edition ( 2000 ) , p. vii -- viii .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Hill , W. Speed ; Burns , Edward M. ; Shillingsburg , Peter L. ( 2002 ) . Text : An Interdisciplinary Annual of Textual Studies . 14 . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0472112724 ... , because in early November he wrote Perkins that `` I have now decided to stick to the title I put on the book . Trimalchio in West Egg .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Francis Scott ; Perkins , Maxwell ( 1971 ) . Kuehl , John ; Bryer , Jackson R. , eds . Dear Scott / Dear Max : the Fitzgerald - Perkins correspondence . Macmillan Publishing Company . p. 87 . When Ring Lardner came in the other day I told him about your novel and he instantly balked at the title . ' No one could pronounce it , ' he said ; so probably your change is wise on other than typographical counts .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002 , pp. 206 -- 07
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Tate , Mary Jo ( 2007 ) . Critical Companion to F. Scott Fitzgerald : A Literary Reference to His Life and Work . Infobase Publishing . p. 87 . ISBN 9781438108452 . He settled on The Great Gatsby in December 1924 , but in January and March 1925 he continued to express his concern to Perkins about the title , cabling from CAPRI on March 19 : ' CRAZY ABOUT TITLE UNDER THE RED WHITE AND BLUE STOP WHART ( sic ) WOULD DELAY BE '
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Lipton , Gabrielle . `` Where Is Jay Gatsby 's Mansion ? '' . slate.com . The Slate Group , a Division of the Washington Post Company . Retrieved 6 May 2013 . However , nearing the time of publication , Fitzgerald , who despised the title The Great Gatsby and toiled for months to think of something else , wrote to Perkins that he had finally found one : Under the Red , White , and Blue . Unfortunately , it was too late to change .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Churchwell , Sarah ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` What makes The Great Gatsby great ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . At the last minute , he had asked his editor if they could change the new novel 's title to Under the Red , White and Blue , but it was too late .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Lazo , Caroline Evensen ( 2003 ) . F. Scott Fitzgerald : Voice of the Jazz Age . Twenty - First Century Books . p. 75 . ISBN 0822500744 . When the book was published on April 10 , 1924 , the critics raved .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2002 , pp. 215 -- 17
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ West , James L.W. , III ( 2000 ) . Trimalchio : An Early Version of The Great Gatsby . The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald . Cover Design by Dennis M. Arnold . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 89047 - 0 . Retrieved 27 July 2013 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ West , James L.W. , III ( 10 April 2013 ) . `` What Baz Luhrmann Asked Me About The Great Gatsby '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 27 July 2013 . Luhrmann was also interested in Trimalchio , the early version of The Great Gatsby that I published in 2000 as a volume in the Cambridge Edition .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Alter , Alexandra ( 19 April 2013 ) . `` A Darker , More Ruthless Gatsby '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 11 July 2013 . Gatsby comes across as more confident and aggressive in ' Trimalchio ' during a confrontation with romantic rival Tom Buchanan at the Plaza Hotel , challenging Tom 's assertion that Gatsby and Daisy 's affair is ' a harmless little flirtation . '
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , F. Scott . The Great Gatsby . New York : Scribner , 2004 . Print .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Churchwell , Sarah ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` What makes The Great Gatsby great ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 11 October 2013 .
    61. \n
  61. \n ^ Jump up to : Symkus , Ed ( 4 May 2013 ) . `` ' Gatsby ' : What 's so great ? '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 5 May 2013 .
    62. \n
  62. \n ^ Jump up to : Gillespie , Nick ( 2 May 2013 ) . `` The Great Gatsby 's Creative Destruction '' . Reason . Retrieved 12 May 2013 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Pearson , Roger L. `` Gatsby : False Prophet of the American Dream . '' The English Journal 59.5 ( 1970 ) : n . pag . JSTOR . Web . 12 Apr. 2015 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Leland , Person S. `` ' Herstory ' and Daisy Buchanan . '' American Literature , Vol. 50 , No. 2 , ( May , 1978 ) , pp. 250 -- 257 . Web .
    65. \n
  65. \n ^ Jump up to : O'Meara , Lauraleigh ( 2002 ) . Lost City : Fitzgerald 's New York ( 1st paperback ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 86701 - 6 . Retrieved 21 May 2013 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ Clark , Edwin ( 19 April 1925 ) . `` Scott Fitzgerald Looks Into Middle Age '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 May 2013 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Ford , Lillian C. ( 10 May 1925 ) . `` The Seamy Side of Society '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 May 2013 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` Books On Our Table '' . The New York Post . 5 May 1925 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` Turns with a Bookworm '' . New York Herald Tribune . 12 April 1925 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Mencken , H.L. ( 3 May 1925 ) . `` Scott Fitzgerald and His Work '' . The Chicago Daily Tribune .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Eagleton , Harvey ( 10 May 1925 ) . `` Profits of the New Age III . F. Scott Fitzgerald '' . The Dallas Morning News .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ McClure , John ( 31 May 1925 ) . `` Literature - And Less '' . The Times - Picayune .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ Coghlan , Ralph ( 25 April 1925 ) . `` F. Scott Fitzgerald '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ Snyder , Ruth ( 15 April 1925 ) . `` A Minute or Two with Books - F. Scott Fitzgerald Ventures '' . New York Evening World .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ Mizener 1951 , p. 167
    76. \n
  76. \n ^ Jump up to : Bruccoli 2000 , p. 175
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Howell , Peter ( 5 May 2013 ) . `` Five things you did n't know about The Great Gatsby '' . The Star . Retrieved 5 May 2013 .
    78. \n
  78. \n ^ Jump up to : Donahue , Deirdre ( 7 May 2013 ) . `` The Great Gatsby by the numbers '' . USA Today . Retrieved 12 May 2013 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ `` Scott Fitzgerald , Author , Dies at 44 '' . New York Times . 23 December 1940 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ Mizener , Arthur ( 24 April 1960 ) . `` Gatsby , 35 Years Later '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Writers like John O'Hara were showing its influence and younger men like Edward Newhouse and Budd Schulberg , who would presently be deeply affected by it , were discovering it .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Wittels , David ( 23 June 1945 ) . `` What the G.I. Reads '' . The Saturday Evening Post .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Cole , John Y. , ed. ( 1984 ) . Books in Action : the Armed Services Editions . Washington : Library of Congress . p. 28 . ISBN 0844404667 . Retrieved 22 May 2013 . One hundred fifty - five thousand ASE copies of The Great Gatsby were distributed - as against the twenty - five thousand copies of the novel printed by Scribners between 1925 and 1942 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ Beckwith , Ryan Teague ( 12 May 2013 ) . `` A novel fact : Wartime -- and the U.S. military -- boosted sales of ' The Great Gatsby ' from good to ' Great ' '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved 22 May 2013 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ Verghis , Sharon ( 4 May 2013 ) . `` Careless people of F Scott Fitzgerald 's Great Gatsby have a modern equivalent '' . The Australian . Retrieved 5 May 2013 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ Bruccoli 2000 , p. 217
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Mizener 1951 , p. 183
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ Corrigan , Maureen ( 2014 ) . So We Read On : How the Great Gatsby Came to Be and Why It Endures . New York : Little , Brown . p. 265 . ISBN 9780316230070 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Grossberg , Michael ( 20 April 2009 ) . `` Literary classic ' Great Gatsby ' to come to life on BalletMet stage '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Retrieved 28 August 2016 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ `` The Washington Ballet : The Great Gatsby '' . Kennedy Center . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ Aguirre , Abby ( 2011 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Gatsby En Pointe '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ Norman , Neil ( 2013 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Dance Review : The Great Gatsby '' . The Sunday Express . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ `` The Great Gatsby 's Ballet Makeover '' . Vogue. 2013 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 19 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Carter , Vanessa ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` Classic Adventures : The Great Gatsby '' . gamezebo.com . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . The game loosely follows the narrative of the F. Scott Fitzgerald classic , ...
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( 15 July 2010 ) . `` The Great Gatsby , Now a Video Game -- Vulture '' . Nymag.com . Retrieved 30 August 2010 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ `` Classic Adventures : The Great Gatsby for iPhone / iPad Reviews '' . Metacritic. 2012 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ Bell , Melissa ( 15 February 2011 ) . `` Great Gatsby ' Nintendo ' game released online '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 15 February 2011 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Crouch , Ian ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` Nintendo Lit : Gatsby and Tom Sawyer '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 24 February 2013 .
    98. \n
  98. \n ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Wheeler Winston ( 2003 ) . `` The Three Film Versions of The Great Gatsby : A Vision Deferred '' . Literature / Film Quarterly . Salisbury , Maryland . 31 ( 4 ) . Archived from the original on 13 October 2013 . Retrieved 11 October 2013 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ Goldberg , Carole ( 18 March 2007 ) . `` The Double Bind By Chris Bohjalian '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 22 May 2013 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ Wakeman , Jessica ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` FRISKY Q&A : GREAT AUTHOR SARA BENINCASA TALKS YOUNG ADULT FICTION , ZELDA FITZGERALD & WOMEN IN COMEDY '' . Retrieved 29 November 2014 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ Stevens , David ( 29 December 1999 ) . `` Harbison Mixes Up A Great ' Gatsby ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 April 2011 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ `` Family Hour Of Stars '' . radioechoes.com .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ `` BBC World Service programmes -- The Great Gatsby '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2007 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 30 August 2010 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 -- Classic Serial , The Great Gatsby , Episode 1 '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2012 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ Playbill , reproduction of original program , Ambassador Theatre 1926 . http://www.playbill.com/production/the-great-gatsby-ambassador-theatre-vault-0000001115
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ The Great Gatsby -- A Reader 's Guide -- The Play ( 1926 ) .
    107. \n
  107. \n ^ Jump up to : Levy , Simon . `` The Great Gatsby Play Official Website '' . Thegreatgatsbyplay.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ `` Arizona Theatre Company '' . Arizonatheatre.org . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 25 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 2010 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Hath Not a Year Highlights ? Even This One ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 .
    110. \n
\n

\n Bibliography ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Great Gatsby
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald
\n Characters \n
    \n
  • \n Jay Gatsby
    • \n
  • \n Nick Carraway
    • \n
  • \n Daisy Buchanan
    • \n
\n
\n Films \n
    \n
  • \n The Great Gatsby ( 1926 )
    • \n
  • \n The Great Gatsby ( 1949 )
    • \n
  • \n The Great Gatsby ( 1974 )
    • \n
  • \n The Great Gatsby ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n The Great Gatsby ( 2013 )
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n The Great Gatsby : Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film
    • \n
  • \n The Great Gatsby ( opera )
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Francis Cugat
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Works by F. Scott Fitzgerald
\n Novels \n
    \n
  • \n This Side of Paradise ( 1920 )
    • \n
  • \n The Beautiful and Damned ( 1922 )
    • \n
  • \n The Great Gatsby ( 1925 )
    • \n
  • \n Tender Is the Night ( 1934 )
    • \n
  • \n The Last Tycoon ( unfinished ) ( 1941 )
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Short story collections \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Flappers and Philosophers ( 1920 ) \n
    \n
  • \n `` The Offshore Pirate ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Ice Palace ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Head and Shoulders ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Cut - Glass Bowl ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Bernice Bobs Her Hair ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Benediction ''
    • \n
\n
\n Tales of the Jazz Age ( 1922 ) \n
    \n
  • \n `` May Day ''
    • \n
  • \n The Diamond as Big as the Ritz
    • \n
  • \n `` The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ''
    • \n
\n
\n All the Sad Young Men ( 1926 ) \n
    \n
  • \n `` The Rich Boy ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Winter Dreams ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Baby Party ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Absolution ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Adjuster ''
    • \n
\n
\n Taps at Reveille ( 1935 ) \n
    \n
  • \n `` The Freshest Boy ''
    • \n
  • \n `` First Blood ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Crazy Sunday ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Babylon Revisited ''
    • \n
\n
\n Posthumous works \n
    \n
  • \n Babylon Revisited and Other Stories ( 1960 )
    • \n
  • \n The Basil and Josephine Stories ( 1962 )
    • \n
  • \n The Pat Hobby Stories ( 1973 )
    • \n
  • \n The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald ( 1989 )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Plays \n
    \n
  • \n The Vegetable , or From President to Postman ( 1923 )
    • \n
\n
\n Essay collections \n
    \n
  • \n The Crack - Up ( 1945 )
    • \n
\n
\n Bibliography of F. Scott Fitzgerald
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n BNF : cb119466792 ( data )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Gatsby&oldid=821432789 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where does the story the great gatsby take place", "long_answers": ["The Great Gatsby is a 1925 novel written by American author F. Scott Fitzgerald that follows a cast of characters living in the fictional town of West Egg on prosperous Long Island in the summer of 1922 . The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession for the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan . Considered to be Fitzgerald 's magnum opus , The Great Gatsby explores themes of decadence , idealism , resistance to change , social upheaval , and excess , creating a portrait of the Jazz Age or the Roaring Twenties that has been described as a cautionary tale regarding the American Dream .\n", "Set on the prosperous Long Island of 1922 , The Great Gatsby provides a critical social history of America during the Roaring Twenties within its fictional narrative . That era , known for unprecedented economic prosperity , the evolution of jazz music flapper culture , new technologies in communication ( motion pictures , broadcast radio , recorded music ) forging a genuine mass culture ; and bootlegging , along with other criminal activity , is plausibly depicted in Fitzgerald 's novel . Fitzgerald uses many of these societal developments of the 1920s that were to build Gatsby 's stories from many of the simple details like automobiles to broader themes like Fitzgerald 's discreet allusions to the organized crime culture which was the source of Gatsby 's fortune . Fitzgerald depicts the garish society of the Roaring Twenties by placing the book 's plotline within the historical context of the era .\n"], "short_answers": ["the fictional town of West Egg on prosperous Long Island\n", "Long Island of 1922\n", "the fictional town of West Egg on prosperous Long Island\n", "the fictional town of West Egg on prosperous Long Island\n", "the fictional town of West Egg on prosperous Long Island\n"]} {"text": "List of Disney animated universe characters - wikipedia

\n List of Disney animated universe characters

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about characters from Walt Disney Animation Studios ' animated films and shorts . For Pixar characters , see List of Pixar characters . For The Nightmare Before Christmas characters , see List of The Nightmare Before Christmas characters . For Who Framed Roger Rabbit characters , see List of Who Framed Roger Rabbit characters . \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( July 2017 )
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n The following is an alphabetical list of major and recurring animated characters in the Walt Disney universe of animated shorts , feature films , and television series based on films by Walt Disney Animation Studios . Some of the following animated characters have been included in their own Disney marketing franchise , including the Disney Princesses , Disney Villains and Disney Fairies .

\n Contents \n \n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Abby Mallard \n Cusack , Joan ! Joan Cusack \n Chicken Little
\n Abigail Gabble \n Evans , Monica ! Monica Evans \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Abis Mal \n Alexander , Jason ! Jason Alexander \n Return of Jafar , The ! The Return of Jafar
\n Abu \n Welker , Frank ! Frank Welker \n Aladdin
\n Achilles \n None \n Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame
\n Adella \n Lynn , Sherry ! Sherry Lynn \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Adorabeezle Winterpop \n None \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n Agent ! The Agent \n Germann , Greg ! Greg Germann \n Bolt
\n Agent Wendy Pleakley \n McDonald , Kevin ! Kevin McDonald \n Lilo & Stitch
\n Ajax the Gorilla \n ZZZ ! James McDonald \n Donald Duck and the Gorilla
\n Akela \n Abbott , John ! John Abbott \n Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book
\n Al the Alligator \n Ravenscroft , Thurl ! Thurl Ravenscroft \n Lady and the Tramp
\n Aladar \n Sweeney , D.B. ! D.B. Sweeney \n Dinosaur
\n Aladdin \n Weinger , Scott ! Scott Weinger Brad Kane \n Aladdin
\n Alameda Slim \n Quaid , Randy ! Randy Quaid \n Home on the Range
\n Alan - a-Dale \n Miller , Roger ! Roger Miller \n Robin Hood
\n Alana \n Robertson , Kimmy ! Kimmy Robertson \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Alcmene \n Barbara Barrie \n Hercules
\n Alice \n Beaumont , Kathryn ! Kathryn Beaumont \n Alice in Wonderland
\n Alice Bluebonnet \n ZZZ ! None \n Make Mine Music
\n Alice 's Sister \n Angel , Heather ! Heather Angel \n Alice in Wonderland
\n Amelia Gabble \n Shelley , Carole ! Carole Shelley \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Amos Slade \n Albertson , Jack ! Jack Albertson \n Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound
\n Amphitryon \n Holbrook , Hal ! Hal Holbrook \n Hercules
\n Anastasia Tremaine \n Bliss , Lucille ! Lucille Bliss \n Cinderella
\n Anda \n Martin , Andrea ! Andrea Martin \n Brother Bear 2
\n Andrina \n Strong , Tara ! Tara Strong \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Angel \n Milano , Alyssa ! Alyssa Milano \n Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure
\n Angel ( Experiment 624 ) \n Strong , Tara ! Tara Strong \n Lilo & Stitch : The Series
\n Angelique \n Peters , Bernadette ! Bernadette Peters \n Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas
\n Angus MacBadger \n Grant , Campbell ! Campbell Grant \n Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , The ! The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad
\n Anita Radcliffe \n Davis , Lisa ! Lisa Davis \n 101 Dalmatians
\n Anna \n Bell , Kristen ! Kristen Bell \n Frozen
\n Annette \n Derryberry , Debi ! Debi Derryberry \n Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure
\n April \n ZZZ ! None \n House of Mouse
\n Apollo \n David , Keith ! Keith David \n Hercules
\n Aquata \n DeLisle , Grey ! Grey DeLisle Mona Marshall \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Aracuan Bird \n Colvig , Pinto ! Pinto Colvig \n Three Caballeros ! The Three Caballeros
\n Archdeacon ! The Archdeacon \n Stiers , David Ogden ! David Ogden Stiers \n Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame
\n Archimedes Q. Porter \n Hawthorne , Nigel ! Nigel Hawthorne \n Tarzan
\n Archimedes \n Matthews , Junius ! Junius Matthews \n Sword in the Stone ! The Sword in the Stone
\n Ariel \n Benson , Jodi ! Jodi Benson \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Arista \n Robertson , Kimmy ! Kimmy Robertson \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Armoire \n Worley , Jo Anne ! Jo Anne Worley \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Arthur / Wart \n Sorensen , Rickie ! Rickie Sorensen \n Sword in the Stone ! The Sword in the Stone
\n Reitherman , Richard ! Richard Reitherman
\n Reitherman , Robert ! Robert Reitherman
\n Arthur \n Lander , David ! David Lander \n Jungle Cubs
\n Assistant Mayor Dawn Bellwether \n Jenny Slate \n Zootopia
\n Atka \n Bennett , Jeff ! Jeff Bennett \n Brother Bear 2
\n Atropos \n Edwards , Paddi ! Paddi Edwards \n Hercules
\n Attina \n Wahlgren , Kari ! Kari Wahlgren \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Audrey the Chicken \n Harris , Estelle ! Estelle Harris \n Home on the Range
\n Audrey Ramirez \n Obradors , Jacqueline ! Jacqueline Obradors \n Atlantis : The Lost Empire
\n Aunt Sarah \n Felton , Verna ! Verna Felton \n Lady and the Tramp
\n Aunt Siqiniq \n Malick , Wendie ! Wendie Malick \n Brother Bear 2
\n Aunt Taqqiq \n Najimy , Kathy ! Kathy Najimy \n Brother Bear 2
\n Aurora \n Costa , Mary ! Mary Costa \n Sleeping Beauty
\n Axe \n Bennett , Jeff ! Jeff Bennett \n Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n B.E.N. \n Short , Martin ! Martin Short \n Treasure Planet
\n Babette \n Bergman , Mary Kay ! Mary Kay Bergman \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Babyface Beagle \n McGovern , Terry ! Terry McGovern \n DuckTales
\n Baby Red Bird \n MacNeille , Tress ! Tress MacNeille \n Mickey Mouse Clubhouse
\n Baby Herman \n Winchell , April ! April Winchell \n Who Framed Roger Rabbit
\n Hirch , Lou ! Lou Hirsch
\n Backwoods Beagle \n Mann , Danny ! Danny Mann \n DuckTales
\n Bacon Beagle \n ZZZ ! None \n DuckTales
\n Baggy Beagle \n Welker , Frank ! Frank Welker \n DuckTales
\n Bagheera \n Cabot , Sebastian ! Sebastian Cabot \n Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book
\n Baileywick \n Gunn , Tim ! Tim Gunn \n Sofia the First
\n Baker \n Murphey , Alex ! Alex Murphey \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Baker \n Paulsen , Rob ! Rob Paulsen \n Cinderella II : Dreams Come True
\n Ballerina \n ZZZ ! None \n Fantasia 2000
\n Baloo Bear \n Harris , Phil ! Phil Harris \n Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book
\n Bambi \n Donnie Dunagan \n Bambi
\n Albright , Hardie ! Hardie Albright
\n Gould , Alexander ! Alexander Gould
\n Bambi 's Mother \n Winslowe , Paula ! Paula Winslowe Carolyn Hennesy \n Bambi
\n Banzai \n Marin , Cheech ! Cheech Marin \n Lion King ! The Lion King
\n Bankjob Beagle \n Cullen , Peter ! Peter Cullen \n DuckTales
\n Bartholomew \n Ingham , Barrie ! Barrie Ingham \n Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective
\n Bashful \n Mattraw , Scotty ! Scotty Mattraw \n Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
\n Basil of Baker Street \n Ingham , Barrie ! Barrie Ingham \n Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective
\n Baylene \n Plowright , Joan ! Joan Plowright \n Dinosaur
\n Bear \n McKennon , Dal ! Dal McKennon \n Bedknobs and Broomsticks
\n Beary Barrington \n Osment , Haley Joel ! Haley Joel Osment \n Country Bears , The ! The Country Bears
\n Beast \n Benson , Robby ! Robby Benson \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Beaver \n Freberg , Stan ! Stan Freberg \n Lady and the Tramp
\n Bella \n Welker , Frank ! Frank Welker \n Mickey Mouse Clubhouse
\n Belle \n O'Hara , Paige ! Paige O'Hara \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Ben \n Billy Connolly \n Pocahontas
\n Ben Ali Gator \n Jim Cummings \n Fantasia
\n Benjamin Clawhauser \n Nate Torrence \n Zootopia
\n Benny the Cab \n Charles Fleischer \n Who Framed Roger Rabbit
\n Bent - Tail the Coyote \n Unknown \n The Legend of Coyote Rock
\n Bent - Tail Junior \n Unknown \n Sheep Dog
\n Bentina Beakley \n Joan Gerber \n DuckTales
\n Beret Girl \n Vicki Lewis \n Extremely Goofy Movie ! An Extremely Goofy Movie
\n Berlioz \n Dean Clark \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Bernard \n Bob Newhart \n Rescuers ! The Rescuers
\n Big Al \n James Gammon \n Country Bears , The ! The Country Bears
\n Big Bad Wolf \n Billy Bletcher \n Three Little Pigs
\n Big Mama \n Pearl Bailey \n Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound
\n Bigtime Beagle \n Frank Welker \n DuckTales
\n Bill the Lizard \n Larry Grey \n Alice in Wonderland
\n Billy Boss \n Thurl Ravenscroft \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Billy Bones \n Patrick McGoohan \n Treasure Planet
\n Bimbette \n Kath Soucie \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Binkie Muddlefoot \n Susan Tolsky \n Darkwing Duck
\n Binky Beagle \n None \n DuckTales
\n Black Bart \n Thurl Ravenscroft \n Sword in the Stone ! The Sword in the Stone
\n Blake \n Nick Swardson \n Bolt
\n Blaze \n None \n Tinker Bell and the Lost Treasure
\n Blue Fairy \n Evelyn Venable \n Pinocchio
\n Bobble \n Rob Paulsen \n Disney Fairies
\n Bolt \n John Travolta \n Bolt
\n Bomber Beagle \n Robert Ridgely \n DuckTales
\n Bonnie Hopps \n Bonnie Hunt \n Zootopia
\n Bookseller \n Alvin Epstein \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Boomer \n Paul Winchell \n Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound
\n Bonkers D. Bobcat \n Jim Cummings \n Bonkers
\n Boss Beaver \n Brad Garrett \n Timon and Pumbaa
\n Bouncer Beagle \n Chuck McCann \n DuckTales
\n Bowler Hat Guy \n Stephen J. Anderson \n Meet the Robinsons
\n Br'er Bear \n Nick Stewart \n Song of the South
\n Br'er Fox \n James Baskett \n Song of the South
\n Br'er Rabbit \n Johnny Lee \n Song of the South
\n Bradley Uppercrust III \n Jeff Bennett \n Extremely Goofy Movie ! An Extremely Goofy Movie
\n Bruno the Dog \n Jimmy MacDonald Frank Welker \n Cinderella
\n Bruton \n Peter Siragusa \n Dinosaur
\n Brutus and Nero \n Candy Candido \n Rescuers ! The Rescuers
\n Buck \n Cuba Gooding Jr . \n Home on the Range
\n Buck Cluck \n Garry Marshall \n Chicken Little
\n Bucky Bug \n None \n Silly Symphonies
\n Bucky Oryx - Antlerson \n Byron Howard \n Zootopia
\n Bucky the Squirrel \n Bob Bergen \n Emperor 's New Groove ! The Emperor 's New Groove
\n Buford the Cook \n Michael Colyar \n Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog
\n Bugle Beagle \n Brian Cummings \n DuckTales
\n Burger Beagle \n Chuck McCann \n DuckTales
\n Buster \n Chazz Palminteri \n Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure
\n Butch the Bulldog \n Frank Welker \n Bone Trouble
\n Buzzie the Vulture \n J. Pat O'Malley \n Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Cadpig \n Kath Soucie \n One Hundred and One Dalmatians : The Series ! 101 Dalmatians : The Series
\n Calliope \n Lillias White \n Hercules
\n Candlehead \n Katie Lowes \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n Captain ! The Captain \n Thurl Ravenscroft \n One Hundred and One Dalmatians
\n Captain Amelia \n Emma Thompson \n Treasure Planet
\n Captain Hook \n Hans Conried \n Peter Pan
\n Captain John Smith \n Mel Gibson \n Pocahontas
\n Captain Phoebus \n Kevin Kline \n Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame
\n Carl the Robot \n Harland Williams \n Meet the Robinsons
\n Carlotta the Maid \n Edie McClurg \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Carpenter ! The Carpenter \n J. Pat O'Malley \n Alice in Wonderland
\n Casey Junior \n Margaret Wright \n Dumbo
\n Cash \n Patrick Swayze \n Fox and the Hound 2 ! The Fox and the Hound 2
\n Cassim \n John Rhys - Davies \n Aladdin and the King of Thieves
\n Caterpillar ! The Caterpillar \n Richard Haydn \n Alice in Wonderland
\n Catty the Elephant \n Noreen Gammill \n Dumbo
\n Cecil the Vulture \n Michael McKean \n Jungle Cubs
\n Cedric the Sorcerer \n Jess Harnell \n Sofia the First
\n Chaca \n Kellyann Kelso \n Emperor 's New Groove ! The Emperor 's New Groove
\n Chandeleria \n April Winchell \n Belle 's Magical World
\n Chair Mouse \n Bernard Fox \n Rescuers ! The Rescuers
\n Chainsaw \n Frank Welker \n Goof Troop
\n Charlotte La Bouff \n Jennifer Cody \n Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog
\n Cheetata and Cheetato \n Rob Paulsen Jim Cummings \n Timon and Pumbaa
\n Chef Bouche \n Brian Cummings \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Chef Louis \n Ren\u00e9 Auberjonois \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Chernabog \n Corey Burton \n Fantasia
\n Cheshire Cat \n Sterling Holloway \n Alice in Wonderland
\n Chi - Fu \n James Hong \n Mulan
\n Chicha \n Wendie Malick \n Emperor 's New Groove ! The Emperor 's New Groove
\n Chicken Little \n Zach Braff \n Chicken Little
\n Chief \n Pat Buttram \n Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound
\n Chief Bogo \n Idris Elba \n Zootopia
\n Chief Powhatan \n Russell Means \n Pocahontas
\n Chien - Po \n Jerry Tondo \n Mulan
\n Chip \n James MacDonald \n Private Pluto
\n Chip Potts \n Bradley Michael Pierce \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Christopher Robin \n Bruce Reitherman \n Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree
\n Cinderella \n Ilene Woods \n Cinderella
\n Circus Animals \n None \n Dumbo
\n Clank \n Jeff Bennett \n Disney Fairies
\n Clara Cluck \n Florence Gill \n Orphan 's Benefit
\n Clarabelle Cow \n Marcellite Garner \n Plane Crazy
\n Clayton \n Brian Blessed \n Tarzan
\n Cleo \n None \n Pinocchio
\n Clio \n Van\u00e9ese Y. Thomas \n Hercules
\n Cloak and Dagger \n None \n Little Mermaid 2 ! The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea
\n Clopin Trouillefou \n Paul Kandel \n Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame
\n Clotho \n Amanda Plummer \n Hercules
\n Clover \n Wayne Brady \n Sofia the First
\n Coachman ! The Coachman \n Charles Judels \n Pinocchio
\n Cobra Bubbles \n Ving Rhames \n Lilo & Stitch
\n Codfish \n Robert Holt \n Bedknobs and Broomsticks
\n Cody \n Adam Ryen \n Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under
\n Cogsworth \n David Ogden Stiers \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Colette \n Kath Soucie \n Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure
\n Colonel ! The Colonel \n J. Pat O'Malley \n 101 Dalmatians
\n Colonel Hathi \n J. Pat O'Malley \n Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book
\n Commander Lyle Rourke \n James Garner \n Atlantis : The Lost Empire
\n Cookie \n Jim Varney \n Atlantis : The Lost Empire
\n Copper \n Corey Feldman Kurt Russell \n Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound
\n Cornelius Robinson \n Tom Selleck \n Meet the Robinsons
\n Cousin Randy \n Randy Newman \n Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog
\n Crane \n Jeff Bennett \n Belle 's Magical World
\n Creeper \n Phil Fondacaro \n Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron
\n Cri - Kee \n None \n Mulan
\n Crocodile ! The Crocodile ( Tick Tock ) \n None \n Peter Pan
\n Cruella de Vil ( a.k.a. De Vil ) \n Betty Lou Gerson \n 101 Dalmatians
\n Crumbelina DiCaramello \n Cymbre Walk \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n Cubby \n Robert Ellis \n Peter Pan
\n Cyril Proudbottom \n J. Pat O'Malley \n Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , The ! The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Daisy Duck \n Clarence Nash Gloria Blondell \n Mr. Duck Steps Out
\n Dale \n Dessie Flynn Corey Burton \n Private Pluto
\n Dallben \n Freddie Jones \n Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron
\n Danielle \n Kath Soucie \n Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure
\n Danny \n Andrew McDonough \n Return to Never Land
\n Darby \n Chlo\u00eb Grace Moretz \n My Friends Tigger & Pooh
\n Darling \n Peggy Lee \n Lady and the Tramp
\n Dash \n Stephen Furst \n Little Mermaid 2 ! The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea
\n David Kawena \n Jason Scott Lee \n Lilo & Stitch
\n Demetrius \n Wayne Knight \n Hercules
\n Denahi \n Jason Raize \n Brother Bear
\n Derek Blunt \n Peter Renaday \n Darkwing Duck
\n DeSoto \n Carl Weintraub \n Oliver & Company
\n Dewey \n Clarence Nash Russi Taylor \n Donald 's Nephews
\n Dex Barrington \n Justin Berfield \n Country Bears , The ! The Country Bears
\n Diablo \n None \n Sleeping Beauty
\n Digger the Mole \n Dub Taylor \n Rescuers ! The Rescuers
\n Dijon the Thief \n Richard Libertini \n DuckTales
\n Dinah the Cat \n None \n Alice in Wonderland
\n Dinah the Dachshund \n None \n Sleepwalker ! The Sleepwalker
\n Dinky \n Richard Bakalyan \n Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound
\n Director ! The Director \n James Lipton \n Bolt
\n Dixie \n Reba McEntire \n Fox and the Hound 2 ! The Fox and the Hound 2
\n Dizzie the Vulture \n Lord Tim Hudson \n Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book
\n Djali \n None \n Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame
\n Doc \n Roy Atwell \n Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
\n Doctor Mouse \n Bernard Fox \n Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under
\n Dodger \n Billy Joel \n Oliver & Company
\n Dodo ! The Dodo \n Bill Thompson \n Alice in Wonderland
\n Dog Catcher ! The Dog Catcher \n Jeff Bennett \n Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure
\n Doli \n John Byner \n Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron
\n Don Karnage \n Jim Cummings \n TaleSpin
\n Donald Duck \n Clarence Nash Tony Anselmo \n Wise Little Hen ! The Wise Little Hen
\n Doofus Drake \n Brian Cummings \n DuckTales
\n Doorknob ! The Doorknob \n Joseph Kearns \n Alice in Wonderland
\n Doorman ! The Doorman \n Don Barclay \n Cinderella
\n Dopey \n Eddie Collins \n Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
\n Doris \n Ethan Sandler \n Meet the Robinsons
\n Dormouse ! The Dormouse \n Jimmy MacDonald \n Alice in Wonderland
\n Doug Ramses \n Rich Moore \n Zootopia
\n Dr. Calico \n Malcolm McDowell \n Bolt
\n Dr. David Q. Dawson \n Val Bettin \n Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective
\n Dr. Doppler \n David Hyde Pierce \n Treasure Planet
\n Dr. Facilier \n David , Keith ! Keith David \n Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog
\n Dr. Forrester \n Ronn Moss \n Bolt
\n Dr. Jacques von H\u00e4msterviel \n Bennett , Jeff ! Jeff Bennett \n Stitch ! The Movie
\n Dr. Joshua Sweet \n Morris , Phil ! Phil Morris \n Atlantis : The Lost Empire
\n Dr. Jumba Jookiba \n Stiers , David Ogden ! David Ogden Stiers \n Lilo & Stitch
\n Dr. Reginald Bushroot \n Tino Insana \n Darkwing Duck
\n Drake Mallard ( Darkwing Duck ) \n Cummings , Jim ! Jim Cummings \n Darkwing Duck
\n Drizella Tremaine \n Rhoda Williams Russi Taylor \n Cinderella
\n Duchess \n Eva Gabor \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Duchess \n Marjorie Bennett \n One Hundred and One Dalmatians
\n Duckworth \n Chuck McCann \n DuckTales
\n Duke \n None \n Fantasia 2000
\n Duke of Weselton \n Alan Tudyk \n Frozen
\n Duke Weaselton \n Alan Tudyk \n Zootopia
\n Dumbo \n None \n Dumbo
\n Duncan \n Horatio Sanz \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Ed \n Jim Cummings \n Lion King ! The Lion King
\n Edgar Balthazar the Butler \n Roddy Maude - Roxby \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Edward \n Roger Rees \n Return to Never Land
\n Eema \n Della Reese \n Dinosaur
\n Eeyore \n Ralph Wright \n Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree
\n Einstein \n Richard Mulligan \n Oliver & Company
\n El Capitan \n Jim Cummings \n DuckTales
\n Eli `` Big Daddy '' La Bouff \n John Goodman \n Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog
\n Ellie Mae \n Jeanette Nolan \n Rescuers ! The Rescuers
\n Elliott \n Charlie Callas \n Pete 's Dragon
\n Elmer Elephant \n None \n Silly Symphonies
\n Elsa \n Idina Menzel \n Frozen
\n Emmitt Otterton \n None \n Zootopia
\n Emperor of China \n Pat Morita \n Mulan
\n Enchantress ! The Enchantress \n Soucie , Kath ! Kath Soucie \n Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas
\n Esmeralda \n Demi Moore \n Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame
\n Eudora \n Oprah Winfrey \n Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog
\n Eugene Fitzherbert \n Zachary Levi \n Tangled
\n Evangaline \n None \n Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog
\n Evinrude \n Jimmy MacDonald \n Rescuers ! The Rescuers
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Fa Li \n Freda Foh Shen \n Mulan
\n Fa Zhou \n Soon - Tek Oh \n Mulan
\n Fagin \n Dom DeLuise \n Oliver & Company
\n Fairy Godmother \n Verna Felton Russi Taylor \n Cinderella
\n Fairy Mary \n Jane Horrocks \n Disney Fairies
\n Faline \n Cammie King Ann Gillis \n Bambi
\n Fall - Apart Rabbit \n Frank Welker \n Bonkers
\n Faloo \n Carla Meyer \n Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under
\n Fat Cat \n Jim Cummings \n Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers
\n Father Wolf \n Ben Wright \n Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book
\n Fauna \n Barbara Jo Allen \n Sleeping Beauty
\n Fawn \n America Ferrera \n Disney Fairies
\n Felicia the Cat \n Frank Welker \n Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective
\n Fenton Crackshell ( Gizmoduck ) \n Hamilton Camp \n DuckTales
\n Fenton Q. Harcourt \n David Ogden Stiers \n Atlantis : The Lost Empire
\n Ferdie Fieldmouse \n None \n Mickey 's Steam Roller
\n Ferdinand the Bull \n Milt Kahl \n Silly Symphonies
\n Fflewddur Fflam \n Nigel Hawthorne \n Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron
\n Fidget \n Candy Candido \n Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective
\n Fiddler Pig \n Mary Moder \n Three Little Pigs
\n Fife the Piccolo \n Paul Reubens \n Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas
\n Fifer Pig \n Dorothy Compton \n Three Little Pigs
\n Fifi the Featherduster \n Kimmy Robertson \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Figaro the Cat \n Mel Blanc \n Pinocchio
\n Figment \n Dave Goelz \n Journey into Imagination with Figment
\n Finnick \n Tommy `` Tiny '' Lister Jr . \n Zootopia
\n First Ancestor Fa \n George Takei \n Mulan
\n Firebird ! The Firebird \n Hugo Weaving \n Fantasia 2000
\n Fish Out of Water \n Dan Molina \n Chicken Little
\n Fix - It Felix , Jr . \n Jack McBrayer \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n Flaps the Vulture \n Chad Stuart \n Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book
\n Flash Slothmore \n Raymond S. Persi \n Zootopia
\n Flintheart Glomgold \n Hal Smith \n DuckTales
\n Flit \n Frank Welker \n Pocahontas
\n Flora \n Verna Felton \n Sleeping Beauty
\n Flotsam and Jetsam \n Paddi Edwards \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Flounder \n Jason Marin \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Flower \n Stan Alexander Sterling Holloway \n Bambi
\n Flunkey the Baboon \n Leo De Lyon \n Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book
\n Footman \n Larry Grey \n Cinderella
\n Forte the Pipe Organ \n Tim Curry \n Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas
\n Foxy Loxy \n Amy Sedaris \n Chicken Little
\n Fran \n Edie McClurg \n Higglytown Heroes
\n Francis \n Roscoe Lee Browne \n Oliver & Company
\n Francois \n Bronson Pinchot \n Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure
\n Francois \n Ed Gilbert \n Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under
\n Frank \n Wayne Robson \n Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under
\n Frankie the Frog \n Aurian Redson \n Meet the Robinsons
\n Franny Robinson \n Nicole Sullivan \n Meet the Robinsons
\n Fred \n S. Scott Bullock \n Timon and Pumbaa
\n Friar Tuck \n Andy Devine \n Robin Hood
\n Friend Owl \n Will Wright \n Bambi
\n Frou - Frou \n Nancy Kulp \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Gadget Hackwrench \n Tress MacNeille \n Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers
\n Gaetan `` Mole '' Moli\u00e9re \n Corey Burton \n Atlantis : The Lost Empire
\n Captain Gantu \n Richardson , Kevin Michael ! Kevin Michael Richardson \n Lilo & Stitch
\n Gaston \n Richard White \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Gazelle \n Shakira \n Zootopia
\n General Hologram \n Dennis Haysbert \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n General Li \n James Shigeta \n Mulan
\n Genie \n Robin Williams \n Aladdin
\n George Darling \n Hans Conried \n Peter Pan
\n Georges Hautecourt \n Charles Lane \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Georgette \n Bette Midler \n Oliver & Company
\n Geppetto \n Christian Rub \n Pinocchio
\n Giddy the Elephant \n Dorothy Scott \n Dumbo
\n Gideon \n Mel Blanc \n Pinocchio
\n Giselle \n Amy Adams \n Enchanted
\n Gladstone Gander \n Rob Paulsen \n DuckTales
\n Gliss \n Grey DeLisle \n Secret of the Wings
\n Glittering Goldie \n Joan Gerber \n DuckTales
\n Gloyd Orangeboar \n None \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n Goob \n Josten , Matthew ! Matthew Josten \n Meet the Robinsons
\n Goofy \n Colvig , Pinto ! Pinto Colvig Bill Farmer \n Mickey 's Revue
\n Goosey Loosey \n Mark Walton \n Chicken Little
\n Gopher \n Howard Morris Michael Gough \n Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree
\n Gosalyn Mallard \n Christine Cavanaugh \n Darkwing Duck
\n Governor John Ratcliffe \n Stiers , David Ogden ! David Ogden Stiers \n Pocahontas
\n Grace \n Jennifer Tilly \n Home on the Range
\n Gramma Tala \n Rachel House \n Moana
\n Gramps \n Larry Clemmons \n Rescuers ! The Rescuers
\n Grand Councilwoman \n Zoe Caldwell \n Lilo & Stitch
\n Grand Duke ! The Grand Duke \n Luis van Rooten Rob Paulsen \n Cinderella
\n Grandma Duck \n June Foray \n This is Your Life , Donald Duck
\n Grandmother Fa \n June Foray \n Mulan
\n Grandmother Willow \n Linda Hunt \n Pocahontas
\n Granny Rose \n Vicki Lawrence \n Fox and the Hound 2 ! The Fox and the Hound 2
\n Greasy the Weasel \n Charles Fleischer \n Who Framed Roger Rabbit
\n Great Prince of the Forest \n Fred Shields \n Bambi
\n Grimsby \n Ben Wright \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Groundhog ! The Groundhog \n Brian Pimental \n Bambi II
\n Grumpy \n Pinto Colvig \n Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
\n Gurgi \n John Byner \n Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron
\n Gus Lollygagger \n Jimmy MacDonald Corey Burton \n Cinderella
\n Gus Goose \n Clarence Nash \n Donald 's Cousin Gus
\n Gyro Gearloose \n Hal Smith \n DuckTales
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Hades \n James Woods \n Hercules
\n Hands \n Michael McShane \n Treasure Planet
\n Happy \n Otis Harlan \n Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
\n Harold the Seahorse \n Will Ryan \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Haroud Hazi Bin \n James Avery \n Aladdin ( TV series )
\n Harvey Fenner \n Corey Burton \n Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog
\n Headless Horseman \n None \n Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , The ! The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad
\n Heihei the Rooster \n Alan Tudyk \n Moana
\n Helga Sinclair \n Claudia Christian \n Atlantis : The Lost Empire
\n Hen Wen \n None \n Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron
\n Henry Fenner \n Jerry Kernion \n Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog
\n Hera \n Samantha Eggar \n Hercules
\n Herb Muddlefoot \n Jim Cummings \n Darkwing Duck
\n Hercules \n Tate Donovan Joshua Keaton \n Hercules
\n Hermes \n Paul Shaffer \n Hercules
\n Hiram Flaversham \n Young , Alan ! Alan Young \n Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective
\n Hit Cat the English Cat \n Lord Tim Hudson \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Honker Muddlefoot \n Katie Leigh \n Darkwing Duck
\n Hook Hand \n Brad Garrett \n Tangled
\n Hoonah \n Tress MacNeille \n Brother Bear 2
\n Horace & Jasper \n Frederick Worlock J. Pat O'Malley \n 101 Dalmatians
\n Horace Horsecollar \n Walt Disney Bill Farmer \n Plow Boy ! The Plow Boy
\n Horned King ! The Horned King \n John Hurt \n Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron
\n Huey \n Clarence Nash Russi Taylor \n Donald 's Nephews
\n Hugo \n Jason Alexander \n Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame
\n Humbert the Huntsman \n Stuart Buchanan \n Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
\n Humphrey the Bear \n Jimmy MacDonald Jim Cummings \n Hold That Pose
\n Hyacinth Hippo \n Tress MacNeille \n Fantasia
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Iago \n Gilbert Gottfried \n Aladdin
\n Ian the Alligator \n Kevin Michael Richardson \n Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog
\n Ichabod Crane \n Pinto Colvig \n Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , The ! The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad
\n Indian Chief ! The Indian Chief \n Candy Candido \n Peter Pan
\n Innoko \n Wanda Sykes \n Brother Bear 2
\n Iridessa \n Raven - Symon\u00e9 \n Disney Fairies
\n

\n J ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n J. Audubon Woodlore \n Bill Thompson \n Grin and Bear It
\n J. Gander Hooter \n Danny Mann \n Darkwing Duck
\n J. Thaddeus Toad \n Eric Blore \n Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , The ! The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad
\n J. Worthington Foulfellow \n Walter Catlett \n Pinocchio
\n Jack - in - the - Box \n John Lithgow \n Fantasia 2000
\n Jackson `` Jaq '' Hopscotch \n Jimmy MacDonald Rob Paulsen \n Cinderella
\n Jafar \n Jonathan Freeman \n Aladdin
\n Jake \n Tristan Rogers \n Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under
\n Jane \n Harriet Owen \n Return to Never Land
\n Jane Porter \n Minnie Driver \n Tarzan
\n Jeb the Goat \n Joe Flaherty \n Home on the Range
\n Jennifer `` Jenny '' Foxworth \n Natalie Gregory \n Oliver & Company
\n Jenny Wren \n Martha Wentworth \n Silly Symphonies
\n Jerry Jumbeaux Jr . \n John DiMaggio \n Zootopia
\n Jesse the Ram \n John DiMaggio \n Zootopia
\n Jessica Rabbit \n Kathleen Turner \n Who Framed Roger Rabbit
\n Jim Crow \n Cliff Edwards \n Dumbo
\n Jim Dear \n Lee Millar \n Lady and the Tramp
\n Jim Hawkins \n Joseph Gordon - Levitt \n Treasure Planet
\n Jiminy Cricket \n Cliff Edwards Eddie Carroll \n Pinocchio
\n Jobless Joe \n None \n Fantasia 2000
\n Jock \n Bill Thompson \n Lady and the Tramp
\n Joe Giraffe \n Pinto Colvig \n Silly Symphonies
\n Joey Hippo \n None \n Silly Symphonies
\n John Darling \n Paul Collins \n Peter Pan
\n John Silver \n Brian Murray \n Treasure Planet
\n Johnny Appleseed \n Dennis Day \n Melody Time
\n Jos\u00e9 Carioca \n Jos\u00e9 Oliveira Rob Paulsen \n Saludos Amigos
\n Jubileena Bing - Bing \n Josie Trinidad \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n Judge Claude Frollo \n Tony Jay \n Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame
\n Judge Doom \n Christopher Lloyd \n Who Framed Roger Rabbit
\n Judy Hopps \n Ginnifer Goodwin \n Zootopia
\n June \n None \n House of Mouse
\n Junior \n Clint Howard \n Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book
\n Junior the Buffalo \n Lance LeGault \n Home on the Range
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Kaa \n Sterling Holloway Jim Cummings \n Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book
\n Kala \n Glenn Close \n Tarzan
\n Kanga \n Barbara Luddy \n Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree
\n Kata \n Catherine O'Hara \n Brother Bear 2
\n Katrina Van Tassel \n None \n Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , The ! The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad
\n Kekata the Medicine man \n Gordon Tootoosis \n Pocahontas
\n Kenai \n Joaquin Phoenix \n Brother Bear
\n Kerchak \n Lance Henriksen \n Tarzan
\n Kiara \n Michelle Horn Neve Campbell \n Lion King 2 ! The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride
\n King ! The King \n Luis Van Rooten \n Cinderella
\n King of Hearts ! The King of Hearts \n Dink Trout \n Alice in Wonderland
\n King Candy / Turbo \n Alan Tudyk \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n King Eiddileg \n Arthur Malet \n Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron
\n King Hubert \n Bill Thompson \n Sleeping Beauty
\n King Kashekim Nedakh \n Leonard Nimoy \n Atlantis : The Lost Empire
\n King Leonidas \n Lennie Weinrib \n Bedknobs and Broomsticks
\n King Louie \n Louis Prima \n Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book
\n King Richard \n Peter Ustinov \n Robin Hood
\n King Roland II \n Travis Willingham \n Sofia the First
\n King Stefan \n Taylor Holmes \n Sleeping Beauty
\n King Triton \n Kenneth Mars \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Kirby \n Sean Elmore Matthew Joston Evan Dunn \n Chicken Little
\n Kit Cloudkicker \n R.J. Williams Alan Roberts \n TaleSpin
\n Kocoum \n James Apaumut Fall \n Pocahontas
\n Koda \n Jeremy Suarez \n Brother Bear
\n Kovu \n Ryan O'Donohue Jason Marsden \n Lion King 2 ! The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride
\n Krebbs \n Douglas Seale \n Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under
\n Kristoff \n Jonathan Groff \n Frozen
\n Kron \n Samuel E. Wright \n Dinosaur
\n Kronk Pepikrankenitz \n Patrick Warburton \n Emperor 's New Groove ! The Emperor 's New Groove
\n Kuzco \n David Spade \n Emperor 's New Groove ! The Emperor 's New Groove
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Lachesis \n Carole Shelley \n Hercules
\n Lady \n Barbara Luddy \n Lady and the Tramp
\n Lady DeBurne \n April Winchell \n Hunchback of Notre Dame 2 ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame II
\n Lady Kluck \n Carole Shelley \n Robin Hood
\n Lady Mouse \n Shani Wallis \n Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective
\n Lady Tremaine \n Eleanor Audley Susanne Blakeslee \n Cinderella
\n Lafayette the Basset Hound \n George Lindsey \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Lampwick \n Frankie Darro \n Pinocchio
\n Larry the Duck \n Marshall Efron \n Home on the Range
\n Launchpad McQuack \n Terry McGovern \n DuckTales
\n Laverne \n Mary Wickes \n Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame
\n Lawrence the Valet \n Peter Bartlett \n Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog
\n Le Fou \n Jesse Corti \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Lefty \n Nathan Greno \n Meet the Robinsons
\n Leonard Helperman \n Fleming , Shaun ! Shaun Fleming \n Teacher 's Pet
\n LePlume \n Paulsen , Rob ! Rob Paulsen \n Belle 's Magical World
\n Lewis \n Jordan Fry \n Meet the Robinsons
\n Li Shang \n B.D. Wong \n Mulan
\n Lil Bad Wolf \n Andrew Lawrence \n Porker 's Court ! The Porker 's Court
\n Lilo Pelekai \n Chase , Daveigh ! Daveigh Chase \n Lilo & Stitch
\n Ling \n Gedde Watanabe \n Mulan
\n Liquidator ! The Liquidator \n Jack Angel \n Darkwing Duck
\n Little John \n Phil Harris \n Robin Hood
\n Little Toot \n None \n Melody Time
\n Mr. Litwak \n Ed O'Neill \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n Lizzy \n Tracey Miller - Zarneke \n Meet the Robinsons
\n Lizzy Griffths \n Lauren Mote \n Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue
\n Louie \n Clarence Nash Russi Taylor \n Donald 's Nephews
\n Louie the Hot Dog Man \n Frank Welker \n Oliver & Company
\n Louis the Alligator \n Michael - Leon Wooley \n Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog
\n Lucifer the Cat \n June Foray \n Cinderella
\n Lucille Krunklehorn \n Laurie Metcalf \n Meet the Robinsons
\n Lucky \n Mimi Gibson \n One Hundred and One Dalmatians
\n Lucky Jack \n Charles Haid \n Home on the Range
\n Ludwig Von Drake \n Paul Frees \n Adventure in Color ! An Adventure In Color
\n Luke \n Pat Buttram \n Rescuers ! The Rescuers
\n Lumi\u00e8re \n Jerry Orbach \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Lumpy the Heffalump \n Kyle Stanger \n Pooh 's Heffalump Movie
\n Lyle \n Jeff Foxworthy \n Fox and the Hound 2 ! The Fox and the Hound 2
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Ma Beagle \n June Foray \n DuckTales
\n Mad Hatter \n Ed Wynn \n Alice in Wonderland
\n Madame Adelaide Bonfamille \n Hermione Baddeley \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Madame Medusa \n Geraldine Page \n Rescuers ! The Rescuers
\n Madam Mim \n Martha Wentworth \n Sword in the Stone ! The Sword in the Stone
\n Madame Upanova \n Tress MacNeille \n Fantasia
\n Madellaine \n Jennifer Love Hewitt \n Hunchback of Notre Dame 2 ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame II
\n Maggie \n Roseanne Barr \n Home on the Range
\n Magic Carpet \n None \n Aladdin
\n The Magic Mirror \n Moroni Olsen \n Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
\n Magica De Spell \n June Foray \n DuckTales
\n Mahra the Baboon \n Tress MacNeille \n Jungle Cubs
\n Maid Marian \n Monica Evans \n Robin Hood
\n Major the Horse \n None \n Cinderella
\n Maleficent \n Eleanor Audley \n Sleeping Beauty
\n Malina \n Jessica DiCicco \n Emperor 's New School ! The Emperor 's New School
\n Mama Heffalump \n Brenda Blethyn \n Pooh 's Heffalump Movie
\n Mama Odie \n Jenifer Lewis \n Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog
\n Man the Hunter \n None \n Bambi
\n Marahute \n Frank Welker \n Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under
\n March Hare \n Jerry Colonna \n Alice in Wonderland
\n Marie \n Liz English \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Markowski \n Joe Lo Truglio \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n Marlon the Alligator \n Emeril Lagasse \n Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog
\n Mary Darling \n Heather Angel \n Peter Pan
\n The Matchmaker \n Miriam Margolyes \n Mulan
\n Maui \n Dwayne Johnson \n Moana
\n Maurice \n Rex Everhart \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Max Goof \n Dana Hill Jason Marsden \n Goof Troop
\n Max Hare \n Ned Norton \n Tortoise and the Hare ! The Tortoise and the Hare
\n Max the Sheepdog \n Frank Welker \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Maximus \n None \n Tangled
\n May \n None \n House of Mouse
\n Mayor Lionheart \n J.K. Simmons \n Zootopia
\n Mechanicles \n Charlie Adler \n Aladdin ( TV series )
\n Meeko \n John Kassir \n Pocahontas
\n Megabyte Beagle \n Frank Welker \n DuckTales
\n Megara \n Susan Egan \n Hercules
\n Megavolt \n Dan Castellaneta \n Darkwing Duck
\n Melody \n Tara Strong \n Little Mermaid 2 ! The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea
\n Melinda \n None \n Fantasia
\n Melpomene \n Cheryl Freeman \n Hercules
\n Melvin \n Fred Willard \n Chicken Little
\n Mena \n Cree Summer \n Bambi II
\n Merlin \n Karl Swenson \n Sword in the Stone ! The Sword in the Stone
\n Merlock the Magician \n Christopher Lloyd \n DuckTales
\n Merryweather \n Barbara Luddy \n Sleeping Beauty
\n Mertle Edmonds \n Walls , Miranda Paige ! Miranda Paige Walls Liliana Mumy \n Lilo & Stitch
\n Michael Darling \n Tommy Luske \n Peter Pan
\n Mickey Mouse \n Walt Disney \n Steamboat Willie
\n Mike the Microphone \n Rod Roddy \n House of Mouse
\n Mildred \n Angela Bassett \n Meet the Robinsons
\n Milo Thatch \n Michael J. Fox \n Atlantis : The Lost Empire
\n Mindy \n Kari Wahlgren \n Bolt
\n Minnie Mouse \n Walt Disney Marcellite Garner \n Plane Crazy
\n Minty Zaki \n None \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n Mirage \n Bebe Neuwirth \n Aladdin ( TV series )
\n Miranda Wright \n Karla DeVito \n Bonkers
\n Miss Bianca \n Eva Gabor \n Rescuers ! The Rescuers
\n Miss Kitty \n Melissa Manchester \n Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective
\n Miss Nettle \n Megan Mullally \n Sofia the First
\n Mittens \n Susie Essman \n Bolt
\n Moana \n Auli'i Cravalho \n Moana
\n Moley \n Colin Campbell \n Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , The ! The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad
\n Monsieur D'Arque \n Tony Jay \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Monstro \n Thurl Ravenscroft \n Pinocchio
\n Monterey Jack \n Jim Cummings \n Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers
\n Mooch \n Bill Fagerbakke \n Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure
\n Morcupine Porcupine \n Mark Dindal \n Chicken Little
\n Morgana \n Pat Carroll \n Little Mermaid 2 ! The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea
\n Morgana McCawber \n Kath Soucie \n Darkwing Duck
\n Morph \n Dane A. Davis \n Treasure Planet
\n Mortimer Mouse \n Maurice LaMarche \n Mickey 's Rival
\n Morty Fieldmouse \n None \n Mickey 's Steam Roller
\n Mother Gothel \n Donna Murphy \n Tangled
\n Mother Rabbit \n Barbara Luddy \n Robin Hood
\n Mowgli \n Bruce Reitherman \n Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book
\n Mozenrath \n Jonathan Brandis \n Aladdin ( TV series )
\n Mr. Arrow \n Roscoe Lee Browne \n Treasure Planet
\n Mr. Big \n Maurice LaMarche \n Zootopia
\n Mr. Jolly \n David Ogden Stiers \n Teacher 's Pet
\n Mr. Pettibone \n Jeff Pidgeon \n Mickey Mouse Clubhouse
\n Mr. Smee \n Bill Thompson \n Peter Pan
\n Mr. Snoops \n Joe Flynn \n Rescuers ! The Rescuers
\n Mr. Stork \n Sterling Holloway \n Dumbo
\n Mr. Willerstein \n Tom Kenny \n Meet the Robinsons
\n Mr. Woolensworth \n Patrick Stewart \n Chicken Little
\n Mrs. Calloway \n Judi Dench \n Home on the Range
\n Mrs. Featherby \n June Foray \n DuckTales
\n Mrs. Hasagawa \n Amy Hill \n Lilo & Stitch
\n Mrs. Judson \n Diana Chesney \n Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective
\n Mrs. Jumbo \n Verna Felton \n Dumbo
\n Mrs. Otterton \n Octavia Spencer \n Zootopia
\n Mrs. Possum \n Mary Lansing \n Bambi
\n Mrs. Potts \n Angela Lansbury \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Mrs. Quail \n Thelma Boardman \n Bambi
\n Mufasa \n James Earl Jones \n Lion King ! The Lion King
\n Mulan \n Ming - Na Wen Lea Salonga \n Mulan
\n Mungo \n Jason Marsden \n Tarzan
\n Mushu \n Eddie Murphy \n Mulan
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Nakoma \n Michelle St. John \n Pocahontas
\n Nala \n Kelly , Moira ! Moira Kelly Niketa Calame \n Lion King ! The Lion King
\n Nana \n None \n Peter Pan
\n Nancy Tremaine \n Idina Menzel \n Enchanted
\n Nani Pelekai \n Carrere , Tia ! Tia Carrere \n Lilo & Stitch
\n Nanny \n Martha Wentworth \n One Hundred and One Dalmatians
\n Napoleon the Bloodhound \n Pat Buttram \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Nasira \n Jodi Benson \n Aladdin in Nasira 's Revenge
\n Nathaniel \n Timothy Spall \n Enchanted
\n Natives \n Jeff Bennett \n Timon & Pumbaa
\n Ned the Baboon \n Charlie Adler \n Jungle Cubs
\n Neera \n Julianna Margulies \n Dinosaur
\n NegaDuck \n Jim Cummings \n Darkwing Duck
\n Nessus \n Jim Cummings \n Hercules
\n Nibs \n Silver , Jeffrey ! Jeffrey Silver \n Peter Pan
\n Nicholas `` Nick '' P. Wilde \n Bateman , Jason ! Jason Bateman \n Zootopia
\n Nita \n Mandy Moore \n Brother Bear 2
\n Nuka \n Andy Dick \n Lion King 2 ! The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride
\n Nurse Mouse \n Russi Taylor \n Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under
\n Nutsy the Vulture \n Ken Curtis \n Robin Hood
\n

\n O ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Oaken \n Chris Williams \n Frozen
\n The Octopus \n Frank Welker \n Return to Never Land
\n Olaf \n Josh Gad \n Frozen
\n Oliver \n Joey Lawrence \n Oliver & Company
\n Olivia Flaversham \n Susanne Pollatschek \n Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective
\n Ollie the Pig \n Charlie Dell \n Home on the Range
\n Onus \n Corey Burton \n Treasure Planet
\n Orange Bird \n June Foray \n Foods and Fun : A Nutrition Adventure
\n Orddu \n Eda Reiss Merin \n Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron
\n Orgoch \n Billie Hayes \n Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron
\n Orville \n Jim Jordan \n Rescuers ! The Rescuers
\n Orwen \n Adele Malis - Morey \n Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron
\n Oswald the Lucky Rabbit \n Frank Welker \n Trolley Troubles
\n Otto \n J. Pat O'Malley \n Robin Hood
\n Owl \n Hal Smith \n Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Pacha \n John Goodman \n Emperor 's New Groove ! The Emperor 's New Groove
\n Pain and Panic \n Bobcat Goldthwait Matt Frewer \n Hercules
\n Panchito Pistoles \n Joaquin Garay Carlos Alazraqui \n Three Caballeros ! The Three Caballeros
\n Pascal \n Frank Welker \n Tangled
\n Patch \n Mickey Maga \n One Hundred and One Dalmatians
\n Pearl Gesner \n Carole Cook \n Home on the Range
\n Peg \n Peggy Lee \n Lady and the Tramp
\n Peg Pete \n April Winchell \n Goof Troop
\n Pegasus \n Frank Welker \n Hercules
\n Penguin Waiters \n Daws Butler Peter Ellenshaw Dallas McKennon J. Pat O'Malley Richard M. Sherman David Tomlinson \n Mary Poppins
\n Penny 's Mom \n Grey DeLisle \n Bolt
\n Penny \n Sandra Abbott \n One Hundred and One Dalmatians
\n Penny \n Michelle Stacy \n Rescuers ! The Rescuers
\n Penny \n Miley Cyrus \n Bolt
\n Pepper Ann Pearson \n Kathleen Wilhoite \n Pepper Ann
\n Peppo the Italian Cat \n Vito Scotti \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Percival C. McLeach \n George C. Scott \n Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under
\n Percy \n Danny Mann \n Pocahontas
\n Perdita \n Cate Bauer \n 101 Dalmatians
\n Periwinkle \n Lucy Hale \n Secret of the Wings
\n Pete \n Billy Bletcher Jim Cummings \n Alice Solves the Puzzle
\n Pete Junior \n Rob Paulsen \n Goof Troop
\n Peter Pan \n Bobby Driscoll \n Peter Pan
\n Peter Pig \n Pinto Colvig \n Wise Little Hen ! The Wise Little Hen
\n The Phantom Blot \n Frank Welker John O'Hurley \n DuckTales
\n Philoctetes \n Danny DeVito \n Hercules
\n Philippe the Horse \n Hal Smith \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Piglet \n John Fiedler \n Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day
\n Pinocchio \n Dickie Jones \n Pinocchio
\n Pip \n Jeff Bennett Kevin Lima \n Enchanted
\n Pistol Pete \n Nancy Cartwright \n Goof Troop
\n Plio \n Alfre Woodard \n Dinosaur
\n Pluto \n Pinto Colvig Bill Farmer \n Chain Gang ! The Chain Gang
\n Pocahontas \n Irene Bedard Judy Kuhn \n Pocahontas
\n Poe De Spell \n Terry McGovern Frank Welker \n DuckTales
\n Pom - Pom \n Frank Welker \n Cinderella II : Dreams Come True
\n Pongo \n Rod Taylor \n 101 Dalmatians
\n Powerline \n Tevin Campbell \n Goofy Movie , A ! A Goofy Movie
\n Practical Pig \n Pinto Colvig \n Three Little Pigs
\n Preston B. Whitmore \n John Mahoney \n Atlantis : The Lost Empire
\n Pretty Boy \n Jerry Stiller \n Teacher 's Pet
\n Prince \n Harry Stockwell \n Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
\n Prince Charming \n William Phipps \n Cinderella
\n Prince Edward \n James Marsden \n Enchanted
\n Prince Eric \n Christopher Daniel Barnes \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Prince Hans \n Santino Fontana \n Frozen
\n Prince James \n Zach Callison \n Sofia the First
\n Prince John \n Peter Ustinov \n Robin Hood
\n Prince Naveen \n Bruno Campos \n Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog
\n Prince Phillip \n Bill Shirley \n Sleeping Beauty
\n Princess \n Queenie Leonard \n One Hundred and One Dalmatians
\n Princess Amber \n Darcy Rose Byrnes \n Sofia the First
\n Princess Eilonwy \n Susan Sheridan \n Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron
\n Princess Jasmine \n Linda Larkin Lea Salonga \n Aladdin
\n Princess Kidagakash \n Cree Summer \n Atlantis : The Lost Empire
\n Principal Mazur \n Wallace Shawn \n Goofy Movie , A ! A Goofy Movie
\n Prissy the Elephant \n Sarah Selby \n Dumbo
\n Professor Norton Nimnul \n Jim Cummings \n Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers
\n Professor Ratigan \n Vincent Price \n Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective
\n Pronk Oryx - Antlerson \n Jared Bush \n Zootopia
\n Prudence \n Holland Taylor \n Cinderella II : Dreams Come True
\n Psycho the Weasel \n Charles Fleischer \n Who Framed Roger Rabbit
\n Pua \n None \n Moana
\n Pumbaa \n Ernie Sabella \n Lion King ! The Lion King
\n

\n Q ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Quackerjack \n Michael Bell \n Darkwing Duck
\n Quasimodo \n Tom Hulce \n Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame
\n Queen \n Kari Wahlgren \n Tangled Ever After
\n Queen Athena \n Hill Butters , Lorelai ! Lorelei Hill Butters \n Little Mermaid 3 ! The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning
\n Queen Clarion \n Anjelica Huston \n Disney Fairies
\n Queen Grimhilde \n Lucille La Verne \n Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
\n Queen Leah \n Barbara Dirikson \n Sleeping Beauty
\n Queen Miranda \n Sara Ramirez \n Sofia the First
\n Queen Mousetoria \n Eve Brenner \n Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective
\n Queen Narissa \n Susan Sarandon \n Enchanted
\n The Queen of Hearts \n Verna Felton \n Alice in Wonderland
\n Quint \n Corey Burton \n Timon and Pumbaa
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Rabbit \n Junius Matthews \n Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree
\n Rachel \n None \n Fantasia 2000
\n Rafiki \n Robert Guillaume \n Lion King ! The Lion King
\n Rajah \n Frank Welker \n Aladdin
\n Rancis Fluggerbutter \n Jamie Elman \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n Rapunzel \n Mandy Moore \n Tangled
\n Ratty \n Claud Allister \n Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , The ! The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad
\n Ray the Firefly \n Jim Cummings \n Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog
\n Razoul \n Jim Cummings \n Aladdin
\n Red \n Peter Firth \n Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under
\n Reuben ( Experiment 625 ) \n Paulsen , Rob ! Rob Paulsen \n Stitch ! The Movie
\n Rhino \n Mark Walton \n Bolt
\n Rhoda Dendron \n Jennifer Darling \n Darkwing Duck
\n Rico \n Charles Dennis \n Home on the Range
\n The Ringmaster \n Herman Bing \n Dumbo
\n Rita \n Sheryl Lee Ralph \n Oliver & Company
\n Robert `` Bobby '' Zimmeruski \n Pauly Shore \n Goofy Movie , A ! A Goofy Movie
\n Robin Hood \n Brian Bedford \n Robin Hood
\n Roger Rabbit \n Charles Fleischer \n Who Framed Roger Rabbit
\n Roger Radcliffe \n Ben Wright \n 101 Dalmatians
\n Rolly \n Barbara Beaird \n One Hundred and One Dalmatians
\n Ronno \n Anthony Ghannam \n Bambi II
\n Roo \n Clint Howard \n Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree
\n Dori Whittaker
\n Roquefort the Mouse \n Sterling Holloway \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Roscoe \n Taurean Blacque \n Oliver & Company
\n The Rose \n Doris Lloyd \n Alice in Wonderland
\n Rosetta \n Kristin Chenoweth \n Disney Fairies
\n Roxanne \n Kellie Martin \n Goofy Movie , A ! A Goofy Movie
\n Ruby \n Cathy Moriarty \n Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure
\n Rufus \n John McIntire \n Rescuers ! The Rescuers
\n Runt of the Litter \n Steve Zahn \n Chicken Little
\n Rusty the Dog \n G.W. Bailey \n Home on the Range
\n Rutt and Tuke \n Rick Moranis Dave Thomas \n Brother Bear
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Sa'luk \n Jerry Orbach \n Aladdin and the King of Thieves
\n Sadira \n Kellie Martin \n Aladdin ( TV series )
\n Sam Flynn \n Garrett John Hedlund \n Tron : Legacy
\n Sam the Sheriff \n Richard Riehle \n Home on the Range
\n Sarabi \n Madge Sinclair \n Lion King ! The Lion King
\n Sarafina \n Zoe Leader \n Lion King ! The Lion King
\n Sarah Hawkins \n Laurie Metcalf \n Treasure Planet
\n Sarousch \n Michael McKean \n Hunchback of Notre Dame 2 ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame II
\n Scamp \n Scott Wolf \n Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure
\n Scar \n Jeremy Irons \n Lion King ! The Lion King
\n Scat Cat \n Scatman Crothers \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Scratchy \n None \n Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure
\n Scrooge McDuck \n Alan Young \n DuckTales
\n Scroop \n Michael Wincott \n Treasure Planet
\n Scuttle \n Buddy Hackett \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Sebastian \n Samuel E. Wright \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Secretary Bird \n Lennie Weinrib \n Bedknobs and Broomsticks
\n Sergeant Calhoun \n Jane Lynch \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n Sgt . Tibbs \n David Frankham \n 101 Dalmatians
\n Shan Yu \n Miguel Ferrer \n Mulan
\n Shanti ( The Girl ) \n Darleen Carr \n Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book
\n Sha - ron \n Mary Gibbs \n Mulan 2
\n Shenzi \n Whoopi Goldberg \n Lion King ! The Lion King
\n Shere Khan \n George Sanders \n Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book
\n Sheriff of Nottingham \n Pat Buttram \n Robin Hood
\n Shun Gon the Chinese Cat \n Paul Winchell \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Si & Am \n Peggy Lee \n Lady and the Tramp
\n Silvermist \n Lucy Liu \n Disney Fairies
\n Simba \n Jonathan Taylor Thomas \n Lion King ! The Lion King
\n Matthew Broderick
\n Sir Ector \n Sebastian Cabot \n Sword in the Stone ! The Sword in the Stone
\n Sir Giles \n Claud Allister \n Reluctant Dragon ! The Reluctant Dragon
\n Sir Hiss \n Terry - Thomas \n Robin Hood
\n Sir Kay \n Norman Alden \n Sword in the Stone ! The Sword in the Stone
\n Sir Pellinore \n Alan Napier \n Sword in the Stone ! The Sword in the Stone
\n Sis Bunny \n Dana Laurita \n Robin Hood
\n Sitka \n D.B. Sweeney \n Brother Bear
\n Skippy Bunny \n Billy Whittaker \n Robin Hood
\n Sleepy \n Pinto Colvig \n Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
\n Slightly \n Stuffy Singer \n Peter Pan
\n Smarty the Weasel \n David Lander \n Who Framed Roger Rabbit
\n Smolder the Bear \n Jim Cummings \n Timon and Pumbaa
\n Sneezy \n Billy Gilbert \n Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
\n Snow White \n Adriana Caselotti \n Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
\n Snowanna Rainbeau \n None \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n Princess Sofia \n Ariel Winter \n Sofia the First
\n Sour Bill \n Rich Moore \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n Sparky \n Mickey Rooney \n Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure
\n Sparky ( Experiment 221 ) \n Welker , Frank ! Frank Welker \n Stitch ! The Movie
\n Speedy the Snail \n Corey Burton \n Timon and Pumbaa
\n Spot \n Tara Strong \n One Hundred and One Dalmatians : The Series ! 101 Dalmatians : The Series
\n Spot Helperman / Scott Leadready II \n Nathan Lane \n Teacher 's Pet ! Teacher 's Pet
\n Spring Sprite \n Helena Bonham Carter \n Fantasia 2000
\n Squeaks the Caterpillar \n None \n Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound
\n Stabbington Brothers \n Ron Perlman \n Tangled
\n Steelbeak \n Rob Paulsen \n Darkwing Duck
\n Stitch \n Sanders , Chris ! Chris Sanders \n Lilo & Stitch
\n Stromboli \n Charles Judels \n Pinocchio
\n Stu Hopps \n Don Lake \n Zootopia
\n Stupid the Weasel \n Fred Newman \n Who Framed Roger Rabbit
\n The Sultan \n Douglas Seale \n Aladdin
\n Sultan the Footstool \n Frank Welker \n Beauty and the Beast
\n Suri \n Hayden Panettiere \n Dinosaur
\n Sven \n None \n Frozen
\n Swizzle `` The Swizz '' Malarkey \n None \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n Sykes \n Robert Loggia \n Oliver & Company
\n Sylvia Marpole \n Bebe Neuwirth \n Extremely Goofy Movie ! An Extremely Goofy Movie
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Tadashi Hamada \n Daniel Henney \n Big Hero 6
\n Taffyta Muttonfudge \n Mindy Kaling \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n Tagalong Bunny \n Dori Whittaker \n Robin Hood
\n Tamatoa \n Jemaine Clement \n Moana
\n Tanana \n Joan Copeland \n Brother Bear
\n Tank \n Brad Garrett \n Extremely Goofy Movie ! An Extremely Goofy Movie
\n Tank Muddlefoot \n Dana Hill \n Darkwing Duck
\n Tantor \n Wayne Knight \n Tarzan
\n Tantor 's Mother \n Patti Deutsch \n Tarzan
\n Taran \n Grant Bardsley \n Black Cauldron ! The Black Cauldron
\n Tarzan \n Tony Goldwyn \n Tarzan
\n Alex D. Linz
\n Taurus Bulba \n Tim Curry \n Darkwing Duck
\n Ted Betterhead \n Diedrich Bader \n Country Bears , The ! The Country Bears
\n Terence \n Jesse McCartney \n Disney Fairies
\n Terk \n Rosie O'Donnell \n Tarzan
\n Terpsichore \n LaChanze \n Hercules
\n Thalia \n Roz Ryan \n Hercules
\n Thomas \n Christian Bale \n Pocahontas
\n Thomas O'Malley \n Phil Harris \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Thug \n Randy Savage \n Bolt
\n Thumper \n Peter Behn Sam Edwards \n Bambi
\n Thumper 's Mother \n Margaret Lee \n Bambi
\n Tiana \n Anika Noni Rose \n Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog
\n Tiger Lily \n Corinne Orr \n Peter Pan
\n Tigger \n Paul Winchell \n Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day
\n Tillie Tiger \n Alyce Ardell \n Silly Symphonies
\n Timon \n Nathan Lane \n Lion King ! The Lion King
\n Timon 's Mother \n Julie Kavner \n Lion King 3 ! The Lion King 11\u20442
\n Timothy Q. Mouse \n Edward Brophy \n Dumbo
\n Tina \n Catherine O'Hara \n Chicken Little
\n Tinker Bell \n Mae Whitman \n Peter Pan
\n Tino Tonitini \n Jason Marsden \n Weekenders ! The Weekenders
\n Tiny \n Joe Mateo \n Meet the Robinsons
\n Tip \n Max Casella \n Little Mermaid 2 ! The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea
\n Tipo \n Eli Russell Linnetz \n Emperor 's New Groove ! The Emperor 's New Groove
\n Tito \n Cheech Marin \n Oliver & Company
\n Tobias the Reluctant Dragon \n Barnett Parker \n Reluctant Dragon ! The Reluctant Dragon
\n Toby the Dog \n Frank Welker \n Great Mouse Detective ! The Great Mouse Detective
\n Toby Tortoise \n Eddie Holden \n Tortoise and the Hare ! The Tortoise and the Hare
\n Toby Turtle \n Richie Sanders \n Robin Hood
\n Tod \n Keith Coogan Mickey Rooney \n Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound
\n Tootles \n None \n Peter Pan
\n Toots \n Frank Welker \n Bonkers
\n Toulouse \n Gary Dubin \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Tramp \n Larry Roberts \n Lady and the Tramp
\n Trigger the Vulture \n George Lindsey \n Robin Hood
\n Trusty \n Bill Baucom \n Lady and the Tramp
\n Tug \n Michael Clarke Duncan \n Brother Bear
\n Tui \n Temuera Morrison \n Moana
\n Turkey Lurkey \n Don Knotts \n Chicken Little
\n Tuskernini \n Kenneth Mars \n Darkwing Duck
\n Tweedledum and Tweedledee \n J. Pat O'Malley \n Alice in Wonderland
\n Two Fingers \n Paul Briggs \n Princess and the Frog ! The Princess and the Frog
\n

\n U ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Uncle Art \n Adam West \n Meet the Robinsons
\n Uncle Max \n Jerry Stiller \n Lion King 3 ! The Lion King 11\u20442
\n Uncle Waldo \n Bill Thompson \n Aristocats , The ! The Aristocats
\n Url \n None \n Dinosaur
\n Ursula \n Pat Carroll \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n

\n Uma ( descendants 2 ) ( villain ) ( China Anne McLain )

\n

\n V ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Vanellope von Schweetz \n Sarah Silverman \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n Vanessa ( The Little Mermaid ) \n Pat Carroll , Jodi Benson \n Little Mermaid ! The Little Mermaid
\n Veteran Cat \n Diedrich Bader \n Bolt
\n Victor \n Charles Kimbrough \n Hunchback of Notre Dame ! The Hunchback of Notre Dame
\n Vidia \n Pamela Adlon \n Disney Fairies
\n Vincenzo `` Vinny '' Santorini \n Don Novello \n Atlantis : The Lost Empire
\n Vitani \n Lacey Chabert Jennifer Lien \n Lion King 2 ! The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride
\n Vixey \n Sandy Duncan \n Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound
\n Vladimir Goudenov Grizzlikof \n Ron Feinberg \n Darkwing Duck
\n Vulture Police \n Townsend Coleman Brian Cummings \n Timon and Pumbaa
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Waffles \n Frank Welker \n Goof Troop
\n The Walrus \n J. Pat O'Malley \n Alice in Wonderland
\n Webby Vanderquack \n Russi Taylor \n DuckTales
\n Webster \n Jim Cummings \n Belle 's Magical World
\n Wendy Darling \n Kathryn Beaumont \n Peter Pan
\n Wesley \n Steve Buscemi \n Home on the Range
\n Wheezy the Weasel \n June Foray \n Who Framed Roger Rabbit
\n White Rabbit \n Bill Thompson \n Alice in Wonderland
\n Widow Tweed \n Jeanette Nolan \n Fox and the Hound ! The Fox and the Hound
\n Wiggins \n David Ogden Stiers \n Pocahontas
\n Wilbur \n John Candy \n Rescuers Down Under ! The Rescuers Down Under
\n Wilbur Robinson \n Wesley Singerman \n Meet the Robinsons
\n Wilhelmina Packard \n Florence Stanley \n Atlantis : The Lost Empire
\n Willie the Giant \n Billy Gilbert \n Fun and Fancy Free
\n Winifred the Elephant \n Verna Felton \n Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book
\n Winkie the Barman \n Oliver Wallace \n Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad , The ! The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad
\n Winnie the Pooh \n Sterling Holloway \n Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree
\n Winston \n William Glover \n Oliver & Company
\n Witherspoon \n None \n Belle 's Magical World
\n Woolter the Ram \n John DiMaggio \n Zootopia
\n Wormwood the Raven \n Jim Cummings \n Sofia the First
\n Wreck - It Ralph \n John C. Reilly \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n Wynchel \n Adam Carolla \n Wreck - It Ralph
\n

\n X ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Xerxes \n Frank Welker \n Aladdin ( TV series )
\n

\n Y ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Yao \n Harvey Fierstein \n Mulan
\n Yar \n Ossie Davis \n Dinosaur
\n Yax \n Tommy Chong \n Zootopia
\n Yen Sid \n Corey Burton \n Fantasia
\n Yesss \n Taraji P. Henson \n Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2
\n Yo - Yo \n None \n Fantasia 2000
\n Yzma \n Eartha Kitt \n Emperor 's New Groove ! The Emperor 's New Groove
\n

\n Z ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Original voice actor \n Animated debut
\n Zazu \n Rowan Atkinson \n The Lion King
\n Zeus \n Rip Torn \n Hercules
\n Ziggy the Vulture \n Digby Wolfe \n Jungle Book I , The ! The Jungle Book
\n Zini \n Max Casella \n Dinosaur
\n Zipper \n Corey Burton \n Chip ' n Dale Rescue Rangers
\n Zira \n Suzanne Pleshette \n Lion King 2 ! The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride
\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Chicken Little on IMDb
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : The Aristocats on IMDb
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ The Return of Jafar on IMDb
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Aladdin on IMDb
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : The Hunchback of Notre Dame on IMDb
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : The Little Mermaid on IMDb
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Bolt on IMDb
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Lilo & Stitch on IMDb
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : The Jungle Book on IMDb
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Voice Cast Listing for Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 , Animated Film )
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : Dinosaur on IMDb
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : Home on the Range on IMDb
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : Robin Hood on IMDb
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : Hercules on IMDb
    15. \n
  15. \n ^ Jump up to : Alice in Wonderland on IMDb
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : The Fox and the Hound on IMDb
    17. \n
  17. \n ^ Jump up to : Cinderella on IMDb
    18. \n
  18. \n ^ Jump up to : Brother Bear 2 on IMDb
    19. \n
  19. \n ^ Jump up to : Lady and the Tramp II : Scamp 's Adventure on IMDb
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Lilo & Stitch : The Series on IMDb
    21. \n
  21. \n ^ Jump up to : The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad on IMDb
    22. \n
  22. \n ^ Jump up to : One Hundred and One Dalmatians on IMDb
    23. \n
  23. \n ^ Jump up to : The Three Caballeros on IMDb
    24. \n
  24. \n ^ Jump up to : Tarzan on IMDb
    25. \n
  25. \n ^ Jump up to : The Sword in the Stone on IMDb
    26. \n
  26. \n ^ Jump up to : Beauty and the Beast on IMDb
    27. \n
  27. \n ^ Jump up to : Atlantis : The Lost Empire on IMDb
    28. \n
  28. \n ^ Jump up to : Lady and the Tramp on IMDb
    29. \n
  29. \n ^ Jump up to : Sleeping Beauty on IMDb
    30. \n
  30. \n ^ Jump up to : Treasure Planet on IMDb
    31. \n
  31. \n ^ Jump up to : Who Framed Roger Rabbit on IMDb
    32. \n
  32. \n ^ Jump up to : Voice Cast Listing for DuckTales ( 1987 , Animated Series )
    33. \n
  33. \n ^ Jump up to : Bambi on IMDb
    34. \n
  34. \n ^ Jump up to : The Lion King on IMDb
    35. \n
  35. \n ^ Jump up to : The Great Mouse Detective on IMDb
    36. \n
  36. \n ^ Jump up to : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs on IMDb
    37. \n
  37. \n ^ Jump up to : Pocahontas on IMDb
    38. \n
  38. \n ^ Jump up to : The Rescuers on IMDb
    39. \n
  39. \n ^ Jump up to : Pinocchio on IMDb
    40. \n
  40. \n ^ Jump up to : Meet the Robinsons on IMDb
    41. \n
  41. \n ^ Jump up to : Song of the South on IMDb
    42. \n
  42. \n ^ Jump up to : The Emperor 's New Groove on IMDb
    43. \n
  43. \n ^ Jump up to : The Princess and the Frog on IMDb
    44. \n
  44. \n ^ Jump up to : Peter Pan on IMDb
    45. \n
  45. \n ^ Jump up to : Dumbo on IMDb
    46. \n
  46. \n ^ Jump up to : Aladdin and the King of Thieves on IMDb
    47. \n
  47. \n ^ Jump up to : Mulan on IMDb
    48. \n
  48. \n ^ Jump up to : The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh on IMDb
    49. \n
  49. \n ^ Jump up to : The Rescuers Down Under on IMDb
    50. \n
  50. \n ^ Jump up to : The Black Cauldron on IMDb
    51. \n
  51. \n ^ Jump up to : Brother Bear on IMDb
    52. \n
  52. \n ^ Jump up to : Oliver & Company on IMDb
    53. \n
  53. \n ^ Jump up to : Stitch ! The Movie on IMDb
    54. \n
  54. \n ^ Jump up to : Tangled on IMDb
    55. \n
  55. \n ^ Jump up to : Voice Cast Listing for Elmer Elephant ( 1936 , Animated Short )
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Saludos_Amigos on IMDb
    57. \n
  57. \n ^ Jump up to : The Hunchback of Notre Dame II on IMDb
    58. \n
  58. \n ^ Jump up to : Teacher 's Pet on IMDb
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Tinker Bell and the Great Fairy Rescue on IMDb
    60. \n
  60. \n ^ Jump up to : Voice Cast Listing for The Tortoise and the Hare ( 1935 , Animated Short )
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Secret of the Wings on IMDb
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ The Reluctant Dragon on IMDb
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Fun and Fancy Free on IMDb
    64. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Disney core universe characters
\n Primary \n
    \n
  • \n Mickey Mouse
    • \n
  • \n Minnie Mouse
    • \n
  • \n Pluto
    • \n
  • \n Goofy
    • \n
  • \n Donald Duck
    • \n
  • \n Daisy Duck
    • \n
\n
\n Secondary \n
    \n
  • \n Pete
    • \n
  • \n Oswald the Lucky Rabbit
    • \n
  • \n Clarabelle Cow
    • \n
  • \n Horace Horsecollar
    • \n
  • \n Huey , Dewey , and Louie Duck
    • \n
  • \n Jos\u00e9 Carioca
    • \n
  • \n Chip ' n ' Dale
    • \n
  • \n Panchito Pistoles
    • \n
  • \n Ludwig Von Drake
    • \n
  • \n Scrooge McDuck
    • \n
  • \n Magica De Spell
    • \n
  • \n Darkwing Duck
    • \n
  • \n Gladstone Gander
    • \n
  • \n Gyro Gearloose
    • \n
  • \n Flintheart Glomgold
    • \n
  • \n Max Goof
    • \n
  • \n Humphrey the Bear
    • \n
  • \n Jiminy Cricket
    • \n
  • \n Pete Junior
    • \n
  • \n The Phantom Blot
    • \n
  • \n John D. Rockerduck
    • \n
  • \n Julius the Cat
    • \n
\n
\n Groups \n
    \n
  • \n The Beagle Boys
    • \n
  • \n Mickey Mouse universe characters
    • \n
  • \n Donald Duck universe characters
      \n
    • \n Duck family
      • \n
    • \n Clan McDuck
      • \n
    • \n PKNA
      • \n
    • \n DuckTales characters
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n villains
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Disney theatrical animated features
\n Walt Disney Animation Studios films \n
    \n
  • \n Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 )
    • \n
  • \n Pinocchio ( 1940 )
    • \n
  • \n Fantasia ( 1940 )
    • \n
  • \n Dumbo ( 1941 )
    • \n
  • \n Bambi ( 1942 )
    • \n
  • \n Saludos Amigos ( 1942 )
    • \n
  • \n The Three Caballeros ( 1944 )
    • \n
  • \n Make Mine Music ( 1946 )
    • \n
  • \n Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 )
    • \n
  • \n Melody Time ( 1948 )
    • \n
  • \n The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 )
    • \n
  • \n Cinderella ( 1950 )
    • \n
  • \n Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 )
    • \n
  • \n Peter Pan ( 1953 )
    • \n
  • \n Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 )
    • \n
  • \n Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 )
    • \n
  • \n One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 )
    • \n
  • \n The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 )
    • \n
  • \n The Jungle Book ( 1967 )
    • \n
  • \n The Aristocats ( 1970 )
    • \n
  • \n Robin Hood ( 1973 )
    • \n
  • \n The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 )
    • \n
  • \n The Rescuers ( 1977 )
    • \n
  • \n The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 )
    • \n
  • \n The Black Cauldron ( 1985 )
    • \n
  • \n The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 )
    • \n
  • \n Oliver & Company ( 1988 )
    • \n
  • \n The Little Mermaid ( 1989 )
    • \n
  • \n The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 )
    • \n
  • \n Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 )
    • \n
  • \n Aladdin ( 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n The Lion King ( 1994 )
    • \n
  • \n Pocahontas ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 )
    • \n
  • \n Hercules ( 1997 )
    • \n
  • \n Mulan ( 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Tarzan ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Dinosaur ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Treasure Planet ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Brother Bear ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Home on the Range ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n Chicken Little ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Bolt ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Tangled ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Frozen ( 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n Big Hero 6 ( 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n Zootopia ( 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Moana ( 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 )
    • \n
  • \n Frozen 2 ( 2019 )
    • \n
\n
\n Live - action films with animation \n
    \n
  • \n The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 )
    • \n
  • \n Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 )
    • \n
  • \n Song of the South ( 1946 )
    • \n
  • \n So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 )
    • \n
  • \n Mary Poppins ( 1964 )
    • \n
  • \n Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 )
    • \n
  • \n Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 )
    • \n
  • \n Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 )
    • \n
  • \n Enchanted ( 2007 )
    • \n
\n
\n DisneyToon Studios films \n
    \n
  • \n DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 )
    • \n
  • \n A Goofy Movie ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n The Tigger Movie ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Return to Never Land ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Bambi II ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Planes ( 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 )
    • \n
\n
\n Other Disney units films \n
    \n
  • \n The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 )
    • \n
  • \n James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 )
    • \n
  • \n Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n A Christmas Carol ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Frankenweenie ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Strange Magic ( 2015 )
    • \n
\n
\n Related lists \n
    \n
  • \n Unproduced films
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Disney_animated_universe_characters&oldid=834056899 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "disney characters for every letter of the alphabet", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "List of the Seven Deadly Sins episodes - wikipedia

\n List of the Seven Deadly Sins episodes

\n Jump to : navigation , search

\n The Seven Deadly Sins is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Nakaba Suzuki . The series debuted on MBS and other Japan News Network stations on October 5 , 2014 . The series follows Elizabeth , the third princess of the Kingdom of Liones , who is in search of the Seven Deadly Sins , a group of former Holy Knights who were disbanded after the kingdom was overthrown . She enlists the help of Meliodas and Hawk , the captain of the Seven Deadly Sins and his talking pet pig , to assemble the remaining members of the Seven Deadly Sins and take back the kingdom from the Holy Knights . The show 's first opening theme song is `` Netsuj\u014d no Spectrum '' ( \u71b1\u60c5 \u306e \u30b9\u30da\u30af\u30c8\u30e9\u30e0 , Netsuj\u014d no Supekutoramu , `` Spectrum of Passion '' ) performed by Ikimono - gakari for the first twelve episodes and the second opening theme is `` Seven Deadly Sins '' performed by Man with a Mission , while the first ending theme titled `` 7 - Seven '' is a collaboration between Flow and Granrodeo , the second ending theme from episode thirteen onwards is `` Season '' the major label debut of Alisa Takigawa . A second season of the anime series was confirmed on September 27 , 2015 , to air in January 13 , 2018 .

\n

\n An original video animation ( OVA ) titled `` Ban 's Additional Chapter '' ( \u30d0\u30f3 \u306e \u756a\u5916 \u7de8 , Ban no Bangai - hen ) was included with the limited edition of volume 15 of the manga , released on June 17 , 2015 . A second OVA composed of nine humorous shorts was shipped with the limited edition of the sixteenth volume of the manga , released on August 12 , 2015 .

\n

\n The first The Seven Deadly Sins anime series was licensed for English release by Netflix as its second exclusive anime , following their acquisition of Knights of Sidonia . All 24 episodes were released on November 1 , 2015 in both subtitled or English dub formats .

\n

\n The Seven Deadly Sins Revival of The Commandments first opening theme song titled Howling is a collaboration between Flow and Granrodeo and first ending theme song is Beautiful performed by Anly .

\n

\n

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Episode list ( edit )

\n

\n The Seven Deadly Sins ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n Title \n Original air date
\n \n `` The Seven Deadly Sins '' `` Nanatsu no Taizai '' ( \u4e03 \u3064\u306e \u5927\u7f6a ) \n October 5 , 2014
\n Elizabeth Liones , the third princess of the Kingdom of Liones , is on a mission to find the Seven Deadly Sins , a group of extremely powerful but dangerous group of Holy Knights who are now wanted criminals for supposedly betraying the kingdom . She finds Meliodas , the owner of a bar named the Boar Hat , accompanied by his pet companion Hawk , a talking pig . When attacked by apprentice Holy Knight Twigo , Meliodas quickly overcomes the opponent , but reveals his identity in the process as the Dragon 's Sin of Wrath and the captain of the Seven Deadly Sins . Meliodas and Hawk join Elizabeth on her journey to find the other Deadly Sins in order to defeat the Holy Knights , who have orchestrated a coup d'\u00e9tat to overthrow the king .
\n \n `` The Sword of the Holy Knight '' `` Seikishi no Ken '' ( \u8056 \u9a0e\u58eb \u306e \u5263 ) \n October 12 , 2014
\n Holy Knight Gilthunder plants his sword in the center of a town named the Bernia Village , thus preventing the town from making the Bernia Ale , the primary source of income . After innumerable unsuccessful attempts by the villagers to remove the sword , which blocked the water source , Meliodas easily removes the object . A celebration is held at the Boar Hat , and Meliodas is hailed as a savior of the Bernia Village . Gilthunder , wanting to confirm whether the removal of his sword was an accident or not , throws a spear imbued with his power towards the town . However , Meliodas easily stops and throws the spear back , destroying Fort Solgales . Meliodas , Elizabeth and Hawk decide to proceed to the Forest of White Dreams .
\n \n `` The Sin in the Sleeping Forest '' `` Nemureru Mori no Tsumi '' ( \u7720\u308c\u308b \u68ee \u306e \u7f6a ) \n October 19 , 2014
\n Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk travel to the Forest of White Dreams , which even the Holy Knights avoid . The Prankster Imps that inhabit the Forest of White Dreams attempt to confuse them by impersonating Hawk and Elizabeth in order to lead them astray . After defeating the Prankster Imps , the three follow them and find a giant girl named Diane , the Serpent 's Sin of Envy , asleep in the forest . Gilthunder suddenly arrives and binds all of them with his lightning magic . Meliodas battles Gilthunder , purposely allowing the Holy Knight to defeat him . Under the pretense of dying due to the severe injury , Meliodas acquires information about the whereabouts of two members of the Seven Deadly Sins , Ban and King , as his apparent last wish .
\n \n `` A Little Girl 's Dream '' `` Sh\u014djo no Yume '' ( \u5c11\u5973 \u306e \u5922 ) \n October 26 , 2014
\n After Diane throws Gilthunder out of the forest , Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk and Diane head toward Baste Dungeon , where Ban , the Fox 's Sin of Greed , is imprisoned . On the way there , they decide to pass by Dalmary Town , where a doctor named Dana treats Meliodas with some medicine for his injuries . Diane and Elizabeth both show care for Meliodas , but they envy each other due to their opposites in strength and size . The town is suddenly attacked by insects controlled by Friesia , a Holy Knight belonging to the infamous Weird Fangs , but the insects are quickly destroyed by Diane , who makes her way to Baste Dungeon . Dana unexpectedly reveals to Elizabeth that the medicine is a deadly poison , while Golgius appears out of the blue to escort Elizabeth back to the Kingdom of Liones . Meanwhile , Ban escapes from his cell , but Jericho fails to subdue him .
\n \n `` Even If You Should Die '' `` Tatoe Anata ga Shindemo '' ( \u305f\u3068\u3048 \u3042\u306a\u305f \u304c \u6b7b\u3093 \u3067\u3082 ) \n November 2 , 2014
\n As Golgius attempts to take Meliodas 's sword , Meliodas awakens with no sign of being poisoned , proceeding to blast an aura that causes Golgius to flee . Meliodas , Elizabeth and Hawk find Golgius , who stabs Dana through the back and then attacks the three using his power of invisibility . Once Meliodas forces Golgius to retreat by horse , Meliodas later consoles Elizabeth after she blames herself for the death of Dana , whose daughter Sennett is imprisoned inside Baste Dungeon . When Meliodas , Elizabeth and Hawk set off to Baste Dungeon , they encounter Diane , who suddenly attacks them after succumbing to hypnosis by Ruin at the sound of his bell . As they run away from Diane , involving a pair of shepherds along the way , Meliodas soon succumbs to hypnosis as well and fights Diane . Meanwhile , Ban strips Jericho of her armor to wear for himself , but is subsequently stabbed in the chest by Jude .
\n 6 \n `` The Poem of Beginnings '' `` Hajimari no Uta '' ( \u306f\u3058\u307e\u308a \u306e \u8a69 ) \n November 9 , 2014
\n As Meliodas and Diane continue to fight each other under hypnosis , Friesia attacks the young shepherd with her insects . When Elizabeth risks her life to protect the young shepherd , the latter is revealed to be Ruin . After Elizabeth manages to break off the bell from Ruin 's staff , Meliodas and Diane regain their senses , soon defeating Ruin and Friesia , respectively . Meanwhile , Ban overpowers Jude and kills him , despite being pierced through the chest . Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk and Diane make it to Baste Dungeon to rescue Sennett , but Meliodas and Ban cause the destruction of the structure during their happy reunion . The six of them regroup back at Dalmary Town , where Dana , revealed to still be alive , treats them to a meal as a courtesy . Meanwhile , King , the Grizzly 's Sin of Sloth , is shown to be allied with Gilthunder .
\n 7 \n `` A Touching Reunion '' `` Kand\u014d no Saikai '' ( \u611f\u52d5 \u306e \u518d\u4f1a ) \n November 16 , 2014
\n During a flashback , Ban seeks for the Fountain of Youth deep inside the Fairy King 's Forest , but he is repeatedly thwarted by Elaine , Holy Maiden of the Fountain of Youth . However , Elaine realizes that Ban is different from other humans . Ban wants the Fountain of Youth in hopes of gaining something good in his life . In the present , Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk , Diane and Ban make plans to go to the Capital of the Dead . Ban wanders off in a nearby village and encounters King , in which the former does not recognize the latter at first . The two start fighting until the others find Ban , causing King to fly away in silence . As Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk , Diane and Ban later set off to the Capital of the Dead , they go to a field of flowers , which sends them to their destination . However , King follows them there and chases Ban , who sees a glimpse of Elaine from a distance .
\n 8 \n `` The Fearsome Pursuer '' `` Osorubeki Tsuisekisha '' ( \u6050\u308b \u3079\u304d \u8ffd\u8de1 \u8005 ) \n November 23 , 2014
\n King petrifies Ban after revealing that Elaine is actually his sister . During another flashback , Ban tries to protect Elaine while confronting a red demon that is destroying the Fairy King 's Forest . However , after Elaine gets hurt , she sacrifices her life by ingesting the Fountain of Youth into Ban to allow him to defeat the red demon . In the present , Holy Knight Guila enters the Capital of the Dead and battles Meliodas and Diane , while Elizabeth and Hawk run away to safety . Elaine , first unseen to King , releases Ban from petrification with a kiss . Ban joins Meliodas and Diane in the battle against Guila , while Elaine tells King to understand Ban and save him . After being informed by Elizabeth and Hawk about the battle that is going on , King executes a surprise attack from behind through Ban to strike Guila .
\n 9 \n `` Dark Pulse '' `` Ankoku no Myakud\u014d '' ( \u6697\u9ed2 \u306e \u8108\u52d5 ) \n November 30 , 2014
\n King overpowers and single - handedly defeats Guila using his Sacred Treasure , the Spirit Spear Chastiefol . As Meliodas , Elizabeth , Hawk , Diane , Ban and King return to the village , King tells the others that his Sacred Treasure unlocks his full potential in combat . However , Meliodas sold his , Diane lost hers and Ban got his stolen . Meliodas , Ban and King head to the Merchant Town Vaizel during the annual fighting festival , in which the grand prize happens to be Diane 's Sacred Treasure , the War Hammer Gideon . Meanwhile , Great Holy Knight Hendrickson summons Jericho and Twigo underground , offering them blood from the corpse of a red demon as a means of enhancing their strength . Twigo explodes after drinking the blood , but Jericho manages to survive the excruciating experience .
\n 10 \n `` The Vaizel Fighting Festival '' `` Baizeru Kenka Matsuri '' ( \u30d0\u30a4\u30bc\u30eb \u55a7\u5629 \u796d\u308a ) \n December 7 , 2014
\n The fighting festival starts with an elimination round that results in eight contestants left standing . The first round of the quarterfinals is Holy Knight Griamore versus `` Matrona '' , in which Matrona manages to break Griamore 's barrier and send him flying . Matrona is revealed to be a shrunken Diane wearing Elizabeth 's clothing . Diane and Elizabeth previously encountered a giant mushroom called a Chicken - Matango that shrunk them both when it felt threatened . The second round is Holy Knight Hauser versus three - time champion Taizoo , in which the former defeats the latter with one punch . The third round is King versus Cain Barzad , a drunken old man . Since King is powerless without his weapon , Cain easily knocks King out of the ring . The final round is Meliodas versus Ban , and Hauser learns from Griamore that the two are members of the Seven Deadly Sins .
\n 11 \n `` Pent - Up Feelings '' `` Sekinen no Omoi '' ( \u7a4d \u5e74 \u306e \u60f3\u3044 ) \n December 14 , 2014
\n Meliodas and Ban engage in a fierce fight that shakes the ground beneath them , equally matched due to their incredible strength and agility . However , Meliodas grabs onto Ban 's wrist and blasts him out of the ring , thereby winning the round . The first round of the semifinals is Diane versus Hauser , in which Hauser goes all out with his windy punches , but Diane does a body slam on Hauser and wins the round . The second round is Cain versus Meliodas , in which Cain believes that Meliodas betrayed the kingdom in the past . When Meliodas says that he did not betray the kingdom , Cain trusts Meliodas and forfeits the round . The round of the finals is Diane versus Meliodas , while Guila and Jericho are making their way towards Vaizel .
\n 12 \n `` Bloodcurdling Cannon '' `` Senritsu no Kanon '' ( \u6226\u6144 \u306e \u30ab\u30ce\u30f3 ) \n December 21 , 2014
\n Guila and Jericho interrupt the tournament and cause terror upon the merchant town . King subdues Guila and Jericho after Meliodas and Ban are defeated by them , but King is later overwhelmed by Holy Knight Helbram , who was disguised as tournament referee Love Helm . Meanwhile , Elizabeth returns to her normal size and stumbles upon her elder sister Veronica Liones , who scolds Elizabeth for being involved with Meliodas . Veronica then traps Meliodas inside Goddess Amber , a stone specifically made to seal demonic beings . Elizabeth runs away with Meliodas 's sword and Goddess Amber , while Griamore temporarily restrains Guila and Jericho . Veronica catches up to Elizabeth and shields her from an explosion made by Guila , which causes Veronica to pass away . When Elizabeth calls out for Meliodas , he emerges from within Goddess Amber with a darker side to him .
\n 13 \n `` The Angel of Destruction '' `` Hakai no Shito '' ( \u7834\u58ca \u306e \u4f7f\u5f92 ) \n January 11 , 2015
\n With his true power finally shown , Meliodas clashes with Helbram , who takes note on how Meliodas hones his dark abilities . After managing to defeat Meliodas , Helbram steals Meliodas 's sword . Ban takes Elizabeth , Hawk and King to safety , while Diane returns to her normal size and wields Gideon with attacks that crumble the earth , forcing Helbram to retreat with Guila and Jericho in tow . Elizabeth embraces Meliodas after he is rescued by Diane , later lamenting the death of Veronica . Ban and King express their motives behind taking back the kingdom . With his sword now stolen , Meliodas vows to end the ongoing war once and for all .
\n 14 \n `` A Reader of Books '' `` Hon o Yomu Hito '' ( \u672c \u3092 \u8aad\u3080 \u3072\u3068 ) \n January 18 , 2015
\n News about several sightings of an Armor Giant somewhere in Ordan Forest reaches Helbram , who quickly sends Dawn Roar , an elite group of Holy Knights , to search for the Armor Giant . Meanwhile , Guila visits her younger brother Zeal , and she later kills three thugs who bullied him for his spare change . Meliodas and his friends split up in the nearby village . Elizabeth and Hawk encounter a boy named Alan , who is looking for some glue to repair armor . Upon hearing the low growls that echo in the forest , Meliodas , Ban and King find the Armor Giant being surrounded by Dawn Roar , but Meliodas , Ban and King are no match against Dawn Roar . Just as it seems that the Armor Giant is about to be slain , Alan intercepts and reveals himself as Gowther , the Goat 's Sin of Lust .
\n 15 \n `` Unholy Knight '' `` Anh\u014dryi Naito '' ( \u30a2\u30f3\u30db\u30fc\u30ea\u30a3 \u30fb \u30ca\u30a4\u30c8 ) \n January 25 , 2015
\n Gowther gives the head of the Armor Giant to the members of Dawn Roar in order to convince them to withdraw from battle . However , the demon breaks through the armor and attacks Meliodas , Ban , King and Gowther . Meliodas lowers his guard upon noticing a Holy Knight merged into the demon 's chest , but Gowther uses his Sacred Treasure , the Twin Bow Herritt , to stop the demon . Meanwhile , Cain visits Elizabeth in the Boar Hat , where he tells her the story of Liz , a knight from an enemy kingdom who became Meliodas 's past lover after he saved her from being sentenced to death . Ban gouges out the heart of the Holy Knight , recognized as Guila 's father Dale , yet the demon still remains alive . Elizabeth rushes to Meliodas and gives him Liz 's sword left behind , which allows him to destroy the demon . It is realized that Dale was one of Hendrickson 's failed demon experiments .
\n 16 \n `` The Legends , Provoked '' `` Karitaterareru Densetsu - tachi '' ( \u99c6\u308a\u7acb\u3066 \u3089\u308c\u308b \u4f1d\u8aac \u305f\u3061 ) \n February 1 , 2015
\n Gowther is welcomed by the others into their group , but he soon finds out the true secrets behind them by delving deep into their memories and emotions . Meanwhile , Hendrickson and Helbram have the hilt of Meliodas 's sword in possession , in which they plan to use it as a fragment of a ritual relic , known as the Coffin of Eternal Darkness , to resurrect the red demon race as a means to start a holy war . At the Boar Hat , Holy Knight Vivian suddenly appears and kidnaps Elizabeth and Hawk . Diane throws Meliodas , Ban and Gowther toward the Kingdom of Liones , where the three are bombarded by an army of Holy Knights on the north side of the castle . However , Arthur Pendragon , the young king of Camelot , has approached the south side of the castle with his own army .
\n 17 \n `` The First Sacrifice '' `` Saisho no Gisei '' ( \u6700\u521d \u306e \u72a0\u7272 ) \n February 8 , 2015
\n Hendrickson tries to convince Arthur to leave the castle , but to no avail . Instead , Hendrickson escorts Arthur inside the castle and suddenly engages him in battle . Meanwhile , Elizabeth and Hawk are teleported inside the dungeon of the castle , and they try to find a way out . Meliodas , Ban and Gowther manage to defeat the army and sneak inside a town of the kingdom , while King summons his black hound Oslow to use its mouth to teleport Diane inside the castle . However , Diane is attacked by Guila , Jericho , Gilthunder , Hauser , Helbram and Great Holy Knight Dreyfus . Diane tries to defend herself , but Dreyfus overpowers her with an attack that sends her crashing onto the town streets . After Diane wander the streets and protects Zeal from being crushed by a falling building , both Hauser and Guila switch sides to defend Diane .
\n 18 \n `` Even If It Costs Me My Life '' `` Kono Inochi ni Kaete mo '' ( \u3053\u306e \u547d \u306b \u304b\u3048 \u3066 \u3082 ) \n February 15 , 2015
\n The combined powers of Hauser and Guila have little to no effect . When Dreyfus attacks Guila , Gowther saves Guila in the nick of time and faces Dreyfus alone . Meanwhile , Elizabeth and Hawk encounter Margaret Liones , Elizabeth 's eldest sister , in a cell . Vivian appears , teleporting Hawk elsewhere , knocking Elizabeth unconscious and releasing Margaret from her cell . Gowther traps Dreyfus in a nightmare , but Dreyfus somehow snaps out of it and pierces Gowther in the chest . Once a heavily injured Dreyfus leaves with Gilthunder , Helbram attempts to finish Diane off , but King appears and stops Helbram , who reveals himself as a fairy and King 's former best friend . Helbram uses his magical tree roots to restrain King and inflict brutal lashes on Diane . However , King uses Chastifol to shield Diane from getting hurt . King says that he is fulfilling a promise that he made seven hundred years ago .
\n 19 \n `` The Fairy King Waits in Vain '' `` Machib\u014dke no Y\u014dsei\u014d '' ( \u307e\u3061 \u307c\u3046 \u3051 \u306e \u5996\u7cbe \u738b ) \n February 22 , 2015
\n In the past , King met Diane when she was a child inside a cave , and they bonded as friends for many decades , though it seemed like just a few days have passed . King gradually recovered his memories , remembering that his fairy race was killed by a man wearing an eyepatch named Aldrich . When a nearby village was attacked , King left Diane with the promise that he would return . Helbram , who took on the form of Aldrich , was behind the attack due to his hatred of humans . After subduing Helbram by piercing a white rose through him , King was sentenced to a thousand years in prison , taking responsibility for the attack . In the present , King manages to defeat Helbram , who is finally able to rest in peace and atone for his grudge against humans . Meanwhile , after Arthur is overwhelmed by Hendrickson , Meliodas jumps in the scene .
\n 20 \n `` The Courage Charm '' `` Y\u016bki no Majinai '' ( \u52c7\u6c17 \u306e \u307e\u3058\u306a\u3044 ) \n March 1 , 2015
\n Gilthunder leaves Dreyfus to fight Meliodas alone , while Hendrickson deals with Arthur and ultimately defeats him . Meanwhile , Elizabeth wakes up in a chamber and finds her father , King Bartra Liones . Meliodas then finds himself outmatched against Gilthunder , Hendrickson and Vivian . At the same time , Margaret decides to take her own life by jumping off a castle tower . Margaret and Gilthunder are both released from their curse in the form of monsters , thanks to Meliodas . While Margaret is thus saved from falling , Hendrickson tries to finish Meliodas off , but Gilthunder stands in the way and knocks down Hendrickson at full force . Vivian tries to trap Meliodas , Gilthunder , Margaret and Arthur in illusionary places , but Merlin , the Boar 's Sin of Gluttony , makes her first appearance and breaks the spell .
\n 21 \n `` The Looming Threat '' `` Ima , Soko ni Semaru Ky\u014di '' ( \u4eca \u3001 \u305d\u3053 \u306b \u305b\u307e\u308b \u8105\u5a01 ) \n March 8 , 2015
\n Hawk finds Ban in the catacombs underneath the kingdom , where Ban makes contact with a goddess vessel through the Horn of Cernunnos . Ban is granted the request of resurrecting Elaine , but only with the condition that he kills Meliodas . Meanwhile , Meliodas , Merlin , Gilthunder , Margaret and Arthur enter the chamber where Elizabeth and Bartra are being held captive . Merlin takes Arthur and Bartra to Camelot to safety , but Hendrickson soon causes an explosion in the chamber , showing himself embedded in darkness and causing terror in the town with the experimented Holy Knights turned into demons . After Hendrickson gravely injures Meliodas and Gilthunder with his sword , Elizabeth agrees to go with Hendrickson in order to stop a bloodbath . When Ban and Hawk find Meliodas , Ban suddenly severs Meliodas 's right arm . Upon seeing Meliodas reattaching his arm using dark magic , Ban deduces that Meliodas is from the demon race .
\n 22 \n `` What I Can Do for You '' `` Kimi no Tame ni Dekiru Koto '' ( \u541b \u306e \u305f\u3081 \u306b \u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068 ) \n March 15 , 2015
\n Hawk tries to shake some sense into Ban , who will stop at nothing to kill Meliodas . Although Ban is fixated on resurrecting Elaine , Meliodas orders him to settle matters later , and Hawk takes Meliodas to find Elizabeth . Dreyfus , who wants to atone for his crimes , challenges Hendrickson to a duel . However , Elizabeth is accidentally injured in the process . Diane , Ban , King , Gowther , Gilthunder and Hauser destroy the demons in the town . Meliodas and Hawk arrive and find the injured Elizabeth , just after Hendrickson kills Dreyfus by melting him in acid . As Hawk takes Elizabeth to safety , Meliodas engages in combat against Hendrickson . Meliodas is soon joined by his friends and allies , who all prepare to take Hendrickson down .
\n 23 \n `` Despair Descends '' `` Zetsub\u014d K\u014drin '' ( \u7d76\u671b \u964d\u81e8 ) \n March 22 , 2015
\n Hendrickson unveils the source of his power , the corpse of a red demon , which is the same one that Ban slayed in the Fairy King 's Forest long ago . After Ban pummels Hendrickson through the ground , Meliodas , Ban , King and Gowther jump down the hole to a cave , where Hendrickson injects himself with the blood from the corpse of a gray demon to acquire even more power . A sudden burst of energy from Hendrickson sends the four of them back above ground , where Hendrickson easily overpowers all of his opponents despite all of their efforts . With Meliodas left standing and protecting Elizabeth , Hendrickson casts a large dark blast , but Hawk sacrifices himself in order to save the two of them . Shocked of losing her dear friend , Elizabeth awakens her dormant powers that repels Hendrickson and heals everyone else . However , Hendrickson survives and still has strength left in him to fight .
\n 24 \n `` The Heroes '' `` Eiy\u016b - tachi '' ( \u82f1\u96c4 \u305f\u3061 ) \n March 29 , 2015
\n The Seven Deadly Sins and the Holy Knights all combine forces in an attempt to defeat Hendrickson . Meliodas , given support from his friends and allies , uses his ultimate technique to finish Hendrickson off . When Bartra appears with Merlin , he commands the Holy Knights to restore the kingdom and preserve its people as their `` punishment '' for starting a holy war . Bartra then thanks the Seven Deadly Sins for saving the kingdom and protecting Elizabeth . Hawk is revived as a piglet , much to a surprise . Things return to normal inside the kingdom , and a festival is held at night . The next day , Elizabeth joins Meliodas , Hawk , Diane , Ban , King , Gowther and Merlin in finding the last member of the Seven Deadly Sins , Escanor , the Lion 's Sin of Pride .
\n

\n The Seven Deadly Sins : signs of Holy war ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n Title \n Original air date
\n \n `` The Dark Dream Begins '' `` Kuroki Yume no Hajimari '' ( \u9ed2\u304d \u5922 \u306e \u306f\u3058\u307e\u308a ) \n August 28 , 2016
\n Elizabeth Liones goes to the Boar Hat , where all her friends are still asleep following the festival . After Elizabeth is greeted by Hawk outside , Meliodas introduces her to a meat pie made with vegetables that looks like Hawk , but it turns out to be unfit for human consumption . Meliodas has the idea of using pork as the main ingredient , which causes Hawk to make haste out of the bar . Meliodas comes up with a contest for his friends , in which he will obey any order for a day from whoever catches Hawk first . However , Hawk manages to outsmart them due to his small size . Hawk returns to the Boar Hat and eats food scraps made by Ban , who is declared the winner as a result . At night , Meliodas takes Elizabeth back to the palace while also assuring that his purpose in life is to protect her . Meliodas then goes to the catacombs to see the Horn of Cernunnos . When the goddess vessel taunts him for his reputation as a demon , Meliodas destroys the Horn of Cernunnos in retaliation .
\n \n `` Our Fighting Festival '' `` Futari no Ken'ka Matsuri '' ( \u4e8c \u4eba \u306e \u55a7\u5629 \u796d\u308a ) \n September 4 , 2016
\n Ban walks up to a mountaintop to finally settle matters with Meliodas , but the former is surprised to see Elizabeth and Hawk as well as the other members of the Seven Deadly Sins and the Holy Knights as part of an audience . Merlin casts a gigantic cubic barrier around Meliodas and Ban in order for the spectators to safely watch the fight . Meanwhile , King and Hauser have their own fight to win the attention of Diane . Ban initiates a brutal attack on Meliodas that somehow weakens most of the spectators . The fight ends in a stalemate after the two of them exchange rapid punches that cause the barrier to break . They remain friends and head back down to the Boar Hat for a drink .
\n \n `` In Pursuit of First Love '' `` Hatsukoi o Oikakete '' ( \u521d\u604b \u3092 \u8ffd\u3044\u304b\u3051 \u3066 ) \n September 11 , 2016
\n King still hesitates to confess his feelings for Diane . Meanwhile , Diane leaves the Boar Hat and heads to a construction site in town , recalling the devastating collateral damage she caused due to her immense size . The construction workers there apologize to her and thank her for saving the kingdom . When King comes to see Diane , the two decide to play a game of tag across town . Outside a church , a wedding ceremony is interrupted by a demon , in which Diane and King combine their skills in defeating the demon . King asks Diane if she regained her memories , and she answers him with a kiss on his cheek . The moment is ruined when a brick suddenly falls on his head , and he later wakes up next to her , having forgotten what they did during the day .
\n \n `` The Shape of Love '' `` Ai no Katachi '' ( \u611b \u306e \u304b\u305f\u3061 ) \n September 18 , 2016
\n Merlin agrees to be a waitress at the Boar Hat , but first she wants Meliodas and Gowther to follow Gilthunder to find out if he is being stalked by someone . Meanwhile , Gilthunder , Hauser and Griamore are each hit with falling debris in the streets , unaware of the situation . Gowther is distracted by a boy named Pelliot , who asks him to retrieve a fat cat off a roof . Since Gowther reminds Pelliot of his mother , who recently passed away , Gowther transforms into Pelliot 's mother for a moment and disappears when Pelliot 's father finds Pelliot . Meliodas finds Gilthunder , Hauser and Griamore at a restaurant , where he purposely spills coffee to expose Vivian , revealed as the stalker . Merlin punishes Vivian by planting a cursed ring on her finger , which will bring pain to her each time the curse is activated , and Merlin explains that the Ten Commandments are the highest class in the demon race . At the Boar Hat , Merlin quits her job as a waitress , while Hawk and Gowther fill in for the position , much to the guys ' dismay .
\n

\n The Seven Deadly Sins : Revival of the Commandments ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n Title \n Original air date
\n 0 \n `` The Seven Deadly Sins Revival of The Commandments - Prologue - '' `` Nanatsu no Taizai Imashime no Fukkatsu - Josh\u014d - '' ( \u4e03 \u3064\u306e \u5927\u7f6a \u6212\u3081 \u306e \u5fa9\u6d3b - \u5e8f\u7ae0 - ) \n January 6 , 2018
\n A recap of the first season with additional scenes .
\n \n `` Revival of the Demon Clan '' `` Majin - zoku Fukkatsu '' ( \u9b54\u795e \u65cf \u5fa9\u6d3b ) \n January 13 , 2018
\n After the defeat of demonized Hendrickson , The Seven Deadly Sins are commended for their bravery and courage by King Bartra . However , just before the ceremony , Ban and King left the group . Earlier , Ban tells Meliodas that he will leave the group . As Ban leaves the Boar Hat Bar , King sees him and asks where he is going . Ban tells King that he wants to go to the Fairy King Forest . King then accompanies Ban on their journey . Meanwhile , it reveals that Hendricksen has survived that assault from the Sins and he is shocked upon seeing Dreyfus alive . Dreyfus then summons the Commandments , ten demonized warriors with the intent of destroying the Sins .
\n \n `` Existence and Proof '' `` Sonzai to Sh\u014dmei '' ( \u5b58\u5728 \u3068 \u8a3c\u660e ) \n January 20 , 2018
\n \n `` Sacred Treasure Lostvayne '' `` Jingi Rosutovuein '' ( \u795e\u5668 \u30ed\u30b9\u30c8 \u30f4\u30a7\u30a4\u30f3 ) \n January 27 , 2018
\n

\n OVAs ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n Title \n Original air date
\n \n `` Bandit Ban '' `` Bandetto Ban '' ( \u30d0\u30f3\u30c7\u30c3\u30c8 \u30fb \u30d0\u30f3 ) \n June 17 , 2015
\n \n `` Heroes Fun Time - Extra Stories Compilation - '' `` Eiy\u016b - tachi no Tawamure - Bangai - hensh\u016b - '' ( \u82f1\u96c4 \u305f\u3061 \u306e \u622f\u308c - \u756a\u5916 \u7de8\u96c6 - ) \n August 12 , 2015
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ \u30a2\u30cb\u30e1 \u300c \u4e03 \u3064\u306e \u5927\u7f6a \u300d 10 \u6708 \u3088\u308a \u65e5 5 \u67a0 \u3067 \u653e\u9001 ( in Japanese ) . Natalie. 2014 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Commercial Streamed '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Anime 's Theme Songs , Game Detailed '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Man With A Mission , Alisa Takigawa Perform The Seven Deadly Sins ' New Songs '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Manga to Bundle OVA Episode About Ban '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` 2nd Seven Deadly Sins OVA to Compile 9 Short Stories '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 11 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Newman , Heather ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Netflix To Announce Its Second Exclusive Anime Series Tomorrow : ' The Seven Deadly Sins ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` STORY '' ( in Japanese ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 18 .
    9. \n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_episodes&oldid=822182845 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "7 deadly sins signs of a holy war", "long_answers": ["No . Title Original air date `` The Dark Dream Begins '' `` Kuroki Yume no Hajimari '' ( \u9ed2\u304d \u5922 \u306e \u306f\u3058\u307e\u308a ) August 28 , 2016 Elizabeth Liones goes to the Boar Hat , where all her friends are still asleep following the festival . After Elizabeth is greeted by Hawk outside , Meliodas introduces her to a meat pie made with vegetables that looks like Hawk , but it turns out to be unfit for human consumption . Meliodas has the idea of using pork as the main ingredient , which causes Hawk to make haste out of the bar . Meliodas comes up with a contest for his friends , in which he will obey any order for a day from whoever catches Hawk first . However , Hawk manages to outsmart them due to his small size . Hawk returns to the Boar Hat and eats food scraps made by Ban , who is declared the winner as a result . At night , Meliodas takes Elizabeth back to the palace while also assuring that his purpose in life is to protect her . Meliodas then goes to the catacombs to see the Horn of Cernunnos . When the goddess vessel taunts him for his reputation as a demon , Meliodas destroys the Horn of Cernunnos in retaliation . `` Our Fighting Festival '' `` Futari no Ken'ka Matsuri '' ( \u4e8c \u4eba \u306e \u55a7\u5629 \u796d\u308a ) September 4 , 2016 Ban walks up to a mountaintop to finally settle matters with Meliodas , but the former is surprised to see Elizabeth and Hawk as well as the other members of the Seven Deadly Sins and the Holy Knights as part of an audience . Merlin casts a gigantic cubic barrier around Meliodas and Ban in order for the spectators to safely watch the fight . Meanwhile , King and Hauser have their own fight to win the attention of Diane . Ban initiates a brutal attack on Meliodas that somehow weakens most of the spectators . The fight ends in a stalemate after the two of them exchange rapid punches that cause the barrier to break . They remain friends and head back down to the Boar Hat for a drink . `` In Pursuit of First Love '' `` Hatsukoi o Oikakete '' ( \u521d\u604b \u3092 \u8ffd\u3044\u304b\u3051 \u3066 ) September 11 , 2016 King still hesitates to confess his feelings for Diane . Meanwhile , Diane leaves the Boar Hat and heads to a construction site in town , recalling the devastating collateral damage she caused due to her immense size . The construction workers there apologize to her and thank her for saving the kingdom . When King comes to see Diane , the two decide to play a game of tag across town . Outside a church , a wedding ceremony is interrupted by a demon , in which Diane and King combine their skills in defeating the demon . King asks Diane if she regained her memories , and she answers him with a kiss on his cheek . The moment is ruined when a brick suddenly falls on his head , and he later wakes up next to her , having forgotten what they did during the day . `` The Shape of Love '' `` Ai no Katachi '' ( \u611b \u306e \u304b\u305f\u3061 ) September 18 , 2016 Merlin agrees to be a waitress at the Boar Hat , but first she wants Meliodas and Gowther to follow Gilthunder to find out if he is being stalked by someone . Meanwhile , Gilthunder , Hauser and Griamore are each hit with falling debris in the streets , unaware of the situation . Gowther is distracted by a boy named Pelliot , who asks him to retrieve a fat cat off a roof . Since Gowther reminds Pelliot of his mother , who recently passed away , Gowther transforms into Pelliot 's mother for a moment and disappears when Pelliot 's father finds Pelliot . Meliodas finds Gilthunder , Hauser and Griamore at a restaurant , where he purposely spills coffee to expose Vivian , revealed as the stalker . Merlin punishes Vivian by planting a cursed ring on her finger , which will bring pain to her each time the curse is activated , and Merlin explains that the Ten Commandments are the highest class in the demon race . At the Boar Hat , Merlin quits her job as a waitress , while Hawk and Gowther fill in for the position , much to the guys ' dismay .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "List of Dallas Cowboys seasons - wikipedia

\n List of Dallas Cowboys seasons

\n Jump to : navigation , search For complete team history , see History of the Dallas Cowboys .

\n This article is a list of seasons completed by the Dallas Cowboys American football franchise of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The list documents the season - by - season records of the Cowboys ' franchise from 1960 to present , including postseason records , and league awards for individual players or head coaches . The Cowboys franchise was founded in 1960 as an expansion team . The team has earned 31 postseason appearances , tied for second place with the Pittsburgh Steelers , the longest consecutive streak of winning seasons with 20 , the second-most appearances in the NFC Championship Game ( 14 , behind the San Francisco 49ers ' 15 ) and the second-most Super Bowl appearances ( 8 with the Denver Broncos and Steelers ) . The Cowboys have played for 10 NFL Championships and have won 5 , all five being Super Bowls .

\n

\n The Cowboys won Super Bowl VI , XII , XXVII , XXVIII and XXX . They also played in and lost Super Bowl V , X , and XIII .

\n

\n The franchise has experienced two major periods of continued success in their history . The first period of success came from 1966 -- 1985 when the Cowboys played in the postseason 18 times . During this period , they played in two NFL Championships and five Super Bowls , winning two of them , winning a total of 20 playoff games . The second period of success was between 1991 -- 1996 when the Cowboys captured five straight NFC East Division titles and won three Super Bowls going 11 -- 2 in the postseason .

\n

\n The Cowboys have also experienced failure in their history . The most notable period of failure was from their 1960 inaugural season to 1965 , during which the Cowboys did not have a single postseason appearance . They did not win a single game during their first season , compiling an 0 -- 11 -- 1 record that is still the worst in franchise history . Also , they did not have a single winning record in this period . Between 1986 and 1990 the Cowboys had losing records in each season as veteran coach Landry retired and the team was radically overhauled , with the low point being the NFL 's second 15 - loss season ( after the 1980 Saints ) in 1989 . After losing a Divisional playoff Game in 1996 , the Cowboys between 1997 and 2008 lost five consecutive playoff games , one after a franchise - record 13 -- 3 season in 2007 , during which most predicted the Cowboys would break this streak . This streak finally came to an end when the Cowboys finally beat their bitter rival , the Philadelphia Eagles 34 -- 14 after an 11 -- 5 season in 2009 .

\n

\n Seasons ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n NFL Champions ( 1920 -- 1969 ) \n Super Bowl Champions ( 1970 -- present ) \n Conference Champions \n Division Champions \n Wild Card Berth
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Season \n Team \n League \n Conference \n Division \n Regular season \n Postseason Results \n Awards \n Head coaches
\n Finish \n Wins \n Losses \n Ties
\n 1960 \n 1960 \n NFL \n Western \n \n 7th \n 0 \n 11 \n \n \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1961 \n 1961 \n NFL \n Eastern \n \n 6th \n \n 9 \n \n \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1962 \n 1962 \n NFL \n Eastern \n \n 5th \n 5 \n 8 \n \n \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1963 \n 1963 \n NFL \n Eastern \n \n 5th \n \n 10 \n 0 \n \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1964 \n 1964 \n NFL \n Eastern \n \n 5th \n 5 \n 8 \n \n \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1965 \n 1965 \n NFL \n Eastern \n \n 2nd \n 7 \n 7 \n 0 \n \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1966 \n 1966 \n NFL \n Eastern \n \n 1st \n 10 \n \n \n Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 34 -- 27 \n Tom Landry ( COY ) \n Tom Landry
\n 1967 \n 1967 \n NFL \n Eastern \n Capitol \n 1st \n 9 \n 5 \n 0 \n Won Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 52 -- 14 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 21 -- 17 \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1968 \n 1968 \n NFL \n Eastern \n Capitol \n 1st \n 12 \n \n 0 \n Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 31 -- 20 \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1969 \n 1969 \n NFL \n Eastern \n Capitol \n 1st \n 11 \n \n \n Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 38 -- 14 \n Calvin Hill ( OROY ) \n Tom Landry
\n 1970 \n 1970 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 10 \n \n 0 \n Won Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 5 -- 0 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 17 -- 10 Lost Super Bowl V ( Colts ) 16 -- 13 \n Chuck Howley ( SB MVP ) \n Tom Landry
\n 1971 \n 1971 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 11 \n \n 0 \n Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 20 -- 12 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 14 -- 3 Won Super Bowl VI ( 1 ) ( Dolphins ) 24 -- 3 \n Roger Staubach ( SB MVP ) \n Tom Landry
\n 1972 \n 1972 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 2nd \n 10 \n \n 0 \n Won Divisional Playoffs ( 49ers ) 30 -- 28 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 26 -- 3 \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1973 \n 1973 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 10 \n \n 0 \n Won Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 27 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 \n \n Tom Landry
\n \n \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 3rd \n 8 \n 6 \n 0 \n \n \n Tom Landry
\n \n \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 2nd \n 10 \n \n 0 \n Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 17 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 37 -- 7 Lost Super Bowl X ( Steelers ) 21 -- 17 \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1976 \n 1976 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 11 \n \n 0 \n Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 14 -- 12 \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1977 \n 1977 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 12 \n \n 0 \n Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bears ) 37 -- 7 Won Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 23 -- 6 Won Super Bowl XII ( 2 ) ( Broncos ) 27 -- 10 \n Tony Dorsett ( OROY ) Harvey Martin ( DPOY , SB MVP ) Randy White ( SB MVP ) \n Tom Landry
\n 1978 \n 1978 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 12 \n \n 0 \n Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 27 -- 20 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 28 -- 0 Lost Super Bowl XIII ( Steelers ) 35 -- 31 \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1979 \n 1979 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 11 \n 5 \n 0 \n Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 21 -- 19 \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1980 \n 1980 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 2nd \n 12 \n \n 0 \n Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 34 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 30 -- 27 Lost Conference Championship ( Eagles ) 20 -- 7 \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1981 \n 1981 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 12 \n \n 0 \n Won Divisional Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 38 -- 0 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 28 -- 27 \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1982 \n 1982 \n NFL \n NFC \n \n 2nd \n 6 \n \n 0 \n Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 30 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 37 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 31 -- 17 \n \n Tom Landry
\n \n \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 2nd \n 12 \n \n 0 \n Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 24 -- 17 \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1984 \n 1984 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 4th \n 9 \n 7 \n 0 \n \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1985 \n 1985 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 10 \n 6 \n 0 \n Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 20 -- 0 \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1986 \n 1986 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 3rd \n 7 \n 9 \n 0 \n \n \n Tom Landry
\n \n \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 4th \n 7 \n 8 \n 0 \n \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1988 \n 1988 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 5th \n \n 13 \n 0 \n \n \n Tom Landry
\n 1989 \n 1989 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 5th \n \n 15 \n 0 \n \n \n Jimmy Johnson
\n 1990 \n 1990 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 4th \n 7 \n 9 \n 0 \n \n Emmitt Smith ( OROY ) Jimmy Johnson ( COY ) \n Jimmy Johnson
\n 1991 \n 1991 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 2nd \n 11 \n 5 \n 0 \n Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bears ) 17 -- 13 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 38 -- 6 \n \n Jimmy Johnson
\n 1992 \n 1992 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 13 \n \n 0 \n Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 10 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 30 -- 20 Won Super Bowl XXVII ( 3 ) ( Bills ) 52 -- 17 \n Troy Aikman ( SB MVP ) \n Jimmy Johnson
\n 1993 \n 1993 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 12 \n \n 0 \n Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 27 -- 17 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 21 Won Super Bowl XXVIII ( 4 ) ( Bills ) 30 -- 13 \n Emmitt Smith ( MVP , SB MVP ) \n Jimmy Johnson
\n 1994 \n 1994 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 12 \n \n 0 \n Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 35 -- 9 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 28 \n \n Barry Switzer
\n 1995 \n 1995 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 12 \n \n 0 \n Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 30 -- 11 Won Conference Championship ( Packers ) 38 -- 27 Won Super Bowl XXX ( 5 ) ( Steelers ) 27 -- 17 \n Larry Brown ( SB MVP ) \n Barry Switzer
\n \n \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 10 \n 6 \n 0 \n Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 40 -- 15 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Panthers ) 26 -- 17 \n \n Barry Switzer
\n 1997 \n 1997 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 4th \n 6 \n 10 \n 0 \n \n \n Barry Switzer
\n 1998 \n 1998 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 10 \n 6 \n 0 \n Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Cardinals ) 20 -- 7 \n \n Chan Gailey
\n 1999 \n 1999 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 2nd \n 8 \n 8 \n 0 \n Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 \n \n Chan Gailey
\n 2000 \n 2000 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 4th \n 5 \n 11 \n 0 \n \n \n Dave Campo
\n 2001 \n 2001 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 5th \n 5 \n 11 \n 0 \n \n \n Dave Campo
\n 2002 \n 2002 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 4th \n 5 \n 11 \n 0 \n \n \n Dave Campo
\n 2003 \n 2003 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 2nd \n 10 \n 6 \n 0 \n Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Panthers ) 29 -- 10 \n \n Bill Parcells
\n \n \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 3rd \n 6 \n 10 \n 0 \n \n \n Bill Parcells
\n 2005 \n 2005 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 3rd \n 9 \n 7 \n 0 \n \n \n Bill Parcells
\n 2006 \n 2006 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 2nd \n 9 \n 7 \n 0 \n Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Seahawks ) 21 -- 20 \n \n Bill Parcells
\n 2007 \n 2007 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 13 \n \n 0 \n Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Giants ) 21 -- 17 \n Greg Ellis ( CBPOY ) \n Wade Phillips
\n 2008 \n 2008 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 3rd \n 9 \n 7 \n 0 \n \n \n Wade Phillips
\n 2009 \n 2009 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 11 \n 5 \n 0 \n Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 14 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 34 -- 3 \n \n Wade Phillips
\n \n \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 3rd \n 6 \n 10 \n 0 \n \n \n Wade Phillips ( 1 -- 7 ) Jason Garrett ( 5 -- 3 )
\n 2011 \n 2011 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 3rd \n 8 \n 8 \n 0 \n \n \n Jason Garrett
\n 2012 \n 2012 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 3rd \n 8 \n 8 \n 0 \n \n Jason Witten ( WP MOY ) \n Jason Garrett
\n 2013 \n 2013 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 2nd \n 8 \n 8 \n 0 \n \n \n Jason Garrett
\n 2014 \n 2014 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 12 \n \n 0 \n Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Lions ) 24 -- 20 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 26 -- 21 \n DeMarco Murray ( OPOY ) \n Jason Garrett
\n 2015 \n 2015 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 4th \n \n 12 \n 0 \n \n \n Jason Garrett
\n 2016 \n 2016 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 1st \n 13 \n \n 0 \n Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 34 -- 31 \n Dak Prescott ( OROY ) Jason Garrett ( COY ) \n Jason Garrett
\n 2017 \n 2017 \n NFL \n NFC \n East \n 2nd \n 9 \n 7 \n 0 \n \n \n Jason Garrett
\n Total \n 502 \n 374 \n 6 \n All - time regular season record ( 1960 -- 2017 )
\n 34 \n 27 \n 0 \n All - time postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 )
\n 536 \n 401 \n 6 \n All - time regular season and postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 )
\n 5 NFL Championships , 10 Conference Championships , 22 Divisional Championships
\n

\n Footnotes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` 1960 Dallas Cowboys '' . Dallas Cowboys ' Official Website . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys ' Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Championship History '' . NFLTeamHistory.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 28 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys History '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 27 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Dallas Cowboys Franchise History '' . SportsEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 17 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ The 1967 NFL season marks the first season in the league 's history where the league was divided into two conferences which were subdivided into two divisions . Up to 1967 , the league was either divided into two divisions , two conferences , or neither .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ At the end of the 1973 season , the Cowboys and the Redskins finished the season with identical 10 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better point differential in head - to - head games .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ For the 1978 season , the NFL expanded from a 14 - game season to a 16 - game season .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ At the end of the 1978 season , the Cowboys and the Los Angeles Rams finished the season with identical 12 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Los Angeles was the top NFC seed over Dallas based on a better head - to - head record .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ At the end of the 1979 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on a better conference record .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ At the end of the 1980 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 12 -- 4 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Philadelphia finished ahead of Dallas in the NFC East based on better net points in division games .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ The 1982 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 9 games because of a players ' strike . The NFL adopted a special 16 - team playoff tournament ; eight teams from each conference were seeded 1 -- 8 , and division standings were ignored .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ At the end of the 1985 season , the Cowboys , Redskins , and the Giants finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of New York and Washington based on a better head - to - head record .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ The 1987 NFL season was shortened from 16 games per team to 15 games because of a players ' strike . Games to be played during the third week of the season were canceled , and replacement players were used to play games from weeks 4 through 6 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ At the end of the 1991 season , the Cowboys and the Bears finished the season with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Chicago was the first NFC Wild Card based on better conference record than Dallas .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ At the end of the 1996 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished the season with identical 10 -- 6 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better record against common opponents .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ At the end of the 1999 season , the Cowboys , Lions , and the Panthers finished the season with identical 8 -- 8 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas was the second NFC Wild Card based on a better record than Detroit against common opponents and a better conference record than Carolina .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ At the end of the 2009 season , the Cowboys and the Eagles finished with identical 11 -- 5 records . Using the NFL 's tie - breaking procedures , Dallas finished ahead of Philadelphia in the NFC East based on better head - to - head record .
    19. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Dallas Cowboys
\n
    \n
  • \n Founded in 1960
    • \n
  • \n Based in Arlington , Texas
    • \n
  • \n Headquartered in Frisco , Texas
    • \n
\n
\n Franchise \n
    \n
  • \n Franchise
    • \n
  • \n History
    • \n
  • \n Coaches
    • \n
  • \n Players
    • \n
  • \n Seasons
    • \n
  • \n Expansion draft
    • \n
  • \n Draft history
    • \n
  • \n Starting quarterbacks
    • \n
  • \n First - round draft picks
    • \n
  • \n The Ford Center at The Star
    • \n
\n
\n Stadiums \n
    \n
  • \n Cotton Bowl
    • \n
  • \n Texas Stadium
    • \n
  • \n AT&T Stadium
    • \n
\n
\n Culture \n
    \n
  • \n NFL on Thanksgiving Day
    • \n
  • \n America 's Team
    • \n
  • \n Cheerleaders
    • \n
  • \n Doomsday Defense
    • \n
  • \n Crazy Ray
    • \n
  • \n Rowdy
    • \n
  • \n Jerry Jones
    • \n
  • \n Black Sunday ( film )
    • \n
  • \n King of the Hill
    • \n
\n
\n Lore \n
    \n
  • \n Tom Landry
    • \n
  • \n Tex Schramm
    • \n
  • \n Captain Comeback
    • \n
  • \n Ice Bowl
    • \n
  • \n Hail Mary
    • \n
  • \n The Catch
    • \n
  • \n Herschel Walker trade
    • \n
  • \n Dirty Dozen
    • \n
  • \n Ring of Honor
    • \n
  • \n Bounty Bowl series
    • \n
\n
\n Rivalries \n
    \n
  • \n New York Giants
    • \n
  • \n Philadelphia Eagles
    • \n
  • \n Washington Redskins
    • \n
  • \n Green Bay Packers
    • \n
  • \n San Francisco 49ers
    • \n
  • \n Pittsburgh Steelers
    • \n
  • \n Houston Oilers / Texans
    • \n
\n
\n Division championships ( 23 ) \n
    \n
  • \n 1967
    • \n
  • \n 1968
    • \n
  • \n 1969
    • \n
  • \n 1970
    • \n
  • \n 1971
    • \n
  • \n 1972
    • \n
  • \n 1973
    • \n
  • \n 1976
    • \n
  • \n 1977
    • \n
  • \n 1978
    • \n
  • \n 1979
    • \n
  • \n 1981
    • \n
  • \n 1985
    • \n
  • \n 1992
    • \n
  • \n 1993
    • \n
  • \n 1994
    • \n
  • \n 1995
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1998
    • \n
  • \n 2007
    • \n
  • \n 2009
    • \n
  • \n 2014
    • \n
  • \n 2016
    • \n
\n
\n Conference championships ( 10 ) \n
    \n
  • \n 1966
    • \n
  • \n 1967
    • \n
  • \n 1970
    • \n
  • \n 1971
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1977
    • \n
  • \n 1978
    • \n
  • \n 1992
    • \n
  • \n 1993
    • \n
  • \n 1995
    • \n
\n
\n League Championships ( 5 ) \n
    \n
  • \n 1971 ( VI )
    • \n
  • \n 1977 ( XII )
    • \n
  • \n 1992 ( XXVII )
    • \n
  • \n 1993 ( XXVIII )
    • \n
  • \n 1995 ( XXX )
    • \n
\n
\n Media \n
    \n
  • \n Broadcasters
    • \n
  • \n Radio network
    • \n
  • \n KRLD - FM
    • \n
  • \n Brad Sham
    • \n
  • \n Babe Laufenberg
    • \n
\n
\n Current league affiliations \n
    \n
  • \n League : National Football League
    • \n
  • \n Conference : National Football Conference
    • \n
  • \n Division : East Division
    • \n
\n
\n Seasons ( 58 ) \n
    \n
  • \n 1960
    • \n
  • \n 1961
    • \n
  • \n 1962
    • \n
  • \n 1963
    • \n
  • \n 1964
    • \n
  • \n 1965
    • \n
  • \n 1966
    • \n
  • \n 1967
    • \n
  • \n 1968
    • \n
  • \n 1969
    • \n
  • \n 1970
    • \n
  • \n 1971
    • \n
  • \n 1972
    • \n
  • \n 1973
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1976
    • \n
  • \n 1977
    • \n
  • \n 1978
    • \n
  • \n 1979
    • \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n 1981
    • \n
  • \n 1982
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1984
    • \n
  • \n 1985
    • \n
  • \n 1986
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1988
    • \n
  • \n 1989
    • \n
  • \n 1990
    • \n
  • \n 1991
    • \n
  • \n 1992
    • \n
  • \n 1993
    • \n
  • \n 1994
    • \n
  • \n 1995
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1997
    • \n
  • \n 1998
    • \n
  • \n 1999
    • \n
  • \n 2000
    • \n
  • \n 2001
    • \n
  • \n 2002
    • \n
  • \n 2003
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2005
    • \n
  • \n 2006
    • \n
  • \n 2007
    • \n
  • \n 2008
    • \n
  • \n 2009
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2011
    • \n
  • \n 2012
    • \n
  • \n 2013
    • \n
  • \n 2014
    • \n
  • \n 2015
    • \n
  • \n 2016
    • \n
  • \n 2017
    • \n
\n
\n Championship seasons in bold
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Dallas Cowboys seasons
\n
    \n
  • \n 1960
    • \n
  • \n 1961
    • \n
  • \n 1962
    • \n
  • \n 1963
    • \n
  • \n 1964
    • \n
  • \n 1965
    • \n
  • \n 1966
    • \n
  • \n 1967
    • \n
  • \n 1968
    • \n
  • \n 1969
    • \n
  • \n 1970
    • \n
  • \n 1971
    • \n
  • \n 1972
    • \n
  • \n 1973
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1976
    • \n
  • \n 1977
    • \n
  • \n 1978
    • \n
  • \n 1979
    • \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n 1981
    • \n
  • \n 1982
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1984
    • \n
  • \n 1985
    • \n
  • \n 1986
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1988
    • \n
  • \n 1989
    • \n
  • \n 1990
    • \n
  • \n 1991
    • \n
  • \n 1992
    • \n
  • \n 1993
    • \n
  • \n 1994
    • \n
  • \n 1995
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1997
    • \n
  • \n 1998
    • \n
  • \n 1999
    • \n
  • \n 2000
    • \n
  • \n 2001
    • \n
  • \n 2002
    • \n
  • \n 2003
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2005
    • \n
  • \n 2006
    • \n
  • \n 2007
    • \n
  • \n 2008
    • \n
  • \n 2009
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2011
    • \n
  • \n 2012
    • \n
  • \n 2013
    • \n
  • \n 2014
    • \n
  • \n 2015
    • \n
  • \n 2016
    • \n
  • \n 2017
    • \n
  • \n 2018
    • \n
\n
\n Bold indicates Super Bowl victory Italics indicates Super Bowl appearance
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n NFL team season lists
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n American Football Conference
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n AFC East \n AFC North \n AFC South \n AFC West
\n
    \n
  • \n Buffalo Bills
    • \n
  • \n Miami Dolphins
    • \n
  • \n New England Patriots
    • \n
  • \n New York Jets
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Baltimore Ravens
    • \n
  • \n Cincinnati Bengals
    • \n
  • \n Cleveland Browns
    • \n
  • \n Pittsburgh Steelers
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Houston Texans
    • \n
  • \n Indianapolis Colts
    • \n
  • \n Jacksonville Jaguars
    • \n
  • \n Tennessee Titans
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Denver Broncos
    • \n
  • \n Kansas City Chiefs
    • \n
  • \n Los Angeles Chargers
    • \n
  • \n Oakland Raiders
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n National Football Conference
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n NFC East \n NFC North \n NFC South \n NFC West
\n
    \n
  • \n Dallas Cowboys
    • \n
  • \n New York Giants
    • \n
  • \n Philadelphia Eagles
    • \n
  • \n Washington Redskins
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Chicago Bears
    • \n
  • \n Detroit Lions
    • \n
  • \n Green Bay Packers
    • \n
  • \n Minnesota Vikings
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Atlanta Falcons
    • \n
  • \n Carolina Panthers
    • \n
  • \n New Orleans Saints
    • \n
  • \n Tampa Bay Buccaneers
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Arizona Cardinals
    • \n
  • \n Los Angeles Rams
    • \n
  • \n San Francisco 49ers
    • \n
  • \n Seattle Seahawks
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dallas_Cowboys_seasons&oldid=836461504 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "when did the dallas cowboys win their last playoff game", "long_answers": ["Season Team League Conference Division Regular season Postseason Results Awards Head coaches Finish Wins Losses Ties 1960 1960 NFL Western 7th 0 11 Tom Landry 1961 1961 NFL Eastern 6th 9 Tom Landry 1962 1962 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 Tom Landry 1963 1963 NFL Eastern 5th 10 0 Tom Landry 1964 1964 NFL Eastern 5th 5 8 Tom Landry 1965 1965 NFL Eastern 2nd 7 7 0 Tom Landry 1966 1966 NFL Eastern 1st 10 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 34 -- 27 Tom Landry ( COY ) Tom Landry 1967 1967 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 9 5 0 Won Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 52 -- 14 Lost NFL Championship Game ( Packers ) 21 -- 17 Tom Landry 1968 1968 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 12 0 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 31 -- 20 Tom Landry 1969 1969 NFL Eastern Capitol 1st 11 Lost Conference Playoffs ( Browns ) 38 -- 14 Calvin Hill ( OROY ) Tom Landry 1970 1970 NFL NFC East 1st 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 5 -- 0 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 17 -- 10 Lost Super Bowl V ( Colts ) 16 -- 13 Chuck Howley ( SB MVP ) Tom Landry 1971 1971 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 20 -- 12 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 14 -- 3 Won Super Bowl VI ( 1 ) ( Dolphins ) 24 -- 3 Roger Staubach ( SB MVP ) Tom Landry 1972 1972 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( 49ers ) 30 -- 28 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 26 -- 3 Tom Landry 1973 1973 NFL NFC East 1st 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 27 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 3rd 8 6 0 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 2nd 10 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 17 -- 14 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 37 -- 7 Lost Super Bowl X ( Steelers ) 21 -- 17 Tom Landry 1976 1976 NFL NFC East 1st 11 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 14 -- 12 Tom Landry 1977 1977 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Bears ) 37 -- 7 Won Conference Championship ( Vikings ) 23 -- 6 Won Super Bowl XII ( 2 ) ( Broncos ) 27 -- 10 Tony Dorsett ( OROY ) Harvey Martin ( DPOY , SB MVP ) Randy White ( SB MVP ) Tom Landry 1978 1978 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 27 -- 20 Won Conference Championship ( Rams ) 28 -- 0 Lost Super Bowl XIII ( Steelers ) 35 -- 31 Tom Landry 1979 1979 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 21 -- 19 Tom Landry 1980 1980 NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 34 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Falcons ) 30 -- 27 Lost Conference Championship ( Eagles ) 20 -- 7 Tom Landry 1981 1981 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 38 -- 0 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 28 -- 27 Tom Landry 1982 1982 NFL NFC 2nd 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Buccaneers ) 30 -- 17 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 37 -- 26 Lost Conference Championship ( Redskins ) 31 -- 17 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 2nd 12 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Rams ) 24 -- 17 Tom Landry 1984 1984 NFL NFC East 4th 9 7 0 Tom Landry 1985 1985 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Rams ) 20 -- 0 Tom Landry 1986 1986 NFL NFC East 3rd 7 9 0 Tom Landry NFL NFC East 4th 7 8 0 Tom Landry 1988 1988 NFL NFC East 5th 13 0 Tom Landry 1989 1989 NFL NFC East 5th 15 0 Jimmy Johnson 1990 1990 NFL NFC East 4th 7 9 0 Emmitt Smith ( OROY ) Jimmy Johnson ( COY ) Jimmy Johnson 1991 1991 NFL NFC East 2nd 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Bears ) 17 -- 13 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Lions ) 38 -- 6 Jimmy Johnson 1992 1992 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 10 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 30 -- 20 Won Super Bowl XXVII ( 3 ) ( Bills ) 52 -- 17 Troy Aikman ( SB MVP ) Jimmy Johnson 1993 1993 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 27 -- 17 Won Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 21 Won Super Bowl XXVIII ( 4 ) ( Bills ) 30 -- 13 Emmitt Smith ( MVP , SB MVP ) Jimmy Johnson 1994 1994 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 35 -- 9 Lost Conference Championship ( 49ers ) 38 -- 28 Barry Switzer 1995 1995 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Divisional Playoffs ( Eagles ) 30 -- 11 Won Conference Championship ( Packers ) 38 -- 27 Won Super Bowl XXX ( 5 ) ( Steelers ) 27 -- 17 Larry Brown ( SB MVP ) Barry Switzer NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 40 -- 15 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Panthers ) 26 -- 17 Barry Switzer 1997 1997 NFL NFC East 4th 6 10 0 Barry Switzer 1998 1998 NFL NFC East 1st 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Cardinals ) 20 -- 7 Chan Gailey 1999 1999 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Vikings ) 27 -- 10 Chan Gailey 2000 2000 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2001 2001 NFL NFC East 5th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2002 2002 NFL NFC East 4th 5 11 0 Dave Campo 2003 2003 NFL NFC East 2nd 10 6 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Panthers ) 29 -- 10 Bill Parcells NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Bill Parcells 2005 2005 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Bill Parcells 2006 2006 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Lost Wild Card Playoffs ( Seahawks ) 21 -- 20 Bill Parcells 2007 2007 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Giants ) 21 -- 17 Greg Ellis ( CBPOY ) Wade Phillips 2008 2008 NFL NFC East 3rd 9 7 0 Wade Phillips 2009 2009 NFL NFC East 1st 11 5 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Eagles ) 34 -- 14 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Vikings ) 34 -- 3 Wade Phillips NFL NFC East 3rd 6 10 0 Wade Phillips ( 1 -- 7 ) Jason Garrett ( 5 -- 3 ) 2011 2011 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Garrett 2012 2012 NFL NFC East 3rd 8 8 0 Jason Witten ( WP MOY ) Jason Garrett 2013 2013 NFL NFC East 2nd 8 8 0 Jason Garrett 2014 2014 NFL NFC East 1st 12 0 Won Wild Card Playoffs ( Lions ) 24 -- 20 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 26 -- 21 DeMarco Murray ( OPOY ) Jason Garrett 2015 2015 NFL NFC East 4th 12 0 Jason Garrett 2016 2016 NFL NFC East 1st 13 0 Lost Divisional Playoffs ( Packers ) 34 -- 31 Dak Prescott ( OROY ) Jason Garrett ( COY ) Jason Garrett 2017 2017 NFL NFC East 2nd 9 7 0 Jason Garrett Total 502 374 6 All - time regular season record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 34 27 0 All - time postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 536 401 6 All - time regular season and postseason record ( 1960 -- 2017 ) 5 NFL Championships , 10 Conference Championships , 22 Divisional Championships\n"], "short_answers": ["2014\n", "2016\n", "2014\n", "2014\n"]} {"text": "Coco ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia

\n Coco ( 2017 film )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Coco
\n Theatrical release poster
\n Directed by \n Lee Unkrich
\n Produced by \n Darla K. Anderson
\n Screenplay by \n
    \n
  • \n Adrian Molina
    • \n
  • \n Matthew Aldrich
    • \n
\n
\n Story by \n
    \n
  • \n Lee Unkrich
    • \n
  • \n Jason Katz
    • \n
  • \n Matthew Aldrich
    • \n
  • \n Adrian Molina
    • \n
\n
\n Starring \n
    \n
  • \n Anthony Gonzalez
    • \n
  • \n Gael Garc\u00eda Bernal
    • \n
  • \n Benjamin Bratt
    • \n
  • \n Alanna Ubach
    • \n
  • \n Ren\u00e9e Victor
    • \n
  • \n Ana Ofelia Murgu\u00eda
    • \n
  • \n Edward James Olmos
    • \n
\n
\n Music by \n Michael Giacchino
\n Cinematography \n
    \n
  • \n Matt Aspbury
    • \n
  • \n Danielle Feinberg
    • \n
\n
\n Edited by \n
    \n
  • \n Steve Bloom
    • \n
  • \n Lee Unkrich
    • \n
\n
\n Production company \n
    \n
  • \n Walt Disney Pictures
    • \n
  • \n Pixar Animation Studios
    • \n
\n
\n Distributed by \n Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
\n Release date \n
    \n
  • \n October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) ( Morelia )
    • \n
  • \n November 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) ( United States )
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Running time \n 109 minutes
\n Country \n United States
\n Language \n English
\n Budget \n $175 -- 200 million
\n Box office \n $590.4 million
\n

\n Coco is a 2017 American 3D computer - animated musical fantasy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures . Based on an original idea by Lee Unkrich , it is directed by Unkrich and co-directed by Adrian Molina . The story follows a 12 - year - old boy named Miguel Rivera who is accidentally transported to the land of the dead , where he seeks the help of his deceased musician great - great - grandfather to return him to his family among the living .

\n

\n The concept of the film is based on the Mexican holiday of the Day of the Dead . The film was scripted by Molina and Matthew Aldrich from a story by Unkrich , Jason Katz , Aldrich and Molina . Pixar began developing the animation in 2016 ; Unkrich and some of the film 's crew visited Mexico for inspiration . Composer Michael Giacchino , who had worked on prior Pixar animated features , composed the score . The film 's voice cast stars Anthony Gonzalez , Gael Garc\u00eda Bernal , Benjamin Bratt , Alanna Ubach , Ren\u00e9e Victor , Ana Ofelia Murgu\u00eda , and Edward James Olmos . It is the first - ever film with a nine - digit budget to feature an all - Latino cast , with a cost of $175 -- 200 million .

\n

\n Coco premiered on October 20 , 2017 during the Morelia International Film Festival in Morelia , Mexico . It was theatrically released in Mexico the following week , the weekend before D\u00eda de los Muertos , and became the highest - grossing film of all - time in the country . It was released in the United States on November 22 , 2017 , and has grossed over $590 million worldwide . The film received praise for its animation , vocal performances , musical score , songs , emotional story and respect to Mexican culture . It earned numerous accolades , was chosen by the National Board of Review as the best animated film of 2017 , and received Critics ' Choice Movie Award , Annie Award and BAFTA Award nominations for Best Animated Feature Film . It also won for Best Animated Feature Film and was nominated for Best Original Song ( `` Remember Me '' ) at the 75th Golden Globe Awards .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Plot

\n

\n In Santa Cecilia , Mexico , Imelda Rivera was the wife of a musician . Imelda 's husband left her and her daughter , Coco , to pursue a career in music . She banned music in the family and opened a shoemaking family business . In the present , her great - great - grandson , Miguel , now lives with the elderly Coco and their family . He secretly dreams of becoming a musician like Ernesto de la Cruz , a popular actor and singer of Imelda 's generation . One day , Miguel inadvertently damages the photo of Imelda at the center of the family ofrenda and removes it , discovering that her husband ( whose face is torn out ) was holding Ernesto 's famous guitar .

\n

\n Concluding that he is Ernesto 's descendant , Miguel argues with his grandmother Elena and he leaves to enter a talent show for the Day of the Dead . He enters Ernesto 's mausoleum and steals his guitar to use in the show , but becomes invisible to everyone in the village plaza . However , he can see and be seen by his Xoloitzcuintli dog Dante and his skeletal dead relatives who are visiting from the Land of the Dead for the holiday . Taking him there , they realize that Imelda can not visit as Miguel removed her photo from the ofrenda . Discovering that he is cursed for stealing from the dead , Miguel must return to the Land of the Living before sunrise or he will become one of the dead : to do so , he must receive a blessing from a member of his family using an Aztec marigold petal that can undo the curse placed upon him by stealing Ernesto 's guitar . Imelda offers Miguel a blessing but on the condition that he abandon his musical pursuits when he returns to the Land of the Living ; Miguel refuses and attempts to seek Ernesto 's blessing .

\n

\n Miguel encounters H\u00e9ctor , a down - on - his - luck skeleton who once played with Ernesto and offers to help Miguel reach him . In return , H\u00e9ctor asks Miguel to take his photo back to the Land of the Living so he can visit his daughter before she forgets him and he disappears completely . H\u00e9ctor attempts to return Miguel to his relatives , but Miguel escapes and infiltrates Ernesto 's mansion , learning along the way that an old friendship between the two deteriorated before H\u00e9ctor 's death . Ernesto welcomes Miguel as his descendant , but H\u00e9ctor confronts them , imploring Miguel to take his photo . H\u00e9ctor soon realizes that Ernesto poisoned him to death and stole the songs he had written , passing them off as his own to become famous . Ernesto steals H\u00e9ctor 's photo and has him and Miguel thrown into a cenote pit .

\n

\n Miguel realizes that H\u00e9ctor is his actual great - great - grandfather and that Coco is his daughter , the only living person who still remembers him . With the help of Dante -- revealed to be an alebrije -- the dead Riveras find and rescue them . Miguel reveals that H\u00e9ctor 's decision to return home to her and Coco resulted in his death , and Imelda and H\u00e9ctor reconcile . They infiltrate Ernesto 's sunrise concert to retrieve H\u00e9ctor 's photo from Ernesto and expose his corruption . Ernesto is crushed by a falling church bell as in his previous life , but the photo falls into the water and disappears .

\n

\n As the sun rises , H\u00e9ctor is in danger of being forgotten and disappearing . Imelda blesses Miguel without conditions so he can return to the Land of the Living , where he plays a song for Coco that H\u00e9ctor wrote for her during her childhood . The song sparks her memory of H\u00e9ctor and revitalizes her , and she gives Miguel the torn - out piece of the photo from the ofrenda , which shows H\u00e9ctor 's face . Elena reconciles with Miguel , accepting both him and music back into the family .

\n

\n One year later , Miguel proudly presents the family ofrenda -- featuring a photo of the now deceased Coco -- to his new baby sister . Letters saved by Coco contain proof that Ernesto stole H\u00e9ctor 's music ; as a result , Ernesto 's legacy is destroyed and the public honors H\u00e9ctor in his place . In the Land of the Dead , H\u00e9ctor and Imelda join Coco for a visit to the living Riveras as Miguel sings and plays for his relatives , both dead and living .

\n

\n Cast

\n \n

\n Production

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 )
\n

\n Lee Unkrich first pitched an idea for the film in 2010 , when Toy Story 3 , which he also directed , was released . Initially the film was to be about an American child , learning about his Mexican heritage , while dealing with the death of his mother . Eventually the team realized that this was the wrong approach and reformed the film to focus on a Mexican child instead . Of the original version Unkrich noted that it `` reflected the fact that none of us at the time were from Mexico . '' The fact that the film depicted `` a real culture '' caused anxiety for Unkrich who `` felt an enormous responsibility on my shoulders to do it right . ''

\n

\n The Pixar team made several trips to Mexico to help define the characters and story of Coco . Unkrich said , `` I 'd seen it portrayed in folk art . It was something about the juxtaposition of skeletons with bright , festive colors that captured my imagination . It has led me down a winding path of discovery . And the more I learn about ( el ) D\u00eda de los Muertos , the more it affects me deeply . '' The team found it difficult working with skeletal creatures , as they lacked any muscular system , and as such had to be animated differently from their human counterparts .

\n

\n On April 13 , 2016 , Unkrich announced that they had begun work on the animation . The film 's writer , Adrian Molina , was promoted to co-director in 2016 .

\n

\n Disney made a request to trademark the phrase `` D\u00eda de los Muertos '' for merchandising applications . This was met with criticism from the Mexican American community in the United States . Lalo Alcaraz , a Mexican American cartoonist , who drew a film poster , titled `` Muerto Mouse '' , depicting a skeletal Godzilla - sized Mickey Mouse with the byline `` It 's coming to trademark your cultura . '' More than 21,000 people signed a petition on Change.org stating that the trademark was `` cultural appropriation and exploitation at its worst . '' A week later , Disney cancelled the attempt , with the official statement saying that the `` trademark filing was intended to protect any title for our film and related activities . It has since been determined that the title of the film will change , and therefore we are withdrawing our trademark filing . '' In 2015 , Pixar hired Alcaraz to consult on the film , joining playwright Octavio Solis and former CEO of the Mexican Heritage Corp . Marcela Davison Aviles , to form a cultural consultant group .

\n

\n Soundtrack

\n

\n The film 's score was composed by Michael Giacchino . Germaine Franco , Adrian Molina , Robert Lopez , and Kristen Anderson - Lopez wrote the songs . Recording for the score began on August 14 , 2017 . The score was released on November 10 , 2017 .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Coco ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack )
\n Soundtrack album by Various Artists
\n Released \n November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 )
\n Genre \n Mariachi , Salsa , Bolero , Flamenco , Pop , Mexican Son
\n Length \n 78 : 17
\n Label \n Walt Disney
\n Pixar chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Cars 3 2017 \n Coco ( 2017 ) \n Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Incredibles 2 2018
\n
\n

\n All music composed by Michael Giacchino except where indicated .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n Title \n Writer ( s ) \n Performer ( s ) \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` Remember Me '' \n Kristen Anderson - Lopez & Robert Lopez \n Benjamin Bratt \n 1 : 49
\n 2 . \n `` Much Needed Advice '' \n Germaine Franco , Michael Giacchino , & Adrian Molina \n Bratt & Antonio Sol \n 1 : 46
\n 3 . \n `` Everyone Knows Juanita '' \n Franco & Molina \n Gael Garc\u00eda Bernal \n 1 : 15
\n 4 . \n `` Un Poco Loco '' \n Franco & Molina \n Garc\u00eda Bernal & Anthony Gonzalez \n 1 : 52
\n 5 . \n `` J\u00e1lale ( Instrumental ) '' \n Holger Beier , Pat Beier , & Camilo Lara \n Mexican Institute of Sound \n 2 : 55
\n 6 . \n `` The World Es Mi Familia '' \n Franco & Molina \n Gonzalez & Sol \n 0 : 51
\n 7 . \n `` Remember Me ( Lullaby ) '' \n Anderson - Lopez & Lopez \n Garc\u00eda Bernal , Gabriella Flores & Libertad Garc\u00eda Fonzi \n 1 : 10
\n 8 . \n `` La Llorona '' \n Traditional \n Sol & Alanna Ubach \n 2 : 46
\n 9 . \n `` Remember Me ( Reunion ) '' \n Anderson - Lopez & Lopez \n Gonzalez & Ana Ofelia Murgu\u00eda \n 1 : 14
\n 10 . \n `` Proud Coraz\u00f3n '' \n Franco & Molina \n Gonzalez \n 2 : 04
\n 11 . \n `` Remember Me ( D\u00fao ) '' \n Anderson - Lopez & Lopez \n Natalia Lafourcade & Miguel \n 2 : 44
\n 12 . \n `` Will He Shoemaker ? '' \n \n \n 3 : 18
\n 13 . \n `` Shrine and Dash '' \n \n \n 1 : 24
\n 14 . \n `` Miguel 's Got an Axe to Find '' \n \n \n 1 : 17
\n 15 . \n `` The Strum of Destiny '' \n \n \n 1 : 10
\n 16 . \n `` It 's All Relative '' \n \n \n 2 : 38
\n 17 . \n `` Crossing the Marigold Bridge '' \n \n \n 1 : 49
\n 18 . \n `` Dept. of Family Reunions '' \n \n \n 2 : 45
\n 19 . \n `` The Skeleton Key to Escape '' \n \n \n 1 : 10
\n 20 . \n `` The Newbie Skeleton Walk '' \n \n \n 1 : 08
\n 21 . \n `` Adi\u00f3s Chicharr\u00f3n '' \n \n \n 1 : 45
\n 22 . \n `` Plaza de la Cruz '' \n \n \n 0 : 21
\n 23 . \n `` Family Doubtings '' \n \n \n 2 : 24
\n 24 . \n `` Taking Sides '' \n \n \n 0 : 57
\n 25 . \n `` Fiesta Espactacular '' \n \n \n 0 : 56
\n 26 . \n `` Fiesta con de la Cruz '' \n \n \n 2 : 33
\n 27 . \n `` I Have a Great - Great - Grandson '' \n \n \n 1 : 15
\n 28 . \n `` A Blessing and a Fessing '' \n \n \n 4 : 45
\n 29 . \n `` Cave Dwelling on the Past '' \n \n \n 2 : 22
\n 30 . \n `` Somos Familia '' \n \n \n 2 : 21
\n 31 . \n `` Reuni\u00f3n Familiar de Rivera '' \n \n \n 3 : 04
\n 32 . \n `` A Family Dysfunction '' \n \n \n 2 : 00
\n 33 . \n `` Grabbing a Photo Opportunity '' \n \n \n 1 : 47
\n 34 . \n `` The Show Must Go On '' \n \n \n 2 : 32
\n 35 . \n `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' \n \n \n 2 : 02
\n 36 . \n `` A Run for the Ages '' \n \n \n 1 : 50
\n 37 . \n `` One Year Later '' \n \n \n 1 : 00
\n 38 . \n `` Coco -- D\u00eda de los Muertos Suite '' \n \n \n 5 : 47
\n Total length : \n 78 : 17
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( show ) Banda Sonora Original
\n No . \n Title \n Writer ( s ) \n Performer ( s ) \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` Recu\u00e9rdame ( Interpretada por Ernesto De la Cruz ) '' \n Kristen Anderson - Lopez & Robert Lopez \n Marco Antonio Sol\u00eds \n 1 : 49
\n 2 . \n `` Dueto a Trav\u00e9s del Tiempo '' \n Germaine Franco , Michael Giacchino , & Adrian Molina \n Sol\u00eds \n 1 : 45
\n 3 . \n `` Juanita '' \n Franco & Molina \n Gael Garc\u00eda Bernal \n 1 : 15
\n 4 . \n `` Un Poco Loco '' \n Franco & Molina \n Garc\u00eda Bernal & Luis \u00c1ngel G\u00f3mez Jaramillo \n 1 : 52
\n 5 . \n `` J\u00e1lale ( Instrumental ) '' \n Holger Beier , Pat Beier , & Camilo Lara \n Mexican Institute of Sound \n 2 : 54
\n 6 . \n `` El Mundo es mi Familia '' \n Franco & Molina \n G\u00f3mez Jaramillo & Sol\u00eds \n 0 : 50
\n 7 . \n `` Recu\u00e9rdame ( Arrullo ) '' \n Anderson - Lopez & Lopez \n Garc\u00eda Bernal & Lucy Hern\u00e1ndez \n 1 : 09
\n 8 . \n `` La Llorona '' \n Traditional \n Sol\u00eds & Ang\u00e9lica Vale \n 2 : 45
\n 9 . \n `` Recu\u00e9rdame ( Reencuentro ) '' \n Anderson - Lopez & Lopez \n Roc\u00edo Garcel & G\u00f3mez Jaramillo \n 1 : 13
\n 10 . \n `` El Latido de mi Coraz\u00f3n '' \n Franco & Molina \n G\u00f3mez Jaramillo \n 2 : 01
\n 11 . \n `` Recu\u00e9rdame '' \n Anderson - Lopez & Lopez \n Carlos Rivera \n 2 : 43
\n 12 . \n `` Remember Me ( D\u00fao ) '' \n Anderson - Lopez & Lopez \n Natalia Lafourcade & Miguel \n 2 : 44
\n 13 . \n `` El corrido de Miguel Rivera ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' \n \n Bronco \n 3 : 57
\n 14 . \n `` La bikina ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' \n Rub\u00e9n Fuentes \n Karol Sevilla \n 2 : 56
\n 15 . \n `` B\u00e9same mucho ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' \n Consuelo Vel\u00e1zquez \n Jorge Blanco \n 2 : 57
\n 16 . \n `` Un mundo raro ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' \n \n La Santa Cecilia \n 3 : 27
\n 17 . \n `` Recu\u00e9rdame ( Solo ) ( Inspirado en `` Coco '' ) '' \n Anderson - Lopez & Lopez \n Lafourcade \n 2 : 43
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( show ) Banda Sonora Original ( Disc 2 )
\n No . \n Title \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` Will He Shoemaker ? '' \n 3 : 18
\n 2 . \n `` Shrine and Dash '' \n 1 : 24
\n 3 . \n `` Miguel 's Got an Axe to Find '' \n 1 : 17
\n 4 . \n `` The Strum of Destiny '' \n 1 : 10
\n 5 . \n `` It 's All Relative '' \n 2 : 38
\n 6 . \n `` Crossing the Marigold Bridge '' \n 1 : 49
\n 7 . \n `` Dept. of Family Reunions '' \n 2 : 45
\n 8 . \n `` The Skeleton Key to Escape '' \n 1 : 10
\n 9 . \n `` The Newbie Skeleton Walk '' \n 1 : 08
\n 10 . \n `` Adi\u00f3s Chicharr\u00f3n '' \n 1 : 45
\n 11 . \n `` Plaza de la Cruz '' \n 0 : 21
\n 12 . \n `` Family Doubtings '' \n 2 : 24
\n 13 . \n `` Taking Sides '' \n 0 : 57
\n 14 . \n `` Fiesta Espactacular '' \n 0 : 56
\n 15 . \n `` Fiesta con de la Cruz '' \n 2 : 33
\n 16 . \n `` I Have a Great - Great - Grandson '' \n 1 : 15
\n 17 . \n `` A Blessing and a Fessing '' \n 4 : 45
\n 18 . \n `` Cave Dwelling on the Past '' \n 2 : 22
\n 19 . \n `` Somos Familia '' \n 2 : 21
\n 20 . \n `` Reuni\u00f3n Familiar de Rivera '' \n 3 : 04
\n 21 . \n `` A Family Dysfunction '' \n 2 : 00
\n 22 . \n `` Grabbing a Photo Opportunity '' \n 1 : 47
\n 23 . \n `` The Show Must Go On '' \n 2 : 32
\n 24 . \n `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' \n 2 : 02
\n 25 . \n `` A Run for the Ages '' \n 1 : 50
\n 26 . \n `` One Year Later '' \n 1 : 00
\n 27 . \n `` Coco -- D\u00eda de los Muertos Suite '' \n 5 : 47
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( show ) Banda Sonora Original em Portugu\u00eas
\n No . \n Title \n Writer ( s ) \n Performer ( s ) \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` Lembra - te de Mim ( Ernesto de la Cruz ) '' \n Kristen Anderson - Lopez & Robert Lopez \n M\u00e1rio Redondo \n 1 : 49
\n 2 . \n `` Conselho Muito Necess\u00e1rio '' \n Germaine Franco , Michael Giacchino , & Adrian Molina \n Redondo \n 1 : 45
\n 3 . \n `` Quem N\u00e3o Conhece a Juanita ? '' \n Franco & Molina \n Pedro Leit\u00e3o \n 1 : 15
\n 4 . \n `` Un Poco Loco '' \n Franco & Molina \n Joao Pedro Gon\u00e7alves & Leit\u00e3o \n 1 : 52
\n 5 . \n `` J\u00e1lale ( Instrumental ) '' \n Holger Beier , Pat Beier , & Camilo Lara \n Mexican Institute of Sound \n 2 : 54
\n 6 . \n `` O Mundo es Mi Fam\u00edlia '' \n Franco & Molina \n Gon\u00e7alves & Redondo \n 0 : 50
\n 7 . \n `` Lembra - te de Mim ( Can\u00e7\u00e3o de Embalar ) '' \n Anderson - Lopez & Lopez \n Leit\u00e3o & Maria Galante \n 1 : 09
\n 8 . \n `` La Llorona '' \n Traditional \n Alanna Ubach & Antonio Sol \n 2 : 45
\n 9 . \n `` Lembra - te de Mim ( Reuni\u00e3o ) '' \n Anderson - Lopez & Lopez \n Gon\u00e7alves & Ermelinda Duarte \n 1 : 13
\n 10 . \n `` Pulsar do Meu Coraz\u00f3n '' \n Franco & Molina \n Gon\u00e7alves \n 2 : 03
\n 11 . \n `` Remember Me ( D\u00fao ) '' \n Anderson - Lopez & Lopez \n Natalia Lafourcade & Miguel \n 2 : 44
\n 12 . \n `` Will He Shoemaker ? '' \n \n \n 3 : 18
\n 13 . \n `` Shrine and Dash '' \n \n \n 1 : 24
\n 14 . \n `` Miguel 's Got an Axe to Find '' \n \n \n 1 : 17
\n 15 . \n `` The Strum of Destiny '' \n \n \n 1 : 10
\n 16 . \n `` It 's All Relative '' \n \n \n 2 : 38
\n 17 . \n `` Crossing the Marigold Bridge '' \n \n \n 1 : 49
\n 18 . \n `` Dept. of Family Reunions '' \n \n \n 2 : 45
\n 19 . \n `` The Skeleton Key to Escape '' \n \n \n 1 : 10
\n 20 . \n `` The Newbie Skeleton Walk '' \n \n \n 1 : 08
\n 21 . \n `` Adi\u00f3s Chicharr\u00f3n '' \n \n \n 1 : 45
\n 22 . \n `` Plaza de la Cruz '' \n \n \n 0 : 21
\n 23 . \n `` Family Doubtings '' \n \n \n 2 : 24
\n 24 . \n `` Taking Sides '' \n \n \n 0 : 57
\n 25 . \n `` Fiesta Espactacular '' \n \n \n 0 : 56
\n 26 . \n `` Fiesta con de la Cruz '' \n \n \n 2 : 33
\n 27 . \n `` I Have a Great - Great - Grandson '' \n \n \n 1 : 15
\n 28 . \n `` A Blessing and a Fessing '' \n \n \n 4 : 45
\n 29 . \n `` Cave Dwelling on the Past '' \n \n \n 2 : 22
\n 30 . \n `` Somos Familia '' \n \n \n 2 : 21
\n 31 . \n `` Reuni\u00f3n Familiar de Rivera '' \n \n \n 3 : 04
\n 32 . \n `` A Family Dysfunction '' \n \n \n 2 : 00
\n 33 . \n `` Grabbing a Photo Opportunity '' \n \n \n 1 : 47
\n 34 . \n `` The Show Must Go On '' \n \n \n 2 : 32
\n 35 . \n `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' \n \n \n 2 : 02
\n 36 . \n `` A Run for the Ages '' \n \n \n 1 : 50
\n 37 . \n `` One Year Later '' \n \n \n 1 : 00
\n 38 . \n `` Coco -- D\u00eda de los Muertos Suite '' \n \n \n 5 : 47
\n

\n Release

\n

\n Coco was released in Mexico on October 27 , 2017 , the weekend before D\u00eda de Muertos . The film was released in the United States on November 22 , 2017 , during the Thanksgiving weekend , and three weeks after D\u00eda de Muertos , and will be released in the United Kingdom on January 19 , 2018 . The film was released in a crowded market , preceded by Thor : Ragnarok , Justice League and another animated film , The Star , and followed by Star Wars : The Last Jedi and another animated film , Ferdinand three weeks after Thanksgiving . It is one of the three Disney film productions being released in the November -- December corridor . It is the second Pixar offering of the year , following Cars 3 , with 2017 being the second year Pixar released two films , after 2015 ( with Inside Out and The Good Dinosaur ) . The film was accompanied in theaters by Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 21 - minute featurette Olaf 's Frozen Adventure as a limited time offering , featuring the characters from Frozen , making Coco the first musical film not to be accompanied by a Pixar short in theaters since their first , Toy Story , in 1995 .

\n

\n Marketing

\n

\n The first teaser trailer was released on March 15 , 2017 , two days before Disney 's Beauty and the Beast opened worldwide . The teaser trailer introduced the basic concept of the film , while highlighting its focus on music . Scott Mendelson of Forbes praised the trailer as `` a terrific old - school Pixar sell , mostly consisting of a single sequence and offering just the barest hint of what 's to come . '' The film 's themes and imagery drew comparison to another animated film that centered around D\u00eda de Muertos , The Book of Life ( 2014 ) . A two - minute short film , titled Dante 's Lunch -- A Short Tail , was released online on March 29 , 2017 . It introduces the film 's supporting character , a Xoloitzcuintle named Dante . The short was created early in the animation process by Unkrich and his team to have a better sense of the character . The first official trailer was released on June 7 , 2017 , followed by a second trailer on September 13 . The film was marketed extensively in Mexico , including traditional wall - painted advertising usually used for local events and never for films . A movie chain in the country held a contest for dubbing a character in the film , and another movie chain held a contest to become an interviewer for the cast and crew of the film .

\n

\n The film will also have its own VR game , Pixar 's first VR development .

\n

\n Reception

\n

\n Box Office

\n

\n As of January 7 , 2018 , Coco has grossed $191.9 million in the United States and Canada , and $398.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $590.4 million .

\n North america

\n In the United States and Canada , Coco was projected to gross $55 -- 65 million from 3,987 theaters in its first five days , including around $40 million in its opening weekend . It made $2.3 million from Tuesday night previews , landing between Disney 's previous two November releases Moana ( $2.6 million ) and The Good Dinosaur ( $1.3 million ) , and $13.2 million on its first day . It went on to debut to $50.8 million ( including a five - day total of $72.9 million ) , finishing first at the box office . It was the 4th - biggest Thanksgiving opening weekend ever , behind fellow animated films Frozen , Moana and Toy Story 2 . In its second weekend , the film dropped by 46 % to $27.5 million , a smaller drop than Moana , Frozen , Tangled , and The Good Dinosaur , and again topping the box office . It topped the box office once again in its third weekend , dropping by 33 % and grossing $18.5 million , a similar hold to Moana . It became the fourth film of 2017 to top the box office three times , following Split , The Fate of the Furious and The Hitman 's Bodyguard , before being overtaken by Disney 's own Star Wars : The Last Jedi and another animated film , Ferdinand , in its fourth weekend . It fell to number six in its fifth weekend , due to competition from three new releases -- Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle , Pitch Perfect 3 , and The Greatest Showman -- despite a small drop again ; it grossed $2.8 million on Christmas Day . On the holiday week of December 22 -- 28 , the film finished at number six with a gross of $16.3 million , which was 6 % up from the previous week , despite losing over 1,000 theaters .

\n Outside north america

\n Coco was released in Mexico on October 27 , nearly a month before its release in the United States . It grossed $9.3 million on its opening weekend , the biggest opening weekend for an original animated film and the biggest debut for an animated film outside of the summer movie season in the market . In its second weekend , it earned another $10.8 million , a 12 % increase over its first weekend , bringing its total to $28 million . It became the fastest ten - day grosser ever for an animated feature in Mexico , as well as the biggest original animated release ever in the territory . It dropped by 23 % in its third weekend , grossing $8.4 million . That brought its total to MX $792 million ( US $41.4 million ) , making it the highest - grossing animated film and the second - highest grossing film of all time in Mexico , behind Disney 's own The Avengers , in local currency . A few days later , on November 15 , it passed The Avengers to become the highest - grossing film in the market of Mexico .

\n

\n In China , Coco finished number one at the weekend box office , with a three - day total of $18.2 million , making it the second - highest opening ever for a Disney or Pixar animated release in that market , behind Zootopia . After seeing increases each weekday on its first week , the film increased by 148 % on its second weekend , bringing its total to $75.6 million in the market . It dropped by 21 % in its third weekend , finishing first once again and grossing $35 million . The film fell to number three in its fourth weekend , due to competition from two new domestic releases , grossing an additional $17.1 million . Coco 's success in China came as a surprise to most box office analysts who were projecting a gross of $30 -- 40 million . By its second weekend , it had become the highest - grossing Pixar release ever in China , nearly doubling previous record - holder Finding Dory , and by its fifth weekend , it had surpassed Despicable Me 3 to become the second highest - grossing animated movie of all time in the country , behind Zootopia . As of December 25 , 2017 , the film 's largest markets were China ( $165.5 million ) , Mexico ( $57.6 million ) , France ( $17.7 million ) , Spain ( $12.2 million ) and Russia ( $9.2 million ) .

\n

\n Critical response

\n

\n On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 96 % , based on 224 reviews , with an average rating of 8.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Coco 's rich visual pleasures are matched by a thoughtful narrative that takes a family - friendly -- and deeply affecting -- approach to questions of culture , family , life , and death . '' It was the site 's highest - rated animated film and ninth highest - rated wide release of 2017 . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score of 81 out of 100 , based on 45 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A + '' on an A+ to F scale , one of fewer than 80 films in the history of the service to receive such a score . It is also the 6th Pixar film to earn the rating , and the first since Up in 2009 .

\n

\n Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` At every imaginative juncture , the filmmakers ( the screenplay is credited to Pixar veteran Molina and Matthew Aldrich ) create a richly woven tapestry of comprehensively researched storytelling , fully dimensional characters , clever touches both tender and amusingly macabre , and vivid , beautifully textured visuals . '' Robert Abele of TheWrap praised the film , saying : `` If an animated movie is going to offer children a way to process death , it 's hard to envision a more spirited , touching and breezily entertaining example than Coco . '' In his review for Variety , Peter Debruge wrote , `` In any case , it works : Coco 's creators clearly had the perfect ending in mind before they 'd nailed down all the other details , and though the movie drags in places , and features a few too many childish gags ... the story 's sincere emotional resolution earns the sobs it 's sure to inspire . '' Debruge also described the film as `` ( An ) effective yet hardly exceptional addition to the Pixar oeuvre . '' Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film four out of four stars , writing that `` There 's a touch of Japanese master Hayao Miyazaki in the film 's matter - of - fact depiction of the dead interacting with the living , as well as its portrayal of certain creatures '' such as Dante and Pepita . He concluded his review by stating , `` I had some minor quibbles about ( Coco ) while I was watching it , but I ca n't remember what they were . This film is a classic . ''

\n

\n Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film 3.5 stars out of four , calling it a `` loving tribute to Mexican culture '' , while praising the animation , vocal performances ( particularly Gonzalez , Bernal , and Bratt ) , and its emotional and thematic tone and depth . The Chicago Tribune 's Michael Phillips called the film `` vividly good , beautifully animated '' , praising Giacchino 's musical score and the songs , as well drawing a comparison to the emotional tone of Inside Out . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the film as `` a time - tested tune with captivating originality and flair , and with roving , playful pop - culture erudition '' , and called the film 's cultural vibe `` inclusive '' and `` a 21st - century Disney hallmark '' . Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times found the film to be `` full of life '' and deemed it `` a bouncy and heart - tugging adventure '' , while lauding the vocal performances as `` fantastic '' and `` first - rate '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today described the film as `` effervescent , clever and thoughtful , '' calling it one of `` Pixar 's most gorgeously animated outings '' , and `` the most musical Pixar film , with a host of catchy tunes '' . Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger wrote that the backgrounds `` have a vibrancy , and its atmosphere carries a warmth . And even after it 's done , both linger , just a bit -- like a perfectly struck guitar chord '' .

\n

\n Accolades

\n Main article : List of accolades received by Coco ( 2017 film )

\n Coco was nominated for various awards and won a number of them , including several for Best Animated Feature . The song `` Remember Me '' was particularly praised . At the 75th Golden Globe Awards , it was nominated for Best Animated Feature Film and Best Original Song . It led the 45th Annie Awards with most nominations , garnering thirteen , among them Best Animated Feature , Outstanding Achievement for Directing in an Animated Feature Production , Outstanding Achievement for Writing in an Animated Feature Production , and Outstanding Achievement for Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production for Gonzalez .

\n

\n See also

\n \n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ; Kit , Borys ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Incredibles 2 ' , ' Toy Story 4 ' Details Revealed at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Coco Award Categories '' . disneystudiosawards.com . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Hecht , John ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar 's ' Coco ' to World Premiere at Mexico 's Morelia Fest '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Coco '' . Morelia International Film Festival . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` COCO ( 2017 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 20 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` Thanksgiving B.O. At $268 M , + 3 % Over 2016 Spurred By ' Coco ' & Holdovers -- Sunday Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Topping ' Justice League ' With $70 Million Over Thanksgiving Weekend '' . Variety . November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Coco ( 2017 ) - Financial Information - The Numbers '' . The Numbers . December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Coco ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Coco Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Pixar 's Coco is a ' Love Letter to Mexico ' in the Age of Trump '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Pixar 's ' Coco ' feasts on ' Justice League ' at box office '' . New Haven Register . November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` COCO , the new Disney Pixar movie , will open the 15th FICM '' . Festival Internacional del Cine en Morelia . July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco 's Otherworldly Mexico Run Lands Pixar Toon As Market 's No. 1 Movie Ever '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 .
    15. \n
  15. \n ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Lassos $185 M Overseas , $390 M WW ; ' Thor ' Rocks To $739 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : Dave Trumbore ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` This Week in Animation : Pixar 's ' Coco ' Now Mexico 's # 1 Film of All - Time '' . Collider . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 .
    17. \n
  17. \n ^ Jump up to : Dave McNary ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney - Pixar 's ' Coco ' Breaks Box Office Record in Mexico '' . Variety . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review Announces 2017 Award Winners '' . National Board of Review . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 .
    19. \n
  19. \n ^ Jump up to : Milligan , Mercedes ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Disney - Pixar Introduces the ' Coco ' Character Family '' . Animation Magazine ( in ingl\u00eas ) . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link )
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Wintraub , Steve ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Benjamin Bratt on ' The Infiltrator ' , ' Shot Caller ' and Pixar 's ' Coco ' '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Crust , Kevin ( January 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' director Lee Unkrich gets down with the Day of the Dead for Pixar 's fall release '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Nolan Gerard Funk Joins ' Berlin , I Love You ' ; Natalia Cordova - Buckley Set In ' Coco ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Laughing Place Disney Newsdesk ( August 28 , 2017 ) . `` John Ratzenberger Confirmed for `` Coco '' `` . Laughing Place . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 .
    24. \n
  24. \n ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Tasha . `` Pixar 's Lee Unkrich on the ' anxiety ' of directing Coco '' . The Verge . Retrieved 17 December 2017 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Newest Disney Pixar Marvel , Coco '' . Disney Insider . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2015 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( June 16 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar Shares ' Coco ' Secrets at Annecy Animation Festival '' . Variety . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Berman , Rachel ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Lee Unkrich Confirms That Animation Has Officially Started on Coco ! '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2016 .
    28. \n
  28. \n ^ Jump up to : Y . Rodriguez , Cindy ( May 11 , 2013 ) . `` Day of the Dead trademark request draws backlash for Disney '' . CNN . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 .
    29. \n
  29. \n ^ Jump up to : Nevarez , Griselda ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Cartoonist Lalo Alcaraz to Work on Pixar 's Day of the Dead Film ' Coco ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Yamato , Jen ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Disney Drops Controversial Dia De Los Muertos Trademark Bid After Online Uproar '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ T.J. & Julie ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Get a Peek into Michael Giacchino 's Scoring Process for Pixar 's ' Coco ' -- Courtesy of Director , Lee Unkrich '' . Pixar Post . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` First listen : Hear three new songs from Pixar 's Coco '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` Coco ( Banda Sonora Original en Espa\u00f1ol ) '' . October 27 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Coco ( Banda Sonora Original em Portugu\u00eas ) '' . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Ryan Watson ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Latest film release changes : Coco pops in 2018 '' . Digital Cinema Media . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 .
    36. \n
  36. \n ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar 's ' Coco ' Is Trapped Between ' Justice League ' And ' Star Wars ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Esther Zuckerman ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Strum along with the first teaser for Pixar 's Coco '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Jack Shepherd ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Coco trailer : First footage from Pixar Studio 's upcoming original film released '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` First trailer launched for new Pixar film Coco '' . The Guardian . March 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Booth , Kaitlyn ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Trailer For The 21 - Minute Featurette In Front Of Coco '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` John Lasseter talks Olaf 's Frozen Adventure , debuts first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 .
    42. \n
  42. \n ^ Jump up to : Jacob Hall ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Trailer : Pixar 's Next Original Movie Reveals Its First Footage '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ James White ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` First Teaser Trailer For Pixar 's Coco '' . Empire . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` New Pixar Short ' Dante 's Lunch ' Introduces ' Coco ' Dog , Plus Director Lee Unkrich on Whether ' Coco ' Will Make You Cry ( Exclusive ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Coco : New trailer digs deeper into the Land of the Dead '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Trailer : ' Coco ' May Help Pixar Bounce Back From ' Cars 3 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Interactive , IA . `` Inmortaliza Tu Voz '' . cinepolis.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Convi\u00e9rtete en el reportero Cinemex y entrevista a los creadores de Coco '' . Ganapromo.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Roettgers , Janko ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` Pixar Makes Its Virtual Reality Debut With ' Coco VR ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' Coco ' Whip ' Justice League ' For Top Spot Over Thanksgiving Stretch ? -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Box office top 20 : ' Coco ' displaces ' Justice League ' '' . Associated Press . November 26 , 2017 . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Looking At Sweet $26 M+ As Specialty Sector Pops With Awards Contenders -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 .
    53. \n
  53. \n ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Soars To $280 M Worldwide , ' Wonder ' Tops $100 M Global '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` December Still Asleep Before ' Last Jedi ' Awakens : ' Coco ' $18 M+ , ' Disaster Artist ' $6 M+ , ' Wonder ' Crosses $100 M '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Wins as ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Waits in the Wings '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Opens To $220 M & Will Send 2017 To $11 B : How Disney Still Wins With ' Star Wars ' Franchise -- Monday Final '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' Now At $99 M , ' Jumanji ' Huge At $72 M+ ; ' All The Money In The World ' Opens To $2.6 M -- Christmas Weekend '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` Coco ( 2017 ) -- Weekly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Thunders To $109 M In Overseas Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( November 5 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Nears $240 M , ' Coco ' Soars In Mexico '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' & Rolls To $431 M WW , $308 M Offshore With Record November China Start -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor ' Rocks $650 M WW ; ' Orient Express ' Rolls $57 M Offshore ; ' Coco ' , ' Paddington 2 ' Feel Embrace -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ ELBERT WYCHE ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' debuts at number one in China '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Justice League ' Tops $300 M Overseas ; ' Coco ' Charms China & ' Thor ' Rocks Near $800 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Rockets To Epic 300 % Friday - To - Friday Gain In China For $39 M 8 - Day Cume '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 3 , 2017 ) . `` Hot ' Coco ' Sings In China ; ' Thor ' Tops $816 M , ' Justice League ' Lassos $567 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Coco ' Stays Strong With $55 Million at International Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( December 17 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : Feng Xiaogang 's ' Youth ' Opens to $48 M , ' Coco ' Crosses $150 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` With 1 Billion+ RMB / $152 M Cume ' Coco ' Has Now Quadrupled Pixar 's Previous China Record '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Rob Cain ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Has Single - Handedly Out - Grossed The Earnings of All 12 Prior Pixar Releases In China Combined '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Last Jedi ' Rises To $750 M Global ; ' Jumanji ' Swings In With $50 M Overseas Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ `` Coco ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ `` BEST - REVIEWED ANIMATED MOVIES 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` BEST - REVIEWED MOVIES 2017 > WIDE RELEASES '' . Rotten Tomatoes . January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ `` Coco reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Abele , Robert ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Review : Pixar 's Journey Down Mexico Way Pays Colorful , Moving Tribute to Family '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : Pixar 's ' Coco ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` Coco Movie Review & Film Summary ( 2017 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' Review : Pixar 's Day - of - the - Dead Gem Is as Lively as They Come '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' review : While not Pixar 's best , ' Coco ' is ' vividly good , ' beautifully animated '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Coco ' Brings the Pixar Touch to Death '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . November 21 , 2017 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` The exciting Land of the Dead is where ' Coco ' really comes to life '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` Review : Joyful ' Coco ' breaks from the Pixar pack as a Mexican musical spectacular '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt . November 21 , 2017 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Coco ' review : Disney and Pixar set out a Mexican feast '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 : Film Awards and Nominations Scorecard '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Globe Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Annie Awards : Disney / Pixar 's ' Coco ' Tops Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 .
    89. \n
\n

\n External links

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Pixar
\n Feature films \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Released \n
    \n
  • \n Toy Story ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n A Bug 's Life ( 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Toy Story 2 ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Finding Nemo ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n The Incredibles ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n Cars ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Ratatouille ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n WALL - E ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n Up ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Toy Story 3 ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n Cars 2 ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Brave ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Monsters University ( 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n Inside Out ( 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Finding Dory ( 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Cars 3 ( 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Coco ( 2017 )
    • \n
\n
\n Upcoming \n
    \n
  • \n Incredibles 2 ( 2018 )
    • \n
  • \n Toy Story 4 ( 2019 )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Short films \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Luxo Jr. ( 1986 )
    • \n
  • \n Red 's Dream ( 1987 )
    • \n
  • \n Tin Toy ( 1988 )
    • \n
  • \n Knick Knack ( 1989 )
    • \n
  • \n Geri 's Game ( 1997 )
    • \n
  • \n For the Birds ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Mike 's New Car ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Boundin ' ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Jack - Jack Attack ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Mr. Incredible and Pals ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n One Man Band ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Lifted ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Your Friend the Rat ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Presto ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n BURN - E ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n Partly Cloudy ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Dug 's Special Mission ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n George & A.J. ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Day & Night ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n La Luna ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Hawaiian Vacation ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Small Fry ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Partysaurus Rex ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n The Legend of Mor'du ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n The Blue Umbrella ( 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n Party Central ( 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n Lava ( 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n Sanjay 's Super Team ( 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Riley 's First Date ? ( 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Piper ( 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Lou ( 2017 )
    • \n
\n
\n Series \n
    \n
  • \n Cars Toons ( 2008 -- 14 )
    • \n
  • \n Toy Story Toons ( 2011 -- 12 )
    • \n
\n
\n Compilations \n
    \n
  • \n Tiny Toy Stories ( 1996 )
    • \n
  • \n Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 1 ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Cars Toons : Mater 's Tall Tales ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 2 ( 2012 )
    • \n
\n
\n Other work \n
    \n
  • \n Beach Chair ( 1986 )
    • \n
  • \n Light & Heavy ( 1990 )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Television specials \n
    \n
  • \n Toy Story of Terror ! ( 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n Toy Story That Time Forgot ( 2014 )
    • \n
\n
\n Franchises \n
    \n
  • \n Toy Story ( 1995 -- present )
    • \n
  • \n Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 -- 13 )
    • \n
  • \n Finding Nemo ( 2003 -- present )
    • \n
  • \n The Incredibles ( 2004 -- present )
    • \n
  • \n Cars ( 2006 -- present )
    • \n
\n
\n Associated productions \n
    \n
  • \n The Adventures of Andr\u00e9 and Wally B. ( 1984 )
    • \n
  • \n It 's Tough to Be a Bug ! ( 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ( 2000 -- 01 )
    • \n
  • \n Exploring the Reef ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Turtle Talk with Crush ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n John Carter ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Planes ( 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n Borrowed Time ( 2016 )
    • \n
\n
\n Documentaries \n
    \n
  • \n The Pixar Story ( 2007 )
    • \n
\n
\n Products \n
    \n
  • \n Pixar Image Computer
    • \n
  • \n RenderMan
    • \n
  • \n Marionette
    • \n
\n
\n People \n
    \n
  • \n John Lasseter
    • \n
  • \n Edwin Catmull
    • \n
  • \n Steve Jobs
    • \n
  • \n Alvy Ray Smith
    • \n
  • \n Jim Morris
    • \n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n List of Pixar characters
    • \n
  • \n List of Pixar awards and nominations
      \n
    • \n feature films
      • \n
    • \n short films
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n List of Pixar film references
    • \n
  • \n Computer Graphics Lab
    • \n
  • \n Industrial Light & Magic
    • \n
  • \n Lucasfilm Animation
    • \n
  • \n Circle 7 Animation
    • \n
  • \n Pixar Canada
    • \n
  • \n A Computer Animated Hand
    • \n
  • \n The Works
    • \n
  • \n The Shadow King
    • \n
  • \n Pixar universe theory
    • \n
  • \n Walt Disney Animation Studios
    • \n
  • \n The Walt Disney Studios
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Films directed by Lee Unkrich
\n
    \n
  • \n Toy Story 2 ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Finding Nemo ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Toy Story 3 ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n Coco ( 2017 )
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Frida Kahlo
\n List of paintings
\n Selected paintings \n
    \n
  • \n Self - Portrait with Monkey ( 1938 )
    • \n
  • \n The Suicide of Dorothy Hale ( 1938 )
    • \n
  • \n What the Water Gave Me ( 1938 )
    • \n
  • \n The Two Fridas ( 1939 )
    • \n
  • \n Self - Portrait with Thorn Necklace and Hummingbird ( 1940 )
    • \n
  • \n The Wounded Table ( 1940 )
    • \n
  • \n The Broken Column ( 1944 )
    • \n
  • \n The Wounded Deer ( 1946 )
    • \n
  • \n The Love Embrace ( 1949 )
    • \n
\n
\n Works about Kahlo \n
    \n
  • \n Frida Still Life
    • \n
  • \n Diego et Frida
    • \n
  • \n Frida ( film )
    • \n
  • \n Frida : A Biography of Frida Kahlo
    • \n
  • \n Frida ( opera )
    • \n
  • \n Coco ( film ) ( supporting role )
    • \n
\n
\n Related articles \n
    \n
  • \n Diego Rivera
    • \n
  • \n Frida Kahlo Museum
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film
\n
    \n
  • \n Cars -- John Lasseter ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Ratatouille -- Brad Bird ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n Up -- Pete Docter ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n The Adventures of Tintin -- Steven Spielberg ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Brave -- Mark Andrews and Brenda Chapman ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Frozen -- Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee ( 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n How to Train Your Dragon 2 -- Dean DeBlois ( 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Ronnie del Carmen ( 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Zootopia -- Byron Howard and Rich Moore ( 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Coco -- Lee Unkrich ( 2017 )
    • \n
\n
\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coco_(2017_film)&oldid=819500532 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "why is the new disney movie called coco", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Rogue ( Comics ) - Wikipedia

\n Rogue ( Comics )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Rogue
\n Rogue on a textless variant cover of Uncanny Avengers Vol. 3 # 7
\n Publication information
\n Publisher \n Marvel Comics
\n First appearance \n Avengers Annual # 10 ( November 1981 )
\n In - story information
\n Alter ego \n Anna Marie
\n Species \n Human mutant
\n Place of origin \n Caldecott County , Mississippi , United States
\n Team affiliations \n X-Men Brotherhood of Evil Mutants Avengers Unity Division X-Treme X-Men The Lights X.S.E
\n Notable aliases \n Anna Raven
\n Abilities \n
    \n
  • \n Absorption of abilities , memories , personality , and physical characteristics of others via touch
    • \n
  • \n Superhuman strength
    • \n
  • \n Flight
    • \n
\n
\n Rogue
\n Series publication information
\n Schedule \n Vol. 1 - 3 : Monthly
\n Format \n
    \n
  • \n Vol. 1 - 2
    • \n
  • \n Limited series .
    • \n
  • \n Vol. 3
    • \n
  • \n Ongoing series
    • \n
\n
\n Genre \n see below
\n Publication date \n ( Vol. 1 ) January -- April 1995 ( Vol. 2 ) September -- December 2001 ( Vol. 3 ) September 2004 -- August 2005
\n Number of issues \n
    \n
  • \n Vol. 1 : 4
    • \n
  • \n Vol. 2 : 4
    • \n
  • \n Vol. 3 : 12
    • \n
\n
\n Creative team
\n Writer ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Vol. 1
    • \n
  • \n Howard Mackie
    • \n
  • \n Vol. 2
    • \n
  • \n Fiona Avery
    • \n
  • \n Vol. 3
    • \n
  • \n Robert Rodi ( # 1 -- 6 )
    • \n
  • \n Tony Bedard ( # 7 -- 12 )
    • \n
\n
\n Penciller ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Vol. 1
    • \n
  • \n Mike Wieringo
    • \n
  • \n Vol. 2
    • \n
  • \n Aaron Lopresti
    • \n
  • \n Vol. 3
    • \n
  • \n Cliff Richards ( # 1 -- 6 )
    • \n
  • \n Karl Moline ( # 7 -- 12 )
    • \n
\n
\n Inker ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Vol. 1
    • \n
  • \n Terry Austin
    • \n
  • \n Vol. 2
    • \n
  • \n Randy Emberlin
    • \n
  • \n Vol. 3
    • \n
  • \n Norm Rapmund ( # 1 -- 6 )
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Rogue is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , commonly in association with the X-Men . The character debuted in Avengers Annual # 10 ( November 1981 ) as a villain , but then soon after she joined the X-Men .

\n

\n Rogue is part of a subspecies of humans called mutants , who are born with superhuman abilities . Rogue has the involuntary ability to absorb and sometimes also remove the memories , physical strength , and superpowers of anyone she touches . Therefore , Rogue considers her powers to be a curse . For most of her life , she limited her physical contact with others , including her on - off love interest , Gambit . However , after many years , Rogue finally gained full control over her mutant ability .

\n

\n Hailing from the fictional Caldecott County , Mississippi , Rogue is the X-Men's self - described southern belle . A runaway , she was adopted by Mystique of the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants and grew up as a villain . After Rogue permanently absorbs Ms. Marvel 's psyche and Kree powers , she reforms and turns to the X-Men , fearing for her sanity . Rogue 's real name and early history were not revealed until nearly 20 years after her introduction . Until the back story provided by Robert Rodi in the ongoing Rogue series , which began in September 2004 , Rogue 's background was only hinted at . Her name was revealed as Anna Marie , although her surname is still unknown . She has sometimes adopted the name Raven , which is the first name of her foster mother , Mystique .

\n

\n Rogue has been one of the most prominent members of the X-Men since the 1980s . She was # 5 on IGN 's Top 25 X-Men list for 2006 , # 4 on their Top Ten X-Babes list for 2006 , # 3 on Marvel 's list of Top 10 Toughest Females for 2009 and was given title of # 1 X-Man on CBR 's Top 50 X-Men of All Time for 2008 . She was ranked tenth in Comics Buyer 's Guide 's `` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics '' list . Rogue has been featured in most of the X-Men animated series , and various video games . In the X-Men film series , she is portrayed by Anna Paquin . Her visual cue is often the white streak that runs through her hair .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Publication history ( edit )

\n

\n Rogue was first slated to appear in Ms. Marvel # 25 ( 1979 ) ( and artwork for the first half of the story was completed ) , but the book 's abrupt cancellation left her original introduction story unpublished for over a decade , before it was printed in Marvel Super Heroes # 11 in 1992 . Rogue 's first published appearance was in Avengers Annual # 10 ( 1981 ) . She made her first X-Book appearance in Uncanny X-Men # 158 ( 1982 ) and joined the X-Men in Uncanny X-Men # 171 ( 1983 ) . Rogue has also had two miniseries and one ongoing title .

\n

\n Rogue 's real name and early history were not revealed until more than 20 years after her introduction . Until the back story provided by Robert Rodi in the ongoing Rogue series , begun in September 2004 , her background was only hinted at . This resulted in Rodi 's version of Rogue 's origins inadvertently conflicting with earlier information . In X-Men Unlimited # 4 , Scott Lobdell indicates that Rogue ran away from her father after her mutant powers manifested , but in Uncanny X-Men # 182 , Rogue reflects that she never knew her father because he 'd left before she was born , and several issues , including Uncanny X-Men # 178 and X-Men # 93 , indicate that Rogue was taken in by Mystique and Destiny before her mutation became active .

\n

\n Rogue is a regular character in Uncanny Avengers ( 2012 ) , beginning with issue # 1 .

\n

\n Fictional character biography ( edit )

\n

\n Early life ( edit )

\n

\n Her parents , Owen and Priscilla , married early in their relationship and lived in a back - to - nature hippie commune in Caldecott County , Mississippi . Born as Anna Marie , she also enjoyed the attentions of her Aunt Carrie , on her mother 's side . Anna Marie was raised speaking colloquial English and French , common to the Mississippi bayou area . The commune 's failed attempt to use Native American mysticism to reach the `` Far Banks '' resulted in Priscilla 's disappearance . Carrie took over Anna 's care , and in her grief at the loss of her sister , was a strict and authoritarian guardian . Anna Marie was a rebellious child and , at some point , the exact event or reasons still unclear , she ran away from home as a young teenager .

\n

\n At some point , Rogue grew close to a boy named Cody Robbins . During their flirtation , Cody impulsively kissed her , at which point her latent mutant power to absorb the life energy and psyche of others with skin - to - skin contact emerged . Rogue was traumatized by the experience , and Cody was left in a permanent coma . Hence , Rogue wore body - concealing clothing that eliminated the possibility of accidental skin contact . She wished she `` did not have to cover up so much around folks '' to protect them from her . She thought her power was a curse .

\n

\n Not long after , she was approached by Mystique , who sought her out on the advice of her precognitive partner Destiny . Mystique ultimately takes Rogue in as a daughter . In time , however , Mystique turned Rogue 's loneliness , envy , bitterness , and despair into anger , thus recruiting her into the Brotherhood of Mutants .

\n

\n Chris Claremont said in June 2016 that had he not left Marvel in 1991 , Mystique would have been Rogue 's real mother . It is a story line that appeared in a 2009 run of the series `` X-Men Forever '' .

\n

\n Brotherhood of Evil mutants ( edit )

\n

\n After Rogue 's mutation emerges , Mystique begins coaxing Rogue into taking part in her terrorist activities as a member of the Brotherhood of Mutants . Rogue initially wants only a normal life , but after she kisses a boy named Cody , unintentionally rendering him unconscious with her power , she gives up on normality and begins taking part in Mystique 's plans .

\n

\n Rogue and Mystique associate briefly with a mutant named Blindspot , whose power to erase the memories of others by touch somehow counteracts Rogue 's mutation enough to allow them to make physical contact safely . Blindspot and Rogue become good friends , but when Mystique decides to sever professional ties with Blindspot , Blindspot erases all memory of her from both Mystique and Rogue .

\n

\n When Mystique debuts her Brotherhood of Evil Mutants , Destiny advises her to keep Rogue out of the action , advice which proves important when several members of the new Brotherhood are arrested and imprisoned . Mystique concocts a plan to free the other members of the Brotherhood by having Rogue absorb Ms. Marvel 's formidable powers . Rogue attacks Ms. Marvel on her front doorstep as she is returning home from grocery shopping . Due to Ms. Marvel 's formidable persona , Rogue 's struggle to absorb her powers is prolonged , and the transfer of Ms. Marvel 's psyche and powers is permanent . Rogue then throws her off the Golden Gate Bridge . She battles the Avengers using her newly acquired powers .

\n

\n While at the Pentagon , she literally bumps into Carol Danvers , leading into a fight with Storm and Wolverine of the X-Men . Though Rogue proves more than a match for them , the three of them escape the Pentagon . Later , with Mystique and Destiny , Rogue attacks Angel and Dazzler , but is overpowered by Dazzler . Rogue develops a grudge against Dazzler for her controllable mutation and her relationship with Angel of the X-Men . Rogue is defeated by Dazzler a few times before Dazzler is publicly revealed to be a mutant and goes into hiding . Sometime after this , Rogue , Mystique and Destiny encountered the half - human , half Dire Wraith entity called Hybrid , with whom the three formed an alliance with against the Spaceknight , Rom . However , when Rogue seized an opportunity to use her power on him , she experienced both his loneliness and his nobility . This moment had a profound effect on her and served as a crucial turning point in her life .

\n

\n X-Men ( edit )

\n

\n The more Rogue uses her mutant power , the more her mind becomes filled with fragmentary psychic echoes of the people she absorbs . The permanently absorbed Carol Danvers ( Ms. Marvel ) is a completely distinct , albeit dormant , personality in her head , and Mastermind subtly exacerbates Rogue 's psychological distress as a means of revenge against Mystique . Desperate , Rogue turns to Professor Charles Xavier and the X-Men for help . The Professor is unable to do a psychic scan of her , due to the clashing human and Kree portions of her psyche , but nonetheless decides to not only welcome her into the school , but make her a probationary member of the X-Men . The X-Men threaten to leave the school should Rogue be accepted , even though none of the active members aside from Storm and Nightcrawler had even met Rogue before . However , Xavier is adamant and convinces the X-Men to stay .

\n

\n The team meets up with Wolverine in Tokyo , where his betrothed , Mariko Yashida , greets Rogue with greater warmth than she had received from her own teammates . This kindness later motivates Rogue to take a fatal laser blast in order to shield Mariko . Feeling indebted to her for saving his fianc\u00e9e , Wolverine offers to transfer his healing power to her in order to save her life . She refuses , arguing that it might kill him , but this only serves to gain his trust , and Wolverine touches her to transfer his power anyway . Soon after , she gains the full trust of the rest of the team by using her power on a severely injured Colossus , willingly leaving herself in the same rigid , melted form as he was to allow Healer to heal his wounds .

\n

\n Overhearing a frantic message from Carol Danvers ' former lover Michael Rossi causes the Danvers persona to become active . Under Danvers ' control , Rogue invades the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier to rescue Rossi . Her natural persona begins fighting to regain control , and for several minutes Rogue rapidly switches back and forth between the two personalities . Though she ultimately regains control , the incident leaves the Anna Marie persona wracked with guilt over what she did to Carol Danvers .

\n

\n To defeat the Adversary , the X-Men's physical and spiritual essences are used as fuel for Forge 's energy star , which closes the doorway to the Adversary 's plane of existence . Roma , a prisoner of the Adversary and guardian of the multiverse , recreates the fallen X-Men from scratch , making her own minor alterations . Now invisible to cameras and all forms of detection equipment , the X-Men resettle to Australia , defeating the Reavers and claiming their base in the Outback as a new base of operations .

\n

\n The X-Men use their new status to attack anti-mutant threats around the world . The island nation of Genosha 's super powered agents , the Press Gang , capture Rogue and Wolverine , and Wipeout fully cancels their abilities . Rogue is then sexually molested by her guards . She withdraws into her subconscious , and the Carol Danvers persona takes advantage of her distress by assuming control .

\n

\n The Danvers personality eventually grows so strong that Carol replaces Rogue 's standard X-Men costume with Ms. Marvel 's uniform during battle , as well as redecorating Rogue 's room to her own tastes without her permission .

\n

\n Return ( edit )

\n Rogue vs. the Ms. Marvel persona on the cover of Uncanny X-Men # 269 . Art by Jim Lee .

\n Sacrificing herself to stop the Master Mold , Rogue is pulled through the Siege Perilous , where she is judged by other - dimensional forces with the promise of a `` new life . '' Rogue is purged of the remaining portions of Carol Danvers 's personality , as well as Carol 's powers , and teleported back to the X-Men's Outback base . She finds it has been taken over by the Reavers in her absence , and the now physically separate Danvers persona attacks her . Rogue flees , absorbing the powers of the mutant Gateway in order to teleport herself to safety . She ends up in the Savage Land , and spends the ensuing days learning how to survive in the inhospitable land . She is eventually attacked again by Danvers , who is now under the mental enslavement of the Shadow King . There is not enough life - force between the two to sustain both Rogue and Danvers physically as a result of the separation , and Rogue is unwilling to kill Danvers . With Danvers on the verge of draining Rogue 's life completely , Magneto intervenes and kills the Ms. Marvel persona .

\n

\n Rogue and Magneto join forces with Ka - zar and Nick Fury to battle Zaladane , who is trying to conquer the Savage Land . Rogue and Magneto have a brief moment of romantic tension during this war . Once Zaladane is defeated and helpless , Magneto kills her , against Rogue and Fury 's protests , parting ways with the X-Men's ideals and methods before flying away . Rogue then flies to Muir Island to rejoin the rest of the X-Men , the powers she absorbed from Ms. Marvel now returned .

\n Rogue received her own miniseries in 1995 , whose story revisited the accident with Cody Robbins . Art by Mike Wieringo and Terry Austin .

\n The X-Men later divides into two teams to make better use of their large number of active members ; Rogue is assigned to the Blue Team , under the leadership of Cyclops and alongside new X-Man Gambit . Upon his arrival , Gambit flirts with each of the female members of the team , however Rogue immediately catches his eye , and he makes no secret of his romantic desire for her . The development of Rogue and Gambit 's relationship is slow and rocky , partly as a result of her inability to control her powers and partly as a result of long - term issues with previous relationships on Gambit 's part .

\n

\n As an act of penance , Rogue continues to visit Cody Robbins ' hospital bed annually , a decade after she placed him in a coma . He is later killed by assassins sent by Gambit 's ex-lover , Bella Donna Boudreaux , as part of a revenge plot against Rogue . Through a spiritual leader , Rogue is able to make amends with Cody 's spirit . Cody holds no hard feelings against her , knowing what happened was an accident , and urges her to move on .

\n

\n It is eventually revealed that Mystique had two sons : the now - deceased anti-mutant politician Graydon Creed and Rogue 's long - time teammate , Nightcrawler . Rogue and Nightcrawler consider themselves to be siblings , although the revelation has not particularly altered their friendship .

\n

\n Following the supposed ' death ' of Cyclops , the X-Men team undergoes major changes , among them Rogue being made the team 's new field commander . Her even temper and years of X-Men service make her an ideal leader and she continues to lead the team until Storm returns .

\n

\n When the Galactic Council transforms Earth into a maximum - security penal colony for hundreds of extraterrestrial criminals , Rogue absorbs the attributes of Z'Cann ; a mutant , telepathic Skrull who had joined Cadre K , Xavier 's Skrull equivalent to the X-Men . Z'Cann purposely touches Rogue to activate the mutant 's abilities as the two evade bounty hunters . Z'Cann uses her telepathy to amplify Rogue 's capacity to assimilate memories , causing her powers to mutate . Henceforth , Rogue is able to `` recall '' previously absorbed powers , but also finds it increasingly difficult to control which powers manifest when , typically possessing Wolverine 's healing factor and claws , and Cyclops ' optic blasts along with her usual strength .

\n

\n X-Treme X-Men team ( edit )

\n

\n Rogue was part of the X-Treme X-Men team led by Storm . The team 's first mission was in search of Destiny 's Diaries ( which prophesied future events ) . During an invasion of Khan ( an alien conqueror from another dimension ) of the island nation of Madripoor , Rogue requested that Sage use her power of jump - starting abilities to evolve Rogue to a point where she could control all of the various powers that she has ever imprinted . Sage agreed , and Rogue became a one - woman army , able to use the powers of anyone she had absorbed in the past all at once .

\n

\n During Khan 's invasion , Rogue was also confronted by Vargas who was said to be `` a new species altogether '' . Vargas foresaw himself being killed by Rogue in Destiny 's diaries and , despite his belief in the prophecies , attempted to stop this occurrence from happening . Thus , in the midst of the invasion battle , Vargas ambushed Rogue as she was trying to rescue Gambit ( see X-Treme X-Men ) , spearing both Rogue and Gambit with his blade before escaping . Rogue survived due to possessing both Wolverine 's and Hulk 's powers . Returning to the city shortly after the battle to recover his sword , Vargas was surprised in turn by Rogue dressed in Psylocke 's costume ( Vargas having killed Psylocke earlier for sport ) . After a lengthy battle , Rogue `` fulfilled her destiny '' by seemingly finishing Vargas off with his own weapon . Returning to Gambit , Rogue , with the help of Jean Grey , forced him from near death .

\n

\n Following the repulsion of the invasion , Rogue realized that Destiny 's Prophecies were only possibilities and that trying to follow them was more dangerous than ignoring them . She also learned that she had inherited a mansion in New Orleans from Destiny , as well as a sizable fortune , and the X-Treme X-Men team retired there to recuperate . Rogue soon left the team with Gambit , since they both emerged powerless from their ordeals and wanted to explore their relationship further .

\n

\n After life on the road with Gambit , Rogue ended up living in a beach house in Valle Soleada , a town where mutants and humans coexisted peacefully . She subsequently received a visit from Bishop and Sage and , after a series of events involving an investigation into the murder of a human girl 's family , Rogue and Gambit signed up with Bishop and Sage to help Storm 's X-Treme X-Men stop Sage 's enemy and former boss Elias Bogan . After the battle , Rogue asked Sage to restore Gambit 's abilities , which she did . Gambit asked if the same could be done for Rogue 's powers , but it was never revisited after Rogue quickly dismissed his comment .

\n

\n Back to the X-Men ( edit )

\n

\n Rogue and Gambit returned to the X-Men as part of Marvel 's ReLoad . Over time , Rogue 's own abilities returned , although exactly how and when was never revealed or discussed . However , she no longer possessed the abilities she had absorbed from Ms. Marvel . Rogue and Gambit were both put on Havok 's team and participated in various missions .

\n

\n As described in her own miniseries , Rogue then traveled down south to save a young mutant girl from her powers . While there , she met Campbell St. Ange , a young man who was immune to Rogue 's lethal touch . Also while there , Rogue forcibly absorbed knowledge from her Aunt Carrie that explained that Rogue 's mother had traveled to the Far Banks , a dream - realm , to stop her father from getting there himself . Rogue encountered the incorporeal spirit of her mother therein , and absorbed her memories . After the reunion , her mother 's trapped spirit could finally move on . Rogue subsequently went back to her Aunt Carrie and made amends with her .

\n

\n Rogue then returned to the X-Men and confronted the monstrous Golgotha ( large space creatures with telepathic abilities that induce insanity in some by bringing out and , to some extent , amplifying people 's emotions ) . During this ordeal , as the result of Golgotha influence , Rogue and Gambit got into a fight about the reality of their relationship with Rogue 's uncontrollable powers . Gambit claimed they would have parted much sooner if they were always able to touch , that Rogue would have been `` just another one - night stand '' . Gambit left , and Wolverine , his hidden emotions also coming out amplified under the influence of Golgotha , then revealed to Rogue he desired her in a romantic / sexual way , and that he in fact always had . He and Rogue then started passionately kissing each other until her power began to affect him and Emma Frost telepathically interrupted .

\n

\n While on a trip to Japan to investigate an incriminating photo of her and Sunfire engaged in criminal activities , both Rogue and Sunfire learned that Rogue 's former friend and teammate of the Brotherhood , Blindspot , has erased both their memories of the event . In this storyline , Rogue accidentally and permanently absorbed Sunfire 's fire abilities ( who has lost his legs to Lady Deathstrike and did not want to live ) .

\n

\n Back at the X-Mansion , Emma Frost tried to help Rogue and Gambit by providing telepathic relationship counseling , but their relationship continued to be problematic . Rogue then discovered that Gambit was being seduced by the student called Foxx . It is later revealed , however , that Mystique , displeased with Rogue 's choice of lovers , infiltrated the Xavier Institute by shapeshifting into Foxx and joined Gambit 's squad in an attempt to ruin his relationship with Rogue . After Gambit resisted her charms , Mystique reverted to her true form and offered Gambit something more difficult to refuse : she transformed into Rogue and offered Gambit a Rogue with whom he could have a physical relationship . Whether or not they actually engaged in a sexual relationship is uncertain ( although Gambit insists that nothing happened ) . Rogue eventually discovered her foster mother 's presence in the school and her attempts to seduce Gambit , becoming furious with both parties . Because Gambit failed to tell Rogue of Mystique 's presence in the Institute , their relationship developed the exact rift Mystique was hoping for and allowed her to set up her daughter with her accomplice , Pulse . After being discovered , Mystique asked the X-Men for permission to stay at the mansion . The X-Men voted and Mystique was allowed to be a probationary member of the X-Men , a decision neither Rogue nor Gambit were happy with .

\n

\n Blood of Apocalypse ( edit )

\n

\n In the events that followed M - Day , the mutant Apocalypse was reawakened . Gambit , seeking redemption from Rogue and his fellow X-Men , volunteered to be transformed into his horseman , Death . Gambit believed he could control whatever Apocalypse would do to him , in hopes of only gaining more power to protect Rogue and the X-Men from the villain . However , having been brain - washed , Gambit tried to kill Rogue ( the only part of Gambit 's past life that remains ) . After Apocalypse 's defeat , Sunfire ( who was granted new legs and transformed into the horseman Famine ) and Gambit left the X-Men .

\n

\n Endangered species : Rogue 's X-Men ( edit )

\n

\n As Professor Xavier went into space with Havok and several other X-Men to go after the villain Vulcan , Cyclops gave Rogue the authority to form her own team , complimenting her inspired improvisation in battle situations . She was hesitant at first because of Gambit 's recent disappearance with Sunfire , but accepted the position , saying that when he comes back she 'd still be at the school . She chose Iceman , Cannonball , Cable , Sabretooth , Lady Mastermind , Karima Shapandar ( Omega Sentinel ) , and Mystique , a line - up Cyclops did not agree with .

\n

\n Mystique seemingly tried to repair her relationship with Rogue , but was rebuffed . Rogue 's team defeated the group known as the Children of the Vault . Afterward , Rogue declared that her team would leave the X-Mansion . Rogue was hospitalized after a battle with Pandemic . Cable , desiring Rogue 's help in defeating the Hecatomb , forced Rogue awake . Pandemic infected Rogue with a virus , Strain 88 , altering her powers by amplifying them into an instantaneous death - touch . In defeating Hecatomb , Rogue absorbed psyches of eight billion entities that had been stored inside it .

\n

\n The team moved to Rogue 's hometown of Caldecott for Rogue to recover . As Cyclops and Emma Frost arrived to help Rogue cope with the immensity of the voices in her mind , Marauders arrived , seeking the Destiny diaries . As part of the attack , it was revealed that Mystique was working with the Marauders and for Mister Sinister . Mystique shot Rogue and took her back to Mr. Sinister 's base , who only kept Rogue alive because she held all the information of Destiny 's Diaries within her mind . Gambit , who had joined the Marauders and Mr. Sinister again , was protective of Rogue and accused Mystique of being too careless in how she captured her . Gambit was shown standing over Rogue trying to get her to wake up ( after she had fallen into a trance overcome by the minds she absorbed ) , and expressed his apologies for what he had done before rejoining Sinister . Rogue had flashes of memories , both of she and Gambit during the time that they had known each other , and of the millions of minds she absorbed , while in her coma - like state before she briefly woke up and recognized Gambit . She told him she had a nightmare , before spouting incoherent words and mysterious coordinates .

\n

\n Messiah Complex ( edit )

\n Main article : X-Men : Messiah Complex

\n The X-Men attacked the Marauders ' Antarctic base in order to rescue Rogue and the mysterious mutant baby who was at the center of Messiah Complex . However the baby eventually took precedence and the X-Men did not recover ( or even see ) Rogue .

\n

\n Mister Sinister , now in possession of the mutant baby , relocated the Marauders to Muir Island . While standing by Rogue 's bedside , Mystique was visited by Mister Sinister who told her that there will be no cure for Rogue and she will eventually die . Without warning , Mystique ambushed Sinister and shoved his face onto Rogue 's . The instant contact seemingly killed Sinister .

\n

\n Mystique , in keeping with the words of the Destiny Diaries , placed the baby 's face in direct contact with Rogue 's , with the understanding that Rogue would awaken from her comatose state . The baby was not affected by Rogue 's power , and Rogue awakens shortly after . Realizing what Mystique had done at the risk of killing the baby , Rogue said she 's tired of people 's lives being destroyed by Mystique and grabbed Mystique 's face barehanded , fully absorbing her powers and consciousness and incapacitating her . However , she immediately regrets her action when she realizes that the baby had deleted all the consciousnesses she had previously absorbed , along with Strain 88 , so that now Mystique was the only one in her head . She said she needed to be alone and told Gambit not to follow her .

\n

\n Being cured ( edit )

\n

\n Rogue takes some time out from the X-Men and travels around the Australian outback on a motorcycle . She returns to the X-Men's former headquarters in Maynards Plains , Australia . Once there , she has a conversation with Mystique ( a part of Rogue 's psyche ) , telling her that no one else can help her with her powers and that it was down to her to figure out how to control them .

\n

\n One day , a woman appears in town claiming to be an anthropologist from Melbourne University . Rogue made it clear she could stay as long as she wants , but to keep out of her way . The anthropologist approached Rogue with questions about some of the remains she has found in the town . Rogue said she does not know anything about the remains and to leave her alone . The anthropologist follows Rogue and explains she actually has a different identity . The anthropologist was then targeted by a low flying Shi'ar spaceship and revealed that she was actually Danger in disguise . She informs Rogue she planned to get revenge on Professor Xavier by using her as a conduit . Danger created an amalgamation of several past events in the X-Men's history prominently involving Rogue in the town using her hard light capabilities . As Professor Xavier and Gambit searched for her , Rogue evaded old versions of the X-Men and the Marauders that were part of Danger 's creation . She was finally cornered by the Marauders , and refused to let Mystique 's psyche take control of Rogue 's body and save her as the fake Marauder Scalphunter shot at her . Mystique then forcibly took over Rogue 's body to save her and fought off the Marauders , then returned control of Rogue 's body to her .

\n

\n Rogue then wandered to the fake Tokyo Tower and tried to find the Institute , deducing that the projections around her were changing at ten - minute intervals , altering the environment around her . However , Rogue did not get far as she ended up in Antarctica , witnessing the moment she abandoned Gambit after his trial . She regretted her decisions there , telling Mystique that she really had not moved on . It was at that point that Cody Robbins appeared before Rogue , repeating his greeting from the night her powers manifested . Rogue just stared at him in shock .

\n

\n Eventually the Professor , Gambit , and a group of Shi'ar pirates managed to shut down Danger . However , the Professor reactivated her and she defeated the pirates in turn . After this , it was revealed that Rogue 's powers never truly developed past their initial `` nascent '' stage , which was the reason why her powers never functioned properly . The Professor , now aware of this fact , used his telepathy to tear down the mental walls that kept Rogue 's powers from developing ( the walls were created as a side effect every time she absorbed other people starting with Cody , and even more so with Ms. Marvel ) , and removed the mental echo of Mystique . Finally , Rogue kissed Gambit , with no ill side effect , revealing that she was finally in control of her absorption power .

\n

\n Utopia ( edit )

\n

\n Rogue , Gambit , and Danger decide to go to San Francisco in order to regroup with the other X-Men . On their way there they are intercepted by Pixie who teleports them into the city , which is in a state of chaos due to the anti-mutant and pro-mutant movements . Cyclops sends all three out in order to locate several missing students and bring them home . During their mission Rogue faces off against the new Ms. Marvel ; finding that she can not touch her opponent , Rogue resorts to a trick and flees the site .

\n

\n Later on she joins Gambit , who has been injured by Ares , along with Danger . Ares does not take her seriously and dismisses her both as an opponent and her attempts to calm things down . Rogue grabs Ares and absorbs his powers . Ares is dismissive of her attempt and claims that she can not absorb him , a boast that proves wrong as she weakens him enough for Gambit to blast him , leaving him bloody and stunned . Having for the moment absorbed some of Ares ' power she easily dispatches a small group of H.A.M.M.E.R. agents with superhuman strength and proceeds to steal their tank , along with Gambit and Danger , in order to find the rest of the students .

\n

\n Rogue finds Trance as her powers are flaring out of control creating powerful uncontrollable bio-electric blasts . Rogue tries to help calm Trance and help her gain control when Ms. Marvel appears . After taking out Gambit and Danger , Rogue and Ms. Marvel fight ; Rogue is losing until Trance regains control and jumps in to help Rogue . Trance learns that her astral form is able to punch Ms. Marvel when they are both intangible . After Gambit stuns Ms. Marvel , they teleport back to base where Trance receives medical attention .

\n

\n Nation - X ( edit )

\n

\n As Utopia has become a safe haven for mutants , the entire population had to be on high alert following an attack on the X-Men by Emplate , who feeds on mutant bone marrow for sustenance . The X-Men instruct everyone to stay close to each other and report anything out of the ordinary . Bling goes to check out an old amphitheatre on her own when Emplate captures her to use as a food source .

\n

\n Unable to enter Emplate 's cross-dimensional base , Rogue absorbs Trance 's astral projection ability to save Bling . As she investigates his home for clues to Bling 's whereabouts , Rogue was attacked by psychoplasmic ghosts . After fighting them off , she rescues Bling from Emplate .

\n

\n Rogue also protects the students during an attack by a Predator X herd by absorbing the powers of multiple students .

\n

\n Necrosha ( edit )

\n

\n In an attempt to finally achieve godhood , Selene along with her servant Eli Bard , resurrected many of the X-Men's greatest deceased allies and villains under her control . Among the resurrected is Rogue 's foster mother , Destiny , who attempts to contact Rogue but instead contacts Blindfold . However , Proteus had possessed Destiny when she came back . When she makes contact , he leaves her to possess the body of Blindfold , so he can trick her into convincing a team of X-Men to go to Muir Island , where he hopes to kill them . Eventually Rogue and a team of X-Men manage to defeat Proteus and Rogue tearfully says goodbye to her foster mother as Destiny once more dies .

\n

\n Post-siege ( edit )

\n

\n Following the Siege of Asgard , Rogue was present at the funeral of Robert Reynolds , the Sentry . She stated that Reynolds was immune to the ill effects of her power , and that a time in her past when she could touch no one else , she had at least one intimate encounter with him . However , between two episodes of psychic blocks that caused Reynolds to completely forget his life as the Sentry , when he regained those memories for a few days , he contacted Charles Xavier telepathically , and did not recognize Rogue when he `` saw '' her through that telepathic bond .

\n

\n Second coming ( edit )

\n

\n During the event in which Cable and Hope return to the present timeline Rogue is able to sense Hope 's presence , like Destiny prophesied , although neither she nor Emma Frost can explain it . After a short confrontation with some of Bastion 's men , the X-Men and Cable decide for a diversionary tactic . Cable along with some of the X-Men stays behind ( since it was him they were tracking ) while Rogue , Nightcrawler , and Hope leave in order to protect the girl . To that end , Rogue absorbs the power sets of Colossus , Wolverine , X-23 , Archangel , and Psylocke .

\n Rogue as seen in X-Men : Second Coming after absorbing the powers of 5 teammates to protect Hope .

\n For a while their tactic works , leaving Cable along with some of the X-Men to fend off Bastion 's troops . In the mean time Kurt , along with Rogue and Hope , teleports across the United States towards Utopia . This , however , exerts him to such a degree that he has to rest for a moment ; they are soon confronted by Bastion himself . Seeing no alternative , Rogue attacks him hoping to buy enough time for Kurt and Hope to flee , but Bastion is able to hit Kurt with an energy blast that knocks him out . Channeling Colossus 's strength , further enhancing it with Betsy 's telekinesis and using the individual claw sets of Logan and X-23 along with their healing factors , Rogue is able to inflict massive damage to Bastion . However , Bastion is able to repair himself and overpower Rogue with an energy discharge which briefly incapacitates her . Unable to do anything , she watches with horror as Bastion fatally impales Kurt with his arm .

\n

\n Rogue is appointed Hope 's protector while on Utopia and allows her to participate in the final battle , where Hope eventually destroys Bastion . Her actions and choices put Hope in danger and ultimately results in Cyclops suspending Rogue from active duty . She will , however , remain as Hope 's protector and accompanies her to Alaska in search of her real family .

\n

\n Post `` Age of X '' ( edit )

\n

\n After the events of the `` Age of X '' storyline , Rogue becomes torn between her feelings for Gambit and Magneto . Gambit states that she has to be ready for him for good before he could be with her again , and that he would be waiting for her when she is ready . After Rogue confronts Magneto about his past , she spends a night with him , promising nothing else . Afterwards , Rogue joins Professor X , Frenzy , Legion , Magneto , and Gambit on a mission to capture several of Legion 's personalities that escaped after Age of X . The final battle with Legion 's personality Styx results in Rogue temporarily absorbing many of Legion 's powers , which led her to finding the location of Havok , Polaris , and Marvel Girl ; the mutants that were left in space after the X-Men's mission to stop Vulcan .

\n

\n After the events of `` Schism '' , Rogue chooses to be on Wolverine 's team , noting to Cyclops that he has reached a point where his previous willingness to question his decisions has been replaced by an inability to accept when he might be wrong . She returns to Westchester , New York with Wolverine 's team to start the Jean Grey School for Higher Learning .

\n

\n Avengers vs. X-Men ( edit )

\n Rogue fighting She - Hulk on the cover of X-Men Legacy 266 during the Avengers vs. X-Men event .

\n Although Rogue was initially neutral in the war between the Avengers and the X-Men , when the Jean Grey School was surrounded by She - Hulk , Moon Knight , and Falcon to stop other X-Men from joining Cyclops ' team , Rogue was forced into action when some students attacked She - Hulk , declaring her allegiance to Cyclops after Iron Man sent a remote - controlled armor to attack the school . However , Rogue swiftly changed sides again when she witnessed Magik -- now empowered by one - fifth of the Phoenix Force -- imprison Ms. Marvel in a portion of Limbo that she had brought to Earth . Magik briefly banished Rogue to another world for her defiance , but Rogue was able to return home after helping to resolve a conflict between two alien races , having learned that the leaders of both sides were prolonging the war to keep their populations down to a manageable level . Having returned to Earth , Rogue served as the X-Men's representative when appealing to the Avengers for asylum from the increasingly dictatorial Cyclops . In the aftermath , she helped rescue civilians caught in the crossfire , but finally ended her relationship with Magneto .

\n

\n Uncanny Avengers ( edit )

\n

\n Rogue attends Xavier 's funeral alongside Wolverine . Later , after seeing the Scarlet Witch placing flowers on Xavier 's grave , Rogue confronts her and orders her to leave , blaming her for his death ; the two begin a verbal conflict that results in Rogue punching her in the face , though the Scarlet Witch refuses to fight back . Rogue intends to absorb her powers , but it fails . They are then attacked by five mysterious assailants . During this conflict , the Scarlet Witch is impaled while defending Rogue , and the two are both seemingly defeated .

\n

\n The team makes their debut as the Avengers Unity Squad ( which also contains Sunfire , Wasp , and Wonder Man as the team 's latest recruits ) during a press conference that debuts them . The press conference is then crashed by a resurrected Grim Reaper who attacks the Avengers Unity Squad while claiming that he is now unable to die . During the fight , Rogue absorbs some of Wonder Man 's powers and seemingly punches Grim Reaper harder than normal which apparently kills the Grim Reaper again .

\n

\n It is later revealed that the instigator behind the attack on Rogue and Scarlet Witch was the Red Skull , who has since fused his and Xavier 's brains to give him access to his tremendous mental powers . Despite the Skull 's attempts to control them , he is eventually defeated by the ' Avengers Unity ' team -- including Captain America , Thor , Wolverine and Havok -- but manages to escape . In the aftermath , Rogue accepts membership of the team , seeing it as the best way to continue Xavier 's dream , but notes that she will still not forgive the Scarlet Witch for her actions .

\n

\n She was later seen fighting alongside Captain America with the Avengers A.I.

\n

\n Rogue absorbs Wolverine 's powers and is told to stop the Scarlet Witch , who is seemingly helping the Apocalypse Twins , but in reality , she plans to use her powers to bring as many of Earth 's heroes as she possibly can to defeat the Twins . Wolverine tells her that nobody is to be killed if it can be helped , but upon seeing Wanda , Rogue goes into a berserker rage and murders her . Rogue is then killed by the recently re-resurrected Grim Reaper , who had been revived once again by the Apocalypse Twins to be one of their four horsemen of death . Her death was undone when Havok and the surviving members of the Unity Squad were sent from the future by Kang to stop the twins from destroying Earth , their minds projected back into their past selves so that they could not only warn Rogue what was to come , but then arranged for her to absorb the powers of numerous superheroes to give her the strength to hold the Celestial back . Rogue also finally made peace with Wanda and forgave her . After the crisis was over , Rogue was in the process of being driven mad by all the heroes Rogue had absorbed ( all of the Avengers and X-Men ) . The Scarlet Witch cast a spell to return those powers to their owners , although Rogue still retained the powers and the very essence she absorbed from Wonder Man . She has also lost her ability to freely touch others .

\n

\n X-Men ( volume 4 ) ( edit )

\n

\n In 2013 , Marvel revealed a new comic book simply named X-Men . Written by Brian Wood , X-Men features an all - female cast including Storm , Jubilee , Rogue , Kitty Pryde , Rachel Grey , and Psylocke . Rogue was removed from this series ' cast after the Battle of the Atom crossover , to avoid contradicting her death in Uncanny Avengers .

\n

\n AXIS and return to Uncanny Avengers ( edit )

\n

\n After her resurrection , Rogue took part in AXIS with the X-Men , her powers allowing her to sense the aspect of Professor X that remained within the Red Skull . During this time , the AUD was disbanded when various heroes underwent a moral inversion due to a spell cast by Doctor Doom and the Scarlet Witch to stop the telepathic Red Skull . In the aftermath , the Unity Division was reformed with Rogue as leader of the team .

\n

\n All - new , all - different Marvel ( edit )

\n Variant cover of Uncanny Avengers Vol. 3 # 1 showing Rogue with her team , art by Scott Campbell .

\n Following the Incursions , Rogue remains as the field leader of the Avengers Unity Squad , although she accepts Steve Rogers ' official oversight and recommendations for membership , such as Deadpool . She is also depicted as suffering side - effects from the mass terrigenesis , requiring regular injections to stop herself becoming ill or dying . When various Avengers are brainwashed into civilian lives in the community of Pleasant Hill -- a S.H.I.E.L.D. project to ' reprogram ' supervillains into regular civilians using fragments of a Cosmic Cube that has since gained sentience -- Rogue 's new identity of Claire sees through the deception thanks to telepathic training provided by Professor X , allowing her mind to plant various clues that lead her to the rest of the team . Later on , the Red Skull attempts to mount a new attack on the team , but Deadpool is able to resist the telepathic attack long enough to get Magneto 's old helmet on Rogue so that she can resist the Skull 's telepathy . Rogue subsequently takes the Skull to a new facility where Beast is able to extract the uniquely Xavier elements from the Skull 's brain , depriving him of Xavier 's telepathy , while Rogue and Johnny Storm incinerate the brain .

\n

\n Powers and abilities ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this section by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n Due to the nature of her unique mutant powers , Rogue has had several different abilities over the decades .

\n

\n Mutant powers ( edit )

\n Cover art of Rogue vol. 3 , # 3 ( September 2004 ) ; art by Rodolfo Migliari .

\n Rogue possesses the mutant ability to absorb the psyche and abilities of another human being ( or members of some sapient alien races ) through skin contact . Rogue can absorb the memories , knowledge , talents , personality and physical abilities ( whether superhuman or not ) of the person she touches , as well as occasionally duplicating in herself physical characteristics of her victim . The victim loses those abilities and memories for exactly the amount of time that Rogue possesses them . This absorption usually leaves the victim weakened and sometimes renders them unconscious . Their powers may also be temporarily weakened or removed . Rogue 's power is constantly active , rendering her incapable of touching others without the absorption process taking place . However , evidence suggests that Rogue 's inability to control her powers is psychological in nature . During the times when the Ms. Marvel personality would overtake her psyche , she was able to touch people freely . This fact has since been corroborated by the discovery that Rogue 's absorption power never developed beyond the stage of its original manifestation . Xavier later rectified this by telepathically removing the psychological barriers stunting it .

\n

\n The transfer of abilities is usually temporary , lasting for a period of time relative to how long contact is maintained , but if Rogue holds on to her victim for too long , the transfer may become permanent , leaving the victim nearly dead , as was the case with Ms. Marvel . However , it must also be noted that Ms. Marvel fought the transfer process , which Rogue attested to sometime after the incident occurred . Most often this process happens instantly when Rogue touches someone , but certain extraordinarily powerful beings have proven resistant to Rogue 's power , and she may only share part of their memories and power , as was the case when Rogue once attempted to absorb power from the alien Magus . However , in the process of doing so she gained an immunity to the Technarch transmode virus .

\n

\n After coming into contact with the supervillain Pandemic , Rogue 's powers were upgraded for a brief time into an instant death touch . Using her upgraded powers , Rogue absorbed the Hecatomb and the psyches within it , putting her into a coma .

\n

\n As Rogue is absorbing the total psyche of a person , there is a risk of a personality overwhelming her and taking control of her body . It has also been shown that even though the memories she has absorbed eventually fade when a psyche returns to its body , remnants , or `` echoes '' , of the personalities of victims whose memories she has absorbed remain buried in her subconscious indefinitely , and while there is little to no risk of those personalities overwhelming her like the Ms. Marvel personality could , they can occasionally make their presences known .

\n

\n Fully developed mutant abilities ( edit )

\n

\n Following the conclusion of Messiah Complex , Rogue 's slate was wiped clean . The mutant baby 's touch mysteriously erased all of the previous memories and abilities Rogue had absorbed , including those of the Hecatomb . It also cured her of the Strain 88 virus . Rogue 's touch now simply steals the memories and abilities of individuals with whom she comes in direct skin - to - skin contact . The longer the contact , the longer Rogue retains the absorbed information , powers , and also the abilities of the individuals she absorbs . She can now control her powers , making her touch lethal -- or non-lethal -- at will .

\n

\n Following the events of X-Men : Legacy , Rogue appears to be able to activate her powers at will , as opposed to them being constantly active , as demonstrated when she kisses Gambit without incident . Her inability to control her powers stemmed from mental blocks within her mind which formed each time she used her abilities , crippling the development of her powers from their nascent stage . When Professor Xavier removes the blocks , her powers are allowed to develop normally . With this new control , Rogue demonstrates the ability to absorb and collectively utilize all the powers of the New X-Men , in order to defeat a rogue Predator X , with no apparent harm to either them or herself . Her power also affects aliens , such as when she was transferred to a planet in another dimension by Magik , and one of the aliens involuntarily touches her and she gains the ability to communicate in their language , along with their knowledge .

\n

\n She later uses a more lethal version of her powers against the Avengers during her fight with them , even making Falcon and She - Hulk immediately unconscious without any negative feedback on her physical self ( besides She - Hulk 's green skin ) but she can not control the minds of the ones she absorbs . She absorbs their powers and renders them unconscious for a long time .

\n

\n The new twist in Rogue 's powers consists of prompting her victims of her skin - to - skin contact , for a consent on the process . Rogue 's victim can either resist the absorption and suffer , like originally with Rogue 's powers , or instead submit to the absorption , and so the process instead becomes entirely fluent without consequences . Rogue has used this twist extensively in the Legacy series ; just two examples of it are when aiding the victims of a subway collapse absorbing all rescuers ' abilities in X-Men Legacy 274 , and also when quenching a riot in a prison of mutants absorbing the existence of some mutant - volunteers in X-Men Legacy 275 .

\n

\n During Uncanny Avengers , Rogue used her powers to absorb the energies of numerous superheroes to oppose the Celestial Executioner , stating that she 'd `` been practicing '' ; she was even able to absorb the ionic energy based powers of Wonder Man ( whom she 'd been previously unable to absorb ) . However , apparently due to the scale of the energies she absorbed in the process , Rogue 's powers have reverted to their original state , unable to touch anyone without absorbing them automatically , and she retains Wonder Man 's psyche and powers .

\n

\n Ms. Marvel powers ( edit )

\n

\n As a young woman , Rogue permanently absorbed the superhuman powers and the psyche of Carol Danvers , the original Ms. Marvel . This provided her with superhuman strength , stamina , durability , reflexes , speed and a 7th sense . She was able to repel bullets and fly at sub-sonic speeds , much like Ms. Marvel could . In addition , she possessed an amalgamated mutant human / Kree physiology that rendered her resistant to most toxins and poisons , with the added effect of making her virtually invulnerable .

\n Rogue on the cover of Rogue vol 3 # 7 ( March 2005 ) ; art by Frank G. D'Armata , Scot Eaton , and Don Hillsman

\n Rogue also gained a precognitive `` seventh sense '' that enables her to predict an enemy 's move subconsciously during battle . She used this ability to predict where Nightcrawler would teleport and from which direction Magus of the Technarchy would attack . This ability was not always reliable , however , and would randomly and sporadically activate .

\n

\n When she possessed Carol Danvers ' psyche , her `` double '' consciousness made her highly resistant to telepathic probes , even those of Charles Xavier , which was said to have been a byproduct of two minds existing in one body and / or Carol Danvers ' Kree physiology . The Ms. Marvel psyche was eventually torn out of Rogue in a subsequent issue , and it was destroyed by Magneto .

\n

\n X-Treme abilities ( edit )

\n

\n During the Maximum Security miniseries , Rogue absorbed an injured Cadre K girl named Z'Cann . The girl held on longer than necessary , using her mind control to boost the process and because of this ( perhaps because she had absorbed a fluid Skrull physiology ) Rogue mutated further , gaining the ability to ' recall ' the powers of anyone she had ever absorbed before , though she could not control when or which of these powers surfaced . For a short time Rogue also had a Skrull appearance , scanned as though she had Skrull DNA , and had their shapeshifting powers , but these soon faded and she returned to her normal appearance .

\n

\n Through meditation , Rogue learned how to suppress the random manifestations of most of these abilities , but found herself with a new ' default ' state for a time , where she possessed Wolverine 's claws and healing factor , Cyclops ' optic blasts - requiring her to wear ruby quartz glasses - while also still retaining her mutant and Ms. Marvel powers .

\n

\n Later , Sage used her own mutant abilities to ' jump - start ' Rogue 's power , giving her the control to manifest any ability she had ever absorbed , whenever she wished to . It is generally accepted that after regaining her abilities after X-Treme X-Men , she has lost this ability .

\n

\n Though Z'Cann was a telepath , Rogue never displayed this power ( though she did manifest telepathy , it was with the Phoenix energy form , so it was most likely an echo of Jean Grey 's powers ) .

\n

\n Powerless ( edit )

\n

\n For a time Rogue lost all of her powers , including her original mutant ones , after she was fatally injured in a fight with the mysterious warrior Vargas . During this period , she displayed exceptional fighting skills and agility , though it was said these were not superhuman in nature .

\n

\n She also still possessed a `` fluid genome '' that enabled Sage to use her as a conduit through which to channel the mutant powers of the X-Treme X-Men team in a fight against Bogan .

\n

\n Sunfire powers ( edit )

\n

\n In the short - lived volume three of her self - entitield series ( 2004 -- 2005 ) , Rogue absorbed a large portion of the mutant Sunfire 's solar - absorption based powers . In addition to her own natural mutant abilities Rogue could then project intense heat and flame , envelop her body in a fiery aura , fly by focusing her power downwards in a tight stream to propel her like a rocket , focus her power inward to increase her strength ( though not at her Ms. Marvel levels ) , exercise immunity to heat and radiation , and see the infra - red spectrum . Rogue was eventually purged of these abilities when she came into contact with Hope Summers .

\n

\n Wonder Man powers ( edit )

\n

\n Rogue currently possesses Wonder Man 's essence , including his powers and psyche . Her organic tissues have been permeated with ionic energy , granting her an array of superhuman abilities . She possesses superhuman strength sufficient enough to lift well over 100 tons , as well as some degree of superhuman speed , agility , and reflexes . In addition , Rogue is virtually invulnerable to damage and is capable of flying at high speeds . Rogue 's eyes glow in darkness and her vision extends somewhat into the infrared spectrum , allowing her to see in the dark . Her new ionic physiology also grants her a form of immortality , protecting her from age and disease .

\n

\n Natural skills ( edit )

\n

\n Rogue has shown a fair knowledge of unarmed combat when in a position where she has to fight in situations where she can not simply use her powers to knock her foe out . She has also received a degree of training from Professor X to protect herself against even subtle telepathic attacks , this training allowing her to escape Kobik 's reprogramming of various Avengers and villains to reassemble her teammates against this new threat when even experienced telepaths like Cable were trapped in the illusion .

\n

\n Rogue 's real name ( edit )

\n

\n In the Going Rogue arc of her 2004 ongoing series , Rogue 's real name is finally established as Anna Marie . Rogue reaches her childhood home of Caldecott County , where her surviving maternal aunt and the shamanistic incarnation of her mother repeatedly refer to her as `` Anna Marie '' ; Gambit also refers to her as `` Anna '' instead of `` Rogue '' . Rogue learns her true given name at birth was `` Anna Marie '' from the absorbed memories of her aunt , who helped raise Rogue with Rogue 's father after Rogue 's mother vanished from their home . Rogue acknowledges the name uttering : `` ( Anna Marie ) Th - that 's my name ... , '' right after a shamanistic doppelg\u00e4nger of Rogue mentions it , and later she says : `` I - It 's me . Anna , '' once after finding Gambit in the dream world .

\n

\n Throughout the X-Men Legacy series , Rogue is repeatedly called `` Anna '' by Mystique , in childhood memories of Caldecott County ( X-Men 200 , August 2007 ) , after healing in Muir Island ( X-Men 207 , March 2008 ) , and in moments of solitude at the Australian desert ( X-Men 215 , 220 -- 222 , 224 ) . Uncanny X-Men 517 and 526 use the complete name of Anna Marie Rogue when describing her fighting against Predator 006 at Utopia and before a mission aboard the X-Jet to Alaska ; X-Force 26 also does so , and `` Secrets of the House of M '' ( 2005 ) states for Rogue 's file the first name of `` Anna Marie '' and the last name of Darkholme , although the latter is referring to Mystique 's last name , since Mystique is her foster mother since her childhood in Caldecott County . In X-Men Legacy 238 , Rogue is identified as `` Anna Marie , aka Rogue , '' overflying Mumbai aboard an airliner together with Magneto , and then Rogue also introduces herself as `` Anna Marie '' to Indra 's parents , whereas in X-Men Legacy 239 Rogue is identified as `` Anna Marie '' by a squadron of Sentinels . In Uncanny Avengers 4 , after fighting Red Skull 's clone , Rogue is interrupted in her convalescence again being called `` Anna Marie '' by Wanda Maximoff . In X-Men 2 ( 2013 ) , Rogue is referred to as `` Anna Marie '' , while being restrained in the basement of the X-Mansion by the invading Arkea entity .

\n

\n In the films X-Men , X2 : X-Men United , and X-Men : The Last Stand , Rogue 's real first name is Marie . According to the official novelization of X-Men , her surname in the film series is `` D'Ancanto '' . In the comics , her chosen name ( according to X-Treme X-Men # 31 ) is Anna Raven when her powers are inactive ( Raven Darkholme is Mystique 's name ) . In X-Men # 24 she tries to reveal it to Gambit on a date , but he stops her .

\n

\n Her profile in the latest edition of the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe lists her real name as Anna Marie . Chris Claremont has also used the name `` Anna - Marie Raven '' in reference to Rogue in non-diegetic establishing text in X-Men Forever , although it is not clear whether or not the team knows her name , as they do uniformly refer to her as `` Rogue . ''

\n

\n Collected editions ( edit )

\n \n

\n Other versions ( edit )

\n Main article : Alternative versions of Rogue

\n In other media ( edit )

\n Main article : Rogue in other media

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ http://marvel.com/universe/Rogue
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Tony Bedard ( w ) , Karl Moline ( p ) , Rick Magyar ( i ) . `` Forget - Me - Not '' Rogue 2 ( August 2004 ) , Marvel Comics
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ; Richard George ( May 15 , 2006 ) . `` The Top 25 X-Men : They 're the best at what they do , but some do it better than others '' . IGN . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( May 5 , 2006 ) . `` Top Ten X-Babes : Counting down the lovely ladies who wear X and little else '' . IGN . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Secret Cabal ( February 4 , 2009 ) . `` Take 10 : Girl Power '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( September 27 , 2008 ) . `` CBR 's Top 50 X-Men '' . Comic Book Resources . p. 3 . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Frankenhoff , Brent ( 2011 ) . Comics Buyer 's Guide Presents : 100 Sexiest Women in Comics . Krause Publications . p. 16 . ISBN 1 - 4402 - 2988 - 0 .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Rogue ( vol. 3 ) # 1 -- 6 ( September 2004 -- February 2005 ) . Marvel Comics
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ X-Men / Alpha Flight # 1 ( December 1985 ) . Marvel Comics
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : X-Men Unlimited # 4
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` X-Men's Rogue : From Mississippi and proud of it '' . The Clarion - Ledger . clarionledger.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Ann Nocenti 's `` Her First and Last '' , Classic X-Men # 44 ( February 1990 ) . Marvel Comics
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : Chris Claremont ( w ) , Michael Golden ( p ) . Avengers Annual 10 ( November 1981 ) , Marvel Comics
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 158 ( June 1982 )
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Dazzler # 22 -- 24 , 28 ( December 1982 -- February 1983 , September 1983 ) . Marvel Comics
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Rom # 31 -- 32 ( June -- July 1982 ) . Marvel Comics
    17. \n
  17. \n ^ Jump up to : Uncanny X-Men # 236 . Marvel Comics
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 170
    19. \n
  19. \n ^ Jump up to : Uncanny X-Men # 171 ( July 1983 ) . Marvel Comics
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 172 ( August 1983 ) . Marvel Comics
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 173 ( September 1983 ) . Marvel Comics
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 179 ( March 1984 ) . Marvel Comics
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 182 ( June 1984 ) . Marvel Comics
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 220 -- 227 . Marvel Comics
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 244 . Marvel Comics
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 246
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 269 ( October 1990 ) . Marvel Comics
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 274 ( March 1991 ) . Marvel Comics
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 275 ( April 1991 )
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 278 ( July 1991 ) . Marvel Comics
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 3 -- 4 . Marvel Comics
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Rogue # 1 -- 4 ( January -- April 1995 ) . Marvel Comics
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ X-Men Unlimited # 4 . Marvel Comics
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 103 . Marvel Comics
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 107 ( December 2000 ) . Marvel Comics
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ X-Treme X-Men # 13 ( July 2002 ) . Marvel Comics
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ X-Treme X-Men # 17 ( October 2002 ) . Marvel Comics
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ X-Treme X-Men # 19 ( December 2002 ) . Marvel Comics
    39. \n
  39. \n ^ Jump up to : X-Treme X-Men # 46 ( June 2004 ) . Marvel Comics
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 157 ( July 2004 ) . Marvel Comics
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Rogue ( vol. 3 ) # 6 ( February 2005 ) . Marvel Comics
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 169 ( June 2005 ) . Marvel Comics
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Rogue ( vol. 3 ) # 11 ( July 2005 ) . Marvel Comics
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 174 ( October 2005 ) . Marvel Comics
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 184 Epilogue : Riddle of the Sphinx
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 187 . Marvel Comics
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 192 ( December 2006 ) . Marvel Comics
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 199 ( July 2007 ) . Marvel Comics
    49. \n
  49. \n ^ Jump up to : X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 200 ( August 2007 ) . Marvel Comics
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 204 ( December 2007 ) . Marvel Comics
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ New X-Men ( Vol 2 ) # 46 . Marvel Comics .
    52. \n
  52. \n ^ Jump up to : ' X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 207 ( March 2008 )
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 210 ( June 2008 ) . Marvel Comics
    54. \n
  54. \n ^ Jump up to : X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 220 ( March 2009 ) . Marvel Comics
    55. \n
  55. \n ^ Jump up to : ' X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 221 ( April 2009 ) . Marvel Comics
    56. \n
  56. \n ^ Jump up to : X-Men : Legacy # 222 ( May 2009 ) . Marvel Comics
    57. \n
  57. \n ^ Jump up to : X-Men : Legacy # 224 ( July 2009 ) . Marvel Comics
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 226 ( September 2009 ) . Marvel Comics
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 227 ( October 2009 ) . Marvel Comics
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 228 -- 230 ( November 2009 -- January 2010 ) . Marvel Comics
    61. \n
  61. \n ^ Jump up to : Uncanny X-Men # 517 ( January 2010 ) . Marvel Comics
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ X-Necrosha # 1 ( December 2009 ) . Marvel Comics
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 231 ( February 2010 ) . Marvel Comics
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 233 ( April 2010 ) . Marvel Comics
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Sentry : Fallen Sun ( July 2010 ) . Marvel Comics
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 235 ( June 2010 ) . Marvel Comics
    67. \n
  67. \n ^ Jump up to : X-Force ( vol. 3 ) # 26 ( June 2010 ) . Marvel Comics
    68. \n
  68. \n ^ Jump up to : Uncanny X-Men # 526 ( September 2010 ) . Marvel Comics
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 248 ( July 2011 ) . Marvel Comics
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 253 ( October 2011 ) . Marvel Comics
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ X-Men : ReGenesis # 1 . Marvel Comics
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Gage , Christos ( w ) , Sandoval , Rafa ( p ) , Tarragona , Jordi ( i ) , Rosenberg , Rachelle ( col ) . X-Men : Legacy 266 ( May 2012 ) , Marvel Comics
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ Gage , Christos ( w ) , Sandoval , Rafa ( p ) , Tarragona , Jordi ( i ) , Rosenberg , Rachelle ( col ) . X-Men : Legacy 267 ( May 2012 ) , Marvel Comics
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ Gage , Christos ( w ) , Baldeon , David ( p ) , Tarragona , Jordi ( i ) , Reber , Brian ( col ) . X-Men : Legacy 268 ( June 2012 ) , Marvel Comics
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ Gage , Christos ( w ) , Baldeon , David ( p ) , Tarragona , Jordi ( i ) , Reber , Brian ( col ) . X-Men : Legacy 270 ( July 2012 ) , Marvel Comics
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 271 - # 273
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Avengers VS X-Men # 11 . Marvel Comics
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Remender , Rick ; Cassaday , John . `` Uncanny Avengers '' ( 1 ) .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers # 5 . Marvel Comics
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers # 4 . Marvel Comics
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Avengers A.I. # 10 . Marvel Comics
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers # 13 . Marvel Comics
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers # 14 . Marvel Comics
    84. \n
  84. \n ^ Jump up to : Uncanny Avengers # 21 . Marvel Comics
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers # 22 . Marvel Comics
    86. \n
  86. \n ^ Jump up to : Uncanny Avengers # 23 . Marvel Comics
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ Esposito , Joey . `` Marvel Debuts All - Female X-Men '' . IGN .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers # 25
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ Avengers / X-Men : AXIS # 9
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers vol. 2 # 1
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers Vol. 3 # 1
    92. \n
  92. \n ^ Jump up to : Uncanny Avengers Vol. 3 # 8
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers Vol. 3 # 21
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers Vol. 3 # 22
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 239 ( December 1988 ) . Marvel Comics
    96. \n
  96. \n ^ Jump up to : Uncanny X-Men # 192 ( April 1985 ) . Marvel Comics
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 242 ( March 1989 ) . Marvel Comics
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 271 ( October 2012 ) . Marvel Comics
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ X-Men Legacy # 274 ( September 2012 )
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ X-Men Legacy # 275 ( October 2012 )
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny X-Men # 172 - 173 ( August -- September 1983 ) . Marvel Comics
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ X-Men # 107 ( December 2000 )
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ Extreme X-Men Volume 1 ( 2002 )
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ X-Treme X-Men # 21
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 2 ) # 215 ( October 2008 ) . Marvel Comics
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ Secrets of the House of M ( 2005 ) . Marvel Comics
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 238 ( September 2010 ) . Marvel Comics
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ X-Men : Legacy # 239 ( October 2010 ) . Marvel Comics
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ Uncanny Avengers # 4 ( April 2013 ) . Marvel Comics
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ X-Men ( vol. 4 ) # 2 ( June 2013 ) . Marvel Comics
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ X-Men Forever Alpha ( May 2009 ) . Marvel Comics
    112. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rogue ( comics ) .
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rogue
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Brotherhood of Mutants
\n Creators \n
    \n
  • \n Stan Lee
    • \n
  • \n Jack Kirby
    • \n
\n
\n Original members \n
    \n
  • \n Magneto
    • \n
  • \n Toad
    • \n
  • \n Quicksilver
    • \n
  • \n Scarlet Witch
    • \n
  • \n Mastermind
    • \n
\n
\n Key members \n
    \n
  • \n Blob
    • \n
  • \n Unus the Untouchable
    • \n
  • \n Vanisher
    • \n
  • \n Astra
    • \n
  • \n Burner
    • \n
  • \n Lifter
    • \n
  • \n Peeper
    • \n
  • \n Shocker
    • \n
  • \n Slither
    • \n
  • \n Mystique
    • \n
  • \n Destiny
    • \n
  • \n Avalanche
    • \n
  • \n Pyro
    • \n
  • \n Rogue
    • \n
  • \n Phantazia
    • \n
  • \n Sauron
    • \n
  • \n Masque
    • \n
  • \n Thornn
    • \n
  • \n Fatale
    • \n
  • \n Random
    • \n
  • \n Aurora
    • \n
  • \n Post
    • \n
  • \n Sabre
    • \n
  • \n Sabretooth
    • \n
  • \n Fever Pitch
    • \n
  • \n Juggernaut
    • \n
  • \n Domino
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n List of Brotherhood of Mutants members
    • \n
  • \n X-Men
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n X-Men
\n
    \n
  • \n Creators : Stan Lee
    • \n
  • \n Jack Kirby
    • \n
\n
\n Original members \n
    \n
  • \n Professor X
    • \n
  • \n Cyclops
    • \n
  • \n Iceman
    • \n
  • \n Beast
    • \n
  • \n Angel
    • \n
  • \n Phoenix
    • \n
\n
\n Later members \n
    \n
  • \n Anole
    • \n
  • \n Ariel
    • \n
  • \n Armor
    • \n
  • \n Aurora
    • \n
  • \n Banshee
    • \n
  • \n Bishop
    • \n
  • \n Blindfold
    • \n
  • \n Blink
    • \n
  • \n Boom - Boom
    • \n
  • \n Box
    • \n
  • \n Cable
    • \n
  • \n Cannonball
    • \n
  • \n Chamber
    • \n
  • \n Changeling
    • \n
  • \n Cipher
    • \n
  • \n Cloak and Dagger
    • \n
  • \n Colossus
    • \n
  • \n Cypher
    • \n
  • \n Darwin
    • \n
  • \n Dazzler
    • \n
  • \n Deadpool
    • \n
  • \n Doctor Nemesis
    • \n
  • \n Domino
    • \n
  • \n Dust
    • \n
  • \n Elixir
    • \n
  • \n Fantomex
    • \n
  • \n Firestar
    • \n
  • \n Forge
    • \n
  • \n Frenzy
    • \n
  • \n Emma Frost
    • \n
  • \n Gambit
    • \n
  • \n Gentle
    • \n
  • \n Graymalkin
    • \n
  • \n Havok
    • \n
  • \n Hellion
    • \n
  • \n Hepzibah
    • \n
  • \n Hope
    • \n
  • \n Husk
    • \n
  • \n Ink
    • \n
  • \n Joseph
    • \n
  • \n Jubilee
    • \n
  • \n Karma
    • \n
  • \n Lady Mastermind
    • \n
  • \n Lifeguard
    • \n
  • \n Lockheed
    • \n
  • \n Longshot
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Maggott
    • \n
  • \n Magik
    • \n
  • \n Magma
    • \n
  • \n Magneto
    • \n
  • \n Marrow
    • \n
  • \n Mercury
    • \n
  • \n Mimic
    • \n
  • \n Moonstar
    • \n
  • \n Mystique
    • \n
  • \n Namor
    • \n
  • \n Nightcrawler
    • \n
  • \n Northstar
    • \n
  • \n Omega Sentinel
    • \n
  • \n Petra
    • \n
  • \n Pixie
    • \n
  • \n Polaris
    • \n
  • \n Prodigy
    • \n
  • \n Psylocke
    • \n
  • \n Revanche
    • \n
  • \n Rockslide
    • \n
  • \n Rogue
    • \n
  • \n Sabretooth
    • \n
  • \n Sage
    • \n
  • \n Shadowcat
    • \n
  • \n Slipstream
    • \n
  • \n Spyke
    • \n
  • \n Stacy X
    • \n
  • \n Storm
    • \n
  • \n Rachel Summers
    • \n
  • \n Sunfire
    • \n
  • \n Sunspot
    • \n
  • \n Surge
    • \n
  • \n Sway
    • \n
  • \n Thunderbird ( John Proudstar )
    • \n
  • \n Thunderbird ( Neal Shaara )
    • \n
  • \n Warlock
    • \n
  • \n Warpath
    • \n
  • \n Wolf Cub
    • \n
  • \n Wolverine
    • \n
  • \n X-23
    • \n
  • \n X-Man
    • \n
  • \n Shen Xorn
    • \n
\n
\n Secondary teams \n
    \n
  • \n Alpha Squadron
    • \n
  • \n Excalibur
    • \n
  • \n Generation X
    • \n
  • \n New Mutants
    • \n
  • \n Paragons
    • \n
  • \n X-Corporation
    • \n
  • \n X-Corps
    • \n
  • \n X-Factor
    • \n
  • \n X-Force
    • \n
  • \n X-Statix
    • \n
  • \n X-Terminators
    • \n
  • \n X.S.E.
      \n
    • \n X-Treme Sanctions Executive
      • \n
    • \n Xavier 's Security Enforcers
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Supporting characters \n
    \n
  • \n Senator Robert Kelly
    • \n
  • \n Legion
    • \n
  • \n Moira MacTaggert
    • \n
  • \n Lilandra Neramani
    • \n
\n
\n Villains \n
    \n
  • \n Apocalypse
    • \n
  • \n Arcade
    • \n
  • \n Bastion
    • \n
  • \n Black Tom Cassidy
    • \n
  • \n Graydon Creed
    • \n
  • \n Count Nefaria
    • \n
  • \n Dark Beast
    • \n
  • \n Demon Bear
    • \n
  • \n Exodus
    • \n
  • \n Trevor Fitzroy
    • \n
  • \n Emma Frost
    • \n
  • \n Henry Peter Gyrich
    • \n
  • \n Cameron Hodge
    • \n
  • \n High Evolutionary
    • \n
  • \n Juggernaut
    • \n
  • \n Kid Omega
    • \n
  • \n Kree
    • \n
  • \n Lady Deathstrike
    • \n
  • \n Steven Lang
    • \n
  • \n Master Mold
    • \n
  • \n Mastermind
    • \n
  • \n Mesmero
    • \n
  • \n Mister Sinister
    • \n
  • \n Mojo
    • \n
  • \n Moses Magnum
    • \n
  • \n Mystique
    • \n
  • \n N'astirh
    • \n
  • \n Negasonic Teenage Warhead
    • \n
  • \n Nimrod
    • \n
  • \n Cassandra Nova
    • \n
  • \n Omega Red
    • \n
  • \n Onslaught
    • \n
  • \n Predator X
    • \n
  • \n Proteus
    • \n
  • \n Madelyne Pryor
    • \n
  • \n Sauron
    • \n
  • \n Selene
    • \n
  • \n Shadow King
    • \n
  • \n Sebastian Shaw
    • \n
  • \n Silver Samurai
    • \n
  • \n Spiral
    • \n
  • \n Stryfe
    • \n
  • \n William Stryker
    • \n
  • \n Sublime
    • \n
  • \n Sugar Man
    • \n
  • \n Terrax
    • \n
  • \n Toad
    • \n
  • \n Bolivar Trask
    • \n
  • \n Lawrence Trask
    • \n
  • \n Vulcan
    • \n
  • \n X-Cutioner
    • \n
  • \n Kuan - Yin Xorn
    • \n
\n
\n Villain teams \n
    \n
  • \n Acolytes
    • \n
  • \n Alliance of Evil
    • \n
  • \n Brood
    • \n
  • \n Brotherhood of Mutants
    • \n
  • \n Children of the Vault
    • \n
  • \n Externals
    • \n
  • \n Factor Three
    • \n
  • \n Fenris
    • \n
  • \n Freedom Force
    • \n
  • \n Friends of Humanity
    • \n
  • \n Gene Nation
    • \n
  • \n Hellfire Club
    • \n
  • \n Hellions
    • \n
  • \n Horsemen of Apocalypse
    • \n
  • \n Humanity 's Last Stand
    • \n
  • \n Marauders
    • \n
  • \n Mutant Liberation Front
    • \n
  • \n Nasty Boys
    • \n
  • \n Neo
    • \n
  • \n Norman Osborn 's X-Men
    • \n
  • \n Phalanx
    • \n
  • \n Purifiers
    • \n
  • \n Reavers
    • \n
  • \n Savage Land Mutates
    • \n
  • \n Sentinels
    • \n
  • \n Shadow - X
    • \n
  • \n U-Men
    • \n
  • \n Weapon X
    • \n
\n
\n Locations \n
    \n
  • \n Asteroid M
    • \n
  • \n Avalon
    • \n
  • \n Crossmore
    • \n
  • \n District X / Mutant Town
    • \n
  • \n Genosha
    • \n
  • \n Graymalkin Industries
    • \n
  • \n Limbo
    • \n
  • \n Madripoor
    • \n
  • \n Massachusetts Academy
    • \n
  • \n Muir Island
    • \n
  • \n Providence
    • \n
  • \n Savage Land
    • \n
  • \n Utopia
    • \n
  • \n X-Mansion
    • \n
\n
\n Equipment \n
    \n
  • \n Blackbird
    • \n
  • \n Cerebro
    • \n
  • \n Danger Room
    • \n
\n
\n Miscellanea \n
    \n
  • \n Alpha Flight
    • \n
  • \n Crimson Dawn
    • \n
  • \n Fastball Special
    • \n
  • \n Inhumans vs. X-Men
    • \n
  • \n Legacy Virus
    • \n
  • \n M'Kraan Crystal
    • \n
  • \n Morlocks
    • \n
  • \n Mutants
    • \n
  • \n Mutant Registration Act
    • \n
  • \n Phoenix Force
    • \n
  • \n Project Wideawake
    • \n
  • \n Shi'ar
      \n
    • \n Imperial Guard
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Starjammers
    • \n
  • \n Storm Force Accelatron
    • \n
  • \n Technarchy
    • \n
  • \n X-Babies
    • \n
  • \n X-Men in other media
      \n
    • \n television
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n X-Men ' 92
    • \n
  • \n X-Men comics
    • \n
  • \n Wolverine and the X-Men ( toyline )
    • \n
  • \n X-Men Classics ( action figure )
    • \n
  • \n X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( toyline )
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Uncanny Avengers
\n
    \n
  • \n Rick Remender
    • \n
  • \n John Cassaday
    • \n
\n
\n Initial members \n
    \n
  • \n Captain America
    • \n
  • \n Havok
    • \n
  • \n Rogue
    • \n
  • \n Scarlet Witch
    • \n
  • \n Thor
    • \n
  • \n Wolverine
    • \n
\n
\n Enemies \n
    \n
  • \n Apocalypse Twins
    • \n
  • \n Grey Gargoyle
    • \n
  • \n High Evolutionary
    • \n
  • \n Kang
    • \n
  • \n Red Skull
    • \n
  • \n S - Men
    • \n
  • \n Sin
    • \n
  • \n Squadron Supreme
    • \n
  • \n Wrecker
    • \n
\n
\n Related series \n
    \n
  • \n Avengers
    • \n
  • \n X-Men
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n X-Men comic books
\n Current team titles \n
    \n
  • \n Astonishing X-Men
    • \n
  • \n Generation X
    • \n
  • \n Weapon X
    • \n
  • \n X-Men Blue
    • \n
  • \n X-Men Gold
    • \n
\n
\n Past team titles \n
    \n
  • \n A + X
    • \n
  • \n All - New X-Factor
    • \n
  • \n All - New X-Men
    • \n
  • \n Alpha Flight
    • \n
  • \n Amazing X-Men
    • \n
  • \n Cable and X-Force
    • \n
  • \n Classic X-Men
    • \n
  • \n District X
    • \n
  • \n Excalibur / New Excalibur
    • \n
  • \n Extraordinary X-Men
    • \n
  • \n New Mutants
    • \n
  • \n New X-Men
    • \n
  • \n Professor Xavier and the X-Men
    • \n
  • \n Spider - Man and the X-Men
    • \n
  • \n Uncanny X-Force
    • \n
  • \n Uncanny X-Men
    • \n
  • \n Wolverine and the X-Men
    • \n
  • \n X-Factor
    • \n
  • \n X-Force
    • \n
  • \n X-Men
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : First Class
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Legacy ( vol. 1 )
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : The Hidden Years
    • \n
  • \n X-Men Unlimited
    • \n
  • \n X-Statix
    • \n
  • \n X-Treme X-Men ( vol. 1 )
    • \n
  • \n Young X-Men
    • \n
\n
\n Solo titles \n
    \n
  • \n Cable
    • \n
  • \n Old Man Logan
    • \n
\n
\n Past solo titles \n
    \n
  • \n Agent X
    • \n
  • \n Cable & Deadpool
    • \n
  • \n Cyclops
    • \n
  • \n Daken : Dark Wolverine
    • \n
  • \n Dazzler
    • \n
  • \n Emma Frost
    • \n
  • \n Gambit
    • \n
  • \n Magneto
    • \n
  • \n Mystique
    • \n
  • \n Namor : The First Mutant
    • \n
  • \n Nightcrawler
    • \n
  • \n Rogue
    • \n
  • \n Savage Wolverine
    • \n
  • \n Storm
    • \n
  • \n Warlock
    • \n
  • \n Wolverine
    • \n
  • \n Wolverine : Origins
    • \n
  • \n Wolverine : The Best There Is
    • \n
  • \n Wolverine : Weapon X
    • \n
  • \n X-23
    • \n
  • \n X-Man
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Legacy ( vol. 2 )
    • \n
\n
\n Past alternate universe titles \n
    \n
  • \n Bishop : The Last X-Man
    • \n
  • \n Exiles / New Exiles
    • \n
  • \n Mutant X
    • \n
  • \n Ultimate Comics : X-Men
    • \n
  • \n Ultimate X-Men
    • \n
  • \n Wild Thing
    • \n
  • \n X-Men 2099
    • \n
  • \n X-Men ' 92
    • \n
  • \n X-Men Forever
    • \n
  • \n X-Nation 2099
    • \n
  • \n X-Treme X-Men ( vol. 2 )
    • \n
\n
\n Limited series titles \n
    \n
  • \n List of X-Men limited series and one - shots
    • \n
  • \n Star Trek / X-Men
    • \n
  • \n The Uncanny X-Men and The New Teen Titans
    • \n
  • \n X-Men : Apocalypse vs. Dracula
    • \n
\n
\n Storylines \n
    \n
  • \n `` Second Genesis ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Dark Phoenix Saga ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Days of Future Past ''
    • \n
  • \n `` God Loves , Man Kills ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Mutant Massacre ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Fall of the Mutants ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Inferno ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Days of Future Present ''
    • \n
  • \n `` X-Tinction Agenda ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Muir Island Saga ''
    • \n
  • \n `` X-Cutioner's Song ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Fatal Attractions ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Bloodties ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Child 's Play ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Phalanx Covenant ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Legion Quest ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Age of Apocalypse ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Onslaught ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Operation : Zero Tolerance ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Hunt for Xavier ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Twelve ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Eve of Destruction ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Assault on Weapon Plus ''
    • \n
  • \n `` House of M ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Decimation ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Deadly Genesis ''
    • \n
  • \n `` End of Greys ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Endangered Species ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Messiah Complex ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Divided We Stand ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Manifest Destiny ''
    • \n
  • \n `` X-Infernus ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Messiah War ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Utopia ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Nation X ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Necrosha ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Second Coming ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Curse of the Mutants ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Age of X ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Schism ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Regenesis ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Avengers vs. X-Men ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Battle of the Atom ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Death of Wolverine ''
    • \n
  • \n `` AXIS ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Black Vortex ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Inhumans vs. X-Men ''
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n New X-Men story arcs \n
    \n
  • \n E Is for Extinction
    • \n
  • \n Here Comes Tomorrow
    • \n
  • \n Riot at Xavier 's
    • \n
  • \n Imperial
    • \n
  • \n Murder at the Mansion
    • \n
  • \n Planet X
    • \n
  • \n New Worlds
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n `` Ultimate Spider - Man and X-Men ''
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Ultimate X-Men story arcs
    • \n
  • \n Uncanny X-Men 94
    • \n
  • \n X-Men in other media
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Categories Titles
    • \n
  • \n Storylines
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rogue_(comics)&oldid=817574960 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "how did rogue get super strength and flight", "long_answers": ["As a young woman , Rogue permanently absorbed the superhuman powers and the psyche of Carol Danvers , the original Ms. Marvel . This provided her with superhuman strength , stamina , durability , reflexes , speed and a 7th sense . She was able to repel bullets and fly at sub-sonic speeds , much like Ms. Marvel could . In addition , she possessed an amalgamated mutant human / Kree physiology that rendered her resistant to most toxins and poisons , with the added effect of making her virtually invulnerable .\n"], "short_answers": ["Rogue permanently absorbed the superhuman powers and the psyche of Carol Danvers , the original Ms. Marvel\n"]} {"text": "Homestead Acts - wikipedia

\n Homestead Acts

\n Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Homesteading . Norwegian settlers in 1898 North Dakota in front of their homestead , a sod hut

\n The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land , typically called a `` homestead , '' at no cost . In all , more than 270 million acres of public land , or nearly 10 % of the total area of the U.S. , was given away free to 1.6 million homesteaders ; most of the homesteads were west of the Mississippi River .

\n

\n An extension of the Homestead Principle in law , the Homestead Acts were an expression of the `` Free Soil '' policy of Northerners who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms , as opposed to Southern slave - owners who wanted to buy up large tracts of land and use slave labor , thereby shutting out free white men .

\n

\n The first of the acts , the Homestead Act of 1862 , opened up millions of acres . Any adult who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government could apply . Women and immigrants who had applied for citizenship were eligible . The 1866 Act explicitly included black Americans and encouraged them to participate , but rampant discrimination slowed black gains . Historian Michael Lanza argues that while the 1866 law pack was not as beneficial as it might have been , it was part of the reason that by 1900 one fourth of all Southern black farmers owned their own farms .

\n

\n Several additional laws were enacted in the latter half of the 19th and early 20th centuries . The Southern Homestead Act of 1866 sought to address land ownership inequalities in the south during Reconstruction . The Timber Culture Act of 1873 granted land to a claimant who was required to plant trees -- the tract could be added to an existing homestead claim and had no residency requirement . The Kinkaid Amendment of 1904 granted a full section ( 640 acres ) to new homesteaders settling in western Nebraska . An amendment to the Homestead Act of 1862 , the Enlarged Homestead Act , was passed in 1909 and doubled the allotted acreage from 160 to 320 acres . Another amended act , the national Stock - Raising Homestead Act , was passed in 1916 and again increased the land involved , this time to 640 acres .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Background ( edit )

\n

\n Land - grant laws similar to the Homestead Acts had been proposed by northern Republicans before the Civil War , but had been repeatedly blocked in Congress by southern Democrats who wanted western lands open for purchase by slave - owners . The Homestead Act of 1860 did pass in Congress , but it was vetoed by President James Buchanan , a Democrat . After the Southern states seceded from the Union in 1861 ( and their representatives had left Congress ) , the bill passed and was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln ( May 20 , 1862 ) . Daniel Freeman became the first person to file a claim under the new act .

\n

\n Between 1862 and 1934 , the federal government granted 1.6 million homesteads and distributed 270,000,000 acres ( 420,000 sq mi ) of federal land for private ownership . This was a total of 10 % of all land in the United States . Homesteading was discontinued in 1976 , except in Alaska , where it continued until 1986 . About 40 % of the applicants who started the process were able to complete it and obtain title to their homesteaded land .

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n Donation land claim Act of 1850 ( edit )

\n Main article : Donation Land Claim Act

\n The Donation Land Claim Act allowed settlers to claim land in the Oregon Territory , then including the modern states of Washington , Oregon , Idaho and parts of Wyoming . Settlers were able to claim 320 or 640 acres of land for free between 1850 and 1854 , and then at a cost of $1.25 per acres until the law expired in 1855 .

\n

\n Homestead Act of 1862 ( edit )

\n Certificate of homestead in Nebraska given under the Homestead Act , 1862 \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikisource has original text related to this article : Homestead Act ( 1862 )
\n

\n The `` yeoman farmer '' ideal of Jeffersonian democracy was still a powerful influence in American politics during the 1840 -- 1850s , with many politicians believing a homestead act would help increase the number of `` virtuous yeomen '' . The Free Soil Party of 1848 -- 52 , and the new Republican Party after 1854 , demanded that the new lands opening up in the west be made available to independent farmers , rather than wealthy planters who would develop it with the use of slaves forcing the yeomen farmers onto marginal lands . Southern Democrats had continually fought ( and defeated ) previous homestead law proposals , as they feared free land would attract European immigrants and poor Southern whites to the west . After the South seceded and their delegates left Congress in 1861 , the Republicans and other supporters from the upper South passed a homestead act .

\n

\n The intent of the first Homestead Act , passed in 1862 , was to liberalize the homesteading requirements of the Preemption Act of 1841 . Its leading advocates were Andrew Johnson , George Henry Evans and Horace Greeley .

\n

\n The homestead was an area of public land in the West ( usually 160 acres or 65 ha ) granted to any US citizen willing to settle on and farm the land for at least five years . The law ( and those following it ) required a three - step procedure : file an application , improve the land , and file for deed of title . Any citizen who had never taken up arms against the U.S. government ( including freed slaves after the fourteenth amendment ) and was at least 21 years old or the head of a household , could file an application to claim a federal land grant . The occupant had to reside on the land for five years , and show evidence of having made improvements .

\n

\n Southern Homestead Act of 1866 ( edit )

\n Main article : Southern Homestead Act of 1866

\n Enacted to allow poor tenant farmers and sharecroppers in the south become land owners in the southern United States during Reconstruction . It was not very successful , as even the low prices and fees were often too much for the applicants to afford .

\n

\n Timber Culture Act of 1873 ( edit )

\n Main article : Timber Culture Act

\n The Timber Culture Act granted up to 160 acres of land to a homesteader who would plant at least 40 acres of trees over a period of several years . This quarter - section could be added to an existing homestead claim , offering a total of 320 acres to a settler . This offered a cheap plot of land to homesteaders .

\n

\n Kinkaid amendment of 1904 ( edit )

\n Main article : Kinkaid Act

\n Recognizing that arid lands west of the 100th meridian , which passes through central Nebraska , required more than 160 acres for a claimant to support a family , Congress passed the Kinkaid Act which granted larger homestead tracts , up to 640 acres , to homesteaders in western Nebraska .

\n

\n Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909 ( edit )

\n

\n Because by the early 1900s much of the prime low - lying alluvial land along rivers had been homesteaded , the Enlarged Homestead Act was passed in 1909 . To enable dryland farming , it increased the number of acres for a homestead to 320 acres ( 130 ha ) given to farmers who accepted more marginal lands ( especially in the Great Plains ) , which could not be easily irrigated .

\n

\n A massive influx of these new farmers , combined with inappropriate cultivation techniques and misunderstanding of the ecology , led to immense land erosion and eventually the Dust Bowl of the 1930s .

\n

\n Stock - Raising Homestead Act of 1916 ( edit )

\n Main article : Stock - Raising Homestead Act

\n In 1916 , the Stock - Raising Homestead Act was passed for settlers seeking 640 acres ( 260 ha ) of public land for ranching purposes .

\n

\n Subsistence homesteads provisions under the New Deal -- 1930 ( edit )

\n Main article : Subsistence Homesteads Division

\n Renewed interest in homesteading was brought about by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's program of Subsistence Homesteading implemented in the 1930s under the New Deal .

\n

\n Homesteading requirements ( edit )

\n

\n The Homestead Acts had few qualifying requirements . A homesteader had to be the head of the household or at least twenty - one years old . They had to live on the designated land , build a home , make improvements , and farm it for a minimum of five years . The filing fee was eighteen dollars ( or ten to temporarily hold a claim to the land ) .

\n

\n Immigrants , farmers without their own land , single women , and former slaves could all qualify . The fundamental racial qualification was that one had to be a citizen , or have filed a declaration of intention to become a citizen , and so the qualification changed over the years with the varying legal qualifications for citizenship . African - Americans became qualified with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 . South Asians and East Asians who had been born in the United States became qualified with the decision of United States v. Wong Kim Ark in 1898 , but little high - quality land remained available by that time . For immigrants the fundamental qualification was that they had to be permitted to enter the country ( which was usually co-extensive with being allowed to file a declaration of intention to become a citizen ) . During the 1800s , the bulk of immigrants were from Europe , with immigrants from South Asia and East Asia being largely excluded , and ( voluntary ) immigrants from Africa were permitted but uncommon .

\n

\n In practice ( edit )

\n

\n Settlers found land and staked their claims , usually in individual family units , although others formed closer knit communities . Often , the homestead consisted of several buildings or structures besides the main house .

\n

\n The Homestead Act of 1862 gave rise later to a new phenomenon , large land rushes , such as the Oklahoma Land Runs of the 1880s and 90s .

\n

\n End of homesteading ( edit )

\n Dugout home from a homestead near Pie Town , New Mexico , 1940

\n The Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 ended homesteading ; by that time , federal government policy had shifted to retaining control of western public lands . The only exception to this new policy was in Alaska , for which the law allowed homesteading until 1986 .

\n

\n The last claim under this Act was made by Ken Deardorff for 80 acres ( 32 ha ) of land on the Stony River in southwestern Alaska . He fulfilled all requirements of the homestead act in 1979 but did not receive his deed until May 1988 . He is the last person to receive title to land claimed under the Homestead Acts .

\n

\n Criticism ( edit )

\n

\n The homestead acts were much abused . Although the intent was to grant land for agriculture , in the arid areas east of the Rocky Mountains , 640 acres ( 260 ha ) was generally too little land for a viable farm ( at least prior to major federal public investments in irrigation projects ) . In these areas , people manipulated the provisions of the act to gain control of resources , especially water . A common scheme was for an individual , acting as a front for a large cattle operation , to file for a homestead surrounding a water source , under the pretense that the land was to be used as a farm . Once the land was granted , other cattle ranchers would be denied the use of that water source , effectively closing off the adjacent public land to competition . That method was also used by large businesses and speculators to gain ownership of timber and oil - producing land . The federal government charged royalties for extraction of these resources from public lands . On the other hand , homesteading schemes were generally pointless for land containing `` locatable minerals , '' such as gold and silver , which could be controlled through mining claims under the Mining Act of 1872 , for which the federal government did not charge royalties .

\n

\n The government developed no systematic method to evaluate claims under the homestead acts . Land offices relied on affidavits from witnesses that the claimant had lived on the land for the required period of time and made the required improvements . In practice , some of these witnesses were bribed or otherwise colluded with the claimant .

\n

\n Although not necessarily fraud , it was common practice for the eligible children of a large family to claim nearby land as soon as possible . After a few generations , a family could build up a sizable estate .

\n

\n The homesteads were criticized as too small for the environmental conditions on the Great Plains ; a homesteader using 19th - century animal - powered tilling and harvesting could not have cultivated the 1500 acres later recommended for dry land farming . Some scholars believe the acreage limits were reasonable when the act was written , but reveal that no one understood the physical conditions of the plains .

\n

\n According to Hugh Nibley , much of the rain forest west of Portland , Oregon was acquired by the Oregon Lumber Company by illegal claims under the Act .

\n

\n Nonetheless , in 1995 , a random survey of 178 members of the Economic History Association found that 70 percent of economists and 84 percent of economic historians disagreed that `` Nineteenth - century U.S. land policy , which attempted to give away free land , probably represented a net drain on the productive capacity of the country . ''

\n

\n Related Acts in other countries ( edit )

\n

\n Canada ( edit )

\n

\n Similar laws were passed in Canada :

\n

\n The Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed The Free Grants and Homestead Act in 1868 , which introduced a conditional scheme to an existing free grant plan previously authorized by the Province of Canada in The Public Lands Act of 1860 . It was extended to include settlement in the Rainy River District under The Rainy River Free Grants and Homestead Act , 1886 , These Acts were consolidated in 1913 in The Public Lands Act , which was further extended in 1948 to provide for free grants to former members of the Canadian Forces . The original free grant provisions for settlers were repealed in 1951 , and the remaining provisions were repealed in 1961 .

\n

\n The Parliament of Canada passed the Dominion Lands Act in 1872 in order to encourage settlement in the Northwest Territories . Its application was restricted after the passage of the Natural Resources Acts in 1930 , and it was finally repealed in 1950 .

\n

\n The Legislative Assembly of Quebec did not expand the scope of the 1860 Province of Canada Act ( which modern day Quebec was part of in 1860 ) , but did provide in 1868 that such lands were exempt from seizure , and chattels thereon were also exempt for the first ten years of occupation . Later known as the Settlers Protection Act , it was repealed in 1984 .

\n

\n Newfoundland and Labrador provided for free grants of land upon proof of possession for twenty years prior to 1977 , with continuous use for agricultural , business or residential purposes during that time . Similar programs continued to operate in Alberta and British Columbia until 1970 . In the early 21st century , some land is still being granted in the Yukon Territory under its Agricultural Lands Program .

\n

\n New Zealand ( edit )

\n

\n Despite the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi provisions for sale of land , the M\u0101ori Land Court decided that all land not cultivated by M\u0101ori was ' waste land ' and belonged to the Crown without purchase . Most New Zealand provinces had Waste Lands Acts enacted between 1854 and 1877 . The 1877 Land Act in Auckland Province used the term Homestead , with allocation administered by a Crown Lands Board . There was similar legislation in Westland . It gave up to 75 acres ( 30 ha ) , with settlers just paying the cost of a survey . They had to live there for five years , build a house and cultivate a third of the land , if already open , or a fifth if bush had to be cleared . The land was forfeited if they did n't clear enough bush . This contributed to rapid deforestation .

\n

\n Elsewhere in the British Empire ( edit )

\n

\n Similar in intent , the British Crown Lands Acts were extended to several of the Empire 's territories , and many are still in effect , to some extent , today . For instance , the Australian selection acts were passed in the various Australian colonies following the first , in 1861 , in New South Wales .

\n

\n In popular Culture ( edit )

\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Melvin L. Oliver ; Thomas M. Shapiro ( 1997 ) . Black Wealth / white Wealth : A New Perspective on Racial Inequality . pp. 14 -- 15 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Homestead National Monument : Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Park Service . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ The Homestead Act of 1862 ; Archives.gov
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ US Department of the Interior , National Park Service . `` Homesteading by the Numbers '' , accessed February 5 , 2010 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Eric Foner ; Free Soil , Free Labor , Free Men : The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War ; 1970 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Charles C. Bolton ; Poor Whites of the Antebellum South : Tenants and Laborers in Central North Carolina and Northeast Mississippi ; 1993 ; p. 67 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Phillips ; p. 2000 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ McPherson ; p. 193 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ McPherson ; pp. 450 -- 451 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Trefousse ; p. 42 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ McElroy ; p. 1 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Horace Greeley '' Archived December 17 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. ; Tulane University ; August 13 , 1999 ; retrieved 11 - 22 - 2007 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Paul Wallace Gates , `` Federal Land Policy in the South 1866 - 1888 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1940 ) 6 # 3 pp : 303 - 330 . in JSTOR
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : Realty and Resource Protection / bmps. Par. 41235. File. dat / Split % 20Estate % 20Presentation % 202006. pdf Split EstatePrivate Surface / Public Minerals : What Does it Mean to You ? , a 2006 Bureau of Land Management presentation
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Hansen , Zeynep K. , and Gary D. Libecap ( September 2001 ) . `` U.S. Land Policy , Property Rights , and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s '' . FEEM Working Paper No . 69.2001 . FEEM . SSRN 286699 -- via Social Science Electronic Publishing . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link )
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` The American Experience : Drought '' . pbs.org . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Homesteader '' . The Free Dictionary By Farlex . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` AMERICAN HISTORY The Homestead Act - Creating Prosperity in America '' . Legends of America . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` About the Homestead Act '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 29 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Was Homesteading only for White People ? '' . Friends of Homestead National Monument of America . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` You Can , But You Ca n't ! '' . Friends of Homestead National Monument of America . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 .
    22. \n
  22. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Florida Homestead Act of 1862 '' . Florida Homestead Services . 2006 . Retrieved November 22 , 2007 . ( paragraphs. 3 , 6&13 ) ( Includes data on the U.S. Homestead Act )
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Cobb , Norma ( 2000 ) . Arctic Homestead : The True Story of a Family 's Survival and Courage ... St. Martin 's Press . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 28379 - 2 . Retrieved November 22 , 2007 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` The Last Homesteader '' . National Park Service . 2006 . Retrieved November 22 , 2007 .
    25. \n
  25. \n ^ Jump up to : Hansen , Zeynep K. , and Gary D. Libecap . `` Small Farms , Externalities , and the Dust Bowl of the 1930s '' , Journal of Political Economy , Volume : 112 ( 3 ) . -- pp. 665 -- 94 . -- 21 November 2003
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ See Nibley , Hugh . Approaching Zion ( The Collected Works of Hugh Nibley , Vol 9 ) , p. 469 . Nibley 's grandfather , Charles W. Nibley made his fortune in Oregon lumber , among other resources .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 144 , 145 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ The Free Grants and Homestead Act of 1868 , S.O. 1868 , c. 8
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ The Public Lands Act of 1860 , S.C. 1860 , c. 2
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ The Rainy River Free Grants and Homestead Act , 1886 , S.O. 1886 , c. 7
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ The Public Lands Act , S.O. 1913 , c. 6 , Part II
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ The Public Lands Amendment Act , 1948 , S.O. 1948 , c. 72 , s . 2
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ The Public Lands Amendment Act , 1951 , S.O. 1951 , c. 71 , s . 1
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ The Public Lands Amendment Act , 1960 - 61 , S.O. 1960 - 61 , c. 71 , s . 3
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ An Act to Encourage Settlers , S.Q. 1868 , c. 20
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Settlers Protection Act , L.R.Q. , c . P - 38
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Loi sur les terres publiques agricoles , L.Q. 1982 , c. 13 ( in French )
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Lands Act , S.N.L. 1991 , c. 36 , s . 36 , discussed at `` Squatter 's Rights '' . NL Department of Environment and Conservation .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Tristin Hopper ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` Canada 's Last Homesteaders : How Determined Pioneers Turn the Yukon 's Wild Crown Land Into Successful Farms '' . The National Post .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. `` 1 . -- Land ownership -- Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand '' . www.teara.govt.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 .
    41. \n
  41. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Provincial District of Auckland -- The Land Act , 1877 NZETC '' . nzetc.victoria.ac.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu Taonga. `` 3 . -- Land ownership -- Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand '' . www.teara.govt.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Crown Lands Guide NZETC '' . nzetc.victoria.ac.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 .
    44. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n \n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikisource has the text of the Encyclopaedia Britannica ( 9th ed . ) article Homestead .
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica article Homestead and Exemption Laws .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n American Old West
\n Notable people \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Explorers and pioneers \n
    \n
  • \n John Bozeman
    • \n
  • \n Jim Bridger
    • \n
  • \n William Clark
    • \n
  • \n Davy Crockett
    • \n
  • \n John C. Fr\u00e9mont
    • \n
  • \n Liver - Eating Johnson
    • \n
  • \n Meriwether Lewis
    • \n
  • \n Joe Mayer
    • \n
  • \n William John Murphy
    • \n
  • \n John Wesley Powell
    • \n
  • \n Jedediah Smith
    • \n
  • \n Jack Swilling
    • \n
  • \n Trinidad Swilling
    • \n
  • \n Ora Rush Weed
    • \n
  • \n Henry Wickenburg
    • \n
  • \n Brigham Young
    • \n
\n
\n Native Americans \n
    \n
  • \n Black Hawk
    • \n
  • \n Black Kettle
    • \n
  • \n Bloody Knife
    • \n
  • \n Chief Joseph
    • \n
  • \n Cochise
    • \n
  • \n Crazy Horse
    • \n
  • \n Geronimo
    • \n
  • \n Irataba
    • \n
  • \n Mangas Coloradas
    • \n
  • \n Manuelito
    • \n
  • \n Massai
    • \n
  • \n Quanah Parker
    • \n
  • \n Red Cloud
    • \n
  • \n Sacagawea
    • \n
  • \n Sitting Bull
    • \n
  • \n Ten Bears
    • \n
  • \n Touch the Clouds
    • \n
  • \n Tuvi
    • \n
  • \n Victorio
    • \n
\n
\n Lawmen \n
    \n
  • \n Elfego Baca
    • \n
  • \n Charlie Bassett
    • \n
  • \n Roy Bean
    • \n
  • \n Morgan Earp
    • \n
  • \n Virgil Earp
    • \n
  • \n Wyatt Earp
    • \n
  • \n Henry Garfias
    • \n
  • \n Pat Garrett
    • \n
  • \n Jack Helm
    • \n
  • \n `` Wild Bill '' Hickok
    • \n
  • \n Bat Masterson
    • \n
  • \n `` Mysterious Dave '' Mather
    • \n
  • \n Bass Reeves
    • \n
  • \n George Scarborough
    • \n
  • \n John Selman
    • \n
  • \n John Horton Slaughter
    • \n
  • \n William `` Bill '' Tilghman
    • \n
  • \n James Timberlake
    • \n
  • \n Harry C. Wheeler
    • \n
\n
\n Outlaws \n
    \n
  • \n Billy the Kid
    • \n
  • \n Black Bart
    • \n
  • \n `` Curly Bill '' Brocius
    • \n
  • \n Butch Cassidy
    • \n
  • \n Billy Clanton
    • \n
  • \n Ike Clanton
    • \n
  • \n Bill Dalton
    • \n
  • \n Bill Doolin
    • \n
  • \n John Wesley Hardin
    • \n
  • \n Johnny Ringo
    • \n
  • \n Jesse James
    • \n
  • \n Tom Ketchum
    • \n
  • \n Frank McLaury
    • \n
  • \n Tom McLaury
    • \n
  • \n Joaquin Murrieta
    • \n
  • \n Cochise County Cowboys
    • \n
  • \n Belle Starr
    • \n
  • \n Soapy Smith
    • \n
  • \n Sundance Kid
    • \n
  • \n Cole Younger
    • \n
\n
\n Soldiers and scouts \n
    \n
  • \n Frederick Russell Burnham
    • \n
  • \n Kit Carson
    • \n
  • \n `` Buffalo Bill '' Cody
    • \n
  • \n Texas Jack Omohundro
    • \n
  • \n James C. Cooney
    • \n
  • \n George Crook
    • \n
  • \n George Armstrong Custer
    • \n
  • \n Samuel P. Heintzelman
    • \n
  • \n Tom Horn
    • \n
  • \n Calamity Jane
    • \n
  • \n Luther Kelly
    • \n
  • \n Ranald S. Mackenzie
    • \n
  • \n Charley Reynolds
    • \n
  • \n Philip Sheridan
    • \n
  • \n Al Sieber
    • \n
\n
\n Others \n
    \n
  • \n John Jacob Astor
    • \n
  • \n William H. Boring
    • \n
  • \n Jonathan R. Davis
    • \n
  • \n George Flavel
    • \n
  • \n C.S. Fly
    • \n
  • \n John Joel Glanton
    • \n
  • \n George E. Goodfellow
    • \n
  • \n Doc Holliday
    • \n
  • \n Seth Kinman
    • \n
  • \n Nat Love
    • \n
  • \n Sylvester Mowry
    • \n
  • \n Emperor Norton
    • \n
  • \n Annie Oakley
    • \n
  • \n Thomas William Sweeny
    • \n
  • \n Jack Swilling
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Native Americans \n
    \n
  • \n Apache
    • \n
  • \n Arapaho
    • \n
  • \n Arikara
    • \n
  • \n Assiniboine ( Nakota )
    • \n
  • \n Blackfoot
    • \n
  • \n Cahuilla
    • \n
  • \n Cayuse
    • \n
  • \n Cheyenne
    • \n
  • \n Chinook
    • \n
  • \n Chippewa ( Ojibwe )
    • \n
  • \n Caddo
    • \n
  • \n Cocopah
    • \n
  • \n Comanche
    • \n
  • \n Crow
    • \n
  • \n Dakota
    • \n
  • \n Five Civilized Tribes
    • \n
  • \n Hidatsa
    • \n
  • \n Hopi
    • \n
  • \n Hualapai
    • \n
  • \n Kickapoo
    • \n
  • \n Kiowa
    • \n
  • \n Ktunaxa
    • \n
  • \n Kumeyaay
    • \n
  • \n Lakota
    • \n
  • \n Mandan
    • \n
  • \n Maricopa
    • \n
  • \n Modoc
    • \n
  • \n Mohave
    • \n
  • \n Navajo
    • \n
  • \n Nez Perce
    • \n
  • \n Nootka ( Nuu - chah - nulth )
    • \n
  • \n Paiute
    • \n
  • \n Pawnee
    • \n
  • \n Pend d'Oreilles
    • \n
  • \n Pima
    • \n
  • \n Pueblo
    • \n
  • \n Shoshone
    • \n
  • \n Sioux
    • \n
  • \n Tohono O'odham
    • \n
  • \n Tonkawa
    • \n
  • \n Umpqua
    • \n
  • \n Ute
    • \n
  • \n Washoe
    • \n
  • \n Yaqui
    • \n
  • \n Yavapai
    • \n
  • \n Yuma ( Quechan )
    • \n
\n
\n Frontier culture \n
    \n
  • \n American bison
    • \n
  • \n Barbed wire
    • \n
  • \n Boot Hill
    • \n
  • \n Cattle drive
    • \n
  • \n Cowboy poetry
    • \n
  • \n Cattle rustling
    • \n
  • \n Cow town
    • \n
  • \n Fast draw
    • \n
  • \n Ghost town
    • \n
  • \n Gunfights
    • \n
  • \n Homesteading
    • \n
  • \n Land rush
    • \n
  • \n Manifest destiny
    • \n
  • \n Moonshine
    • \n
  • \n One - room schoolhouse
    • \n
  • \n Rodeo
    • \n
  • \n Stagecoach
    • \n
  • \n Train robbery
    • \n
  • \n Vigilante justice
    • \n
  • \n Western saloon
      \n
    • \n Tack piano
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Westward expansion
    • \n
  • \n Wild West shows
    • \n
\n
\n Transport and trails \n
    \n
  • \n Barlow Road
    • \n
  • \n Bozeman Trail
    • \n
  • \n Butterfield Trail
    • \n
  • \n California Trail
    • \n
  • \n Chisholm Trail
    • \n
  • \n Great Platte River Road
    • \n
  • \n Great Western Cattle Trail
    • \n
  • \n Lolo Pass
    • \n
  • \n Meek Cutoff
    • \n
  • \n Mormon Trail
    • \n
  • \n Oregon Trail
    • \n
  • \n Pony Express
    • \n
  • \n Santa Fe Trail
    • \n
  • \n Southern Emigrant Trail
    • \n
  • \n Tanner Trail
    • \n
  • \n First Transcontinental Railroad
    • \n
\n
\n Folklore \n
    \n
  • \n Dead man 's hand
    • \n
  • \n Dime novel
    • \n
  • \n John Henry
    • \n
  • \n Johnny Kaw
    • \n
  • \n Lone Ranger
    • \n
  • \n Long Tom 's treasure
    • \n
  • \n Lost Dutchman 's Gold Mine
    • \n
  • \n Lost Ship of the Desert
    • \n
  • \n Montezuma 's treasure
    • \n
  • \n Paul Bunyan
    • \n
  • \n Pecos Bill
    • \n
  • \n Seven Cities of Gold
    • \n
\n
\n Gold rushes \n
    \n
  • \n Black Hills Gold Rush
    • \n
  • \n California Gold Rush
    • \n
  • \n Confederate Gulch and Diamond City
    • \n
  • \n Klondike Gold Rush
    • \n
  • \n Pike 's Peak Gold Rush
    • \n
\n
\n Gunfights \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of Coffeyville
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Lincoln
    • \n
  • \n Frisco shootout
    • \n
  • \n Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
    • \n
  • \n Long Branch Saloon gunfight
    • \n
  • \n Variety Hall shootout
    • \n
\n
\n Military conflicts \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of the Alamo
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Glorieta Pass
    • \n
  • \n Battle of the Little Bighorn
    • \n
  • \n Battle of San Jacinto
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Washita River
    • \n
  • \n First Battle of Adobe Walls
    • \n
  • \n Indian Wars
    • \n
  • \n Sand Creek massacre
    • \n
  • \n Wounded Knee Massacre
    • \n
\n
\n Range wars and feuds \n
    \n
  • \n Earp - Clanton feud
    • \n
  • \n Johnson County War
    • \n
  • \n Lincoln County War
    • \n
  • \n Mason County War
    • \n
  • \n Pleasant Valley War
    • \n
  • \n Sheep Wars
    • \n
  • \n Sutton -- Taylor feud
    • \n
\n
\n Lists \n
    \n
  • \n Arizona Rangers
    • \n
  • \n Cowboys and cowgirls
    • \n
  • \n Gangs
    • \n
  • \n Gunfights
    • \n
  • \n Lawmen
    • \n
  • \n Mountain men
    • \n
  • \n Outlaws
    • \n
  • \n Timeline of the American Old West
    • \n
\n
\n Influence \n
    \n
  • \n Western genre
    • \n
  • \n Western lifestyle
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Places \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Alaska \n
    \n
  • \n Anchorage
    • \n
  • \n Iditarod
    • \n
  • \n Nome
    • \n
  • \n Seward
    • \n
  • \n Skagway
    • \n
\n
\n Arizona Territory \n
    \n
  • \n Canyon Diablo
    • \n
  • \n Fort Grant
    • \n
  • \n Prescott
    • \n
  • \n Phoenix
    • \n
  • \n Tombstone
    • \n
  • \n Tucson
    • \n
  • \n Yuma
    • \n
\n
\n California \n
    \n
  • \n Bakersfield
    • \n
  • \n Fresno
    • \n
  • \n Jamestown
    • \n
  • \n Los Angeles
    • \n
  • \n Sacramento
    • \n
  • \n San Diego
    • \n
  • \n San Francisco
    • \n
\n
\n Colorado \n
    \n
  • \n Creede
    • \n
  • \n Denver
    • \n
  • \n Telluride
    • \n
  • \n Trinidad
    • \n
\n
\n Dakota Territory \n
    \n
  • \n Bismarck
    • \n
  • \n Deadwood
    • \n
  • \n Fargo
    • \n
  • \n Pine Ridge
    • \n
  • \n Rapid City
    • \n
  • \n Yankton
    • \n
\n
\n Idaho Territory \n
    \n
  • \n Fort Boise
    • \n
  • \n Fort Hall
    • \n
\n
\n Illinois \n
    \n
  • \n Fort Dearborn
    • \n
\n
\n Kansas \n
    \n
  • \n Abilene
    • \n
  • \n Dodge City
    • \n
  • \n Ellsworth
    • \n
  • \n Hays
    • \n
  • \n Leavenworth
    • \n
  • \n Wichita
    • \n
\n
\n Missouri \n
    \n
  • \n Independence
    • \n
  • \n Kansas City
    • \n
  • \n St. Louis
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Montana Territory \n
    \n
  • \n Billings
    • \n
  • \n Bozeman
    • \n
  • \n Deer Lodge
    • \n
  • \n Fort Benton
    • \n
  • \n Fort Peck
    • \n
  • \n Helena
    • \n
  • \n Livingston
    • \n
  • \n Missoula
    • \n
  • \n Virginia City
    • \n
\n
\n Nebraska \n
    \n
  • \n Chadron
    • \n
  • \n Fort Atkinson
    • \n
  • \n Fort Robinson
    • \n
  • \n Nebraska City
    • \n
  • \n Ogallala
    • \n
  • \n Omaha
    • \n
  • \n Valentine
    • \n
\n
\n Nevada \n
    \n
  • \n Carson City
    • \n
  • \n Virginia City
    • \n
  • \n Reno
    • \n
\n
\n New Mexico Territory \n
    \n
  • \n Alamogordo
    • \n
  • \n Albuquerque
    • \n
  • \n Cimarron
    • \n
  • \n Fort Sumner
    • \n
  • \n Gallup
    • \n
  • \n Las Vegas
    • \n
  • \n Lincoln
    • \n
  • \n Mesilla
    • \n
  • \n Mogollon
    • \n
  • \n Roswell
    • \n
  • \n Santa Fe
    • \n
  • \n Tucumcari
    • \n
\n
\n Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory \n
    \n
  • \n Broken Arrow
    • \n
  • \n Fort Sill
    • \n
  • \n Oklahoma City
    • \n
\n
\n Oregon Territory \n
    \n
  • \n Astoria
    • \n
  • \n The Dalles
    • \n
  • \n La Grande
    • \n
  • \n McMinnville
    • \n
  • \n Oregon City
    • \n
  • \n Portland
    • \n
  • \n Salem
    • \n
  • \n Vale
    • \n
\n
\n Texas \n
    \n
  • \n Austin
    • \n
  • \n Abilene
    • \n
  • \n El Paso
    • \n
  • \n Fort Worth
    • \n
  • \n Gonzales
    • \n
  • \n Lubbock
    • \n
  • \n San Antonio
    • \n
\n
\n Utah Territory \n
    \n
  • \n Salt Lake City
    • \n
\n
\n Washington Territory \n
    \n
  • \n Everett
    • \n
  • \n Port Townsend
    • \n
  • \n Seattle
    • \n
  • \n Vancouver
    • \n
\n
\n Wyoming Territory \n
    \n
  • \n Fort Bridger
    • \n
  • \n Fort Laramie
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n GND : 4278057 - 3
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homestead_Acts&oldid=815139338 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "why did government sponsored surveys and land acts encourage migration to the west", "long_answers": ["The Homestead Acts were several United States federal laws that gave an applicant ownership of land , typically called a `` homestead , '' at no cost . In all , more than 270 million acres of public land , or nearly 10 % of the total area of the U.S. , was given away free to 1.6 million homesteaders ; most of the homesteads were west of the Mississippi River .\n", "An extension of the Homestead Principle in law , the Homestead Acts were an expression of the `` Free Soil '' policy of Northerners who wanted individual farmers to own and operate their own farms , as opposed to Southern slave - owners who wanted to buy up large tracts of land and use slave labor , thereby shutting out free white men .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "IRS penalties - wikipedia

\n IRS penalties

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n This article is part of a series on
\n Taxation in the United States of America
\n
\n Federal taxation ( show )
    \n
  • \n Alternative minimum tax
    • \n
  • \n Capital gains tax
    • \n
  • \n Corporate tax
    • \n
  • \n Estate tax
    • \n
  • \n Excise tax
    • \n
  • \n Gift tax
    • \n
  • \n Income tax
    • \n
  • \n Payroll tax
    • \n
  • \n Internal Revenue Service ( IRS )
    • \n
  • \n Internal Revenue Code ( IRC )
    • \n
  • \n IRS tax forms
    • \n
  • \n Revenue by state
    • \n
  • \n History
    • \n
  • \n Constitutional authority
    • \n
  • \n Taxpayer standing
    • \n
  • \n Court
    • \n
  • \n Protest
    • \n
  • \n Evasion
    • \n
\n
\n State and local taxation ( show )
    \n
  • \n State income tax
    • \n
  • \n Property tax
    • \n
  • \n Sales tax
    • \n
  • \n Use tax
    • \n
  • \n Land value tax
    • \n
  • \n State tax levels
    • \n
\n
\n Federal tax reform ( show )
    \n
  • \n Automated payment transaction tax
    • \n
  • \n 9 -- 9 -- 9
    • \n
  • \n Competitive Tax Plan
    • \n
  • \n Efficient Taxation of Income
    • \n
  • \n FairTax
    • \n
  • \n Flat tax
    • \n
  • \n Hall -- Rabushka flat tax
    • \n
  • \n Kemp Commission
    • \n
  • \n Taxpayer Choice Act
    • \n
  • \n USA Tax
    • \n
  • \n Value added tax
    • \n
  • \n Border - adjustment tax
    • \n
\n
\n United States portal
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Taxpayers in the United States may face various penalties for failures related to Federal , state , and local tax matters . The Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) is primarily responsible for charging these penalties at the Federal level . The IRS can assert only those penalties specified imposed under Federal tax law . State and local rules vary widely , are administered by state and local authorities , and are not discussed herein .

\n

\n Penalties may be monetary or may involve forfeiture of property . Criminal penalties may include jail time , but are imposed only by a federal judge after a defendant is convicted . Most monetary penalties are based on the amount of tax not properly paid . Penalties may increase with the period of nonpayment . Some penalties are fixed dollar amounts or fixed percentages of some measure required to be reported . Excise taxes used as penalties are imposed in the Code sections relating to particular kinds of transactions . Some penalties may be waived or abated where the taxpayer shows reasonable cause for the failure .

\n

\n Penalties apply for failures to file income tax returns or information returns , or for filing incorrect returns . Some penalties may be very minor . Penalties apply for certain types of errors on tax returns , and may be substantial . Some penalties are imposed as excise taxes on particular transactions . Certain other penalties apply for other types of failures . Certain acts may result in forfeiture of property of the taxpayer .

\n

\n There are over 150 kinds of civil penalties in the U.S. Internal Revenue Code , ranging in severity which is reflected in the amount of the applicable fines .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Underestimate and late payment penalties ( edit )

\n

\n Taxpayers are required to have withholding of tax or make quarterly estimated tax payments before the end of the tax year . Because accurate estimation requires accurate prediction of the future , taxpayers sometimes underestimate the amount due . The penalty for paying too little estimated tax or having too little tax withheld is computed with interest on the amount that should have been , but was not , paid .

\n

\n Where a taxpayer has filed an income or excise tax return that shows a balance due but does not pay that balance by the due date of the return ( without extensions ) , a different charge applies . This charge has two components : an interest charge , computed as described above , and second a penalty of 0.5 % per month applied to the unpaid balance of tax and interest . The 0.5 % penalty is capped at 25 % of the total unpaid tax .

\n

\n The underestimate penalty and interest on late payment are automatically assessed .

\n

\n Penalties for failure to timely file returns or timely pay tax ( edit )

\n

\n Penalty for Failure to Timely File Return : If a taxpayer is required to file an income or excise tax return and fails to timely do so , a late filing penalty may be assessed . The penalty is 5 % of the amount of unpaid tax per month ( or partial month ) the return is late , up to a maximum of 25 % . A minimum penalty of $205 may apply for returns over 60 days late . The minimum penalty is the lesser of $205 or 100 % of the tax due on the return .

\n

\n Penalty for Failure to Timely Pay Tax : If a taxpayer fails to pay the balance due shown on the tax return by the due date ( even if the reason of nonpayment is a bounced check ) , there is a penalty of 0.5 % of the amount of unpaid tax per month ( or partial month ) , up to a maximum of 25 % .

\n

\n Penalty for Failure to Timely Pay After Issuance of Notice : If a taxpayer fails to pay any additional tax assessed by the IRS ( usually as a result of an audit ) the taxpayer may be liable for a penalty equal to 0.5 % for each month ( or partial month ) during which the failure continues , if the amount is not paid within 21 calendar days after the date of an IRS notice demanding the payment .

\n

\n If both the failure to file and the failure to pay penalties apply during the same month , then the failure to file penalty is reduced by 0.5 % each month .

\n

\n The 25 % cap above applies to the 5 % late filing penalty and the 0.5 % late payment penalty together . The late filing penalty may be waived or abated on showing of reasonable cause for failure . The failure to file penalty is imposed and starts to accrue interest from the due date of the return . The failure to pay penalty is imposed when a taxpayer pays the taxes after payment was due , computed from the date prescribed for paying the tax .

\n

\n The Internal Revenue Service advises that if the taxpayer wants to compute the penalty for failure to timely file and the penalty for failure to timely pay the tax shown on the return , or the interest , and to pay those items at the time the return is filed , the taxpayer can `` identify and enter the amount in the bottom margin '' on the second page of Form 1040 . The IRS advises that the taxpayer `` not include interest or penalties ( other than the estimated tax penalty ) '' in the `` Amount Owed '' line of the form .

\n

\n Accuracy related penalties ( edit )

\n

\n If amounts reported on an income tax return are later adjusted by the IRS and a tax increase results , an additional penalty may apply . This penalty of 20 % or 40 % of the increase in tax is due in the case of substantial understatement of tax , substantial valuation misstatements , transfer pricing adjustments , or negligence or disregard of rules or regulations . For example , a valuation overstatement can result in a 30 % penalty on the amount of tax owed . Special rules apply for each of these types of errors under which the penalty may be waived .

\n

\n Penalties in connection with information returns ( edit )

\n

\n Certain types of returns , called `` information returns , '' do not require payment of tax . These include forms filed by employers to report wages ( Form W - 2 ) and businesses to report certain payments ( Form 1099 series instructions ) . The penalty for failures related to these forms is a dollar amount per form not timely filed , and the amount of penalty increases with the degree of lateness . The current maximum penalty for these forms is $50 . Many of the forms must be filed electronically , and filing on paper is considered non-filing .

\n

\n Late filing of returns of partnership income ( Form 1065 ) can result in penalties of $195 per month per partner , up to a maximum of 12 months . Similar penalties may apply to an income tax return ( Form 1120S ) for an S corporation return .

\n

\n 100 % penalty on unpaid withholding taxes ( edit )

\n

\n Employers are required to withhold income and social security taxes from wages paid to employees , and to pay these amounts promptly to the government . A penalty of 100 % of the amount not paid over ( plus liability for paying the withheld amounts ) may be collected without judicial proceedings from each and every person who had custody and control of the funds and did not make the payment to the government . This applies to company employees and officers as individuals , as well as to companies themselves . There have been reported cases of the IRS seizing houses of those failing to pay over employee taxes .

\n

\n Penalties for failure to provide foreign information ( edit )

\n

\n Taxpayers who are shareholders of controlled foreign corporations must file Form 5471 with respect to each such controlled foreign corporation . Penalties for failure to timely file are $10,000 to $50,000 per form , plus possible loss of foreign tax credits . U.S. corporations more than 25 % owned , directly or indirectly , by foreign persons must file Form 5472 to report such ownership and all transactions with related parties . Failure to timely file carries a $10,000 penalty per required form . This penalty may be increased by $10,000 per month per form for continued failure to file . In addition , taxpayers who fail to report changes in foreign taxes used as credits against Federal income tax may be subject to penalties .

\n

\n U.S. citizen or resident taxpayers ( including entities ) who are beneficiaries of a foreign trust or make transfers of property to a foreign trust must report information about the transfer and the trust or corporation . Failure to timely report on Form 3520 or Form 3520 - A may result in penalties of up to 35 % . Similar transferors to foreign corporations failing to file Form 926 may face penalties of 10 % of the value of the transfer , up to $100,000 .

\n

\n Excise taxes as penalties ( edit )

\n

\n Federal excise taxes are imposed on a variety of goods and services . Some of these taxes require purchase of tax stamps or other evidence of advance payment of tax . Some require collection of the tax by retailers . An assortment of penalties apply to manufacturers and retailers not complying with the particular rules .

\n

\n In addition , certain penalties are imposed in the form of an excise tax . Pension and benefit plans must pay a tax for a variety of failures . Charities and private foundations must pay an excise tax on prohibited transactions and other failures .

\n

\n Tax fraud penalties ( edit )

\n

\n Intentional filing of materially false tax returns is a criminal offence . A person convicted of committing tax fraud , or aiding and abetting another in committing tax fraud , may be subject to forfeiture of property and / or jail time . Conviction and sentencing is through the court system . Responsibility for prosecution falls to the U.S. Department of Justice , not the Internal Revenue Service .

\n

\n Penalties may be assessed against tax protesters who raise arguments that income tax laws are not valid , or who otherwise file frivolous returns or court petitions .

\n

\n Tax adviser penalties ( edit )

\n

\n Penalties also apply to people who promote tax shelters or who fail to maintain and disclose lists of reportable transactions their customers or clients for those transactions . These monetary penalties can be severe .

\n

\n Judicial appeal of penalties ( edit )

\n

\n Most penalties are subject to judicial review . However , the courts rarely modify assessment of the penalties and interest for underestimate or late payment .

\n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Most of the penalty rules are in Chapters 68 through 75 of the Internal Revenue Code , sections 6651 through 7344 . 26 USC Subtitle F .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Alan J. Tarr , J.D. , LL. M. ( Taxation ) & Pamela Jensen Drucker , J.D. , LL. M. ( Taxation ) , Civil Tax Penalties , U.S. Income Portfolios , Vol. 634 ( 2d ed. 2012 ) , Bloomberg BNA .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 6654 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 6651 ( a ) ( 3 ) .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ See IRS Tax Topic 653 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 6651 ( a ) ( 1 ) .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ IRC \u00a7 6651 ( a ) ( 1 )
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ IRC \u00a7 6651 ( a ) ( 2 )
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` 1040 ( 2015 ) '' . Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 6662 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 6721 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ 26 CFR 301 - 6721 - 1 ( a ) ( 2 ) ( ii ) .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 6698 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 6699 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Technically , the Form 1120S is an income tax return , not an information return .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 3101 - 3406 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 6672 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 3504 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ See , e.g. , United States v. St. Clair , 45 Amer . Fed . Tax Rep. 2d 80 - 1528 , 80 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) \u00b6 9364 , ( N.D. Texas 1980 ) , in which the court upheld seizure of the taxpayer 's personal residence for failure to pay over withholding taxes payable by the company .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 6038 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 6038A .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 6689 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 6677 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 6038B .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Subtitle D of 26 USC .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Manufacturers Taxes , IRS
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 4971 - 4980G
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 4911 , 4912 and 26 USC 4940 - 4948 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 7301 - 7328 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 7201 - 7217 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 6702 26 USC 6673 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 6700 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ 26 USC 6707A .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ See the discussions in IRS Publication 5 .
    35. \n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IRS_penalties&oldid=806448986 '' Categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "who may be affected by monetary penalties imposed by the irs", "long_answers": ["Taxpayers in the United States may face various penalties for failures related to Federal , state , and local tax matters . The Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) is primarily responsible for charging these penalties at the Federal level . The IRS can assert only those penalties specified imposed under Federal tax law . State and local rules vary widely , are administered by state and local authorities , and are not discussed herein .\n"], "short_answers": ["Taxpayers in the United States\n"]} {"text": "Where No Man Has Gone Before - wikipedia

\n Where No Man Has Gone Before

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the episode of Star Trek . For the Star Trek quotation , see Where no man has gone before . For the Star Trek : The Next Generation episode , see Where No One Has Gone Before . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Where No Man Has Gone Before ''
\n Star Trek : The Original Series episode
\n Episode no . \n Season 1 Episode 3
\n Directed by \n James Goldstone
\n Written by \n Samuel A. Peeples
\n Featured music \n Alexander Courage
\n Cinematography by \n Ernest Haller
\n Production code \n
\n Original air date \n September 22 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 22 )
\n Guest appearance ( s )
\n
    \n
  • \n Gary Lockwood -- Lt. Cmdr . Gary Mitchell
    • \n
  • \n Sally Kellerman -- Dr. Elizabeth Dehner
    • \n
  • \n Lloyd Haynes -- Alden
    • \n
  • \n Andrea Dromm -- Yeoman Smith
    • \n
  • \n Paul Carr -- Lt. Lee Kelso
    • \n
  • \n Paul Fix -- Dr. Mark Piper
    • \n
\n
\n Episode chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \u2190 Previous `` Charlie X '' \n Next \u2192 `` The Naked Time ''
\n
\n List of Star Trek : The Original Series episodes
\n

\n `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' is the second pilot episode of the American science fiction television series Star Trek . It was produced in 1965 after the first pilot , `` The Cage '' , was rejected by NBC . Reportedly , Lucille Ball , who owned Desilu Productions ( where the pilot was produced ) , persuaded NBC management to consider a second pilot , thereby exercising a special option agreement it had with Desilu , because she liked Gene Roddenberry and believed in the project . The episode was eventually broadcast third in sequence on September 22 , 1966 , and re-aired on April 20 , 1967 . On July 12 , 1969 , it was the first episode to be shown in the United Kingdom by the BBC .

\n

\n `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' was written by Samuel A. Peeples , directed by James Goldstone , and filmed in July 1965 . It was the first episode of Star Trek to feature William Shatner as Captain James Kirk , James Doohan as Chief Engineer Montgomery Scott ( later called `` Scotty '' ) , and George Takei as Lt. Sulu ( the ship 's physicist , whose character became helmsman in subsequent episodes ) . The episode title was adopted as the final phrase in the opening voice - over which characterizes the series and has entered popular culture .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Plot ( edit )

\n

\n The starship USS Enterprise is on an exploratory mission to leave the galaxy . En route , a damaged ship 's recorder of the SS Valiant , an Earth spaceship lost 200 years earlier , is found . Its record is incomplete , but it reveals that the Valiant had been swept from its path by a `` magnetic space storm , '' and that the crew had frantically searched for information about extra-sensory perception ( ESP ) in the ship 's library computer . The recording ends with the captain of the Valiant apparently giving a self - destruct order .

\n

\n Kirk decides that they need to know what happened to the Valiant , and the Enterprise crosses the edge of the galaxy where it encounters a strange barrier which damages the ship 's systems and warp drive , forcing a retreat . At the same time , nine crewmembers are killed and both helmsman Gary Mitchell and ship 's psychiatrist Dr. Elizabeth Dehner are knocked unconscious by the barrier 's effect . When he awakens , Mitchell 's eyes glow silver , and he begins to display remarkable psychic powers .

\n

\n Mitchell becomes increasingly arrogant and hostile toward the rest of the crew , declaring that he has become godlike , enforcing his desires with fearsome displays of telepathic and telekinetic power . Science Officer Spock ( Leonard Nimoy ) comes to believe that Valiant crew members may have experienced the same phenomenon , and destroyed the ship to keep the power from spreading . He advises Kirk that Mitchell may have to be killed before his powers develop further , but Kirk angrily disagrees .

\n

\n Alarmed that Mitchell may take over the Enterprise , Kirk decides to maroon him on an unmanned lithium - cracking facility on the remote planet of Delta Vega . Once there , the landing party tries to confine Mitchell , but his powers have become too great . He kills navigator Lt. Lee Kelso and escapes by knocking out Kirk and Spock , taking with him Dr. Dehner , who has now developed similar powers .

\n

\n Kirk follows and appeals to Dr. Dehner 's humanity for help . Before Mitchell can kill Kirk , the doctor attacks and weakens him . Mitchell fatally injures Dehner , but before he can recover from the effort , Kirk uses a phaser rifle to create a rock slide , killing Mitchell .

\n

\n Back on the Enterprise , Kirk makes a log entry that both Dehner and Mitchell gave their lives `` in performance of duty '' . He explains to Spock that he wants his friend 's service record to end positively : `` He did n't ask for what happened to him '' . Spock admits to feeling sympathy for Mitchell too , and Kirk comments that there is hope for him .

\n

\n Production ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n The original pilot of Star Trek , `` The Cage '' , was rejected in February 1965 by NBC executives . The show had been sold to them as a `` Wagon Train to the stars '' , and they thought the first pilot did not match the adventure format they had been promised and was `` too cerebral '' for the general audience . However , NBC , having been persuaded by Desilu management ( and reportedly by Lucille Ball herself ) , maintained sufficient interest in the format to order a second pilot episode in March 1965 .

\n

\n Roddenberry wrote two story outlines , `` The Omega Glory '' and `` Mudd 's Women . '' He wrote the teleplay for the former , and gave the latter to Stephen Kandel . Roddenberry asked long - time associate and veteran scriptwriter Samuel Peeples to submit ideas for another . Peeples came up with the premise and episode title for `` Where No Man Has Gone Before , '' and was assigned to write it .

\n

\n Kandel had fallen ill and his script was not finished in time ; the other two were submitted to NBC for consideration . NBC preferred `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' as a pilot . `` Mudd 's Women '' was later made as the second episode in regular production , and `` The Omega Glory '' was made towards the end of the second season .

\n

\n While `` The Cage '' has a running time of approximately 63 minutes , `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' ran just over 55 minutes , with additional footage and formatting later cut to reduce it to the usual series running time of around 50 minutes ( excluding commercials ) .

\n

\n Casting took place in June 1965 . Jeffrey Hunter was unwilling to reprise his role as Captain Christopher Pike . Lloyd Bridges and Jack Lord were considered , but William Shatner was finally cast as Pike 's replacement , Captain James Kirk . The character of Number One , the female second - in - command , was dropped on the insistence of the NBC network , and Science Officer Spock was given Number One 's unemotional demeanor . NBC was worried about Leonard Nimoy 's `` satanic '' appearance and pressured for his removal . As Roddenberry later explained at conventions , he felt he had a strong enough negotiating position to save one character , but not both . Roddenberry went on to muse that , had he done it the other way around , he could not have then married the losing actor .

\n

\n Apart from Captain Kirk , the episode introduced two other regular characters to the show : James Doohan , a friend of director James Goldstone , was cast as the Chief Engineer Montgomery Scott ( the name chosen after Doohan had tried various accents , and had decided that an engineer ought to be Scottish ) and George Takei was cast as Ship 's Physicist Sulu , who would become the helmsman in the regular series . Lieutenant Uhura and Dr. Leonard McCoy do not feature ; the ship 's doctor is instead Mark Piper ( Paul Fix ) . Piper was intended as a regular ; DeForest Kelley , who played McCoy in the series proper , had been considered for the role .

\n

\n Gary Lockwood , as Lt. Commander Gary Mitchell , had starred in the title role of Roddenberry 's earlier series on NBC , The Lieutenant ; Sally Kellerman was cast as Dr. Elizabeth Dehner . Both actors needed silver eyes , which were produced by an expert contact lens fabricator who sandwiched wrinkled tinfoil between two sclera contact lenses which covered the entire eye . These were outdated even in the 1960s and dangerous to the health of the actors ' eyes . Although Kellerman could insert and remove the prosthetics easily with no discomfort , Lockwood found them almost impossible to use . He needed to raise his face and sight along his nose in order to see through tiny holes in the foil . He was able to use this to enhance his performance as the mutating Mitchell , the unusual gaze giving him an arrogant and haughty demeanor .

\n

\n Other cast members included Paul Carr as Navigator Lee Kelso , Lloyd Haynes as Communications Officer Alden and Andrea Dromm as Yeoman Smith ( Alden and Smith were intended to be regulars in the show , but were replaced by Uhura and Janice Rand , respectively ) . The episode also is the first time long - running background actor Eddie Paskey appeared ; his character would later be identified as Lt. Leslie .

\n

\n The costumes from the first pilot were used in `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' with the exception of the insignias in two respects - the outlines were gold in first pilot but black in the second , and the insignia symbols for engineering and sciences were reversed compared to both the pilot and the series proper . Completely new uniforms and insignias would be unveiled when the series was green - lighted , with the colors altered and black collars introduced . Most of the Enterprise sets were also reused from `` The Cage '' , while Sickbay was the only major set constructed for the episode . Like `` The Cage '' , the episode was shot at Desilu 's Culver City studios .

\n

\n The episode was directed by James Goldstone . Ernest Haller , who had won the Oscar for Best Color Cinematography on the movie Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , served as director of photography for the episode . He had been brought in out of semi-retirement at Goldstone 's recommendation at the last minute , after attempts to locate a cameraman had proved problematic . Robert H. Justman was credited as assistant director .

\n

\n Shooting started on July 19 , 1965 , several days later than originally scheduled . During the filming of this episode , a wasp 's nest high in the rafters of the studio was somehow disturbed , and many cast and crew members suffered stings as a result . As this happened on a Friday , the weekend break allowed time for the swelling to go down ; Shatner , however , required additional makeup to hide the stings during shooting the following Monday . Filming finished late on July 28 , 1965 ; the final footage filmed was part of the fight between Kirk and Mitchell . While the schedule allowed seven days to shoot the episode , it required nine , which was Justman 's original estimate . The episode cost around $300,000 , around half the money spent on making `` The Cage '' .

\n

\n In a 1988 TV special , series creator Gene Roddenberry said that , as with the first pilot , this one still had a lot of science - fiction elements in it , but at least it ended with Kirk in a bare - knuckle fistfight with Mitchell and that 's what sold NBC on Star Trek .

\n

\n Original cut ( edit )

\n

\n Post-production on the episode was delayed by Roddenberry 's involvement in another pilot , Police Story . Post-production finished in January 1966 and the episode was presented to NBC for approval ( which finally came in February 1966 ) ; this original version ( production number 02a ) differed from the later final broadcast cut ( production number 02b , airing on September 22 , 1966 ) in that each of the four acts had on - screen titles ( `` Act I '' , `` Act II '' , etc . ) , as well as an epilogue , in the manner of Quinn Martin 's television productions . It also featured a much longer opening narration by Shatner . In some places alternate musical scores were used . In total almost 5 minutes of footage was removed to accommodate the original series 50 - minute network broadcast format , allowing for commercials .

\n

\n The studio did not retain a print of this original `` alternate '' version , and it was officially thought to be lost , though many fans knew that it existed somewhere , having purchased a poor quality VHS tape at a convention . In 2009 , a German film collector discovered a print of it and brought it to the attention of CBS / Paramount , which then released it under the title `` Where No Fan Has Gone Before '' -- The Restored , Unaired Alternate Pilot Episode as part of the TOS season 3 box set on Blu - ray ; it has not yet been released on DVD .

\n

\n The original `` alternate '' version also remains unaired ( in both normal or still undone remastered form ) , thus still awaiting canon status ( both in contrast to TOS 's earlier other concept - as - pilot episode 's version , `` The Cage '' -- later reworked into the two - part `` The Menagerie '' of the original run of TOS , which was finally broadcast in 1988 during the original run and in the regular time slot of Star Trek : The Next Generation ) .

\n

\n The episode in its original `` alternate '' version was known to the public before the aired version , having been shown ( receiving a standing ovation ) at the 24th Worldcon in Cleveland , Ohio , on September 3 , 1966 -- shortly before the premiere broadcast of Star Trek on NBC .

\n

\n Continuity ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n The episode 's title is the first usage of the phrase `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' in Star Trek . The phrase would be incorporated into the opening credits sequence in following episodes , as part of the `` Space : The Final Frontier ... '' speech given by Captain Kirk . The phrase would also be used ( with `` man '' changed to the gender - neutral `` one '' ) , in the credits voice - over of Star Trek : The Next Generation . That series also referred to it with the title of one of its episodes , `` Where No One Has Gone Before '' . It was also referred to in the final episode of Star Trek : Enterprise as part of a voice - over spoken by Picard , Kirk , and Archer .

\n

\n Kirk 's middle initial is given as `` R . '' in `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' and is seen clearly on the gravestone fashioned by Mitchell for Kirk ; subsequent episodes use `` James T. Kirk '' . His middle name was revealed to be `` Tiberius '' in `` Bem '' , an episode from the animated series , and in Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country . Various suggestions have been made to explain this discrepancy ; Michael Jan Friedman 's My Brother 's Keeper trilogy speculates this results from an in - joke between Mitchell and Kirk . Roddenberry cited human error on Mitchell 's part .

\n

\n The episode contains the first stardate ( 1312.4 ) and makes the first reference to the Academy , at which Kirk taught Mitchell . The `` lithium crystals '' mentioned in the episode would later be renamed to the fictional `` dilithium crystals '' . The episode opens with Kirk and Spock playing a game of three - dimensional chess .

\n

\n Sequels and adaptations ( edit )

\n

\n The episode was adapted into a short story by James Blish for Star Trek 8 , published in 1972 . It also became the second in Bantam 's series of Fotonovels , published in 1977 .

\n

\n The Galactic Barrier is later associated with the Q , in the 1994 novel Q - Squared by Peter David , and Greg Cox 's 1998 Q Continuum trilogy .

\n

\n Gary Mitchell does not appear again in the show . Several books , including Michael Jan Friedman 's My Brother 's Keeper , Vonda N. McIntyre 's Enterprise : The First Adventure , and Margaret Wander Bonanno 's Strangers from the Sky , feature the Mitchell character in adventures set before the events of the episode . The 2005 Star Trek : Vanguard book Harbinger is set immediately after the events of `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' and features a troubled Kirk musing on his friend 's death . Friedman 's Stargazer book The Valiant features two people who claim to be descended from the Valiant 's crew .

\n

\n Reception ( edit )

\n

\n Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club gave the episode a ' B + ' rating , describing it as `` an awkward episode '' but that `` it 's not without its charms . ''

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Asherman , Allan ( 1987 ) . The Star Trek Compendium . Titan Books . ISBN 0 - 907610 - 99 - 4 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Alexander , David ( 1994 ) . Star Trek Creator : The Authorized Biography of Gene Roddenberry . Roc . ISBN 0 - 451 - 45440 - 5 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Whitfield , Stephen E & Roddenberry , Gene ( 1968 ) . The Making of Star Trek . Ballatine Books . ISBN 1 - 85286 - 363 - 3 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Solow , Herbert F. and Justman , Robert H. ( 1996 ) . Inside Star Trek : The Real Story . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 00974 - 5 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link )
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Mr Leslie Facts '' . eddiepaskey.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2006 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Where No Man Has Gone Before . DVD technical commentary ( Okuda , Michael and Denise ) .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Leao , Gustavo ( October 9 , 2006 ) . `` Article with pictures of original `` alternate '' version `` . TrekWeb.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( November 12 , 2009 ) . `` Never before aired ' Star Trek ' pilot to be released '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 13 , 2009 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Star Trek - ' These Are the High - Def Voyages ... ' : Season 3 Blu - ray Disc Announced ! * * * UPDATE : PACKAGING * * * '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2009 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Pirrello , Phil ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Star Trek : The Original Series -- Season 3 Blu - ray Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Ward , Dayton . `` Annotations to Star Trek : Mere Anarchy : Things Fall Apart '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved December 25 , 2006 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Okuda , Michael ; Okuda , Denise ; Mirek , Debbie ( 1999 ) . The Star Trek Encyclopedia . Pocket Books . ISBN 0 - 671 - 53609 - 5 .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : Ayers , Jeff ( 2006 ) . Voyages of the Imagination : The Star Trek Fiction Companion . Pocket Books . ISBN 1 - 4165 - 0349 - 8 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Roby , Steve . `` Complete Starfleet Library : 1977 '' . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2006 . Retrieved December 25 , 2006 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Handlen , Zack ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Where No Man Has Gone Before '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 .
    16. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikiquote has quotations related to : `` Where No Man Has Gone Before ''
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Star Trek : The Original Series episodes
\n
\n
\n Seasons
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n `` The Cage ''
\n
\n
\n Season 1 \n
    \n
  • \n `` The Man Trap ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Charlie X ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Where No Man Has Gone Before ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Naked Time ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Enemy Within ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Mudd 's Women ''
    • \n
  • \n `` What Are Little Girls Made Of ? ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Miri ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Dagger of the Mind ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Corbomite Maneuver '
    • \n
  • \n `` The Menagerie , Part I ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Menagerie , Part II ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Conscience of the King ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Balance of Terror ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Shore Leave ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Galileo Seven ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Squire of Gothos ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Arena ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Tomorrow Is Yesterday ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Court Martial ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Return of the Archons ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Space Seed ''
    • \n
  • \n `` A Taste of Armageddon ''
    • \n
  • \n `` This Side of Paradise ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Devil in the Dark ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Errand of Mercy ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Alternative Factor ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The City on the Edge of Forever ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Operation : Annihilate ! ''
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Where_No_Man_Has_Gone_Before&oldid=822199739 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where no man has gone before episode cast", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) - wikipedia

\n The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Tracy McConnell
\n How I Met Your Mother character
\n The Mother appearing in `` The Locket ''
\n First appearance \n `` Lucky Penny ( unseen ) '' `` Something New '' ( seen )
\n Last appearance \n `` Last Forever ''
\n Created by \n Carter Bays Craig Thomas
\n Portrayed by \n Cristin Milioti
\n Information
\n Aliases \n The Mother
\n Gender \n Female
\n Spouse ( s ) \n Ted Mosby
\n Significant other ( s ) \n Max ( deceased former boyfriend ) Louis ( ex-boyfriend )
\n Children \n Penny Mosby ( daughter , born in 2015 , played by Lyndsy Fonseca ) Luke Mosby ( son , born in 2017 , played by David Henrie )
\n Nationality \n American
\n

\n Tracy McConnell , better known as `` The Mother '' , is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti .

\n

\n The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky 's wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans .

\n

\n An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mom every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Casting ( edit )

\n

\n During its first eight seasons , the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Well - known actresses often made guest appearances on the show . Many fans expected that another would play one of the most - wanted roles in Hollywood , but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown . Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples , Thomas said that `` We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted 's never seen this woman before , so it better feel that way to the audience '' , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call .

\n

\n They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . After competing for the role against at least two others , Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled , `` I had ignorance on my side . So I did n't know what it meant . '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer .

\n

\n Character history ( edit )

\n

\n The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 .

\n

\n The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love .

\n

\n In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max , her late boyfriend . She is still grieving , but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . After they start talking , Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college .

\n

\n On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom .

\n

\n Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time .

\n

\n Some time after this , a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band .

\n

\n In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar .

\n

\n In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding .

\n

\n The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after .

\n

\n The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends ( Barney , Lily , Marshall and Robin ) before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey .

\n

\n In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band , that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception . But the band 's leader , Darren , forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . She ends up alone at the bar , and while practicing a speech to give Darren , Darren walks up to her furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason . '' Amused by this , the Mother laughs , and Darren quits the band in anger .

\n

\n In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She declines Louis ' proposal and leaves his cottage , going to check in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door .

\n

\n In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date .

\n

\n In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton .

\n

\n Name ( edit )

\n

\n The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children react in surprise and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy .

\n

\n Death ( edit )

\n See also : Last Forever

\n In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children saying that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' .

\n

\n A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , the mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 .

\n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 .
    2. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 February 2015 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cristin-milioti-sobbed-found-characters-fate-met-mother/story?id=25947923
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Guerrero , Danger ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set . https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 .
    19. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n How I Met Your Mother
\n Episodes \n
    \n
  • \n Season 1
    • \n
  • \n Season 2
    • \n
  • \n Season 3
    • \n
  • \n Season 4
    • \n
  • \n Season 5
    • \n
  • \n Season 6
    • \n
  • \n Season 7
    • \n
  • \n Season 8
    • \n
  • \n Season 9
    • \n
\n
\n Characters \n
    \n
  • \n Ted Mosby
    • \n
  • \n Marshall Eriksen
    • \n
  • \n Lily Aldrin
    • \n
  • \n Barney Stinson
    • \n
  • \n Robin Scherbatsky
    • \n
  • \n The Mother ( Tracy McConnell )
    • \n
\n
\n Soundtracks \n
    \n
  • \n How I Met Your Music
    • \n
\n
\n Related articles \n
    \n
  • \n Awards and nominations
    • \n
  • \n The Bro Code
    • \n
  • \n Cheerleader effect
    • \n
  • \n `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit ''
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=802354471 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who turned out to be the mother on how i met your mother", "long_answers": ["Tracy McConnell , better known as `` The Mother '' , is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti .\n"], "short_answers": ["Tracy McConnell\n", "Tracy McConnell\n", "Tracy McConnell\n", "Tracy McConnell\n", "Tracy McConnell\n"]} {"text": "List of Australian capital cities - wikipedia

\n List of Australian capital cities

\n Jump to : navigation , search

\n There are eight capital cities in Australia , each of which function as the seat of government for the state or territory in which they are located . Melbourne was the initial capital following the 1901 Federation of Australia . In 1913 , the seat of national government was moved to the newly created city of Canberra , which continues to serve as the national capital .

\n

\n Each capital city hosts the judicial , administrative and legislative functions for their jurisdiction . In the case of the states and internal territories , their capital cities also happen to be the most populous city in their respective jurisdiction .

\n

\n The Australian external territory of Norfolk Island has its official capital at Kingston , although this acts merely as the administrative centre of government ; its de facto capital is Burnt Pine .

\n \n \n \n \n
\n WESTERN AUSTRALIA NORTHERN TERRITORY SOUTH AUSTRALIA QUEENSLAND NEW SOUTH WALES VICTORIA TASMANIA Perth Adelaide Melbourne Canberra ( ACT ) Sydney Brisbane Hobart Darwin
\n \n State and Territory Capitals of Australia \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Jurisdiction \n Capital \n City Population \n State / Territory Population \n Date of statehood \n Capital since \n Image
\n Australia and Australian Capital Territory \n Canberra \n 435,019 \n 403,468 \n Must remain a territory as per s. 125 of the Australian Constitution \n 1913 \n View of Civic from Mount Ainslie , with Telstra Tower in the background
\n New South Wales \n Sydney \n 5,029,768 \n 7,759,274 \n 1788 \n 1788 \n Skyline of the Sydney central business district
\n Victoria \n Melbourne \n 4,725,316 \n 6,179,249 \n 1851 \n 1851 \n The Melbourne skyline on the Yarra River
\n Queensland \n Brisbane \n 2,360,241 \n 4,848,877 \n 1859 \n 1860 \n Brisbane 's CBD , with the Story Bridge in the foreground
\n Western Australia \n Perth \n 2,022,044 \n 2,558,951 \n 1829 \n 1829 \n View of Perth CBD skyline
\n South Australia \n Adelaide \n 1,324,279 \n 1,713,054 \n 1836 \n 1836 \n View of Adelaide Skyline .
\n Tasmania \n Hobart \n 224,462 \n 517,588 \n 1825 \n 1826 \n View of the Hobart downtown district and Mount Wellington from Constitution Dock
\n Northern Territory \n Darwin \n 145,916 \n 245,740 \n Has not attained Statehood \n 1911 \n View of Darwin CBD
\n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Although the ACT has its own government , it remains a territory ultimately under Commonwealth rule .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ in 1911 , South Australia transferred responsibility for governing the Northern Territory to the Commonwealth Government of Australia . It was granted self - governance in 1978 , however the Northern Territory is still considered a territory under Commonwealth rule , not a state .
    3. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Norfolk Island - Kingston http://www.pitcairners.org/vt_kingston.html Norfolk Island 's Home on the Web
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3218.0Main+Features12016?OpenDocument
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/3218.02016?OpenDocument
    4. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Capital cities of Australia
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n National and ACT Canberra

\n 		\n

\n NSW Sydney

\n 		\n

\n NT Darwin

\n 		\n

\n QLD Brisbane

\n 		\n

\n SA Adelaide

\n 		\n

\n TAS Hobart

\n 		\n

\n VIC Melbourne

\n 		\n

\n WA Perth

\n
\n
\n List of cities in Australia
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Australia articles
\n History \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Timeline
    • \n
  • \n Bibliography
    • \n
  • \n Prehistory
    • \n
  • \n Archaeology
    • \n
  • \n European Exploration
    • \n
  • \n Territorial evolution
    • \n
  • \n 1788 -- 1850
    • \n
  • \n 1851 -- 1900
    • \n
  • \n 1901 -- 1945
    • \n
  • \n Since 1945
    • \n
\n
\n By topic \n
    \n
  • \n Constitutional
    • \n
  • \n Diplomatic
    • \n
  • \n Economic
    • \n
  • \n Federation
    • \n
  • \n Immigration
    • \n
  • \n Indigenous
    • \n
  • \n Military
    • \n
  • \n Monarchy
    • \n
  • \n Railway
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Geography \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Climate
    • \n
  • \n Continent
    • \n
  • \n Deserts
    • \n
  • \n Environment
      \n
    • \n issues
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Earthquakes
    • \n
  • \n Flora
    • \n
  • \n Fauna
    • \n
  • \n Forests
    • \n
  • \n Geology
    • \n
  • \n Islands
    • \n
  • \n Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Regions
    • \n
  • \n Protected areas
    • \n
  • \n Rivers
    • \n
\n
\n Subdivisions \n
    \n
  • \n States and Territories
    • \n
  • \n Capitals
    • \n
  • \n Cities
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Politics \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Constitution
    • \n
  • \n Courts
    • \n
  • \n Elections
      \n
    • \n Donations
      • \n
    • \n Electoral system
      • \n
    • \n Parties
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Federal budget
    • \n
  • \n Foreign relations
    • \n
  • \n Government
    • \n
  • \n Governor - General
    • \n
  • \n Human rights
      \n
    • \n Intersex
      • \n
    • \n LGBT
      • \n
    • \n Transgender
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Intelligence and security
    • \n
  • \n Law
      \n
    • \n Constitution
      • \n
    • \n Judiciary
      • \n
    • \n Enforcement
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Military
    • \n
  • \n Monarchy
    • \n
  • \n National debt
    • \n
  • \n Parliament
    • \n
  • \n Public Service
    • \n
  • \n Women
      \n
    • \n Government leaders
      • \n
    • \n Government ministers
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Economy \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Agriculture
    • \n
  • \n Dollar ( currency )
    • \n
  • \n Energy
    • \n
  • \n Gross state product
    • \n
  • \n Home ownership
      \n
    • \n Public housing
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Household income
    • \n
  • \n Manufacturing
    • \n
  • \n Media
    • \n
  • \n Mining
    • \n
  • \n Poverty
    • \n
  • \n Reserve Bank
    • \n
  • \n Stock Exchange
    • \n
  • \n Superannuation
    • \n
  • \n Taxation
    • \n
  • \n Telecommunications
    • \n
  • \n Tourism
    • \n
  • \n Transportation
    • \n
  • \n Welfare system
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Society \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Crime
    • \n
  • \n Demographics
    • \n
  • \n Education
    • \n
  • \n Ethnic groups
    • \n
  • \n Healthcare
    • \n
  • \n Homelessness
    • \n
  • \n Immigration
    • \n
  • \n Languages
    • \n
  • \n Religion
    • \n
  • \n Women
    • \n
\n
\n Culture \n
    \n
  • \n Architecture
    • \n
  • \n Art
    • \n
  • \n Arts
    • \n
  • \n Australian English
    • \n
  • \n Cinema
    • \n
  • \n Cuisine
    • \n
  • \n Dance
    • \n
  • \n Literature
    • \n
  • \n Music
    • \n
  • \n Public holidays
    • \n
  • \n Radio
    • \n
  • \n Sport
    • \n
  • \n Symbols
    • \n
  • \n Television
    • \n
  • \n Theatre
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Outline
    • \n
  • \n Index
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Australian_capital_cities&oldid=813441772 '' Categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n Languages

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "list of states of australia and their capitals", "long_answers": ["State and Territory Capitals of Australia Jurisdiction Capital City Population State / Territory Population Date of statehood Capital since Image Australia and Australian Capital Territory Canberra 435,019 403,468 Must remain a territory as per s. 125 of the Australian Constitution 1913 View of Civic from Mount Ainslie , with Telstra Tower in the background New South Wales Sydney 5,029,768 7,759,274 1788 1788 Skyline of the Sydney central business district Victoria Melbourne 4,725,316 6,179,249 1851 1851 The Melbourne skyline on the Yarra River Queensland Brisbane 2,360,241 4,848,877 1859 1860 Brisbane 's CBD , with the Story Bridge in the foreground Western Australia Perth 2,022,044 2,558,951 1829 1829 View of Perth CBD skyline South Australia Adelaide 1,324,279 1,713,054 1836 1836 View of Adelaide Skyline . Tasmania Hobart 224,462 517,588 1825 1826 View of the Hobart downtown district and Mount Wellington from Constitution Dock Northern Territory Darwin 145,916 245,740 Has not attained Statehood 1911 View of Darwin CBD\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Batman : Knightfall - wikipedia

\n Batman : Knightfall

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Knightfall ''
\n Cover to Batman # 497 : The breaking of the bat . Art by Kelley Jones .
\n Publisher \n DC Comics
\n Publication date \n April 1993 -- August 1994
\n Genre \n
    \n
  • \n Superhero
    • \n
  • \n Crossover
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( show ) Title ( s )
\n Batman # 492 - 510 Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 16 - 30 Catwoman # 6 - 7 , 12 - 13 Detective Comics # 659 - 677 Justice League Task Force # 5 - 6 Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight # 59 - 63 Robin # 7 - 9 Showcase ' 93 # 7 - 8 Showcase ' 94 # 10
\n
\n Main character ( s ) \n Batman , Bane , Azrael
\n Creative team
\n Writer ( s ) \n Chuck Dixon , Jo Duffy , Alan Grant , Dennis O'Neil , Doug Moench
\n Penciller ( s ) \n Jim Aparo , Jim Balent , Eduardo Barreto , Bret Blevins , Norm Breyfogle , Vincent Giarrano , Tom Grummett , Klaus Janson , Barry Kitson , Mike Manley , Graham Nolan , Sal Velluto , Mike Vosburg , Ron Wagner
\n Inker ( s ) \n Jeff Albrecht , Jim Aparo , Terry Austin , Eduardo Barreto , John Beatty , Bret Blevins , Norm Breyfogle , Rick Burchett , Steve George , Vince Giarrano , Dick Giordano , Scott Hanna , Klaus Janson , Ray Kryssing , Tom Mandrake , Mike Manley , Ron McCain , Frank McLaughlin , Josef Rubinstein , Bob Smith , Bob Wiacek
\n Vol. 1 \n ISBN 978 - 1401233792
\n Vol. 2 : Knightquest \n ISBN 978 - 1401235369
\n Vol. 3 : KnightsEnd \n ISBN 978 - 1401237219
\n

\n `` Knightfall '' is a 1993 - 1994 Batman story arc published by DC Comics . It consists of a trilogy of storylines that ran from 1993 to 1994 , consisting of `` Knightfall '' , `` Knightquest '' , and `` KnightsEnd '' . The story takes place over approximately six months . Bruce Wayne ( Batman ) suffers burnout and is systematically assaulted and crippled by a `` super steroid '' - enhanced genius named Bane . Wayne is replaced as Batman by an apprentice named Jean - Paul Valley ( a.k.a. Azrael ) , who becomes increasingly violent and unstable , tarnishing Batman 's reputation . Eventually , Wayne is healed through paranormal means , and reclaims his role as Batman .

\n

\n `` Knightfall '' resulted in long - term ramifications for the Batman continuity , as Batman 's trust from the police , the public , and fellow superheroes had to be rebuilt , due to Azrael 's violence . Additionally , Wayne realizes the peril and burden of attempting to work in solitude , leading to the eventual creation of the modern incarnation of the Batman family . The events of Knightfall also led to the resignation of Wayne 's loyal butler , Alfred Pennyworth .

\n

\n The entire `` Knightfall '' storyline took over a year to complete in the comic book serials . In later years , the comics were reprinted several times , though never in full , as the Knightquest : The Search arc had not been collected until the second omnibus edition in 2017 .

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n Publication ( edit )

\n

\n The initial idea for the character of Azrael stemmed from a two - part story idea pitched by Detective Comics writer Peter Milligan circa 1991 , as he was leaving that position . After line editor Dennis O'Neil decided to expand it into a larger epic , he and the Batman line writers Chuck Dixon , Doug Moench and Alan Grant convened an authors ' summit over a long weekend to flesh out the details and story points . At the same time , the Superman team was planning for a similar character - altering storyline , and neither they nor the Batman group initially had any knowledge of each other 's plans . Dennis O'Neil denies the Knightfall storyline was in any way inspired by the Death of Superman and states that it was already in development by as much as three years , saying that if the Batman staff had known , the storyline would likely have been pushed down a year .

\n

\n The serial stories of the monthly Batman comics titles began slowly building toward the `` Knightfall '' arc several months prior , in conjunction with the publication of the Sword of Azrael miniseries and Vengeance of Bane one - shot which also laid foundation for the larger story .

\n

\n `` Knightfall '' ran from April to October 1993 , Batman issues 492 through 500 and Detective Comics issues 659 through 666 , with the two titles sharing a single narrative during this time . The massive story was quickly collected into two volumes of trade paperbacks . Volume one was subtitled Broken Bat and the second Who Rules the Night . Knightfall was the first time that multiple Batman titles had shared a single narrative for an extended period since Crisis on Infinite Earths .

\n

\n `` Knightfall '' was immediately followed by `` Knightquest '' in the monthly serials . `` Knightquest '' is divided into two storylines , one following Bruce Wayne ( `` Knightquest : The Search '' ) and the other on the new Batman ( `` Knightquest : The Crusade '' ) . The stories were not treated as crossovers and the Batman titles continued as they had before `` Knightfall '' where the creative teams each pursued its own storyline . Instead of a crossover , `` Knightquest '' was more of an umbrella title that also encompassed some issues of Batman : Shadow of the Bat . ( To avoid giving away their plans , the publishers treated it as though it were the new status quo , so issues were not numbered as chapters . ) Additionally , The Crusade served as a launching point for the first ongoing monthly series featuring Robin in solo adventures .

\n

\n Although previous parts of the `` KnightSaga '' had taken considerable time to run their course , the entirety of `` KnightsEnd '' was published within two months , as the Batman books had to prepare themselves for DC 's impending company - wide crossover Zero Hour , which would immediately follow the `` KnightSaga '' . Nothing was truncated as the Batman editorial line made use of all of the Batman - related titles at their disposal , such as Catwoman , Robin and Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight ( normally an anthology title with stories set in the past ) . `` KnightsEnd '' was later collected in trade paperback as Knightfall Volume 3 .

\n

\n The serial nature of the Batman titles continued beyond the end of KnightsEnd , with the Prodigal storyline , and into subsequent unbannered stories . This continued in later arcs such as `` Contagion '' , `` Legacy '' , `` Cataclysm '' , `` No Man 's Land '' , and `` War Games '' , and has on occasion continued into the present .

\n

\n The intent of the writers was to counter the then - popular style of violent heroes in comics , and demonstrate that the traditional Batman made for a better hero . The issues featuring Jean - Paul Valley as Batman on the cover depict him with highly exaggerated musculature and legs which taper into disproportionally tiny feet , mimicking the styles of contemporary `` violent hero '' artists such as Rob Liefeld .

\n

\n Storyline ( edit )

\n

\n Prelude ( edit )

\n

\n The prelude to `` Knightfall '' began with the introduction of two new characters key to its storyline in issues prior to the release of `` Knightfall '' :

\n \n

\n The two characters were quickly added to the cast in the monthly Batman titles , with Azrael being a superhero - in - training who fights alongside Batman , while Bane was introduced as a supervillain .

\n

\n Within the regular series , the buildup to `` Knightfall '' begins with a six - issue run in Batman # 484 - 489 ( September 1992 - February 1993 ) , in which Batman ( at the onset of a personal psychological mid-life crisis ) is forced to deal , in rapid succession , with the returning villain Black Mask and his gang ( who target Bruce Wayne and Lucius Fox ) , a crazed killer called Metalhead , and a sharpshooter assassin hired by an imprisoned mobster to murder Commissioner Gordon . Batman begins to feel he has lost his edge , especially after his failure to capture Black Mask . He finds himself unable to meditate or even focus . As Bruce Wayne , he contacts holistic therapist Shondra Kinsolving for treatment . He also assigns Robin ( Tim Drake ) to train Jean - Paul Valley in detective work to aid them as an ally , hoping to guide Valley 's brainwashing away from making him a villainous threat . Despite the advice of everyone in his life , including Dr. Kinsolving , Bruce refuses to rest , and continues to pursue his self - imposed duty despite his worsening condition ( although not explicitly noted as a cause , these events take place immediately after the death of Superman , Batman 's peer , elsewhere in the DC Universe ) .

\n

\n The next storyline , in Detective Comics # 654 - 656 ( December 1992 - February 1993 ) , involves a young military student usurping power in Gotham 's underworld and assaulting a police station , with Bruce 's fatigue continuing to worsen . At the conclusion of this story , Bane and his henchman are shown monitoring Batman 's performance .

\n

\n Bane begins a series of encounters letting Batman know of his presence and his intentions . In the following issues , Bane interferes with encounters pitting villains Killer Croc and Riddler against Batman , and , to test Batman 's limits , goes so far as to inject Riddler with the Venom drug . This escalation culminates in an assault on Arkham Asylum in Batman # 491 ( April 1993 ) , where Bane breaks the inmates free and supplies them with numerous weapons to escape . Meanwhile , Robin finds it difficult to work with Jean - Paul , due to the man 's violent subconscious training and lack of social skills , and also finds himself being shut out from working alongside Batman .

\n

\n `` Knightfall '' ( edit )

\n

\n The plot of `` Knightfall '' begins with the master criminal Bane freeing all of the maximum - security inmates of Arkham Asylum , a notorious psychiatric facility in Gotham City . Aware that he would lose in a direct assault against Batman , Bane 's plan consists of weakening Batman by forcing him to deal with the deadly villains simultaneously . Among the freed inmates , there are numerous high - profile villains , such as the Joker ( who trapped Arkham 's administrator Jeremiah Arkham ) , the Scarecrow , the Riddler , and Poison Ivy , as well as many lesser - known villains , such as the Mad Hatter , the Ventriloquist , the Firefly , the Cavalier , the Film Freak , Mr. Zsasz , Cornelius Stirk , Abattoir , and Amygdala . The scenario creates a rift in the relationship between Robin and Batman , as Batman irrationally seeks to face the outbreak alone -- in later issues , Robin asks Batman if he is even needed as his sidekick anymore . A later flashback to this time period ( Showcase ' 93 # 7 - 8 ) shows Batman pursuing Two - Face alone , being trapped and kidnapped to stand a mock trial ; he is saved only by a rescue attempt from Robin .

\n Bane breaks Batman 's back in a splash page from Batman # 497 ( July 1993 ) . Art by Jim Aparo .

\n Over the next few issues , Batman becomes weaker and weaker as each criminal is put away . The rescue of Mayor Krol from the teaming of the Joker and Scarecrow pushes Batman to his mental and physical limits : a dose of Scarecrow 's fear gas makes him relive the murder of Jason Todd , which he considers to be his greatest failure . After this encounter , Bane 's men assault Batman before he himself makes his move and attacks him at Wayne Manor , his home as his alter - ego -- by this time ; Bane had deduced the secret identity of Batman . The fight between Bruce Wayne and Bane is detailed in Batman # 497 . By this time , Batman is so exhausted from the exertion of catching the escaped criminals that he can not even defend himself ; Bane beats him mercilessly before breaking Wayne 's back over his knee inside the Batcave below the manor , symbolically `` breaking '' Batman . Bane takes the grievously - wounded Wayne ( still costumed in the Batman outfit ) downtown to Gotham Square and throws him from a rooftop to demonstrate his superiority to the populace . Quick action by Robin and Alfred spares Batman 's life , but at great cost - he is left a paraplegic . With Batman incapacitated , Bane assumes control of Gotham City 's underworld and takes over several illegal operations within it .

\n

\n After his defeat , Bruce Wayne enlists the aid of Dr. Shondra Kinsolving to rehabilitate him and asks Jean - Paul Valley to take up the mantle of Batman so that Gotham has a protector . Tim Drake argues with Bruce to allow Dick Grayson ( the former Robin and then - current Nightwing ) to become Batman , as he is more experienced and mentally competent . Bruce replies that Grayson has his own responsibilities and would only take up the mantle of the Bat reluctantly ( Dick later expressed resentment at not being asked to stand in as Batman ) . Bruce 's rationale for this decision is revealed in later issues - secretly , he does not want Dick to have to face Bane , as he knows Dick 's character will compel him to try . Indeed , Bruce gives Jean - Paul strict orders never to engage Bane in combat -- and when Jean - Paul does face Bane , only his modified gloves save Jean - Paul from being thrown to his death .

\n

\n Soon after , Kinsolving and Tim 's father Jack Drake are kidnapped and Bruce and Alfred leave the country to find them - their story is continued in `` Knightquest : The Search '' , while the happenings in Gotham are recorded in `` Knightquest : The Crusade '' . Jean - Paul is shown to be a different , but not dangerous , Batman until an encounter with the Scarecrow , which results in Jean - Paul being infected by Scarecrow 's fear gas and `` The System '' -- his programming as Azrael -- taking over , in order to combat Jean - Paul 's fear . Following this , Jean - Paul is unable to shake the influence of the System , giving in to it completely after his first defeat at Bane 's hands and being increasingly influenced by it during the rest of his tenure as Batman . Gradually , Jean - Paul alienates Robin with his paranoia and arrogance .

\n

\n In Batman # 500 , Jean - Paul , in his new mechanical Batsuit ( which is an amalgam of the Azrael costume with the Batman 's ) confronts Bane in an arduous battle and prevails , although many bystanders are put at risk . Jean - Paul leaves Bane broken mentally and physically , though he struggles with the choice of whether to simply kill Bane or hand him over to the police . He decides that he will let Bane go to Blackgate Prison . Jean - Paul continues to watch over Gotham after the fight , but grows increasingly unstable .

\n

\n `` Knightquest '' ( edit )

\n Jean - Paul Valley as Batman , during The Crusade arc . Cover to Detective Comics # 667 . Art by Kelley Jones . A paraplegic Bruce Wayne , traveling across the globe on a rescue mission , with help from his allies including members of the Justice League Task Force in The Search arc . Cover of Justice League Task Force vol. 1 , Oct 1993 . Art by Sal Velluto .

\n At the onset of `` Knightquest '' , Jean - Paul Valley has been established as Batman , and Bruce Wayne is out of the country . Instead of a crossover with a definite ending , the publishers treated the scenario as though it were the new status quo , leaving it open - ended .

\n

\n `` Knightquest : The Crusade '' follows the story of Jean - Paul Valley during his tenure as Batman . He becomes increasingly violent and mentally unbalanced . During this time , he drives Robin away because he believes Gotham to be so tough that only violence could answer its criminals . In several issues Robin is left horrified as Jean - Paul ferociously attacks common criminals , often with a weapon and sometimes nearly to death . This surge of violence from Gotham 's defender puts pressure on Batman 's relationship with Police Commissioner Gordon , who begins to distrust and even fear the new Batman and eventually comes to realize he is not the same man he has known .

\n

\n All of Jean - Paul 's actions are compelled by `` The System '' ; on numerous occasions , he experiences the ghosts of his father and the patriarch Saint Dumas giving him guidance and he is driven to near insanity by the time the saga ends . He repeatedly redesigns his Batman costume , adding more gadgets and lethal weapons , including metal claws , a laser , razor - sharp Batarangs and a flame - thrower . Eventually , he also adds a Bat - symbol , matching the one used for the series ' logo . Valley becomes compelled by a desire to be a better Batman than Bruce Wayne , especially when he discovers his lack of interest in detective work caused him to make false assumptions about Catwoman ( he thought she would sell a powerful nerve gas to terrorists when she merely wanted to dispose of it so it could not be used to hurt anyone ) .

\n

\n His questionable behavior climaxes when he encounters the serial killer Abattoir , who is keeping an innocent prisoner in a secret torture chamber : Jean - Paul purposely lets Abattoir die , thereby condemning the prisoner to death as well . Other villains Jean - Paul faces include Mr. Freeze , the Trigger Twins , Gunbunny & Gunhawk , the Tally Man and Clayface III and IV ; the most notable encounters are with Catwoman and the Joker , both of whom could tell Valley was not the original Batman .

\n

\n `` Knightquest : The Search '' follows Bruce Wayne and Alfred Pennyworth 's search for Jack Drake and Shondra Kinsolving , the father of the current Robin and the physical therapist with whom Bruce Wayne had fallen in love during his rehabilitation sessions respectively . Their investigation leads them to the Caribbean and then Great Britain . Kinsolving 's brother - by - adoption Benedict Asp kidnapped her to use her special powers to kill people at a distance . Asp demonstrates this new form of mass murder on a small English village . When Bruce Wayne finds Kinsolving , he finds himself caught in the middle of a telekinetic tug - of - war between Asp and Kinsolving . The battle climaxes with her refocusing her energy to defeat Asp ; as a side effect of the energy , Bruce 's broken spine becomes healed . However , the drugs forced onto her by Asp , combined with the effects of the fight with Asp , reduce her mind to that of a child as Shondra 's traumatised mind regresses to the past to escape her unhappy present , and Wayne reluctantly puts her into a mental institution .

\n

\n Bruce eventually leaves England to return home to a civilian life in Gotham , but Alfred remains in England , not wanting to see Bruce Wayne damage his body further . He does not return to Gotham until a while later , when Dick Grayson persuades him to do so in later issues .

\n

\n `` KnightsEnd '' ( edit )

\n Bruce Wayne returns to Gotham City , battles to reclaim his mantle from Jean - Paul Valley . Artwork for the cover of Batman : Shadow of the Bat vol. 1 , 30 ( August , 1994 DC Comics ) . Art by Brian Stelfreeze .

\n Jean - Paul Valley sees visions of his dead father , who had programmed him at birth to be a deadly weapon . These visions tell Jean - Paul to avenge his father 's death , and Jean - Paul searches Gotham for his father 's killer . Though the killer , Carlton LeHah , had already been encountered and defeated ( in Batman : Sword of Azrael ) , Jean - Paul 's conditioning had warped his mind to the extent that he no longer remembered the incident . He eventually comes to believe that Penn Selkirk , a Gotham mobster turned weapons dealer who has taken over the remnants of LeHah 's organization , is his father 's murderer . Valley now spends his time doggedly pursuing him .

\n

\n Returning to Gotham , Bruce meets with Tim . Even though Jean - Paul disobeyed Bruce 's order to refrain from attacking Bane , Bruce is sufficiently impressed with Jean - Paul 's results . Bruce decides to retire and allow Jean - Paul to continue as Batman . But when Robin tells Bruce of the circumstances surrounding Abattoir 's death , Bruce sneaks into the Batcave and demands that Jean - Paul step down . Jean - Paul refuses and tells Bruce to leave the cave and never come back .

\n

\n To rehabilitate his skills due to his lost reflexes after so long out of action , Bruce asks the famed assassin Lady Shiva to retrain him ( using a mask to conceal his identity and arguing that she will do it for the same reason that she does anything ; it might be interesting ) . Instead , Shiva pits Bruce against several vengeful expert martial artists , having killed their master while wearing a distinctive tengu mask that carries a motif of a bat that she subsequently gives to Batman . Shiva 's caveat is that these attacks will continue indefinitely until Bruce Wayne breaks his vow to never kill . Finally , in the midst of an attack by the final martial artist , Bruce feigns using the `` Leopard Blow '' fatal maneuver Shiva had taught him , leaving his would - be assailant apparently dead . Shiva finally declares him worthy of fighting her at some point in the future , with Bruce only revealing his adversary 's survival after her departure .

\n

\n Now back in fighting shape , Bruce returns to the Batcave and resumes his role as Batman . Along with Robin and Nightwing , he tracks Valley down to Selkirk 's penthouse . Coincidentally , Catwoman is chasing the same man because he owns a neural enabler which might allow her paraplegic friend to walk again . Selkirk already wants to kill Jean - Paul for destroying a valuable weapons cache in Gotham Harbor .

\n

\n When they eventually all meet , mass fighting and gunfire ensue . The battle ends with Selkirk 's helicopter crashing into the Gotham Narrows Bridge while Bruce and Jean - Paul fight on the attached Batrope ; Jean - Paul falls aflame into the Gotham River . Bruce and Catwoman save Selkirk and his aides just before the helicopter explodes from the leaking fuel , his decision to protect criminals affirming to Catwoman that the true Batman has returned . When Bruce tries to find Jean - Paul using the Batmobile , it explodes due to a planted booby - trap . Nightwing fears Bruce dead and takes his vengeance out on Jean - Paul on a party boat . The police arrive in time to prevent Nightwing from committing murder , but Jean - Paul escapes . However , to his shock , Jean - Paul finds Bruce waiting at Wayne Manor ; Bruce had managed to escape the Batmobile before Jean - Paul 's trap destroyed it , reasoning that he would have done the same thing with a less dangerous trap .

\n

\n The final battle of the `` Knightfall '' saga takes place between Jean - Paul Valley and Bruce Wayne in the caverns surrounding the Batcave below Wayne Manor : rather than beating Jean - Paul at hand - to - hand combat , Bruce outwits him by escaping into a passage too narrow for Jean - Paul to go through in his armor , thus forcing Jean - Paul to remove most of it . Bruce then opens a hatch to the outside , which covered the very hole he fell into as a child , allowing sunlight to enter the night lenses in Jean - Paul 's helmet . After being momentarily blinded , Jean - Paul removes his cowl , sees Bruce standing over him in the original Batman costume and concedes defeat , saying `` You are the Batman ... You 've always been the Batman ... and I am nothing ... '' Bruce comforts Jean - Paul , who leaves to wander the streets of Gotham , homeless and destitute . Bruce decides not to take Jean - Paul to the police because it was his decision to make Jean - Paul the Batman , leading to his subsequent breakdown .

\n

\n `` KnightsEnd '' was collected into a trade paperback about a year later . Originally released as Batman : KnightsEnd , recent editions retitled it as Knightfall Volume 3 .

\n

\n Aftermath ( edit )

\n

\n `` Prodigal '' ( edit )

\n Dick Grayson assuming the role of Batman during the `` Prodigal '' storyline from Batman # 513 ( Dec. 1994 ) , a homage to Dick 's first appearance as Robin in Detective Comics # 38 ( 1940 ) . Art by Mike Gustovich .

\n Bruce reaffirms his partnership with Tim , resolving the tension caused by Bruce 's unwillingness to accept help during the Arkham prison break . Bruce passes the mantle of Batman to Grayson so he can re-evaluate what it will take to restore his aura of invincibility . This begins the Prodigal storyline , a reference to Dick Grayson essentially being Bruce 's prodigal son ; Bruce had adopted Dick after his parents were murdered .

\n

\n Because of the events of the entire arc , considerable time passes before Commissioner Gordon restores his trust in the idea of a Batman working for good . Gordon can tell that he is not looking at the original Batman ( based on Jean - Paul 's costume and Dick 's height , and the fact that Jean - Paul was more than ready to kill people ) , and he refuses to place blind trust in a costume after spending so long learning to trust the man . `` Prodigal '' was utilized as a way of tying up the numerous loose ends that `` Knightfall '' left , with Killer Croc , the Ventriloquist , the Ratcatcher and Two - Face , along with many other , less notorious escaped inmates being returned to prison . In doing so , Dick avenges his worst mistake from his days as Robin , when a mistake in a confrontation with Two - Face caused a man to die and nearly killed Bruce . He also comes to appreciate the incredible physical and mental burden Bruce places on himself in donning the Batsuit . During the story , a firm bond arises between Dick and Tim as they share Wayne Manor together in Bruce 's and Alfred 's absence .

\n

\n It is revealed later in `` No Man 's Land '' that Bruce also used this time to set up contingency bases throughout Gotham .

\n

\n `` Troika '' ( edit )

\n Batman 's costume 's debut during `` Troika . ''

\n When Bruce finally returns for good , he wears a sturdier , all - black Batsuit made of Kevlar ( inspired by the costume of the Tim Burton Batman films ) , and drives a new , state - of - the - art Batmobile . He fights former Soviet agents Colonel Vega ( who teamed with Asp in `` Knightquest : The Search '' ) , KGBeast , and Dark Rider , in order to foil a plot to nuke Gotham City with a device the size and shape of a baseball . ( Troika is the Russian word for `` trio '' . ) The saga also shows how Batman makes changes to his life as Bruce Wayne , his relationships with his `` family '' , plans to live without Alfred , and copes with the decision of making Jean - Paul his replacement .

\n

\n Nightwing : Alfred 's return ( edit )

\n

\n A one - shot that features the return of Alfred after his resignation during `` KnightQuest : The Search '' . It has Nightwing going to England in order to track Alfred down .

\n

\n Azrael ( edit )

\n Main article : Azrael ( comic book )

\n A new series following Jean - Paul Valley was begun in April 1995 , titled Azrael . In it , he is found on the street by Bruce Wayne , and given money to leave Gotham to travel the world and find his purpose as had Bruce . His journeys take him to Europe , where he uncovers conspiracies within the Sacred Order of Saint Dumas which had brainwashed him . Later , he returns to Gotham City to aid Batman , and the series was retitled Azrael : Agent of the Bat at issue 47 . The series ended after one hundred issues , with Valley 's apparent death . Each issue was written by Dennis O'Neil . Azrael 's demise occurred at the same time as the Batman : Hush storyline , which focused on how Bruce Wayne as Batman interacted with his various friends , allies , loved ones , and enemies ; oddly enough though , Jean - Paul Valley was neither mentioned , alluded to , or appeared during this time .

\n

\n `` Batman : Legacy '' ( edit )

\n

\n This crossover event involves a rematch between Batman and Bane , who is now allied with Ra 's al Ghul . It is followed by the one - shot graphic novel Batman : Bane .

\n

\n `` Bough breaks '' ( edit )

\n

\n Batman Annual # 22 featured the return of Arnold Etchison ( Abbatoir ) 's spirit , wishing to take revenge on Batman ( specifically , Azrael - Batman ) for his death . Now calling himself Etkar , he possesses Azrael 's former Batsuit and returns to the site of his own death , with a hostage .

\n

\n `` Angel and the Bane '' ( edit )

\n

\n In Azrael issues # 36 - 40 , a final thread of the `` Knightfall '' plot is resolved in the four - part storyline `` Angel and the Bane '' and its following issue , `` Hour of the Quake '' .

\n

\n After the events of Batman : Bane , Azrael is tasked by Batman to track down the recently resurfaced Bane . After meeting , the two men struggle , and Bane gets the upper hand with the aid of a small band of Santa Priscan soldiers and his old henchman Bird . He restrains Azrael and injects him with Venom , with the plan of using him as a super soldier to take over Santa Prisca . Azrael is able to resist addiction to the drug and eventually conquers Bane and flies him back to Gotham City . They arrive just as the massive earthquake occurs . Bane attempts escape but is unable ; as a last - ditch effort he unsuccessfully tries to convince Azrael to form a partnership . Instead , Azrael reaffirms his dedication to Bruce Wayne .

\n

\n The cover of issue 37 depicts Bane breaking Azrael over his knee in a recreation of the famous cover of Batman # 497 , `` Knightfall '' part 11 .

\n

\n Reading order and release dates ( edit )

\n

\n Each story arc of the `` Knightfall '' saga ran across a number of Gotham City - related comics . This created a fairly complex reading order , which is summarized below .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Knightfall \n Knightquest \n KnightsEnd \n Aftermath
\n `` Broken Bat '' ( Apr - Late July 1993 ) \n `` The Crusade '' ( Oct 1993 - June 1994 ) \n `` The Search '' ( Oct 1993 - June 1994 ) \n ( July - Aug 1994 ) \n ( Nov 1994 - Feb 1995 )
\n
    \n
  • \n Batman # 491
    • \n
  • \n 1 : Batman # 492
    • \n
  • \n 2 : Detective Comics # 659
    • \n
  • \n 3 : Batman # 493
    • \n
  • \n 4 : Detective Comics # 660
    • \n
  • \n 5 : Batman # 494
    • \n
  • \n 6 : Detective Comics # 661
    • \n
  • \n 7 : Batman # 495
    • \n
  • \n 8 : Detective Comics # 662
    • \n
  • \n 9 : Batman # 496
    • \n
  • \n 10 : Detective Comics # 663
    • \n
  • \n 11 : Batman # 497
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Detective Comics # 667 - 668
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 19 - 20
    • \n
  • \n Batman # 501 - 502
    • \n
  • \n Detective Comics # 669 - 670
    • \n
  • \n Catwoman # 6
    • \n
  • \n Batman # 503 - 504
    • \n
  • \n Catwoman # 7
    • \n
  • \n Detective Comics # 671 - 673
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 24
    • \n
  • \n Batman # 505
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 25
    • \n
  • \n Batman # 506 - 507
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 26 - 27
    • \n
  • \n Detective Comics # 674
    • \n
  • \n Batman # 508
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 28
    • \n
  • \n Detective Comics # 675
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Justice League Task Force # 5 - 6
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 21 - 23
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight # 59 - 61
    • \n
  • \n Robin # 7
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n 1 : Batman # 509
    • \n
  • \n 2 : Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 29
    • \n
  • \n 3 : Detective Comics # 676
    • \n
  • \n 4 : Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight # 62
    • \n
  • \n 5 : Robin # 8
    • \n
  • \n 6 : Catwoman # 12
    • \n
  • \n 7 : Batman # 510
    • \n
  • \n 8 : Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 30
    • \n
  • \n 9 : Detective Comics # 677
    • \n
  • \n 10 : Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight # 63
    • \n
  • \n Aftermath : Robin # 9
    • \n
  • \n Aftermath : Catwoman # 13
    • \n
  • \n Showcase ' 94 # 10
    • \n
\n
\n `` Prodigal '' ( Nov 1994 - Jan 1995 )
\n
    \n
  • \n 1 : Batman # 512
    • \n
  • \n 2 : Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 32
    • \n
  • \n 3 : Detective Comics # 679
    • \n
  • \n 4 : Robin # 11
    • \n
  • \n 5 : Batman # 513
    • \n
  • \n 6 : Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 33
    • \n
  • \n 7 : Detective Comics # 680
    • \n
  • \n 8 : Robin # 12
    • \n
  • \n 9 : Batman # 514
    • \n
  • \n 10 : Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 34
    • \n
  • \n 11 : Detective Comics # 681
    • \n
  • \n 12 : Robin # 13
    • \n
\n
\n `` Who Rules the Night '' ( Late July - Oct 1993 ) \n `` Troika '' ( Feb 1995 )
\n
    \n
  • \n 12 : Detective Comics # 664
    • \n
  • \n 13 : Showcase ' 93 # 7
    • \n
  • \n 14 : Showcase ' 93 # 8
    • \n
  • \n 15 : Batman # 498
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 16 - 18
    • \n
  • \n 16 : Detective Comics # 665
    • \n
  • \n 17 : Batman # 499
    • \n
  • \n 18 : Detective Comics # 666
    • \n
  • \n 19 : Batman # 500
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Batman # 515
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 35
    • \n
  • \n Detective Comics # 682
    • \n
  • \n Robin # 14
    • \n
\n
\n \n

\n Influence and Legacy ( edit )

\n

\n DC Comics published `` Knightfall '' around the same time as `` The Death of Superman '' storyline . `` Knightfall '' started almost immediately after the `` Funeral For a Friend '' storyline in the Superman books . During the breakout at Arkham Asylum , Batman and Robin both wear a black arm band with the S - shield engraved on it . The two stories involved DC Comics 's most prominent characters . Similar stories followed for Green Lantern , Wonder Woman , Aquaman , and Green Arrow , with Green Lantern Hal Jordan being driven insane and replaced with Kyle Rayner , a new Wonder Woman being appointed by Hippolyta , Aquaman losing his hand , and Green Arrow dying in a plane crash as his long - lost son took over the role .

\n

\n In the opening of the novelisation , KnightFall , Dennis O'Neil stated that part of the reason `` Knightfall '' was written was due to the recent popularity of more `` ruthless '' heroes such as the Terminator and James Bond in films , as editors were starting to wonder if readers would prefer a Batman who was willing to kill his opponents .

\n

\n During DC vs. Marvel , Bane attempts to break Captain America 's back in a fight in a similar maneuver , but is caught off - guard when Captain America 's shield returns to its owner to strike Bane in the back of the head and knock him out .

\n

\n In the climax to Year One of Injustice : Gods Among Us , Superman confronts Batman in the Batcave as Batman is downloading the formula to a pill that can grant the user superhuman strength and durability , stolen from the Fortress of Solitude . While Superman does not want to kill Batman , he chooses to paralyze him by breaking his back in a similar fashion to Bane ( albeit by standing on Batman 's back instead of slamming him over his knee as Bane did ) . This puts Batman out of commission for much of Year Two as he heals .

\n

\n Reception ( edit )

\n

\n IGN Comics # 15 ranked Batman : Knightfall Part One - Broken Bat on a list of the 25 greatest Batman graphic novels , saying : `` What makes ' Knightfall , Part One ' so memorable is not the actually snapping of Batman 's back . It 's the quick fall into despair that proves most shocking . The ending is a foregone conclusion as Batman is worn down both physically and mentally . The Batman 's spirit is broken before his vertebrae and that 's a feat you 'll never see accomplished anywhere else . ''

\n

\n Continuity ( edit )

\n

\n The bulk of the events in the Knightfall saga are estimated to take place in the tenth or eleventh year of Batman 's career by most reckonings , including official DC timelines . It begins within a few months of Tim Drake assuming the role of the third Robin . Dick Grayson 's wedding to Starfire occurs very shortly after Bruce Wayne 's injury . It is an election year , and Armand Krol is campaigning for re-election as mayor both before and after the story arc .

\n

\n The initial scenes of the prelude mini-series Batman : Sword of Azrael # 1 - 4 take place during the Gotham City `` Founders Day '' parade .

\n

\n A meeting between Selina Kyle and Bruce Wayne on his airplane is explicitly described as the first Post-Crisis out - of - costume interaction between the two .

\n

\n As the contemporary Batmobile was destroyed in `` KnightsEnd '' , the original Batmobile ( with the large hood ornament ) was used by Batman and Robin for several issues following . `` Knightquest '' also introduces Batman 's rocket railcar linking the Batcave to the Gotham subway system ; it was designed and completed by Harold Allnut after his discovery of the cavern passages in Detective Comics # 650 ( `` The Dragon '' ) .

\n

\n In `` KnightsEnd '' , Jean - Paul Valley references his defeat of Marvel Comics ' Jigsaw during the crossover issue Batman / Punisher : Lake of Fire . This is a very rare mention of a character from another company in a non-intercompany capacity , made possible by the insanity of Jean - Paul .

\n

\n Adaptations ( edit )

\n

\n Novels ( edit )

\n

\n Dennis O'Neil adapted the entire storyline trilogy into a 1994 novel which was released by Warner Books in hardcover form and then in mass paperback later on ( Hardcover ISBN 0 - 553 - 09673 - 7 , Paperback ISBN 0 - 553 - 57260 - 1 ) . A young adults book version was also released , this one written by Alan Grant and titled Batman : Knightfall and Beyond ( ISBN 0 - 553 - 48187 - 8 ) .

\n

\n Television ( edit )

\n \n

\n Animation ( edit )

\n \n

\n Film ( edit )

\n \n

\n Video Games ( edit )

\n \n

\n Radio ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Batman : Knightfall
\n
\n Studio album ( radio broadcast )
\n Released \n March 5 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 05 )
\n Length \n Disc 1 : ~ 80 min Disc 2 : ~ 60 min Disc 3 : ~ 80 min
\n Label \n BBC Audio
\n Producer \n Dirk Maggs
\n

\n In 1994 , BBC Radio 1 broadcast a radio - play adaptation , later also released on audio - tape ( ISBN 0 - 563 - 39520 - 6 ) and CD by BBC Audiobooks on March 5 , 2007 . It was adapted , produced and directed by Dirk Maggs , with music composed by Mark Russell , who had recently made Superman : Doomsday & Beyond on BBC Radio 5 . This show , however was not commissioned of its own , but rather to be three - minute episodes on the Mark Goodier Show . This meant it was written with a sense of immediacy ; having to make an instant effect and each three - minute segment contains a major plot development or sound effect stunt and end on a cliffhanger . DC acknowledged the effort in an issue Shadow of The Bat by having villains jump past a sign that read Dirk Maggs Radio . The radio - play itself contained similar minor allusions to Batman - the host of a TV show called Chuck Dixon and Dennis O'Neil an author of a book .

\n

\n `` Knightfall '' was a sequel to Batman : The Lazarus Syndrome also produced for BBC radio by Dirk Maggs .

\n

\n Its performers are :

\n \n

\n Action figures ( edit )

\n

\n In 1994 , Kenner released the Legends of Batman action figure collection . This revolved primarily around Elseworlds stories and the modern `` Knightfall '' era ; although it strangely did not include a Bane figure . The collection lasted two series and corresponded with the Superman : Man of Steel figure line based on `` The Death of Superman '' .

\n

\n In 2006 , DC Direct released a series of figures specifically based on the `` Knightfall '' saga . This included Jean Paul Valley as Batman , Nightwing , Bane , Catwoman , and the unique `` Mask of Tengu '' Batman figure .

\n

\n Collected editions ( edit )

\n

\n Part of the storyline has been collected into a few trade paperbacks . Earlier printings of the `` Knightfall '' books had covers by Kelley Jones were under the `` Knightfall '' name and book three was under the `` Knightsend '' name ( with this volume featuring a new cover by Graham Nolan and Brian Stelfreeze ) . These earlier editions also featured the original cover art / DC Comics monthly ads of the storyline as the chapter headings . The later printings of these three books do not have these cover / ads and solely title the three books under the `` Knightfall '' name with a similar cover dressing design . These new editions have covers by Mike Deodato .

\n \n

\n Parts of the Aftermath storyline had been collected in a trade paperback :

\n \n

\n 2012 new editions ( edit )

\n

\n Accompanying the release of the movie The Dark Knight Rises in 2012 , DC Comics released a new edition of trade paperbacks collecting the Knightfall storyline . While the 1993 editions omitted the complete Knightsquest story arc , the 2012 editions re-release `` The Crusade '' part of this arc in volume 2 , leaving `` The Search '' part still uncollected . In addition , Bane 's back story from the one - shot publication Vengeance of Bane is included in the first volume , providing a proper introduction of the character , and volume 3 sees the `` KnightsEnd '' and `` Prodigal '' arcs released in a single volume .

\n \n

\n 2017 - 2018 omnibus editions ( edit )

\n

\n Batman : Knightfall Omnibus Vol. 1 ( ISBN 978 - 1401270421 ) was released in April 2017 in hardcover format , featuring a new cover by artist Kelley Jones . At 960 pages , this edition contains the entire contents of the 2012 edition of Batman : Knightfall , Vol. 1 , and in addition also contains several never before re-printed prelude issues to Knightfall . These extra issues include Batman # 484 - 490 and Detective Comics # 654 - 658 . Other new features in this edition include a two - page intro written by Doug Moench , a two - page afterword written by Chuck Dixon , a short story from Batman Villains : Secret Files and Origins ( 1998 ) titled `` Lost Pages : How Bane Infiltrated Wayne Manor '' , and other various concept art and covers .

\n

\n Batman : Knightfall Omnibus Vol. 2 : Knightquest ( ISBN 978 - 1401274368 ) was released in hardcover in October 2017 . This edition includes `` The Crusade '' , which was included in the 2012 edition Batman : Knightfall , Vol. 2 : Knightquest , as well as `` The Search '' , which had never before been reprinted .

\n

\n Batman : Knightfall Omnibus Vol. 3 - KnightsEnd ( ISBN 978 - 1401278496 ) is expected to be released in May 2018 in hardcover .

\n

\n Batman : Prelude to Knightfall ( ISBN 978 - 1401284220 ) is expected to be released in September 2018 in paperback . It will contain BATMAN : VENGEANCE OF BANE # 1 , BATMAN # 484 - 491 and DETECTIVE COMICS # 654 - 658 .

\n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ On the comic book covers , only the third part had its title written in CamelCase .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Batman # 491 was the final prelude issue and therefore not an official part of Knightfall . However , this issue was included in the original trade paperback edition `` Broken Bat '' , as well as the 2012 and 2017 re-printings .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Detective Comics # 670 was mislabeled on its cover as `` The Search '' . It is in fact part of `` The Crusade '' . This was confirmed in the letters page in Detective Comics # 674 . Per editor Scott Peterson , `` we printed the wrong story title on the cover of DETECTIVE # 670 ( it said `` The Search '' when it should have said `` The Crusade '' ) , and are extremely embarrassed . ''
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Catwoman # 6 was mis - labeled on its cover as `` The Search '' . It is in fact part of `` The Crusade '' . This was confirmed in the letters page in Catwoman # 10 . Per assistant editor Jordan Gorfinkel , `` The banner identifying CATWOMAN # 6 as `` Knightquest : The Search '' was our mistake . The banner should have read `` Knightquest : The Crusade '' , as it did on the cover of CATWOMAN # 7 . ''
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : These issues were not included in the 2012 Knightquest trade paperback , but they are included in the 2017 omnibus edition .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 16 - 18 is a non-numbered tie - in story to Knightfall . In both the original trade paperback release as well as the 2012 reissue edition , this story was incorrectly placed between Detective Comics # 665 ( part 16 ) and Batman # 499 ( part 17 ) . This created a problem with the flow of the story , as Knightfall part 16 flows directly into part 17 . In the 2017 omnibus edition of Knightfall , the Batman : Shadow of the Bat story is correctly placed after Batman # 498 ( part 15 ) .
    7. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n \n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` The Bat Signal : Peter Milligan '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` An interview with Dennis O ' Neil '' . Knightfallsaga.angelfire.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Wizard : The Guide to Comics # 35 - publication date July 1994
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Beatty , Scott ( 2008 ) , `` Batman '' , in Dougall , Alastair , The DC Comics Encyclopedia , London : Dorling Kindersley , pp. 40 -- 44 , ISBN 0 - 7566 - 4119 - 5
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ depicted in Batman : The Man Who Falls , et al .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Secret Wars on Infinite Earths : The Comic Book Fight Club '' . Secretearths.blogspot.com. 2006 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) . `` The 25 Greatest Batman Graphic Novels - IGN '' . Comics.ign.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 10 .
    8. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Batman publications and storylines
\n Current series \n
    \n
  • \n Batgirl
    • \n
  • \n Batman
    • \n
  • \n Batman Beyond
    • \n
  • \n Batwoman
    • \n
  • \n Detective Comics
    • \n
  • \n Nightwing
    • \n
  • \n Harley Quinn
    • \n
  • \n Red Hood and the Outlaws
    • \n
  • \n Batgirl and the Birds of Prey
    • \n
\n
\n Completed ongoing series \n
    \n
  • \n Azrael
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Arkham Unhinged
    • \n
  • \n Batman : The Dark Knight
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Gotham Knights
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Shadow of the Bat
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Streets of Gotham
    • \n
  • \n The Batman Adventures
    • \n
  • \n Batman and Robin
    • \n
  • \n Batman and The Outsiders
    • \n
  • \n The Batman Chronicles
    • \n
  • \n Batman Confidential
    • \n
  • \n Batman Family
    • \n
  • \n Batman Incorporated
    • \n
  • \n Batman / Superman
    • \n
  • \n Batwing
    • \n
  • \n Birds of Prey
    • \n
  • \n The Brave and the Bold
    • \n
  • \n Gotham Academy
    • \n
  • \n Gotham by Midnight
    • \n
  • \n Gotham Central
    • \n
  • \n Gotham City Sirens
    • \n
  • \n The Huntress
    • \n
  • \n The Joker
    • \n
  • \n Man - Bat
    • \n
  • \n Red Hood / Arsenal
    • \n
  • \n Red Robin
    • \n
  • \n Robin
    • \n
  • \n Robin : Son of Batman
    • \n
  • \n Superman / Batman
    • \n
  • \n We Are ... Robin
    • \n
  • \n World 's Finest Comics
    • \n
\n
\n Completed limited series \n
    \n
  • \n Anarky
    • \n
  • \n Batgirl : Year One
    • \n
  • \n Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Arkham City
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Battle for the Cowl
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Cacophony
    • \n
  • \n Batman : The Cult
    • \n
  • \n Bat - Mite
    • \n
  • \n The Dark Knight Returns
    • \n
  • \n The Dark Knight Strikes Again
    • \n
  • \n The Dark Knight III : The Master Race
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Dark Victory
    • \n
  • \n Batman Eternal
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Gates of Gotham
    • \n
  • \n Batman : GCPD
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Gotham County Line
    • \n
  • \n Batman : The Long Halloween
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Nosferatu
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Orpheus Rising
    • \n
  • \n Batman : The Return of Bruce Wayne
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Turning Points
    • \n
  • \n Batman : The Widening Gyre
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Year 100
    • \n
  • \n Batman and the Mad Monk
    • \n
  • \n Batman and the Monster Men
    • \n
  • \n Batman and Robin Eternal
    • \n
  • \n Batman Black and White
    • \n
  • \n First Wave
    • \n
  • \n Gotham Underground
    • \n
  • \n Man - Bat
    • \n
  • \n Robin : Year One
    • \n
  • \n Section 8
    • \n
  • \n Superman & Batman : Generations
    • \n
  • \n Trinity
    • \n
  • \n The Untold Legend of the Batman
    • \n
\n
\n One - shots \n
    \n
  • \n Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth
    • \n
  • \n The 12 Cent Adventure
    • \n
  • \n Castle of the Bat
    • \n
  • \n Dark Knight Dynasty
    • \n
  • \n Dark Night : A True Batman Story
    • \n
  • \n Digital Justice
    • \n
  • \n Earth One
    • \n
  • \n Holy Terror
    • \n
  • \n In Darkest Knight
    • \n
  • \n The Killing Joke
    • \n
  • \n Knight Gallery
    • \n
  • \n Death of Innocents
    • \n
  • \n The Man Who Laughs
    • \n
  • \n Nine Lives
    • \n
  • \n No\u00ebl
    • \n
  • \n Son of the Demon
    • \n
  • \n Two Faces
    • \n
  • \n Batman / Houdini : The Devil 's Workshop
    • \n
  • \n The Batman Adventures : Mad Love
    • \n
  • \n Batman & Dracula trilogy
    • \n
  • \n Leatherwing
    • \n
  • \n The Berlin Batman
    • \n
  • \n Gotham by Gaslight
    • \n
  • \n Joker
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Thrillkiller
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Gotham Noir
    • \n
\n
\n Storylines \n
    \n
  • \n `` The Case of the Chemical Syndicate ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Dark Moon Rising ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Man Behind the Red Hood ! ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Joker 's Millions ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Year One ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Year Two ''
    • \n
  • \n `` A Death in the Family ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Year Three ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Man Who Falls ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Anarky in Gotham City ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Gothic ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Return of the Joker ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Prey ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Last Arkham ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Knightfall ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Contagion ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Legacy ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Cataclysm ''
    • \n
  • \n `` No Man 's Land ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Joker : Last Laugh ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Bruce Wayne : Fugitive ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Hush ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Broken City ''
    • \n
  • \n `` War Games ''
    • \n
  • \n `` City of Crime ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Under the Hood ''
    • \n
  • \n `` War Crimes ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Face the Face ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Batman and Son ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Batman R.I.P. ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Batwoman : Elegy ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Bruce Wayne : The Road Home ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Night of the Owls ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Death of the Family ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Zero Year ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Endgame ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Robin War ''
    • \n
\n
\n Inter-company crossovers \n
    \n
  • \n Batman / Aliens
    • \n
  • \n Batman / Hellboy / Starman
    • \n
  • \n Batman / Daredevil : King of New York
    • \n
  • \n Batman / Judge Dredd : Judgment on Gotham
    • \n
  • \n Batman & Spider - Man : New Age Dawning
    • \n
  • \n Batman / Tarzan : Claws of the Cat - woman
    • \n
  • \n Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
    • \n
  • \n Batman / The Spirit
    • \n
  • \n Batman versus Predator
    • \n
  • \n Daredevil / Batman : Eye for an Eye
    • \n
  • \n Spawn / Batman
    • \n
  • \n Batman - Spawn : War Devil
    • \n
  • \n Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator
    • \n
  • \n Spider - Man and Batman : Disordered Minds
    • \n
\n
\n Incomplete \n
    \n
  • \n All Star Batman & Robin , the Boy Wonder
    • \n
  • \n Batman : The Dark Prince Charming
    • \n
  • \n Batman : White Knight
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Batman : Anarky
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Child of Dreams
    • \n
  • \n Batman : Haunted Knight
    • \n
  • \n The Batman Chronicles
    • \n
  • \n Batman Legends
    • \n
  • \n Elseworlds
    • \n
\n
\n Publications are listed alphabetically by published titles . Storylines are listed in publication order . Compiled without respect for canon or `` current '' continuity .
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batman:_Knightfall&oldid=836456522 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who took over for batman when his back was broken", "long_answers": ["`` Knightfall '' is a 1993 - 1994 Batman story arc published by DC Comics . It consists of a trilogy of storylines that ran from 1993 to 1994 , consisting of `` Knightfall '' , `` Knightquest '' , and `` KnightsEnd '' . The story takes place over approximately six months . Bruce Wayne ( Batman ) suffers burnout and is systematically assaulted and crippled by a `` super steroid '' - enhanced genius named Bane . Wayne is replaced as Batman by an apprentice named Jean - Paul Valley ( a.k.a. Azrael ) , who becomes increasingly violent and unstable , tarnishing Batman 's reputation . Eventually , Wayne is healed through paranormal means , and reclaims his role as Batman .\n"], "short_answers": ["Jean - Paul Valley ( a.k.a. Azrael )\n", "an apprentice named Jean - Paul Valley ( a.k.a. Azrael )\n", "an apprentice named Jean - Paul Valley ( a.k.a. Azrael )\n", "Jean - Paul Valley ( a.k.a. Azrael )\n"]} {"text": "United Kingdom corporation tax - wikipedia

\n United Kingdom corporation tax

\n Jump to : navigation , search
\n
\n Throughout this article , the unqualified term `` pound '' and the \u00a3 symbol refer to the Pound sterling .
\n
\n UK Corporation Tax Receipts from 1999 - 2016 , both in absolute terms and as % of GDP . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Taxation in the United Kingdom
\n
\n UK Government Departments
\n
    \n
  • \n HM Treasury
    • \n
  • \n HM Revenue and Customs
    • \n
\n
\n UK Government
\n
    \n
  • \n VAT
    • \n
  • \n Income tax
    • \n
  • \n National Insurance
    • \n
  • \n Corporation tax
    • \n
  • \n Capital gains tax
    • \n
  • \n Motoring taxes
    • \n
  • \n Inheritance tax
    • \n
  • \n Stamp duty
    • \n
  • \n Insurance Premium Tax
    • \n
  • \n Air Passenger Duty
    • \n
  • \n PAYE
    • \n
\n
\n Scottish Government
\n
    \n
  • \n Revenue Scotland
    • \n
  • \n Scottish income tax
    • \n
  • \n Land and Buildings Transaction Tax
    • \n
  • \n Scottish Landfill Tax
    • \n
  • \n Air Departure Tax
    • \n
\n
\n Welsh Government
\n
    \n
  • \n Welsh Revenue Authority
    • \n
  • \n Land Transaction Tax
    • \n
  • \n Landfill Disposals Tax
    • \n
\n
\n Local Government
\n
    \n
  • \n Council Tax
    • \n
  • \n Domestic rates in Northern Ireland
    • \n
  • \n Business rates in England
    • \n
  • \n Business rates in Wales
    • \n
  • \n Business rates in Scotland
    • \n
  • \n Business rates in Northern Ireland
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n In the United Kingdom , corporation tax is a corporate tax levied in the United Kingdom on the profits made by UK - resident companies and on the profits of entities registered overseas with permanent establishments in the UK .

\n

\n Until 1 April 1965 , companies were taxed at the same income tax rates as individual taxpayers , with an additional profits tax levied on companies . Finance Act 1965 replaced this structure for companies and associations with a single corporate tax , which took its basic structure and rules from the income tax system . Since 1997 , the UK 's Tax Law Rewrite Project has been modernising the UK 's tax legislation , starting with income tax , while the legislation imposing corporation tax has itself been amended , the rules governing income tax and corporation tax have thus diverged . Corporation tax was governed by the Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 ( as amended ) prior to the rewrite project .

\n

\n Originally introduced as a classical tax system , in which companies were subject to tax on their profits and companies ' shareholders were also liable to income tax on the dividends that they received , the first major amendment to corporation tax saw it move to a dividend imputation system in 1973 , under which an individual receiving a dividend became entitled to an income tax credit representing the corporation tax already paid by the company paying the dividend . The classical system was reintroduced in 1999 , with the abolition of advance corporation tax and of repayable dividend tax credits . Another change saw the single main rate of tax split into three . Tax competition between jurisdictions reduced the main corporate tax rate from 28 % in 2008 - 2010 to a flat rate of 20 % as of April 2015 .

\n

\n The UK government faced problems with its corporate tax structure , including European Court of Justice judgements that aspects of it are incompatible with EU treaties . Tax avoidance schemes marketed by the financial sector have also proven an irritant , and been countered by complicated anti-avoidance legislation .

\n

\n The complexity of the corporation tax system is a recognised issue . The Labour government , supported by the Opposition parties , carried through wide - scale reform from the Tax Law Rewrite project , resulting in the Corporation Tax Act 2010 . The tax has slowly been integrating generally accepted accounting practice , with the corporation tax system in various specific areas based directly on the accounting treatment .

\n

\n Total net corporation tax receipts in 2014 - 15 were \u00a3 43.0 billion , which was an increase of 7 % from \u00a3 40.3 billion in 2013 - 14 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n Jim Callaghan , the Chancellor of the Exchequer who introduced corporation tax in 1965 .

\n Until 1965 , companies were subject to income tax on their profits at the same rates as was levied on individual taxpayers . A dividend imputation system existed , whereby the income tax paid by a company was offset against the income tax liability of a shareholder who received dividends from the company . The standard rate of income tax in 1949 was 50 % . If the company paid a \u00a3 100 dividend , the recipient would be treated as if he had earned \u00a3 200 and had paid \u00a3 100 in income tax on it -- the tax paid by the company fully covered the tax due from the individual on the dividend paid . If , however , the individual was subject to tax at a higher rate ( known as `` surtax '' ) , he ( not the company ) would be liable to pay the additional tax .

\n

\n In addition to income tax , companies were also subject to a profits tax , which was deducted from company profits when determining the income tax liability . It was a differential tax , with a higher tax rate on dividends ( profits distributed to shareholders ) than on profits retained within the company . By penalising the distribution of profits , it was hoped companies would retain profits for investment , which was considered a priority after the Second World War . The tax did not have the desired effect , so the distributed profits tax was increased by 20 % by the post-war Labour government to encourage companies to retain more of their profits . At the time of Hugh Gaitskell 's 1951 budget , the profits tax was 50 % for distributed profits and 10 % for undistributed profits .

\n

\n A series of reductions in the profits tax were brought in from 1951 onwards by the new Conservative government . The tax rates fell to 22.5 % on distributed profits and 2.5 % on undistributed profits by 1957 , but the profits tax was no longer income tax - deductible . Derick Heathcoat - Amory 's Budget of March 1958 replaced the differential profits tax with a single profits tax measure , applicable to both retained and distributed profits . This gradual decrease , and final abolition , of taxes on capital distributions reflected ideological differences between the Conservative and Labour parties : the Conservative approach was to distribute profits to capital holders for investment elsewhere , while Labour sought to force companies to retain profits for reinvestment in the company in the hope this would benefit the company 's workforce .

\n

\n Finance Act 1965 ( edit )

\n

\n Finance Act 1965 replaced the system of income tax and profits tax from 1 April 1965 with the Corporation Tax , which re-introduced aspects of the old system . Corporation Tax was charged at a uniform rate on all profits , but additional tax was then payable if profits were distributed as a dividend to shareholders . In effect , dividends suffered double taxation . This method of corporation tax is known as the classical system and is similar to that used in the United States . The effect of the tax was to revert to the distribution tax in operation from 1949 to 1959 : dividend payments were subject to higher tax than profits retained within the company .

\n

\n Finance Act 1965 also introduced a capital gains tax , at a rate of 30 % , charged on the gains arising on the disposal of capital assets by individuals . While companies were exempted from capital gains tax , they were liable to corporation tax on their `` chargeable gains '' , which were calculated in substantially the same way as capital gains for individuals . The tax applied to company shares as well as other assets . Before 1965 , capital gains were not taxed , and it was advantageous for taxpayers to argue that a receipt was non-taxable `` capital '' rather than taxable `` revenue '' .

\n

\n Advance corporation tax ( edit )

\n Main article : Advance corporation tax

\n The basic structure of the tax , where company profits were taxed as profits , and dividend payments were then taxed as income , remained unchanged until 1973 , when a partial imputation system was introduced for dividend payments . Unlike the previous imputation system , the tax credit to the shareholder was less than the corporation tax paid ( corporation tax was higher than the standard rate of income tax , but the imputation , or set - off , was only of standard rate tax ) . When companies made distributions , they also paid the advance corporation tax ( known as ACT ) , which could be set off against the main corporation tax charge , subject to certain limits ( the full amount of ACT paid could not be recovered if significantly large amounts of profits were distributed ) . Individuals and companies who received a dividend from a UK company received a tax credit representing the ACT paid . Individuals could set off the tax credit against their income tax liability .

\n

\n On introduction , ACT was set at 30 % of the gross dividend ( the actual amount paid plus the tax credit ) . If a company made a \u00a3 70 dividend payment to an individual , the company would pay \u00a3 30 of advance corporation tax . The shareholder would receive the \u00a3 70 cash payment , plus a tax credit of \u00a3 30 ; thus , the individual would be deemed to have earned \u00a3 100 , and to have already paid tax of \u00a3 30 on it . The ACT paid by the company would be deductible against its final `` mainstream '' corporation tax bill . To the extent that the individual 's tax on the dividend was less than the tax credit -- for example , if his income was too low to pay tax ( below \u00a3 595 in 1973 -- 1974 ) -- he would be able to reclaim some or all of the \u00a3 30 tax paid by the company . The set - off was only partial , since the company would pay 52 % tax ( small companies had lower rates , but still higher than the ACT rate ) , and thus the \u00a3 70 received by the individual actually represented pre-tax profits of \u00a3 145.83 . Accordingly , only part of the double taxation was relieved .

\n

\n ACT was not payable on dividends from one UK company to another ( unless the payor company elected to pay it ) . Also , the recipient company was not taxed on that dividend receipt , except for dealers in shares and life assurance companies in respect of some of their profits . As the payor company would have suffered tax on the payments it made , the company that received the dividend also received a credit that it could use to reduce the amount of ACT it itself paid , or , in certain cases , apply to have the tax credit repaid to them .

\n Gordon Brown , the Chancellor of the Exchequer who abolished ACT and introduced the quarterly instalment regime in 1999 .

\n The level of ACT was linked to the basic rate of income tax between 1973 and 1993 . The March 1993 Budget of Norman Lamont cut the ACT rate and tax credit to 22.5 % from April 1993 , and 20 % from April 1994 . These changes were accompanied with a cut of income tax on dividends to 20 % , while the basic rate of income tax remained at 25 % . Persons liable for tax were lightly affected by the change , because income tax liability was still balanced by the tax credit received , although higher rate tax payers paid an additional 25 % tax on the amount of the dividend actually received ( net ) , as against 20 % before the change .

\n

\n The change had bigger effects on pensions and non-taxpayers . A pension fund receiving a \u00a3 1.2 m dividend income prior to the change would have been able to reclaim \u00a3 400,000 in tax , giving a total income of \u00a3 1.6 m . After the change , only \u00a3 300,000 was reclaimable , reducing income to \u00a3 1.5 m , a fall of 6.25 % .

\n

\n Gordon Brown 's summer Budget of 1997 ended the ability of pension funds and other tax - exempt companies to reclaim tax credits with immediate effect , and for individuals from April 1999 . This tax change has been blamed for the poor state of British pension provision , while usually ignoring the more significant effect of the dot - com shareprice crash of 2000 onwards when the FTSE - 100 lost half its value to fall from 6930 at the beginning of 2000 to just 3490 by March 2003 . Despite this , critics such as Member of Parliament Frank Field described it as a `` hammer blow '' and the Sunday Times described it as a swindle , with the hypothetical \u00a3 1.5 m income described above falling to \u00a3 1.2 m , a fall in income of 20 % , because no tax would be reclaimable .

\n Abolition of advance corporation tax ( edit )

\n From 6 April 1999 ACT was abolished , and the tax credit on dividends was reduced to 10 % . There was a matching reduction in the basic income tax rate on dividends to 10 % , while a new higher - rate of 32.5 % was introduced which led to an overall effective 25 % tax rate for higher rate taxpayers on dividends ( after setting this `` notional '' tax credit against the tax liability ). While non-taxpayers were no longer able to claim this amount from the treasury ( as opposed to taxpayers who could deduct it from their tax bill ) , the 20 % ACT ( which would have previously been deducted from the dividend before payment ) was no longer levied .

\n

\n The abolition of ACT was actually one of the biggest tax grabs ever by a Chancellor , as pension companies could no longer recover the tax paid on dividends ( along with pensioners and other reliant on the income ) . This now costs over \u00a3 10bn a year and was one of the factors that lead to the death of the final salary pension scheme . ( ref : http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/personalfinance/pensions/10798785/True-cost-of-Labours-pension-tax-raid-and-others-since-Seventies.html ) . It is one of the biggest tax grabs ever , sold as ' the abolition of a tax ' .

\n

\n ACT that had been incurred prior to 1999 could still be set off against a company 's tax liability , provided it would have been able to set it off under the old imputation system . In order to keep the stream of payments associated with advance corporation tax payment , ' large ' companies ( comprising the majority of corporation tax receipts ) were subjected to a quarterly instalments scheme for tax payment .

\n

\n Rates ( edit )

\n

\n On its introduction in 1965 , corporation tax was charged at 40 % , rising to 45 % in the 1969 Budget . The rate then fell to 42.5 % in the second Budget of 1970 and 40 % in 1971 . In 1973 , alongside the introduction of advance corporation tax ( ACT ) , Conservative chancellor Anthony Barber created a main rate of 52 % , together with a smaller companies ' rate of 42 % . This apparent increase was negated by the fact that under the ACT scheme , dividends were no longer subject to income tax .

\n

\n The 1979 Conservative Budget of Geoffrey Howe cut the small companies ' rate to 40 % , followed by a further cut in the 1982 Budget to 38 % . The Budgets of 1983 -- 1988 saw sharp cuts in both main and small companies ' rates , falling to 35 % and 25 % respectively . Budgets between 1988 and 2001 brought further falls to a 30 % main rate and 19 % small companies ' rates . From April 1983 to March 1997 the small companies ' rate was pegged to the basic rate of income tax . During the 1980s there was briefly a higher rate of tax imposed for capital profits .

\n

\n Chancellor Gordon Brown 's 1999 Budget introduced a 10 % starting rate for profits from \u00a3 0 to \u00a3 10,000 , effective from April 2000 . Marginal relief applied meaning companies with profits of between \u00a3 10,000 and \u00a3 50,000 paid a rate between the starting rate and the small companies ' rate ( 19 % in 2000 ) .

\n

\n The 2002 Budget cut the starting rate to zero , with marginal relief applying in the same way . This caused a significant increase in the number of companies being incorporated , as businesses that had operated as self - employed , paying income tax on profits from just over \u00a3 5,000 , were attracted to the corporation tax rate of 0 % on income up to \u00a3 10,000 . Previously self - employed individuals could now distribute profits as dividend payments rather than salaries . For companies with profits under \u00a3 50,000 the corporation tax rate varied between 0 % and 19 % . Because dividend payments come with a basic rate tax credit , provided the recipient did not earn more than the basic rate allowance , no further tax would be paid . The number of new companies being formed in 2002 -- 2003 reached 325,900 , an increase of 45 % on 2001 -- 2002 .

\n

\n The fact that individuals operating in this manner could potentially pay no tax at all was felt by the government to be unfair tax avoidance , and the 2004 Budget introduced a Non-Corporate Distribution Rate . This ensured that where a company paid below the small companies ' rate ( 19 % in 2004 ) , dividend payments made to non-corporates ( for example , individuals , trusts and personal representatives of deceased persons ) would be subject to additional corporation tax , bringing the corporation tax paid up to 19 % . For example , a company making \u00a3 10,000 profit , and making a \u00a3 6,000 dividend distribution to an individual and \u00a3 4,000 to another company would pay 19 % corporation tax on the \u00a3 6,000 . Although this measure substantially reduced the number of small businesses incorporating , the Chancellor in the 2006 Budget said tax avoidance by small businesses through incorporation was still a major issue , and scrapped the starting rate entirely .

\n

\n Historic tax revenues ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n UK Corporation Tax Revenue 1999 to 2016
\n 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
\n

\n Taxable profits and accounting profits ( edit )

\n

\n The starting point for computing taxable profits is profits before tax ( except for a life assurance company ) . The rules for calculating corporation tax generally ran in parallel with income tax until 1993 , when the first statutory rule to move profit reporting into line with generally accepted accounting practice was introduced , although the courts were already moving towards requiring trading profits to be computed using general accountancy rules .

\n

\n Finance Act 1993 introduced rules to make tax on exchange gains and losses mimic their treatment in a company 's financial statements in most instances . Finance Act 1994 saw similar rules for financial instruments , and in Finance Act 1996 the treatment of most loan relationships was also brought into line with the accounting treatment . Finance Act 1997 saw something similar with rental premiums . A year later , Finance Act 1998 went even further , making it clear that taxable trading profits ( apart from those accruing to a Lloyd 's corporate name or to a life assurance company ) and profits from a rental business are equal to profits calculated under generally accepted accounting practice ( `` GAAP '' ) unless there is a specific statutory or case law rule to the contrary . This was followed up by Finance Act 2004 , which provided that where a company with investment business could make deductions for management expenses , they were calculated by reference to figures in the financial statements .

\n International financial reporting Standards ( edit )

\n From 2005 , all European Union listed companies have to prepare their financial statements using the `` International Financial Reporting Standards '' ( `` IFRS '' ) , as modified by the EU . Other UK companies may choose to adopt IFRS . Corporation tax law is changing so that , in the future , IFRS accounting profits are largely respected . The exception is for certain financial instruments and certain other measures to prevent tax arbitrage between companies applying IFRS and companies applying UK GAAP .

\n

\n Avoidance ( edit )

\n

\n Tax avoidance is the legitimate reduction of tax through tax planning and / or usage of legal provisions . Unlike most other countries , most UK tax professionals are accountants rather than lawyers by training .

\n

\n Until 2013 , the UK had no general anti-avoidance rule ( `` GAAR '' ) for corporation tax . However , it inherited an anti-avoidance rule from income tax relating to transactions in securities , and since then has had various `` mini-GAARs '' added to it . The best known `` mini-GAAR '' prevents a deduction for interest paid when the loan to which it relates is made for an `` unallowable purpose '' . In 2013 , the government introduced a General Anti-Avoidance Rule to manage the risk of tax avoidance .

\n

\n Finance Act 2004 introduced disclosure rules requiring promoters of certain tax avoidance schemes that are financing - or employment - related to disclose the scheme . Taxpayers who use these schemes must also disclose their use when they submit their tax returns . This is the first provision of its kind in the UK , and Finance Act 2005 has shown a number of tax avoidance schemes being blocked earlier than would have been expected prior to the disclosure rules .

\n

\n Need for greater revenues ( edit )

\n

\n In the early twenty - first century the government sought to raise more revenues from corporation tax . In 2002 it introduced a separate 10 % supplementary charge on profits from oil and gas extraction businesses , and Finance Act 2005 contained measures to accelerate when oil and gas extraction business have to pay tax . Instead of paying their tax in four equal instalments in the seventh , tenth , thirteenth and sixteenth month after the accounting period starts , they will be required to consolidate their third and fourth payments and pay them in the thirteenth month , creating a cash flow advantage for the government. Finance ( No. 2 ) Act 2005 continued measures specifically relating to life assurance companies . When originally announced ( as Finance ( No. 3 ) Bill 2005 ) Legal & General told the Stock Exchange that \u00a3 300 m had been wiped off its value , and Aviva ( Norwich Union ) announced that the tax changes would cost its policy holders \u00a3 150 m .

\n

\n Method of charge ( edit )

\n

\n Powers to collect corporation tax must be passed annually by parliament , otherwise there is no authority to collect it . The charge for the financial year ( beginning 1 April each year ) is imposed by successive finance acts . The tax is charged in respect of the company 's accounting period , which is normally the 12 - month period for which the company prepares its accounts . Corporation tax is administered by Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) .

\n

\n Assessment ( edit )

\n

\n Corporation tax is levied on the net profits of a company . Except for certain life assurance companies , it is borne by the company as a direct tax .

\n

\n Up until 1999 no corporation tax was due unless HMRC raised an assessment on a company . Companies were , however , obliged to report certain details to HMRC so that the right amount could be assessed . This changed for accounting periods ending on or after 1 July 1999 , when self - assessment was introduced . Self - assessment means that companies are required to assess themselves and take full responsibility for that assessment . If the self - assessment is wrong through negligence or recklessness , the company can be liable to penalties . The self - assessment tax return needs to be delivered to HMRC 12 months after the end of the period of account in which the accounting period falls ( although the tax must be paid before this date ) . If a company fails to submit a return by then , it is liable to penalties . HMRC may then issue a determination of the tax payable , which can not be appealed -- however , in practice they wait until a further six months have elapsed . Also , the most common claims and elections that may be made by a company have to be part of its tax return , with a time limit of two years after the end of the accounting period . This means that a company submitting its return more than one year late suffers not only from the late filing penalties , but also from the inability to make these claims and elections .

\n

\n From 2004 there has been a requirement for new companies to notify HM Revenue & Customs of their formation , although HMRC receives notifications of new company registrations from Companies House . Companies will then receive an annual notice CT603 , approximately 1 -- 2 months after the end of the company 's financial period , notifying it to complete an annual return . This must also include the company 's annual accounts , and possibly other documents , such as auditors ' reports , that are required for certain companies .

\n

\n Schedular system ( edit )

\n Main article : Schedular system of taxation

\n In the United Kingdom the source rule applies . This means that something is taxed only if there is a specific provision bringing it within the charge to tax . Accordingly , profits are only charged to corporation tax if they fall within one of the following , and are not otherwise exempted by an explicit provision of the Taxes Acts :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Scope
\n Schedule A \n Income from UK land
\n Schedule D \n Taxable income not falling within another Schedule
\n Schedule F \n Income from UK dividends
\n Chargeable gains \n Gains as defined by legislation that are not taxed as income
\n CFC charge \n Profits made by controlled foreign companies where no exemption applies
\n

\n Notes :

\n
    \n
  1. \n In practice companies do not get taxed under Schedule F. Most companies are exempted from Schedule F and there is a provision for those companies which are taxed on UK dividends ( i.e. dealers in shares ( stock ) ) that removes the charge from Schedule F to Schedule D .
    2. \n
  2. \n A Controlled Foreign Company ( `` CFC '' ) is a company controlled by a UK resident that is not itself UK resident and is subject to a lower rate of tax in the territory in which it is resident . Under certain circumstances , UK resident companies that control a CFC pay corporation tax on what the UK tax profits of that CFC would have been . However , because of a wide range of exemptions , very few companies suffer a CFC charge .
    3. \n
  3. \n Schedules B , C and E used to , but no longer , exist .
    4. \n
  4. \n Authorised unit trusts and OEICs are not liable to tax on their chargeable gains .
    5. \n
\n

\n Schedule D is itself divided into a number of cases :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Scope
\n Case I \n Profits from a UK trade
\n Case III \n Interest - type income and gains / losses on loans , derivatives , financial instruments and intangibles
\n Case V \n Overseas income
\n Case VI \n Annual income not falling within Cases I , III and V , and other income / gains specifically taxed under Case VI
\n

\n Notes :

\n
    \n
  1. \n Cases II and IV only apply to income tax and not corporation tax .
    2. \n
\n

\n Strictly speaking , Corporation Tax Act 2010 replaces the historic terminology `` Schedule A '' , `` Schedule D Case I '' etc. with more descriptive terms but this does not affect the substantive application of the schedular system so that , for example , different rules apply for utilising tax losses depending upon the nature of the income under which the losses arises .

\n Relief for expenses ( edit )

\n Most direct expenses are deductible when calculating taxable income and chargeable gains . Notable exceptions include any costs of entertaining clients . Companies with investment business may deduct certain indirect expenses known as `` expenses of management '' when calculating their taxable profits . A similar relief is available for expenses of a life assurance company taxed on the I minus E basis which relate to the company 's basic life assurance and general annuity business . Donations made to charities are also normally deducted in calculating taxable income if made under Gift Aid .

\n

\n Rates and payment ( edit )

\n

\n The 2007 Budget announced a main rate cut from 30 % to 28 % , effective from April 2008 . At the same time , the small companies ' rate was increased from 19 % to 20 % from April 2007 , 21 % in April 2008 , to stop `` individuals artificially incorporating as small companies to avoid paying their due share of tax , a practice if left unaddressed would cost the rest of the taxpaying population billions of pounds '' .

\n

\n The rate of corporation tax is determined by the financial year , which runs from 1 April to the following 31 March . Financial year FY17 started on 1 April 2017 and ends on 31 March 2018 . Where a company 's accounting period straddles a financial year in which the corporation tax rate has changed , the company 's profits for that period are split . For example , a company paying small companies ' rate with its accounting period running from 1 January to 31 December , and making \u00a3 100,000 of profit in 2007 , would be deemed to have made 90 / 365 * \u00a3 100,000 = \u00a3 24,657.53 in FY06 ( there are 90 days between 1 January and 31 March ) , and 275 / 365 * \u00a3 100,000 = \u00a3 75 , 34.47 in FY07 , and would pay 19 % on the FY06 portion , and 20 % on the FY07 portion .

\n

\n From 1 April 2010 HM Revenue & Customs updated their terminology and the former Small Companies ' Rate is now called Small Profits Rate .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Corporate Tax rates for Financial Years 2008 -- 2014
\n \n 2008 -- 2010 \n 2011 \n 2012 \n 2013 \n 2014
\n Small profits rate \n 21 % \n 20 % \n 20 % \n 20 % \n 20 %
\n Small profits upper limit \n \u00a3 300,000 \n \u00a3 300,000 \n \u00a3 300,000 \n \u00a3 300,000 \n \u00a3 300,000
\n Marginal relief limits \n \u00a3 300,001 -- \u00a3 1,500,000 \n \u00a3 300,001 -- \u00a3 1,500,000 \n \u00a3 300,001 -- \u00a3 1,500,000 \n \u00a3 300,001 -- \u00a3 1,500,000 \n \u00a3 300,001 -- \u00a3 1,500,000
\n Main rate \n 28 % \n 26 % \n 24 % \n 23 % \n 21 %
\n

\n Notes :

\n
    \n
  1. \n The bands shown on the right hand side are divided by one plus the number of associates ( usually the only associates a company has are fellow group companies , but the term is more widely defined )
    2. \n
  2. \n The reduced rates do not apply to close investment holding companies ( companies controlled by fewer than 5 people ( plus associates ) or by their directors / managers , whose main activity is the holding of investments ) . Nor do they apply to companies in liquidation after the first 12 months .
    3. \n
  3. \n Authorised unit trusts and open - ended investment companies are taxed at the basic rate of income tax which is 20 % as of 2010
    4. \n
  4. \n Life assurance companies are taxed using the above rates on shareholder profits and 20 % on policy holder profits
    5. \n
  5. \n Companies active in the oil and gas extraction industry in the UK or on the UK Continental Shelf are subject to an additional 10 % charge on their profits from those activities
    6. \n
\n

\n Most companies are required to pay tax nine months and a day after the end of an accounting period . Larger companies are required to pay quarterly instalments , in the seventh , tenth , thirteenth and sixteenth months after a full accounting period starts . These times are modified where an accounting period lasts for less than twelve months . From 2005 onwards , for tax payable on oil and gas extraction profits , the third and fourth quarterly instalments are merged , including the supplementary 10 % charge .

\n

\n In the financial year 2004 -- 2005 , approximately 39,000 companies paid corporation tax at the main rate . These 4.7 % of active companies are responsible for 75 % of all corporation tax receipts . Around 224,000 companies paid the small companies rate , with 34,000 benefiting from marginal relief . 264,000 were in the starting rate , with 269,000 benefiting from the lower band of marginal relief . The total revenue was \u00a3 41.9 bn from 831,885 companies . Only 23480 companies had a liability in excess of \u00a3 100,000 .

\n

\n HM Revenue and Customs powers of enquiry ( edit )

\n

\n HMRC has one year from the normal filing date , which is itself one year after the end of the period of account , to open an enquiry into the return . This period is extended if the return is filed late . The enquiry continues until all issues that HMRC wish to enquire about a return are dealt with . However , a company can appeal to the Commissioners of Income Tax to close an enquiry if they feel there is undue delay .

\n

\n If either side disputes the amount of tax that is payable , they may appeal to either the General or Special Commissioners of Income Tax . Appeals on points of law may be made to the High Court ( Court of Session in Scotland ) , then the Court of Appeal , and finally , with leave , to the House of Lords . However , decisions of fact are binding and can only be appealed if no reasonable Commissioner could have made that decision .

\n

\n Once an enquiry is closed , or the time for opening an enquiry has passed , HMRC can only re-open a prior year if they become aware of an issue which they could not reasonably have known about at the time , or in instances of fraud or negligence . In fraud or negligence cases , they can re-open cases from up to 20 years ago .

\n

\n After an HMRC enquiry closes , or after final determination of an issue by the courts , the taxpayer has 30 days to amend their return , and make additional claims and elections , if appropriate , before the assessment becomes final and conclusive . If there is no enquiry , the assessment becomes final and conclusive once the period in which the Revenue may open an enquiry passes .

\n

\n Relief from double taxation ( edit )

\n

\n There is a risk of double taxation whenever a company receives income that has already been taxed . This could be dividend income , which will have been paid out of the post-tax profits of another company and which may have suffered withholding tax . Or it could be because the company itself has suffered foreign tax , perhaps because it conducts part of its trade through an overseas permanent establishment , or because it receives other types of foreign income .

\n

\n Double taxation is avoided for UK dividends by exempting them from tax for most companies : only dealers in shares suffer tax on them . Where double taxation arises because of overseas tax suffered , relief is available either in the form of expense or credit relief . Expense relief allows the overseas tax to be treated as a deductible expense in the tax computation . Credit relief is given as a deduction from the UK tax liability , but is restricted to the amount of UK tax suffered on the foreign income . There is a system of onshore pooling , so that overseas tax suffered in high tax territories may be set off against taxable income arising from low tax territories . From 1 July 2009 , new rules were introduced to exempt most non-UK dividends from corporation tax so these double taxation rules in respect of non-UK dividends will be of less common application in practice after that date .

\n

\n Loss relief ( edit )

\n

\n Detailed and separate rules apply to how all the different types of losses may be set off within the computations of a company . A detailed explanation of these can be found in : United Kingdom corporation tax loss relief .

\n

\n Group relief ( edit )

\n

\n The UK does not permit tax consolidation , where companies in a group are treated as though they are a single entity for tax purposes . One of the main benefits of tax consolidation is that tax losses in one entity in a group are automatically relievable against the tax profits of another . Instead , the UK permits a form of loss relief called `` group relief '' .

\n

\n Where a company has losses arising in an accounting period ( other than capital losses , or losses arising under Case V or VI of Schedule D ) in excess of its other taxable profits for the period , it may surrender these losses to a group member with sufficient taxable profits in the same accounting period . The company receiving the losses may offset them against their own taxable profits . Exceptions include that a company in the oil and gas extraction industry may not accept group relief against the profits arising on its oil and gas extraction business , and a life assurance company may only accept group relief against its profits chargeable to tax at the standard shareholder rate applicable to that company . Separate rules apply for dual resident companies .

\n

\n Full group relief is permitted between companies subject to UK corporation tax that are in the same 75 % group , where companies have a common ultimate parent , and at least 75 % of the shares in each company ( other than the ultimate parent ) are owned by other companies in the group . The companies making up a 75 % group do not all need to be UK - resident or subject to UK corporation tax relief . An open - ended investment company can not form part of a group .

\n

\n Consortium relief is permitted where a company subject to UK corporation tax is owned by a consortium of companies that each own at least 5 % of the shares and together own at least 75 % of the shares . A consortium company can only surrender or accept losses in proportion to how much of that company is owned by each consortium group .

\n

\n Example computation ( edit )

\n

\n This is an example computation involving a company that has one associate from which it receives \u00a3 50,000 group relief .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Example Company Ltd
\n \n \u00a3 \n \u00a3
\n Schedule A ( UK land ) \n \n 100,000
\n Schedule D \n \n
\n -- Case I ( UK trade ) \n 200,000 \n
\n -- Case I losses brought forward \n ( 100,000 ) \n 100,000
\n -- Case III ( loan relationships , derivatives , financial instruments ) \n \n 100,000
\n -- Case V ( overseas ) \n \n 300,000
\n -- Case VI ( other annual profits ) \n \n 10,000
\n Chargeable gains ( capital gains ) \n 150,000 \n
\n Allowable ( capital ) losses brought forward \n ( 50,000 ) \n 100,000
\n Less : Non-trading debits brought forward 2 \n \n ( 50,000 )
\n Less : Management expense deduction 3 \n \n ( 20,000 )
\n Less : Charges ( donations to UK charities ) \n \n ( 10,000 )
\n Less : Group relief accepted \n \n ( 50,000 )
\n Profits chargeable to corporation tax \n \n 580,000
\n Tax @ 30 % \n \n 174,000
\n Less : Marginal relief \n \n ( 46,750 )
\n Less : Double tax relief \n \n ( 30,000 )
\n Tax liability for the period \n \n 97,250
\n

\n Notes :

\n \n
\n
\n Marginal relief fraction x ( Upper limit / ( Number of associates plus one ) -- Profit )
\n
\n 1 / 40 x ( 1,500,000 / 2 -- 580,000 )
\n
\n \n

\n Interaction with European law ( edit )

\n

\n Although there are no European Union directives dealing with direct taxes , UK laws must comply with European legislation . In particular , legislation should not be discriminatory under the EC treaty .

\n

\n A number of cases where UK tax laws are believed to be discriminatory have been brought to the European Court of Justice , usually with respect to freedom of establishment and freedom of movement of capital . Key cases which have been decided include :

\n \n

\n Also , the case of ICI v Colmer led to the UK amending its definition of a group , for group relief purposes . Previously , the definition required that all companies and intermediate parent companies in a group to be UK resident .

\n

\n There are also a number of other cases making their way , slowly , up to the European Court . In particular :

\n \n

\n Recent developments ( edit )

\n

\n Corporation tax reform ( edit )

\n

\n There have been a number of proposals for corporation tax reform , although only a few have been enacted . In March 2001 , the government published a technical note A Review of Small Business Taxation , which considered simplification of corporation tax for small companies through the closer alignment of their profits for tax purposes with those reported in their accounts . In July of that year , the government also published a consultation document , Large Business Taxation : the Government 's strategy and corporate tax reforms . It set out the strategy for modernising corporate taxes and proposals for relief for capital gains on substantial shareholdings held by companies .

\n

\n In August 2002 , Reform of corporation tax -- A consultation document was published , outlining initial proposals for the abolition of the Schedular system . This was followed up in August 2003 by Corporation tax reform -- A consultation document , which further discussed the possible abolition of the Schedular system , and also whether the capital allowances ( tax depreciation ) system should be abolished . It also made proposals that were ultimately enacted in Finance Act 2004 . ( The first two of these listed below were in response to threats to the UK tax base arising from recent European Court of Justice judgments . ) The changes were to :

\n \n

\n In December 2004 , Corporation tax reform -- a technical note was published . It outlined the government 's decision to abolish the schedular system , replacing the numerous schedules and cases with two pools : a trading and letting pool ; and an `` everything else '' pool . The Government had decided that capital allowances would remain , though there would be some reforms , mostly affecting the leasing industry .

\n

\n Other enactments ( edit )

\n

\n Other main reforms enacted , include :

\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 October 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . title = HMRC Corporation TaxStatistics 2017 page = 19 quote = Includes Bank Levy and Bank Surcharge ) )
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product at market prices : Current price : Seasonally adjusted \u00a3 m '' .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Finance Act 1965 ( c. 25 ) , from UK Statute Law Database '' . UK Statutory Publications Office , Ministry of Justice . Retrieved 9 May 2007 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Tax Law Rewrite Archived 18 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs ( HMRC ) . Retrieved 17 April 2007
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Income and Corporation Taxes Act 1988 ( c. 1 ) , Office of Public Sector Information , responsible for the operation of Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ( HMSO ) , ISBN 0 - 10 - 540188 - 9
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Most income tax rules have been rewritten in the Income Tax ( Earnings and Pensions ) Act 2003 , Income Tax ( Trading and Other Income ) Act 2005 , and Income Tax Act 2007 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Rates of Corporation Tax ( PDF ) Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC . Retrieved 13 April 2007
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Corporation Tax rates and reliefs - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 13 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Metallgesellschaft Ltd and Others , Hoechst AG , Hoechst UK Ltd and Commissioners of Inland Revenue , H.M. Attorney General ECJ Cases C - 397 / 98 and 410 / 98 ( Joined cases ) , European Court of Justice , 2001 . Retrieved 9 May 2007
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Corporation Tax Statistics : Analyses of Corporation Tax receipts and liabilities '' ( PDF ) . HM Revenue & Customs . 28 August 2015 . p. 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2016 .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : Corporate Tax ( PDF )
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Daunton , Martin ( 2002 ) . Just Taxes : The Politics of Taxation in Britain , 1914 -- 1979 ( pdf ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 81400 - 6 . Retrieved 9 April 2007 .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : Daunton , Martin ( May 2002 ) . `` Equality and incentive : fiscal politics from Gladstone to Brown '' . History & Policy . Retrieved 9 May 2007 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` 50 years ago Archived 9 March 2015 at Archive.is '' , Newark Advertiser . Retrieved 8 March 2015
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM20105 -- ACT : set - off against CT on profits : introduction , HMRC . Retrieved 13 April 2007
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : Company Taxation Manual CTM16120 -- Distributions : impact on CT : franked investment income : general , HMRC . Retrieved 12 April 2007
    17. \n
  17. \n ^ Jump up to : Company Taxation Manual CTM15150 -- Distributions : general : tax consequences , HMRC . Retrieved 12 April 2007
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Income Tax Personal Allowances and Reliefs 1973 -- 74 to 1989 -- 90 ( PDF ) Archived 6 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC . Retrieved 9 April 2007
    19. \n
  19. \n ^ Jump up to : Company Taxation Manual CTM20070 -- ACT : general : qualifying and non-qualifying distributions , HMRC . Retrieved 12 April 2007
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Budget 1997 Archived 20 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HM Treasury . Retrieved 25 April 2007
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Field , Frank ( 1 April 2007 ) . `` The great pension swindle '' . Sunday Times . Retrieved 9 May 2007 . ( subscription required )
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM18250 -- Shadow ACT : outline of the scheme , HMRC . Retrieved 17 April 2007
    23. \n
  23. \n ^ Jump up to : Company Taxation Manual CTM92505 -- CTSA : quarterly instalments : legislation , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Budget 1999 Archived 6 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HM Treasury . Retrieved 19 April 2007
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ IR19 : Help for Small Companies Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HM Treasury . Retrieved 9 April 2007
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Budget 2002 Archived 22 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HM Treasury . Retrieved 19 April 2007
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Budget 2002 ( PDF ) Archived 11 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . s1. 20 , The Stationery Office . Retrieved 9 April 2007
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Toyne , Sarah ( 16 March 2004 ) . `` Stuck in the Chancellor 's loophole '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 May 2007 .
    29. \n
  29. \n ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Paul ( 13 December 2003 ) . `` Tax ' time bomb ' for self - employed '' . BBC . Retrieved 9 May 2007 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Companies in 2002 -- 2003 ( PDF ) ( Table B1 ) , Department of Trade and Industry , July 2003 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 11 - 515505 - 5 . Retrieved on 9 May 2007
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Budget 2004 Archived 12 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HM Treasury . Retrieved 19 April 2007
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Company taxation Manual CTM14105 -- NCDR : general : introduction Archived 7 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC . Retrieved 18 April 2007
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Budget 2006 Archived 24 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HM Treasury . Retrieved 19 April 2007
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ BN01 : Corporation Tax Rates Archived 15 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC . Retrieved 9 April 2007
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` There is a longer Excel version of this table also available on our website with historical monthly data back to April 2008 . Historical annual data goes back to 1999 - 00 . HM Revenue and Customs receipts Amounts : \u00a3 million Amounts : \u00a3 million '' ( PDF ) . HM Revenue and Customs . Retrieved 2 October 2017 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM01130 -- Corporation Tax : introduction : computation of profits , HMRC . Retrieved 13 April 2007
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Finance Act 1993 ( c. 34 ) , HMSO , ISBN 0 - 10 - 543493 - 0 Retrieved on 9 May 2007
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Finance Act 1994 , HMSO , ISBN 0 - 10 - 540994 - 4 Retrieved on 9 May 2007
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Finance Act 1996 , HMSO , ISBN 0 - 10 - 540896 - 4 Retrieved on 9 May 2007
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Finance Act 1997 , HMSO , ISBN 0 - 10 - 541697 - 5 Retrieved on 9 May 2007
    41. \n
  41. \n ^ Jump up to : Finance Act 1998 , HMSO , ISBN 0 - 10 - 543698 - 4 Retrieved on 9 May 2007
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM40750 -- Particular bodies : Lloyd 's underwriting agents , HMRC . Retrieved 13 April 2007
    43. \n
  43. \n ^ Jump up to : Finance Act 2004 , HMSO , ISBN 0 - 10 - 541204 - X Retrieved on 9 May 2007
    44. \n
  44. \n ^ Jump up to : Company Taxation Manual CTM08005 -- Corporation Tax : management expenses : introduction , HMRC . Retrieved 13 April 2007
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ International accounting standards ( IAS ) , www.europa.eu . Retrieved 13 April 2007
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM36805 -- Particular topics : transactions in securities : tax advantage from : introduction , HMRC . Retrieved 19 April 2007
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM56705 -- Loan relationships : miscellaneous : for unallowable purposes : general Archived 11 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC . Retrieved 19 April 2007
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Tax avoidance : General Anti-Abuse Rule '' .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Disclosure of Tax Avoidance Schemes , HMRC . Retrieved 13 April 2007
    50. \n
  50. \n ^ Jump up to : Finance Act 2005 , HMSO , ISBN 0 - 10 - 540805 - 0 Retrieved on 9 May 2007
    51. \n
  51. \n ^ Jump up to : Oil Taxation Manual OT00190 -- The Taxation of the UK Oil Industry : An Overview , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Finance ( No. 2 ) Act 2005 , HMSO , ISBN 0 - 10 - 542205 - 3 Retrieved on 9 May 2007
    53. \n
  53. \n ^ Jump up to : Company Taxation Manual CTM01105 -- Corporation Tax : introduction : basis of charge to CT , HMRC . Retrieved 14 April 2007
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM40325 -- Particular bodies : friendly societies : exemption for life or endowment business , HMRC . Retrieved 14 April 2007
    55. \n
  55. \n ^ Jump up to : Company Taxation Manual CTM93260 -- CTSA : the filing obligation : unsatisfactory return , HMRC . Retrieved 14 April 2007
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Corporation Tax Manual CTM93030 -- CTSA : the filing obligation : filing date : definition , HMRC . Retrieved 14 April 2007
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM95305 -- CTSA : Revenue determination : power to make , HMRC . Retrieved 15 April 2007
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM90602 -- CTSA : claims and elections : introduction , HMRC . Retrieved 15 April 2007
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM93090 -- CTSA : the filing obligation : delivery of return : content , HMRC . Retrieved 15 April 2007
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Property Income Manual PIM1001 -- Introduction : overview , HMRC . Retrieved 15 April 2007
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Business Income Manual BIM14010 -- Schedule D: Scope , HMRC . Retrieved 15 April 2007
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM17005 -- Distributions : stock dividends : introduction , HMRC . Retrieved 19 April 2007
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM02250 -- Corporation Tax : chargeable gains , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    64. \n
  64. \n ^ Jump up to : International Manual INTM201020 -- Controlled Foreign Companies : legislation -- introduction and outline Archived 6 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ International Manual INTM201070 -- Controlled Foreign Companies : legislation -- introduction and outline Archived 6 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM48215 -- Authorised investment funds : taxation of funds : capital gains , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Business Income Manual BIM14080 -- Schedule D: Trade , professions and vocations Archived 6 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC . Retrieved 15 April 2007
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM50310 -- Loan relationships : overview : new Case III Archived 7 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC . Retrieved 15 April 2007
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM02130 -- Corporation Tax : computation of income : special rules : trades abroad charged under Case V , HMRC . Retrieved 15 April 2007
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Business Income Manual BIM80101 -- Case VI : General : introduction Archived 7 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC . Retrieved 15 April 2007
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Corporate Taxation Manual CTM09060 -- Corporation Tax : charges on income : Gift Aid , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Budget 2007 Archived 6 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HM Treasury . Retrieved 19 April 2007
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ Chancellor of the Exchequer 's Budget Statement Archived 28 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , 21 March 2007 , HM Treasury . Retrieved 19 April 2007
    74. \n
  74. \n ^ Jump up to : Company Taxation Manual CTM01405 -- Corporation Tax : accounting periods : apportionment , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    75. \n
  75. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Corporation Tax rates '' . HM Revenue&Customs . Retrieved 25 August 2010 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Budget 2011 , Telegraph . Retrieved 24 March 2011
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM03560 -- Corporation Tax : small companies : company with associated companies , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM03505 -- Corporation Tax : small companies : the lower rate , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    79. \n
  79. \n ^ Jump up to : Life Assurance Manual Archived 6 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM92010 -- CTSA : the payment obligation : due dates , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM92580 -- CTSA : quarterly instalments : due dates : accounting period less than 12 months , HMRC . Retrieved 19 April 2007
    82. \n
  82. \n ^ Jump up to : Corporation tax : Number , income , allowances , tax liability and deductions -- Financial years 1997 -- 98 to 2004 -- 05 ( PDF ) Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC . Retrieved 19 April 2007
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ HM Revenue and Customs annual receipts ( PDF ) Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC . Retrieved 19 April 2007
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ Corporation tax payable after set - offs by year of liability ( PDF ) Archived 5 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC . Retrieved 19 April 2007
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM90150 -- CTSA : introduction : key features , HMRC . Retrieved 15 April 2007
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM95130 -- CTSA : assessments : appeals which is now known as the First Tier Tax Tribunal , HMRC . Retrieved 15 April 2007
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ Tax Appeals : A guide to appealing against decisions of the Inland Revenue on tax and other matters ( PDF ) Archived 10 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , Department for Constitutional Affairs . Retrieved 15 April 2007
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM95100 -- CTSA : assessments : time limit , HMRC . Retrieved 15 April 2007
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM02060 -- Corporation Tax : computation of income : dividends and other distributions received , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ International Manual INTM151040 -- Double taxation : concept and principles , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2006
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM04050 -- Corporation Tax : trading losses : general : reliefs available Archived 7 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM80105 -- Groups : group relief : outline , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM80110 -- Groups : group relief : reliefs which may be claimed , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM80155 -- Groups : group relief : qualifying tests . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ Company Taxation Manual CTM80530 -- Consortia : group relief : meaning of consortium members and consortium company , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ Lankhorst - Hohorst and Finanzamt Steinfurt EJC case C - 324 / 00 , European Court of Justice , 2002 . Retrieved 9 May 2007
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Marks and Spencer plc v David Halsey ( Her Majesty 's Inspector of Taxes ) ( 2005 ) EUECJ C - 446 / 03 , European Court of Justice . Retrieved 9 May 2007
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Cadbury Schweppes plc , Cadbury Schweppes Overseas Ltd v Commissioners of Inland Revenue EJC Case C - 196 / 04 , European Court of Justice . Retrieved 9 May 2007
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ ICI v Colmer ( 1999 ) BTC 440
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ Hoechst Group Litigation Order ( PDF ) , HMRC . Retrieved 16 April 2007
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ A Review of Small Business Taxation ( PDF ) Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC . Retrieved 17 April 2007
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ Reform of corporation tax -- A consultation document ( PDF ) Archived 6 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC , 2002 . Retrieved 17 April 2007
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ Corporation tax reform -- A consultation document ( PDF ) Archived 12 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC , 2003 . Retrieved 17 April 2007
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ Corporation tax reform -- a technical note ( PDF ) Archived 21 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. , HMRC , 2004 . Retrieved 17 April 2007
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ Finance Act 2002 , HMSO , ISBN 0 - 10 - 542302 - 5
    106. \n
\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikiquote has quotations related to : Taxation
\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Kingdom_corporation_tax&oldid=811063149 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what is the corporate tax rate in great britain", "long_answers": ["Originally introduced as a classical tax system , in which companies were subject to tax on their profits and companies ' shareholders were also liable to income tax on the dividends that they received , the first major amendment to corporation tax saw it move to a dividend imputation system in 1973 , under which an individual receiving a dividend became entitled to an income tax credit representing the corporation tax already paid by the company paying the dividend . The classical system was reintroduced in 1999 , with the abolition of advance corporation tax and of repayable dividend tax credits . Another change saw the single main rate of tax split into three . Tax competition between jurisdictions reduced the main corporate tax rate from 28 % in 2008 - 2010 to a flat rate of 20 % as of April 2015 .\n"], "short_answers": ["a flat rate of 20 %\n", "20 %\n", "20 %\n", "a flat rate of 20 %\n"]} {"text": "United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on antitrust , competition policy and Consumer Rights - Wikipedia

\n United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on antitrust , competition policy and Consumer Rights

\n Jump to : navigation , search

\n The Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust , Competition Policy and Consumer Rights is one of six subcommittees within the Senate Judiciary Committee .

\n

\n Jurisdiction ( edit )

\n

\n According to its webpage :

\n
    \n
  1. \n Oversight of antitrust and competition policy , including the Sherman , Clayton , and Federal Trade Commission Acts ;
    2. \n
  2. \n Oversight of antitrust enforcement and competition policy at the Justice Department ;
    3. \n
  3. \n Oversight of antitrust enforcement and competition policy at the Federal Trade Commission ;
    4. \n
  4. \n Oversight of competition policy at other federal agencies .
    5. \n
\n

\n Members , 115th Congress ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Majority \n Minority
\n
    \n
  • \n Mike Lee , Utah , Chairman
    • \n
  • \n Chuck Grassley , Iowa
    • \n
  • \n Orrin Hatch , Utah
    • \n
  • \n Lindsey Graham , South Carolina
    • \n
  • \n Thom Tillis , North Carolina
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Amy Klobuchar , Minnesota , Ranking Member
    • \n
  • \n Patrick Leahy , Vermont
    • \n
  • \n Al Franken , Minnesota ( until January 2 , 2018 )
    • \n
  • \n Richard Blumenthal , Connecticut
    • \n
  • \n Cory Booker , New Jersey ( since January 2 , 2018 )
    • \n
\n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Current United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittees
\n
    \n
  • \n Antitrust , Competition Policy and Consumer Rights
    • \n
  • \n Bankruptcy and the Courts
    • \n
  • \n The Constitution
    • \n
  • \n Crime and Drugs
    • \n
  • \n Immigration , Refugees and Border Security
    • \n
  • \n Terrorism , Technology and Homeland Security
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Current United States congressional committees
\n Senate ( list ) \n
    \n
  • \n Aging ( Special )
    • \n
  • \n Agriculture , Nutrition and Forestry
    • \n
  • \n Appropriations
    • \n
  • \n Armed Services
    • \n
  • \n Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs
    • \n
  • \n Budget
    • \n
  • \n Commerce , Science , and Transportation
    • \n
  • \n Energy and Natural Resources
    • \n
  • \n Environment and Public Works
    • \n
  • \n Ethics ( Select )
    • \n
  • \n Finance
    • \n
  • \n Foreign Relations
    • \n
  • \n Health , Education , Labor and Pensions
    • \n
  • \n Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
    • \n
  • \n Indian Affairs
    • \n
  • \n Intelligence ( Select )
    • \n
  • \n Judiciary
    • \n
  • \n Narcotics ( Caucus )
    • \n
  • \n Rules and Administration
    • \n
  • \n Small Business and Entrepreneurship
    • \n
  • \n Veterans ' Affairs
    • \n
\n
\n House ( list ) \n
    \n
  • \n Agriculture
    • \n
  • \n Appropriations
    • \n
  • \n Armed Services
    • \n
  • \n Budget
    • \n
  • \n Education and the Workforce
    • \n
  • \n Energy and Commerce
    • \n
  • \n Ethics
    • \n
  • \n Financial Services
    • \n
  • \n Foreign Affairs
    • \n
  • \n Homeland Security
    • \n
  • \n House Administration
    • \n
  • \n Intelligence ( Permanent Select )
    • \n
  • \n Judiciary
    • \n
  • \n Natural Resources
    • \n
  • \n Oversight and Government Reform
    • \n
  • \n Rules
    • \n
  • \n Science , Space , and Technology
    • \n
  • \n Small Business
    • \n
  • \n Transportation and Infrastructure
    • \n
  • \n Veterans ' Affairs
    • \n
  • \n Ways and Means
    • \n
  • \n ( Whole )
    • \n
\n
\n Joint ( list ) \n
    \n
  • \n Budget and Appropriations Process Reform ( Select )
    • \n
  • \n Economic
    • \n
  • \n Inaugural Ceremonies ( Special )
    • \n
  • \n Library
    • \n
  • \n Printing
    • \n
  • \n Solvency of Multiemployer Pension Plans ( Select )
    • \n
  • \n Taxation
    • \n
  • \n ( Conference )
    • \n
\n
\n Standing committees , Defunct committees
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This United States Congress -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Senate_Judiciary_Subcommittee_on_Antitrust,_Competition_Policy_and_Consumer_Rights&oldid=830672997 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "subcommittee on antitrust competition policy and consumer rights", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Sin\u00e9ad - wikipedia

\n Sin\u00e9ad

\n Jump to : navigation , search

\n Sin\u00e9ad ( / \u0283\u026a\u02c8ne\u026ad / shi - NADE ; Irish pronunciation : ( \u02c8\u0283\u026anje\u02d0d\u032a\u0263 ) or ( \u0283\u026a\u02c8nje\u02d0d\u032a\u0263 ) ) , is an Irish feminine name . It is derived from the French Jeanette , which is cognate to the English Janet , itself a feminine form of the Hebrew Yohannan , `` God forgave / God gratified '' . In English , Sin\u00e9ad is also commonly spelled Sinead . The name is generally translated into English as either Jane or Jennifer , or as the female version of the Scottish name Jean .

\n

\n Sin\u00e9ad may refer to :

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n People ( edit )

\n
\n
\n Sports
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Music
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Film and television
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Other
\n
\n \n

\n Fiction ( edit )

\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Gaelic given names
\n Native masculine names \n
    \n
  • \n Aodh
    • \n
  • \n Aodh\u00e1n
    • \n
  • \n Aonghus
    • \n
  • \n Art
    • \n
  • \n Breand\u00e1n
    • \n
  • \n Breasal
    • \n
  • \n Brian
    • \n
  • \n Cailean
    • \n
  • \n Cainnech
    • \n
  • \n Caoimh\u00edn
    • \n
  • \n Cathal
    • \n
  • \n Cearbhall
    • \n
  • \n Cian
    • \n
  • \n Cian\u00e1n
    • \n
  • \n Ciar\u00e1n
    • \n
  • \n Cinn\u00e9ididh
    • \n
  • \n Colm
    • \n
  • \n Conall
    • \n
  • \n Con\u00e1n
    • \n
  • \n Conchobhar
    • \n
  • \n Cormac
    • \n
  • \n Criofan
    • \n
  • \n D\u00e1ire
    • \n
  • \n D\u00e9agl\u00e1n
    • \n
  • \n Diarmaid
    • \n
  • \n Domhnall
    • \n
  • \n Donn
    • \n
  • \n Donnchadh
    • \n
  • \n Eachann
    • \n
  • \n \u00c9ibhear
    • \n
  • \n Eochaidh
    • \n
  • \n E\u00f3ghan
    • \n
  • \n Fearghal
    • \n
  • \n Fearghus
    • \n
  • \n F\u00e9ilim
    • \n
  • \n Fiach
    • \n
  • \n F\u00ednghin
    • \n
  • \n Fionn
    • \n
  • \n Fionnbharr
    • \n
  • \n Fionnlagh
    • \n
  • \n Fionnt\u00e1n
    • \n
  • \n Flann
    • \n
  • \n Garaidh
    • \n
  • \n Iarlaith
    • \n
  • \n Lorcan
    • \n
  • \n Lughaidh
    • \n
  • \n Muircheartach
    • \n
  • \n Muiredach
    • \n
  • \n Muirgheas
    • \n
  • \n Murchadh
    • \n
  • \n Niall
    • \n
  • \n Ois\u00edn
    • \n
  • \n R\u00edan
    • \n
  • \n R\u00f3n\u00e1n
    • \n
  • \n Ruair\u00ed
    • \n
  • \n Searbhreathach
    • \n
  • \n Tadhg
    • \n
  • \n Toirdelbach
    • \n
\n
\n Native feminine names \n
    \n
  • \n A\u00edbinn
    • \n
  • \n Aifric
    • \n
  • \n \u00c1ine
    • \n
  • \n Aisling
    • \n
  • \n Aoife
    • \n
  • \n Barrdhubh
    • \n
  • \n B\u00e9binn
    • \n
  • \n Br\u00edd
    • \n
  • \n Cacht
    • \n
  • \n Caoimhe
    • \n
  • \n Ciara
    • \n
  • \n Cl\u00edona
    • \n
  • \n Clodagh
    • \n
  • \n Cobhlaith
    • \n
  • \n Dearbhail
    • \n
  • \n Dearbhfhorghaill
    • \n
  • \n Deirbhile
    • \n
  • \n Deirdre
    • \n
  • \n Dubhchobhlaigh
    • \n
  • \n Eithne
    • \n
  • \n \u00c9adaoin
    • \n
  • \n Feidhelm
    • \n
  • \n F\u00edona
    • \n
  • \n Fionnuala
    • \n
  • \n Forbflaith
    • \n
  • \n F\u00edneamhain
    • \n
  • \n Gormflaith
    • \n
  • \n Gr\u00e1inne
    • \n
  • \n \u00cdde
    • \n
  • \n Lasairfh\u00edona
    • \n
  • \n Meabh
    • \n
  • \n M\u00f3r
    • \n
  • \n Muirgheal
    • \n
  • \n Muirenn
    • \n
  • \n Niamh
    • \n
  • \n Nuala
    • \n
  • \n \u00d3rlaith
    • \n
  • \n Sadhbh
    • \n
  • \n Saoirse
    • \n
  • \n S\u00edthmaith
    • \n
  • \n Sl\u00e1ine
    • \n
  • \n Sorcha
    • \n
  • \n \u00dana
    • \n
\n
\n Germanic - derived masculine names \n
    \n
  • \n Amhlaoibh
    • \n
  • \n Annraoi
    • \n
  • \n Dubhghall
    • \n
  • \n \u00c9amonn
    • \n
  • \n Gear\u00f3id
    • \n
  • \n Gofraid
    • \n
  • \n \u00cdmar
    • \n
  • \n Lachlann
    • \n
  • \n Liam
    • \n
  • \n Maghnus
    • \n
  • \n Raghnall
    • \n
  • \n Riste\u00e1rd
    • \n
  • \n Roibe\u00e1rd
    • \n
  • \n S\u00e9arlas
    • \n
  • \n Somhairle
    • \n
  • \n Tiob\u00f3id
    • \n
  • \n Tormond
    • \n
  • \n Ualtar
    • \n
  • \n \u00d9isdean
    • \n
\n
\n Bible - derived masculine names \n
    \n
  • \n Abracham
    • \n
  • \n Adhamh
    • \n
  • \n \u00c1r\u00f3n
    • \n
  • \n Bini\u00e1imin
    • \n
  • \n Daibh\u00ed
    • \n
  • \n Dain\u00e9al
    • \n
  • \n Eafr\u00e1im
    • \n
  • \n Gaibrial
    • \n
  • \n \u00cdosac
    • \n
  • \n Maiti\u00fa
    • \n
  • \n Maois
    • \n
  • \n M\u00edche\u00e1l ( Maidhc )
    • \n
  • \n N\u00f3e
    • \n
  • \n Se\u00e1n
    • \n
  • \n S\u00e9amus
    • \n
  • \n Seosamh
    • \n
  • \n S\u00edom\u00f3n
    • \n
  • \n Solamh
    • \n
  • \n Tom\u00e1s
    • \n
\n
\n Bible - derived feminine names \n
    \n
  • \n Abige\u00e1l
    • \n
  • \n \u00c1nna
    • \n
  • \n E\u00e1bha
    • \n
  • \n Eil\u00eds
    • \n
  • \n L\u00e9\u00e1
    • \n
  • \n Madail\u00e9in
    • \n
  • \n M\u00e1ire
    • \n
  • \n Mallaidh
    • \n
  • \n N\u00e1oim\u00ed
    • \n
  • \n R\u00e1ich\u00e9al
    • \n
  • \n R\u00edobhca
    • \n
  • \n R\u00fat
    • \n
  • \n Sin\u00e9ad
    • \n
  • \n Siobh\u00e1n
    • \n
  • \n Seacail\u00edn
    • \n
  • \n Seosaimh\u00edn
    • \n
\n
\n Latin / Greek - derived masculine names \n
    \n
  • \n Aindr\u00e9as
    • \n
  • \n Ant\u00f3in
    • \n
  • \n Cr\u00edost\u00f3ir
    • \n
  • \n Damhnaic
    • \n
  • \n P\u00e1draig
    • \n
  • \n Proinsias
    • \n
  • \n Giolla Cr\u00edost
    • \n
  • \n Gr\u00e9ag\u00f3ir
    • \n
  • \n Labhr\u00e1s
    • \n
  • \n Le\u00f3n
    • \n
  • \n M\u00e1irt\u00edn
    • \n
  • \n Niocl\u00e1s
    • \n
  • \n Nollaig
    • \n
  • \n Peadar
    • \n
  • \n Pilib
    • \n
  • \n P\u00f3l
    • \n
  • \n Seoirse
    • \n
  • \n St\u00edof\u00e1n
    • \n
  • \n T\u00e9od\u00f3ir
    • \n
  • \n Uinseann
    • \n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n Goidelic languages
    • \n
  • \n Irish language
    • \n
  • \n Scottish Gaelic language
    • \n
  • \n Manx language
    • \n
  • \n Irish name
    • \n
  • \n List of Scottish Gaelic given names
    • \n
  • \n Scottish Gaelic name
    • \n
  • \n Irish genealogy
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This page or section lists people that share the same given name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article .
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Sin\u00e9ad&oldid = 792745813 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what is the meaning of the name sinead", "long_answers": ["Sin\u00e9ad ( / \u0283\u026a\u02c8ne\u026ad / shi - NADE ; Irish pronunciation : ( \u02c8\u0283\u026anje\u02d0d\u032a\u0263 ) or ( \u0283\u026a\u02c8nje\u02d0d\u032a\u0263 ) ) , is an Irish feminine name . It is derived from the French Jeanette , which is cognate to the English Janet , itself a feminine form of the Hebrew Yohannan , `` God forgave / God gratified '' . In English , Sin\u00e9ad is also commonly spelled Sinead . The name is generally translated into English as either Jane or Jennifer , or as the female version of the Scottish name Jean .\n"], "short_answers": ["God forgave / God gratified\n", "God forgave / God gratified\n", "God forgave / God gratified\n"]} {"text": "Autobahn - wikipedia

\n Autobahn

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Autobahn system of Germany . For the Autobahn system of Austria , see Autobahns of Austria . For other uses , see Autobahn ( disambiguation ) . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Bundesautobahnen
\n

\n

\n The German Autobahn sign with route markers for Bundesautobahnen 1 , 3 & 5
\n A map of the German Bundesautobahnen network
\n System information
\n Maintained by Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur
\n Length \n 12,996 km ( 2016 ) ( 8,075 mi )
\n Highway names
\n Autobahns : \n Bundesautobahn X ( BAB X or AX )
\n Autobahns 3 and 5 at Frankfurter Kreuz near Frankfurt am Main

\n The Autobahn ( German : Autobahn IPA : ( \u02c8\u0294a\u028ato\u02ccba : n ) ( listen ) , plural Autobahnen ) is the federal controlled - access highway system in Germany . The official German term is Bundesautobahn ( plural Bundesautobahnen , abbreviated BAB ) , which translates as `` federal motorway '' . The literal meaning of the word Bundesautobahn is `` Federal Auto ( mobile ) Track '' .

\n

\n German autobahns have no federally mandated speed limit for some classes of vehicles . However , limits are posted ( and enforced ) in areas that are urbanized , substandard , accident - prone , or under construction . On speed - unrestricted stretches , an advisory speed limit ( Richtgeschwindigkeit ) of 130 kilometres per hour ( 81 mph ) applies . While going faster is not illegal as such in the absence of a speed limit , it can cause an increased liability in the case of an accident ; courts have ruled that an `` ideal driver '' who is exempt from absolute liability for `` inevitable '' tort under the law would not exceed Richtgeschwindigkeit .

\n

\n A 2008 estimate reported that 52 % of the autobahn network had only the advisory speed limit , 15 % had temporary speed limits due to weather or traffic conditions , and 33 % had permanent speed limits . Measurements from the German State of Brandenburg in 2006 showed average speeds of 142 km / h ( 88 mph ) on a 6 - lane section of autobahn in free - flowing conditions .

\n

\n Germany 's autobahn network has a total length of about 12,996 kilometres ( 8,075 mi ) in 2016 , which ranks it among the most dense and longest controlled - access systems in the world . Longer similar systems can be found in the United States ( 77,017 kilometres ( 47,856 mi ) ) and in China ( 123,000 kilometres ( 76,000 mi ) ) . However both the U.S. and China have an area nearly 30 times bigger than Germany , which demonstrates the high density of Germany 's highway system .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Names ( edit )

\n

\n Only federally built controlled - access highways with certain construction standards including at least two lanes per direction are called Bundesautobahn . They have their own , white - on - blue signs and numbering system . In the 1930s , when construction began on the system , the official name was Reichsautobahn . Various other controlled - access highways exist on the federal ( Bundesstra\u00dfe ) , state ( Landesstra\u00dfe ) , district , and municipal level but are not part of the Autobahn network and are officially referred to as Kraftfahrstra\u00dfe ( with rare exceptions , like A 995 Munich - Giesing -- Brunntal ) . These highways are considered autobahn\u00e4hnlich ( autobahn - like ) and are sometimes colloquially called Gelbe Autobahn ( yellow autobahn ) because most of them are Bundesstra\u00dfen ( federal highways ) with yellow signs . Some controlled - access highways are classified as `` Bundesautobahn '' in spite of not meeting the autobahn construction standard ( for example the A 62 near Pirmasens ) .

\n

\n Construction ( edit )

\n Pattern of autobahns 10 to 999

\n Similar to high - speed motorways in other countries , autobahns have multiple lanes of traffic in each direction , separated by a central barrier with grade - separated junctions and access restricted to motor vehicles with a top speed of more than 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) . Nearly all exits are to the right . The earliest motorways were flanked by shoulders about 60 centimetres ( 24 in ) in width , constructed of varying materials ; right - hand shoulders on many autobahns were later retrofitted to 120 centimetres ( 47 in ) in width when it was realized cars needed the additional space to pull off the autobahn safely . In the postwar years , a thicker asphaltic concrete cross-section with full paved hard shoulders came into general use . The top design speed was approximately 160 km / h ( 99 mph ) in flat country but lower design speeds were used in hilly or mountainous terrain . A flat - country autobahn that was constructed to meet standards during the Nazi period , could support the speed of up to 150 km / h ( 93 mph ) on curves .

\n

\n The current autobahn numbering system in use in Germany was introduced in 1974 . All autobahns are named by using the capital letter A , which simply stands for `` Autobahn '' followed by a blank and a number ( for example A 8 ) . The main autobahns going all across Germany have a single digit number . Shorter autobahns that are of regional importance ( e.g. connecting two major cities or regions within Germany ) have a double digit number ( e.g. A 24 , connecting Berlin and Hamburg ) . The system is as follows :

\n \n

\n There are also some very short autobahns built just for local traffic ( e.g. ring roads or the A 555 from Cologne to Bonn ) that usually have three digits for numbering . The first digit used is similar to the system above , depending on the region . East - west routes are always even - numbered , north - south routes are always odd - numbered .

\n

\n The north - south autobahns are generally numbered using odd numbers from west to east ; that is to say , the more easterly roads are given higher numbers . Similarly , the east - west routes are numbered using even numbers from north ( lower numbers ) to south ( higher numbers ) .

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n Main article : Reichsautobahn An autobahn with 4 lanes in each direction of travel for 21 kilometres Typical section of modern autobahn near an interchange , with overhead direction signs

\n The idea for the construction of the autobahn was first conceived in the mid-1920s during the days of the Weimar Republic , but the construction was slow , and most projected sections did not progress much beyond the planning stage due to economic problems and a lack of political support . One project was the private initiative HaFraBa which planned a `` car - only road '' crossing Germany from Hamburg in the north via central Frankfurt am Main to Basel in Switzerland . Parts of the HaFraBa were completed in the late 1930s and early 1940s , but construction eventually was halted by World War II . The first public road of this kind was completed in 1932 between Cologne and Bonn and opened by Konrad Adenauer ( Lord Mayor of Cologne and future Chancellor of West Germany ) on 6 August 1932 . Today , that road is the Bundesautobahn 555 . This road was not yet called Autobahn and lacked a center median like modern motorways , but instead was termed a Kraftfahrstra\u00dfe ( `` motor vehicle road '' ) with two lanes each direction without intersections , pedestrians , bicycles , or animal - powered transportation .

\n One of the center pier - free bridges over the former Dessauer Rennstrecke on Autobahn A9

\n Just days after the 1933 Nazi takeover , Adolf Hitler enthusiastically embraced an ambitious autobahn construction project , appointing Fritz Todt , the Inspector General of German Road Construction , to lead it . By 1936 , 130,000 workers were directly employed in construction , as well as an additional 270,000 in the supply chain for construction equipment , steel , concrete , signage , maintenance equipment , etc . In rural areas , new camps to house the workers were built near construction sites . The job creation program aspect was not especially important because full employment was almost reached by 1936 . The autobahns were not primarily intended as major infrastructure improvement of special value to the military as often stated . Their military value was limited as all major military transports in Germany were done by train to save fuel . The propaganda ministry turned the construction of the autobahns into a major media event that attracted international attention .

\n

\n The autobahns formed the first limited - access , high - speed road network in the world , with the first section from Frankfurt am Main to Darmstadt opening in 1935 . This straight section was used for high - speed record attempts by the Grand Prix racing teams of Mercedes - Benz and Auto Union until a fatal accident involving popular German race driver Bernd Rosemeyer in early 1938 . The world record of 432 kilometres per hour ( 268 mph ) set by Rudolf Caracciola on this stretch just prior to the accident remains one of the highest speeds ever achieved on a public motorway . A similar intent in the 1930s existed for a ten - kilometre stretch of what is today Bundesautobahn 9 just south of Dessau -- called the Dessauer Rennstrecke -- had bridges with no piers , meant for land speed record cars like the Mercedes - Benz T80 to have made a record attempt in January 1940 , abandoned due to the outbreak of World War II in Europe four months earlier .

\n \n Overall length \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n km \n \n Year \n km
\n 1935 \n 108 \n \n \n 5,742
\n 1936 \n 1,086 \n \n 1980 \n 7,292
\n 1937 \n 2,010 \n \n 1985 \n 8,198
\n 1938 \n 3,046 \n \n \n 8,822
\n 1939 \n 3,300 \n \n 1995 \n 11,143
\n 1940 \n 3,736 \n \n 2000 \n 11,515
\n 1950 \n 2,128 \n \n 2005 \n 12,174
\n 1955 \n 2,187 \n \n \n 12,813
\n 1960 \n 2,551 \n \n 2015 \n 12,949
\n 1965 \n 3,204 \n \n 2016 \n 12,993
\n 1970 \n 4,110 \n \n \n
\n

\n During World War II , the median strips of some autobahns were paved over to allow their conversion into auxiliary airstrips . Aircraft were either stashed in numerous tunnels or camouflaged in nearby woods . However , for the most part during the war , the autobahns were not militarily significant . Motor vehicles , such as trucks , could not carry goods or troops as quickly or in as much bulk and in the same numbers as trains could , and the autobahns could not be used by tanks as their weight and caterpillar tracks damaged the road surface . The general shortage of petrol in Germany during much of the war , as well as the low number of trucks and motor vehicles needed for direct support of military operations , further decreased the autobahn 's significance . As a result , most military and economic freight was carried by rail . After the war , numerous sections of the autobahns were in bad shape , severely damaged by heavy Allied bombing and military demolition . Furthermore , thousands of kilometres of autobahns remained unfinished , their construction brought to a halt by 1943 due to the increasing demands of the war effort .

\n The A 3 in 1991

\n In West Germany ( FRG ) , most existing autobahns were repaired soon after the war . During the 1950s , the West German government restarted the construction program . It invested in new sections and in improvements to older ones . Finishing the incomplete sections took longer , with some stretches opened to traffic by the 1980s . Some sections cut by the Iron Curtain in 1945 were only completed after German reunification in 1990 . Others were never completed , as more advantageous routes were found . Some of these incomplete sections to this very day stretch across the landscape forming a unique type of modern ruin , often easily visible on satellite photographs .

\n

\n The autobahns of East Germany ( GDR ) were neglected in comparison to those in West Germany after 1945 . East German autobahns were used primarily for GDR military traffic and for state - owned farming or manufacturing vehicles . The speed limit on the GDR autobahns was 100 km / h ; however , lower speed limits were frequently encountered due to poor or quickly changing road conditions . The speed limits on the GDR autobahns were rigorously enforced by the Volkspolizei , whose patrol cars were frequently found hiding under camouflage tarpaulins waiting for speeders .

\n

\n The last four kilometres of remaining original Reichsautobahn , a section of A 11 northeast of Berlin near Gartz built in 1936 -- the westernmost remainder of the never - finished Berlinka -- are scheduled for replacement around 2015 . Roadway condition is described as `` deplorable '' ; the 25 - metre - long concrete slabs , too long for proper expansion , are cracking under the weight of the traffic as well as the weather .

\n

\n German - built Reichsautobahnen in other countries ( edit )

\n

\n The first autobahn in Austria was the West Autobahn from Wals near Salzburg to Vienna . Building started by command of Adolf Hitler shortly after the Anschluss in 1938 . It extended the Reichsautobahn 26 from Munich ( the present - day A8 ) , however only 16.8 km ( 10.4 mi ) including the branch - off of the planned Tauern Autobahn was opened to the public on 13 September 1941 . Construction works discontinued the next year and were not resumed until 1955 .

\n

\n There are sections of the former German Reichsautobahn system in the former eastern territories of Germany , i.e. East Prussia , Farther Pomerania and Silesia ; these territories became parts of Poland and the Soviet Union with the implementation of the Oder -- Neisse line after World War II . Parts of the planned autobahn from Berlin to K\u00f6nigsberg ( the Berlinka ) were completed as far as Stettin ( Szczecin ) on 27 September 1936 . After the war , they were incorporated as the A6 autostrada of the Polish motorway network . A single - carriageway section of the Berlinka east of the former `` Polish Corridor '' and the Free City of Danzig opened in 1938 ; today it forms the Polish S22 expressway from Elbl\u0105g ( Elbing ) to the border with the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast , where it is continued by the R516 regional road . Also on 27 September 1936 , a section from Breslau ( Wroc\u0142aw ) to Liegnitz ( Legnica ) in Silesia was inaugurated , which today is part of the Polish A4 autostrada , followed by the ( single vehicle ) Reichsautobahn 9 from Bunzlau ( Boles\u0142awiec ) to Sagan ( \u017baga\u0144 ) the next year , today part of the Polish A18 autostrada .

\n

\n After the German occupation of Czechoslovakia , plans for a motorway connecting Breslau with Vienna via Brno ( Br\u00fcnn ) in the `` Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia '' were carried out from 1939 until construction works discontinued in 1942 . A section of the former Strecke 88 near Brno is today part of the R52 expressway of the Czech Republic .

\n

\n Current density ( edit )

\n

\n As of 2016 , Germany 's autobahn network has a total length of about 12,993 km . From 2009 Germany has embarked on a massive widening and rehabilitation project , expanding the lane count of many of its major arterial routes , such as the A5 in the southwest and A8 going east - west .

\n

\n Most sections of Germany 's autobahns are modern , containing two or three , sometimes four lanes in addition to an emergency lane ( hard shoulder ) . A few other sections remain in an old state , with two lanes , no emergency lane , and short slip - roads and ramps .

\n

\n Facilities ( edit )

\n

\n Emergency telephones ( edit )

\n Emergency telephone Directional arrow on a delineator

\n About 16,000 emergency telephones are distributed at regular intervals all along the autobahn network , with triangular stickers on the armco barriers pointing the way to the nearest one . Despite the increasing use of mobile phones , there are still some 700 calls made each day on average .

\n

\n For the Emergency service or Roadside assistance to come to the right location , the road kilometre must be given as part of the emergency call .

\n

\n Parking , rest areas and truck stops ( edit )

\n Road kilometre sign German federal motorway `` Autobahn 6 '' , km 565.0 near Mannheim

\n For breaks during longer journeys , parking sites , rest areas and truck stops are distributed over the complete Autobahn network . Parking on the autobahn is prohibited in the strictest terms outside these designated areas . There is a distinction between `` managed '' and `` unmanaged '' rest areas . ( German : bewirtschaftet / unbewirtschaftet ) .

\n

\n Unmanaged rest areas are basically only parking spaces , sometimes with toilets . They form a part of the German highway system ; the plots of land are federal property . Autobahn exits leading to such parking areas are marked 200 metres in advance with a blue sign with the white letter `` P '' . They are found every few kilometres .

\n

\n A managed rest area ( German : Autobahnrastst\u00e4tte or Rastst\u00e4tte for short ) usually also includes a filling station , charging station , lavatories , toilets and baby changes . Many rest areas also have restaurants , shops , public telephones , internet access and a playground . Some have hotels . Mandated every 50 km or so , rest areas are usually open all night .

\n

\n Both kinds of rest areas are directly on the autobahn , with their own exits , and any service roads connecting them to the rest of the road network are usually closed to general traffic . The autobahn must not be left at rest areas .

\n

\n Truck stops ( German Autohof , plural Autoh\u00f6fe ) are far rarer . Located at general exits , usually at a small distance from the autobahn , they have no ramps of their own .

\n Truck stop Scandinavian Park off the A 7 Rest area Dammer Berge on the A 1

\n Rest areas and truck stops are marked several times , starting several kilometres in advance , and with larger signs that often include icons announcing what kinds of facilities travellers can expect .

\n

\n Speed limits ( edit )

\n Autobahn with three separate lanes in each direction and an emergency lane On the autobahns there is an advisory speed limit ( Richtgeschwindigkeit ) of 130 km / h ( unless otherwise regulated by signs ) . The `` limits no longer apply '' ( Ende aller Streckenverbote ) sign , indicating a return to the default speed , while lifting all other limits as well ( all limits are indicated by round signs with red border ) . GPS tracks colored according to speed show considerable speed differences at an autobahn crossing

\n Germany 's autobahns are famous for being among the few public roads in the world without blanket speed limits for cars and motorcycles . As such , they are important German cultural identifiers , `` ... often mentioned in hushed , reverential tones by motoring enthusiasts and looked at with a mix of awe and terror by outsiders . '' Some speed limits are implemented on different autobahns .

\n

\n Certain limits are imposed on some classes of vehicles :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) \n
    \n
  • \n Buses carrying standing passengers
    • \n
  • \n Motorcycles pulling trailers
    • \n
\n
\n 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) \n
    \n
  • \n Vehicles with maximum allowed weight exceeding 3.5 t ( except passenger cars )
    • \n
  • \n Passenger cars and trucks with trailers
    • \n
  • \n Buses
    • \n
\n
\n 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) \n
    \n
  • \n Passenger cars pulling trailers certified for 100 km / h
    • \n
  • \n Buses certified for 100 km / h not towing trailers
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Additionally , speed limits are posted at most on - and off - ramps and interchanges and other danger points like sections under construction or in need of repair .

\n

\n Where no general limit is required , the advisory speed limit is 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) , referred to in German as the Richtgeschwindigkeit . The advisory speed is not enforceable ; however , being involved in an accident driving at higher speeds can lead to the driver being deemed at least partially responsible due to `` increased operating danger '' ( Erh\u00f6hte Betriebsgefahr ) .

\n

\n The Federal Road Research Institute ( Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Stra\u00dfenwesen ) solicited information about speed regulations on autobahns from the sixteen States and reported the following , comparing the years 2006 and 2008 :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Parameter \n 2006 \n 2008 \n Change
\n Autobahn Carriageway - Km \n 24,735 km \n 25,240 km \n + 505 km
\n Advisory Limit Only \n 69.2 % \n 65.5 % \n - 580 km
\n Variable Limit ( with Advisory Maximum ) \n 4.2 % \n 4.1 % \n - 5 km
\n Permanent or Conditional Speed Limit \n 26.7 % \n 30.4 % \n + 1,090 km
\n

\n Except at construction sites , the general speed limits , where they apply , are usually between 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) and 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) ; construction sites usually have a speed limit of 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) but the limit may be as low as 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) . In rare cases , sections may have limits of 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) , or on one ramp 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) . Certain stretches have lower speed limits during wet weather . Some areas have a speed limit of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) in order to reduce noise pollution during overnight hours ( usually 10pm -- 6am ) or because of increased traffic during daytime ( 6am -- 8pm ) .

\n Dynamic traffic signs on an Autobahn

\n Some limits were imposed to reduce pollution and noise . Limits can also be temporarily put into place through dynamic traffic guidance systems that display the according message . More than half of the total length of the German autobahn network has no speed limit , about one third has a permanent limit , and the remaining parts have a temporary or conditional limit .

\n

\n Some cars with very powerful engines can reach speeds of well over 300 km / h ( 190 mph ) . Major German car manufacturers , except Porsche , follow a gentlemen 's agreement by electronically limiting the top speeds of their cars -- with the exception of some top of the range models or engines -- to 250 km / h ( 155 mph ) . These limiters can be deactivated , so speeds up to 300 km / h ( 190 mph ) might arise on the German autobahn , but due to other traffic , such speeds are generally not attainable except during certain times like between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. or on Sundays ( when trucks drivers have to rest by law ) . Furthermore , there are certain autobahn sections which are known for having light traffic , making such speeds attainable during most days ( especially some of those located in Eastern Germany ) . Most unlimited sections of the autobahn are located outside densely populated areas .

\n

\n Vehicles with a top speed less than 60 km / h ( 37 mph ) ( such as quads , low - end microcars , and agricultural / construction equipment ) are not allowed to use the autobahn , nor are motorcycles and scooters with low engine capacity regardless of top speed ( mainly applicable to mopeds which are typically limited to 25 or 45 km / h anyway ) . To comply with this limit , heavy - duty trucks in Germany ( e.g. mobile cranes , tank transporters etc . ) often have a maximum design speed of 62 km / h ( 39 mph ) ( usually denoted by a round black - on - white sign with `` 62 '' on it ) , along with flashing orange beacons to warn approaching cars that they are travelling slowly . There is no general minimum speed but drivers are not allowed to drive at an unnecessarily low speed as this would lead to significant traffic disturbance and an increased collision risk .

\n

\n Public debate ( edit )

\n

\n German national speed limits have a historical association with war - time restrictions and deprivations , the Nazi era , and the Soviet era in East Germany . `` Free driving for free citizens '' ( `` freie Fahrt f\u00fcr freie B\u00fcrger '' ) , a slogan promoted by the German Auto Club since the 1970s , is a popular slogan among those opposing autobahn speed restrictions . Tarek Al - Wazir , head of the Green Party in Hesse , and currently the Hessian Transport Minister has stated that `` the speed limit in Germany has a similar status as the right to bear arms in the American debate ... At some point , a speed limit will become reality here , and soon we will not be able to remember the time before . It 's like the smoking ban in restaurants . ''

\n Early history ( edit )

\n The Weimar Republic had no federally required speed limits . The first crossroads - free road for motorized vehicles only , now A555 between Bonn and Cologne , had a 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) limit when it opened in 1932 . In October 1939 , the Nazis instituted the first national maximum speed limit , throttling speeds to 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) in order to conserve gasoline for the war effort . After the war , the four Allied occupation zones established their own speed limits until the divided East German and West German republics were constituted in 1949 ; initially , the Nazi speed limits were restored in both East and West Germany .

\n After the world wars ( edit )

\n In December 1952 the West German legislature voted to abolish all national speed limits , seeing them as Nazi relics , reverting to State - level decisions . National limits were reestablished incrementally . The 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) urban limit was enacted in 1956 , effective in 1957 . The 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) limit on rural roads -- except autobahns -- became effective in 1972 .

\n Oil crisis of the 1970s ( edit )

\n Just prior to the 1973 oil crisis , Germany , Switzerland , and Austria all had no general speed restriction on autobahns . During the crisis , like other nations , Germany imposed temporary speed restrictions ; for example , 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) on autobahns effective November 13 , 1973 . Automakers projected a 20 % plunge in sales , which they attributed in part to the lowered speed limits . The 100 km / h limit championed by Transportation Minister Lauritz Lauritzen lasted 111 days . Adjacent nations with unlimited speed autobahns , Austria and Switzerland , imposed permanent 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) limits after the crisis .

\n

\n However , after the crisis eased in 1974 , the upper house of the German parliament , which was controlled by conservative parties , successfully resisted the imposition of a permanent mandatory limit supported by Chancellor Brandt . The upper house insisted on a 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) recommended limit until a thorough study of the effects of a mandatory limit could be conducted . Accordingly , the Federal Highway Research Institute conducted a multiple - year experiment , switching between mandatory and recommended limits on two test stretches of autobahn . In the final report issued in 1977 , the Institute stated the mandatory speed limit could reduce the autobahn death toll but there would be economic impacts , so a political decision had to be made due to the trade - offs involved . At that time , the Federal Government declined to impose a mandatory limit . The fatality rate trend on the German autobahn mirrored those of other nations ' motorways that imposed a general speed limit .

\n Environmental concerns of the 1980s ( edit )

\n In the mid-1980s , acid rain and sudden forest destruction renewed debate on whether or not a general speed limit should be imposed on autobahns . A car 's fuel consumption increases with high speed , and fuel conservation is a key factor in reducing air pollution . Environmentalists argued that enforcing limits of 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) limit on autobahns and 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) on other rural roads would save lives as well as the forest , reducing the annual death toll by 30 % ( 250 lives ) on autobahns and 15 % ( 1,000 lives ) on rural roads ; the German motor vehicle death toll was about 10,000 at the time . The Federal Government sponsored a large - scale experiment with a 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) speed limit in order to measure the impact of reduced speeds on emissions and compliance . Afterward , again , the Federal Government declined to impose a mandatory limit , deciding the modest measured emission reduction would have no meaningful effect on forest loss . By 1987 all restrictions on test sections had been removed , even in Hesse where the state government was controlled by a `` red - green '' coalition .

\n German reunification ( edit )

\n Prior to German reunification in 1990 , eastern German states focused on restrictive traffic regulation such as a 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) autobahn speed limit and of 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) on other rural roads . Within two years after the opening , availability of high - powered vehicles and a 54 % increase in motorized traffic led to a doubling of annual traffic deaths , despite `` interim arrangements ( which ) involved the continuation of the speed limit of 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) on autobahns and of 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) outside cities '' . An extensive program of the four Es ( enforcement , education , engineering , and emergency response ) brought the number of traffic deaths back to pre-unification levels after a decade of effort while traffic regulations were conformed to western standards ( e.g. , 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) freeway advisory limit , 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) on other rural roads , and 0.05 percent BAC ) .

\n Since reunification ( edit )

\n In 1993 , the Social democratic - Green Party coalition controlling the State of Hesse experimented with a 90 km / h ( 56 mph ) limit on autobahns and 80 km / h ( 50 mph ) on other rural roads . These limits were attempts to reduce ozone pollution .

\n

\n During his term of office ( 1998 to 2005 ) as Chancellor of Germany , Gerhard Schr\u00f6der opposed an autobahn speed limit , famously referring to Germany as an Autofahrernation ( a `` nation of drivers '' ) .

\n

\n In October 2007 , at a party congress held by the Social Democratic Party of Germany , delegates narrowly approved a proposal to introduce a blanket speed limit of 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) on all German autobahns . While this initiative is primarily a part of the SPD 's general strategic outline for the future and , according to practices , not necessarily meant to affect immediate government policy , the proposal had stirred up a debate once again ; Germany 's chancellor since 2005 , Angela Merkel , and leading cabinet members expressed outspoken disapproval of such a measure .

\n

\n In 2008 , the Social Democratic - Green Party coalition controlling Germany 's smallest State , the paired City - State of Bremen & Bremerhaven , imposed a 120 - kilometre - per - hour ( 75 mph ) limit on its last 11 kilometres ( 6.8 mi ) of speed - unlimited autobahn in hopes of leading other States to do likewise .

\n

\n In 2011 , the first ever Green minister - president of any German state , Winfried Kretschmann of Baden - W\u00fcrttemberg initially argued for a similar , state - level 120 kilometres per hour ( 75 mph ) limit . However , Baden - W\u00fcrttemberg is an important location for the German motor industry , including the headquarters of Daimler AG and Porsche ; the ruling coalition ultimately decided against a state - level limit on its 675 kilometres ( 419 mi ) of speed - unlimited roads -- arguing for nationwide speed limit instead .

\n

\n In 2014 , the conservative - liberal ruling coalition of Saxony confirmed its rejection of a general speed limit on autobahns , instead advocating dynamic traffic controls where appropriate . Between 2010 and 2014 in the State of Hesse , transportation ministers Dieter Posch and his successor Florian Rentsch , both members of the Free Democratic Party , removed or raised speed limits on several sections of autobahn following regular 5 - year reviews of speed limit effectiveness ; some sections just prior to the installation of Tarek Al - Wazir ( Green Party ) as Transportation Minister in January 2014 as part of an uneasy CDU - green coalition government . In 2015 , the left - green coalition government of Thuringia declared that a general autobahn limit was a Federal matter ; Thuringia would not unlaterally impose a general Statewide limit , although the Thuringian environmental minister had recommended a 120 kilometres per hour ( 75 mph ) limit .

\n

\n In late 2015 , Winfried Hermann , Baden - W\u00fcrttemberg 's Green minister of transportation , promised to impose a trial speed limit of 120 kilometres per hour ( 75 mph ) on about 10 % of the state 's autobahns beginning in May 2016 . However , the ruling green - social democratic coalition lost its majority in the March 2016 elections ; while Mr Hermann retained his post in the new Green -- Christian Democratic government , he put aside preparations for a speed limit due to opposition from his new coalition partners .

\n

\n Safety ( edit )

\n

\n In 2014 , autobahns carried 31 % of motorized road traffic while accounting for 11 % of Germany 's traffic deaths . The autobahn fatality rate of 1.6 deaths per billion travel - kilometres compared favorably with the 4.6 rate on urban streets and 6.5 rate on rural roads .

\n

\n Between 1970 and 2010 , overall German road fatalities decreased by almost 80 % from 19,193 to 3,648 ; over the same time period , autobahn deaths halved from 945 to 430 deaths . Statistics for 2013 show total German traffic deaths had declined to the lowest count ever recorded : 3,340 ( 428 on autobahns ) ; a representative of the Federal Statistical Office attributed the general decline to harsh winter weather that delayed the start of the motorcycle - riding season . In 2014 , there was a total of 3,377 road fatalities , while autobahn deaths dropped to 375 .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Road Class \n Injury Crashes \n Fatalities \n Injury Rate * \n Fatality Rate * \n Fatalities per 1000 Injury Crashes
\n Autobahn \n 18,901 \n 375 \n 0.082 \n 1.6 \n 19.8
\n Urban \n 209,618 \n 983 \n 1.052 \n 4.9 \n 4.7
\n Rural \n 73,916 \n 2,019 \n 0.238 \n 6.5 \n 27.3
\n Total \n 302,435 \n 3,377 \n 0.408 \n 4.6 \n 11.2
\n

\n * per 1,000,000,000 travel - kilometres

\n

\n In 2012 , the leading cause of autobahn accidents was `` excessive speed ( for conditions ) '' : 6,587 so - called `` speed related '' crashes claimed the lives of 179 people , which represents almost half ( 46.3 % ) of 387 autobahn fatalities that year . However , `` excessive speed '' does not mean that a speed limit has been exceeded , but that police determined at least one party travelled too fast for existing road or weather conditions . On autobahns 22 people died per 1,000 injury crashes ; a lower rate than the 29 deaths per 1,000 injury accidents on conventional rural roads , which in turn is five times higher than the risk on urban roads -- speeds are higher on rural roads and autobahns than urban roads , increasing the severity potential of a crash .

\n

\n Safety : International comparison ( edit )

\n

\n A few countries publish the safety record of their motorways ; the Federal Highway Research Institute provided IRTAD statistics for the year 2012 :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n International \n Killed per 1,000,000,000 veh km
\n Country \n All roads \n Motorways
\n Austria \n 6.88 \n 1.73
\n Belgium \n 7.67 \n 2.07
\n Czech Republic \n 15.73 \n 2.85
\n Denmark \n 3.40 \n 0.72
\n Finland \n 4.70 \n 1.94
\n France \n \n 1.70
\n Germany \n 5.00 \n 1.74
\n Slovenia \n 7.77 \n 3.17
\n Switzerland \n 5.60 \n 2.90
\n United Kingdom \n 3.56 \n 1.16
\n United States \n 7.02 \n 3.38
\n

\n For example , a person yearly traversing 15,000 kilometres ( 9,300 mi ) on regular roads and 10,000 kilometres ( 6,200 mi ) on motorways has an approximately 1 in 11,000 chance of dying in a car accident on a German road in any particular year ( 1 in 57,000 on an autobahn ) , compared to 1 in 3,800 in Czech Republic , 1 in 17,000 in Denmark , or 1 in 7,200 in the United States .

\n

\n However , there are many differences between countries in their geography , economy , traffic growth , highway system size , degree of urbanization and motorization , and so on .

\n

\n Travel speeds ( edit )

\n

\n The Federal government does not regularly measure or estimate travel speeds . One study reported in a transportation engineering journal offered historical perspective on the increase in travel speeds over a decade , as shown below .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Parameters \n Year
\n ( for light vehicles ) \n 1982 \n \n
\n Average ( mean ) speed \n 112.3 km / h ( 70 mph ) \n 117.2 km / h ( 73 mph ) \n 120.4 km / h ( 75 mph )
\n 85th percentile speed \n 139.2 km / h ( 86 mph ) \n 145.1 km / h ( 90 mph ) \n 148.2 km / h ( 92 mph )
\n Percentage exceeding 130 km / h \n 25.0 % \n 31.3 % \n 35.9 %
\n

\n Source : Kellermann , G : Geschwindigkeitsverhalten im Autobahnnetz 1992 . Stra\u00dfe + Autobahn , Issue 5 / 1995 .

\n

\n The Federal Environmental Office reported that , on a free - flowing section in 1992 , the recorded average speed was 132 km / h ( 82 mph ) with 51 % of drivers exceeding the recommended speed .

\n

\n In 2006 , speeds were recorded using automated detection loops in the State of Brandenburg at two points : on a six - lane section of A9 near Niemegk with a 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) advisory speed limit ; and on a four - lane section of A10 bypassing Berlin near Gro\u00df Kreutz with a 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) mandatory limit . The results are shown below :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Average speed \n Autobahn cross-section
\n Speed regulation \n 130 km / h advisory \n 120 km / h mandatory
\n Vehicle class \n A9 ( 6 lanes ) \n A10 ( 4 lanes )
\n Automobiles \n 141.8 km / h ( 88 mph ) \n 116.5 km / h ( 72 mph )
\n Trucks \n 88.2 km / h ( 55 mph ) \n 88.0 km / h ( 55 mph )
\n Buses \n 97.7 km / h ( 61 mph ) \n 94.4 km / h ( 59 mph )
\n All vehicles \n 131.9 km / h ( 82 mph ) \n 110.1 km / h ( 68 mph )
\n

\n At peak times on the `` free - flowing '' section of A9 , over 60 % of road users exceeded the recommended 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) maximum speed , more than 30 % of motorists exceeded 150 km / h ( 93 mph ) , and more than 15 % exceeded 170 km / h ( 106 mph ) -- in other words the so - called `` 85th - percentile speed '' was in excess of 170 km / h .

\n

\n Toll roads ( edit )

\n

\n On 1 January 2005 , a new system came into effect for mandatory tolls ( Mautpflicht ) on heavy trucks ( those weighing more than 12 t ) while using the German autobahn system ( LKW - Maut ) . The German government contracted with a private company , Toll Collect GmbH , to operate the toll collection system , which has involved the use of vehicle - mounted transponders and roadway - mounted sensors installed throughout Germany . The toll is calculated depending on the toll route , as well as based on the pollution class of the vehicle , its weight and the number of axles on the vehicles . Certain vehicles , such as emergency vehicles and buses , are exempt from the toll . An average user is charged \u20ac 0.15 per kilometre , or about $0.31 per mile ( Toll Collect , 2007 ) .

\n

\n Traffic laws and enforcement ( edit )

\n German police car ( Bavaria , green ) German police car ( Lower - Saxony , blue ) High Visibility German police car ( Lower - Saxony , blue )

\n Driving in Germany is regulated by the Stra\u00dfenverkehrs - Ordnung ( road traffic regulations , abbreviated StVO ) . Enforcement on the federal Autobahnen is handled by each state 's Highway Patrol ( Autobahnpolizei ) , often using unmarked police cars and motorcycles and usually equipped with video cameras , thus allowing easier enforcement of laws such as tailgating . Notable laws include the following .

\n \n

\n In popular culture ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n Film and television ( edit )

\n \n

\n Music ( edit )

\n \n

\n Video games ( edit )

\n

\n Need for Speed : ProStreet , Burnout 3 : Takedown , and Burnout Dominator use autobahn as one of their tracks . Euro Truck Simulator 2 features the Autobahn in its open world map . Burnout 3 : Takedown named them as Alpine while Burnout Dominator divided them into two ( Autobahn and Autobahn Loop ) . Need for Speed : Porsche Unleashed also had a track that had the player drive across different sections of the autobahn . The entire game world of Crash Time : Autobahn Pursuit is set on the autobahn . On Gran Turismo 5 and Gran Turismo 6 , a trophy is awarded to those who have driven the same distance as the autobahn total length . In December 2010 video game developer Synetic GmbH and Conspiracy Entertainment released the title Alarm f\u00fcr Cobra 11 -- Die Autobahnpolizei featuring real world racing and mission - based gameplay . It is taken from the popular German television series about a two - man team of Autobahnpolizei first set in Berlin then later in North Rhine - Westphalia .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Jeremic , Sam ( 16 September 2013 ) . `` Fun , fun , fun on the autobahn '' . The West Australian . Retrieved 17 September 2013 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ http://archive.etsc.eu/documents/Speed_Fact_Sheet_1.pdf
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Auswirkungen eines allgemeinen Tempolimits auf Autobahnen im Land Brandenburg '' . Brandenburg . October 2007 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . 1 ) ( German :) `` Auf einer 6 - streifigen Autobahn ergibt sich f\u00fcr den Pkw - Verkehr im Mittel eine Geschwindigkeit von 142 km / h ... Der Bereich zwischen v15 ( von 15 % unterschritten ) und v85 ( von 85 % unterschritten ) wird f\u00fcr den geschwindigkeitsunbegrenzten Abschnitt mit 115 ... 167 km / h ''
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Statistisches Landesamt Baden - W\u00fcrttemberg . `` Gemeinsames Datenangebot der Statistischen \u00c4mter des Bundes und der L\u00e4nder '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ http://www.moc.gov.cn/zhuzhan/jiaotonggaikuang/201507/t20150723_1853384.html
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ http://thenewswheel.com/the-history-of-autobahn/
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ W. Dick ; A. Lichtenberg ( 4 August 2012 ) . `` The myth of Hitler 's role in building the German autobahn '' . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 4 August 2012 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ German Myth 8 Hitler and the Autobahn , German.about.com
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Wie die Autobahn ins Rheinland kam , documentary ( in German )
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ rf / cj . `` Die Reichsautobahnen '' ( in German ) . Deutsches Historisches Museum . Retrieved 1 July 2012 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Europas erste Autobahn wird 75 '' . Der Spiegel ( in German ) . 4 August 2007 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Gartman , David ( 2009 ) . From Autos to Architecture : Fordism and Architectural Aesthetics in the Twentieth Century . Chronicle Books . p. 148 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Adam Tooze ( 2008 ) . The Wages of Destruction : The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy . Penguin . pp. 45 -- 46 , 59 -- 60 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Richard Vahrenkamp . Roads without Cars . The HAFRABA Association and the Autobahn Project 1933 -- 1943 in Germany .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Working Papers in the History of Mobility No. 1 / 2001 '' . Ibwl.uni-kassel.de . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 14 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Last section of Germany 's Autobahn , built in 1936 , to disappear '' . UPI.com. 2013 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Hitler 's last motorway to disappear '' . The Local . Sep 30 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Haiko Prengel ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) . `` Vier Kilometer Geschichte '' . Die Welt ( in German ) . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` Beginn des Autobahnbaus in \u00d6sterreich '' ( in German ) . Wabweb.net . Archived from the original on 8 March 2012 . Retrieved 14 January 2012 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` R + V24 Ratgeber : Auto und Motorrad '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Brian Purcell ( 2010 ) . `` National Transport Rules of the Road '' . Brian 's Guide To Getting Around Germany . Brian Purcell . Retrieved 1 July 2012 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ See map with its associated legend .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` StVO -- Einzelnorm '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` A 95 : Unfall - Porsche beschlagnahmt : Starnberg -- Nach dem t\u00f6dlichen Unfall auf der Autobahn A 95 am Starnberger Dreieck stellt sich die Frage einer Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung . Bereits im Oktober 2012 gab es hier einen schweren Unfall . ( Translation : A 95 : Crashed Porsche Seized : Starnberg -- After the fatal accident on autobahn A95 at Starnberg three - way junction , the question of a speed limit arises . In October 2012 there was a prior serious accident here . ) '' . M\u00fcnchner Merkur . August 6 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . Die Spekulationen \u00fcber das Tempo des Porsche schie\u00dfen ins Kraut -- und es kommt die Frage auf , ob ein Tempolimit auf der zweispurigen Strecke den Unfall h\u00e4tte verhindern k\u00f6nnen . Der Porsche -- nach neueren Angaben ein mit einem 911er fast identischer 996 GT3 mit mehr als 350 PS -- soll deutlich mehr als 200 Stundenkilometer schnell gewesen sein ... Bis November 2007 galt am Starnberger Dreieck ein Tempolimit von 120 km / h . Das allerdings war nur ein vierj\u00e4hriger Test -- nachdem es schwere Unf\u00e4lle gegeben hatte . Eine Verbesserung war damals nicht festgestellt worden . \u00dcber eine Wiedereinf\u00fchrung oder andere Ma\u00dfnahmen m\u00fcsste die Unfallkommission von Autobahndirektion und Polizei entscheiden . Ob der Unfall dort bei der n\u00e4chsten j\u00e4hrlichen Sitzung Thema sein wird oder Anlass f\u00fcr eine so genannte Sonderverkehrsschau ist , war gestern noch unklar . Die Kommission befasst sich nur mit Unfallschwerpunkten . ( Translation : Speculation about the speed of the Porsche is running wild -- and with it comes to the question of whether a speed limit could have prevented the accident . The Porsche ... was said to be traveling significantly faster than 200 kilometers per hour . Until November 2007 a speed limit of 120 km / h was in force at the Starnberg 3 - way interchange . However , that was only a four - year test -- initiated after some serious accidents . An improvement was not observed at that time . A reintroduction or other measures may be decided by the crash commission of the Highway Administration and the police . Whether the accident a subject at the next annual meeting of the commission or whether a so - called special meeting will be called was still unclear . The commission deals only with collision black spots . )
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` Tempolimit auf Autobahnen 2008 ( Speed limits on autobahns 2008 ) '' . Bundesanstant fuer Strassenwesen ( Federal Highway Research Institute ) . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 08 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Kubbernu\u00df , Ralf. `` 60 km / h erlaubte H\u00f6chstgeschwindigkeit -- auf der Autobahn 59 '' .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Christoph Koopmeiners ( 29 September 2011 ) . `` A 29 : An neun Baustellen gilt Tempo 40 '' . NWZonline . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ NDR . `` Tempo 30 : Es blitzt und blitzt an der Autobahn '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Grenzenlos -- das 250 km / h - Limit br\u00f6ckelt '' , Auto , Motor und Sport ( in German )
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` Die Sache mit der Geschwindigkeit -- Geschichte der Tempobeschraenkungen im Fuer und Wider -- Transport Research International Documentation -- TRID '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Stefan Anker ( 3 November 2013 ) . `` Tempolimit : Freie Fahrt -- Wo geht das noch in Deutschland ? '' . Die Welt . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` Speed limits on autobahn ? Nein , danke -- US news -- Environment -- Climate Change -- NBC News '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Michael Birnbaum ( 20 May 2013 ) . `` Autobahn speed limit proposal revs up debate in Germany '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Driving the Autobahn ? Just look for an exit '' . tribunedigital - chicagotribune . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Pitt von Bebenburg ( 2013 - 06 - 21 ) . `` FR : Interview Al - Wazir : Tempolimit wird Realit\u00e4t '' . Frankfurter Rundschau . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 05 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` The myth of Hitler \u2032 s role in building the autobahn '' . DW.COM. 4 August 2012 . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` 50 Jahre Tempo 50 : Im Taumel des Wirtschaftswunders : F\u00fcr das fehlende Tempolimit auf Autobahnen ist Deutschland weltber\u00fchmt . ( Translation : 50 years at 50 km / h : In the Frenzy of the Economic Miracle ) '' . S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung. 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Im Oktober 1939 drosselten die Nazis das Tempo . In der Stadt durfte man 40 , \u00fcberall sonst 80 km / h fahren . Offizielle Begr\u00fcndung war die Verkehrssicherheit . In Wirklichkeit sollten die Deutschen mit ihrer gez\u00fcgelten Fahrweise Benzin sparen , f\u00fcr die Wehrmacht .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` 50 Jahre Tempo 50 : Im Taumel des Wirtschaftswunders ( Translation : 50 years at 50 km / h : In the Frenzy of the Economic Miracle ) '' . S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung. 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . 1945 f\u00fchrten die Besatzungsm\u00e4chte in den einzelnen Zonen unterschiedliche Regelungen ein . Von 1949 an galten dann die Tempolimits der Nazis wieder in ganz Deutschland , sowohl die BRD als auch die DDR \u00fcbernahmen sie .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` 50 Jahre Tempo 50 : Im Taumel des Wirtschaftswunders : F\u00fcr das fehlende Tempolimit auf Autobahnen ist Deutschland weltber\u00fchmt . Was kaum einer wei\u00df : Bis zum 1 . September 1957 gab es in der BRD \u00fcberhaupt kein Limit . Selbst innerorts durfte gerast werden . ( TRANSLATION : 50 years at 50 km / h : In the Frenzy of the Economic Miracle : Germany is world - famous for unlimited speeds on motorways . But few know that until 1 September 1957 there were no limits at all ; race speeds were legal even in towns ) '' . S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung. 22 May 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Die n\u00e4chste Episode in der Geschichte des Tempolimits klingt aus heutiger Sicht unglaublich : Im Westen schaffte der Bundestag im Dezember 1952 s\u00e4mtliche H\u00f6chstgeschwindigkeiten ab . Nicht die Nazi - Handschrift war das Problem am Gesetz , sondern Technikbegeisterung , verbunden mit dem allgemeinen Taumel der Wirtschaftswunderzeit .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany . `` VERKEHR / GESCHWINDIGKEITSBESCHR\u00c4NKUNG : N\u00e4chstes Jahr langsamer '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    41. \n
  41. \n ^ Jump up to : http://www.amtsdruckschriften.bar.admin.ch/viewOrigDoc.do?id=10043356&page=2
    42. \n
  42. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Seit 35 Jahren Tempolimit auf Autobahnen '' . ORF. 2009 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 .
    43. \n
  43. \n ^ Jump up to : `` \u00d6AMTC / Sicherheit '' . Oeamtc.at . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` Richtgeschwindigkeit verdr\u00e4ngt Tempo 100 Zeitgeschichte , Zeitzeugen und Erinnerungen '' . Chroniknet.de. 1977 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` Dann sind wir tot ( '' Then We 're Dead `` ) '' . Der Spiegel ( `` The Mirror '' ) . May 3 , 1974 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Selbst notorisch optimistische Automanager geben zu , da\u00df die Branche `` mit einem steifen Gegenwind '' fertig werden mu\u00df . Sie rechnen f\u00fcr dieses Jahr mit einem Produktionsminus von etwa zwanzig Prozent . ( Even notoriously optimistic auto executives admit that the industry faces `` a stiff headwind . '' They expect this year a production fall of about twenty percent )
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` 111 Tage mit Tempo 100 ( '' 111 Days With Speed 100 `` ) '' . Frankfurter Rundschau . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Die bisherigen Kr\u00e4fteverh\u00e4ltnisse zwischen Bef\u00fcrwortern und Gegnern eines Tempolimits auf bundesdeutschen Autobahnen sind eindeutig : Eine generelle Beschr\u00e4nkung der Geschwindigkeit gab es in der 80 - j\u00e4hrigen Geschichte dieser Stra\u00dfen nur ein einziges Mal und sie galt lediglich 111 Tage lang . ( The current balance of power between supporters and opponents of a speed limit on German motorways is clear : The only general speed limitation in the 80 - year history of autobahns happened only once , and lasted only 111 days . )
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany . `` VERKEHR : Blut sehen '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany . `` Letzte Chance f\u00fcr Vernunft im Verkehr '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` AUSWIRKUNGEN EINER RICHTGESCHWINDIGKEIT IM VERGLEICH ZU EINER HOECHSTGESCHWINDIGKEIT VON 130 KM / H AUF AUTOBAHNEN -- Transport Research International Documentation -- TRID '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany . `` Meist kracht es tags und auf dem Trockenen '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Autobahn Fatality Rates and General Speed Limits : What Really Happened in 1973 / 74 ? '' .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany . `` VERKEHR : Trick mit Zahlen '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany . `` Tempolimit : Taktik statt Taten '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany . `` Tempo 100 rettet 1250 Menschenleben '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    55. \n
  55. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Traffic and Accident Data : Summary Statistics -- Germany '' ( PDF ) . Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Stra\u00dfenwesen ( Federal Highway Research Institute ) . Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Stra\u00dfenwesen . September 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany . `` TEMPO - LIMIT : Schwimmen im Strom '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg , Germany . `` TEMPOLIMIT : Verdammt schwierig '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` Zeitgeschichte in Hessen -- Daten , Fakten , Hintergr\u00fcnde '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1999/06/990616165539.htm
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` Traffic Safety -- The German Experience after Reunification '' ( PDF ) . German Society for Technical Cooperation. 2004 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 17 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` Zeitgeschichte in Hessen -- Daten , Fakten , Hintergr\u00fcnde '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` No More Fun on the Autobahn ? '' . TIME.com. 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Kate Connolly ( 30 October 2007 ) . `` Car lobby angry at plan to limit autobahn speeds '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 1 July 2012 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` Slow Down : German State Introduces Autobahn Speed Limit '' . Der Spiegel . 2008 - 04 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 . From now on , the maximum speed allowed is 120 kilometers per hour ( 75 miles per hour ) . In practical terms , the change is not a big one -- it only affects 11 kilometers ( 6.8 miles ) of autobahn connecting the cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven . The rest of the tiny city - state 's 49 kilometers ( 30.5 miles ) of autobahn has long had speed restrictions aimed at fighting congestion , noise and pollution .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Manfred K\u00fchnappel . `` Als erstes Bundesland : Bremen f\u00fchrt Tempolimit ein '' . RP ONLINE . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ Chris Wevers . `` Tensions Rise in The Heartland of German Automotive Industry '' . GTspirit . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ `` bw-fairs.de : The automotive industry in Baden - W\u00fcrttemberg '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` Autobahn speed limits : Germany 's love of the fast lane '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` Vorerst kein generelles Tempolimit auf Autobahnen ( For Now , No General Speed Limit on Autobahns ) '' . Stuttgarter Zeitung. 2011 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 07 . Die gr\u00fcn - rote Landesregierung plant kein generelles Tempolimit auf den Autobahnen . Vorerst , denn grunds\u00e4tzlich unterst\u00fctzt Verkehrsminister Winfried Hermann ( Gr\u00fcne ) Initiativen auf Bundesebene , die eine fl\u00e4chendeckende Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung auf Autobahnen in Deutschland vorsehen , wie aus seiner Antwort auf eine Landtagsanfrage der FDP - Fraktion hervorgeht ... Auf den 2078 Kilometer langen Autobahnen in Baden - W\u00fcrttemberg bestehen nach Angaben des Ministers auf 726 Kilometern Tempolimits. 65 Prozent seien frei ; auf 35 Prozent sind Geschwindigkeiten bis 120 Stundenkilometer erlaubt . ( The Red - Green ruling coalition plans no general speed limit on autobahns , instead supporting the proposal of Transportation Minister Winfried Hermann ( Green Party ) to impose a Federal limit , said the government in response to a parliamentary question by the Free Democratic Party ... Of the 2,078 carriageway - kilometres of Baden - W\u00fcrttemberg autobahns , 726 kilometres have speed limits . 65 percent are unrestricted ; 35 percent have speed limits up to 120 km / h . )
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Application by FDP / DVP and statement by Ministry for Traffic regarding a general speed limit of 120 km / h on Autobahnen ... , Parliament of Baden - W\u00fcrttemberg , 19 July 2011
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` Vorerst kein generelles Tempolimit in Sachsen '' by Diana K\u00f6hler , Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk , 14 March 2014
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ `` Hessen kippt Tempolimits '' . autobild.de . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ Volker Schmidt . `` Verkehrstote in Hessen : Gr\u00fcne fordern Tempolimit '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` Nachrichten aus Hessen '' . hessenschau.de. 6 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH ( 25 March 2010 ) . `` Auf 22 Streckenabschnitten : Hessen lockert Tempolimit auf Autobahnen '' . FAZ.NET . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ `` Verkehrsminister Rentsch hebt mehrere Tempolimits auf '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ `` Vorerst kein Tempolimit auf Th\u00fcringer Autobahnen '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ `` Speed Limits Coming to the Autobahn in the Home State of Porsche , Mercedes -- News -- Car and Driver '' . blog.caranddriver.com . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ `` Greens face rightward shift despite victory '' . DW.COM . Retrieved 14 April 2016 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ `` Baden - W\u00fcrttemberg : Gr\u00fcner Verkehrsminister will Schweizer Raser ausbremsen '' . Die Welt .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` Unfallstatistik : Auf Deutschlands Autobahnen wird es gef\u00e4hrlicher ( Crash Statistics : German autobahns more dangerous ) '' . Eine Sprecherin des Statistischen Bundesamts f\u00fchrt aber noch einen weiteren , durchaus simpleren Grund auf : Durch die schlechte Witterung im Fr\u00fchjahr 2013 sei die fr\u00fche Motorradsaison fast komplett ausgefallen , und damit habe es auch weniger Unf\u00e4lle auf den Stra\u00dfen gegeben . ( English : `` A spokeswoman for the Federal Statistical Office suggested a simple reason for the decline : bad weather in the spring of 2013 almost eliminated the initial motorcycle - riding season , so there were fewer accidents on the roads . '' )
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/TransportVerkehr/Verkehrsunfaelle/VerkehrsunfaelleZeitreihenPDF_5462403.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
    83. \n
  83. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Unfallentwicklung auf deutschen Stra\u00dfen 2012 ( Crashes on German Roads 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Statistisches Bundesamt ( Federal Statistics Office ) . Statistisches Bundesamt. 10 July 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 23 . ( Seite 19 ) Mit 29 Get\u00f6teten je 1 000 Unf\u00e4lle mit Personenschaden ist das Todesrisiko auf Landstra\u00dfen f\u00fcnfmal h\u00f6her als auf Innerortsstra\u00dfen und auch h\u00f6her als auf Autobahnen , auf denen 22 Personen je 1000 Unf\u00e4lle starben . Ein Grund f\u00fcr das wesentlich h\u00f6here Risiko auf Landstra\u00dfen und Autobahnen ist , dass hier wesentlich schneller gefahren wird als auf Innerortsstra\u00dfen und dadurch die Unfallschwere steigt ... ( Seite 20 ) Hauptunfallursache auf Autobahnen ist die `` nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit `` . Im Jahr 2012 waren mehr als ein Drittel aller Unf\u00e4lle mit Personenschaden auf Autobahnen Unf\u00e4lle , bei denen mindestens einem Beteiligten dieses Fehlverhalten zur Last gelegt wurde . Bei insgesamt 6 587 sogenannten Geschwindigkeitsunf\u00e4llen kamen 179 Menschen zu Tode , das hei\u00dft nahezu die H\u00e4lfte ( 46 , 3 % ) aller Get\u00f6teten auf Autobahnen ... ( Seite 20 ) Hierbei ist allerdings zu ber\u00fccksichtigen , dass die Unfallursache `` nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit `` h\u00e4ufig nicht bedeutet , dass die zul\u00e4ssige H\u00f6chstgeschwindigkeit \u00fcberschritten worden ist . `` Nicht angepasste Geschwindigkeit `` wird von der Polizei bei einem Unfall auch dann als Ursache erfasst , wenn ein Beteiligter f\u00fcr die vorliegenden Stra\u00dfen - oder Witterungsverh\u00e4ltnisse zu schnell gefahren ist .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` A 95 : Polizei geschockt \u00fcber `` immenses Tempo '' ( Translation : A 95 : Police Shocked At High Speed ) `` . Merkur Online ( The Mercury online version ) . Aug 5 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . den stellvertretenden Kommandanten der Feuerwehr aus Hohensch\u00e4ftlarn ( Kreis M\u00fcnchen ) , Daniel Buck ... war mit seinen Kollegen einer der ersten an der Unfallstelle , an der ein Porschefahrer ( 51 ) so schnell in den Toyota einer 67 - j\u00e4hrigen Weilheimerin bretterte , dass sich ihr Auto mehrmals \u00fcberschlug . Die Frau musste noch vor Ort reanimiert werden , starb jedoch sp\u00e4ter im Krankenhaus . Die beiden M\u00e4nner im Porsche kamen mit leichten Verletzungen davon ... Auf H\u00f6he des Dreiecks Starnberg verlor er auf der linken Spur die Kontrolle \u00fcber sein Auto . Er kam ins Schleudern , schoss rechts \u00fcber einen Gr\u00fcnstreifen und kam auf dem Zubringer aus Starnberg wieder auf die Fahrbahn . Dort rammte er die 67 - j\u00e4hrige Weilheimerin in ihrem Toyota ... Zeugen vor Ort sch\u00e4tzen , dass der Sportwagen mit rund 300 Kilometer pro Stunde unterwegs war ... Ein Zeuge hatte seinen Tempomat auf 140 Stundenkilometer eingestellt und war von dem Sportwagen \u00fcberholt worden . `` Er sch\u00e4tzt , der Porsche war doppelt so schnell `` , sagt Buck . Und : `` ... Schneller wie 160 Kilometer pro Stunde ist hier absolut unangemessen. `` . ( Translation : deputy commander of the fire brigade from Hohenschaeftlarn county ( Munich ) , Daniel Buck ... was one of the first with his colleagues at the accident site where a Porsche driver ( age 51 ) bashed into the Toyota driven by a 67 - year - old Weilheim in Oberbayern resident , rolling her car over several times . The woman had to be resuscitated on site , but died later in hospital . The two men in the Porsche escaped with minor injuries ... At the peak of the Starnberg interchange in the left lane he lost control of his car . He went into a skid , shot right through a grass strip to ram the 67 - year - old Weilheimer resident in her Toyota ... Witnesses on site estimated that the sports car was traveling about 300 kilometers per hour ... One witness had his cruise control set at 140 kilometers per hour and was overtaken by the sports car . `` He estimates the Porsche was twice as fast , '' says Buck . And : `` This is simply irresponsible ; even as fast as 160 kilometers per hour is absolutely inappropriate . `` )
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ `` International Traffic and Accident Data : Selected Risk Values for the Year 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Stra\u00dfenwesen ( Federal Highway Research Institute ) . Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Stra\u00dfenwesen . December 2012 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 08 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ `` SPEED Fact Sheet . German Autobahn : The Speed Limit Debate '' ( PDF ) . European Transport Safety Council . Feb 2008 . Retrieved 3 December 2010 . In Germany , measurement to estimate mean or average speeds on the motorways network was stopped in 1993 ...
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ `` Stra\u00dfe und Autobahn die Zeitschrift / Fachzeitschrift -- Wegebau Stra\u00dfenplanung Stra\u00dfenentw\u00e4sserung Fl\u00fcsterasphalt Reparaturasphalt Geokunststoffe Stra\u00dfenfertiger Stra\u00dfenerhaltung Stra\u00dfenwalzen '' . Strasse-und-autobahn.de . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 .
    88. \n
  88. \n ^ Jump up to : Gunnar Gohlisch & Marion Malow ( June 1999 ) . `` Umweltauswirkungen von Geschwindigkeitsbeschr\u00e4nkungen ( Environmental Impacts of Speed Limits ) '' ( PDF ) . Umweltbundesamt ( Federal Environmental Office ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Auf Autobahnabschnittten , die eine weitgehend freie Geschwindigkeitswahl zulassen , lag die mittlere Pkw - Geschwindigkeit 1992 bei 132 km / h . Mehr als die H\u00e4lfte der Pkw - Fahrer ( 51 % ) \u00fcberschreitet auf derartigen Abschnitten die Richtgeschwindigkeit .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ `` L\u00e4rmaktionsplan 2008 der Stadt Gera '' . Gera. April 30 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 11 . 1 ) ( German :) `` Die real gefahrene Geschwindigkeit auf `` freigegebenen `` Autobahnabschnitten liegt jedoch deutlich h\u00f6her , wie das in Abb. 54 dargestellte Beispiel von der A9 im Bereich Niemegk zeigt . Die V85 liegt teilweise bei \u00fcber 170 km / h . Im Schnitt fahren deutlich \u00fcber 60 % der Verkehrsteilnehmer schneller als 130 km / h . Mehr als 30 % der Verkehrsteilnehmer fahren im Schnitt schneller als 150 km / h ``
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` StVO 2013 -- nichtamtliches Inhaltsverzeichnis '' . Gesetze-im-internet.de . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ von Stefan Jacobs . `` Mit dem Videowagen unterwegs beim Blitzmarathon : Der ganz normale Wahnsinn auf Berlins Stra\u00dfen '' . Der Tagesspiegel ( in German ) . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ `` Autobahn - Polizei : Mit der Kamera gegen Raser '' . K\u00f6lner Stadtanzeiger ( in German ) . 2011 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ `` StVO -- Einzelnorm '' . Gesetze-im-internet.de . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ Geoff Ziezulewicz ( May 4 , 2006 ) . `` Fines go up as Germans get tough on tailgaters '' . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Drivers who ride the bumper of the car in front of them can now expect a fine of up to 375 euros ( nearly $470 ) , a rise of nearly 100 euros from the previous maximum , said Sven Stadtrecher , a German police liaison officer to the U.S. military in Heidelberg . Drivers can also lose their license for up to three months . Before the new regulations went into effect , a monthlong suspension was the maximum penalty , he said . Fines will start at 35 euros for a speed of 80 kilometers an hour , Stadtrecher said , adding that drivers must keep a distance in meters that is equal to half their speed . For example , a driver going 100 km / h on the autobahn must keep a distance of at least 50 meters ( 165 feet ) . Fines and penalties will increase at higher speeds and will also take into account how long the driver tailgates .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ Melissa Eddy ( October 28 , 2003 ) . `` DaimlerChrysler car tester charged in fatal tailgating crash on German autobahn '' . Jacksonville Times ( AP ) . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . The 34 - year - old German man faces charges of manslaughter and endangering traffic as well as fleeing the scene the July 14 accident ( that killed a young mother and her 2 - year - old daughter ) ... According to the indictment , he was barreling down the highway behind the wheel of a company - owned , 476 - horsepower Mercedes - Benz CL 600 coupe when he tried to overtake the woman on the far left shoulder . The 21 - year - old woman lost control of her car after swerving sharply to the right to avoid the Mercedes , which prosecutors said approached at up to 250 kilometers an hour ( 155 mph ) to within a few meters of her bumper . She spun across two lanes and smashed into a bank of trees .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ `` StVO -- Einzelnorm '' . Gesetze-im-internet.de . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 21 .
    97. \n
\n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bundesautobahn .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Autobahn system in Germany
\n Major routes \n
    \n
  • \n A 1
    • \n
  • \n A 2
    • \n
  • \n A 3
    • \n
  • \n A 4
    • \n
  • \n A 5
    • \n
  • \n A 6
    • \n
  • \n A 7
    • \n
  • \n A 8
    • \n
  • \n A 9
    • \n
\n
\n Regional routes \n
    \n
  • \n A 10
    • \n
  • \n A 11
    • \n
  • \n A 12
    • \n
  • \n A 13
    • \n
  • \n A 14
    • \n
  • \n A 15
    • \n
  • \n A 17
    • \n
  • \n A 19
    • \n
  • \n A 20
    • \n
  • \n A 21
    • \n
  • \n A 23
    • \n
  • \n A 24
    • \n
  • \n A 25
    • \n
  • \n A 26
    • \n
  • \n A 27
    • \n
  • \n A 28
    • \n
  • \n A 29
    • \n
  • \n A 30
    • \n
  • \n A 31
    • \n
  • \n A 33
    • \n
  • \n A 37
    • \n
  • \n A 38
    • \n
  • \n A 39
    • \n
  • \n A 40
    • \n
  • \n A 42
    • \n
  • \n A 43
    • \n
  • \n A 44
    • \n
  • \n A 45
    • \n
  • \n A 46
    • \n
  • \n A 48
    • \n
  • \n A 49
    • \n
  • \n A 52
    • \n
  • \n A 57
    • \n
  • \n A 59
    • \n
  • \n A 60
    • \n
  • \n A 61
    • \n
  • \n A 62
    • \n
  • \n A 63
    • \n
  • \n A 64
    • \n
  • \n A 65
    • \n
  • \n A 66
    • \n
  • \n A 67
    • \n
  • \n A 70
    • \n
  • \n A 71
    • \n
  • \n A 72
    • \n
  • \n A 73
    • \n
  • \n A 81
    • \n
  • \n A 92
    • \n
  • \n A 93
    • \n
  • \n A 94
    • \n
  • \n A 95
    • \n
  • \n A 96
    • \n
  • \n A 98
    • \n
  • \n A 99
    • \n
\n
\n Local routes \n
    \n
  • \n A 100
    • \n
  • \n A 103
    • \n
  • \n A 111
    • \n
  • \n A 113
    • \n
  • \n A 114
    • \n
  • \n A 115
    • \n
  • \n A 117
    • \n
  • \n A 143
    • \n
  • \n A 210
    • \n
  • \n A 215
    • \n
  • \n A 226
    • \n
  • \n A 252
    • \n
  • \n A 253
    • \n
  • \n A 255
    • \n
  • \n A 261
    • \n
  • \n A 270
    • \n
  • \n A 280
    • \n
  • \n A 281
    • \n
  • \n A 293
    • \n
  • \n A 352
    • \n
  • \n A 391
    • \n
  • \n A 392
    • \n
  • \n A 395
    • \n
  • \n A 445
    • \n
  • \n A 448
    • \n
  • \n A 480
    • \n
  • \n A 485
    • \n
  • \n A 516
    • \n
  • \n A 524
    • \n
  • \n A 535
    • \n
  • \n A 540
    • \n
  • \n A 542
    • \n
  • \n A 544
    • \n
  • \n A 553
    • \n
  • \n A 555
    • \n
  • \n A 559
    • \n
  • \n A 560
    • \n
  • \n A 562
    • \n
  • \n A 565
    • \n
  • \n A 571
    • \n
  • \n A 573
    • \n
  • \n A 602
    • \n
  • \n A 620
    • \n
  • \n A 623
    • \n
  • \n A 643
    • \n
  • \n A 648
    • \n
  • \n A 650
    • \n
  • \n A 656
    • \n
  • \n A 659
    • \n
  • \n A 661
    • \n
  • \n A 671
    • \n
  • \n A 672
    • \n
  • \n A 831
    • \n
  • \n A 861
    • \n
  • \n A 864
    • \n
  • \n A 952
    • \n
  • \n A 980
    • \n
  • \n A 995
    • \n
\n
\n Planned or former routes \n
    \n
  • \n A 16
    • \n
  • \n A 17 *
    • \n
  • \n A 18
    • \n
  • \n A 22
    • \n
  • \n A 32
    • \n
  • \n A 34
    • \n
  • \n A 35
    • \n
  • \n A 36
    • \n
  • \n A 40 *
    • \n
  • \n A 41
    • \n
  • \n A 47
    • \n
  • \n A 50
    • \n
  • \n A 51
    • \n
  • \n A 53
    • \n
  • \n A 54
    • \n
  • \n A 55
    • \n
  • \n A 56
    • \n
  • \n A 69
    • \n
  • \n A 74
    • \n
  • \n A 75
    • \n
  • \n A 77
    • \n
  • \n A 80
    • \n
  • \n A 82
    • \n
  • \n A 83
    • \n
  • \n A 84
    • \n
  • \n A 85
    • \n
  • \n A 86
    • \n
  • \n A 87
    • \n
  • \n A 88
    • \n
  • \n A 89
    • \n
  • \n A 90
    • \n
  • \n A 91
    • \n
  • \n A 102
    • \n
  • \n A 104
    • \n
  • \n A 105
    • \n
  • \n A 106
    • \n
  • \n A 107
    • \n
  • \n A 140
    • \n
  • \n A 201
    • \n
  • \n A 205
    • \n
  • \n A 227
    • \n
  • \n A 241
    • \n
  • \n A 250
    • \n
  • \n A 263
    • \n
  • \n A 282
    • \n
  • \n A 290
    • \n
  • \n A 314
    • \n
  • \n A 339
    • \n
  • \n A 369
    • \n
  • \n A 376
    • \n
  • \n A 388
    • \n
  • \n A 430
    • \n
  • \n A 432
    • \n
  • \n A 441
    • \n
  • \n A 441 *
    • \n
  • \n A 443
    • \n
  • \n A 451
    • \n
  • \n A 480 *
    • \n
  • \n A 533
    • \n
  • \n A 545
    • \n
  • \n A 552
    • \n
  • \n A 558
    • \n
  • \n A 580
    • \n
  • \n A 610
    • \n
  • \n A 621
    • \n
  • \n A 647
    • \n
  • \n A 652
    • \n
  • \n A 653
    • \n
  • \n A 654
    • \n
  • \n A 655
    • \n
  • \n A 680
    • \n
  • \n A 683
    • \n
  • \n A 687
    • \n
  • \n A 713
    • \n
  • \n A 720
    • \n
  • \n A 722
    • \n
  • \n A 731
    • \n
  • \n A 751
    • \n
  • \n A 752
    • \n
  • \n A 753
    • \n
  • \n A 828
    • \n
  • \n A 833
    • \n
  • \n A 834
    • \n
  • \n A 840
    • \n
  • \n A 860
    • \n
  • \n A 862
    • \n
  • \n A 863
    • \n
  • \n A 863 *
    • \n
  • \n A 881
    • \n
  • \n A 895
    • \n
  • \n A 921
    • \n
  • \n A 922
    • \n
  • \n A 942
    • \n
  • \n A 944
    • \n
  • \n A 985
    • \n
  • \n A 990
    • \n
  • \n A 991
    • \n
  • \n A 992
    • \n
  • \n A 993
    • \n
  • \n A 994
    • \n
  • \n A 996
    • \n
  • \n A 997
    • \n
  • \n A 998
    • \n
  • \n A 999
    • \n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n Reichsautobahn ( history )
    • \n
  • \n Autobahnpolizei
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n * original plan : number is used by another route now
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Roads in Europe
\n Sovereign states \n
    \n
  • \n Albania
    • \n
  • \n Andorra
    • \n
  • \n Armenia
    • \n
  • \n Austria
    • \n
  • \n Azerbaijan
    • \n
  • \n Belarus
    • \n
  • \n Belgium
    • \n
  • \n Bosnia and Herzegovina
    • \n
  • \n Bulgaria
    • \n
  • \n Croatia
    • \n
  • \n Cyprus
    • \n
  • \n Czech Republic
    • \n
  • \n Denmark
    • \n
  • \n Estonia
    • \n
  • \n Finland
    • \n
  • \n France
    • \n
  • \n Georgia
    • \n
  • \n Germany
    • \n
  • \n Greece
    • \n
  • \n Hungary
    • \n
  • \n Iceland
    • \n
  • \n Ireland
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Italy
    • \n
  • \n Kazakhstan
    • \n
  • \n Latvia
    • \n
  • \n Liechtenstein
    • \n
  • \n Lithuania
    • \n
  • \n Luxembourg
    • \n
  • \n Macedonia
    • \n
  • \n Malta
    • \n
  • \n Moldova
    • \n
  • \n Monaco
    • \n
  • \n Montenegro
    • \n
  • \n Netherlands
    • \n
  • \n Norway
    • \n
  • \n Poland
    • \n
  • \n Portugal
    • \n
  • \n Romania
    • \n
  • \n Russia
    • \n
  • \n San Marino
    • \n
  • \n Serbia
    • \n
  • \n Slovakia
    • \n
  • \n Slovenia
    • \n
  • \n Spain
    • \n
  • \n Sweden
    • \n
  • \n Switzerland
    • \n
  • \n Turkey
    • \n
  • \n Ukraine
    • \n
  • \n United Kingdom
    • \n
\n
\n States with limited recognition \n
    \n
  • \n Abkhazia
    • \n
  • \n Artsakh
    • \n
  • \n Kosovo
    • \n
  • \n Northern Cyprus
    • \n
  • \n South Ossetia
    • \n
  • \n Transnistria
    • \n
\n
\n Dependencies and other entities \n
    \n
  • \n \u00c5land
    • \n
  • \n Faroe Islands
    • \n
  • \n Gibraltar
    • \n
  • \n Guernsey
    • \n
  • \n Isle of Man
    • \n
  • \n Jersey
    • \n
  • \n Svalbard
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autobahn&oldid=837119844 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where does the autobahn have no speed limit", "long_answers": ["German autobahns have no federally mandated speed limit for some classes of vehicles . However , limits are posted ( and enforced ) in areas that are urbanized , substandard , accident - prone , or under construction . On speed - unrestricted stretches , an advisory speed limit ( Richtgeschwindigkeit ) of 130 kilometres per hour ( 81 mph ) applies . While going faster is not illegal as such in the absence of a speed limit , it can cause an increased liability in the case of an accident ; courts have ruled that an `` ideal driver '' who is exempt from absolute liability for `` inevitable '' tort under the law would not exceed Richtgeschwindigkeit .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Monday Night Football - Wikipedia

\n Monday Night Football

\n Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Monday Night Football ( disambiguation ) . `` NFL on ESPN '' redirects here . For the program aired between 1987 and 2005 , see ESPN Sunday Night Football . \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show )
    \n
  • \n http://nfllabor.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/week-161.pdf
    \n
    \n Triggered by \\ bfiles \\. wordpress \\. com \\ b on the global blacklist
    \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n https://web.archive.org/web/20131224083130/http://nfllabor.files.wordpress.com/2013/12/week-161.pdf
    \n
    \n Triggered by \\ bfiles \\. wordpress \\. com \\ b on the global blacklist
    \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ESPN Monday Night Football
\n
\n Genre \n NFL game telecasts
\n Created by \n Roone Arledge
\n Directed by \n Chet Forte ( 1970 -- 1986 ) Larry Kamm ( 1987 ) Craig Janoff ( 1988 -- 1999 ) Drew Esocoff ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Chip Dean ( 2006 -- present )
\n Presented by \n Commentators : Sean McDonough Lisa Salters Studio hosts : Suzy Kolber Steve Young Randy Moss Matt Hasselbeck Charles Woodson
\n Opening theme \n `` Score '' by Bob 's Band ( 1970 -- 1975 ) `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' by Hank Williams , Jr. ( 1989 -- 2011 ; 2017 -- present ) `` Heavy Action '' by Johnny Pearson ( 1976 -- 1988 ; 2011 -- 2016 ) ( used as secondary theme from 1989 to 2011 and again from 2017 -- present )
\n Country of origin \n United States
\n Original language ( s ) \n English
\n No. of seasons \n 47 ( NFL seasons )
\n No. of episodes \n 718 ( games )
\n Production
\n Executive producer ( s ) \n Norby Williamson ( 2006 -- present )
\n Producer ( s ) \n Roger Lewin Jay Rothman Suzy Kolber ( uncredited ; 2006 -- present )
\n Location ( s ) \n Various NFL stadiums ( game telecasts ) ESPN Center , Bristol , Connecticut ( studio segments )
\n Camera setup \n Multi-camera
\n Running time \n 3 - 4 hours
\n Production company ( s ) \n National Football League ABC Sports ( 1970 -- 2005 ) ESPN ( 2006 -- present )
\n Release
\n Original network \n ABC ( 1970 -- 2005 ) ESPN ( 2006 -- present )
\n Picture format \n 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1970 -- 2010 ) , 480i ( 16 : 9 SDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) , 720p ( HDTV ) ( 2011 -- present )
\n Original release \n September 21 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 21 ) -- present
\n Chronology
\n Related shows \n Monday Night Countdown
\n External links
\n Website \n espn.go.com/nfl/mnf
\n

\n ESPN Monday Night Football ( abbreviated as MNF and also known as ESPN Monday Night Football on ABC for rare live special broadcast ) is a live television broadcast of weekly National Football League ( NFL ) games on ESPN in the United States . From 1970 to 2005 , it aired on sister broadcast network ABC . Monday Night Football was , along with Hallmark Hall of Fame and the Walt Disney anthology television series , one of the longest - running prime time programs ever on commercial network television , and one of the highest - rated , particularly among male viewers . MNF is preceded on air by Monday Night Countdown served by Applebee 's .

\n

\n Monday Night Football is also broadcast in Canada on TSN and RDS , and in most of Europe . On September 7 , 2013 , the NFL announced that British Eurosport would show Monday Night Football games live in the United Kingdom for the 2013 and 2014 seasons . The telecasts are also seen in most of Australia on ESPN Australia , in Portugal on SportTV 3 and SportTV HD and on TV 2 Sport in Denmark , and in some other regions of the world outside the U.S. on ESPN International . A Spanish - language version airs on ESPN Deportes in the U.S. and on ESPN International in Latin America , while a Portuguese version airs on ESPN Brasil . Per an NFL broadcasting policy intended to allow those who do not subscribe to cable or satellite television to see games televised by a pay television network , the games are also made available on over-the - air television stations in each participating team 's local market .

\n

\n On September 8 , 2011 , the first day of the 2011 regular season , ESPN extended its contract for Monday Night Football for eight additional seasons , giving it rights to the broadcasts until 2021 . The new deal , valued between $14.2 billion and $15.2 billion , also gives ESPN rights to expanded highlights , international and streaming rights , and possibly a wild - card playoff game . Cable television providers condemned the new contract , noting that ESPN has the highest retransmission consent fees of any national cable television channel , nearly seven times higher than the nearest competitor ( TNT ) , and raises fees on an annual basis .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Overview ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2010 )
\n See also : History of Monday Night Football

\n After 45 seasons , there now have been a total of 730 games televised by the Monday Night Football franchise .

\n

\n Scheduling problems ( edit )

\n

\n To avoid any scheduling unfairness where , just before the first playoff game , a team may have five days off and others six , there is no Monday night game during the final week of the regular season . From 2003 to 2005 , one game was played on Thursday and another Monday under the Monday Night Football banner . Starting in 2006 , when the series moved to cable , two games are played on the opening Monday night to capitalize on fan interest during `` NFL Kickoff Weekend '' .

\n

\n Monday night games early in the season are often highly anticipated since records are new , teams usually are showcasing fresh talent and potential , and storylines coming into the season are often played out as fans try to see if these hyped teams are up to form . Since no one knows during the first month of the season if a team is indeed good , or will rebound from a difficult start , interest is usually high for the first few weeks of the MNF season .

\n

\n Since the MNF schedule is set in April and can not be changed , the league and network can not guarantee a late season matchup will have any significance or be highly anticipated . Teams thought to be good during the off - season could be out of playoff contention by the middle of the season ; a prime example occurred in 1999 , when the San Francisco 49ers and Atlanta Falcons both entered the season 's final MNF game with 4 -- 11 records . It had seemed like a good pre-season matchup since the Falcons had played in the previous season 's Super Bowl and the 49ers coming into the 1999 season had posted 16 consecutive 10 - win seasons . It is also possible for a team like the 1999 St. Louis Rams not to be scheduled for a Monday night game because of its dismal record the year before , and many other NFL teams ( such as the 2004 San Diego Chargers , with zero primetime games ) have had huge unforeseen turnarounds that result in lack of MNF attention ( these teams generally receive multiple MNF spots the year after their breakout success , which is great for viewers if those teams continue to play well , and not so great if they return to mediocrity or worse ) . However , the forecasting abilities of the NFL 's scheduling officials have exhibited uncanny proficiency . Many MNF games occurring later in the season feature at least one team that is either headed to the playoffs or must win the MNF game to clinch a playoff spot .

\n

\n The problem of having a national spotlight game which during the season 's most critical weeks late in the year probably would not show the most important game of the week was long known by the league and network . As a result of this , the NFL wished to move the `` Game of the Week '' idea to Sunday nights as to make flex scheduling possible . This was a move which would ultimately mean the end of Monday Night Football on ABC ( cable games are protected from the NFL 's flexible scheduling rule adopted for the 2006 -- 07 season ; the new rule applies only to CBS , Fox , and NBC 's Sunday night games ) . The league currently has no interest in expanding flexible scheduling to include Monday Night Football , citing the logistical issues of moving games back and forth between Sundays and Mondays .

\n

\n Franchises with the most appearances ( edit )

\n

\n The franchise with the most Monday night appearances is the Miami Dolphins . The San Francisco 49ers won their record 48th Monday Night game with a 28 -- 0 win over the Los Angeles Rams on September 12 , 2016 .

\n

\n The most common Monday Night Football pairings are Broncos vs. Raiders ( 17 match - ups as of 2013 ) and Cowboys vs. Redskins ( met for a 17th time in 2015 ) .

\n

\n The defunct Candlestick Park in San Francisco currently holds the record for hosting the most Monday Night Football games , including its 36th and final Monday night game on December 23 , 2013 . Among the active stadiums following the conclusion of the 2013 season , Miami Gardens , Florida 's Hard Rock Stadium has hosted the most games with 32 .

\n

\n As entertainment ( edit )

\n

\n Monday Night Football has continued to provide as much entertainment as sports throughout its run . In addition to the extra cameras , the program has also pioneered technological broadcast innovations , such as the use of enhanced slow motion replays and computerized graphics .

\n

\n Celebrity guests -- such as former Vice President Spiro Agnew , singers Pl\u00e1cido Domingo and former Beatle John Lennon , President Bill Clinton , and even Kermit the Frog -- were often featured during the game to `` liven up '' the broadcast . The December 9 , 1974 contest featured a rare instance of two celebrities entering the booth , with Lennon being interviewed by Howard Cosell and California governor Ronald Reagan speaking with Frank Gifford , with Reagan explaining the rules of American football ( off - camera ) to Lennon as the game went along . However , the late 1990s and early 2000s saw an even more increased reliance on the entertainment factor . Some halftime shows , featuring popular music stars , were broadcast in their entirety rather than being ignored in favor of analysis of the game by the commentators , as in previous seasons .

\n

\n In December 1980 , one of the most memorable moments of MNF occurred when Cosell announced in a news flash that Lennon had been shot and killed in New York City . Monday Night Football was the first national broadcast to announce his death .

\n

\n An advertisement during halftime on the October 19 , 2015 game featured the world premiere of the third trailer of the 2015 film Star Wars : The Force Awakens .

\n

\n 2000s ( edit )

\n 2006 summary ( edit )

\n For its 2006 debut on ESPN , Williams , Jr. re-recorded the MNF opening theme with an all - star jam band that included among others Brian Setzer , Little Richard , Questlove , Joe Perry , Clarence Clemons , Rick Nielsen , Bootsy Collins , Charlie Daniels and Steven Van Zandt . The 2006 telecast generally began with a cinematic tease produced by Rico Labbe , Michael Sciallis and Jason Jobes . It was during one of these teases that Barack Obama spoofed his announcement for the 2008 Presidential candidacy in favor of his hometown Chicago Bears in their game against the St. Louis Rams .

\n

\n That year , the tease was followed by the show open produced by Los Angeles - based The Syndicate called `` Transformation '' . It features computer - generated imagery showing a city being transformed into a football stadium and passers - by on the street turning into players , coaches , fans and officials set to an updated orchestral treatment of the `` Heavy Action '' theme song . The sequence began every week with a different celebrity walking down the street , picking up a glowing football helmet with the ESPN logo on the side and saying , `` I 'm ready for some football ! Are you ? '' , thus beginning the transformation process . Celebrities for 2006 included Arnold Schwarzenegger , Matthew Fox , Hugh Hefner , Paris Hilton , Spike Lee , Ashton Kutcher , Samuel L. Jackson , Ludacris , Jack Black , Kiefer Sutherland , James Belushi , Ben Stiller , Tyra Banks , Carmen Electra and Eva Longoria .

\n

\n In addition , celebrities returned in full force to the booth , though this proved to be the major criticism of ESPN 's first MNF season . On the opening weekend , Arnold Schwarzenegger , another celebrity - turned - California governor , was in the booth at McAfee Coliseum in Oakland , California ; before that , Jamie Foxx appeared at FedExField in suburban Washington , D.C. Following them , celebrity appearances included NBA basketball superstar Dwyane Wade , Basketball Hall of Fame player Charles Barkley , NASCAR Cup Series driver Jeff Gordon , comedian Jimmy Kimmel ( whose opening words to Joe Theismann were `` how 's the leg ? '' ) , actor Sylvester Stallone , film director Spike Lee , hip hop artist Jay - Z , and MNF theme singer Hank Williams Jr .

\n 2007 summary ( edit )

\n ESPN scaled back to only one opening tease for the 2007 season . Williams Jr. and the all - star band returned , only this time they played in a `` juke joint '' set on a country road . The lead singer arrives in a GMC Yukon truck ( GMC paid for product placement ) with the license plate `` BOCEPHUS '' , which is Williams ' nickname . The Syndicate 's computer - generated tease was dropped and replaced by short pre-taped films focusing on a team or player in the game . Some of them have featured actor Jamie Foxx .

\n

\n The guest visits continued : Barkley returned to the booth on September 17 in Philadelphia . Other guests throughout the season included Kimmel ( another returnee ) , Drew Carey , Miley Cyrus , Russell Crowe and Terry Bradshaw . In addition , Gordon was a halftime guest on the game just before the season - ending Ford 400 and was joined by teammate Jimmie Johnson .

\n

\n At the end of each game , Williams returned to say , `` See you in ( city that is the site of the next week 's game ) . '' Both the open and close contain helmets of the participating teams , organized in the style of a concert poster .

\n 2008 summary ( edit )

\n Despite the de-emphasis on entertainment on the overall telecast , ESPN did bring back Hank Williams , Jr. for his 20th season as part of the opening . This time , the opening sequence was set in a private residence . At the end of the song , Williams Jr. touched a foot pump , which supposedly contained the helmets of that night 's participating teams . The helmets were launched from the home toward the stadium at which the game was held . Through computer - generated imagery , the helmets `` land '' at midfield during a live shot , and then explode . The `` exploding helmets '' gimmick was also used at various times in the 1980s and 1990s during the pre-game tease . Williams Jr. then appeared again at the end of the game to promote the next week 's matchup .

\n

\n ESPN also continued to promote upcoming albums through its use in bumper music . On September 29 ( Baltimore Ravens at Pittsburgh Steelers ) , ESPN used `` Another Way to Die '' , a duet between Alicia Keys and Jack White of the White Stripes -- the song was part of the soundtrack for the 2008 film Quantum of Solace , then the latest in the James Bond series .

\n

\n Monday Night Football celebrated its 600th game broadcast on October 20 , 2008 in a game which the New England Patriots defeated the Denver Broncos , 41 -- 7 .

\n

\n The 39th season of MNF ended on December 22 , 2008 , when the Bears beat the Green Bay Packers , 20 -- 17 , in overtime at home at Soldier Field in Chicago .

\n 2009 summary ( edit )

\n The title sequence for the 40th season of Monday Night Football featured Hank Williams , Jr. seen on the steps of a building ( presumably a museum ) , surrounded by dancers , football fans , and statues / busts -- which , along with everyone else in the scene , begin to move and dance -- patterned after those at the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The transition to Williams Jr. is a book , with the chapter number ( in Roman numerals , sequentially with each week ) and a tag line about the game to be played that night .

\n

\n At the end of the song , Williams Jr. plugged in the cords , thereby launching animated `` helmets '' into space , from the building toward the stadium at which the game was held ( with the exception of October 5 , 2009 , when the helmets zoomed towards Brett Favre instead ) , passing the International Space Station . As with the previous season ( as mentioned above ) , the helmets `` land '' at midfield during a live shot and then crashed into each other . Williams Jr. appeared again at the end of the telecast to promote the following week 's matchup . After that , the picture was freezeframed and the shot zoomed out to the book , which showed the freezeframed picture as part of a page . As this happened , the NFL end - of - game bumper music was played and the book closed , revealing a golden NFL logo on the back cover and signifying the end of the `` chapter '' , or game . The scene was filmed in the summer of 2009 at The Parthenon in Nashville , Tennessee .

\n

\n Before Williams Jr. appears , Frank Gifford gave a short vignette about a memorable moment in the history of Monday Night Football featuring one or both of the teams playing that night 's game .

\n

\n The 40th season of Monday Night Football ended on December 28 , 2009 with the Minnesota Vikings -- Chicago Bears game in Chicago , in which the Bears won in overtime , 36 -- 30 . The telecast ended with a vignette that featured Gifford taking a look back at highlights from the previous four decades -- and the 40th season -- of MNF , after which the book closed , signifying the end of the season . The 40th season had the highest season viewership for MNF since ESPN acquired the rights to the broadcast .

\n

\n 2010s ( edit )

\n 2010 summary ( edit )

\n The opening for the 2010 season was identical to that used in 2009 , except for the final scenes . This time , Williams Jr. turns a wheel filled with paint , with CGI colors blasting into the air , revealing the helmets containing logos of the participating teams -- which stay on top of the building . In one other minor difference , the chapter numbers in the `` book '' were changed from Roman to Arabic numerals . Gifford provided new vignettes and the Parthenon scenes were repeated from the year before . The 2010 season marked Williams ' 22nd as part of the telecast 's open .

\n

\n In an unusual coincidence , both games which had the New York Jets as a home team at New Meadowlands Stadium ( now MetLife Stadium ) were delayed because of heavy rain and lightning in the area . In the first instance , the September 13 game against the Baltimore Ravens , it was delayed 25 minutes ; the second delay , prior to the October 11 contest against the Minnesota Vikings , lasted for 40 minutes . Prior to the September 13 game , the last ESPN telecast to encounter weather problems was on October 4 , 1998 ( a Sunday night ) when lightning halted a game between the Seattle Seahawks and Kansas City Chiefs during the second quarter . The first delay forced ESPN to use ESPN2 for a game telecast , this time for the Chiefs ' home opener against the San Diego Chargers . As in 2007 , the broadcast was shifted to ESPN once the first game was over .

\n

\n The game between the Jets and the Vikings was both Brett Favre 's first game in East Rutherford since his only season there in 2008 and marked Randy Moss 's return to the Vikings . Moss played only four games for Minnesota until he was waived on November 2 .

\n 2011 summary ( edit )

\n The opening sequence for the 2011 season was set in a closed - studio setting , with Hank Williams Jr. ( in his 23rd year ) performing with a band in front of a live audience with large video screens in the background . The end of the opening sequence featured the team logos of that night 's participants transitioning into the new ESPN Monday Night Football logo before going to a live shot . On October 3 , 2011 , ESPN pulled the theme song after Williams appeared on the Fox News Channel program , Fox & Friends , where he compared a golf outing involving Barack Obama , John Boehner , Joe Biden and John Kasich to `` Hitler playing golf with Netanyahu . '' On October 6 , 2011 , it was announced that Williams would no longer be singing the theme song , and that `` All My Rowdy Friends '' would no longer be used as its theme , as Williams still owns the song . A statement from ESPN said that the network has `` decided to part ways with Hank Williams Jr . We appreciate his contributions over the past years . The success of Monday Night Football has always been about the games and that will continue . '' Williams commented on the matter : `` After reading hundreds of e-mails , I have made my decision ... By pulling my opening October 3 , ( ESPN ) stepped on the toes of the First Amendment Freedom of Speech , so therefore me , my song , and All My Rowdy Friends are out of here . It 's been a great run . '' MNF did not have an opening sequence at all from Week 4 through the end of that season .

\n

\n With Suzy Kolber reassigned to the new studio show NFL32 , and Michele Tafoya having left ESPN for NBC Sunday Night Football , the sideline reporter position rotated between various reporters for the season .

\n

\n For the second year in a row , and the third time overall , the beginning of the 10 : 15 p.m. Eastern Time game ( Oakland Raiders at Denver Broncos ) was shown on ESPN2 as the game that began at 7 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ( New England Patriots at Miami Dolphins ) ran past the scheduled time period .

\n 2012 summary ( edit )

\n Lisa Salters was named the permanent solo sideline reporter for the 2012 season . In addition , color commentator Ron Jaworski did not return to the program . As a result , Jon Gruden became the solo color commentator , with MNF going back to a two - man booth for the first time since its final season on ABC ( 2005 ) . MNF 's opening graphic sequence , which showed the helmet logos of the game 's two participating NFL teams and then the program 's logo , was seen before the Monday Night Football Launch segment .

\n 2013 -- 14 summary ( edit )

\n The opening animation sequence begins with an image of a 2014 GMC Sierra ( GMC paid for product placement ) and then goes into a timeline of historical events that occurred during the Monday Night Football era , including some highlights of MNF games from the previous 43 seasons up to 2012 . At the end of the sequence , helmets featuring logos of that night 's two participating teams are shown , followed by the various Monday Night Football logos used since the program 's debut in 1970 . The 80 - second opening animation sequence , which also featured Pac - Man , Darth Vader and President Ronald Reagan , was created by actor / filmmaker Peter Berg .

\n

\n A revision of the opening sequence was used for the 2014 season . Among the few changes , GMC 's product placement promoted the automaker 's line of Denali vehicles , while the sequence itself included some additional highlights of MNF games from the previous 44 seasons up to 2013 .

\n 2015 summary ( edit )

\n A 3D opening animation sequence is used for the 2015 season ( 46th season overall and tenth on ESPN ) . GMC 's product placement once again promoted the automaker 's line of Denali vehicles , including the Yukon Denali that is seen at the beginning . Also among the many changes is the highlights of MNF games -- this time , they are set inside a computer - generated stadium using 3D imagery -- from the previous 45 seasons up to 2014 .

\n 2016 summary ( edit )

\n After three years of using the timeline - themed open , MNF debuted a new 75 - second , Hollywood - themed open on September 12 , 2016 and it features ESPN 's new MNF broadcast team -- Sean McDonough ( play - by - play ) , Jon Gruden ( color ) and Lisa Salters ( sideline reporter ) -- and more than 20 current NFL stars and Pro Football Hall of Famers walking along a red carpet entrance lined by cheering fans and photographers taking pictures . It begins with a shot of a downtown stadium surrounded by skyscrapers , with a 2017 GMC Acadia ( product placement again provided by GMC ) displaying the location for that week 's MNF game on its navigation system . The Acadia then heads to a glitzy red carpet at the stadium 's entrance , where McDonough , Gruden and Salters exit the car , followed on the carpet by a flood of NFL players representing the past and present of MNF . Players then pose for pictures and wave to the crowd as they reach the stadium entrance . Josh Norman ( Redskins ) , Larry Fitzgerald ( Cardinals ) and Rob Gronkowski ( Patriots ) are among the current players being represented in the open , with Franco Harris ( Steelers ) , Jerry Rice ( 49ers ) , Barry Sanders ( Lions ) and Bruce Smith ( Bills ) among the past players being represented . For the Spanish - language version of the Hollywood - themed open , it features ESPN 's Spanish - language MNF broadcast team -- \u00c1lvaro Mart\u00edn ( play - by - play ) , Ra\u00fal Allegre ( color ) and John Sutcliffe ( sideline reporter ) as well as the current Hispanic NFL players and the team of the Latin American version of NFL Live led by Ciro Procuna .

\n 2017 summary ( edit )

\n MNF returned to two teases for the first time since its first season on ESPN ( 2006 ) . The Hollywood - themed open was repeated from the previous season , this time with the 2018 GMC Terrain being used as the automaker 's product placement .

\n

\n Also , Hank Williams , Jr. returned to MNF on September 11 , 2017 with an all - new version of the iconic opening theme song , `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' ( used from 1989 to Week 3 of the 2011 season ) and it appeared just before that night 's New Orleans Saints - Minnesota Vikings game . The new version , which is seen just before the kickoff of each game , is a collaboration of Williams , Jr , country duo Florida Georgia Line , and R&B singer Jason Derulo .

\n

\n Theme music ( edit )

\n

\n Hank Williams Jr. reworked his country music hit `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight '' to be included in the telecast 's introduction as `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' ( the original introduction music was an organ - based piece called `` Score '' , written by Charles Fox and recorded by Bob 's Band ) . In addition , Edd Kalehoff modernized the classic `` Heavy Action '' theme in 1989 .

\n

\n For ABC 's last MNF game in 2005 , Williams Jr. 's rendition of `` Turn Out the Lights , The Party 's Over '' , closed the broadcast .

\n

\n Digital on - screen graphics ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n Prior to 1997 , Monday Night Football had a limited graphics package . A CGI - based intro began being used in 1984 , with on - screen graphics still limited to basic text . In 1988 , the entire graphics package was updated significantly to be more in line with the rest of ABC Sports ' presentations . That year , it introduced the `` clashing helmets '' intro , with on - screen graphics consisting of italicized text underlined in red . It was updated in 1994 , the year the network hosted Super Bowl XXIX , with a more box - like design . A permanent score bug would not be introduced until 1997 .

\n

\n 1997 -- 2005 ( edit )

\n

\n Monday Night Football began using a score bug in 1997 , the second network to do so after Fox introduced the first regular on - screen scoring bug when it began airing NFL games in 1994 . Prior to this , the graphics package was limited , but followed a basic `` ketchup and mustard '' color scheme of red and yellow . The first scorebug included team names , scores , time remaining , and displayed which quarter the game was in . This design was used through the 1998 season .

\n

\n ABC hosted Super Bowl XXXIV for 1999 , and updated its graphics package to more closely resemble those of sister cable network ESPN . ABC began using extended abbreviations for team names ( for example , `` TENN '' , `` VIKES '' , `` PACK '' , and `` FINS '' instead of `` TEN '' , `` MIN '' , `` GB '' , and `` MIA '' ) , as four - letter and five - letter abbreviations were used on ESPN coverage . The result was a larger scorebug with a more conventional font . It was slightly modified in 2000 to have a border that was more in line with the red and yellow color scheme .

\n

\n The graphics for Monday Night Football were changed in the 2002 season , the year the network hosted Super Bowl XXXVII . The scorebug was a solid color , with a more rounded shape , and a horizontally compressed font . ESPN 's graphics were no longer similar to those of ABC 's ( with ESPN instead using a gray and black design with rounded corners ) . In 2005 , the broadcast 's final year on ABC , Monday Night Football began using a horizontal bar on the bottom of the screen rather than a scorebug , with all information being contained on a single line .

\n

\n 2006 -- present ( edit )

\n

\n After Monday Night Football moved to ESPN in 2006 ( around the same time that ABC Sports rebranded as ESPN on ABC ) , ESPN changed its entire graphics package to a red and black design , while NFL coverage used a separate design . For NFL telecasts in 2006 and 2007 , a dark gray , metallic scorebug was used , located in an unorthodox placement at the center of the bottom of the screen .

\n

\n For the 2008 season , a new graphics scheme was introduced that was built around a new display known as the `` dashboard '' ; the scoreboard , which now took the form of a horizontal bar , was mounted in a dedicated area spanning across the bottom the screen . All lower - third graphics were also displayed within the dashboard , replacing the scorebar when in use .

\n

\n For the 2009 and 2010 seasons , a revamped version of the 2008 design was used , incorporating a new , metallic silver design . Timeout indicators were added to the score bar in Week 4 of the 2009 season . For the 2009 season only , a `` 40th anniversary '' logo was incorporated into the bar in celebration of Monday Night Football 's 40th season . The `` silver '' graphics scheme would later be adopted by other ESPN properties , such as its college football games in December 2009 .

\n

\n In the 2011 season , the banner was restructured as a black , metallic design , which was considerably larger than most scorebars -- including the previous one ( although its sizes has varied , becoming significantly wider , though thinner in 2012 ) . For ESPN 's first pre-season game of 2012 , the timeout indicators were also accompanied by two smaller red lamps to the right , indicating the number of play challenges remaining , but these were unexpectedly removed the following game . On September 10 , 2012 , Monday Night Countdown began using MNF 's graphics scheme .

\n

\n For the 2015 season , the graphics were completely overhauled to match the motif that has been used for ESPN 's NFL studio programming since the year prior . However , the studio programming uses the new motif only for introductions and transitions , while the actual insert graphics use the standard ESPN package used for SportsCenter and all other sports . Meanwhile , MNF uses the NFL motif for all insert graphics , not just introductions and transitions . Most notably , the NFL motif uses a horizontal score bar across the bottom of the screen , whereas the standard graphics package uses a score box . The layout is standard , with teams on the background of their color , with timeout indicators also displaying in team colors . Experimentally , the score bar `` auto - hides '' itself during plays , though it is shown permanently during the final two minutes of each half and , if necessary , overtime . This is also the first time that ESPN has used the full 16 : 9 frame for its NFL graphics .

\n

\n Scoring records ( edit )

\n See also : List of Monday Night Football results ( 1970 -- 89 ) , List of Monday Night Football results ( 1990 -- 2009 ) , and List of Monday Night Football results ( 2010 -- present ) \n

\n Scheduling on local stations ( edit )

\n

\n From 1970 to 1997 , ABC 's Monday Night Football coverage began at 9 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time , with game kickoff typically occurring at seven minutes past the hour . Coverage was moved one hour earlier to 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time in 1998 , with a pre-game show titled Monday Night Blast , hosted by Chris Berman from the ESPN Zone restaurant in Baltimore preceding the start of the game at 8 : 20 p.m. This was done mainly to address ABC 's inability to find a suitable 8 : 00 p.m. lead - in program for MNF since MacGyver ended its run in 1992 ( not even two other series from MacGyver 's production company Paramount Television -- The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles and The Marshal -- saw success , despite the former 's ties to Paramount 's Indiana Jones film series ) , and to allow stations to start their late local newscasts nearer to their regular times . Poor ratings caused this experiment to be dropped after one season , with MNF once again moving to 9 : 00 p.m. in 1999 , though in many NFL markets , the 8 : 00 p.m. ( Eastern Time ) hour from 1999 to 2006 was replaced by affiliates with locally produced and programmed sports discussion and coaches shows , with ABC programming in that hour moved to late night or weekend slots ; by the end of the ABC run , the 8 : 00 p.m. timeslot was filled with either newsmagazines and short - lived reality television programs which failed to make any ratings headways due to affiliate pre-emptions .

\n

\n From 1970 to 1995 , Fisher Broadcasting 's ABC affiliates in Seattle ( KOMO - TV ) and Portland ( KATU ) aired MNF games on a one - hour tape delay starting at 7 : 00 p.m. Pacific Time ( games normally started in the Pacific Time Zone at 6 : 00 p.m. , corresponding to 9 : 00 Eastern ) in order to accommodate local newscasts ( unless the Seattle Seahawks were playing , in which case the game would be shown live ) . The practice , long opposed by viewers and ABC , ended in 1996 . KOMO then tried to accommodate having to air its local newscasts earlier than its local station competitors by marketing it as KOMO 4 News Primetime , touting it as a way to watch the news at a more convenient time than during evening rush hour . Additionally , this practice was done in Hawaii , where Honolulu ABC affiliate KITV delayed the game until 6 : 00 p.m. Hawaii - Aleutian Time , corresponding to 11 : 00 p.m. or midnight Eastern during daylight saving time on the mainland . Thus , the game , which was broadcast live on local radio starting at 3 : 00 or 4 : 00 p.m. , was almost over before it aired on television . In the case of Guam , KTGM , the ABC affiliate in that U.S. territory , aired MNF live on Tuesdays at 11 : 00 a.m. , as Guam is a day ahead of the United States due to being located on the other side of International Date Line .

\n

\n The demand to broadcast Monday Night Football games live across the United States over ABC was difficult to reconcile with other prime time programming , which is usually set to begin at a certain local time regardless of time zone . On the East Coast , with MNF beginning at 9 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time , there was an hour of primetime in which to schedule regular programming . However , on the West Coast , the games lasted from 6 : 00 to 9 : 30 p.m. Pacific Time ( or in the case of Seattle and Portland from 1970 to 1995 , 7 : 00 to 10 : 30 p.m. ) , leaving little or no time for additional network programming on Monday . As a result , network programs scheduled for prime time on the East Coast were broadcast at various hours on the West Coast . Most affiliates pushed the network shows to immediately after the game ; however , Los Angeles owned - and - operated station KABC - TV postponed them until 10 : 00 p.m. from at least the mid-1990s until 2005 to show trivia contests and other sports shows produced locally ( the longest - tenured such show was Monday Night Live , hosted by sports anchor Todd Donoho ) . Meanwhile , KOMO , one of the stations that tape - delayed MNF in most cases , broadcast new episodes of the sitcom Coach on Saturday afternoons ( usually reserved , coincidentally enough , for college football telecasts ; much of the series took place on a fictional college campus ) . Except for Seattle and Portland from 1970 to 1995 , ABC World News Tonight was routinely preempted on most West Coast affiliates , though the ABC network - owned stations ( e.g. Los Angeles ) aired the program earlier in the afternoon .

\n

\n Since ESPN took over the coverage in 2006 , games normally have a kickoff time of 8 : 30 p.m. Eastern . However , when ESPN airs a doubleheader during the first week of the season , the games respectively start at 7 : 00 and 10 : 15 p.m. Eastern . There have been issues with local stations in the ESPN era , where stations in each team 's home market that air the ESPN simulcast are in most cases ABC affiliates , which must pre-empt Dancing with the Stars to air NFL . This both forces the affiliate to air that program immediately after late - evening local newscasts , and has resulted in the program 's telephone and Internet voting coordinators keeping a late - night voting window open for the market or markets where Dancing with the Stars was pre-empted .

\n

\n In some cases , the program is moved to a sister station of the ABC affiliate to air live instead ( for example , until 2011 in the Minneapolis -- St. Paul market , when NBC affiliate KARE took over as the local broadcaster of MNF games , if the Minnesota Vikings were playing a game being simulcast on local ABC affiliate KSTP - TV , sister independent station KSTC - TV aired DWTS live ) . In 2016 , for the opening week Monday night game ( the second in a doubleheader ) between the Los Angeles Rams and San Francisco 49ers , the ABC - owned stations in both markets ( KABC - TV and KGO - TV ) would broadcast World News Tonight and DWTS in their live Eastern Time Zone slots , thus airing at 3 : 30 and 5pm PT respectively .

\n

\n Commentators ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Monday Night Football commentators

\n

\n

\n Foreign - language versions ( edit )

\n

\n Spanish version ( edit )

\n

\n Since 2006 , a Spanish - language telecast is also broadcast on ESPN Deportes , the Spanish version of ESPN and on ESPN Latin Am\u00e9rica featuring NBA and NFL play - by - play announcer \u00c1lvaro Mart\u00edn , Super Bowl winner Raul Allegre as color commentator and John Sutcliffe as the field reporter . This is the same crew of La NFL Dominical , the Spanish version of ESPN Sunday Night Football , until 2005 . The announcers of the second game of the 2006 doubleheader were Eduardo Varela ( play - by - play ) , Robert Abramowitz ( color ) and Georgina Ruiz Sandoval ( field reporter ) . Preceding the game NFL Esta Noche ( NFL Tonight ) , the 30 - minute pre-game show , can be seen on both networks .

\n

\n The four booth announcers called the 2007 season opening games from ESPN 's Bristol , Connecticut headquarters while watching games on monitors . None of them traveled to the game sites and there were no sideline reporters in the early weeks . Sutcliffe would later report from the game sites . Allegre did not work the season finale between the Broncos and Chargers ; he was replaced by Abramovitz .

\n

\n In 2008 , Martin and Allegre only travelled to the Cowboys - Eagles game , during the NFL 's celebrations of the Hispanic Heritage Month .

\n

\n As part of ESPN 's agreement to simulcast their Wild Card game on ABC , Martin and Allegre 's Spanish - language commentary is carried over the SAP channel on ABC , equivalent to the rest of the NFL 's over-the - air broadcast partners .

\n

\n In 2016 , ESPN Deportes served as the official Spanish - language broadcaster of Super Bowl 50 in parallel with CBS 's English - language broadcast , with Martin and Allegre commentating .

\n

\n During the first 9 weeks of the 2017 NFL season , ESPN2 will simulcast ESPN Deportes ' broadcast , NFL Esta Noche , and the Spanish version of SportsCenter .

\n

\n Portuguese version ( edit )

\n

\n Since the 1990s , ESPN Latin America has a feed in Portuguese language targeted to their viewers in Brazil . Ivan Zimmermann ( play - by - play ) , Andr\u00e9 Jos\u00e9 Adler ( play - by - play ) , Roberto Figueroa ( color ) , Marco Alfaro ( color ) among others , were the announcers broadcasting from ESPN 's headquarters . Since 2006 , the structure of the Brazilian feed was merged with ESPN Brasil and the broadcasting is made from S\u00e3o Paulo . The current announcers are Everaldo Marques ( play - by - play ) and Paulo Antunes ( color ) . Ari Aguiar ( play - by - play ) , R\u00f4mulo Mendon\u00e7a ( play - by - play ) , Paulo Mancha ( color ) and Antony Curti ( color ) occasionally fill - in .

\n

\n Radio broadcasts ( edit )

\n Main articles : NFL on Westwood One Sports and NFL on NBC Radio

\n Monday Night Football has also been carried on national radio networks over the years . The Mutual Broadcasting System aired the games initially , with Van Patrick ( 1972 -- 1973 ) , Lindsey Nelson ( 1974 -- 1977 ) and Al Wester announcing . CBS Radio took over the rights in 1978 with Jack Buck and Hank Stram commentating . After a two - year stint ( 1985 -- 1986 ) with Don Criqui and Bob Trumpy calling the games on NBC Radio , Buck and Stram resumed with CBS Radio in 1987 . In 1996 , Howard David and Matt Millen replaced Buck and Stram . Marv Albert and Boomer Esiason were the MNF radio voices from 2002 to 2009 , with Kevin Harlan replacing Albert in 2010 . Kurt Warner joined the crew in 2014 for games when Esiason is unavailable .

\n

\n In the 1990s , CBS Radio purchased a controlling stake in Westwood One , which in turn had bought out both the NBC and Mutual networks . As of 2008 , Westwood One was no longer controlled by CBS , but the network retained its NFL broadcast rights . In 2011 , Westwood One was purchased by Dial Global . Then in 2014 , Dial Global , including Westwood One , was acquired by Cumulus Media .

\n

\n The Spanish - language broadcast is carried on ESPN Deportes Radio .

\n

\n Nielsen ratings ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( December 2016 )
\n

\n The highest - rated Monday Night Football telecast on ABC was the Miami Dolphins ' victory over the previously undefeated Chicago Bears on December 2 , 1985 , which drew a national Nielsen rating of 29.6 and a share of 46 . ABC 's lowest - rated MNF game was the St. Louis Rams ' defeat of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on October 18 , 2004 , which drew a 7.7 rating .

\n

\n During the 1995 -- 1996 television season , Monday Night Football averaged a 17.1 household rating . Its main competitor , Murphy Brown on CBS , averaged a 12.3 rating .

\n

\n The highest - rated Monday Night Football game on ESPN , and the highest - rated program in U.S. cable television history at that time , was the Minnesota Vikings ' defeat of the Green Bay Packers 30 -- 23 on October 5 , 2009 , with a rating of 15.3 . The game featured the much - hyped matchup of Vikings quarterback Brett Favre facing his longtime former Green Bay team . In a press release , ESPN noted that the telecast `` was watched by more than 16.8 million people . The previous record was more than 13.6 million viewers for 2008 's Monday night game between the Philadelphia Eagles and Dallas Cowboys . This was subsequently beaten by ESPN 's coverage of the 2011 BCS National Championship Game . ESPN also stated that the game drew the highest rating in the network 's 30 - year history . The 15.3 rating beat the 14.4 for a Bears - Vikings game on Dec. 6 , 1987 , during ESPN 's first season of televising NFL games '' . ESPN 's lowest - rated MNF game to date was the New York Giants ' defeat of the Atlanta Falcons on October 15 , 2007 , which drew a 5.7 rating .

\n

\n ESPN 's third season of Monday Night Football was the most - watched program on cable television in 2008 , setting an all - time cable viewership record for the third straight year and drawing that year 's three largest cable household audiences and 13 of the top 15 . In three seasons on ESPN , Monday Night Football has registered seven of the top 10 all - time largest household audiences in cable history , led by the Eagles - Cowboys telecast on September 15 , 2008 , which attracted cable 's largest household audience ever ( an average of 12,953,000 homes ) . ESPN 's 17 MNF telecasts in 2008 averaged an 8.9 rating , representing an average of 8,679,000 households ( 11,962,000 viewers ) , increases of 3 % , 5 % and 7 % , respectively , vs. 2007 ( 8.6 ; 8,277,000 and 11,230,000 ) .

\n

\n Additional NFL game rights ( edit )

\n

\n Playoff games ( edit )

\n

\n When ABC first acquired the rights to air MNF in 1970 , it did not include any playoff games . The network was eventually allowed into the rotation of airing the Super Bowl , starting with Super Bowl XIX in January 1985 . When the league expanded the playoffs from a 10 - team to a 12 - team tournament in 1990 , ABC was then given the rights to air the first two Wild Card Playoff games .

\n

\n After MNF was awarded to ESPN and Sunday Night Football was acquired by NBC in 2006 , the Wild Card doubleheader that had aired on ABC , as well as a share of the rotating rights to the Super Bowl , was also given to NBC .

\n

\n On April 22 , 2014 , the NFL announced that it had exercised an option in ESPN 's recent contract extension for Monday Night Football rights to air a first - round Wild Card playoff game on the channel after the conclusion of the 2014 season . This was the first time that an NFL playoff game was ever broadcast exclusively on cable television in the United States , in lieu of any of the league 's broadcast network partners . The MNF broadcast team of Mike Tirico , Jon Gruden and sideline reporter Lisa Salters called the game , the first of the 2014 -- 15 NFL playoffs . The Carolina Panthers defeated the Arizona Cardinals 27 -- 16 . As with all MNF games , the matchup was simulcast on WJZY in Charlotte and KASW in the Phoenix market to allow local viewers over-the - air access to the game .

\n

\n However , the cable - only playoff game experiment would only last one season . On May 11 , 2015 , it was announced that ABC would simulcast a Wild Card playoff game with ESPN for the 2015 season . This was the first NFL game broadcast nationally on ABC since MNF left the network at the end of the 2005 season . The game , announced by the broadcast team of Tirico , Gruden and Salters , was the first of the 2015 -- 16 NFL playoffs . The Kansas City Chiefs defeated the Houston Texans 30 -- 0 . The ESPN / ABC simulcast continued for the 2016 season as well .

\n

\n Pro Bowl ( edit )

\n

\n ABC televised the Pro Bowl from 1975 to 1987 , and again from 1995 to 2003 .

\n

\n As part of their 2011 rights agreement , ESPN was given the exclusive rights to the Pro Bowl from 2015 through 2022 . Starting in 2018 , it will be simulcast on ABC .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n Footnotes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Does not include the game on December 3 , 1978 , which occurred on a Sunday , but was televised by ABC 's Monday Night Football television crew .
    2. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` British Eurosport to air NFL 's Monday Night Football in UK '' . NFL UK . September 7 , 2013 . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Leonard Shapiro ; Mark Maske ( April 19 , 2005 ) . `` ' Monday Night Football ' Changes the Channel '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . p . A1 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Updated : ESPN Kicks Off New Eight - Year , $14 Billion NFL Deal '' . Multichannel News . NewBay Media . September 8 , 2011 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Claire Atkinson ( September 10 , 2011 ) . `` Cable operators rip ESPN 's $15 B rights deal with NFL '' . New York Post . News Corp . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` What to Look For -- A Look Back ( Week 5 ) '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . December 23 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Zachary A. Goldfarb ( December 17 , 2006 ) . `` On ' Monday Night Football , ' An Announcement From Obama '' . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2011 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's Highest - Rated and Most - Viewed Season of Monday Night Football '' . The Futon Critic . December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Michael Martinez ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Hank Williams Jr. apologizes for Hitler - Obama comparison '' . CNN.com . Turner Broadcasting System . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` ESPN pulls Williams from MNF opening '' . ESPN.com . October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 .
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Hank Williams Jr . out on Monday Night Football '' . Yahoo ! News . Yahoo !. Associated Press . October 6 , 2011 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ NBC Sports . NBC Sports Group https://web.archive.org/web/20121012025010/http://nbcsports.msnbc.com/id/10612536/ns/sports-nfl/ . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help )
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ 1983 Monday Night Football intro on YouTube
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ 1984 Monday Night Football intro on YouTube
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ 1988 Monday Night Football intro on YouTube
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Monday Night Football , 1994 on YouTube
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Monday Night Football , 1997 on YouTube
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Super Bowl XXXIV on YouTube
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Monday Night Football , 2000 on YouTube
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Super Bowl XL on YouTube
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` ESPN Rethinks Lower - Third Graphics for ' Monday Night Football ' '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` ESPN Deportes to carry Spanish - language telecast of Super Bowl 50 '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` CBS Goes Out of House , Taps ESPN Deportes to Simulcast Super Bowl 50 '' . Advertising Age . Crain Communications . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` ESPN Deportes To Air Spanish - Language Broadcast Of Super Bowl 50 '' . Deadline.com . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 50 : CBS , NFL Set Spanish Simulcast with ESPN Deportes '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Spanish - language ' MNF ' coming to ESPN2 '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 04 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Complete TV Ratings 1995 -- 1996 '' .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` Favre 's matchup with Packers draws record television audience '' . NFL.com . National Football League .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- Monday Night Football : Most - Watched Series on Cable '' . The Futon Critic . December 23 , 2008 .
    30. \n
  30. \n ^ Jump up to : `` ESPN to air 1st NFL playoff game in 2015 '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Inc . April 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 .
    31. \n
  31. \n ^ Jump up to : Chris Chase ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` ESPN to broadcast first ever NFL playoff game in 2015 '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Pro Bowl # Television
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Coelho , Ana Livia ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` NFL Wild Card Playoff Game Will Return to ESPN -- and Be Simulcast for the First Time on ABC '' ( Press release ) . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Stoneberg , Allie ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` NFL Wild Card Playoff Game Will Return to ESPN and ABC '' . ESPN Media Zone . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Fang , Ken ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ESPN TO AGAIN SIMULCAST ITS NFL WILD CARD PLAYOFF GAME ON ABC '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 .
    36. \n
\n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Sports properties of ESPN on ABC ( formerly ABC Sports )
\n Current programs \n
    \n
  • \n College Football / Saturday Night Football
    • \n
  • \n NBA on ABC
    • \n
  • \n Indianapolis 500 / IndyCar Series
    • \n
  • \n Little League World Series
    • \n
  • \n X Games
    • \n
\n
\n Former programs \n
    \n
  • \n American Football League
    • \n
  • \n ESPN College Basketball on ABC
    • \n
  • \n Monday Night Football
    • \n
  • \n USFL
    • \n
  • \n World League of American Football
    • \n
  • \n Major League Baseball / Monday Night Baseball / Baseball Night in America
    • \n
  • \n NASCAR on ESPN
    • \n
  • \n NBA Inside Stuff
    • \n
  • \n NBA Access with Ahmad Rashad
    • \n
  • \n NHL on ABC
    • \n
  • \n Olympics
    • \n
  • \n PGA Tour on ABC
    • \n
  • \n Monday Night Golf
    • \n
  • \n Kentucky Derby
    • \n
  • \n Preakness Stakes
    • \n
  • \n Belmont Stakes
    • \n
  • \n Breeders Cup
    • \n
  • \n ABC 's Wide World of Sports
    • \n
  • \n FIFA World Cup
    • \n
  • \n NASL
    • \n
  • \n The American Sportsman
    • \n
  • \n Scripps National Spelling Bee
    • \n
  • \n Superstars
    • \n
  • \n Battle of the Network Stars
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Sports Saturday
    • \n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n United States sports broadcasting lists
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n ESPN Inc .
\n Executives \n
    \n
  • \n George Bodenheimer
    • \n
  • \n Edwin Durso
    • \n
  • \n Chuck Pagano
    • \n
  • \n Norby Williamson
    • \n
\n
\n U.S. networks \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Linear TV \n
    \n
  • \n ESPN
    • \n
  • \n ESPN2
    • \n
  • \n ESPNews
    • \n
  • \n Classic
    • \n
  • \n ESPNU
    • \n
  • \n Deportes
    • \n
  • \n Longhorn Network
    • \n
  • \n SEC Network
    • \n
\n
\n Part - time / Digital \n
    \n
  • \n ACC Network Extra
    • \n
  • \n ESPN on ABC
    • \n
  • \n ESPN3
    • \n
  • \n College Extra
    • \n
  • \n Goal Line
    • \n
\n
\n Radio \n
    \n
  • \n ESPN Radio
      \n
    • \n Deportes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Xtra
    • \n
\n
\n
\n International \n
    \n
  • \n Brasil
      \n
    • \n ESPN
      • \n
    • \n ESPN Brasil
      • \n
    • \n ESPN +
      • \n
    • \n ESPN Extra
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Caribbean
      \n
    • \n ESPN
      • \n
    • \n ESPN 2
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Indian subcontinent
      \n
    • \n Sony ESPN
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Japan
      \n
    • \n J Sports
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Latin America
      \n
    • \n ESPN
      • \n
    • \n ESPN 2
      • \n
    • \n ESPN 3
      • \n
    • \n ESPN +
      • \n
    • \n ESPN Extra
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Oceania
      \n
    • \n ESPN
      • \n
    • \n ESPN 2
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Philippines
      \n
    • \n ESPN 5
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Sub-Saharan Africa
      \n
    • \n ESPN
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n UK and Ireland
      \n
    • \n BT Sport ESPN
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Co-owned Canadian sports networks \n
    \n
  • \n TSN
      \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n 5
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n RDS
    • \n
  • \n RDS2
    • \n
  • \n RDS Info
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Classic Canada
    • \n
\n
\n Ventures \n
    \n
  • \n ESPN.com
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Deportes.com
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Broadband
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Events
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Films
    • \n
  • \n ESPN The Magazine
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Deportes La Revista
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Books
    • \n
  • \n ESPY Awards
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Integration
    • \n
  • \n WatchESPN
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct ventures \n
    \n
  • \n ESPN West
    • \n
  • \n Arena Football League ( minority stake , 2006 -- 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Star Sports ( equity stake , 1994 -- 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n ESPN 3D ( 2010 -- 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n ESPN America ( 2002 -- 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Classic ( UK ) ( 2006 -- 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n ESPN MVP ( 2005 -- 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Grantland ( 2011 -- 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n ESPN GamePlan ( 1992 -- 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Full Court ( 2007 -- 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n ESPN PPV ( 1999 -- 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n ESPN HS ( 1997 -- 2012 )
    • \n
\n
\n Sports broadcasting rights \n
    \n
  • \n ESPN College Football
    • \n
  • \n High School Showcase
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Major League Baseball
    • \n
  • \n ESPN College Basketball
    • \n
  • \n MLS Soccer Sunday
    • \n
  • \n Monday Night Football
    • \n
  • \n CFL on TSN
    • \n
  • \n NBA on ESPN
    • \n
  • \n WNBA on ESPN
    • \n
  • \n List of ESPN sports properties
    • \n
\n
\n Other properties \n
    \n
  • \n ESPNcricinfo
    • \n
  • \n FCS Kickoff
    • \n
  • \n FiveThirtyEight
    • \n
  • \n Jayski 's Silly Season Site
    • \n
  • \n ESPN FC
    • \n
  • \n ESPNscrum
    • \n
  • \n Scouts Inc .
    • \n
  • \n TrueHoop
    • \n
  • \n The Undefeated
    • \n
\n
\n Notable personalities \n
    \n
  • \n Current personalities
    • \n
  • \n Former personalities
    • \n
  • \n ESPNews personalities
    • \n
  • \n ESPNU personalities
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Radio personalities
    • \n
\n
\n Miscellaneous \n
    \n
  • \n History
    • \n
  • \n Criticism
    • \n
  • \n This is SportsCenter
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Zone
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex
    • \n
\n
\n Owners : Disney Media Networks 80 % Hearst Corporation 20 %
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n National Football League ( 2017 )
\n AFC \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n East \n North \n South \n West
\n
    \n
  • \n Buffalo Bills
    • \n
  • \n Miami Dolphins
    • \n
  • \n New England Patriots
    • \n
  • \n New York Jets
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Baltimore Ravens
    • \n
  • \n Cincinnati Bengals
    • \n
  • \n Cleveland Browns
    • \n
  • \n Pittsburgh Steelers
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Houston Texans
    • \n
  • \n Indianapolis Colts
    • \n
  • \n Jacksonville Jaguars
    • \n
  • \n Tennessee Titans
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Denver Broncos
    • \n
  • \n Kansas City Chiefs
    • \n
  • \n Los Angeles Chargers
    • \n
  • \n Oakland Raiders
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n NFC \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n East \n North \n South \n West
\n
    \n
  • \n Dallas Cowboys
    • \n
  • \n New York Giants
    • \n
  • \n Philadelphia Eagles
    • \n
  • \n Washington Redskins
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Chicago Bears
    • \n
  • \n Detroit Lions
    • \n
  • \n Green Bay Packers
    • \n
  • \n Minnesota Vikings
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Atlanta Falcons
    • \n
  • \n Carolina Panthers
    • \n
  • \n New Orleans Saints
    • \n
  • \n Tampa Bay Buccaneers
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Arizona Cardinals
    • \n
  • \n Los Angeles Rams
    • \n
  • \n San Francisco 49ers
    • \n
  • \n Seattle Seahawks
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Seasons \n
    \n
  • \n Seasons ( by team )
    • \n
  • \n Preseason
      \n
    • \n Hall of Fame Game
      • \n
    • \n American Bowl
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Regular season
      \n
    • \n Kickoff game
      • \n
    • \n Monday Night Football
      • \n
    • \n International Series
      • \n
    • \n Thanksgiving games
      • \n
    • \n Christmas games
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Playoffs
      \n
    • \n Streaks
      • \n
    • \n Droughts
      • \n
    • \n AFC Championship
      • \n
    • \n NFC Championship
      • \n
    • \n Super Bowl
        \n
      • \n champions
        • \n
      • \n quarterbacks
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Pro Bowl
    • \n
\n
\n History \n
    \n
  • \n League history
      \n
    • \n Executive history
      • \n
    • \n Championship history
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n AFL Championship ( 1960 -- 1969 )
    • \n
  • \n NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 )
    • \n
  • \n Playoff Bowl
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Owners
    • \n
  • \n Officials
    • \n
  • \n Properties
    • \n
  • \n Stadiums ( chronology )
    • \n
  • \n Timeline
      \n
    • \n Defunct franchises
      • \n
    • \n Franchise moves and mergers
      • \n
    • \n Los Angeles team history
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Records
      \n
    • \n individual
      • \n
    • \n team
      • \n
    • \n Super Bowl
      • \n
    • \n All time win -- loss
      • \n
    • \n Last undefeated
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Awards
    • \n
  • \n All - Pro
    • \n
  • \n Numbers ( retired )
    • \n
  • \n Hall of Fame
    • \n
  • \n Lore
    • \n
  • \n Nicknames
    • \n
  • \n AFL
      \n
    • \n Merger
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n International
      \n
    • \n Foreign players
      • \n
    • \n London
      • \n
    • \n Toronto
        \n
      • \n Bills Series
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n List of games played outside the U.S.
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Media
      \n
    • \n TV
        \n
      • \n NFL Network
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Radio
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Management Council
    • \n
  • \n Competition Committee
    • \n
  • \n Collective Bargaining Agreement
    • \n
  • \n NFLPA
    • \n
  • \n Player conduct
      \n
    • \n Suspensions
      • \n
    • \n Player misconduct
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Combine
    • \n
  • \n Draft
    • \n
  • \n Training camp
    • \n
  • \n Rivalries
    • \n
  • \n NFL Foundation
    • \n
  • \n Tied games
    • \n
  • \n Canceled games
    • \n
  • \n Lockouts
    • \n
  • \n Controversies
    • \n
  • \n Cheerleading
    • \n
  • \n Mascots
    • \n
  • \n Color Rush
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n NFL on ABC
\n Related programs \n
    \n
  • \n Monday Night Football
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Sunday Night Football
    • \n
  • \n American Football League on ABC
    • \n
  • \n Pro Football Highlights
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Non-NFL programs \n
    \n
  • \n College Football on ABC
    • \n
  • \n USFL on ABC
    • \n
  • \n World League of American Football on ABC
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Related articles \n
    \n
  • \n History of Monday Night Football
    • \n
  • \n NFL on television ( history )
    • \n
  • \n Monday Night Mayhem ( film )
    • \n
  • \n ABC Monday Night Football ( video game )
    • \n
  • \n Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs )
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chicago Bears ( home games ) \n
    \n
  • \n 1953
    • \n
  • \n 1954
    • \n
  • \n 1955
    • \n
\n
\n Chicago Cardinals ( home games ) \n
    \n
  • \n 1953
    • \n
  • \n 1954
    • \n
  • \n 1955
    • \n
\n
\n Los Angeles Rams ( Pacific Time Zone affiliates ) \n
    \n
  • \n 1955
    • \n
\n
\n San Francisco 49ers ( Pacific Time Zone affiliates ) \n
    \n
  • \n 1955
    • \n
\n
\n Washington Redskins ( home games ) \n
    \n
  • \n 1954
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Commentators \n
    \n
  • \n AFL All - Star Game
    • \n
  • \n American Bowl
    • \n
  • \n Pro Bowl
    • \n
  • \n World Bowl
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Postseason commentators \n
    \n
  • \n AFL Championship Game
    • \n
  • \n NFL Championship Game
    • \n
  • \n Super Bowl
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Lore televised by ABC \n
    \n
  • \n `` Body Bag Game ''
    • \n
  • \n Death of John Lennon
    • \n
  • \n Brett Favre wins one for his father
    • \n
  • \n `` Monday Night Miracle ''
    • \n
  • \n Montana outduels Elway
    • \n
  • \n `` Snowball Game ''
    • \n
  • \n Joe Theismann 's career - ending sack
    • \n
  • \n `` The Night That Courage Wore Orange ''
    • \n
  • \n World Bowl ' 91
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Postseason lore \n
    \n
  • \n `` Music City Miracle ''
    • \n
  • \n `` One Yard Short ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Wide Right ''
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Music \n
    \n
  • \n Charles Fox
    • \n
  • \n Edd Kalehoff
    • \n
  • \n Johnny Pearson
    • \n
  • \n Hank Williams , Jr .
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Songs \n
    \n
  • \n `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Heavy Action ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Party 's Over ''
    • \n
\n
\n
\n NFL Championship \n
    \n
  • \n 1948
    • \n
  • \n 1950
    • \n
\n
\n Super Bowl \n
    \n
  • \n XIX ( 1984 )
    • \n
  • \n XXII ( 1987 )
    • \n
  • \n XXV ( 1990 )
    • \n
  • \n XXIX ( 1994 )
    • \n
  • \n XXXIV ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n XXXVII ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n XL ( 2005 )
    • \n
\n
\n Pro Bowl \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1976
    • \n
  • \n 1977
    • \n
  • \n 1978
    • \n
  • \n 1979
    • \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n 1981
    • \n
  • \n 1982
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1984
    • \n
  • \n 1985
    • \n
  • \n 1986
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1995
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1997
    • \n
  • \n 1998
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2018
    • \n
\n
\n AFL Championship \n
    \n
  • \n 1960
    • \n
  • \n 1961
    • \n
  • \n 1962
    • \n
  • \n 1963
    • \n
  • \n 1964
    • \n
\n
\n Results and standings \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Yearly results \n
    \n
  • \n Monday night NFL games prior to 1970
    • \n
  • \n 1970 -- 1989
    • \n
  • \n 1990 -- 2009
    • \n
  • \n 2010 -- present
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n ESPN Monday Night Football
\n Related programs \n
    \n
  • \n ESPN Sunday Night Football ( Results , 1987 -- 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n NFL Draft
    • \n
  • \n NFL on ABC Sports
    • \n
  • \n Football Sunday on ESPN Radio
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Studio programs \n
    \n
  • \n The Blitz
    • \n
  • \n Monday Night Countdown
    • \n
  • \n NFL Matchup
    • \n
  • \n NFL Primetime
    • \n
  • \n Sunday NFL Countdown
    • \n
  • \n NFL Live
    • \n
  • \n NFL Insiders
    • \n
\n
\n Other football programs \n
    \n
  • \n Arena Football League on ESPN
    • \n
  • \n CFL on TSN
    • \n
  • \n ESPN College Football
    • \n
  • \n USFL on ESPN
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Related articles \n
    \n
  • \n History of Monday Night Football
    • \n
  • \n NFL on television ( history )
    • \n
\n
\n Commentators \n
    \n
  • \n Sean McDonough Play - by - play
    • \n
  • \n TBA Color commentary
    • \n
  • \n Lisa Salters Sideline reporter
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Former commentators \n
    \n
  • \n Bonnie Bernstein
    • \n
  • \n Mike Ditka
    • \n
  • \n Jon Gruden
    • \n
  • \n Ron Jaworski
    • \n
  • \n Suzy Kolber
    • \n
  • \n Tony Kornheiser
    • \n
  • \n Michele Tafoya
    • \n
  • \n Joe Theismann
    • \n
  • \n Mike Tirico
    • \n
  • \n Dick Vermeil
    • \n
  • \n Steve Young
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Lore televised by ESPN \n
    \n
  • \n ESPN takes over MNF
    • \n
  • \n 2005 Saints -- Giants / Cowboys -- Redskins Doubleheader
    • \n
  • \n 2006 Bears -- Cardinals Comeback
    • \n
  • \n Fail Mary
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Sunday Night Football era \n
    \n
  • \n American Bowl ( 1990 - 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n F\u00fatbol Americano
    • \n
\n
\n Pro Bowls broadcast on ESPN \n
    \n
  • \n 1988
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1990
    • \n
  • \n 1991
    • \n
  • \n 1992
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1994
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2005
    • \n
  • \n 2006
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2015
    • \n
  • \n 2016
    • \n
  • \n 2017
    • \n
  • \n 2018
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Music \n
    \n
  • \n Edd Kalehoff
    • \n
  • \n Johnny Pearson
    • \n
  • \n Hank Williams , Jr .
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Songs \n
    \n
  • \n `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Heavy Action ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Start Me Up ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Party 's Over ''
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Yearly results \n
    \n
  • \n Monday night NFL games prior to 1970
    • \n
  • \n 1970 -- 1989
    • \n
  • \n 1990 -- 2009
    • \n
  • \n 2010 -- present
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n National Football League on television and radio
\n Broadcast partners \n
    \n
  • \n ABC ( AFL )
    • \n
  • \n CBS
    • \n
  • \n Fox
    • \n
  • \n NBC
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Defunct networks
\n
\n DuMont
\n
\n Sports Network
\n
\n
\n Monday Night Football \n
    \n
  • \n History
    • \n
  • \n Monday Night Countdown
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Results
\n
\n Games prior to 1970
\n
\n 1970 -- 1989
\n
\n 1990 -- 2009
\n
\n 2010 -- present
\n
\n
\n Sunday Night Football \n
    \n
  • \n ESPN
    • \n
  • \n NBC
    • \n
  • \n TNT
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Results
\n
\n ESPN
\n
\n NBC
\n
\n TNT
\n
\n
\n Pregame TV programs \n
    \n
  • \n The NFL Today
      \n
    • \n CBS
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Fox NFL Sunday
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n ESPN
      \n
    • \n Sunday NFL Countdown
      • \n
    • \n Monday Night Countdown
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n NBC
      \n
    • \n The NFL on NBC pregame show
      • \n
    • \n Football Night in America
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n NFL Network \n
    \n
  • \n List of programs
    • \n
  • \n NFL AM
    • \n
  • \n NFL Classics
    • \n
  • \n NFL GameDay
    • \n
  • \n NFL Replay
    • \n
  • \n NFL Total Access
    • \n
  • \n The Timeline
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Thursday Night Football
\n
\n Results ( 2006 -- present )
\n
\n 2007 New England Patriots -- New York Giants game
\n
\n Miracle in Motown
\n
\n
\n NFL Films TV programs \n
    \n
  • \n Football Follies
    • \n
  • \n A Football Life
    • \n
  • \n Full Color Football
    • \n
  • \n Hard Knocks
    • \n
  • \n Inside the NFL
    • \n
  • \n NFL Dream Season
    • \n
  • \n NFL Films Game of the Week
    • \n
  • \n NFL 's Greatest Games
    • \n
  • \n NFL Matchup
    • \n
  • \n NFL Top 10
    • \n
  • \n NFL Top 100
    • \n
\n
\n Other TV programs \n
    \n
  • \n Finding Giants
    • \n
  • \n Football Sidelines
    • \n
  • \n Football This Week
    • \n
  • \n NFL Live
    • \n
  • \n NFL Primetime
    • \n
  • \n Pro Football Highlights
    • \n
  • \n The NFL Show / NFL This Week
    • \n
\n
\n Radio broadcast partners \n
    \n
  • \n Compass Media
    • \n
  • \n ESPN
    • \n
  • \n Sports USA
    • \n
  • \n Westwood One
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Defunct networks \n
    \n
  • \n Mutual
    • \n
  • \n NBC
    • \n
\n
\n Secondary partners \n
    \n
  • \n Absolute Radio 90s ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n NFL Game Pass
    • \n
  • \n Sirius XM
    • \n
  • \n TSN Radio ( Canada )
    • \n
\n
\n Local broadcasters \n
    \n
  • \n Buffalo Bills Radio Network
    • \n
  • \n Cincinnati Bengals Radio Network
    • \n
  • \n Cleveland Browns Radio Network
    • \n
  • \n Dallas Cowboys Radio Network
    • \n
  • \n Denver Broncos broadcasters
    • \n
  • \n Detroit Lions Radio Network
    • \n
  • \n Packers Radio Network
    • \n
  • \n Jaguars Radio Network
    • \n
  • \n New England Patriots Radio Network
    • \n
  • \n New York Giants Radio Network
    • \n
  • \n New York Jets broadcasters
    • \n
  • \n Oakland Raiders broadcasters
    • \n
  • \n Pittsburgh Steelers Radio Network
    • \n
  • \n Titans Radio Network
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Broadcasters by event \n
    \n
  • \n NFL Draft
    • \n
  • \n Pro Bowl
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Pre-AFL -- NFL merger \n
    \n
  • \n AFL All - Star Game
    • \n
  • \n AFL Championship Game
    • \n
  • \n NFL Championship Game
    • \n
  • \n Playoff Bowl
    • \n
\n
\n Postseason events \n
    \n
  • \n AFC Championship Game
    • \n
  • \n NFC Championship Game
    • \n
  • \n Super Bowl ( lead - out programs )
    • \n
\n
\n International events \n
    \n
  • \n American Bowl
    • \n
  • \n World Bowl
    • \n
\n
\n
\n TV technology \n
    \n
  • \n 1st & Ten ( graphics system )
    • \n
  • \n FoxBox
    • \n
  • \n Instant replay
    • \n
  • \n NFL Sunday Ticket
    • \n
  • \n NFL Game Pass
    • \n
  • \n Telestrator
    • \n
  • \n Wiping
    • \n
\n
\n Other TV information \n
    \n
  • \n Announcerless Game
    • \n
  • \n Canadian broadcasts
    • \n
  • \n History
    • \n
  • \n Doubleheader ( television )
    • \n
  • \n Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs )
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n TV markets \n
    \n
  • \n Fox affiliate switches of 1994 ( Repercussions )
    • \n
  • \n List of major sports teams in the United States by city ( TV markets )
    • \n
  • \n Primary television stations
    • \n
\n
\n Broadcast policies \n
    \n
  • \n Blackout policies
    • \n
  • \n Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Sports Emmy Award for Outstanding Live Sports Series
\n 1975 -- 1990 \n
    \n
  • \n Monday Night Football ( 1975 -- 76 )
    • \n
  • \n The NFL Today / NFL on CBS ( 1976 -- 77 )
    • \n
  • \n The NFL Today / NFL on CBS ( 1977 -- 78 )
    • \n
  • \n Monday Night Football ( 1978 -- 79 )
    • \n
  • \n College Football on ABC ( 1979 -- 80 )
    • \n
  • \n PGA Golf Tour ( 1980 -- 81 )
    • \n
  • \n NFL on CBS ( 1981 -- 82 )
    • \n
  • \n NFL on CBS ( 1982 -- 83 )
    • \n
  • \n Not awarded ( 1983 -- 84 )
    • \n
  • \n Not awarded ( 1984 -- 85 )
    • \n
  • \n Not awarded ( 1985 -- 86 )
    • \n
  • \n NFL on CBS ( 1986 -- 87 )
    • \n
  • \n Monday Night Football ( 1987 -- 88 )
    • \n
  • \n 1988 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament ( 1988 )
    • \n
  • \n Monday Night Football ( 1989 )
    • \n
  • \n 1990 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament ( 1990 )
    • \n
\n
\n 1991 -- 2009 \n
    \n
  • \n 1991 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament ( 1991 )
    • \n
  • \n 1992 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Tournament ( 1992 )
    • \n
  • \n Monday Night Football ( 1993 )
    • \n
  • \n Monday Night Football ( 1994 )
    • \n
  • \n ESPN SpeedWorld ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n ESPN SpeedWorld ( 1996 )
    • \n
  • \n Monday Night Football ( 1997 )
    • \n
  • \n NBC Golf Tour ( 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Major League Baseball on Fox ( 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Sunday Night Football ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n NASCAR on Fox ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n The NBA on NBC ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n ESPN Sunday Night Football ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Monday Night Football ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n NASCAR on Fox ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n NASCAR on NBC / NASCAR on TNT ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n NASCAR on Fox ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n NBC Sunday Night Football ( 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n NBC Sunday Night Football ( 2009 )
    • \n
\n
\n 2010 -- present \n
    \n
  • \n NBC Sunday Night Football ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n NBC Sunday Night Football ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n NBC Sunday Night Football ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n NBC Sunday Night Football ( 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n NASCAR on Fox ( 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n NBC Sunday Night Football ( 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n NBC Sunday Night Football ( 2016 )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monday_Night_Football&oldid=819059601 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what network is showing the monday night football game", "long_answers": ["ESPN Monday Night Football Genre NFL game telecasts Created by Roone Arledge Directed by Chet Forte ( 1970 -- 1986 ) Larry Kamm ( 1987 ) Craig Janoff ( 1988 -- 1999 ) Drew Esocoff ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Chip Dean ( 2006 -- present ) Presented by Commentators : Sean McDonough Lisa Salters Studio hosts : Suzy Kolber Steve Young Randy Moss Matt Hasselbeck Charles Woodson Opening theme `` Score '' by Bob 's Band ( 1970 -- 1975 ) `` All My Rowdy Friends Are Here on Monday Night '' by Hank Williams , Jr. ( 1989 -- 2011 ; 2017 -- present ) `` Heavy Action '' by Johnny Pearson ( 1976 -- 1988 ; 2011 -- 2016 ) ( used as secondary theme from 1989 to 2011 and again from 2017 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 47 ( NFL seasons ) No. of episodes 718 ( games ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Norby Williamson ( 2006 -- present ) Producer ( s ) Roger Lewin Jay Rothman Suzy Kolber ( uncredited ; 2006 -- present ) Location ( s ) Various NFL stadiums ( game telecasts ) ESPN Center , Bristol , Connecticut ( studio segments ) Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 3 - 4 hours Production company ( s ) National Football League ABC Sports ( 1970 -- 2005 ) ESPN ( 2006 -- present ) Release Original network ABC ( 1970 -- 2005 ) ESPN ( 2006 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1970 -- 2010 ) , 480i ( 16 : 9 SDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) , 720p ( HDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) Original release September 21 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 21 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Monday Night Countdown External links Website espn.go.com/nfl/mnf\n", "ESPN Monday Night Football ( abbreviated as MNF and also known as ESPN Monday Night Football on ABC for rare live special broadcast ) is a live television broadcast of weekly National Football League ( NFL ) games on ESPN in the United States . From 1970 to 2005 , it aired on sister broadcast network ABC . Monday Night Football was , along with Hallmark Hall of Fame and the Walt Disney anthology television series , one of the longest - running prime time programs ever on commercial network television , and one of the highest - rated , particularly among male viewers . MNF is preceded on air by Monday Night Countdown served by Applebee 's .\n"], "short_answers": ["ESPN\n", "ESPN\n", "ESPN\n", "ESPN\n"]} {"text": "Symphony No. 40 ( Mozart ) - wikipedia

\n Symphony No. 40 ( Mozart )

\n Jump to : navigation , search

\n Symphony No. 40 in G minor , KV. 550 was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1788 . It is sometimes referred to as the `` Great G minor symphony '' , to distinguish it from the `` Little G minor symphony '' , No. 25 . The two are the only extant minor key symphonies Mozart wrote .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Composition ( edit )

\n

\n The date of completion of this symphony is known exactly , since Mozart in his mature years kept a full catalog of his completed works ; he entered the 40th Symphony into it on 25 July 1788 . Work on the symphony occupied an exceptionally productive period of just a few weeks during which time he also completed the 39th and 41st symphonies ( 26 June and 10 August , respectively ) . Nikolaus Harnoncourt conjectured that Mozart composed the three symphonies as a unified work , pointing , among other things , to the fact that the Symphony No. 40 , as the middle work , has no introduction ( unlike No. 39 ) and does not have a finale of the scale of No. 41 's .

\n

\n The 40th symphony exists in two versions , differing primarily in that one includes parts for a pair of clarinets ( with suitable adjustments made in the other wind parts ) . Most likely , the clarinet parts were added in a revised version . The autograph scores of both versions were acquired in the 1860s by Johannes Brahms , who later donated the manuscripts to the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde in Vienna , where they reside today .

\n

\n Premiere ( edit )

\n

\n As Neal Zaslaw has pointed out , writers on Mozart have often suggested -- or even asserted -- that Mozart never heard his 40th Symphony performed . Some commentators go further , suggesting that Mozart wrote the symphony ( and its companions , Nos. 39 and 41 ) without even intending it to be performed , but rather for posterity ; as ( to use Alfred Einstein 's words ) , an `` appeal to eternity '' .

\n

\n Modern scholarship suggests that these conjectures are not correct . First , in a recently discovered 10 July 1802 letter by the musician Johann Wenzel ( 1762 -- 1831 ) to the publisher Ambrosius K\u00fchnel in Leipzig , Wenzel refers to a performance of the symphony at the home of Baron Gottfried van Swieten with Mozart present , but the execution was so poor that the composer had to leave the room .

\n

\n There is strong circumstantial evidence for other , probably better , performances . On several occasions between the composition of the symphony and the composer 's death , symphony concerts were given featuring Mozart 's music for which copies of the program have survived , announcing a symphony unidentified by date or key . These include :

\n \n

\n Most important is the fact that Mozart revised his symphony ( see above ) . As Zaslaw says , this `` demonstrates that ( the symphony ) was performed , for Mozart would hardly have gone to the trouble of adding the clarinets and rewriting the flutes and oboes to accommodate them , had he not had a specific performance in view '' . The orchestra for the 1791 Vienna concert included the clarinetist brothers Anton and Johann Nepomuk Stadler ; which , as Zaslaw points out , limits the possibilities to just the 39th and 40th symphonies .

\n

\n Zaslaw adds : `` The version without clarinets must also have been performed , for the reorchestrated version of two passages in the slow movement , which exists in Mozart 's hand , must have resulted from his having heard the work and discovered an aspect needing improvement '' .

\n

\n Regarding the concerts for which the Symphony was originally intended when it was composed in 1788 , Otto Erich Deutsch suggests that Mozart was preparing to hold a series of three `` Concerts in the Casino '' , in a new casino in the Spiegelgasse owned by Philipp Otto . Mozart even sent a pair of tickets for this series to his friend Michael Puchberg . But it seems impossible to determine whether the concert series was held , or was cancelled for lack of interest . Zaslaw suggests that only the first of the three concerts was actually held .

\n

\n The Music ( edit )

\n

\n The symphony is scored ( in its revised version ) for flute , 2 oboes , 2 clarinets , 2 bassoons , 2 horns , and strings .

\n

\n The work is in four movements , in the usual arrangement for a classical - style symphony ( fast movement , slow movement , minuet , fast movement ) :

\n
    \n
  1. \n Molto allegro ,
    2. \n
  2. \n Andante ,
    3. \n
  3. \n Menuetto . Allegretto -- Trio ,
    4. \n
  4. \n Finale . Allegro assai ,
    5. \n
\n

\n The first movement begins darkly , not with its first theme but with accompaniment , played by the lower strings with divided violas . The technique of beginning a work with an accompaniment figure was later used by Mozart in his last piano concerto ( KV. 595 ) and later became a favourite of the Romantics ( examples include the openings of Mendelssohn 's Violin Concerto and Sergei Rachmaninoff 's Third Piano Concerto ) . The first theme is as follows .

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

\n The second movement is a lyrical work in time . It is in the subdominant key of the relative major of G minor ( B \u266d major ) : E \u266d major . The contrapuntal opening bars of this movement appear thus in keyboard reduction :

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

\n The minuet begins with an angry , cross-accented hemiola rhythm and a pair of three - bar phrases , as shown in the following piano reduction :

\n

\n

\n

\n Various commentators have asserted that while the music is labelled `` minuet '' , it would hardly be suitable for dancing . The contrasting gentle trio section , in G major , alternates the playing of the string section with that of the winds .

\n

\n The fourth movement opens with a series of rapidly ascending notes outlining the tonic triad illustrating what is commonly referred to as the Mannheim rocket .

\n

\n The movement is written largely in eight - bar phrases , following the general tendency toward rhythmic squareness in the finales of classical - era symphonies . A remarkable modulating passage in which every tone in the chromatic scale but one is played , strongly destabilising the key , occurs at the beginning of the development section . The single note left out is in fact a G ( the tonic ) .

\n
\n
\n
\n
\n

\n The symphony typically has a duration of about 25 minutes .

\n

\n Reception ( edit )

\n

\n This work has elicited varying interpretations from critics . Robert Schumann regarded it as possessing `` Grecian lightness and grace '' . Donald Francis Tovey saw in it the character of opera buffa . Almost certainly , however , the most common perception today is that the symphony is tragic in tone and intensely emotional ; for example , Charles Rosen ( in The Classical Style ) has called the symphony `` a work of passion , violence , and grief '' .

\n

\n Although interpretations differ , the symphony is unquestionably one of Mozart 's most greatly admired works , and it is frequently performed and recorded .

\n

\n Influence ( edit )

\n

\n Ludwig van Beethoven knew the symphony well , copying out 29 bars from the score in one of his sketchbooks . As Gustav Nottebohm observed in 1887 , the copied bars appear amid the sketches for Beethoven 's Fifth Symphony , whose third movement begins with a pitch sequence similar to that of Mozart 's finale ( see example above ) .

\n

\n Franz Schubert likewise copied down the music of Mozart 's minuet , and the minuet of his Fifth Symphony strongly evokes Mozart 's . Zaslaw has suggested that a passage late in Joseph Haydn 's oratorio The Seasons ( 1801 ) , a meditation on death , quotes the second movement of the 40th Symphony and was included by Haydn as a memorial to his long - dead friend .

\n

\n First recording ( edit )

\n

\n The first known recording of the 40th Symphony is by the Victor Recording Company and issued in 1915 under the title `` Symphony in G Minor '' . The Victor Concert Orchestra performed under the direction of conductor Walter B. Rogers .

\n

\n Media ( edit )

\n

\n The following files contain a digital recording of a performance of the 40th Symphony by the Fulda Symphonic Orchestra . The performance took place on March 18 , 2001 in the Orangerie in Fulda , Germany .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n 1st movement Molto allegro 2nd movement Andante 3rd movement Menuetto , Allegretto - Trio 4th movement Allegro assai
\n Problems playing these files ? See media help .
\n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ A possible exception is the so - called `` Odense Symphony '' , whose attribution to Mozart is doubtful ; see Mozart symphonies of spurious or doubtful authenticity .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Heartz 2009 , p. 207 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Deutsch 1965 , p. 320 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Clements , Andrew ( 23 July 2014 ) . `` Mozart : The Last Symphonies review -- a thrilling journey through a tantalising new theory '' . The Guardian .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Zaslaw 1983 , p. 10 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ See Zaslaw ( 1983 , p. 10 ) , Swafford ( 1997 , p. 287 ) , and ( 1 ) .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ For discussion of claims of this sort , see Zaslaw 1994 ; the quotation from Einstein is taken from this source .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Milada Jon\u00e1\u0161ov\u00e1 : `` Eine Auff\u00fchrung der g - moll - Sinfonie KV 550 bei Baron van Swieten im Beisein Mozarts '' , in : Mozart Studien 20 , Tutzing 2011 , pp. 253 -- 268 . An abridged English translation was published in the Newsletter of the Mozart Society of America 16.1 ( 2012 ) , currently available on line at ( 2 ) . The letter reads `` im Wien habe ich selbst es von verstorbenem Mozart geh\u00f6rt , als Er sie bei Baron Wanswiten ( sic ) hat produciren lassen , das ( s ) er w\u00e4rend der production aus dem Zimmer sich hat entfernen m\u00fcssen , wie man Sie unrichtig aufgef\u00fchrt hat '' , meaning `` and in Vienna I have heard myself from the departed Mozart , that when he had it performed in Baron Wanswiten 's rooms , he had to leave the room during the performance because it was being played so incorrectly '' .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ List from Zaslaw 1983 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ The text of the poster is given in Deutsch 1965 , p. 393 .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : Zaslaw 1983 , p. 9 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Zaslaw 1983 , 9 -- 10 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Though quoted heavily above , Zaslaw is not alone in denigrating the old view that the symphony was never performed : Otto Biba ( 2009 ) writes `` Since there is no known date of a premiere performance , there developed the long standing legend among Mozart biographers of a romantic persuasion , who wished to portray primarily the brilliance and tragedy of a genius ' life , that Mozart never heard performances of ( his last ) three symphonies . This arrogant assumption , which equates missing information with the theory that the event never happened , is not serious scholarship and must be rejected '' .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Burnett 1967 , p. 33 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Rosen 1997 , p. 334 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Hopkins 1981 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Nottebohm 1887 , p. 531 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Zaslaw and Cowdery 1990 , p. 210 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ See No. 38 , the aria `` Erblicke hier , beth\u00f6rter Mensch '' . Source : Zaslaw and Cowdery 1990 , p. 210 ) .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Symphony in G Minor '' . Discography of American Historical Recordings .
    21. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Symphony No. 40 ( Mozart ) .
\n

\n Versions of the score :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
\n Biography \n
    \n
  • \n Biographies
    • \n
  • \n Birthplace
    • \n
  • \n Grand tour
    • \n
  • \n Name
    • \n
  • \n Nationality
    • \n
  • \n Scatology
    • \n
  • \n Smallpox
    • \n
  • \n Italy
    • \n
  • \n Berlin
    • \n
  • \n Prague
    • \n
  • \n Death
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Music \n
    \n
  • \n K\u00f6chel catalogue
    • \n
  • \n List of compositions
    • \n
  • \n Concert arias , songs , canons
    • \n
  • \n Dances
    • \n
  • \n Horn concertos
    • \n
  • \n Masses
    • \n
  • \n Operas
    • \n
  • \n Piano concertos
    • \n
  • \n Works for solo piano
    • \n
  • \n Sonatas
    • \n
  • \n Symphonies
    • \n
  • \n Compositional method
    • \n
\n
\n Family \n
    \n
  • \n Leopold Mozart
    • \n
  • \n Anna Maria Mozart
    • \n
  • \n Maria Anna Mozart ( Nannerl )
    • \n
  • \n Constanze Mozart
    • \n
  • \n Maria Anna Thekla Mozart ( B\u00e4sle )
    • \n
  • \n Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart
    • \n
  • \n Karl Thomas Mozart
    • \n
  • \n Johann Georg Mozart
    • \n
  • \n Joseph Lange
    • \n
  • \n C\u00e4cilia Weber
    • \n
  • \n Josepha Weber
    • \n
  • \n Aloysia Weber
    • \n
  • \n Sophie Weber
    • \n
  • \n Georg Nissen
    • \n
  • \n Family trees
    • \n
\n
\n Influences \n
    \n
  • \n Beethoven
    • \n
  • \n Catholic Church
    • \n
  • \n Freemasonry
    • \n
  • \n Haydn
    • \n
  • \n Salieri
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Mozart in popular culture
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Symphonies by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
\n Unnumbered \n
    \n
  • \n K. 16a ( Odense )
    • \n
  • \n K. 19a
    • \n
  • \n K. 45a ( Old Lambach )
    • \n
  • \n K. 76
    • \n
  • \n K. 45b
    • \n
  • \n K. 74g
    • \n
  • \n K. 81
    • \n
  • \n K. 95
    • \n
  • \n K. 97
    • \n
  • \n K. 75
    • \n
  • \n K. 98
    • \n
  • \n K. 111 + 120
    • \n
  • \n K. 96
    • \n
  • \n K. 161
    • \n
  • \n K. 135 + 61h
    • \n
  • \n K. 196 + 121
    • \n
  • \n K. 208 + 102
    • \n
\n
\n Numbered \n
    \n
  • \n No. 1 ( K. 16 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 2 ( K. 17 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 3 ( K. 18 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 4 ( K. 19 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 5 ( K. 22 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 6 ( K. 43 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 7 ( K. 45 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 8 ( K. 48 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 9 ( K. 73 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 10 ( K. 74 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 11 ( K. 84 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 12 ( K. 110 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 13 ( K. 112 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 14 ( K. 114 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 15 ( K. 124 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 16 ( K. 128 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 17 ( K. 129 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 18 ( K. 130 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 19 ( K. 132 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 20 ( K. 133 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 21 ( K. 134 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 22 ( K. 162 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 23 ( K. 181 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 24 ( K. 182 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 25 ( K. 183 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 26 ( K. 184 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 27 ( K. 199 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 28 ( K. 200 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 29 ( K. 201 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 30 ( K. 202 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 31 ( K. 297 , Paris )
    • \n
  • \n No. 32 ( K. 318 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 33 ( K. 319 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 34 ( K. 338 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 35 ( K. 385 , Haffner )
    • \n
  • \n No. 36 ( K. 425 , Linz )
    • \n
  • \n No. 37 ( K. 444 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 38 ( K. 504 , Prague )
    • \n
  • \n No. 39 ( K. 543 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 40 ( K. 550 )
    • \n
  • \n No. 41 ( K. 551 , Jupiter )
    • \n
\n
\n Lost \n
    \n
  • \n K. 19b
    • \n
  • \n K. 66c
    • \n
  • \n K. 66d
    • \n
  • \n K. 66e
    • \n
  • \n K. Anh. C 11.07
    • \n
  • \n K. Anh. C 11.08
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n No. 2 now attributed to Leopold Mozart .
    • \n
  • \n No. 3 now attributed to Carl Friedrich Abel .
    • \n
  • \n No. 37 now attributed to Michael Haydn .
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n List of symphonies by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
    • \n
  • \n List of spurious / doubtful Mozart symphonies
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n LCCN : n81018421
    • \n
  • \n GND : 300111150
    • \n
  • \n BNF : cb13915276b ( data )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Symphony_No._40_(Mozart)&oldid=825476175 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what is the form of mozart symphony no 40", "long_answers": ["Symphony No. 40 in G minor , KV. 550 was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart in 1788 . It is sometimes referred to as the `` Great G minor symphony '' , to distinguish it from the `` Little G minor symphony '' , No. 25 . The two are the only extant minor key symphonies Mozart wrote .\n"], "short_answers": ["G minor\n", "minor key symphonies\n"]} {"text": "Beijing - wikipedia

\n Beijing

\n Jump to : navigation , search `` Peking '' redirects here . For other uses , see Beijing ( disambiguation ) and Peking ( disambiguation ) . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Beijing \u5317\u4eac \u5e02
\n Municipality
\n Beijing Municipality
\n Clockwise from top : Beijing CBD skyline , Tiananmen , Temple of Heaven , National Center for the Performing Arts , and Beijing National Stadium
\n Location of Beijing Municipality within China
\n Coordinates : 39 \u00b0 55 \u2032 N 116 \u00b0 23 \u2032 E \ufeff / \ufeff 39.917 \u00b0 N 116.383 \u00b0 E \ufeff / 39.917 ; 116.383 Coordinates : 39 \u00b0 55 \u2032 N 116 \u00b0 23 \u2032 E \ufeff / \ufeff 39.917 \u00b0 N 116.383 \u00b0 E \ufeff / 39.917 ; 116.383
\n Country \n China
\n Established date \n 1045 BCE ( Zhou Dynasty )
\n Divisions - County - level - Township - level \n 16 districts 289 towns and villages
\n Government
\n Type \n Municipality
\n Party Secretary \n Cai Qi
\n Mayor \n Chen Jining
\n Congress Chairman \n Li Wei ( zh )
\n Conference Chairman \n Ji Lin
\n Area
\n Municipality \n 16,411 km ( 6,336 sq mi )
\n Land \n 16,801 km ( 6,487 sq mi )
\n Urban \n 1,368 km ( 528 sq mi )
\n Rural \n 15,042 km ( 5,808 sq mi )
\n Elevation \n 43.5 m ( 142.7 ft )
\n Population ( 2017 )
\n Municipality \n 21,707,000
\n Density \n 1,300 / km ( 3,400 / sq mi )
\n Urban \n 18,766,000
\n Metro ( 2017 ) \n 24,000,000
\n Ranks in China \n Population : 27th ; Density : 4th
\n Major ethnic groups
\n Han \n 95 %
\n Manchu \n 2 %
\n Hui \n 2 %
\n Mongol \n 0.3 %
\n Other \n 0.7 %
\n Time zone \n CST ( UTC + 8 )
\n Postal code \n 100000 -- 102629
\n Area code ( s ) \n 10
\n GDP ( nominal ) \n 2017
\n - Total \n \u00a5 2.8 trillion ( $414.8 billion )
\n - Per capita \n \u00a5 129,032 ( $19,116 ) ( 2nd )
\n - Growth \n 6.7 %
\n HDI ( 2014 ) \n 0.869 ( 1st ) -- very high
\n License plate prefixes \n \u4eac A , C , E , F , H , J , K , L , M , N , P , Q , Y \u4eac B ( taxis ) \u4eac G ( outside urban area ) \u4eac O , D ( police and authorities )
\n Abbreviation \n BJ / \u4eac ( j\u012bng )
\n City trees \n Chinese arborvitae ( Platycladus orientalis )
\n \n Pagoda tree ( Sophora japonica )
\n City flowers \n China rose ( Rosa chinensis )
\n \n Chrysanthemum ( Chrysanthemum morifolium )
\n Website \n Beijing Official Website International - eBeijing.gov.cn ( in English ) \u9996\u90fd \u4e4b \u7a97 - \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 \u653f\u52a1 \u95e8\u6237 \u7f51\u7ad9 ( in Chinese )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Beijing
\n `` B\u011bij\u012bng '' in regular Chinese characters
\n Chinese \n \u5317\u4eac
\n
\n Hanyu Pinyin \n B\u011bij\u012bng
\n
\n Postal \n Peking Peiping ( 1368 -- 1403 ; 1928 -- 1937 ; 1945 -- 1949 )
\n Literal meaning \n `` Northern Capital ''
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( show ) Transcriptions
\n Standard Mandarin
\n Hanyu Pinyin \n B\u011bij\u012bng
\n Bopomofo \n \u3105 \u311f \u02c7 \u3110 \u3127 \u3125
\n Gwoyeu Romatzyh \n Beeijing
\n Wade -- Giles \n Pei - ching
\n IPA \n ( p\u00e8i. t\u0255\u00ed\u014b )
\n Wu
\n Suzhounese \n Poh - cin
\n Hakka
\n Romanization \n Bet - gin
\n Yue : Cantonese
\n Yale Romanization \n B\u0101kg\u00ecng or B\u0101kg\u012bng
\n IPA \n ( p\u0250\u0301k\u031a. k\u00ea\u014b ) or ( p\u0250\u0301k\u031a. k\u00e9\u014b )
\n Jyutping \n Bak1ging1
\n Southern Min
\n Hokkien POJ \n Pak - kian
\n T\u00e2i - l\u00f4 \n Pak - kiann
\n Eastern Min
\n Fuzhou BUC \n B\u00e1e\u0324k - g\u012dng
\n
\n
\n

\n Beijing ( / be\u026a\u02c8d\u0292\u026a\u014b / ; Mandarin : ( p\u00e8i. t\u0255\u00ed\u014b ) ( listen ) ) , formerly romanized as Peking , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China , the world 's second most populous city proper , and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a direct - controlled municipality under the national government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China .

\n

\n As a city combining both modern and traditional architecture , Beijing is a megacity rich in history , exemplified in its global influence in politics , economy , education , history , culture , and technology . Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai and is the nation 's political , cultural , and educational center . It is home to the headquarters of most of China 's largest state - owned companies and is a major hub for the national highway , expressway , railway , and high - speed rail networks . The Beijing Capital International Airport has been the second busiest in the world by passenger traffic since 2010 , and , as of 2016 , the city 's subway network is the busiest and second longest in the world , after Shanghai 's subway system .

\n

\n The city 's history dates back three millennia . As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China , Beijing has been the political center of the country for much of the past eight centuries . With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides , in addition to the old inner and outer city walls , Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital . Beijing was the largest city in the world by population for much of the second millennium A.D. The city is renowned for its opulent palaces , temples , parks , gardens , tombs , walls and gates . Its art treasures and universities have made it center of culture and art in China . Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica notes that `` few cities in the world have served for so long as the political headquarters and cultural centre of an area as immense as China . '' Beijing has seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites -- the Forbidden City , Temple of Heaven , Summer Palace , Ming Tombs , Zhoukoudian , as well as parts of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal , all popular locations for tourism . Siheyuans , the city 's traditional housing style , and hutongs , the narrow alleys between siheyuans , are major tourist attractions and are common in urban Beijing . The city hosted the 2008 Summer Olympics and was chosen to host the 2022 Winter Olympics , making it the first city to ever host both Winter and Summer Olympics .

\n

\n Many of Beijing 's 91 universities consistently rank among the best in China , of which Peking University and Tsinghua University are ranked in the top 60 universities of the world . In 2015 , 52 companies of the Fortune Global 500 company headquarters were located in Beijing , more than any other city in the world , including state - owned enterprises State Grid , China National Petroleum , and Sinopec Group , ranked 2nd , 3rd , and 4th , respectively . Beijing CBD is quickly becoming the center for Beijing 's economic expansion , rapid modernization , and radically changing skyline , with the ongoing or recently completed construction of multiple skyscrapers . Beijing 's Zhongguancun area is also known as China 's Silicon Valley and China 's center of innovation and technology entrepreneurship . According to the 2016 InterNations Expat Insider Survey , Beijing ranked first in Asia in the subcategory `` Personal Finance Index , '' a measure of expats ' salaries versus cost of living in the city . Expats live primarily in urban districts such as Dongcheng and Chaoyang in the east , or in suburban districts such as Shunyi .

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n Etymology

\n See also : Names of Beijing

\n Over the past 3,000 years , the city of Beijing has had numerous other names . The name Beijing , which means `` Northern Capital '' ( from the Chinese characters \u5317 for north and \u4eac for capital ) , was applied to the city in 1403 during the Ming dynasty to distinguish the city from Nanjing ( the `` Southern Capital '' ) . The English spelling is based on the pinyin romanization of the two characters as they are pronounced in Standard Mandarin . An older English spelling , Peking , is the postal romanization of the same two characters as they are pronounced in Chinese dialects spoken in the southern port towns first visited by European traders and missionaries . Those dialects preserve the Middle Chinese pronunciation of \u4eac as kjaeng , prior to a phonetic shift in the northern dialects to the modern pronunciation . Although Peking is no longer the common name for the city , some of the city 's older locations and facilities , such as Beijing Capital International Airport , with IATA Code PEK , and Peking University , still use the former romanization .

\n

\n The single Chinese character abbreviation for Beijing is \u4eac , which appears on automobile license plates in the city . The official Latin alphabet abbreviation for Beijing is `` BJ '' .

\n

\n History

\n Main article : History of Beijing

\n Early History

\n

\n The earliest traces of human habitation in the Beijing municipality were found in the caves of Dragon Bone Hill near the village of Zhoukoudian in Fangshan District , where Peking Man lived . Homo erectus fossils from the caves date to 230,000 to 250,000 years ago . Paleolithic Homo sapiens also lived there more recently , about 27,000 years ago . Archaeologists have found neolithic settlements throughout the municipality , including in Wangfujing , located in downtown Beijing .

\n

\n The first walled city in Beijing was Jicheng , the capital city of the state of Ji and was built in 1045 BC . Within modern Beijing , Jicheng was located around the present Guang'anmen area in the south of Xicheng District . This settlement was later conquered by the state of Yan and made its capital .

\n

\n Early Imperial China

\n The Tianning Pagoda , built around 1120 during the Liao dynasty .

\n After the First Emperor unified China , Jicheng became a prefectural capital for the region . During the Three Kingdoms period , it was held by Gongsun Zan and Yuan Shao before falling to Cao Cao 's Wei Kingdom . The AD 3rd - century Western Jin demoted the town , placing the prefectural seat in neighboring Zhuozhou .

\n

\n During the Sixteen Kingdoms period when northern China was conquered and divided by the Wu Hu , Jicheng was briefly the capital of the Xianbei Former Yan Kingdom .

\n

\n After China was reunified during the Sui dynasty , Jicheng , also known as Zhuojun , became the northern terminus of the Grand Canal . Under the Tang dynasty , Jicheng as Youzhou , served as a military frontier command center . During the An - Shi Rebellion and again amidst the turmoil of the late Tang , local military commanders founded their own short - lived Yan dynasties and called the city Yanjing , or the `` Yan Capital . '' Also in the Tang dynasty , the city 's name Jicheng was replaced by Youzhou or Yanjing . In 938 , after the fall of the Tang , the Later Jin ceded the entire northern frontier to the Khitan Liao dynasty , which treated the city as Nanjing , or the `` Southern Capital '' , one of four secondary capitals to complement its `` Supreme Capital '' , Shangjing ( modern Baarin Left Banner in Inner Mongolia ) . Some of the oldest surviving structures in Beijing date to the Liao period , including the Tianning Pagoda .

\n Miaoying Temple and its White Stupa in Dadu which was built by Kublai Khan

\n The Liao fell to the Jurchen Jin dynasty in 1122 , which gave the city to the Song dynasty and then retook it in 1125 during its conquest of northern China . In 1153 , the Jurchen Jin made Beijing their `` Central Capital '' , or Zhongdu . The city was besieged by Genghis Khan 's invading Mongolian army in 1213 and razed to the ground two years later . Two generations later , Kublai Khan ordered the construction of Dadu ( or Daidu to the Mongols , commonly known as Khanbaliq ) , a new capital for his Yuan dynasty to the northeast of the Zhongdu ruins . The construction took from 1264 to 1293 , but greatly enhanced the status of a city on the northern fringe of China proper . The city was centered on the Drum Tower slightly to the north of modern Beijing and stretched from the present - day Chang'an Avenue to the northern part of Line 10 subway . Remnants of the Yuan rammed earth wall still stand and are known as the Tucheng .

\n

\n Ming dynasty

\n One of the corner towers of the Forbidden City , which was built by Emperor Yongle in Ming dynasty .

\n In 1368 , soon after declaring the new Hongwu era of the Ming dynasty , the rebel leader Zhu Yuanzhang sent an army to Khanbaliq and conquered it . Since the Yuan continued to occupy Shangdu and Mongolia , however , Dadu was renamed to Beiping as used to supply the military garrisons in the area . And under the Hongwu Emperor 's feudal policies it was given to Zhu Di , one of his sons , who was created `` Prince of Yan '' .

\n

\n The early death of Zhu Yuanzhang 's heir led to a succession struggle on his death , one that ended with the victory of Zhu Di and the declaration of the new Yongle era . Since his harsh treatment of the Ming capital Yingtian ( modern Nanjing ) alienated many there , he established his fief as a new co-capital . The city of Beiping became Beijing ( northern capital ) or Shuntian in 1403 . The construction of the new imperial residence , the Forbidden City , took from 1406 to 1420 ; this period was also responsible for several other of the modern city 's major attractions , such as the Temple of Heaven and Tian'anmen . On 28 October 1420 , the city was officially designated the capital of the Ming dynasty in the same year that the Forbidden City was completed . Beijing became the empire 's primary capital and Yingtian , also called Nanjing ( southern capital ) , became the co-capital . ( A 1425 order by Zhu Di 's son , the Hongxi Emperor , to return the primary capital to Nanjing was never carried out : he died , probably of a heart attack , the next month . He was buried , like almost every Ming emperor to follow him , in an elaborate necropolis to Beijing 's north . )

\n

\n By the 15th century , Beijing had essentially taken its current shape . The Ming city wall continued to serve until modern times , when it was pulled down and the 2nd Ring Road was built in its place . It is generally believed that Beijing was the largest city in the world for most of the 15th , 16th , 17th , and 18th centuries . The first known church was constructed by Catholics in 1652 at the former site of Matteo Ricci 's chapel ; the modern Nantang Cathedral was later built upon the same site .

\n

\n The capture of Beijing by Li Zicheng 's peasant army in 1644 ended the dynasty , but he and his Shun court abandoned the city without a fight when the Manchu army of Prince Dorgon arrived 40 days later .

\n

\n Qing dynasty

\n Summer Palace is one of the several palatial gardens built by Qing emperors in the northwest suburb area Chongwenmen , a gate to the inner walled city , c. 1906

\n Dorgon established the Qing dynasty as a direct successor of the Ming ( delegitimising Li Zicheng and his followers ) and Beijing became China 's sole capital . The Qing emperors made some modifications to the Imperial residence but , in large part , the Ming buildings and the general layout remained unchanged . Facilities for Manchu worship were introduced , but the Qing also continued the traditional state rituals . Signage was bilingual or Chinese . This early Qing Beijing later formed the setting for the Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber . Northwest of the city , Qing emperors built several large palatial gardens including the Old Summer Palace and the Summer Palace .

\n

\n During the Second Opium War , Anglo - French forces captured the outskirts of the city , looting and burning the Old Summer Palace in 1860 . Under the Convention of Peking ending that war , Western powers for the first time secured the right to establish permanent diplomatic presences within the city . In 1900 , the attempt by the `` Boxers '' to eradicate this presence , as well as Chinese Christian converts , led to Beijing 's reoccupation by foreign powers . During the fighting , several important structures were destroyed , including the Hanlin Academy and the ( new ) Summer Palace .

\n

\n Republic of China

\n A large portrait of Chiang Kai - shek was displayed above Tiananmen Gate after WWII .

\n The fomenters of the Xinhai Revolution of 1911 sought to replace Qing rule with a republic and leaders like Sun Yat - sen originally intended to return the capital to Nanjing . After the Qing general Yuan Shikai forced the abdication of the last Qing emperor and ensured the success of the revolution , the revolutionaries accepted him as president of the new Republic of China . Yuan maintained his capital at Beijing and quickly consolidated power , declaring himself emperor in 1915 . His death less than a year later left China under the control of the warlords commanding the regional armies . Following the success of the Kuomintang 's Northern Expedition , the capital was formally removed to Nanjing in 1928 . On 28 June the same year , Beijing 's name was returned to Beiping ( written at the time as `` Peiping '' ) .

\n

\n On July 7 , 1937 , the 29th Army and the Japanese army in China exchanged fire at the Marco Polo Bridge near the Wanping Fortress southwest of the city . The Marco Polo Bridge Incident triggered the Second Sino - Japanese War , World War II as it is known in China . During the war , Beiping fell to Japan on 29 July 1937 and was made the seat of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China , a puppet state that ruled the ethnic - Chinese portions of Japanese - occupied northern China . This government was later merged into the larger Wang Jingwei government based in Nanjing .

\n

\n People 's Republic of China

\n Mao Zedong proclaiming the establishment of the People 's Republic of China in 1949

\n In the final phases of the Chinese Civil War , the People 's Liberation Army seized control of the city peacefully on 31 January 1949 in the course of the Pingjin Campaign . On 1 October that year , Mao Zedong announced the creation of the People 's Republic of China from atop Tian'anmen . He restored the name of the city , as the new capital , to Beijing , a decision that had been reached by the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference just a few days earlier .

\n

\n In the 1950s , the city began to expand beyond the old walled city and its surrounding neighborhoods , with heavy industries in the west and residential neighborhoods in the north . Many areas of the Beijing city wall were torn down in the 1960s to make way for the construction of the Beijing Subway and the 2nd Ring Road .

\n A scene from the opening ceremonies of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games .

\n During the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976 , the Red Guard movement began in Beijing and the city 's government fell victim to one of the first purges . By the fall of 1966 , all city schools were shut down and over a million Red Guards from across the country gathered in Beijing for eight rallies in Tian'anmen Square with Mao . In April 1976 , a large public gathering of Beijing residents against the Gang of Four and the Cultural Revolution in Tiananmen Square was forcefully suppressed . In October 1976 , the Gang was arrested in Zhongnanhai and the Cultural Revolution came to an end . In December 1978 , the Third Plenum of the 11th Party Congress in Beijing under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping reversed the verdicts against victims of the Cultural Revolution and instituted the `` policy of reform and opening up . ''

\n

\n Since the early 1980s , the urban area of Beijing has expanded greatly with the completion of the 2nd Ring Road in 1981 and the subsequent addition of the 3rd , 4th , 5th and 6th Ring Roads . According to one 2005 newspaper report , the size of newly developed Beijing was one - and - a-half times larger than before . Wangfujing and Xidan have developed into flourishing shopping districts , while Zhongguancun has become a major center of electronics in China . In recent years , the expansion of Beijing has also brought to the forefront some problems of urbanization , such as heavy traffic , poor air quality , the loss of historic neighborhoods , and a significant influx of migrant workers from less - developed rural areas of the country . Beijing has also been the location of many significant events in recent Chinese history , principally the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 . The city has also hosted major international events , including the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2015 World Championships in Athletics .

\n

\n Geography

\n Main article : Geography of Beijing Landsat 7 Satellite image of Beijing Municipality with the surrounding mountains in dark brown Jingshan , the highest point in the old walled city of Beijing . Remnants of the Great Wall of China in the mountains north of the city .

\n Beijing is situated at the northern tip of the roughly triangular North China Plain , which opens to the south and east of the city . Mountains to the north , northwest and west shield the city and northern China 's agricultural heartland from the encroaching desert steppes . The northwestern part of the municipality , especially Yanqing County and Huairou District , are dominated by the Jundu Mountains , while the western part is framed by Xishan or the Western Hills . The Great Wall of China across the northern part of Beijing Municipality was built on the rugged topography to defend against nomadic incursions from the steppes . Mount Dongling , in the Western Hills and on the border with Hebei , is the municipality 's highest point , with an altitude of 2,303 metres ( 7,556 ft ) .

\n

\n Major rivers flowing through the municipality , including the Chaobai , Yongding , Juma , are all tributaries in the Hai River system , and flow in a southeasterly direction . The Miyun Reservoir , on the upper reaches of the Chaobai River , is the largest reservoir within the municipality . Beijing is also the northern terminus of the Grand Canal to Hangzhou , which was built over 1,400 years ago as a transportation route , and the South -- North Water Transfer Project , constructed in the past decade to bring water from the Yangtze River basin .

\n

\n The urban area of Beijing , on the plains in the south - central of the municipality with elevation of 40 to 60 metres ( 130 -- 200 feet ) , occupies a relatively small but expanding portion of the municipality 's area . The city spreads out in concentric ring roads . The Second Ring Road traces the old city walls and the Sixth Ring Road connects satellite towns in the surrounding suburbs . Tian'anmen and Tian'anmen Square are at the center of Beijing , directly to the south of the Forbidden City , the former residence of the emperors of China . To the west of Tian'anmen is Zhongnanhai , the residence of China 's current leaders . Chang'an Avenue , which cuts between Tiananmen and the Square , forms the city 's main east - west axis .

\n

\n Cityscape

\n The skyline of the Imperial Palace , viewed from the Jingshan Hill

\n Architecture

\n See also : List of tallest buildings in Beijing

\n Three styles of architecture are predominant in urban Beijing . First , there is the traditional architecture of imperial China , perhaps best exemplified by the massive Tian'anmen ( Gate of Heavenly Peace ) , which remains the People 's Republic of China 's trademark edifice , the Forbidden City , the Imperial Ancestral Temple and the Temple of Heaven . Next , there is what is sometimes referred to as the `` Sino - Sov '' style , with structures tending to be boxy and sometimes poorly constructed , which were built between the 1950s and the 1970s . Finally , there are much more modern architectural forms , most noticeably in the area of the Beijing CBD in east Beijing such as the new CCTV Headquarters , in addition to buildings in other locations around the city such as the Beijing National Stadium and National Center for the Performing Arts .

\n

\n Since 2007 , buildings in Beijing have received the CTBUH Skyscraper Award for best overall tall building twice , for the Linked Hybrid building in 2009 and the CCTV Headquarters in 2013 . The CTBUH Skyscraper award for best tall overall building is given to only one building around the world every year .

\n

\n In the early 21st century , Beijing has witnessed tremendous growth of new building constructions , exhibiting various modern styles from international designers , most pronounced in the CBD region . A mixture of both 1950s design and neofuturistic style of architecture can be seen at the 798 Art Zone , which mixes the old with the new . Beijing 's current completed tallest building is the 330 - meter China World Trade Center Tower III , but will be surpassed by the 528 - meter China Zun in 2018 when it is completed . Both buildings are in the Beijing CBD .

\n

\n Beijing is famous for its siheyuans , a type of residence where a common courtyard is shared by the surrounding buildings . Among the more grand examples are the Prince Gong Mansion and Residence of Soong Ching - ling . These courtyards are usually connected by alleys called hutongs . The hutongs are generally straight and run east to west so that doorways face north and south for good Feng Shui . They vary in width ; some are so narrow only a few pedestrians can pass through at a time . Once ubiquitous in Beijing , siheyuans and hutongs are rapidly disappearing , as entire city blocks of hutongs are replaced by high - rise buildings . Residents of the hutongs are entitled to live in the new buildings in apartments of at least the same size as their former residences . Many complain , however , that the traditional sense of community and street life of the hutongs can not be replaced , and these properties are often government owned .

\n The Taihedian Square inside the Forbidden City

\n Climate

\n

\n Beijing has a monsoon - influenced humid continental climate ( K\u00f6ppen climate classification Dwa ) , characterized by hot , humid summers due to the East Asian monsoon , and cold , windy , dry winters that reflect the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone . Spring can bear witness to sandstorms blowing in from the Gobi Desert across the Mongolian steppe , accompanied by rapidly warming , but generally dry , conditions . Autumn , like Spring , is a season of transition and minimal precipitation . The monthly daily average temperature in January is \u2212 3.7 \u00b0 C ( 25.3 \u00b0 F ) , while in July it is 26.2 \u00b0 C ( 79.2 \u00b0 F ) . Precipitation averages around 570 mm ( 22 in ) annually , with close to three - fourths of that total falling from June to August . With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 47 % in July to 65 % in January and February , the city receives 2,671 hours of bright sunshine annually . Extremes since 1951 have ranged from \u2212 27.4 \u00b0 C ( \u2212 17.3 \u00b0 F ) on 22 February 1966 to 41.9 \u00b0 C ( 107.4 \u00b0 F ) on 24 July 1999 ( unofficial record of 42.6 \u00b0 C ( 108.7 \u00b0 F ) was set on 15 June 1942 ) .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( show ) Climate data for Beijing ( normals 1971 -- 2000 , extremes 1951 -- present )
\n Month \n Jan \n Feb \n Mar \n Apr \n May \n Jun \n Jul \n Aug \n Sep \n Oct \n Nov \n Dec \n Year
\n Record high \u00b0 C ( \u00b0 F ) \n 14.3 ( 57.7 ) \n 19.8 ( 67.6 ) \n 29.5 ( 85.1 ) \n 33.5 ( 92.3 ) \n 41.1 ( 106 ) \n 40.6 ( 105.1 ) \n 41.9 ( 107.4 ) \n 38.3 ( 100.9 ) \n 35.0 ( 95 ) \n 31.0 ( 87.8 ) \n 23.3 ( 73.9 ) \n 19.5 ( 67.1 ) \n 41.9 ( 107.4 )
\n Average high \u00b0 C ( \u00b0 F ) \n 1.8 ( 35.2 ) \n 5.0 ( 41 ) \n 11.6 ( 52.9 ) \n 20.3 ( 68.5 ) \n 26.0 ( 78.8 ) \n 30.2 ( 86.4 ) \n 30.9 ( 87.6 ) \n 29.7 ( 85.5 ) \n 25.8 ( 78.4 ) \n 19.1 ( 66.4 ) \n 10.1 ( 50.2 ) \n 3.7 ( 38.7 ) \n 17.9 ( 64.1 )
\n Average low \u00b0 C ( \u00b0 F ) \n \u2212 8.4 ( 16.9 ) \n \u2212 5.6 ( 21.9 ) \n 0.4 ( 32.7 ) \n 7.9 ( 46.2 ) \n 13.6 ( 56.5 ) \n 18.8 ( 65.8 ) \n 22.0 ( 71.6 ) \n 20.8 ( 69.4 ) \n 14.8 ( 58.6 ) \n 7.9 ( 46.2 ) \n 0.0 ( 32 ) \n \u2212 5.8 ( 21.6 ) \n 7.2 ( 45.0 )
\n Record low \u00b0 C ( \u00b0 F ) \n \u2212 22.8 ( \u2212 9 ) \n \u2212 27.4 ( \u2212 17.3 ) \n \u2212 15 ( 5 ) \n \u2212 3.2 ( 26.2 ) \n 2.5 ( 36.5 ) \n 9.8 ( 49.6 ) \n 15.3 ( 59.5 ) \n 11.4 ( 52.5 ) \n 3.7 ( 38.7 ) \n \u2212 3.5 ( 25.7 ) \n \u2212 12.3 ( 9.9 ) \n \u2212 18.3 ( \u2212 0.9 ) \n \u2212 27.4 ( \u2212 17.3 )
\n Average precipitation mm ( inches ) \n 2.7 ( 0.106 ) \n 4.9 ( 0.193 ) \n 8.3 ( 0.327 ) \n 21.2 ( 0.835 ) \n 34.2 ( 1.346 ) \n 78.1 ( 3.075 ) \n 185.2 ( 7.291 ) \n 159.7 ( 6.287 ) \n 45.5 ( 1.791 ) \n 21.8 ( 0.858 ) \n 7.4 ( 0.291 ) \n 2.8 ( 0.11 ) \n 571.8 ( 22.51 )
\n Average precipitation days ( \u2265 0.1 mm ) \n 1.8 \n 2.3 \n 3.3 \n 4.3 \n 5.8 \n 9.7 \n 13.6 \n 12.0 \n 7.6 \n 5.0 \n 3.5 \n 1.7 \n 70.6
\n Average relative humidity ( % ) \n 44 \n 44 \n 46 \n 46 \n 53 \n 61 \n 75 \n 77 \n 68 \n 61 \n 57 \n 49 \n 56.8
\n Mean monthly sunshine hours \n 194.1 \n 194.7 \n 231.8 \n 251.9 \n 283.4 \n 261.4 \n 212.4 \n 220.9 \n 232.1 \n 222.1 \n 185.3 \n 180.7 \n 2,670.8
\n Percent possible sunshine \n 65 \n 65 \n 63 \n 64 \n 64 \n 59 \n 47 \n 52 \n 63 \n 64 \n 62 \n 62 \n 60
\n Source : China Meteorological Administration , China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System , all - time record high , May record high
\n

\n

\n

\n Environmental problems

\n

\n Beijing has a long history of environmental problems . Between 2000 and 2009 Beijing 's urban extent quadrupled , which not only strongly increased the extent of anthropogenic emissions , but also changed the meteorological situation fundamentally , even if emissions of human society are not included . For example , surface albedo , wind speed and humidity near the surface were decreased , whereas ground and near - surface air temperatures , vertical air dilution and ozone levels were increased . Because of the combined factors of urbanization and pollution caused by burning of fossil fuel , Beijing is often affected by serious environmental problems , which lead to health issues of many inhabitants . In 2013 heavy smog struck Beijing and most parts of northern China , in total 600 million people . After this `` pollution shock '' air pollution became an important economic and social concern in China . After that the government of Beijing announced measures to reduce air pollution , for example by lowering the share of coal from 24 % in 2012 to 10 % in 2017 , while the national government ordered heavily polluting vehicles to be removed from 2015 to 2017 and increased its efforts to transition the energy system to clean sources .

\n Air quality

\n Joint research between American and Chinese researchers in 2006 concluded that much of the city 's pollution comes from surrounding cities and provinces . On average 35 -- 60 % of the ozone can be traced to sources outside the city . Shandong Province and Tianjin Municipality have a `` significant influence on Beijing 's air quality '' , partly due to the prevailing south / southeasterly flow during the summer and the mountains to the north and northwest .

\n Heavy air pollution has resulted in widespread smog . These photographs , taken in August 2005 , show the variations in Beijing 's air quality .

\n In preparation for the 2008 Summer Olympics and to fulfill promises to clean up the city 's air , nearly 17 billion USD was spent . Beijing implemented a number of air improvement schemes for the duration of the Games , including halting work at all construction sites , closing many factories in Beijing permanently , temporarily shutting industry in neighboring regions , closing some gas stations , and cutting motor traffic by half by limiting drivers to odd or even days ( based on their license plate numbers ) , reducing bus and subway fares , opening new subway lines , and banning high - emission vehicles . The city further assembled 3,800 natural gas - powered buses , one of the largest fleets in the world . Beijing became the first city in China to require the Chinese equivalent to the Euro 4 emission standard .

\n

\n Coal burning accounts for about 40 % of the PM 2.5 in Beijing and is also the chief source of nitrogen and sulphur dioxide . Since 2012 , the city has been converting coal - fired power stations to burn natural gas and aims to cap annual coal consumption at 20 million tons . In 2011 , the city burned 26.3 million tons of coal , 73 % of which for heating and power generation and the remainder for industry . Much of the city 's air pollutants are emitted by neighboring regions . Coal consumption in neighboring Tianjin is expected to increase from 48 to 63 million tons from 2011 to 2015 . Hebei Province burned over 300 million tons of coal in 2011 , more than all of Germany , of which only 30 % were used for power generation and a considerable portion for steel and cement making . Power plants in the coal - mining regions of Shanxi , Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi , where coal consumption has tripled since 2000 , and Shandong also contribute to air pollution in Beijing . Shandong , Shanxi , Hebei and Inner Mongolia , respectively rank from first to fourth , among Chinese provinces by coal consumption . There were four major coal - fired power plants in the city to provide electricity as well as heating during the winter . The first one ( Gaojing Thermal Power Plant ) was shut down in 2014 . Another two were shut in March 2015 . The last one ( Huaneng Thermal Power Plant ) would be shut in 2016 . Between 2013 and 2017 , the city planned to reduce 13 million tons of coal consumption and cap coal consumption to 15 million tons in 2015 .

\n

\n The government sometimes uses cloud - seeding measures to increase the likelihood of rain showers in the region to clear the air prior to large events , such as prior to the 60th anniversary parade in 2009 as well as to combat drought conditions in the area . More recently , however , the government has increased its usage of such measures as closing factories temporarily and implementing greater restrictions for cars on the road , as in the case of `` APEC blue '' and `` parade blue , '' short periods during and immediately preceding the APEC China 2014 and the 2015 China Victory Day Parade , respectively . During and prior to these events , Beijing 's air quality improved dramatically , only to fall back to unhealthy levels shortly after .

\n

\n Beijing air quality is often poor , especially in winter . In mid-January 2013 , Beijing 's air quality was measured on top of the city 's US embassy at a PM2. 5 density of 755 micrograms per cubic meter , which went off the US Environmental Protection Agency 's air quality index . It was widely reported , originally through a Twitter account , that the category was `` crazy bad '' . This was later changed to `` beyond index '' .

\n

\n On 8 and 9 December 2015 Beijing had its first smog alert which shut down a majority of the industry and other commercial businesses in the city . Later in the month another smog `` red alert '' was issued .

\n

\n According to Beijing 's environmental protection bureau 's announcement in November 2016 , starting from 2017 highly polluting old cars wil be banned from being driven whenever Smog `` red alerts '' are issued in the city or neighboring regions .

\n Readings

\n Due to Beijing 's high - level of air pollution , there are various readings by different sources on the subject . Daily pollution readings at 27 monitoring stations around the city are reported on the website of the Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau ( BJEPB ) . The American Embassy of Beijing also reports hourly fine particulate ( PM2. 5 ) and ozone levels on Twitter . Since the BJEPB and US Embassy measure different pollutants according to different criteria , the pollution levels and the impact to human health reported by the BJEPB are often lower than that reported by the US Embassy .

\n Air pollution in Beijing in 2016 , measured by Air Quality Index Severely Polluted Heavily Polluted Moderately Polluted Lightly Polluted Good Excellent Dust storms

\n Dust from the erosion of deserts in northern and northwestern China results in seasonal dust storms that plague the city ; the Beijing Weather Modification Office sometimes artificially induces rainfall to fight such storms and mitigate their effects . In the first four months of 2006 alone , there were no fewer than eight such storms . In April 2002 , one dust storm alone dumped nearly 50,000 tons of dust onto the city before moving on to Japan and Korea .

\n

\n Politics and government

\n Main article : Politics of Beijing

\n Municipal government is regulated by the local Communist Party of China ( CPC ) , led by the Beijing CPC Secretary ( Chinese : \u5317\u4eac \u5e02\u59d4 \u4e66\u8bb0 ) . The local CPC issues administrative orders , collects taxes , manages the economy , and directs a standing committee of the Municipal People 's Congress in making policy decisions and overseeing the local government .

\n

\n Government officials include the mayor ( Chinese : \u5e02 \u957f ) and vice-mayor . Numerous bureaus focus on law , public security , and other affairs . Additionally , as the capital of China , Beijing houses all of the important national governmental and political institutions , including the National People 's Congress .

\n

\n Administrative divisions

\n Main articles : List of administrative divisions of Beijing and List of township - level divisions of Beijing

\n Beijing Municipality currently comprises 16 administrative county - level subdivisions including 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . On 1 July 2010 , Chongwen and Xuanwu were merged into Dongcheng and Xicheng , respectively . On 13 November 2015 Miyun and Yanqing were upgraded to districts .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Administrative divisions of Beijing
\n Dongcheng Xicheng Chaoyang Haidian Fengtai Shijingshan Mentougou Fangshan Tongzhou Shunyi Changping Daxing Pinggu Huairou Yanqing Miyun \n
\n
\n Color key
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Inner city inside the 2nd Ring Road ( former city walls )
    • \n
  • \n Urban area between the 2nd and 5th Ring Road
    • \n
  • \n Inner suburbs linked by the 6th Ring Road
    • \n
  • \n Outer suburbs areas within city limits .
    • \n
\n
\n Division code \n Division \n Area in km \n Population 2010 \n Seat \n Postal code \n Subdivisions
\n Subdistricts \n Towns \n Townships \n Ethnic townships \n Residential communities \n Villages
\n 110000 \n Beijing \n 16411.0 \n 19,612,368 \n Dongcheng / Tongzhou \n 100000 \n 128 \n 167 \n 19 \n \n 2538 \n 3857
\n 110101 \n Dongcheng \n 40.6 \n 919,253 \n Jingshan Subdistrict \n 100000 \n 17 \n \n \n \n 216 \n
\n 110102 \n Xicheng \n 46.5 \n 1,243,315 \n Jinrong Street Subdistrict \n 100000 \n 15 \n \n \n \n 259 \n
\n 110105 \n Chaoyang \n 470.8 \n 3,545,137 \n Chaowai Subdistrict \n 100000 \n 21 \n \n 20 \n \n 358 \n 5
\n 110106 \n Fengtai \n 304.2 \n 2,112,162 \n Fengtai Subdistrict \n 100000 \n 14 \n \n \n \n 254 \n 73
\n 110107 \n Shijingshan \n 89.8 \n 616,083 \n Lugu Subdistrict \n 100000 \n 9 \n \n \n \n 130 \n
\n 110108 \n Haidian \n 426.0 \n 3,280,670 \n Haidian Subdistrict \n 100000 \n 22 \n \n 5 \n \n 603 \n 84
\n 110109 \n Mentougou \n 1331.3 \n 290,476 \n Dayu Subdistrict \n 102300 \n \n 9 \n \n \n 124 \n 179
\n 110111 \n Fangshan \n 1866.7 \n 944,832 \n Gongchen Subdistrict \n 102400 \n \n 14 \n 6 \n \n 108 \n 462
\n 110112 \n Tongzhou \n 870.0 \n 1,184,256 \n Beiyuan Subdistrict \n 101100 \n \n 10 \n \n \n 40 \n 480
\n 110113 \n Shunyi \n 980.0 \n 876,620 \n Shengli Subdistrict \n 101300 \n 6 \n 19 \n \n \n 61 \n 449
\n 110114 \n Changping \n 1430.0 \n 1,660,501 \n Chengbei Subdistrict \n 102200 \n \n 15 \n \n \n 180 \n 303
\n 110115 \n Daxing \n 1012.0 \n 1,365,112 \n Xingfeng Subdistrict \n 102600 \n \n 14 \n \n \n 64 \n 547
\n 110116 \n Huairou \n 2557.3 \n 372,887 \n Longshan Subdistrict \n 101400 \n \n 12 \n \n \n 27 \n 286
\n 110117 \n Pinggu \n 1075.0 \n 415,958 \n Binhe Subdistrict \n 101200 \n \n 14 \n \n \n 23 \n 275
\n 110118 \n Miyun \n 2335.6 \n 467,680 \n Gulou Subdistrict \n 101500 \n \n 18 \n \n \n 57 \n 338
\n 110119 \n Yanqing \n 1980.0 \n 317,426 \n Rulin Subdistrict \n 102100 \n \n 11 \n \n \n 34 \n 376
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( show ) Divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations
\n English \n Chinese \n Pinyin
\n Beijing Municipality \n \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 \n B\u011bij\u012bng Sh\u00ec
\n Dongcheng District \n \u4e1c \u57ce\u533a \n D\u014dngch\u00e9ng Q\u016b
\n Xicheng District \n \u897f \u57ce\u533a \n X\u012bch\u00e9ng Q\u016b
\n Chaoyang District \n \u671d\u9633 \u533a \n Ch\u00e1oy\u00e1ng Q\u016b
\n Fengtai District \n \u4e30\u53f0 \u533a \n F\u0113ngt\u00e1i Q\u016b
\n Shijingshan District \n \u77f3\u666f\u5c71 \u533a \n Sh\u00edj\u01d0ngsh\u0101n Q\u016b
\n Haidian District \n \u6d77\u6dc0 \u533a \n H\u01ceidi\u00e0n Q\u016b
\n Mentougou District \n \u95e8\u5934\u6c9f \u533a \n M\u00e9nt\u00f3ug\u014du Q\u016b
\n Fangshan District \n \u623f \u5c71\u533a \n F\u00e1ngsh\u0101n Q\u016b
\n Tongzhou District \n \u901a\u5dde \u533a \n T\u014dngzh\u014du Q\u016b
\n Shunyi District \n \u987a\u4e49 \u533a \n Sh\u00f9ny\u00ec Q\u016b
\n Changping District \n \u660c\u5e73 \u533a \n Ch\u0101ngp\u00edng Q\u016b
\n Daxing District \n \u5927\u5174 \u533a \n D\u00e0x\u012bng Q\u016b
\n Huairou District \n \u6000\u67d4 \u533a \n Hu\u00e1ir\u00f3u Q\u016b
\n Pinggu District \n \u5e73\u8c37 \u533a \n P\u00edngg\u01d4 Q\u016b
\n Miyun District \n \u5bc6\u4e91 \u533a \n M\u00ecy\u00fan Q\u016b
\n Yanqing District \n \u5ef6\u5e86 \u533a \n Y\u00e1nq\u00ecng Q\u016b
\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Including `` area '' ( \u5730\u533a ) .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Including other township related subdivisions .
    3. \n
\n Shichahai , in the Xicheng District , is traditionally considered one of Beijing 's most beautiful and charming scenic areas . Towns Main article : List of township - level divisions of Beijing

\n Beijing 's 16 county - level divisions ( districts ) are further subdivided into 273 lower third - level administrative units at the township level : 119 towns , 24 townships , 5 ethnic townships and 125 subdistricts . Towns within Beijing Municipality but outside the urban area include ( but are not limited to ) :

\n \n

\n Several place names in Beijing end with m\u00e9n ( \u95e8 ) , meaning `` gate '' , as they were the locations of gates in the former Beijing city wall . Other place names end in c\u016bn ( \u6751 ) , meaning `` village '' , as they were originally villages outside the city wall .

\n Neighborhoods \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( October 2017 )
\n The Niujie Mosque is an important historical attraction Main article : Neighborhoods in Beijing

\n Neighborhoods may extend across multiple districts . Major neighborhoods in urban Beijing include :

\n \n

\n Judiciary and procuracy

\n

\n The judicial system in Beijing consists of the Supreme People 's Court , the highest court in the country , the Beijing Municipal High People 's Court , the high people 's court of the municipality , three intermediate people 's courts , one intermediate railway transport court , 14 basic people 's court ( one for each of the municipality 's districts and counties ) , and one basic railway transport court . The Beijing No. 1 Intermediate People 's Court in Shijingshan oversees the basic courts of Haidian , Shijingshan , Mentougou , Changping and Yanqing . The Beijing No. 2 Intermediate People 's Court in Fengtai oversees the basic courts of Dongcheng , Xicheng , Fengtai , Fangshan and Daxing . The Beijing No. 3 Intermediate People 's Court in Laiguangying , is the newest of the three intermediate people 's courts and opened on 21 August 2013 . It oversees the district courts of Chaoyang , Tongzhou , Shunyi , Huairou , Pinggu and Miyun . Each court in Beijing has a corresponding people 's procuratorate .

\n

\n Diplomatic missions

\n Main article : List of diplomatic missions in China

\n About 163 countries have embassies in Beijing , which are concentrated in Jianguomenwai , Sanlitun and Liangmaqiao in Chaoyang District .

\n

\n Economy

\n Main article : Economy of Beijing Xidan is one of the oldest and busiest shopping area in Beijing .

\n As of 2016 , Beijing ' nominal GDP was US $ 386.45 billion ( CN \u00a5 2.57 trilion ) , about 3.45 % of the country 's GDP and ranked 12th among province - level administrative units ; its nominal GDP per capita was US $17,795 ( CN \u00a5 118,198 ) and ranked the 1st in the country .

\n

\n Due to the concentration of state owned enterprises in the national capital , Beijing in 2013 had more Fortune Global 500 Company headquarters than any other city in the world .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Historical GDP of Beijing for 1978 -- present ( SNA2008 ) ( purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan , as Int'l . dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017 )
\n year \n GDP \n GDP per capita ( GDPpc ) based on mid-year population \n Reference index
\n GDP in millions \n real growth ( % ) \n GDPpc \n exchange rate 1 foreign currency to CNY
\n CNY \n USD \n PPP ( Int'l $ . ) \n CNY \n USD \n PPP ( Int'l $ . ) \n USD 1 \n Int'l $. 1 ( PPP )
\n 2016 \n 2,566,910 \n 386,449 \n 733,214 \n 6.8 \n 118,198 \n 17,795 \n 33,762 \n 6.6423 \n 3.5009
\n 2015 \n 2,368,570 \n 380,285 \n 667,297 \n 6.9 \n 109,602 \n 17,597 \n 30,878 \n 6.2284 \n 3.5495
\n 2014 \n 2,194,410 \n 357,233 \n 618,074 \n 7.4 \n 102,870 \n 16,746 \n 28,974 \n 6.1428 \n 3.5504
\n 2013 \n 2,033,010 \n 328,265 \n 568,372 \n 7.7 \n 97,178 \n 15,691 \n 27,168 \n 6.1932 \n 3.5769
\n 2012 \n 1,835,010 \n 290,695 \n 516,788 \n 8.0 \n 89,778 \n 14,222 \n 25,284 \n 6.3125 \n 3.5508
\n 2011 \n 1,662,790 \n 257,446 \n 474,337 \n 8.1 \n 83,547 \n 12,935 \n 23,833 \n 6.4588 \n 3.5055
\n \n 1,444,160 \n 213,333 \n 436,223 \n 10.4 \n 75,572 \n 11,164 \n 22,827 \n 6.7695 \n 3.3106
\n 2009 \n 1,241,900 \n 181,804 \n 393,317 \n 10.0 \n 68,405 \n 10,014 \n 21,664 \n 6.8310 \n 3.1575
\n 2008 \n 1,139,200 \n 164,029 \n 358,600 \n 9.0 \n 66,098 \n 9,517 \n 20,807 \n 6.9451 \n 3.1768
\n 2007 \n 1,007,190 \n 132,455 \n 334,071 \n 14.4 \n 61,470 \n 8,084 \n 20,389 \n 7.6040 \n 3.0149
\n 2006 \n 831,260 \n 104,275 \n 288,863 \n 12.8 \n 52,963 \n 6,644 \n 18,405 \n 7.9718 \n 2.8777
\n 2005 \n 714,140 \n 87,178 \n 249,787 \n 12.3 \n 47,127 \n 5,753 \n 16,484 \n 8.1917 \n 2.8590
\n 2000 \n 321,280 \n 38,809 \n 118,148 \n 12.0 \n 24,517 \n 2,962 \n 9,016 \n 8.2784 \n 2.7193
\n 1995 \n 150,770 \n 18,054 \n 55,239 \n 12.0 \n 12,690 \n 1,520 \n 4,649 \n 8.3510 \n 2.7294
\n 1990 \n 50,080 \n 10,470 \n 29,414 \n 5.2 \n 4,635 \n 969 \n 2,722 \n 4.7832 \n 1.7026
\n 1985 \n 25,710 \n 8,755 \n 18,342 \n 8.7 \n 2,643 \n 900 \n 1,886 \n 2.9366 \n 1.4017
\n 1980 \n 13,910 \n 9,283 \n 9,301 \n 11.8 \n 1,544 \n 1,030 \n 1,032 \n 1.4984 \n 1.4955
\n 1978 \n 10,880 \n 6,462 \n \n 10.5 \n 1,257 \n 747 \n \n 1.6836 \n
\n

\n Sector Composition

\n The Taikoo Li Sanlitun shopping arcade is a popular destination among locals and visitors

\n The city has a post-industrial economy that is dominated by the tertiary sector ( services ) , which generated 76.9 % of output , followed by the secondary sector ( manufacturing , construction ) at 22.2 % and the primary sector ( agriculture , mining ) at 0.8 % .

\n

\n The services sector is broadly diversified with professional services , wholesale and retail , information technology , commercial real estate , scientific research , and residential real estate each contributing at least 6 % to the city 's economy in 2013 .

\n

\n The single largest sub-sector remains industry , whose share of overall output has shrunk to 18.1 % in 2013 . The mix of industrial output has changed significantly since 2010 when the city announced that 140 highly - polluting , energy and water resource intensive enterprises would be relocated from the city in five years . The relocation of Capital Steel to neighboring Hebei province had begun in 2005 . In 2013 , output of automobiles , aerospace products , semiconductors , pharmaceuticals , and food processing all increased .

\n

\n In the farmland around Beijing , vegetables and fruits have displaced grain as the primary crops under cultivation . In 2013 , the tonnage of vegetable , edible fungus and fruit harvested was over three times that of grain . In 2013 , overall acreage under cultivation shrank along with most categories of produce as more land was reforested for environmental reasons .

\n

\n Economic zones

\n Main article : List of economic and technological development zones in Beijing The skyline of Beijing CBD Zhongguancun is a technology hub in Haidian District

\n In 2006 , the city government identified six high - end economic output zones around Beijing as the primary engines for local economic growth . In 2012 , the six zones produced 43.3 % of the city 's GDP , up from 36.5 % in 2007 . The six zones are :

\n
    \n
  1. \n Zhongguancun , China 's silicon village in Haidian District northwest of the city , is home to both established and start - up tech companies . As of the second quarter of 2014 , of the 9,895 companies registered in one of the six zones , 6,150 were based in Zhongguancun .
    2. \n
  2. \n Beijing Financial Street , in Xicheng District on the west side of the city between Fuxingmen and Fuchengmen , is lined with headquarters of large state banks and insurance companies . The country 's financial regulatory agencies including the central bank , bank regulator , securities regulator , and foreign exchange authority are located in the neighborhood .
    3. \n
  3. \n Beijing Central Business District ( CBD ) , is actually located to the east of downtown , near the embassies along the eastern Third Ring Road between Jianguomenwai and Chaoyangmenwai . The CBD is home to most of the city 's skyscraper office buildings . Most of the city 's foreign companies and professional service firms are based in the CBD .
    4. \n
  4. \n Beijing Economic and Technological Development Area , better known as Yizhuang , is an industrial park the straddles the southern Fifth Ring Road in Daxing District . It has attracted pharmaceutical , information technology , and materials engineering companies .
    5. \n
  5. \n Beijing Airport Economic Zone was created in 1993 and surrounds the Beijing Capital International Airport in Shunyi District northwest of the city . In addition to logistics , airline services , and trading firms , this zone is also home to Beijing 's automobile assembly plants .
    6. \n
  6. \n Beijing Olympic Center Zone surrounds the Olympic Green due north of downtown and is developing into an entertainment , sports , tourism and business convention center .
    7. \n
\n

\n Shijingshan , on the western outskirts of the city , is a traditional heavy industrial base for steel - making . Chemical plants are concentrated in the far eastern suburbs .

\n

\n Less legitimate enterprises also exist . Urban Beijing is known for being a center of infringed goods ; anything from the latest designer clothing to DVDs can be found in markets all over the city , often marketed to expatriates and international visitors .

\n

\n Demographics

\n Main article : Demographics of Beijing \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Historical population
\n Year \n Pop . \n \u00b1 % p.a.
\n 1953 \n 2,768,149 \n --
\n 1964 \n 7,568,495 \n + 9.57 %
\n 1982 \n 9,230,687 \n + 1.11 %
\n 1990 \n 10,819,407 \n + 2.00 %
\n 2000 \n 13,569,194 \n + 2.29 %
\n \n 19,612,368 \n + 3.75 %
\n 2013 \n 21,150,000 \n + 2.55 %
\n 2014 \n 21,516,000 \n + 1.73 %
\n Population size may be affected by changes on administrative divisions .
\n

\n In 2013 , Beijing had a total population of 21.148 million within the municipality , of which 18.251 million resided in urban districts or suburban townships and 2.897 million lived in rural villages . Within China , the city ranked second in urban population after Shanghai and the third in municipal population after Shanghai and Chongqing . Beijing also ranks among the most populous cities in the world , a distinction the city has held for much of the past 800 years , especially during the 15th to early 19th centuries when it was the largest city in the world .

\n

\n About 13 million of the city 's residents in 2013 had local hukou permits , which entitles them to permanent residence in Beijing . The remaining 8 million residents had hukou permits elsewhere and were not eligible to receive some social benefits provided by the Beijing municipal government .

\n

\n The population increased in 2013 by 455,000 or about 7 % from the previous year and continued a decade - long trend of rapid growth . The total population in 2004 was 14.213 million . The population gains are driven largely by migration . The population 's rate of natural increase in 2013 was a mere 0.441 % , based on a birth rate of 8.93 and a mortality rate of 4.52 . The gender balance was 51.6 % males and 48.4 % females .

\n

\n Working age people account for nearly 80 % of the population . Compared to 2004 , residents age 0 -- 14 as a proportion of the population dropped from 9.96 % to 9.5 % in 2013 and residents over the age of 65 declined from 11.12 % to 9.2 % .

\n

\n According to the 2010 census , nearly 96 % of Beijing 's population are ethnic Han Chinese . Of the 800,000 ethnic minorities living in the capital , Manchu ( 336,000 ) , Hui ( 249,000 ) , Korean ( 77,000 ) , Mongol ( 37,000 ) and Tujia ( 24,000 ) constitute the five largest groups . In addition , there were 8,045 Hong Kong residents , 500 Macau residents , and 7,772 Taiwan residents along with 91,128 registered foreigners living in Beijing . A study by the Beijing Academy of Sciences estimates that in 2010 there were on average 200,000 foreigners living in Beijing on any given day including students , business travellers and tourists are not counted as registered residents .

\n

\n From 2000 to 2010 , the percentage of city residents with at least some college education nearly doubled from 16.8 % to 31.5 % . About 22.2 % have some high school education and 31 % had reached middle school .

\n

\n In 2017 the Chinese Government implemented population controls for Beijing and Shanghai . Latest statistics show that from this policy , Beijings ' population declined by 20,000

\n

\n Metropolitan area

\n

\n The encompassing metropolitan area was estimated by the OECD ( Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ) to have , as of 2010 , a population of 24.9 million .

\n

\n Culture

\n The Beijing Ancient Observatory A scene from a Peking opera Royal collection of the Forbidden City

\n People native to urban Beijing speak the Beijing dialect , which belongs to the Mandarin subdivision of spoken Chinese . This speech is the basis for putonghua , the standard spoken language used in mainland China and Taiwan , and one of the four official languages of Singapore . Rural areas of Beijing Municipality have their own dialects akin to those of Hebei province , which surrounds Beijing Municipality .

\n

\n Beijing or Peking opera ( \u4eac\u5267 , J\u012bngj\u00f9 ) is a traditional form of Chinese theater well known throughout the nation . Commonly lauded as one of the highest achievements of Chinese culture , Beijing opera is performed through a combination of song , spoken dialogue , and codified action sequences involving gestures , movement , fighting and acrobatics . Much of Beijing opera is carried out in an archaic stage dialect quite different from Modern Standard Chinese and from the modern Beijing dialect .

\n

\n Beijing cuisine is the local style of cooking . Peking Roast Duck is perhaps the best known dish . Fuling Jiabing , a traditional Beijing snack food , is a pancake ( bing ) resembling a flat disk with a filling made from fu ling , a fungus used in traditional Chinese medicine . Teahouses are common in Beijing .

\n

\n The cloisonn\u00e9 ( or Jingtailan , literally `` Blue of Jingtai '' ) metalworking technique and tradition is a Beijing art speciality , and is one of the most revered traditional crafts in China . Cloisonn\u00e9 making requires elaborate and complicated processes which include base - hammering , copper - strip inlay , soldering , enamel - filling , enamel - firing , surface polishing and gilding . Beijing 's lacquerware is also well known for its sophisticated and intrinsic patterns and images carved into its surface , and the various decoration techniques of lacquer include `` carved lacquer '' and `` engraved gold '' .

\n

\n Younger residents of Beijing have become more attracted to the nightlife , which has flourished in recent decades , breaking prior cultural traditions that had practically restricted it to the upper class . Today , Houhai , Sanlitun and Wudaokou are Beijing 's nightlife hotspots .

\n

\n Places of interest

\n See also : Major National Historical and Cultural Sites ( Beijing ) and List of Beijing landmarks

\n ... the city remains an epicenter of tradition with the treasures of nearly 2,000 years as the imperial capital still on view -- in the famed Forbidden City and in the city 's lush pavilions and gardens ...

\n -- National Geographic Qianmen Avenue , a traditional commercial street outside Qianmen Gate along the southern Central Axis

\n At the historical heart of Beijing lies the Forbidden City , the enormous palace compound that was the home of the emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties ; the Forbidden City hosts the Palace Museum , which contains imperial collections of Chinese art . Surrounding the Forbidden City are several former imperial gardens , parks and scenic areas , notably Beihai , Shichahai , Zhongnanhai , Jingshan and Zhongshan . These places , particularly Beihai Park , are described as masterpieces of Chinese gardening art , and are popular tourist destinations with tremendous historical importance ; in the modern era , Zhongnanhai has also been the political heart of various Chinese governments and regimes and is now the headquarters of the Communist Party of China and the State Council . From Tiananmen Square , right across from the Forbidden City , there are several notable sites , such as the Tiananmen , Qianmen , the Great Hall of the People , the National Museum of China , the Monument to the People 's Heroes , and the Mausoleum of Mao Zedong . The Summer Palace and the Old Summer Palace both lie at the western part of the city ; the former , a UNESCO World Heritage Site , contains a comprehensive collection of imperial gardens and palaces that served as the summer retreats for the Qing imperial family .

\n Beijing 's Temple of Heaven Ancient Hutongs outside Qianmen Gate

\n Among the best known religious sites in the city is the Temple of Heaven ( Tiantan ) , located in southeastern Beijing , also a UNESCO World Heritage Site , where emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties made visits for annual ceremonies of prayers to Heaven for good harvest . In the north of the city is the Temple of Earth ( Ditan ) , while the Temple of the Sun ( Ritan ) and the Temple of the Moon ( Yuetan ) lie in the eastern and western urban areas respectively . Other well - known temple sites include the Dongyue Temple , Tanzhe Temple , Miaoying Temple , White Cloud Temple , Yonghe Temple , Fayuan Temple , Wanshou Temple and Big Bell Temple . The city also has its own Confucius Temple , and a Guozijian or Imperial Academy . The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception , built in 1605 , is the oldest Catholic church in Beijing . The Niujie Mosque is the oldest mosque in Beijing , with a history stretching back over a thousand years .

\n Inside the Forbidden City

\n Beijing contains several well - preserved pagodas and stone pagodas , such as the towering Pagoda of Tianning Temple , which was built during the Liao dynasty from 1100 to 1120 , and the Pagoda of Cishou Temple , which was built in 1576 during the Ming dynasty . Historically noteworthy stone bridges include the 12th - century Lugou Bridge , the 17th - century Baliqiao bridge , and the 18th - century Jade Belt Bridge . The Beijing Ancient Observatory displays pre-telescopic spheres dating back to the Ming and Qing dynasties . The Fragrant Hills ( Xiangshan ) is a popular scenic public park that consists of natural landscaped areas as well as traditional and cultural relics . The Beijing Botanical Garden exhibits over 6,000 species of plants , including a variety of trees , bushes and flowers , and an extensive peony garden . The Taoranting , Longtan , Chaoyang , Haidian , Milu Yuan and Zizhu Yuan parks are some of the notable recreational parks in the city . The Beijing Zoo is a center of zoological research that also contains rare animals from various continents , including the Chinese giant panda .

\n

\n There are 144 museums and galleries ( as of June 2008 ) in the city . In addition to the Palace Museum in the Forbidden City and the National Museum of China , other major museums include the National Art Museum of China , the Capital Museum , the Beijing Art Museum , the Military Museum of the Chinese People 's Revolution , the Geological Museum of China , the Beijing Museum of Natural History and the Paleozoological Museum of China .

\n

\n Located at the outskirts of urban Beijing , but within its municipality are the Thirteen Tombs of the Ming dynasty , the lavish and elaborate burial sites of thirteen Ming emperors , which have been designated as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties . The archaeological Peking Man site at Zhoukoudian is another World Heritage Site within the municipality , containing a wealth of discoveries , among them one of the first specimens of Homo erectus and an assemblage of bones of the gigantic hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris . There are several sections of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Great Wall of China , most notably Badaling , Jinshanling , Simatai and Mutianyu .

\n

\n Religion

\n

\n Religion in Beijing ( 2010s )

\n Chinese religion or not religious and atheists ( 86.26 % ) Buddhism ( 11.2 % ) Islam ( 1.76 % ) Christianity ( 0.78 % ) A Temple of the Goddess in Gubeikou . Fire God Temple in Di'anmen .

\n The religious heritage of Beijing is rich and diverse as Chinese folk religion , Taoism , Buddhism , Confucianism , Islam and Christianity all have significant historical presence in the city . As the national capital , the city also hosts the State Administration for Religious Affairs and various state - sponsored institutions of the leading religions . In recent decades , foreign residents have brought other religions to the city . According to Wang Zhiyun of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 2010 there were 2.2 million Buddhists in the city , equal to 11.2 % of the total population . According to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2009 , Christians constitute 0.78 % of the city 's population . According to a 2010 survey , Muslims constitute 1.76 % of the population of Beijing .

\n Rear hall of the Capital City God Temple of Beijing .

\n Chinese folk religion and Taoism

\n

\n Beijing has many temples dedicated to folk religious and communal deities , many of which are being reconstructed or refurbished in the 2000s and 2010s . Yearly sacrifices to the God of Heaven ( \u796d \u5929 j\u00ecti\u0101n ) at the Temple of Heaven have been resumed by Confucian groups in the 2010s .

\n

\n There are temples dedicated to the worship of the Goddess ( \u5a18\u5a18 Ni\u00e1ngni\u00e1ng ) in the city , one of them near the Olympic Village , and they revolve around a major cult center at Mount Miaofeng . There are also many temples consecrated to the Dragon God ( \u9f99 \u795e L\u00f3ngsh\u00e9n ) , to the Medicine Master ( \u836f \u738b Y\u00e0ow\u00e1ng ) , to Divus Guan ( \u5173 \u5e1d Gu\u0101nd\u00ec ) , to the Fire God ( \u706b \u795e Hu\u01d2sh\u00e9n ) , to the Wealth God ( \u8d22\u795e C\u00e1ish\u00e9n ) , temples of the City God ( \u57ce\u968d \u795e Ch\u00e9nghu\u00e1ngsh\u00e9n ) , and at least one temple consecrated to the Yellow Deity of the Chariot Shaft ( \u8f69\u8f95 \u9ec4\u5e1d Xu\u0101nyu\u00e1n Hu\u00e1ngd\u00ec ) in Pinggu District . Many of these temples are governed by the Beijing Taoist Association , such as the Fire God Temple of the Shicha Lake , while many others are not and are governed by popular committees and locals . A great Temple of Xuanyuan Huangdi will be built in Pinggu ( possibly as an expansion of the already existing shrine ) within 2020 , and the temple will feature a statue of the deity which will be amongst the tallest in the world .

\n

\n The national Chinese Taoist Association and Chinese Taoist College have their headquarters at the White Cloud Temple of Quanzhen Taoism , which was founded in 741 and rebuilt numerous times . The Beijing Dongyue Temple outside Chaoyangmen is the largest temple of Zhengyi Taoism in the city . The local Beijing Taoist Association has its headquarters at the L\u00fczu Temple near Fuxingmen .

\n

\n Buddhism

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n The tomb pagodas at Tanzhe Temple Yonghe Lama Temple of Tibetan Buddhism .

\n 11 % of the population of Beijing practices Buddhism . The Buddhist Association of China , the state 's supervisory organ overseeing all Buddhist institutions in mainland China , is headquartered in the Guangji Temple , a temple founded over 800 years ago during the Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) in what is now Fuchengmennei . The Beijing Buddhist Association along with the Buddhist Choir and Orchestra are based in the Guanghua Temple , which dates to the Yuan dynasty over 700 years ago . The Buddhist Academy of China and its library are housed in the Fayuan Temple near Caishikou . The Fayuan Temple , which dates to the Tang dynasty 1300 years ago , is the oldest temple in urban Beijing . The Tongjiao Temple inside Dongzhimen is the city 's only Buddhist nunnery .

\n

\n The West Yellow Temple originally dates to the Liao dynasty . In 1651 , the temple was commissioned by the Qing Emperor Shunzhi to host the visit of the Fifth Dalai Lama to Beijing . Since then , this temple has hosted the 13th Dalai Lama as well as the Sixth , Ninth and Tenth Panchen Lamas . The largest Tibetan Buddhist Temple in Beijing is the Yonghe Temple , which was decreed by the Qing Emperor Qianlong in 1744 to serve as the residence and research facility for his Buddhist preceptor of R\u00f6lp\u00e9 Dorj\u00e9 the third Changkya ( or living Buddha of Inner Mongolia ) . The Yonghe Temple is so - named because it was the childhood residence of the Yongzheng Emperor , and retains the glazed tiles reserved for imperial palaces .

\n

\n The Lingguang Temple of Badachu in the Western Hills also dates to the Tang dynasty . The temple 's Zhaoxian Pagoda was first built in 1071 during the Liao dynasty to hold a tooth relic of the Buddha . The pagoda was destroyed during the Boxer Rebellion and the tooth was discovered from its foundation . A new pagoda was built in 1964 . The six aforementioned temples : Guangji , Guanghua , Tongjiao , West Yellow , Yonghe and Lingguang have been designated National Key Buddhist Temples in Han Chinese Area .

\n

\n In addition , other notable temples in Beijing include the Tanzhe Temple ( founded in the Jin dynasty ( 265 -- 420 ) is the oldest in the municipality ) , Tianning Temple ( oldest pagoda in the city ) , Miaoying Temple ( famed for Yuan - era white dagoba ) , the Wanshou Temple ( home to the Beijing Art Museum ) and Big Bell Temple .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Buddhist temples in Beijing
\n
    \n
  • \n Badachu
    • \n
  • \n Bailin Temple
    • \n
  • \n Big Bell Temple
    • \n
  • \n Changchun Temple
    • \n
  • \n Cheng'en Temple
    • \n
  • \n Dahui Temple
    • \n
  • \n Dajue Temple
    • \n
  • \n Fahai Temple
    • \n
  • \n Fayuan Temple
    • \n
  • \n Guanghua Temple
    • \n
  • \n Guangji Temple
    • \n
  • \n Hongluo Temple
    • \n
  • \n Jietai Temple
    • \n
  • \n Miaoying Temple
    • \n
  • \n Tanzhe Temple
    • \n
  • \n Temple of Azure Clouds
    • \n
  • \n Tianning Temple
    • \n
  • \n Wanshou Temple
    • \n
  • \n Wofo Temple
    • \n
  • \n Xifeng Temple
    • \n
  • \n Yonghe Temple
    • \n
  • \n Yunju Temple
    • \n
  • \n Zhenjue Temple
    • \n
  • \n Zhihua Temple
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Islam

\n Niujie Mosque

\n Beijing has about 70 mosques recognized by the Islamic Association of China , whose headquarters are located next to the Niujie Mosque , the oldest and most famous mosque in the city . The Niujie Mosque was founded in 996 during the Liao dynasty and is frequently visited by Muslim dignitaries . Other notable mosques in the old city include the Dongsi Mosque , founded in 1346 ; the Huashi Mosque , founded in 1415 ; Nan Douya Mosque , near Chaoyangmen ; Jinshifang Street Mosque , in Xicheng District ; and the Dongzhimen Mosque . There are large mosques in outlying Muslim communities in Haidian , Madian , Tongzhou , Changping , Changying , Shijingshan and Miyun . The China Islamic Institute is located in the Niujie neighborhood in Xicheng District .

\n

\n Christianity

\n Church of the Saviour , also known as the Xishiku Church , founded in 1703 .
\n
\n Catholicism
\n
\n

\n In 1289 , John of Montecorvino came to Beijing as a Franciscan missionary with the order from the Pope . After meeting and receiving the support of Kublai Khan in 1293 , he built the first Catholic church in Beijing in 1305 . The Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association ( CPCA ) , based in Houhai is the government oversight body for Catholics in mainland China . Notable Catholic churches in Beijing include :

\n \n

\n The National Seminary of Catholic Church in China is located in Daxing District .

\n
\n
\n Protestantism
\n
\n

\n The earliest Protestant churches in Beijing were founded by British and American missionaries in the second half of the 19th century . Protestant missionaries also opened schools , universities and hospitals which have become important civic institutions . Most of Beijing 's Protestant churches were destroyed during the Boxer Rebellion and afterwards rebuilt . In 1958 , the 64 Protestant churches in the city are reorganized into four and overseen by the state through the Three - Self Patriotic Movement .

\n
\n
\n Eastern Orthodox
\n
\n

\n There were a significant amount of Orthodox Christians in Beijing . Orthodox has come to Beijing along with Russian prisoners from Albazino conflicts in the 17th century . In 1956 , Viktor , the bishop of Beijing returned to the Soviet Union , and the Soviet embassy took over the old cathedral and demolished it . In 2007 , Russian embassy has rebuilt a new church in its garden to serve the Russian Orthodox Christians in Beijing .

\n

\n Media

\n

\n Television and Radio

\n The China Central Television Headquarters building

\n Beijing Television broadcasts on channels 1 through 10 , and China Central Television , China 's largest television network , maintains its headquarters in Beijing . Three radio stations feature programmes in English : Hit FM on FM 88.7 , Easy FM by China Radio International on FM 91.5 , and the newly launched Radio 774 on AM 774 . Beijing Radio Stations is the family of radio stations serving the city .

\n

\n Press

\n

\n The well - known Beijing Evening News ( Beijing Wanbao , \u5317\u4eac \u665a\u62a5 ) , covering news about Beijing in Chinese , is distributed every afternoon . Other newspapers include Beijing Daily , The Beijing News ( Xin Jing Bao , \u65b0 \u4eac \u62a5 ) , the Beijing Star Daily , the Beijing Morning News , and the Beijing Youth Daily ( Beijing Qingnian Bao ) , as well as English - language weeklies Beijing Weekend and Beijing Today . The People 's Daily , Global Times and the China Daily ( English ) are published in Beijing as well .

\n

\n Publications primarily aimed at international visitors and the expatriate community include the English - language periodicals Time Out Beijing , City Weekend , Beijing This Month , Beijing Talk , That 's Beijing , and The Beijinger .

\n

\n Sports

\n Main articles : Sport in Beijing and Football in Beijing

\n Events

\n Fireworks above Olympic venues during the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Games Tai chi ( Taijiquan ) practitioners at the Fragrant Hills Park

\n Beijing has hosted numerous international and national sporting events , the most notable was the 2008 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games . Other multi-sport international events held in Beijing include the 2001 Universiade and the 1990 Asian Games . Single - sport international competitions include the Beijing Marathon ( annually since 1981 ) , China Open of Tennis ( 1993 -- 97 , annually since 2004 ) , ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Cup of China ( 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2008 , 2009 and 2010 ) , WPBSA China Open for Snooker ( annually since 2005 ) , Union Cycliste Internationale Tour of Beijing ( since 2011 ) , 1961 World Table Tennis Championships , 1987 IBF Badminton World Championships , the 2004 AFC Asian Cup ( football ) , and 2009 Barclays Asia Trophy ( football ) . Beijing hosted the 2015 IAAF World Championships in Athletics .

\n

\n Beijing 's LeSports Center will be one of the main venues for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup .

\n

\n The city hosted the second Chinese National Games in 1914 and the first four National Games of China in 1959 , 1965 , 1975 , 1979 , respectively , and co-hosted the 1993 National Games with Sichuan and Qingdao . Beijing also hosted the inaugural National Peasants ' Games in 1988 and the sixth National Minority Games in 1999 .

\n

\n In November 2013 , Beijing made a bid to host the 2022 Winter Olympics . On 31 July 2015 , the International Olympic Committee awarded the 2022 Winter Olympics to the city .

\n

\n Venues

\n

\n Major sporting venues in the city include the National Stadium , also known as the `` Birds ' Nest '' , National Aquatics Center , also known as the `` Water Cube '' , National Indoor Stadium , all in the Olympic Green to the north of downtown ; the MasterCard Center at Wukesong west of downtown ; the Workers ' Stadium and Workers ' Arena in Sanlitun just east of downtown and the Capital Arena in Baishiqiao , northeast of downtown . In addition , many universities in the city have their own sport facilities .

\n

\n Clubs

\n

\n Professional sports teams based in Beijing include :

\n \n

\n The Beijing Olympians of the American Basketball Association , formerly a Chinese Basketball Association team , kept their name and maintained a roster of primarily Chinese players after moving to Maywood , California in 2005 .

\n

\n China Bandy Federation is based in Beijing , one of several cities in which the potential for bandy development is explored .

\n

\n Transportation

\n Main article : Transport in Beijing Mobikes jamming sidewalks in Beijing Beijing Railway Station , one of several rail stations in the city Traffic jam in the Beijing CBD Terminal 3 of the Beijing Capital International Airport A Line 1 train on the Beijing Subway , which is among the longest and busiest rapid transit systems in the world . An articulated Beijing bus . Bicyclists during rush hour at the Chang'an Avenue . Typical Beijing traffic signage found at intersections .

\n Beijing is an important transport hub in North China with five ring roads , nine expressways , eleven National Highways , nine conventional railways , and two high - speed railways converging on the city .

\n

\n Rail and high - speed rail

\n

\n Beijing serves as a large rail hub in China 's railway network . Ten conventional rail lines radiate from the city to : Shanghai ( Jinghu Line ) , Guangzhou ( Jingguang Line ) , Kowloon ( Jingjiu Line ) , Harbin ( Jingha Line ) , Baotou ( Jingbao Line ) , Qinhuangdao ( Jingqin Line ) , Chengde ( Jingcheng Line ) , Tongliao , Inner Mongolia ( Jingtong Line ) , Yuanping , Shanxi ( Jingyuan Line ) and Shacheng , Hebei ( Fengsha Line ) . In addition , the Datong -- Qinhuangdao Railway passes through the municipality to the north of the city .

\n

\n Beijing also has three high - speed rail lines : the Beijing - Tianjin Intercity Railway , which opened in 2008 ; the Beijing - Shanghai High - Speed Railway , which opened in 2011 ; and the Beijing -- Guangzhou High - Speed Railway , which opened in 2012 .

\n

\n The city 's main railway stations are the Beijing Railway Station , which opened in 1959 ; the Beijing West Railway Station , which opened in 1996 ; and the Beijing South Railway Station , which was rebuilt into the city 's high - speed railway station in 2008 . As of 1 July 2010 , Beijing Railway Station had 173 trains arriving daily , Beijing West had 232 trains and Beijing South had 163 . The Beijing North Railway Station , first built in 1909 and expanded in 2009 , had 22 trains .

\n

\n Smaller stations in the city including Beijing East Railway Station and Qinghuayuan Railway Station handle mainly commuter passenger traffic . The Fengtai Railway Station has been closed for renovation . In outlying suburbs and counties of Beijing , there are over 40 railway stations .

\n

\n From Beijing , direct passenger train service is available to most large cities in China . International train service is available to Mongolia , Russia , Vietnam and North Korea . Passenger trains in China are numbered according to their direction in relation to Beijing .

\n

\n Roads and expressways

\n Further information : Expressways of Beijing and China National Highways of Beijing

\n Beijing is connected by road links to all parts of China as part of the National Trunk Road Network . Nine expressways of China serve Beijing , as do eleven China National Highways . Beijing 's urban transport is dependent upon the five `` ring roads '' that concentrically surround the city , with the Forbidden City area marked as the geographical centre for the ring roads . The ring roads appear more rectangular than ring - shaped . There is no official `` 1st Ring Road '' . The 2nd Ring Road is located in the inner city . Ring roads tend to resemble expressways progressively as they extend outwards , with the 5th and 6th Ring Roads being full - standard national expressways , linked to other roads only by interchanges . Expressways to other regions of China are generally accessible from the 3rd Ring Road outward . A final outer orbital , the Capital Ring Expressway ( G95 ) , is being built and will extend into neighboring Tianjin and Hebei .

\n

\n Within the urban core , city streets generally follow the checkerboard pattern of the ancient capital . Many of Beijing 's boulevards and streets with `` inner '' and `` outer '' are still named in relation to gates in the city wall , though most gates no longer stand . Traffic jams are a major concern . Even outside of rush hour , several roads still remain clogged with traffic .

\n

\n Beijing 's urban design layout further exacerbates transportation problems . The authorities have introduced several bus lanes , which only public buses can use during rush hour . In the beginning of 2010 , Beijing had 4 million registered automobiles . By the end of 2010 , the government forecast 5 million . In 2010 , new car registrations in Beijing averaged 15,500 per week .

\n

\n Towards the end of 2010 , the city government announced a series of drastic measures to tackle traffic jams , including limiting the number of new license plates issued to passenger cars to 20,000 a month and barring cars with non-Beijing plates from entering areas within the Fifth Ring Road during rush hour . More restrictive measures are also reserved during major events or heavily polluted weather .

\n

\n Air

\n

\n Beijing 's primary airport is the Beijing Capital International Airport ( IATA : PEK ) about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) northeast of the city centre . The airport is the second busiest airport in the world after Hartsfield - Jackson Atlanta International Airport . After renovations for the 2008 Olympics , the airport now boasts three terminals , with Terminal 3 being one of the largest in the world . Most domestic and nearly all international flights arrive at and depart from Capital Airport . It is the main hub for Air China and a hub for China Southern and Hainan Airlines . The airport links Beijing with almost every other Chinese city with regular air passenger service .

\n

\n The Airport Expressway links the airport to central Beijing ; it is a roughly 40 - minute drive from the city centre during good traffic conditions . Prior to the 2008 Olympics , the 2nd Airport Expressway was built to the airport , as well as a light rail system , which now connects to the Beijing Subway .

\n

\n Other airports in the city include Liangxiang , Nanyuan , Xijiao , Shahe and Badaling . These airports are primarily for military use and are less well known to the public . Nanyuan serves as the hub for only one passenger airline . A second international airport , to be called Beijing Daxing International Airport , is currently being built in Daxing District , and is expected to be open by September 2018 .

\n

\n As of 1 January 2013 , tourists from 45 countries are permitted a 72 - hour visa - free stay in Beijing . The 45 countries include Singapore , Japan , the United States , Canada , all EU and EEA countries ( except Norway and Liechtenstein ) , Switzerland , Brazil , Argentina and Australia . The programme benefits transit and business travellers with the 72 hours calculated starting from the moment visitors receive their transit stay permits rather than the time of their plane 's arrival . Foreign visitors are not permitted to leave Beijing for other Chinese cities during the 72 hours .

\n

\n Public transit

\n

\n The Beijing Subway , which began operating in 1969 , now has 22 lines , 370 stations , and 608 km ( 378 mi ) of lines . It is the second longest subway system in the world and first in annual ridership with 3.66 billion rides delivered in 2016 . In 2013 , with a flat fare of \u00a5 2.00 ( 0.31 USD ) per ride with unlimited transfers on all lines except the Airport Express , the subway was also the most affordable rapid transit system in China . The subway is undergoing rapid expansion and is expected to reach 30 lines , 450 stations , 1,050 kilometres ( 650 mi ) in length by 2020 . When fully implemented , 95 % of residents inside the Fourth Ring Road will be able to walk to a station in 15 minutes . The Beijing Suburban Railway provides commuter rail service to outlying suburbs of the municipality .

\n

\n On 28 December 2014 , the Beijing Subway switched to a distance - based fare system from a fixed fare for all lines except the Airport Express . Under the new system a trip under 6 km will cost \u00a5 3.00 ( 0.49 USD ) , an additional \u00a5 1.00 will be added for the next 6 kilometres ( 3.7 miles ) and the next 10 kilometres ( 6.2 miles ) until the distance for the trip reaches 32 kilometres ( 20 miles ) . For every 20 kilometres ( 12 miles ) after the original 32 kilometres ( 20 miles ) an additional \u00a5 1.00 is added . For example , a 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) trip would cost \u00a5 8.00 .

\n

\n There are nearly 1,000 public bus and trolleybus lines in the city , including four bus rapid transit lines . Standard bus fares are as low as \u00a5 1.00 when purchased with the Yikatong metrocard .

\n

\n Taxi

\n

\n Metered taxi in Beijing start at \u00a5 13 for the first 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) , \u00a5 2.3 Renminbi per additional 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) and \u00a5 1 per ride fuel surcharge , not counting idling fees which are \u00a5 2.3 ( \u00a5 4.6 during rush hours of 7 -- 9 am and 5 -- 7 pm ) per 5 minutes of standing or running at speeds lower than 12 kilometres per hour ( 7.5 mph ) . Most taxis are Hyundai Elantras , Hyundai Sonatas , Peugeots , Citro\u00ebns and Volkswagen Jettas . After 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) , the base fare increases by 50 % ( but is only applied to the portion over that distance ) . Different companies have special colours combinations painted on their vehicles . Usually registered taxis have yellowish brown as basic hue , with another color of Prussian blue , hunter green , white , umber , tyrian purple , rufous , or sea green . Between 11 pm and 5 am , there is also a 20 % fee increase . Rides over 15 km ( 9 mi ) and between 23 : 00 and 06 : 00 incur both charges , for a total increase of 80 % . Tolls during trip should be covered by customers and the costs of trips beyond Beijing city limits should be negotiated with the driver . The cost of unregistered taxis is also subject to negotiation with the driver .

\n

\n Bicycles

\n

\n Beijing has long been well known for the number of bicycles on its streets . Although the rise of motor traffic has created a great deal of congestion and bicycle use has declined , bicycles are still an important form of local transportation . Large numbers of cyclists can be seen on most roads in the city , and most of the main roads have dedicated bicycle lanes . Beijing is relatively flat , which makes cycling convenient . The rise of electric bicycles and electric scooters , which have similar speeds and use the same cycle lanes , may have brought about a revival in bicycle - speed two - wheeled transport . It is possible to cycle to most parts of the city . Because of the growing traffic congestion , the authorities have indicated more than once that they wish to encourage cycling , but it is not clear whether there is sufficient will to translate that into action on a significant scale . Recently , cycling has seen a resurgence in popularity thanks to the emergence of a large number of dockless app based bikeshares such as Mobike , Bluegogo and Ofo .

\n

\n Defense and aerospace

\n Chinese President Xi Jinping and a military honor guard welcomes South Korean president Park Geun - hye in June 2013 .

\n The command headquarters of China 's military forces are based in Beijing . The Central Military Commission , the political organ in charge of the military , is housed inside the Ministry of National Defense , located next to the Military Museum of the Chinese People 's Revolution in western Beijing . The Second Artillery Corps , which controls the country 's strategic missile and nuclear weapons , has its command in Qinghe , Haidian District . The headquarters of the Beijing Military Region , one of seven nationally , is based further west in Gaojing . The Beijing Military Region oversees the Beijing Garrisons as well as the 27th , 38th and 65th Armies , which are based in Hebei .

\n

\n Military institutions in Beijing also include academies and thinktanks such as the PLA National Defence University and Academy of Military Science , military hospitals such as the 301 , 307 and the Academy of Military Medical Sciences , and army - affiliated cultural entities such as the 1 August Film Studios and the PLA Song and Dance Troupe .

\n

\n The China National Space Administration , which oversees country 's space program , and several space - related state owned companies such as CASTC and CASIC are all based in Beijing . The Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center , in Haidian District tracks the country 's manned and unmanned flight and other space exploration initiatives .

\n

\n Nature and Wildlife

\n

\n Beijing Municipality has 20 nature reserves that have a total area of 1,339.7 km ( 517.3 sq mi ) . The mountains to the west and north of the city are home to a number of protected wildlife species including leopard , leopard cat , wolf , red fox , wild boar , masked palm civet , raccoon dog , hog badger , Siberian weasel , Amur hedgehog , roe deer , and mandarin rat snake . The Beijing Aquatic Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center protects the Chinese giant salamander , Amur stickleback and mandarin duck on the Huaijiu and Huaisha Rivers in Huairou District . The Beijing Milu Park south of the city is home to one of the largest herds of P\u00e8re David 's deer , now extinct in the wild . The Beijing barbastelle , a species of vesper bat discovered in caves of Fangshan District in 2001 and identified as a distinct species in 2007 , is endemic to Beijing . The mountains of Fangshan are also habitat for the more common Beijing mouse - eared bat , large myotis , greater horseshoe bat and Rickett 's big - footed bat .

\n

\n Each year , Beijing hosts 200 - 300 species of migratory birds including the common crane , black - headed gull , swan , mallard , common cuckoo and the endangered yellow - breasted bunting . In May 2016 , Common cuckoos nesting in the wetlands of Cuihu ( Haidian ) , Hanshiqiao ( Shunyi ) , Yeyahu ( Yanqing ) were tagged and have been traced to far as India , Kenya and Mozambique . In the fall of 2016 , the Beijing Forest Police undertook a month - long campaign to crack down on illegal hunting and trapping of migratory birds for sale in local bird markets . Over 1,000 rescued birds of protected species including streptopelia , Eurasian siskin , crested myna , coal tit and great tit were handed to the Beijing Wildlife Protection and Rescue Center for repatriation to the wild .

\n

\n The city flowers are the Chinese rose and chrysanthemum . The city trees are the Chinese arborvitae , an evergreen in the cypress family and the Pagoda Tree , also called the Chinese scholar tree , a deciduous tree of the Fabaceae family . The oldest scholar tree in the city was planted in what is now Beihai Park during the Tang dynasty , 1,300 years ago .

\n

\n See also

\n \n \n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Township divisions '' . the Official Website of tGovernment . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Doing Business in China -- Survey '' . Ministry Of Commerce -- People 's Republic Of China . Archived from the original on 26 May 2014 . Retrieved 5 August 2013 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics and NBS Survey Office in Beijing . Beijing Bureau of Statistics . 25 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 20 March 2018 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : OECD Urban Policy Reviews : China 2015 , OECD READ edition . OECD iLibrary . OECD. 18 April 2015 . p. 37 . doi : 10.1787 / 9789264230040 - en . ISBN 9789264230033 . ISSN 2306 - 9341 . Linked from the OECD here
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` 2011 \u5e74 \u5317\u4eac \u4eba\u5747 \u53ef \u652f\u914d \u6536\u5165 3.29 \u4e07 \u5b9e\u9645 \u589e\u957f 7.2 % '' . People.com.cn. 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 22 February 2012 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=85&pr1.y=11&c=924&s=PPPEX&grp=0&a=
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ \u300a 2013 \u4e2d\u56fd \u4eba\u7c7b \u53d1\u5c55 \u62a5\u544a \u300b ( PDF ) ( in Chinese ) . United Nations Development Programme China . 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Loaned earlier via French `` P\u00e9kin '' .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing '' . Merriam-Webster.com . Merriam - Webster , Incorporated . Retrieved 29 August 2017 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ China Postal Album : Showing the Postal Establishments and Postal Routes in Each Province , 1st ed. , Shanghai : Directorate General of Posts , 1907
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Figures based on 2006 statistics published in 2007 National Statistical Yearbook of China and available online at 2006 \u5e74 \u4e2d\u56fd \u4e61\u6751 \u4eba\u53e3 \u6570 \u4e2d\u56fd \u4eba\u53e3 \u4e0e \u53d1\u5c55 \u7814\u7a76 \u4e2d\u5fc3 ( archive ) . Retrieved 21 April 2009 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Basic Information '' . Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics . Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 February 2008 .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing '' . The Columbia Encyclopedia ( 6th ed . ) . 2008 .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Year to date Passenger Traffic '' . Airports Council International . 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Peking ( Beijing ) '' . Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 25 ( 15th edition , Macrop\u00e6dia ed . ) . p. 468 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Cities Through History '' . things made unthinkable . Retrieved 28 November 2016 .
    17. \n
  17. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing '' . World Book Encyclopedia . 2008 . Retrieved 7 August 2008 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing '' . Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica . Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Online . Retrieved 3 August 2008 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) \u8d70 \u8fdb \u5317\u4eac \u4e03 \u5927 \u4e16\u754c \u6587\u5316 \u9057\u4ea7 -- \u5343 \u9f99 \u7f51 18 August 2014
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` IOC : Beijing To Host 2022 Winter Olympics '' . The Huffington Post . Associated Press . 31 July 2015 . Retrieved 11 August 2015 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` 2015 \u5e74 \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 \u9ad8\u6821 \u540d\u5355 ( \u5171 91 \u6240 ) '' . gaokao.com. 22 May 2015 . Retrieved 29 November 2016 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Best Global Universities in China '' . US News . Retrieved 28 November 2016 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing has most Fortune 500 global HQs '' . Beijing Municipal Government . Retrieved 27 November 2016 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Fortune Global 500 '' . Fortune . Retrieved 27 November 2016 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` Startup Grind '' . Startup Grind . Retrieved 30 November 2016 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Nylander , Johan ( 15 November 2016 ) . `` Beijing best Asian city to make money , expats say '' . www.atimes.com . Retrieved 25 November 2016 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Areas and suburbs in Beijing '' . Expat Arrivals . Retrieved 28 November 2016 .
    28. \n
  28. \n ^ Jump up to : Hucker , Charles O. `` Governmental Organization of The Ming Dynasty '' , p. 5 -- 6 . Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies , Vol. 21 ( Dec. 1958 ) . Harvard - Yenching Institute . Retrieved 20 October 2012 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Lane Harris ( 2008 ) . `` A ' Lasting Boon to All ' : A Note on the Postal Romanization of Place Names , 1896 -- 1949 '' . Twentieth Century China . 34 ( 1 ) : 96 -- 109 . doi : 10.1353 / tcc. 0.0007 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Baxter , Wm. H. & Sagart , Laurent . `` Baxter -- Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction '' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . ( 1.93 MB ) , p. 63 . 2011 . Retrieved 11 October 2011 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Coblin , W. South . `` A Brief History of Mandarin '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society 120 , no . 4 ( 2000 ) : 537 -- 52 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Standardization Administration of China ( SAC ) . `` GB / T - 2260 : Codes for the administrative divisions of the People 's Republic of China . ''
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` The Peking Man World Heritage Site at Zhoukoudian '' .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing 's History '' . China Internet Information Center . Archived from the original on 1 May 2008 . Retrieved 1 May 2008 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Haw , Stephen . Beijing : A Concise History . Routledge , 2007 . p. 136 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Grousset , Rene ( 1970 ) . The Empire of the Steppes . Rutgers University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 1304 - 9 .
    37. \n
  37. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing -- Historical Background '' . The Economist. 2007 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2007 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Brian Hook , Beijing and Tianjin : Towards a Millennial Megalopolis , p. 2
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ \u5143 \u5927\u90fd \u571f \u57ce \u9057\u5740 \u516c\u56ed . Tuniu.com ( in Chinese ) . Retrieved 15 June 2008 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Ebrey , Patricia Buckley . The Cambridge Illustrated History of China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 66991 - X
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 23
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` An Illustrated Survey of Dikes and Dams in Jianghan Region '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved 9 May 2013 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` The Temple of Heaven '' . China.org. 13 April 2001 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2008 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Robert Hymes ( 2000 ) . John Stewart Bowman , ed . Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture . Columbia University Press . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 11004 - 4 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` Renewal of Ming Dynasty City Wall '' . Beijing This Month . 1 February 2003 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2005 . Retrieved 14 June 2008 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Rosenburg , Matt T. `` Largest Cities Through History '' . About.com . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 33
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing -- History -- The Ming and Qing Dynasties '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . 2008 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Elliott 2001 , p. 98
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , pp. 119 -- 120
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , pp. 133 -- 134
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ MacKerras & Yorke 1991 , p. 8
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` Incident on 7 July 1937 '' . Xinhua News Agency . 27 June 2005 . Retrieved 20 June 2008 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 166
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Cheung , Andrew ( 1995 ) . `` Slogans , Symbols , and Legitimacy : The Case of Wang Jingwei 's Nanjing Regime '' . Indiana University . Archived from the original on 23 October 2007 . Retrieved 20 June 2008 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 168
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ `` `` \u6bdb \u4e3b\u5e2d \u516b \u6b21 \u63a5\u89c1 \u7ea2 \u536b\u5175 \u7684 \u7ec4\u7ec7 \u5de5\u4f5c '' \u4e2d\u56fd \u5171\u4ea7\u515a \u65b0\u95fb \u7f51 7 April 2011 ( in Chinese )
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 217
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 255
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 252
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 149
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , pp. 249 -- 250
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , pp. 255 -- 256
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Picture Power : Tiananmen Standoff BBC News .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` Election '' . IOC . Archived from the original on 6 June 2008 . Retrieved 15 June 2008 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ Business Buide to Beijing and North - East China ( 2006 -- 2007 ed . ) . Hong Kong : China Briefing Media . 2006 . p. 108 . ISBN 988 - 98673 - 3 - 8 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Shen , Wei ( 16 February 2004 ) . `` Chorography to record rise and fall of Beijing 's Hutongs '' . China Daily . Retrieved 27 June 2008 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Amy Stone ( Spring 2008 ) . `` Farewell to the Hutongs : Urban Development in Beijing '' . Dissent magazine . Archived from the original on 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 14 July 2011 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Li , Dray - Novey & Kong 2007 , p. 253
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Gallagher , Sean ( 6 December 2006 ) . `` Beijing 's urban makeover : the ' hutong ' destruction '' . Open Democracy . Retrieved 27 June 2008 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing '' . People 's Daily . March 2001 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2008 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 February 2013 .
    73. \n
  73. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Extreme Temperatures Around the World '' . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 21 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ \u4e2d\u56fd \u5730\u9762 \u56fd\u9645 \u4ea4\u6362 \u7ad9 \u6c14\u5019 \u6807\u51c6 \u503c \u6708 \u503c \u6570\u636e \u96c6 ( 1971 - 2000 \u5e74 ) ( in Chinese ) . China Meteorological Administration . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing '' . China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System . December 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Burt , Christopher C. `` UPDATE June 1 : Record May Heat Wave in Northeast China , Koreas '' . Wunderground . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 01 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ J.R. McNeill , Something New Under the Sun : An Environmental History of the 20th - Century World . New York : Norton , 2000 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 029509 - 2 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Mark Z . Jacobson , Son V. Nghiem , Alessandro Sorichetta , Natasha Whitney , Ring of impact from the mega-urbanization of Beijing between 2000 and 2009 . In : Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres 120 , Issue 12 , ( 2015 ) , 5740 -- 5756 , doi : 10.1002 / 2014JD023008 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ Peter Sheehan , Enjiang Cheng , Alex English , Fanghong Sun , China 's response to the air pollution shock . In : Nature Climate Change 4 , ( 2014 ) , 306 -- 309 , doi : 10.1038 / nclimate2197 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ David G. Streetsa , Joshua S. Fub , Carey J. Jangc , Jiming Haod , Kebin Hed , Xiaoyan Tange , Yuanhang Zhange , Zifa Wangf , Zuopan Lib , Qiang Zhanga , Litao Wangd , Binyu Wangc , Carolyne Yua , Air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games < ( 1 ) > accessed 23 April 2012
    81. \n
  81. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Green Olympics Effort Draws UN Environment Chief to Beijing '' . Sundance Channel . Archived from the original on 20 March 2012 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing petrol stations to close '' . BBC News . 15 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2008 . Retrieved 15 February 2008 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ Yardley , Jim ( 24 January 2008 ) . `` Smoggy Beijing Plans to Cut Traffic by Half for Olympics , Paper Says '' . New York Times . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` Post-Olympics Beijing car restrictions to take effect next month '' . News.xinhuanet.com. 28 September 2008 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ `` Only ' green ' vehicles permitted to enter Beijing '' . Autonews.gasgoo.com. 22 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ `` China : Beijing launches Euro 4 standards '' . Automotiveworld.com. 4 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2010 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 .
    87. \n
  87. \n ^ Jump up to : James West , Mother Jones . 18 January 2013 .
    88. \n
  88. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing to switch from coal to gas to go green '' . China Daily . 8 March 2012 .
    89. \n
  89. \n ^ Jump up to : Li Jing , `` Beijing 's air quality will worsen without coal control , Greenpeace says '' . South China Morning Post . 5 February 2013 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` Detecting the Heavy Metal Concentration of PM2. 5 in Beijing '' , Greenpeace.org. 8 June 2013 .
    91. \n
  91. \n ^ Jump up to : Chang , Lyu ( 24 March 2015 ) . `` Beijing shuts two more coal - fired power plants '' . The China Daily . Retrieved 31 May 2016 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ Stanway , David ( 23 July 2014 ) . `` Beijing shuts big coal - fired power plant to ease smog - Xinhua '' . Reuters . Retrieved 31 May 2016 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Demick , Barbara ( 2 October 2009 ) . `` Communist China celebrates 60th anniversary with instruments of war and words of peace '' . Los Angeles Times .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ Liu , Charles ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` '' Parade Blue '' Joins `` APEC Blue '' as Distant Memories as Nasty Air Returns to Beijing `` . The Nanfang .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ Wong , Edward ( 12 January 2013 ) . `` Beijing Air Pollution Off the Charts '' . The New York Times .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ Wong , Edward ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` As Beijing Shuts Down Over Smog Alert , Worse - Off Neighbors Carry On '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 9 December 2015 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing issues second red alert for choking smog '' . ABC News . ABC . 18 December 2015 . Retrieved 18 December 2015 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Reuters ( 22 November 2016 ) . `` Beijing to ban polluting cars during smog alerts '' . www.atimes.com . Retrieved 2 December 2016 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ `` \u9996\u9875 '' . Beijing Municipal Web . Archived from the original on 29 December 2015 .
    100. \n
  100. \n ^ Jump up to : Barbara Demick ( 29 October 2011 ) . `` U.S. Embassy air quality data undercut China 's own assessment '' . Los Angeles Times . ( login required )
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ `` China says it made rain to wash off sand '' . MSNBC. 5 May 2006 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing hit by eighth sandstorm '' . BBC News . 17 April 2006 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ Weaver , Lisa Rose ( 4 April 2002 ) . `` More than a dust storm in a Chinese teacup '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 13 January 2007 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing -- Administration and society -- Government '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . 2008 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ \u56fd\u5bb6 \u7edf\u8ba1 \u5c40 \u7edf\u8ba1 \u7528 \u533a\u5212 \u4ee3\u7801 Archived 5 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ \u300a \u4fdd\u5b9a \u7ecf\u6d4e \u7edf\u8ba1 \u5e74\u9274 2011 \u300b
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ shi , Guo wu yuan ren kou pu cha ban gong ; council , Guo jia tong ji ju ren kou he jiu ye tong ji si bian = Tabulation on the 2010 population census of the people 's republic of China by township / compiled by Population census office under the state ; population , Department of ; statistics , employment statistics national bureau of ( 2012 ) . Zhongguo 2010 nian ren kou pu cha fen xiang , zhen , jie dao zi liao ( Di 1 ban . ed . ) . Beijing Shi : Zhongguo tong ji chu ban she . ISBN 978 - 7 - 5037 - 6660 - 2 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ \u300a \u4e2d\u56fd \u6c11\u653f \u7edf\u8ba1 \u5e74\u9274 2012 \u300b
    109. \n
  109. \n ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) `` \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 \u7b2c \u4e09 \u4e2d\u7ea7 \u4eba\u6c11 \u6cd5\u9662 \u3001 \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 \u4eba\u6c11 \u68c0\u5bdf\u9662 \u7b2c \u4e09 \u5206\u9662 \u540c\u65e5 \u6210\u7acb '' Xinhua Archived 29 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . 6 August 2013
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 \u9ad8\u7ea7 \u4eba\u6c11 \u6cd5\u9662 \u5173\u4e8e \u6211 \u5e02 \u4e2d\u7ea7 \u4eba\u6c11 \u6cd5\u9662 \u7ba1\u8f96 \u8c03\u6574 \u6709\u5173 \u95ee\u9898 \u7684 \u89c4\u5b9a ( \u6682\u884c ) '' 2 August 2013
    111. \n
  111. \n ^ Jump up to : Historical GDP of Beijing published on Beijing Statistical Yearbook 2017 , ALSO see Beijing'GDP Revison ( Chinese ) ( 10 October 2017 )
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ `` Jones Lang LaSalle Research Report -- Five years after the Olympics -- Growth in Beijing has continued , what to expect next ? '' August 2013
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ Purchasing power parity ( PPP ) for Chinese yuan is estimate according to IMF WEO ( October 2017 ) data ; Exchange rate of CN \u00a5 to US $ is according to State Administration of Foreign Exchange , published on China Statistical Yearbook .
    114. \n
  114. \n ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) \u56fd\u5bb6 \u7edf\u8ba1 \u5c40 \u5317\u4eac \u8c03\u67e5 \u603b\u961f , `` \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 2013 \u5e74 \u56fd\u6c11 \u7ecf\u6d4e \u548c \u793e\u4f1a \u53d1\u5c55 \u7edf\u8ba1 \u516c\u62a5 '' , \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 \u7edf\u8ba1 \u5c40 13 February 2014
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) \u5317\u4eac \u4e94 \u5e74 \u6dd8\u6c70 140 \u4f59 \u5bb6 `` \u4e09 \u9ad8 '' \u4f01\u4e1a \u5317\u4eac \u5546 \u62a5 17 November 2010
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ `` Capital Steel opens new branch to step up eastward relocation '' . People 's Daily Online . 23 October 2005 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ Spencer , Richard ( 18 July 2008 ) . `` Beijing abandons Mao 's dream of workers ' paradise '' . The Daily Telegraph . London .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) \u516d \u5927 \u529f\u80fd \u533a Archived 14 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) \u6d82\u9732\u82b3 , \u516d \u5927 \u529f\u80fd \u533a \u521b\u9020 \u5317\u4eac \u56db \u6210 \u591a GDP \u5317\u4eac \u65e5\u62a5 9 October 2013 Archived 14 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine .
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 \u7edf\u8ba1 \u5c40 \u516d \u5927 \u9ad8\u7aef \u4ea7\u4e1a \u529f\u80fd \u533a \u4e3b\u8981 \u7ecf\u6d4e \u6307\u6807
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ `` Statistical Communique on the 2003 National Economic and Social Development of the City of Beijing '' . Beijing Municipal Bureau of Statistics . 12 February 2004 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2008 . Retrieved 15 March 2008 .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ `` ShiJingShan '' . Beijing Economic Information Center . Archived from the original on 20 November 2008 . Retrieved 22 June 2008 .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ `` Pirates weave tangled web on ' Spidey ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Reuters. 27 April 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2007 . Retrieved 15 March 2008 .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 2014 \u5e74 \u56fd\u6c11 \u7ecf\u6d4e \u548c \u793e\u4f1a \u53d1\u5c55 \u7edf\u8ba1 \u516c\u62a5 ( Beijing Economic and Social Development Statistical Bulletin 2014 ) ( in Chinese ) . Beijing Bureau of Statistics . 12 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 .
    125. \n
  125. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Age Composition and Dependency Ratio of Population by Region ( 2004 ) in China Statistics 2005 '' . Retrieved 5 July 2010 .
    126. \n
  126. \n ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 2010 \u5e74 \u7b2c \u516d \u6b21 \u5168\u56fd \u4eba\u53e3 \u666e\u67e5 \u4e3b\u8981 \u6570\u636e \u60c5\u51b5
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 \u5c11\u6570 \u6c11\u65cf \u4eba\u53e3 \u72b6\u51b5 30 May 2011
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) \u5728 \u5317\u4eac \u5916\u56fd \u4eba \u6570\u91cf \u6216 \u5df2 \u8fbe 20 \u4e07 \u4eba \u8d85\u8fc7 \u5e02 \u4eba\u53e3 \u603b\u6570 1 % 9 October 2010
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/19/plan-big-city-disease-populations-fall-beijing-shanghai
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ CNBC.com , Justina Crabtree ; special to ( 20 September 2016 ) . `` A tale of megacities : China 's largest metropolises '' . CNBC . slide 4
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ `` Jingxi '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . 2008 .
    132. \n
  132. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing -- Chinese Cloisonn\u00e9 Enamelware '' . Archived from the original on 11 June 2008 .
    133. \n
  133. \n Jump up ^ Levin , Dan ( 15 June 2008 ) . `` Beijing Lights Up the Night '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 June 2008 .
    134. \n
  134. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing , Places of a Lifetime '' . National Geographic Society . Archived from the original on 3 August 2008 . Retrieved 3 August 2008 .
    135. \n
  135. \n Jump up ^ `` The Imperial Palace of the Ming and Qing Dynasties '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO World Heritage Center . 29 December 1986 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .
    136. \n
  136. \n Jump up ^ `` Beihai Park Behind Behai park locates Hou Hai , which is one of the most popular visited tourist places . Hou hai is the largest of the three lakes , along with Qianhai ( lit . the `` Front Lake '' ) and Xihai ( lit . the `` Western Lake '' ) , that comprise Shichahai , the collective name for the three northern-most lakes in central Beijing . Since the early 2000s , the hutong neighborhood around Houhai has become known for its nightlife as many residences along the lake shore have been converted into restaurants , bars , and cafes `` . UNECO World Heritage . Archived from the original on 2 July 2007 .
    137. \n
  137. \n Jump up ^ Littlewood , Misty and Mark Littlewood ( 2008 ) . Gateways to Beijing : a travel guide to Beijing . Armour Publishing Pte Ltd. p. 182 . ISBN 981 - 4222 - 12 - 7 .
    138. \n
  138. \n Jump up ^ `` Summer Palace , an Imperial Garden in Beijing '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Retrieved 4 August 2008 .
    139. \n
  139. \n Jump up ^ `` Temple of Heaven : an Imperial Sacrificial Altar in Beijing '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Archived from the original on 1 August 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 .
    140. \n
  140. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) ( \u5317\u4eac \u5730\u533a \u535a\u7269\u9986 \u540d\u5f55 ( \u622a\u6b62 2008 \u5e74 6 \u6708 ) ) 6 January 2009
    141. \n
  141. \n Jump up ^ `` About Beijing '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 .
    142. \n
  142. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing 's Museums & Galleries '' .
    143. \n
  143. \n Jump up ^ `` Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . 10 December 2003 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .
    144. \n
  144. \n Jump up ^ `` Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Archived from the original on 23 July 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 .
    145. \n
  145. \n Jump up ^ `` The Great Wall '' . UNESCO World Heritage Center . Archived from the original on 31 July 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 .
    146. \n
  146. \n ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) \u5317\u4eac \u7684 \u5b97\u6559 \u6587\u5316 china.com.cn 11 July 2008
    147. \n
  147. \n Jump up ^ Lai , Hongyi . China 's Governance Model : Flexibility and Durability of Pragmatic Authoritarianism . Routledge , 2016 . ISBN 1 - 317 - 85952 - 9 . p. 167
    148. \n
  148. \n Jump up ^ China General Social Survey ( CGSS ) 2009 . Report by : Xiuhua Wang ( 2015 , p. 15 ) Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine .
    149. \n
  149. \n Jump up ^ Min Junqing . The Present Situation and Characteristics of Contemporary Islam in China . JISMOR , 8 . 2010 Islam by province , page 29 . Data from : Yang Zongde , Study on Current Muslim Population in China , Jinan Muslim , 2 , 2010 .
    150. \n
  150. \n Jump up ^ \u5e73\u8c37 \u8f69\u8f95 \u5c71 \u56fd\u9645 \u65c5\u6e38 \u533a \u6982\u5ff5 \u6027 \u89c4\u5212 .
    151. \n
  151. \n Jump up ^ 2020 \u4e16\u754c \u4f11\u95f2 \u5927\u4f1a \u6218\u7565 \u89c4\u5212 -- -- \u5317\u4eac \u5e73\u8c37 \u65c5\u6e38 \u53d1\u5c55 \u91cd\u5927 \u9879\u76ee \u50a8\u5907 \u89c4\u5212 Archived 21 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine ...
    152. \n
  152. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 \u9053\u6559 \u534f\u4f1a \u534f\u4f1a \u7b80\u4ecb
    153. \n
  153. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) \u4f0a\u65af\u5170 \u6559 \u7b80\u4ecb Archived 30 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 4 April 2016
    154. \n
  154. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 \u6e05\u771f\u5bfa \u6587\u7269 \u7b49\u7ea7 Accessed 4 April 2016
    155. \n
  155. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 \u90e8\u5206 \u6e05\u771f\u5bfa \u4ecb\u7ecd Accessed 4 April 2016
    156. \n
  156. \n Jump up ^ Eric Widmer , The Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Peking During the Eighteenth Century , pp23 , 1976 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 78129 - 5 Google Books
    157. \n
  157. \n Jump up ^ The Official website of the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup , FIBA.com , Retrieved 9 March 2016 .
    158. \n
  158. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing and Zhangjiakou launch joint bid to host 2022 Winter Olympic Games '' . insidethegames.biz .
    159. \n
  159. \n Jump up ^ `` IOC awards 2022 Winter Olympics to Beijing '' .
    160. \n
  160. \n Jump up ^ Some 350,000 residents were expected to be relocated to make room for the constructions of stadiums for the 2008 Summer Games . Davis , Mike ( 2006 ) . Planet of Slums . Verso . p. 106 . ISBN 1844670228 . Retrieved 3 January 2017 .
    161. \n
  161. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing Olympics Bird 's Nest ready '' . BBC News . 28 June 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 28 June 2008 .
    162. \n
  162. \n Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . chinabandy.org .
    163. \n
  163. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 \u706b\u8f66 \u7ad9 \u5927\u5168 '' Last Accessed 8 August 2011
    164. \n
  164. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijingers spend lives on road as traffic congestion worsens '' . China Daily . Xinhua News Agency . 6 October 2003 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 .
    165. \n
  165. \n Jump up ^ `` Automobile numbers could be capped '' . China Daily . Retrieved 13 May 2010 .
    166. \n
  166. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing city to have five mln cars on roads by year end '' . Gasgoo. 12 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 May 2010 .
    167. \n
  167. \n Jump up ^ `` To Tackle Traffic Jam , Beijing Sets New Car Plate Quota , Limits Out - of - Towners '' . ChinaAutoWeb.com .
    168. \n
  168. \n Jump up ^ `` China plans to build world 's biggest airport near Beijing '' . In.news.yahoo.com. 10 September 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 .
    169. \n
  169. \n Jump up ^ `` \u9996\u90fd \u65b0 \u673a\u573a \u8dd1\u9053 \u5448 \u4e09 \u7eb5 \u4e00 \u6a2a \u5206\u5e03 \u89c4\u5212 7 \u6761 \u8dd1\u9053 '' . news.carnoc.com . Retrieved 12 January 2016 .
    170. \n
  170. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing grants three - day visa - free access '' . TTGmice. 6 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 .
    171. \n
  171. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing 72 - hour Visa - free '' ChinaTour.Net Accessed 6 June 2014
    172. \n
  172. \n Jump up ^ `` 30 subway lines to cover Beijing by 2020 '' . China Daily . 28 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2010 .
    173. \n
  173. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Beijing to Increase Public Transportation Fare Prices Next Month '' . english.cri.cn . Retrieved 24 December 2015 .
    174. \n
  174. \n Jump up ^ Watts , Jonathan ( 24 January 2010 ) . `` Campaign to boost cycling in Beijing '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 10 March 2011 .
    175. \n
  175. \n Jump up ^ `` Ofo , Mobike , BlueGogo : China 's Messy Bikeshare Market '' . What 's on Weibo . Retrieved 13 August 2017 .
    176. \n
  176. \n Jump up ^ \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 \u81ea\u7136 \u4fdd\u62a4 \u533a \u540d\u5f55 ( \u622a\u81f3 2011 \u5e74\u5e95 ) 24 August 2012
    177. \n
  177. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) \u5317\u4eac \u4e00 \u7ea7 \u4fdd\u62a4 \u91ce\u751f \u52a8\u7269 Beijing Wildlife Conservation Association Archived 16 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Accessed 4 April 2013
    178. \n
  178. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) Beijing Wildlife Conservation Association Accessed 4 April 2013
    179. \n
  179. \n Jump up ^ Michael Rank , Wild leopards of Beijing , Danwei.org 31 July 2007
    180. \n
  180. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) Beijing Aquatic Wildlife Rescue and Conservation Center Accessed 5 April 2013 Archived 23 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine .
    181. \n
  181. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) 70 \u5e74 \u89e3\u5bc6 \u5927\u8db3 \u9f20 \u8033 \u8760 \u5403 \u9c7c 14 April 2007 Archived 19 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine .
    182. \n
  182. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) \u5317\u4eac : \u5019\u9e1f \u7ff1\u7fd4 \u91ce\u9e2d \u6e56 Xinhua 16 November 2016
    183. \n
  183. \n ^ Jump up to : ( Chinese ) \u5317\u4eac \u5f00\u59cb `` \u6e05 \u7f51 \u884c\u52a8 '' \u4fdd\u62a4 \u5019\u9e1f \u68ee\u6797 \u516c\u5b89 \u516c\u5e03 \u4e3e\u62a5 \u7535\u8bdd , \u5317\u4eac \u665a\u62a5 30 October 2016
    184. \n
  184. \n Jump up ^ Beijing Cuckoo Project Accessed 28 November 2016
    185. \n
  185. \n Jump up ^ `` With a Cuckoo 's Journey from China , a Mystery is Solved , and Cheers Go Up '' N.Y. Times 11 November 2016
    186. \n
  186. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) `` \u5317\u4eac \u96c6\u4e2d \u4e00\u4e2a \u6708 \u6253\u51fb \u975e\u6cd5 \u6355 \u552e \u9e1f \u6293\u83b7 36 \u540d \u8fdd\u6cd5 \u8005 '' \u65b0 \u4eac \u62a5 31 October 2016
    187. \n
  187. \n ^ Jump up to : `` \u9996\u90fd \u4e4b \u7a97 - \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 \u653f\u52a1 \u95e8\u6237 \u7f51\u7ad9 - \u5e02 \u82b1 \u5e02 \u6811 '' . eBeijing.gov.cn . Archived from the original on 13 April 2013 .
    188. \n
  188. \n Jump up ^ ( Chinese ) \u5317\u4eac \u5e02 \u5e02 \u6811 -- -- \u56fd \u69d0 18 February 2004 Archived 13 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine .
    189. \n
\n

\n Further reading

\n \n

\n External links

\n Find more aboutBeijingat Wikipedia 's sister projects \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Preceded by Lin'an ( Song dynasty ) \n Capital of China ( as Dadu of Yuan ) 1264 -- 1368 \n Succeeded by Nanjing ( Ming dynasty )
\n Preceded by Nanjing ( Ming dynasty ) \n Capital of China 1420 -- 1928 \n Succeeded by Nanjing ( ROC )
\n Preceded by Nanjing ( ROC ) \n Capital of the People 's Republic of China 1949 -- present \n Succeeded by present capital
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Places adjacent to Beijing
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Zhangjiakou , Hebei \n Chengde , Hebei \n Chengde , Hebei
\n Zhangjiakou , Hebei \n Beijing \n Langfang , Hebei
\n Baoding , Hebei \n Langfang , Hebei \n Tianjin
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Articles related to Beijing
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Beijing
\n
    \n
  • \n History
    • \n
  • \n Politics
    • \n
  • \n Geography
    • \n
  • \n Toponym
    • \n
\n
\n Administration \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Districts \n
    \n
  • \n Dongcheng
    • \n
  • \n Xicheng
    • \n
  • \n Chaoyang
    • \n
  • \n Haidian
    • \n
  • \n Fengtai
    • \n
  • \n Shijingshan
    • \n
  • \n Mentougou
    • \n
  • \n Fangshan
    • \n
  • \n Tongzhou
    • \n
  • \n Shunyi
    • \n
  • \n Changping
    • \n
  • \n Daxing
    • \n
  • \n Huairou
    • \n
  • \n Pinggu
    • \n
  • \n Miyun
    • \n
  • \n Yanqing
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct \n
    \n
  • \n Chongwen
    • \n
  • \n Xuanwu
    • \n
  • \n Yanshan
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Administrative divisions
    • \n
  • \n Township - level divisions
    • \n
  • \n Economic and technological development zones
    • \n
\n
\n 		\n
\n Education \n
    \n
  • \n List of universities
    • \n
  • \n Peking University
    • \n
  • \n Tsinghua University
    • \n
  • \n Beijing Normal University
    • \n
  • \n Renmin University
    • \n
\n
\n Transportation \n
    \n
  • \n Ring roads
    • \n
  • \n Expressways
    • \n
  • \n Highways
    • \n
  • \n Subway
    • \n
  • \n Suburban Railway
    • \n
  • \n Bus
    • \n
  • \n Airports : Capital International , Nanyuan , Daxing ( under construction )
    • \n
  • \n Railway stations : Beijing West , Beijing , Beijing East , Beijing South , Beijing North , Shahe , Fengtai
    • \n
\n
\n Visitor attractions \n
    \n
  • \n Landmarks ( Major National Historical and Cultural Sites )
    • \n
  • \n List of hotels in Beijing
    • \n
  • \n Museums
    • \n
  • \n Parks and gardens
    • \n
\n
\n Municipal agencies \n
    \n
  • \n Administration of Prisons
    • \n
  • \n Commission of Education
    • \n
  • \n Public Security Bureau ( Police Department )
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Commons
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Provincial - level divisions of China
\n Provinces \n
    \n
  • \n Anhui
    • \n
  • \n Fujian
    • \n
  • \n Gansu
    • \n
  • \n Guangdong
    • \n
  • \n Guizhou
    • \n
  • \n Hainan
    • \n
  • \n Hebei
    • \n
  • \n Heilongjiang
    • \n
  • \n Henan
    • \n
  • \n Hubei
    • \n
  • \n Hunan
    • \n
  • \n Jiangsu
    • \n
  • \n Jiangxi
    • \n
  • \n Jilin
    • \n
  • \n Liaoning
    • \n
  • \n Qinghai
    • \n
  • \n Shaanxi
    • \n
  • \n Shandong
    • \n
  • \n Shanxi
    • \n
  • \n Sichuan
    • \n
  • \n Yunnan
    • \n
  • \n Zhejiang
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Autonomous regions \n
    \n
  • \n Guangxi
    • \n
  • \n Inner Mongolia
    • \n
  • \n Ningxia
    • \n
  • \n Tibet
    • \n
  • \n Xinjiang
    • \n
\n
\n Municipalities \n
    \n
  • \n Beijing
    • \n
  • \n Chongqing
    • \n
  • \n Shanghai
    • \n
  • \n Tianjin
    • \n
\n
\n Special administrative regions \n
    \n
  • \n Hong Kong
    • \n
  • \n Macau
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Taiwan
    • \n
\n
\n Note : Taiwan is claimed by the People 's Republic of China but administered by the Republic of China ( see Political status of Taiwan ) .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Metropolitan cities of China
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Major Metropolitan regions
\n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Jingjinji ( JJJ )
    • \n
  • \n Pearl River Delta ( PRD ) / Yuegang'ao Greater Bay Area
    • \n
  • \n Yangtze River Delta ( YRD )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Central Plain ( Zhongyuan )
    • \n
  • \n Chengyu
    • \n
  • \n Cross-Strait Western Coast
    • \n
  • \n Guanzhong
    • \n
  • \n Mid-Southern Liaoning
    • \n
  • \n Shandong Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Yangtze River Mid-Reaches ( Yangtze River Valley )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Major Cities
\n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n National Central Cities \n
    \n
  • \n Beijing
    • \n
  • \n Chongqing
    • \n
  • \n Guangzhou
    • \n
  • \n Shanghai
    • \n
  • \n Tianjin
    • \n
\n
\n Special Administrative Regions \n
    \n
  • \n Hong Kong
    • \n
  • \n Macau
    • \n
\n
\n Regional Central Cities \n
    \n
  • \n Chengdu
    • \n
  • \n Nanjing
    • \n
  • \n Shenyang
    • \n
  • \n Shenzhen
    • \n
  • \n Wuhan
    • \n
  • \n Xi'an
    • \n
\n
\n Sub-provincial cities \n
    \n
  • \n Changchun
    • \n
  • \n Chengdu
    • \n
  • \n Dalian
    • \n
  • \n Guangzhou
    • \n
  • \n Hangzhou
    • \n
  • \n Harbin
    • \n
  • \n Jinan
    • \n
  • \n Nanjing
    • \n
  • \n Ningbo
    • \n
  • \n Qingdao
    • \n
  • \n Shenyang
    • \n
  • \n Shenzhen
    • \n
  • \n Wuhan
    • \n
  • \n Xi'an
    • \n
  • \n Xiamen
    • \n
\n
\n Provincial capitals ( Prefecture - level ) \n
    \n
  • \n Changsha
    • \n
  • \n Fuzhou
    • \n
  • \n Guiyang
    • \n
  • \n Haikou
    • \n
  • \n Hefei
    • \n
  • \n Kunming
    • \n
  • \n Lanzhou
    • \n
  • \n Nanchang
    • \n
  • \n Shijiazhuang
    • \n
  • \n Taiyuan
    • \n
  • \n Xining
    • \n
  • \n Zhengzhou
    • \n
  • \n Taibei
    • \n
\n
\n Autonomous regional capitals \n
    \n
  • \n Hohhot
    • \n
  • \n Lhasa
    • \n
  • \n Nanning
    • \n
  • \n \u00dcr\u00fcmqi
    • \n
  • \n Yinchuan
    • \n
\n
\n Comparatively large cities \n
    \n
  • \n Anshan
    • \n
  • \n Baotou
    • \n
  • \n Benxi
    • \n
  • \n Datong
    • \n
  • \n Fushun
    • \n
  • \n Handan
    • \n
  • \n Huainan
    • \n
  • \n Jilin
    • \n
  • \n Luoyang
    • \n
  • \n Suzhou
    • \n
  • \n Tangshan
    • \n
  • \n Qiqihar
    • \n
  • \n Wuxi
    • \n
  • \n Xuzhou
    • \n
  • \n Zibo
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Prefecture - level cities by Province
\n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Hebei \n
    \n
  • \n Shijiazhuang *
    • \n
  • \n Tangshan *
    • \n
  • \n Qinhuangdao
    • \n
  • \n Handan *
    • \n
  • \n Xingtai
    • \n
  • \n Baoding
    • \n
  • \n Zhangjiakou
    • \n
  • \n Chengde
    • \n
  • \n Cangzhou
    • \n
  • \n Langfang
    • \n
  • \n Hengshui
    • \n
\n
\n Shanxi \n
    \n
  • \n Taiyuan *
    • \n
  • \n Datong *
    • \n
  • \n Yangquan
    • \n
  • \n Changzhi
    • \n
  • \n Jincheng
    • \n
  • \n Shuozhou
    • \n
  • \n Jinzhong
    • \n
  • \n Yuncheng
    • \n
  • \n Xinzhou
    • \n
  • \n Linfen
    • \n
  • \n L\u00fcliang
    • \n
\n
\n Inner Mongolia \n
    \n
  • \n Hohhot *
    • \n
  • \n Baotou *
    • \n
  • \n Wuhai
    • \n
  • \n Chifeng
    • \n
  • \n Tongliao
    • \n
  • \n Ordos
    • \n
  • \n Hulunbuir
    • \n
  • \n Bayannur
    • \n
  • \n Ulanqab
    • \n
\n
\n Liaoning \n
    \n
  • \n Shenyang *
    • \n
  • \n Dalian *
    • \n
  • \n Anshan *
    • \n
  • \n Fushun *
    • \n
  • \n Benxi *
    • \n
  • \n Dandong
    • \n
  • \n Jinzhou
    • \n
  • \n Yingkou
    • \n
  • \n Fuxin
    • \n
  • \n Liaoyang
    • \n
  • \n Panjin
    • \n
  • \n Tieling
    • \n
  • \n Chaoyang
    • \n
  • \n Huludao
    • \n
\n
\n Jilin \n
    \n
  • \n Changchun *
    • \n
  • \n Jilin
    • \n
  • \n Siping
    • \n
  • \n Liaoyuan
    • \n
  • \n Tonghua
    • \n
  • \n Baishan
    • \n
  • \n Songyuan
    • \n
  • \n Baicheng
    • \n
\n
\n Heilongjiang \n
    \n
  • \n Harbin *
    • \n
  • \n Qiqihar *
    • \n
  • \n Jixi
    • \n
  • \n Hegang
    • \n
  • \n Shuangyashan
    • \n
  • \n Daqing
    • \n
  • \n Y\u012bchun
    • \n
  • \n Jiamusi
    • \n
  • \n Qitaihe
    • \n
  • \n Mudanjiang
    • \n
  • \n Heihe
    • \n
  • \n Suihua
    • \n
\n
\n Jiangsu \n
    \n
  • \n Nanjing *
    • \n
  • \n Wuxi *
    • \n
  • \n Xuzhou *
    • \n
  • \n Changzhou
    • \n
  • \n Suzhou *
    • \n
  • \n Nantong
    • \n
  • \n Lianyungang
    • \n
  • \n Huai'an
    • \n
  • \n Yancheng
    • \n
  • \n Yangzhou
    • \n
  • \n Zhenjiang
    • \n
  • \n T\u00e0izhou
    • \n
  • \n Suqian
    • \n
\n
\n Zhejiang \n
    \n
  • \n Hangzhou *
    • \n
  • \n Ningbo *
    • \n
  • \n Wenzhou
    • \n
  • \n Jiaxing
    • \n
  • \n Huzhou
    • \n
  • \n Shaoxing
    • \n
  • \n Jinhua
    • \n
  • \n Quzhou
    • \n
  • \n Zhoushan
    • \n
  • \n T\u0101izhou
    • \n
  • \n L\u00ecshui
    • \n
\n
\n Anhui \n
    \n
  • \n Hefei *
    • \n
  • \n Wuhu
    • \n
  • \n Bengbu
    • \n
  • \n Huainan *
    • \n
  • \n Ma'anshan
    • \n
  • \n Huaibei
    • \n
  • \n Tongling
    • \n
  • \n Anqing
    • \n
  • \n Huangshan
    • \n
  • \n Chuzhou
    • \n
  • \n F\u00f9yang
    • \n
  • \n S\u00f9zhou
    • \n
  • \n Lu'an
    • \n
  • \n Bozhou
    • \n
  • \n Chizhou
    • \n
  • \n Xuancheng
    • \n
\n
\n Fujian \n
    \n
  • \n F\u00fazhou *
    • \n
  • \n Xiamen *
    • \n
  • \n Putian
    • \n
  • \n Sanming
    • \n
  • \n Quanzhou
    • \n
  • \n Zhangzhou
    • \n
  • \n Nanping
    • \n
  • \n Longyan
    • \n
  • \n Ningde
    • \n
\n
\n Jiangxi \n
    \n
  • \n Nanchang *
    • \n
  • \n Jingdezhen
    • \n
  • \n P\u00edngxiang
    • \n
  • \n Jiujiang
    • \n
  • \n Xinyu
    • \n
  • \n Yingtan
    • \n
  • \n Ganzhou
    • \n
  • \n J\u00ed'\u0101n
    • \n
  • \n Y\u00edchun
    • \n
  • \n F\u01d4zhou
    • \n
  • \n Shangrao
    • \n
\n
\n Shandong \n
    \n
  • \n Jinan *
    • \n
  • \n Qingdao *
    • \n
  • \n Zibo *
    • \n
  • \n Zaozhuang
    • \n
  • \n Dongying
    • \n
  • \n Yantai
    • \n
  • \n Weifang
    • \n
  • \n J\u012dning
    • \n
  • \n Tai'an
    • \n
  • \n Weihai
    • \n
  • \n Rizhao
    • \n
  • \n Laiwu
    • \n
  • \n Linyi
    • \n
  • \n Dezhou
    • \n
  • \n Liaocheng
    • \n
  • \n Binzhou
    • \n
  • \n Heze
    • \n
\n
\n Henan \n
    \n
  • \n Zhengzhou *
    • \n
  • \n Kaifeng
    • \n
  • \n Luoyang *
    • \n
  • \n Pingdingshan
    • \n
  • \n Anyang
    • \n
  • \n Hebi
    • \n
  • \n Xinxiang
    • \n
  • \n Jiaozuo
    • \n
  • \n Puyang
    • \n
  • \n Xuchang
    • \n
  • \n Luohe
    • \n
  • \n Sanmenxia
    • \n
  • \n Nanyang
    • \n
  • \n Shangqiu
    • \n
  • \n Xinyang
    • \n
  • \n Zhoukou
    • \n
  • \n Zhumadian
    • \n
\n
\n Hubei \n
    \n
  • \n Wuhan *
    • \n
  • \n Huangshi
    • \n
  • \n Shiyan
    • \n
  • \n Yichang
    • \n
  • \n Xiangyang
    • \n
  • \n Ezhou
    • \n
  • \n Jingmen
    • \n
  • \n Xiaogan
    • \n
  • \n Jinzhou
    • \n
  • \n Huanggang
    • \n
  • \n Xianning
    • \n
  • \n Suizhou
    • \n
\n
\n Hunan \n
    \n
  • \n Changsha *
    • \n
  • \n Zhuzhou
    • \n
  • \n Xiangtan
    • \n
  • \n Hengyang
    • \n
  • \n Shaoyang
    • \n
  • \n Yueyang
    • \n
  • \n Changde
    • \n
  • \n Zhangjiajie
    • \n
  • \n Yiyang
    • \n
  • \n Chenzhou
    • \n
  • \n Yongzhou
    • \n
  • \n Huaihua
    • \n
  • \n Loudi
    • \n
\n
\n Guangdong \n
    \n
  • \n Guangzhou *
    • \n
  • \n Shaoguan
    • \n
  • \n Shenzhen *
    • \n
  • \n Zhuhai
    • \n
  • \n Shantou
    • \n
  • \n Foshan
    • \n
  • \n Jiangmen
    • \n
  • \n Zhanjiang
    • \n
  • \n Maoming
    • \n
  • \n Zhaoqing
    • \n
  • \n Huizhou
    • \n
  • \n Meizhou
    • \n
  • \n Shanwei
    • \n
  • \n Heyuan
    • \n
  • \n Yangjiang
    • \n
  • \n Qingyuan
    • \n
  • \n Dongguan
    • \n
  • \n Zhongshan
    • \n
  • \n Chaozhou
    • \n
  • \n Jieyang
    • \n
  • \n Yunfu
    • \n
\n
\n Guangxi \n
    \n
  • \n Nanning *
    • \n
  • \n Liuzhou
    • \n
  • \n Guilin
    • \n
  • \n Wuzhou
    • \n
  • \n Beihai
    • \n
  • \n Fangchenggang
    • \n
  • \n Qinzhou
    • \n
  • \n Guigang
    • \n
  • \n Y\u00f9lin
    • \n
  • \n Baise
    • \n
  • \n Hezhou
    • \n
  • \n Hechi
    • \n
  • \n Laibin
    • \n
  • \n Chongzuo
    • \n
\n
\n Hainan \n
    \n
  • \n Haikou *
    • \n
  • \n Sanya
    • \n
  • \n Sansha
    • \n
  • \n Danzhou
    • \n
\n
\n Sichuan \n
    \n
  • \n Chengdu *
    • \n
  • \n Zigong
    • \n
  • \n Panzhihua
    • \n
  • \n Luzhou
    • \n
  • \n Deyang
    • \n
  • \n Mianyang
    • \n
  • \n Guangyuan
    • \n
  • \n Suining
    • \n
  • \n Neijiang
    • \n
  • \n Leshan
    • \n
  • \n Nanchong
    • \n
  • \n Meishan
    • \n
  • \n Yibin
    • \n
  • \n Guang'an
    • \n
  • \n Dazhou
    • \n
  • \n Ya'an
    • \n
  • \n Bazhong
    • \n
  • \n Ziyang
    • \n
\n
\n Guizhou \n
    \n
  • \n Guiyang *
    • \n
  • \n Liupanshui
    • \n
  • \n Zunyi
    • \n
  • \n Anshun
    • \n
  • \n Bijie
    • \n
  • \n Tongren
    • \n
\n
\n Yunnan \n
    \n
  • \n Kunming *
    • \n
  • \n Qujing
    • \n
  • \n Yuxi
    • \n
  • \n Baoshan
    • \n
  • \n Zhaotong
    • \n
  • \n L\u00ecjiang
    • \n
  • \n Pu'er
    • \n
  • \n Lincang
    • \n
\n
\n Tibet \n
    \n
  • \n Lhasa *
    • \n
  • \n Shigatse
    • \n
  • \n Chamdo
    • \n
  • \n Nyingchi
    • \n
  • \n Shannan
    • \n
\n
\n Shaanxi \n
    \n
  • \n Xi'an *
    • \n
  • \n Tongchuan
    • \n
  • \n Baoji
    • \n
  • \n Xianyang
    • \n
  • \n Weinan
    • \n
  • \n Yan'an
    • \n
  • \n Hanzhong
    • \n
  • \n Y\u00falin
    • \n
  • \n Ankang
    • \n
  • \n Shangluo
    • \n
\n
\n Gansu \n
    \n
  • \n Lanzhou *
    • \n
  • \n Jiayuguan
    • \n
  • \n Jinchang
    • \n
  • \n Baiyin
    • \n
  • \n Tianshui
    • \n
  • \n Wuwei
    • \n
  • \n Zhangye
    • \n
  • \n Pingliang
    • \n
  • \n Jiuquan
    • \n
  • \n Qingyang
    • \n
  • \n Dingxi
    • \n
  • \n Longnan
    • \n
\n
\n Qinghai \n
    \n
  • \n Xining *
    • \n
  • \n Haidong
    • \n
\n
\n Ningxia \n
    \n
  • \n Yinchuan *
    • \n
  • \n Shizuishan
    • \n
  • \n Wuzhong
    • \n
  • \n Guyuan
    • \n
  • \n Zhongwei
    • \n
\n
\n Xinjiang \n
    \n
  • \n \u00dcr\u00fcmqi *
    • \n
  • \n Karamay
    • \n
  • \n Turpan
    • \n
  • \n Hami
    • \n
\n
\n Taiwan \n
    \n
  • \n ( none )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Other cities ( partly shown below )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Prefecture - level capitals ( County - level ) \n
    \n
  • \n ( Inner Mongolia : Ulanhot
    • \n
  • \n Xilinhot )
    • \n
  • \n Jiagedaqi , Heilongjiang
    • \n
  • \n Enshi , Hubei
    • \n
  • \n Jishou , Hunan
    • \n
  • \n ( Sichuan : Xichang
    • \n
  • \n Kangding
    • \n
  • \n Barkam )
    • \n
  • \n ( Guizhou : Xingyi
    • \n
  • \n Kaili
    • \n
  • \n Duyun )
    • \n
  • \n ( Yunnan : Chuxiong
    • \n
  • \n Mengzi
    • \n
  • \n Wenshan
    • \n
  • \n Jinghong
    • \n
  • \n Dali
    • \n
  • \n Mangshi
    • \n
  • \n Shangri - La
    • \n
  • \n Lushui )
    • \n
  • \n ( Gansu : Linxia
    • \n
  • \n Hezuo )
    • \n
  • \n ( Qinghai : Yushu
    • \n
  • \n Delingha )
    • \n
  • \n ( Xinjiang : Changji
    • \n
  • \n Bole
    • \n
  • \n Korla
    • \n
  • \n Yining
    • \n
  • \n Artux
    • \n
  • \n Aksu
    • \n
  • \n Kashgar
    • \n
  • \n Hotan
    • \n
  • \n Tacheng
    • \n
  • \n Altay )
    • \n
\n
\n Province - governed cities ( Sub-prefecture - level ) \n
    \n
  • \n Jiyuan , Henan
    • \n
  • \n ( Hubei : Xiantao
    • \n
  • \n Qi\u00e1njiang
    • \n
  • \n Tianmen
    • \n
  • \n Shennongjia )
    • \n
  • \n ( Hainan : Wuzhishan
    • \n
  • \n Qionghai
    • \n
  • \n Wenchang
    • \n
  • \n Wanning
    • \n
  • \n Dongfang )
    • \n
  • \n ( Xinjiang - XPCC ( Bingtuan ) cities : Shihezi
    • \n
  • \n Aral
    • \n
  • \n Tumxuk
    • \n
  • \n Wujiaqu
    • \n
  • \n Beitun
    • \n
  • \n Tiemenguan
    • \n
  • \n Shuanghe
    • \n
  • \n Kokdala
    • \n
  • \n Kunyu )
    • \n
\n
\n Former Prefecture - level cities \n
    \n
  • \n Chaohu , Anhui
    • \n
  • \n Yumen , Gansu
    • \n
  • \n Dongchuan , Yunnan
    • \n
  • \n Shashi , Hubei
    • \n
  • \n ( Sichuan : Fuling
    • \n
  • \n Wanxian )
    • \n
  • \n ( Jilin : Meihekou
    • \n
  • \n Gongzhuling )
    • \n
\n
\n Sub-prefecture - level cities ( Prefecture - governed ) \n
    \n
  • \n Qian'an , Hebei
    • \n
  • \n Manzhouli , Inner Mongolia
    • \n
  • \n Erenhot , Inner Mongolia
    • \n
  • \n Golmud , Qinghai
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n County - level cities by Province
\n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Hebei \n
    \n
  • \n Xinji
    • \n
  • \n Jinzhou
    • \n
  • \n Xinle
    • \n
  • \n Zunhua
    • \n
  • \n Qian'an *
    • \n
  • \n Wu'an
    • \n
  • \n Nangong
    • \n
  • \n Shahe
    • \n
  • \n Zhuozhou
    • \n
  • \n Dingzhou
    • \n
  • \n Anguo
    • \n
  • \n Gaobeidian
    • \n
  • \n Botou
    • \n
  • \n Renqiu
    • \n
  • \n Huanghua
    • \n
  • \n Hejian
    • \n
  • \n Bazhou
    • \n
  • \n Sanhe
    • \n
  • \n Shenzhou
    • \n
\n
\n Shanxi \n
    \n
  • \n Gujiao
    • \n
  • \n Lucheng
    • \n
  • \n Gaoping
    • \n
  • \n Jiexiu
    • \n
  • \n Yongji
    • \n
  • \n Hejin
    • \n
  • \n Yuanping
    • \n
  • \n Houma
    • \n
  • \n Huozhou
    • \n
  • \n Xiaoyi
    • \n
  • \n Fenyang
    • \n
\n
\n Inner Mongolia \n
    \n
  • \n Holingol
    • \n
  • \n Manzhouli *
    • \n
  • \n Yakeshi
    • \n
  • \n Zhalantun
    • \n
  • \n Ergun
    • \n
  • \n Genhe
    • \n
  • \n Fengzhen
    • \n
  • \n Ulanhot *
    • \n
  • \n Arxan
    • \n
  • \n Erenhot *
    • \n
  • \n Xilinhot *
    • \n
\n
\n Liaoning \n
    \n
  • \n Xinmin
    • \n
  • \n Wafangdian
    • \n
  • \n Zhuanghe
    • \n
  • \n Haicheng
    • \n
  • \n Donggang
    • \n
  • \n Fengcheng
    • \n
  • \n Linghai
    • \n
  • \n Beizhen
    • \n
  • \n Gaizhou
    • \n
  • \n Dashiqiao
    • \n
  • \n Dengta
    • \n
  • \n Diaobingshan
    • \n
  • \n Kaiyuan
    • \n
  • \n Beipiao
    • \n
  • \n Lingyuan
    • \n
  • \n Xingcheng
    • \n
\n
\n Jilin \n
    \n
  • \n Yushu
    • \n
  • \n Dehui
    • \n
  • \n Jiaohe
    • \n
  • \n Huadian
    • \n
  • \n Shulan
    • \n
  • \n Panshi
    • \n
  • \n Gongzhuling
    • \n
  • \n Shuangliao
    • \n
  • \n Meihekou
    • \n
  • \n Ji'an
    • \n
  • \n Linjiang
    • \n
  • \n Fuyu
    • \n
  • \n Taonan
    • \n
  • \n Da'an
    • \n
  • \n Yanji
    • \n
  • \n Tumen
    • \n
  • \n Dunhua
    • \n
  • \n Hunchun
    • \n
  • \n Longjing
    • \n
  • \n Helong
    • \n
\n
\n Heilongjiang \n
    \n
  • \n Shangzhi
    • \n
  • \n Wuchang
    • \n
  • \n Nehe
    • \n
  • \n Hulin
    • \n
  • \n Mishan
    • \n
  • \n Tieli
    • \n
  • \n Tongjiang
    • \n
  • \n Fujin
    • \n
  • \n Fuyuan
    • \n
  • \n Suifenhe
    • \n
  • \n Hailin
    • \n
  • \n Ning'an
    • \n
  • \n Muling
    • \n
  • \n Dongning
    • \n
  • \n Bei'an
    • \n
  • \n Wudalianchi
    • \n
  • \n Anda
    • \n
  • \n Zhaodong
    • \n
  • \n Hailun
    • \n
\n
\n Jiangsu \n
    \n
  • \n Jiangyin
    • \n
  • \n Yixing
    • \n
  • \n Xinyi
    • \n
  • \n Pizhou
    • \n
  • \n Liyang
    • \n
  • \n Changshu
    • \n
  • \n Zhangjiagang
    • \n
  • \n Kunshan
    • \n
  • \n Taicang
    • \n
  • \n Qidong
    • \n
  • \n Rugao
    • \n
  • \n Haimen
    • \n
  • \n Dongtai
    • \n
  • \n Yizheng
    • \n
  • \n Gaoyou
    • \n
  • \n Danyang
    • \n
  • \n Yangzhong
    • \n
  • \n Jurong
    • \n
  • \n Jingjiang
    • \n
  • \n Taixing
    • \n
  • \n Xinghua
    • \n
\n
\n Zhejiang \n
    \n
  • \n Jiande
    • \n
  • \n Lin'an
    • \n
  • \n Yuyao
    • \n
  • \n Cixi
    • \n
  • \n Fenghua
    • \n
  • \n Rui'an
    • \n
  • \n Yueqing
    • \n
  • \n Haining
    • \n
  • \n Pinghu
    • \n
  • \n Tongxiang
    • \n
  • \n Zhuji
    • \n
  • \n Shengzhou
    • \n
  • \n Lanxi
    • \n
  • \n Yiwu
    • \n
  • \n Dongyang
    • \n
  • \n Yongkang
    • \n
  • \n Jiangshan
    • \n
  • \n Wenling
    • \n
  • \n Linhai
    • \n
  • \n Longquan
    • \n
\n
\n Anhui \n
    \n
  • \n Chaohu
    • \n
  • \n Jieshou
    • \n
  • \n Tongcheng
    • \n
  • \n Tianchang
    • \n
  • \n Mingguang
    • \n
  • \n Ningguo
    • \n
\n
\n Fujian \n
    \n
  • \n Fuqing
    • \n
  • \n Changle
    • \n
  • \n Yong'an
    • \n
  • \n Shishi
    • \n
  • \n Jinjiang
    • \n
  • \n Nan'an
    • \n
  • \n Longhai
    • \n
  • \n Shaowu
    • \n
  • \n Wuyishan
    • \n
  • \n Jian'ou
    • \n
  • \n Zhangping
    • \n
  • \n Fu'an
    • \n
  • \n Fuding
    • \n
\n
\n Jiangxi \n
    \n
  • \n Leping
    • \n
  • \n Ruichang
    • \n
  • \n Gongqingcheng
    • \n
  • \n Lushan
    • \n
  • \n Guixi
    • \n
  • \n Ruijin
    • \n
  • \n Jinggangshan
    • \n
  • \n Fengcheng
    • \n
  • \n Zhangshu
    • \n
  • \n Gao'an
    • \n
  • \n Dexing
    • \n
\n
\n Shandong \n
    \n
  • \n Zhangqiu
    • \n
  • \n Jiaozhou
    • \n
  • \n Jimo
    • \n
  • \n Pingdu
    • \n
  • \n Laixi
    • \n
  • \n Tengzhou
    • \n
  • \n Longkou
    • \n
  • \n Laiyang
    • \n
  • \n Laizhou
    • \n
  • \n Penglai
    • \n
  • \n Zhaoyuan
    • \n
  • \n Qixia
    • \n
  • \n Haiyang
    • \n
  • \n Qingzhou
    • \n
  • \n Zhucheng
    • \n
  • \n Shouguang
    • \n
  • \n Anqiu
    • \n
  • \n Gaomi
    • \n
  • \n Changyi
    • \n
  • \n Qufu
    • \n
  • \n Zoucheng
    • \n
  • \n Xintai
    • \n
  • \n Feicheng
    • \n
  • \n Rongcheng
    • \n
  • \n Rushan
    • \n
  • \n Laoling
    • \n
  • \n Yucheng
    • \n
  • \n Linqing
    • \n
\n
\n Henan \n
    \n
  • \n Gongyi
    • \n
  • \n Xingyang
    • \n
  • \n Xinmi
    • \n
  • \n Xinzheng
    • \n
  • \n Dengfeng
    • \n
  • \n Yanshi
    • \n
  • \n Wugang
    • \n
  • \n Ruzhou
    • \n
  • \n Linzhou
    • \n
  • \n Weihui
    • \n
  • \n Huixian
    • \n
  • \n Qinyang
    • \n
  • \n Mengzhou
    • \n
  • \n Yuzhou
    • \n
  • \n Changge
    • \n
  • \n Yima
    • \n
  • \n Lingbao
    • \n
  • \n Dengzhou
    • \n
  • \n Yongcheng
    • \n
  • \n Xiangcheng
    • \n
  • \n Jiyuan *
    • \n
\n
\n Hubei \n
    \n
  • \n Daye
    • \n
  • \n Danjiangkou
    • \n
  • \n Yidu
    • \n
  • \n Dangyang
    • \n
  • \n Zhijiang
    • \n
  • \n Laohekou
    • \n
  • \n Zaoyang
    • \n
  • \n Yicheng
    • \n
  • \n Zhongxiang
    • \n
  • \n Yingcheng
    • \n
  • \n Anlu
    • \n
  • \n Hanchuan
    • \n
  • \n Shishou
    • \n
  • \n Honghu
    • \n
  • \n Songzi
    • \n
  • \n Macheng
    • \n
  • \n Wuxue
    • \n
  • \n Chibi
    • \n
  • \n Guangshui
    • \n
  • \n Enshi *
    • \n
  • \n Lichuan
    • \n
  • \n Xiantao *
    • \n
  • \n Qianjiang *
    • \n
  • \n Tianmen *
    • \n
\n
\n Hunan \n
    \n
  • \n Liuyang
    • \n
  • \n Liling
    • \n
  • \n Xiangxiang
    • \n
  • \n Shaoshan
    • \n
  • \n Leiyang
    • \n
  • \n Changning
    • \n
  • \n Wugang
    • \n
  • \n Miluo
    • \n
  • \n Linxiang
    • \n
  • \n Jinshi
    • \n
  • \n Yuanjiang
    • \n
  • \n Zixing
    • \n
  • \n Hongjiang
    • \n
  • \n Lengshuijiang
    • \n
  • \n Lianyuan
    • \n
  • \n Jishou *
    • \n
\n
\n Guangdong \n
    \n
  • \n Lechang
    • \n
  • \n Nanxiong
    • \n
  • \n Taishan
    • \n
  • \n Kaiping
    • \n
  • \n Heshan
    • \n
  • \n Enping
    • \n
  • \n Lianjiang
    • \n
  • \n Leizhou
    • \n
  • \n Wuchuan
    • \n
  • \n Gaozhou
    • \n
  • \n Huazhou
    • \n
  • \n Xinyi
    • \n
  • \n Sihui
    • \n
  • \n Xingning
    • \n
  • \n Lufeng
    • \n
  • \n Yangchun
    • \n
  • \n Yingde
    • \n
  • \n Lianzhou
    • \n
  • \n Puning
    • \n
  • \n Luoding
    • \n
\n
\n Guangxi \n
    \n
  • \n Cenxi
    • \n
  • \n Dongxing
    • \n
  • \n Guiping
    • \n
  • \n Beiliu
    • \n
  • \n Jingxi
    • \n
  • \n Yizhou
    • \n
  • \n Heshan
    • \n
  • \n Pingxiang
    • \n
\n
\n Hainan \n
    \n
  • \n Wuzhishan *
    • \n
  • \n Qionghai *
    • \n
  • \n Wenchang *
    • \n
  • \n Wanning *
    • \n
  • \n Dongfang *
    • \n
\n
\n Sichuan \n
    \n
  • \n Dujiangyan
    • \n
  • \n Pengzhou
    • \n
  • \n Qionglai
    • \n
  • \n Chongzhou
    • \n
  • \n Jianyang
    • \n
  • \n Guanghan
    • \n
  • \n Shifang
    • \n
  • \n Mianzhu
    • \n
  • \n Jiangyou
    • \n
  • \n Emeishan
    • \n
  • \n Langzhong
    • \n
  • \n Huaying
    • \n
  • \n Wanyuan
    • \n
  • \n Barkam *
    • \n
  • \n Kangding *
    • \n
  • \n Xichang *
    • \n
\n
\n Guizhou \n
    \n
  • \n Qingzhen
    • \n
  • \n Chishui
    • \n
  • \n Renhuai
    • \n
  • \n Xingyi *
    • \n
  • \n Kaili *
    • \n
  • \n Duyun *
    • \n
  • \n Fuquan
    • \n
\n
\n Yunnan \n
    \n
  • \n Anning
    • \n
  • \n Xuanwei
    • \n
  • \n Tengchong
    • \n
  • \n Chuxiong *
    • \n
  • \n Mengzi *
    • \n
  • \n Gejiu
    • \n
  • \n Kaiyuan
    • \n
  • \n Mile
    • \n
  • \n Wenshan *
    • \n
  • \n Jinghong *
    • \n
  • \n Dali *
    • \n
  • \n Ruili
    • \n
  • \n Mangshi *
    • \n
  • \n Lushui *
    • \n
  • \n Shangri - La *
    • \n
\n
\n Tibet \n
    \n
  • \n ( none )
    • \n
\n
\n Shaanxi \n
    \n
  • \n Xingping
    • \n
  • \n Hancheng
    • \n
  • \n Huayin
    • \n
\n
\n Gansu \n
    \n
  • \n Yumen
    • \n
  • \n Dunhuang
    • \n
  • \n Linxia *
    • \n
  • \n Hezuo *
    • \n
\n
\n Qinghai \n
    \n
  • \n Yushu *
    • \n
  • \n Golmud *
    • \n
  • \n Delingha *
    • \n
\n
\n Ningxia \n
    \n
  • \n Lingwu
    • \n
  • \n Qingtongxia
    • \n
\n
\n Xinjiang \n
    \n
  • \n Changji *
    • \n
  • \n Fukang
    • \n
  • \n Bole *
    • \n
  • \n Alashankou
    • \n
  • \n Korla *
    • \n
  • \n Aksu *
    • \n
  • \n Artux *
    • \n
  • \n Kashgar *
    • \n
  • \n Hotan *
    • \n
  • \n Yining *
    • \n
  • \n Kuytun
    • \n
  • \n Korgas
    • \n
  • \n Tacheng *
    • \n
  • \n Wusu
    • \n
  • \n Altay *
    • \n
  • \n Shihezi *
    • \n
  • \n Aral *
    • \n
  • \n Tumxuk *
    • \n
  • \n Wujiaqu *
    • \n
  • \n Beitun *
    • \n
  • \n Tiemenguan *
    • \n
  • \n Shuanghe *
    • \n
  • \n Kokdala *
    • \n
  • \n Kunyu *
    • \n
\n
\n Taiwan \n
    \n
  • \n ( none )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Notes
\n \n \n \n \n
\n * Indicates this city has already occurred above .

\n Direct - controlled Municipalities . Sub-provincial cities as provincial capitals . Separate state - planning cities . Special Economic Zone Cities . Coastal development cities . Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs . Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner , Hulunbuir , Inner Mongolia as part of it . Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China . The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC , due to lack of actual jurisdiction . See Template : Administrative divisions of the Republic of China instead .

\n All provincial capitals are listed first in prefecture - level cities by province .
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Largest cities or towns in China Sixth National Population Census of the People 's Republic of China ( 2010 )
\n \n Rank \n Name \n Province \n Pop . \n Rank \n Name \n Province \n Pop . \n
\n Shanghai Beijing \n \n Shanghai \n Shanghai \n 20,217,700 \n 11 \n Foshan \n Guangdong \n 6,771,900 \n Chongqing Guangzhou
\n \n Beijing \n Beijing \n 16,858,700 \n 12 \n Nanjing \n Jiangsu \n 6,238,200
\n \n Chongqing \n Chongqing \n 12,389,500 \n 13 \n Shenyang \n Liaoning \n 5,890,700
\n \n Guangzhou \n Guangdong \n 10,641,400 \n 14 \n Hangzhou \n Zhejiang \n 5,849,500
\n 5 \n Shenzhen \n Guangdong \n 10,358,400 \n 15 \n Xi'an \n Shaanxi \n 5,399,300
\n 6 \n Tianjin \n Tianjin \n 10,007,700 \n 16 \n Harbin \n Heilongjiang \n 5,178,000
\n 7 \n Wuhan \n Hubei \n 7,541,500 \n 17 \n Dalian \n Liaoning \n 4,222,400
\n 8 \n Dongguan \n Guangdong \n 7,271,300 \n 18 \n Suzhou \n Jiangsu \n 4,083,900
\n 9 \n Chengdu \n Sichuan \n 7,112,000 \n 19 \n Qingdao \n Shandong \n 3,990,900
\n 10 \n Hong Kong \n Hong Kong \n 7,055,071 \n 20 \n Zhengzhou \n Henan \n 3,677,000
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Capitals of Asia
\n Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n North and Central Asia \n South Asia \n Southeast Asia \n West and Southwest Asia
\n
    \n
  • \n Ashgabat , Turkmenistan
    • \n
  • \n Astana , Kazakhstan *
    • \n
  • \n Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan
    • \n
  • \n Dushanbe , Tajikistan
    • \n
  • \n Moscow , Russia *
    • \n
  • \n Tashkent , Uzbekistan
    • \n
\n East Asia
    \n
  • \n Beijing , China
    • \n
  • \n Hong Kong , Hong Kong ( China )
    • \n
  • \n Macau , Macau ( China )
    • \n
  • \n Pyongyang , North Korea
    • \n
  • \n Seoul , South Korea
    • \n
  • \n Taipei , Taiwan ( ROC )
    • \n
  • \n Tokyo , Japan
    • \n
  • \n Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Kabul , Afghanistan
    • \n
  • \n Dhaka , Bangladesh
    • \n
  • \n Diego Garcia , BIOT ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n Islamabad , Pakistan
    • \n
  • \n Kathmandu , Nepal
    • \n
  • \n Kotte / Colombo , Sri Lanka
    • \n
  • \n Mal\u00e9 , Maldives
    • \n
  • \n New Delhi , India
    • \n
  • \n Thimphu , Bhutan
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Bandar Seri Begawan , Brunei
    • \n
  • \n Bangkok , Thailand
    • \n
  • \n Dili , East Timor
    • \n
  • \n Flying Fish Cove , Christmas Island ( Australia )
    • \n
  • \n Hanoi , Vietnam
    • \n
  • \n Jakarta , Indonesia *
    • \n
  • \n Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
    • \n
  • \n Manila , Philippines
    • \n
  • \n Naypyidaw , Myanmar
    • \n
  • \n Phnom Penh , Cambodia
    • \n
  • \n Singapore
    • \n
  • \n Vientiane , Laos
    • \n
  • \n West Island , Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands ( Australia )
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates
    • \n
  • \n Amman , Jordan
    • \n
  • \n Ankara , Turkey *
    • \n
  • \n Baghdad , Iraq
    • \n
  • \n Baku , Azerbaijan *
    • \n
  • \n Beirut , Lebanon
    • \n
  • \n Cairo , Egypt *
    • \n
  • \n Doha , Qatar
    • \n
  • \n Jerusalem , Israel / Palestine \u2020
    • \n
  • \n Kuwait City , Kuwait
    • \n
  • \n Manama , Bahrain
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Muscat , Oman
    • \n
  • \n Nicosia , Cyprus *
    • \n
  • \n North Nicosia , Northern Cyprus *
    • \n
  • \n Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
    • \n
  • \n Sana'a , Yemen
    • \n
  • \n Stepanakert , Artsakh *
    • \n
  • \n Sukhumi , Abkhazia *
    • \n
  • \n Tbilisi , Georgia *
    • \n
  • \n Tehran , Iran
    • \n
  • \n Tskhinvali , South Ossetia *
    • \n
  • \n Yerevan , Armenia *
    • \n
\n
\n
\n * Transcontinental country . \u2020 Disputed . See : Positions on Jerusalem .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Summer Olympic Games host cities
\n
    \n
  • \n 1896 : Athens
    • \n
  • \n 1900 : Paris
    • \n
  • \n 1904 : St. Louis
    • \n
  • \n 1908 : London
    • \n
  • \n 1912 : Stockholm
    • \n
  • \n 1916 : None
    • \n
  • \n 1920 : Antwerp
    • \n
  • \n 1924 : Paris
    • \n
  • \n 1928 : Amsterdam
    • \n
  • \n 1932 : Los Angeles
    • \n
  • \n 1936 : Berlin
    • \n
  • \n 1940 : None
    • \n
  • \n 1944 : None
    • \n
  • \n 1948 : London
    • \n
  • \n 1952 : Helsinki
    • \n
  • \n 1956 : Melbourne
    • \n
  • \n 1960 : Rome
    • \n
  • \n 1964 : Tokyo
    • \n
  • \n 1968 : Mexico City
    • \n
  • \n 1972 : Munich
    • \n
  • \n 1976 : Montreal
    • \n
  • \n 1980 : Moscow
    • \n
  • \n 1984 : Los Angeles
    • \n
  • \n 1988 : Seoul
    • \n
  • \n 1992 : Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 1996 : Atlanta
    • \n
  • \n 2000 : Sydney
    • \n
  • \n 2004 : Athens
    • \n
  • \n 2008 : Beijing
    • \n
  • \n 2012 : London
    • \n
  • \n 2016 : Rio de Janeiro
    • \n
  • \n 2020 : Tokyo
    • \n
  • \n 2024 : Paris
    • \n
  • \n 2028 : Los Angeles
    • \n
\n
\n Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Summer Paralympic Games host cities
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n 1960 : Rome
    • \n
  • \n 1964 : Tokyo
    • \n
  • \n 1968 : Tel Aviv
    • \n
  • \n 1972 : Heidelberg
    • \n
  • \n 1976 : Toronto
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n 1980 : Arnhem
    • \n
  • \n 1984 : New York City / Stoke Mandeville
    • \n
  • \n 1988 : Seoul
    • \n
  • \n 1992 : Barcelona / Madrid
    • \n
  • \n 1996 : Atlanta
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n 2000 : Sydney
    • \n
  • \n 2004 : Athens
    • \n
  • \n 2008 : Beijing
    • \n
  • \n 2012 : London
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n 2016 : Rio de Janeiro
    • \n
  • \n 2020 : Tokyo
    • \n
  • \n 2024 : Paris
    • \n
  • \n 2028 : Los Angeles
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Winter Olympic Games host cities
\n
    \n
  • \n 1924 : Chamonix
    • \n
  • \n 1928 : St. Moritz
    • \n
  • \n 1932 : Lake Placid
    • \n
  • \n 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen
    • \n
  • \n 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II
    • \n
  • \n 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II
    • \n
  • \n 1948 : St. Moritz
    • \n
  • \n 1952 : Oslo
    • \n
  • \n 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo
    • \n
  • \n 1960 : Squaw Valley
    • \n
  • \n 1964 : Innsbruck
    • \n
  • \n 1968 : Grenoble
    • \n
  • \n 1972 : Sapporo
    • \n
  • \n 1976 : Innsbruck
    • \n
  • \n 1980 : Lake Placid
    • \n
  • \n 1984 : Sarajevo
    • \n
  • \n 1988 : Calgary
    • \n
  • \n 1992 : Albertville
    • \n
  • \n 1994 : Lillehammer
    • \n
  • \n 1998 : Nagano
    • \n
  • \n 2002 : Salt Lake City
    • \n
  • \n 2006 : Turin
    • \n
  • \n 2010 : Vancouver
    • \n
  • \n 2014 : Sochi
    • \n
  • \n 2018 : Pyeongchang
    • \n
  • \n 2022 : Beijing
    • \n
  • \n 2026 : TBD
    • \n
  • \n 2030 : TBD
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Winter Paralympic Games host cities
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n 1976 : \u00d6rnsk\u00f6ldsvik
    • \n
  • \n 1980 : Geilo
    • \n
  • \n 1984 : Innsbruck
    • \n
  • \n 1988 : Innsbruck
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n 1992 : Albertville
    • \n
  • \n 1994 : Lillehammer
    • \n
  • \n 1998 : Nagano
    • \n
  • \n 2002 : Salt Lake City
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n 2006 : Turin
    • \n
  • \n 2010 : Vancouver
    • \n
  • \n 2014 : Sochi
    • \n
  • \n 2018 : PyeongChang
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n 2022 : Beijing
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Host cities of Asian Games
\n Summer \n
    \n
  • \n 1951 : Delhi
    • \n
  • \n 1954 : Manila
    • \n
  • \n 1958 : Tokyo
    • \n
  • \n 1962 : Jakarta
    • \n
  • \n 1966 : Bangkok
    • \n
  • \n 1970 : Bangkok
    • \n
  • \n 1974 : Tehran
    • \n
  • \n 1978 : Bangkok
    • \n
  • \n 1982 : Delhi
    • \n
  • \n 1986 : Seoul
    • \n
  • \n 1990 : Beijing
    • \n
  • \n 1994 : Hiroshima
    • \n
  • \n 1998 : Bangkok
    • \n
  • \n 2002 : Busan
    • \n
  • \n 2006 : Doha
    • \n
  • \n 2010 : Guangzhou
    • \n
  • \n 2014 : Incheon
    • \n
  • \n 2018 : Jakarta / Palembang
    • \n
  • \n 2022 : Hangzhou
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Winter \n
    \n
  • \n 1986 : Sapporo
    • \n
  • \n 1990 : Sapporo
    • \n
  • \n 1996 : Harbin
    • \n
  • \n 1999 : Kangwon
    • \n
  • \n 2003 : Aomori
    • \n
  • \n 2007 : Changchun
    • \n
  • \n 2011 : Astana - Almaty
    • \n
  • \n 2017 : Sapporo
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Host cities of the IAAF World Championships in Athletics
\n
    \n
  • \n 1983 : Helsinki
    • \n
  • \n 1987 : Rome
    • \n
  • \n 1991 : Tokyo
    • \n
  • \n 1993 : Stuttgart
    • \n
  • \n 1995 : Gothenburg
    • \n
  • \n 1997 : Athens
    • \n
  • \n 1999 : Seville
    • \n
  • \n 2001 : Edmonton
    • \n
  • \n 2003 : Saint - Denis
    • \n
  • \n 2005 : Helsinki
    • \n
  • \n 2007 : Osaka
    • \n
  • \n 2009 : Berlin
    • \n
  • \n 2011 : Daegu
    • \n
  • \n 2013 : Moscow
    • \n
  • \n 2015 : Beijing
    • \n
  • \n 2017 : London
    • \n
  • \n 2019 : Doha
    • \n
  • \n 2021 : Eugene
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n World 's twenty most populous metropolitan areas
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n

\n 1 Tokyo - Yokohama 2 Shanghai 3 Jakarta 4 Delhi 5 Seoul - Incheon

\n

\n

\n 		\n

\n 6 Karachi 7 Guangzhou 8 Beijing 9 Shenzhen 7 Mexico City

\n 		\n

\n 11 S\u00e3o Paulo 12 Lagos 13 Mumbai 14 Cairo 15 New York

\n 		\n

\n 16 Osaka 17 Moscow 18 Wuhan 19 Chengdu 20 Dhaka

\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n World 's fifty most - populous urban areas
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  1. \n Tokyo -- Yokohama ( Keihin )
    2. \n
  2. \n Jakarta ( Jabodetabek )
    3. \n
  3. \n Delhi
    4. \n
  4. \n Manila ( Metro Manila )
    5. \n
  5. \n Seoul -- Incheon ( Sudogwon )
    6. \n
  6. \n Shanghai
    7. \n
  7. \n Karachi
    8. \n
  8. \n Beijing
    9. \n
  9. \n New York City
    10. \n
  10. \n Guangzhou -- Foshan ( Guangfo )
    11. \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  1. \n S\u00e3o Paulo
    2. \n
  2. \n Mexico City ( Valley of Mexico )
    3. \n
  3. \n Mumbai
    4. \n
  4. \n Osaka -- Kobe -- Kyoto ( Keihanshin )
    5. \n
  5. \n Moscow
    6. \n
  6. \n Dhaka
    7. \n
  7. \n Greater Cairo
    8. \n
  8. \n Los Angeles
    9. \n
  9. \n Bangkok
    10. \n
  10. \n Kolkata
    11. \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  1. \n Greater Buenos Aires
    2. \n
  2. \n Tehran
    3. \n
  3. \n Istanbul
    4. \n
  4. \n Lagos
    5. \n
  5. \n Shenzhen
    6. \n
  6. \n Rio de Janeiro
    7. \n
  7. \n Kinshasa
    8. \n
  8. \n Tianjin
    9. \n
  9. \n Paris
    10. \n
  10. \n Lima
    11. \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  1. \n Chengdu
    2. \n
  2. \n Greater London
    3. \n
  3. \n Nagoya ( Ch\u016bky\u014d )
    4. \n
  4. \n Lahore
    5. \n
  5. \n Chennai
    6. \n
  6. \n Bangalore
    7. \n
  7. \n Chicago
    8. \n
  8. \n Bogot\u00e1
    9. \n
  9. \n Ho Chi Minh City
    10. \n
  10. \n Hyderabad
    11. \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  1. \n Dongguan
    2. \n
  2. \n Johannesburg
    3. \n
  3. \n Wuhan
    4. \n
  4. \n Taipei - Taoyuan
    5. \n
  5. \n Hangzhou
    6. \n
  6. \n Hong Kong
    7. \n
  7. \n Chongqing
    8. \n
  8. \n Ahmedabad
    9. \n
  9. \n Kuala Lumpur ( Klang Valley )
    10. \n
  10. \n Quanzhou
    11. \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n VIAF : 312565158
    • \n
  • \n LCCN : n79076155
    • \n
  • \n GND : 4075971 - 4
    • \n
  • \n BNF : cb11957264c ( data )
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 00646810
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beijing&oldid=838137684 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what was the city of beijing previously known as", "long_answers": ["Over the past 3,000 years , the city of Beijing has had numerous other names . The name Beijing , which means `` Northern Capital '' ( from the Chinese characters \u5317 for north and \u4eac for capital ) , was applied to the city in 1403 during the Ming dynasty to distinguish the city from Nanjing ( the `` Southern Capital '' ) . The English spelling is based on the pinyin romanization of the two characters as they are pronounced in Standard Mandarin . An older English spelling , Peking , is the postal romanization of the same two characters as they are pronounced in Chinese dialects spoken in the southern port towns first visited by European traders and missionaries . Those dialects preserve the Middle Chinese pronunciation of \u4eac as kjaeng , prior to a phonetic shift in the northern dialects to the modern pronunciation . Although Peking is no longer the common name for the city , some of the city 's older locations and facilities , such as Beijing Capital International Airport , with IATA Code PEK , and Peking University , still use the former romanization .\n", "Beijing ( / be\u026a\u02c8d\u0292\u026a\u014b / ; Mandarin : ( p\u00e8i. t\u0255\u00ed\u014b ) ( listen ) ) , formerly romanized as Peking , is the capital of the People 's Republic of China , the world 's second most populous city proper , and most populous capital city . The city , located in northern China , is governed as a direct - controlled municipality under the national government with 16 urban , suburban , and rural districts . Beijing Municipality is surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin Municipality to the southeast ; together the three divisions form the Jingjinji metropolitan region and the national capital region of China .\n"], "short_answers": ["Peking\n", "Peking\n", "Peking\n", "Peking\n"]} {"text": "Most Wanted ( TV pilot ) - wikipedia

\n Most Wanted ( TV pilot )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Most Wanted
\n
\n Genre \n
    \n
  • \n Action / Adventure
    • \n
  • \n Science fiction
    • \n
  • \n Superhero
    • \n
  • \n Drama
    • \n
\n
\n Created by \n
    \n
  • \n Jeffrey Bell
    • \n
  • \n Paul Zbyszewski
    • \n
\n
\n Based on \n
    \n
  • \n Mockingbird by
      \n
    • \n Gerry Conway
      • \n
    • \n Barry Smith
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Lance Hunter by
      \n
    • \n Gary Friedrich
      • \n
    • \n Herb Trimpe
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Starring \n
    \n
  • \n Adrianne Palicki
    • \n
  • \n Nick Blood
    • \n
  • \n Delroy Lindo
    • \n
  • \n Fernanda Andrade
    • \n
  • \n Oded Fehr
    • \n
\n
\n Country of origin \n United States
\n Original language ( s ) \n English
\n Production
\n Executive producer ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Jeffrey Bell
    • \n
  • \n Paul Zbyszewski
    • \n
  • \n Jeph Loeb
    • \n
  • \n Jim Chory
    • \n
\n
\n Production company ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n ABC Studios
    • \n
  • \n Marvel Television
    • \n
\n
\n Distributor \n Disney -- ABC Domestic Television
\n Release
\n Original network \n ABC
\n Picture format \n 720p ( HDTV )
\n Audio format \n 5.1 surround sound
\n Chronology
\n Related shows \n
    \n
  • \n Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
    • \n
  • \n Marvel Cinematic Universe television series
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Marvel 's Most Wanted , or simply Most Wanted , is an unaired American television pilot based on the Marvel Comics characters Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter . It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , sharing continuity with the films and other television series of the franchise , and is a spin - off from Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The pilot was created and written by Jeffrey Bell and Paul Zbyszewski , and directed by Billy Gierhart .

\n

\n The pilot revolves around the characters of Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter , ex-S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and ex-spouses on the run , with Adrianne Palicki and Nick Blood reprising their respective roles of Morse and Hunter from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. . Delroy Lindo , Fernanda Andrade , and Oded Fehr also starred in the pilot . A television series featuring Morse entered development for ABC Family in July 2011 , but never materialized . The character subsequently appeared in the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. along with Hunter , and plans for a spin - off centered on the duo , with Palicki and Blood attached , began in April 2015 . The series would have been based on storylines occurring at the end of that second season , but ABC passed on the project .

\n

\n In August 2015 , the series was reinvented as Most Wanted and received a pilot order from ABC . The cast was filled out in early 2016 , and production was completed by late March . The episode was co-produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television . In May 2016 , ABC announced that it would not pick up the pilot to series , and would look to develop other series with Marvel instead .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Premise ( edit )

\n

\n Ex-spies and ex-spouses Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter are on the run trying to uncover a conspiracy against them . With no help from S.H.I.E.L.D. , the peacekeeping and spy agency that previously employed them , they enter into an uneasy partnership with rogue adventurer Dominic Fortune and his niece Christina Santos .

\n

\n Cast and characters ( edit )

\n

\n Main ( edit )

\n \n

\n Guests ( edit )

\n \n

\n Production ( edit )

\n

\n Development ( edit )

\n

\n At San Diego Comic - Con International 2011 , head of Marvel Television Jeph Loeb announced the series Mockingbird was in development at ABC Family . The series , which was described as `` Alias meets Felicity '' , would feature Bobbi Morse as a freshman science major at `` a prestigious university in the Silicon Valley ... ( until h ) er life changes when she is recruited by S.H.I.E.L.D. and is forced to become a student by day and a super spy by night . '' By March 2012 , Mockingbird was still in development , with Loeb saying , `` as with anything that you 're doing , particularly when you 're starting up a brand new entity ( like Marvel Television ) , things take time and we want to make sure we get it right . ''

\n

\n At San Diego Comic - Con International 2014 , Morse was revealed to be appearing in the second season of Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , while Nick Blood was announced as cast in the role of Lance Hunter , a series regular for the season . In August 2014 , Adrianne Palicki was cast as Morse in a guest role , and later promoted to series regular with the season two episode `` Aftershocks '' . By April 2015 , Marvel was developing a spin - off series focused on those characters with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. showrunner Jeffrey Bell and writer Paul Zbyszewski . The spin - off would be based on storylines occurring at the end of the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and would receive its own pilot rather than a backdoor pilot . Palicki and Blood were in final discussions to headline the potential new series , but ABC passed on the project by May 7 , 2015 , when they announced their series renewals , cancellations , and pickups . ABC entertainment president Paul Lee explained , `` We thought the right thing now is to leave ( Palicki and Blood ) on S.H.I.E.L.D. , because S.H.I.E.L.D. is so strong on ( sic ) the moment , '' though he did not rule out returning to the spin - off in the future .

\n

\n Blood and Palicki returned as principal cast members for the third season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. In August 2015 , the spin - off series received new life , reworked as Marvel 's Most Wanted and given a pilot order . Bell and Zbyszewski were again developing the series , writing the pilot and executive producing . The pair were set to serve as showrunners for the series , if it was picked up . Loeb and Jim Chory were also attached as executive producers . The series would still focus on Morse and Hunter , with Palicki and Blood both attached , and was described as `` a new take focusing on the same duo and their continuing adventures . '' In January 2016 , Lee stated that the pilot was `` absolutely '' moving forward , praising the script and saying production would begin `` in the next few months . '' In the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` Parting Shot '' , the two characters were written off that series , having them leave and disavow S.H.I.E.L.D. Bell explained that Palicki and Blood had to leave to film the pilot , and `` it did n't make sense '' to have the story explain their absence for several episodes just to have the pair leave again soon after to begin production on the rest of Most Wanted if it was picked up to series .

\n

\n Writing ( edit )

\n With S.H.I.E.L.D. , there 's more of a clear line between the good guys and the bad guys and between protocol and going off grid . Whereas in the Most Wanted world , it 's all shades of gray and judgment calls have to be made . -- Nick Blood on the different moral code of the spin - off .

\n Bell compared Most Wanted to the Buffy the Vampire Slayer spin - off Angel , saying the series would be more intimate than Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. because at the heart of the series would be the question , `` What 's the metaphor of the relationship that 's going to dramatize over the course of the episode versus the larger machinations of the world that S.H.I.E.L.D. ( is ) in ? '' Palicki said the pilot is less based in Marvel mythology and more focused on the two characters , whose dynamic she compared to Mr. and Mrs. Smith . Blood added , `` It 's exploring how you make a relationship work with the backdrop of all this crazy stuff that goes on '' in their world .

\n

\n Bell and Zbyszewski worked together on Morse and Hunter 's storyline for the third season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , preparing them to move over to the spin - off , with Bell explaining that it would set up Most Wanted by defining exactly who the characters are , such as Hunter and his lack of loyalty to S.H.I.E.L.D. and to ideologies -- `` nothing specific about the show , it 's just who Hunter is . '' Blood noted that Hunter is `` willing to ignore the rules and regulations to get the right thing done . Sometimes , Bobbi needs that kick up the backside to send her in that direction . By the same token , Hunter needs Bobbi 's rationale sometimes to make sure he does n't get in trouble again . '' Bell added that for Hunter , `` laws are kind of suggestions , and if he 's with them he 'll follow them , and he 's always been much more a loyalist to the guy in the trenches than to any ideology '' . Palicki remarked that the differences in the character 's views and beliefs would be `` a big through line throughout the entire show '' , and that having Morse and Hunter work for Fortune would test both of their morals , with Hunter having `` a bit more experience with that , where the line to cross is a bit fluid . It might take Bobbi a bit more to adapt to that . ''

\n

\n Casting ( edit )

\n Adrianne Palicki and Nick Blood reprise their roles from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter respectively .

\n In August 2015 , Palicki and Blood were attached to Most Wanted with the pilot order , reprising their Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. roles as Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter , respectively . In January 2016 , Delroy Lindo was cast as `` rogue adventurer '' Dominic Fortune . That March , Oded Fehr and Fernanda Andrade were also cast in the pilot , as a `` well - known character '' from the comics and Fortune 's niece Christina Santos , respectively . Additionally , guest stars for the pilot include Mckenna Grace as Zoe Abel , Laura Allen as Olivia , and Damon Dayoub .

\n

\n Filming ( edit )

\n

\n Filming on the pilot took place in early 2016 , with Billy Gierhart directing . Production began following that of the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episode `` Parting Shot '' , and was completed by late March . William O. Hunter , who worked on Marvel 's The Avengers , served as production designer , with Christine Bieselin Clark as costume designer .

\n

\n Marvel Cinematic universe tie - ins ( edit )

\n

\n On potential crossovers with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , Bell said in March 2016 , in reference to the way Hunter and Morse were written off of that series , `` We want to be clear we 're telling a different type of story , and in doing so , you do n't want to be telling a story where you go , `` Why do n't they call Coulson ? He can fix this easily , '' because that line 's been cut . Not that you ca n't bring them back someday or have someone from S.H.I.E.L.D. show up on this show , but it 's really setting up a different ( part of the ) universe `` . Blood described the situation as `` they 're on their own , they can make up their own rules , just turn the phones on airplane mode and ignore the calls from back home '' .

\n

\n No pick - up and future ( edit )

\n

\n In April 2016 , Most Wanted was seen to be `` a no - brainer '' for a series pick - up by industry insiders . However , in early May it was said to be `` cooling '' and `` not considered the lock it once was '' . At that time , the producers were prepping `` if - come '' orders , `` deals with writers that will come into effect in the event a pilot is picked ( up ) to series '' . On May 12 , 2016 , the pilot was passed on by ABC , with Lee 's successor Channing Dungey explaining that Most Wanted `` did not feel as strong as some of the other pilots that we shot . We talked about it with Marvel and we all came to an agreement that we want to figure out what the next show is that we do together , is something that we all feel is as creatively strong as it can be . '' However , Dungey said that ABC was open to the series being shopped to another network if Marvel found `` another home '' for it . Loeb also acknowledged this possibility , but said that the series was designed `` to do a very specific thing '' alongside S.H.I.E.L.D. on ABC .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 ABC Pilots '' . Deadline.com . February 22 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2016 . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Oded Fehr and Fernanda Andrade Join ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' '' . Marvel.com . March 25 , 2016 . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Khatchatourian , Maane ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Promotes Adrianne Palicki to Series Regular '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Adrianne Palicki , Nick Blood on that emotional exit '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Reveals New Characters , Carter Adds Captain Directors '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' ABC Pilot Casts Delroy Lindo As Dominic Fortune '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` '' Marvel 's Most Wanted '' Co-Star Andrade Promises An `` Unpredictable '' Series `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel 's Most Wanted '' . MckennaGrace.com . May 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Frederick , Brittany . `` Who directed Spider - Man : Homecoming ? '' . Fansided . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 .
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : Walsh , S.M. ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stitchers ' Season 3 : Meet the Cast '' . Heavy.com . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Daniels , Hunter ( July 23 , 2011 ) . `` Comic - Con : Marvel TV Announces Development Slate ; Includes Live - Action AKA Jessica Jones ( Alias ) , The Hulk , Cloak And Dagger , Mockingbird , Animated Hulk And The Agents Of S.M.A.S.H. , More '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` Head of Marvel Television Jeph Loeb Gives Updates on The Incredible Hulk , AKA Jessica Jones and The Punisher TV Series '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2015 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Learn How Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Begins Its Second Season '' . Marvel.com . September 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Enlists Adrianne Palicki as Marvel Favorite ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Aftershocks '' . Marvel.com . February 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel developing Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff for ABC -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Adrianne Palick & Nick Blood Eyed To Topline Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Spinoff '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Spinoff Not Going Forward At ABC '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ; Abrams , Natalie ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Why ABC did n't make the Agents of SHIELD spinoff '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Lovett , Jaimie ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 3 Synopsis Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 .
    21. \n
  21. \n ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Adrianne Palicki , Nick Blood to Star in Marvel Pilot for ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 .
    22. \n
  22. \n ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Mockingbird Series Starring Adrianne Palicki Lands ABC Pilot Order ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 .
    23. \n
  23. \n ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Most Wanted Going to Pilot at ABC '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 .
    24. \n
  24. \n ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD EP Jeff Bell on Mockingbird and Hunter Departure and Marvel 's Most Wanted '' . IGN . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD Showrunners Explain Marvel 's Most Wanted Spinoff Plan '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 .
    26. \n
  26. \n ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jamie ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE Agents Of S.H.I.E.L.D. EP Talks Secret Warriors , Civil War , Last Week 's Shocking Death & More '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 28 , 2015 .
    27. \n
  27. \n ^ Jump up to : Bucksbaum , Sydney ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` How Will ' Agents of SHIELD ' Set Up Spinoff ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Carinacas , Peter ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Artisans Booked on ' Marvel 's Most Wanted , ' ' Pearl , ' ' Dirty Dancing ' and ' Stronger ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Carinacas , Peter ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Agencies Book Artisans on ' Thor : Ragnarok , ' ' Sugar Queen , ' ' Chagrin Falls ' and ' Bunker Hill ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` PILOTS 2016 : Pre-Screenings Buzz Edition '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` 10 TV Pilots Likely to Score Series Pickups '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Time After Time ' Among Pilots Making Tentative Writers Deals As Field Narrows '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' Not Going Forward at ABC '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Why ABC Passed on ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' and ' Agent Carter ' Season 3 ( TCA 2016 ) '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 6 , 2016 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel TV 's Jeph Loeb on Fox 's `` Reimagined '' ' Hellfire Club ' Series , ' Cloak and Dagger ' , and More ( TCA 2016 ) `` . / Film . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 .
    36. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Marvel Cinematic Universe
\n Feature films \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Phase One \n
    \n
  • \n Iron Man
    • \n
  • \n The Incredible Hulk
    • \n
  • \n Iron Man 2
    • \n
  • \n Thor
    • \n
  • \n Captain America : The First Avenger
    • \n
  • \n The Avengers
      \n
    • \n accolades
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Phase Two \n
    \n
  • \n Iron Man 3
    • \n
  • \n Thor : The Dark World
    • \n
  • \n Captain America : The Winter Soldier
    • \n
  • \n Guardians of the Galaxy
    • \n
  • \n Avengers : Age of Ultron
    • \n
  • \n Ant - Man
    • \n
\n
\n Phase Three \n
    \n
  • \n Captain America : Civil War
    • \n
  • \n Doctor Strange
    • \n
  • \n Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
    • \n
  • \n Spider - Man : Homecoming
    • \n
  • \n Thor : Ragnarok
    • \n
  • \n Black Panther
    • \n
  • \n Avengers : Infinity War
      \n
    • \n production
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ant - Man and the Wasp
    • \n
  • \n Untitled Avengers film
      \n
    • \n production
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Television series \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ABC \n
    \n
  • \n Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
      \n
    • \n episodes
        \n
      • \n season 1
        • \n
      • \n
        • \n
      • \n
        • \n
      • \n
        • \n
      • \n 5
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n characters
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Agent Carter
      \n
    • \n season 1
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n characters
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Inhumans
      \n
    • \n `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us ''
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Netflix \n
    \n
  • \n Daredevil
      \n
    • \n season 1
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n characters
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Jessica Jones
      \n
    • \n season 1
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n characters
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Luke Cage
      \n
    • \n season 1
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n characters
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Iron Fist
      \n
    • \n season 1
      • \n
    • \n characters
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n The Defenders
    • \n
  • \n The Punisher
    • \n
\n
\n Hulu \n Runaways
\n Freeform \n Cloak & Dagger
\n Unaired pilot \n Most Wanted
\n
\n Other \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Short films \n
    \n
  • \n Item 47
    • \n
  • \n Agent Carter
    • \n
  • \n All Hail the King
    • \n
\n
\n Digital series \n
    \n
  • \n WHIH Newsfront
    • \n
  • \n Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot
    • \n
\n
\n Tie - in comics \n
    \n
  • \n Fury 's Big Week
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Cast and characters \n
    \n
  • \n Film cast
    • \n
  • \n Television series cast
    • \n
  • \n Phil Coulson
    • \n
  • \n Erik Selvig
    • \n
  • \n Trevor Slattery
    • \n
  • \n Claire Temple
    • \n
\n
\n Music \n
    \n
  • \n Iron Man
    • \n
  • \n The Incredible Hulk
    • \n
  • \n Iron Man 2
    • \n
  • \n Thor
    • \n
  • \n Captain America : The First Avenger
    • \n
  • \n The Avengers
    • \n
  • \n Iron Man 3
    • \n
  • \n Thor : The Dark World
    • \n
  • \n Captain America : The Winter Soldier
    • \n
  • \n Guardians of the Galaxy
    • \n
  • \n Avengers : Age of Ultron
    • \n
  • \n Ant - Man
    • \n
  • \n Captain America : Civil War
    • \n
  • \n Luke Cage
    • \n
  • \n Doctor Strange
    • \n
  • \n Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2
    • \n
  • \n Spider - Man : Homecoming
    • \n
  • \n Thor : Ragnarok
    • \n
\n
\n MCU - inspired media \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Video games \n
    \n
  • \n Iron Man
    • \n
  • \n The Incredible Hulk
    • \n
  • \n Iron Man 2
    • \n
  • \n Thor : God of Thunder
    • \n
  • \n Captain America : Super Soldier
    • \n
  • \n Iron Man 3
    • \n
  • \n Lego Marvel 's Avengers
    • \n
\n
\n Attraction \n
    \n
  • \n Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout !
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Live - action television programs based on Marvel Comics
\n TV series \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Current \n
    \n
  • \n Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n Daredevil ( since 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Jessica Jones ( since 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Luke Cage ( since 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Legion ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Iron Fist ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Inhumans ( since 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n The Gifted ( since 2017 )
    • \n
\n
\n Former \n
    \n
  • \n Spidey Super Stories ( 1974 -- 77 )
    • \n
  • \n The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- 79 )
    • \n
  • \n The Incredible Hulk ( 1978 -- 82 )
    • \n
  • \n Spider - Man ( Toei ) ( 1978 -- 79 )
    • \n
  • \n Night Man ( 1997 -- 99 )
    • \n
  • \n Mutant X ( 2001 -- 04 )
    • \n
  • \n Blade : The Series ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 )
    • \n
  • \n Powers ( 2015 -- 16 )
    • \n
  • \n The Defenders ( 2017 )
    • \n
\n
\n Upcoming \n
    \n
  • \n The Punisher ( 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Runaways ( 2017 )
    • \n
  • \n Cloak & Dagger ( 2018 )
    • \n
\n
\n Unaired pilot \n
    \n
  • \n Most Wanted
    • \n
\n
\n
\n TV films \n
    \n
  • \n Spider - Man
    • \n
  • \n The Incredible Hulk
    • \n
  • \n The Return of the Incredible Hulk
    • \n
  • \n Dr. Strange
    • \n
  • \n Captain America
    • \n
  • \n Captain America II : Death Too Soon
    • \n
  • \n The Incredible Hulk Returns
    • \n
  • \n The Trial of the Incredible Hulk
    • \n
  • \n The Death of the Incredible Hulk
    • \n
  • \n Power Pack
    • \n
  • \n Generation X
    • \n
  • \n Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.
    • \n
  • \n Man - Thing
    • \n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n Marvel Television
    • \n
  • \n List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series
    • \n
\n
\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Most_Wanted_(TV_pilot)&oldid=800040909 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "when is marvel's most wanted coming out", "long_answers": ["In August 2015 , the series was reinvented as Most Wanted and received a pilot order from ABC . The cast was filled out in early 2016 , and production was completed by late March . The episode was co-produced by ABC Studios and Marvel Television . In May 2016 , ABC announced that it would not pick up the pilot to series , and would look to develop other series with Marvel instead .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Deforestation in the United States - wikipedia

\n Deforestation in the United States

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Virgin Forest in United States
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n 1620
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n 1926
\n
\n

\n Deforestation in the United States is an ongoing environmental issue that attracts protests from environmentalists . Prior to the arrival of European - Americans , about one half of the United States land area was forest , about 1,023,000,000 acres ( 4,140,000 km ) estimated in 1630 . Recently , the Forest Service reported total forestation as 766,000,000 acres ( 3,100,000 km ) in 2012 . The majority of deforestation took place prior to 1910 with the Forest Service reporting the minimum forestation as 721,000,000 acres ( 2,920,000 km ) around 1920 . The forest resources of the United States have remained relatively constant through the 20th century .

\n

\n The 2005 Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) Global Forest Resources Assessment ranked the United States as seventh highest country losing its old growth forests , a vast majority of which were removed prior to the 20th century .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n After European colonization ( edit )

\n See also : Forests of the United States

\n For the 300 years following the arrival of Europeans , land was cleared , mostly for agriculture , at a rate that matched that of population growth . For every person added to the population , one to two hectares of land was cultivated . This trend continued until the 1920s when the amount of crop land stabilized in spite of continued population growth . As abandoned farm land reverted to forest the amount of forest land increased reaching a peak in 1963 of 753,000,000 acres ( 3,050,000 km ) . After 1963 there was a gradual decrease through the next few decades which has been reversed with recovery and slight gains in the early 21st century . Gains in forest land have resulted from conversions from crop land and pastures at a higher rate than loss of forest to development . Because urban development is expected to continue , an estimated 93,000 square kilometres ( 23,000,000 acres ) of forest land is projected be lost by 2050 , a 3 % reduction from 1997 . Other qualitative issues have been identified such as the continued loss of old - growth forest , the increased fragmentation of forest lands , and the increased urbanization of forest land .

\n

\n Current issues ( edit )

\n Map of above ground woody biomass across the United States .

\n Deforestation in the United States is affected by many factors . One such factor is the effect , whether positive or negative , that the logging industry has on forests in the country . Logging in the United States is a hotly debated topic as groups who either support or oppose logging argue over its benefits and negative effects . `` This industry comprises the establishments primarily engaged in one or more of the following : ( 1 ) cutting timber ; ( 2 ) cutting and transporting timber ; ( 3 ) producing wood chips in the field , '' the definition provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency .

\n

\n `` The United States is the second leading producer and consumer of forest products and accounts for about one - fourth of the world 's production and consumption . The United States is also the world 's second largest producer of softwood and hardwood lumber . In 1996 , total annual sales for commercial ( nonfederal ) timber and nontimber forest products was approximately $3.8 billion . ''

\n

\n The biggest issue thought to be facing deforestation in the United States is illegal logging in forests although facts prove otherwise from habitat and forest cover loss annually to catastrophic fire . More than 83 million acres have been lost to wildfire from 2005 to date ( source : U.S. National Interagency Fire Center , https://www.nifc.gov/fireInfo/fireInfo_statistics.html ) The United States Forest Service states that illegal logging is the biggest problem with deforestation because it is nearly impossible to monitor and stop . It goes on throughout the U.S. and other countries and often happens when companies disregard their permits and go beyond what they are allowed to harvest . The Forest Service and EPA work together to make sure that the permits for logging companies in the United States are granted in such a way that the forests are kept healthy and sustainable , and illegal logging reduces the chances that forests will be kept this way .

\n

\n The United States Forest Service is in favor of logging to a certain extent but there are several groups that oppose logging in the United States . Groups such as EarthRoots.org state that logging in the United States and specifically in industrial areas has led to deforestation and near extinction of many animals .

\n

\n Species extinctions in the Eastern forests ( edit )

\n

\n Forest cover in the Eastern United States reached its lowest point in roughly 1872 with about 48 percent compared to the amount of forest cover in 1620 . Of the 28 forest bird species with habitat exclusively in that forest , Pimm claims four become extinct either wholly or mostly because of habitat loss , the passenger pigeon , Carolina parakeet , ivory - billed woodpecker , and Bachman 's warbler .

\n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Forest Facts , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . United States Forest Service . 2014 - 08 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` National Report on Sustainable Forests -- 2010 '' . United States Forest Service . 2014 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Forest Resources of the United States Archived May 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Major Trends , Forest Inventory & Analysis , 2002 '' ( PDF ) . United States Forest Service . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 24 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ ' Collapse ' : How Societies choose to Fail or Succeed , The New York Times
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ American Forest A History of Resiliency and Recovery United States Forest Service
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Land Use Changes Involving Forestry in the United States : 1952 to 1997 , With Projections to 2050
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ United Nations ( 2005 ) `` Global Forest Resources Assessment ''
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture `` Forests on the Edge - Housing Development on America 's Private Forests '' ( 2005 ) http://www.fs.fed.us/projects/fote/reports/fote-6-9-05.pdf Retrieved November 19 , 2006
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ US EPA , `` Forestry Facts and Figures '' .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Pimm , Stuart ( 2002 ) . `` The Dodo became extinct ( and other ecological myths ) '' ( PDF ) . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden . Missouri Botanical Garden Press . 89 ( 2 ) : 190 -- 198 . doi : 10.2307 / 3298563 . JSTOR 3298563 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 27 .
    12. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Deforestation in the United States .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Deforestation by country or region
\n Africa \n
    \n
  • \n DR Congo
    • \n
  • \n Ethiopia
    • \n
  • \n Kenya
    • \n
  • \n Madagascar
    • \n
  • \n Nigeria
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Americas \n
    \n
  • \n Amazon
    • \n
  • \n Brazil
    • \n
  • \n Canada ( British Columbia )
    • \n
  • \n Central America
    • \n
  • \n Colombia
    • \n
  • \n Costa Rica
    • \n
  • \n Haiti
    • \n
  • \n Mexico
    • \n
  • \n United States
    • \n
\n
\n Asia \n
    \n
  • \n Borneo
    • \n
  • \n Cambodia
    • \n
  • \n China
    • \n
  • \n India
    • \n
  • \n Indonesia ( Kalimantan )
    • \n
  • \n Laos
    • \n
  • \n Malaysia ( East Malaysia )
    • \n
  • \n Myanmar
    • \n
  • \n Nepal
    • \n
  • \n Philippines
    • \n
  • \n Sri Lanka
    • \n
  • \n Thailand
    • \n
  • \n Vietnam
    • \n
\n
\n Europe \n
    \n
  • \n Roman Empire
    • \n
  • \n Russia
    • \n
\n
\n Oceania \n
    \n
  • \n Australia
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
    • \n
  • \n Papua New Guinea
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Forestry portal
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Commons
    • \n
  • \n WikiProject Forestry
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Deforestation in North America
\n Sovereign states \n
    \n
  • \n Antigua and Barbuda
    • \n
  • \n Bahamas
    • \n
  • \n Barbados
    • \n
  • \n Belize
    • \n
  • \n Canada
    • \n
  • \n Costa Rica
    • \n
  • \n Cuba
    • \n
  • \n Dominica
    • \n
  • \n Dominican Republic
    • \n
  • \n El Salvador
    • \n
  • \n Grenada
    • \n
  • \n Guatemala
    • \n
  • \n Haiti
    • \n
  • \n Honduras
    • \n
  • \n Jamaica
    • \n
  • \n Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Nicaragua
    • \n
  • \n Panama
    • \n
  • \n Saint Kitts and Nevis
    • \n
  • \n Saint Lucia
    • \n
  • \n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
    • \n
  • \n Trinidad and Tobago
    • \n
  • \n United States
    • \n
\n
\n Dependencies and other territories \n
    \n
  • \n Anguilla
    • \n
  • \n Aruba
    • \n
  • \n Bermuda
    • \n
  • \n Bonaire
    • \n
  • \n British Virgin Islands
    • \n
  • \n Cayman Islands
    • \n
  • \n Cura\u00e7ao
    • \n
  • \n Greenland
    • \n
  • \n Guadeloupe
    • \n
  • \n Martinique
    • \n
  • \n Montserrat
    • \n
  • \n Puerto Rico
    • \n
  • \n Saint Barth\u00e9lemy
    • \n
  • \n Saint Martin
    • \n
  • \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon
    • \n
  • \n Saba
    • \n
  • \n Sint Eustatius
    • \n
  • \n Sint Maarten
    • \n
  • \n Turks and Caicos Islands
    • \n
  • \n United States Virgin Islands
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Deforestation in the Americas
\n
    \n
  • \n North America
    • \n
  • \n South America
    • \n
\n
\n Sovereign states \n
    \n
  • \n Antigua and Barbuda
    • \n
  • \n Argentina
    • \n
  • \n Bahamas
    • \n
  • \n Barbados
    • \n
  • \n Belize
    • \n
  • \n Bolivia
    • \n
  • \n Brazil
    • \n
  • \n Canada
    • \n
  • \n Chile
    • \n
  • \n Colombia
    • \n
  • \n Costa Rica
    • \n
  • \n Cuba
    • \n
  • \n Dominica
    • \n
  • \n Dominican Republic
    • \n
  • \n Ecuador
    • \n
  • \n El Salvador
    • \n
  • \n Grenada
    • \n
  • \n Guatemala
    • \n
  • \n Guyana
    • \n
  • \n Haiti
    • \n
  • \n Honduras
    • \n
  • \n Jamaica
    • \n
  • \n Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Nicaragua
    • \n
  • \n Panama
    • \n
  • \n Paraguay
    • \n
  • \n Peru
    • \n
  • \n Saint Kitts and Nevis
    • \n
  • \n Saint Lucia
    • \n
  • \n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
    • \n
  • \n Suriname
    • \n
  • \n Trinidad and Tobago
    • \n
  • \n United States
    • \n
  • \n Uruguay
    • \n
  • \n Venezuela
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Dependencies and other territories \n
    \n
  • \n Anguilla
    • \n
  • \n Aruba
    • \n
  • \n Bermuda
    • \n
  • \n Bonaire
    • \n
  • \n British Virgin Islands
    • \n
  • \n Cayman Islands
    • \n
  • \n Cura\u00e7ao
    • \n
  • \n Falkland Islands
    • \n
  • \n French Guiana
    • \n
  • \n Greenland
    • \n
  • \n Guadeloupe
    • \n
  • \n Martinique
    • \n
  • \n Montserrat
    • \n
  • \n Puerto Rico
    • \n
  • \n Saint Barth\u00e9lemy
    • \n
  • \n Saint Martin
    • \n
  • \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon
    • \n
  • \n Saba
    • \n
  • \n Sint Eustatius
    • \n
  • \n Sint Maarten
    • \n
  • \n South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
    • \n
  • \n Turks and Caicos Islands
    • \n
  • \n US Virgin Islands
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deforestation_in_the_United_States&oldid=836443867 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where is deforestation occurring in the united states", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "The Divergent Series - Wikipedia

\n The Divergent Series

\n Jump to : navigation , search For the book series on which the film series is based , see Divergent trilogy . For the mathematical use , see Divergent series . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n The Divergent Series
\n Produced by \n
    \n
  • \n Lucy Fisher
    • \n
  • \n Douglas Wick
    • \n
  • \n Pouya Shabazian
    • \n
\n
\n Based on \n The Divergent trilogy by Veronica Roth
\n Starring \n
    \n
  • \n Shailene Woodley
    • \n
  • \n Theo James
    • \n
  • \n Zo\u00eb Kravitz
    • \n
  • \n Miles Teller
    • \n
  • \n Ansel Elgort
    • \n
\n
\n Production company \n Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment
\n Distributed by \n Summit Entertainment Lionsgate
\n Release date \n
    \n
  • \n 1 : March 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 )
    • \n
  • \n 2 : 000000002015 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2015
    • \n
  • \n 3 : 000000002016 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2016
    • \n
  • \n 4 : Cancelled
    • \n
\n
\n Running time \n 379 minutes ( 3 films )
\n Country \n United States
\n Language \n English
\n Budget \n Total ( 3 films ) : $305 million
\n Box office \n Total ( 3 films ) : $765,409,015
\n

\n The Divergent Series is a feature film trilogy based on the Divergent novels by the American author Veronica Roth . Distributed by Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate Films , the series consists of three science fiction films set in a dystopian society . They have been produced by Lucy Fisher , Pouya Shabazian , and Douglas Wick .

\n

\n The series star Shailene Woodley and Theo James as lead characters Beatrice Prior ( Tris ) and Tobias Eaton ( Four ) , respectively . The supporting cast includes Ansel Elgort , Zo\u00eb Kravitz , and Miles Teller . Kate Winslet played the main antagonist in the first two films . The first film in the series was directed by Neil Burger , while the second and third films were directed by Robert Schwentke .

\n

\n The Veronica Roth novels consist primarily of the trilogy ( ' Divergent ' , ' Insurgent ' , ' Allegiant ' ) . Development began in 2011 following Summit 's acquisition of the film rights to the Divergent novel in partnership with production company Red Wagon Entertainment . The studios announced production on the sequel following the first film 's strong performance in Thursday late - night screenings , where it grossed $4.9 million . They acquired film rights to the Allegiant novel in December 2013 , deciding in April 2014 to split the third novel into a two - part film adaptation .

\n

\n The first installment , Divergent ( 2014 ) , grossed over $288 million worldwide , while the second installment , The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) , grossed over $297 million worldwide . Insurgent was also the first Divergent film to be released in IMAX 3D . The third installment , The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) , grossed $179 million . Thus , the first three films of the series have grossed over $765 million worldwide . A fourth film , The Divergent Series : Ascendant was never made , due to Allegiant 's poor showing at the box office .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Development ( edit )

\n

\n In March 2011 , Summit Entertainment picked up the rights for Divergent with Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher 's production company Red Wagon Entertainment , while Lionsgate distributes the franchise . Neil Burger was announced as the director on August 23 , 2012 . Evan Daugherty , who co-wrote the screenplay with Vanessa Taylor , said , `` I get hung up on the toughness of the movie but of equal importance is the love story between Tris and Four . It 's inherently and inextricably linked to Tris ' character journey . There will be plenty of sexual tension and chemistry , but it 's important that all of that stuff does n't just feel like it 's thrown in , but that it all helps Tris grow as a character . '' Daugherty further added , `` It 's tricky because the book is a very packed read with a lot of big ideas . So , distilling that into a cool , faithful two - hour movie is challenging . Not only do you have to establish five factions , but you have to acknowledge that there 's a sixth entity , which is the divergent , and you also have the factionless . So there 's a world that really has to be built out for the big screen ... the movie is going to do it a little more efficiently . '' Author Veronica Roth said about the script of the film : `` Reading a script is a really interesting experience . I 'd never read a script before . I was really impressed by how closely it stuck to the general plot line of the book . ''

\n

\n Initially , the budget of the film was $40 million but later Lionsgate increased it to $80 million ( which finally changed to $85 million ) due to the success of The Hunger Games . Analyst Ben Mogil said , `` Divergent is more similar to Hunger Games in that the company owns the underlying economics ( i.e. production ) and the budget ( at $80 ( million ) ) is more manageable . ''

\n

\n In December 2013 , Summit Entertainment announced that a film adaptation of Insurgent , the second novel in the Divergent trilogy , would be released as The Divergent Series : Insurgent on March 20 , 2015 , as a sequel to the film adaptation of Divergent with Brian Duffield originally chosen to write the script for the film . On December 16 , 2013 , it was announced that Neil Burger , director of Divergent , would not return to direct Insurgent as he was still working on the first film . On February 13 , 2014 , it was announced that Robert Schwentke was offered the director position for the film and that Akiva Goldsman had been hired to re-write Duffield 's script .

\n

\n Also in December 2013 , Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of Allegiant , the third and final novel in the Divergent trilogy , would be released in March 2016 , serving as the finale of the series , which at the time was planned as a trilogy , but on April 11 , 2014 , the studio decided to split the novel into a two - part film , much the like the Harry Potter , Twilight , and Hunger Games franchises did with the finales of their series . Lionsgate Motion Picture Group co-chairmen Rob Friedman and Patrick Wachsberger said in a statement that , `` Veronica Roth brings her captivating story to a masterful conclusion in ' Allegiant , ' a rich , action - packed book with material that is ideally suited to two strong and fulfilling movies . The storytelling arc and world of the characters lend themselves perfectly to two films , a storytelling strategy that has worked very well for us on the two Twilight Breaking Dawn films and about which we 're tremendously enthusiastic for the two upcoming Mockingjay films of The Hunger Games franchise '' . Noah Oppenheim was announced as the screenwriter for the first part of the Allegiant adaptation on July 9 , 2014 . On December 5 , 2014 , it was announced that Robert Schwentke will return to direct Part 1 . On September 10 , 2015 , it was announced that the two films would be re-titled , with Part 1 being renamed as The Divergent Series : Allegiant and Part 2 as The Divergent Series : Ascendant .

\n

\n Casting the main roles ( edit )

\n Shailene Woodley ( left ) and Theo James ( right ) at the Divergent LA Premiere on March 18 , 2014 .

\n On October 22 , 2012 , it was announced that Shailene Woodley had landed the lead role of Beatrice `` Tris '' Prior . Lucas Till , Jack Reynor , Jeremy Irvine , Alex Pettyfer , Brenton Thwaites , Alexander Ludwig and Luke Bracey were all considered for the role of Tobias `` Four '' Eaton . On March 15 , 2013 , it was announced that Theo James had been cast as Four .

\n

\n Though James was 10 years older than the character when cast , Roth praised his casting `` I was sure within seconds : this was ' Four ' , no question . Theo is able to capture ' Four 's ' authority and strength , as well as his depth and sensitivity . '' She also mentions the chemistry between him and Shailene : `` He is a perfect match for Shailene 's incredibly strong presence as Tris . I 'm thrilled ! '' The producers said about his casting : `` We took our time to find the right actor to fill the role of Four , and Theo is definitely the perfect fit . Veronica has crafted a truly iconic character in Four and we can not wait to begin production and bring him and this story to life for millions of fans around the world . ''

\n

\n Production ( edit )

\n

\n Filming for the franchise began on April 16 , 2013 .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Film \n Producers \n Director \n Screenwriters \n Novel by Veronica Roth
\n Divergent \n Fisher , Lucy Lucy Fisher Douglas Wick Pouya Shabazian \n Burger , Neil Neil Burger \n Evan Daugherty Vanessa Taylor \n Divergent
\n The Divergent Series : Insurgent \n Schwentke , Robert Robert Schwentke \n Akiva Goldsman Brian Duffield \n Insurgent
\n The Divergent Series : Allegiant \n Noah Oppenheim Adam Cooper Bill Collage \n Allegiant
\n The Divergent Series : Ascendant \n Lee Toland Krieger
\n

\n Lucy Fisher , Douglas Wick , and Pouya Shabazian have been producers for all four films in the series . Veronica Roth and Neil Burger have acted as executive producers on the first two films . Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate collaborated on all four films . On April 11 , 2014 , the studio decided to split the final book , Allegiant , into two parts , much like Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Parts 1 and 2 , The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Parts 1 and 2 , and The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Parts 1 and 2 .

\n

\n Directors ( edit )

\n

\n Neil Burger directed the first film , Divergent , and was originally going to direct the sequel , The Divergent Series : Insurgent , but in December 2013 it was announced that Burger would not return , due to him still working on post-production work for the first film . Speaking on the subject the director stated , `` There was no breathing room . They were like , ' We 're holding to a March 2015 release date , and we have to start no later than May 2014 . ' It was a recipe for failure , at least with me on board . I would n't be able to do either thing right . I reluctantly let it go '' . In February 2014 , it was confirmed that Robert Schwentke would direct the sequel instead . On December 5 , 2014 , it was announced that Schwentke would return for The Divergent Series : Allegiant .

\n

\n Scripts ( edit )

\n

\n Snow White and the Huntsman screenwriter Evan Daugherty and Hope Springs screenwriter Vanessa Taylor co-wrote the screenplay for Divergent . During the time that Neil Burger was originally going to direct the sequel , Brian Duffield was recruited to write the screenplay for The Divergent Series : Insurgent , but after Burger dropped out of the film and Robert Schwentke took over as director , he brought in Akiva Goldsman and Mark Bomback to rewrite Duffield 's script .

\n

\n The screenplay for the two - part finale , The Divergent Series : Allegiant and Ascendant , was written by Noah Oppenheim , Adam Cooper , Bill Collage , and Stephen Chbosky .

\n

\n Cast ( edit )

\n

\n On March 11 , 2013 , it was announced that the roles of Tori , Christina , and Caleb had gone to Maggie Q , Zo\u00eb Kravitz , and Ansel Elgort , respectively . Ray Stevenson , Jai Courtney and Aaron Eckhart were announced to be in talks to join the cast on March 15 , 2013 , Stevenson and Courtney joined the cast as Marcus Eaton and Eric , respectively . That same day , Miles Teller was cast as Peter . The studio 's announcement included a bit of casting news : Mekhi Phifer will play Dauntless leader Max . Kate Winslet was announced to be in talks on January 24 , 2013 . Later it was confirmed that she would portray Jeanine Matthews . Talking about playing the negative character for the first time , Winslet said , `` I 'm no idiot . The idea went through my head that I have never played a baddie before , I was almost kind of surprised . '' Since Winslet joined the filming late , she used that distance from her co-stars to appear aloof on the first day of her shoot . `` I wanted to break it and say , ' It 's OK , I 'm really fun . I promise . ' But I thought , just for today , I 'd let them think that I am a complete bitch . '' On March 25 , 2013 , Ben Lamb was cast as Edward , Ben Lloyd - Hughes as Will , and Christian Madsen as Al . In April 2013 , Ashley Judd and Tony Goldwyn joined the cast as Natalie and Andrew Prior , Beatrice 's parents .

\n

\n In 2014 , the cast for the second film was announced . On May 12 , 2014 , it was announced that Octavia Spencer joined the cast as Amity representative Johanna Reyes . Late May 2014 , Suki Waterhouse and Jonny Weston were cast as Marlene and Edgar respectively . Early June 2014 , Stephanie Leigh Schlund announced that she was cast in the film as a member of the Amity , and Naomi Watts and Daniel Dae Kim joined the cast as Evelyn Johnson and Jack Kang . On June 9 , 2014 , Rosa Salazar joined the cast as Lynn . On June 10 , 2014 , Australian actor Keiynan Lonsdale joined the cast as Uriah . On June 11 , 2014 , Emjay Anthony joined the cast as Hector .

\n

\n On April 28 , 2015 , it was reported that Golden Globe nominee Jeff Daniels joined the cast for Allegiant as David , the leader of the Bureau of Genetic Welfare . On May 1 , 2015 , it was announced that Bill Skarsg\u00e5rd had joined the cast as Matthew .

\n

\n Filming ( edit )

\n

\n Principal photography of Divergent began on April 16 , 2013 , and concluded on July 16 , 2013 . Almost all of the filming took place in Chicago with reshoots taking place from January 24 -- 26 , 2014 , in Los Angeles .

\n

\n Principal photography for The Divergent Series : Insurgent began on May 27 , 2014 , in Atlanta , Georgia and concluded on September 6 , 2014 . Filming took place at United States Penitentiary , Atlanta . A set was constructed for the Amity Compound at Serenbe Community South of Atlanta . In downtown Atlanta , a zip - line scene was filmed for which a set was constructed on the roof of Peachtree Center . For two days , production was moved to Chicago with scenes being filmed in Wells Street , Franklin Street , and Adams Street . Production was then moved back to Atlanta for reshoots .

\n

\n Principal photography for The Divergent Series : Allegiant began in Atlanta on May 18 , 2015 , with filming concluding on August 23 , 2015 .

\n

\n Music ( edit )

\n

\n Junkie XL scored the first film in the film series , Divergent , while Joseph Trapanese scored the second and third entries , Insurgent and Allegiant .

\n

\n Plot ( edit )

\n

\n Divergent ( 2014 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : Divergent ( film )

\n In a world where people are divided into distinct factions based on human virtues , Tris Prior is warned she is Divergent and will never fit into any one group . When she discovers a conspiracy by a faction leader to destroy all Divergents , Tris must learn to trust in the mysterious Four and together they must find out what makes being Divergent so dangerous before it 's too late .

\n

\n The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : The Divergent Series : Insurgent

\n As they search for allies and answers in the wake of the uprising , Tris and Four are on the run . Hunted by Jeanine Matthews , leader of the Erudite faction , Tris and Four race against time as they try to figure out what Abnegation sacrificed their lives to protect , and why the Erudite leaders will do anything to stop them . Haunted by her past choices but desperate to protect the ones she loves , Tris faces one impossible challenge after another as she unlocks the truth about the past and ultimately the future of her world .

\n

\n The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : The Divergent Series : Allegiant

\n On December 16 , 2013 , Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of Allegiant would be released on March 18 , 2016 . On April 11 , 2014 , Lionsgate announced that the film adaptation would be split into two films with the first part titled , The Divergent Series : Allegiant -- Part 1 . The film was then re-titled as The Divergent Series : Allegiant .

\n

\n Tris must escape with Four and go beyond the wall enclosing Chicago . For the first time ever , they will leave the only city and family they have ever known in order to find a peaceful solution for their embroiled city . Once outside , old discoveries are quickly rendered meaningless with the revelation of shocking new truths . Tris must quickly decide who she can trust as a ruthless battle ignites beyond the walls of Chicago . In order to survive , Tris will be forced to make impossible choices about courage , allegiance , sacrifice and love .

\n

\n Cancelled film ( edit )

\n

\n A Third sequel to the film was initially planned , with a March 2017 release , based on the latter half of the Allegiant book . The timing was changed to a June 2017 release , with Lee Toland Krieger then attached as the movie 's director .

\n

\n Ascendant ( TV Series ) ( edit )

\n

\n In July 2016 , after the poor performance of the third film at the box office , the producers considered creating the fourth as a television film , which would add new characters to the story who could continue in a spinoff television series , moving beyond the books .

\n

\n In September 2016 , Shailene Woodley stated on Today that the film versus television decision was not finalized , and that it was `` a limbo waiting game '' . In the same interview Woodley spoke despairingly of the chances of her returning to the project in a television format , although noting she would be open to returning to it as a theatrical film . In February 2017 , with the producers having confirmed that it would be a television project , it was announced that Woodley had backed out of her starring role .

\n

\n In August 2017 , Starz and Lionsgate Television announced that they were beginning to develop the TV series .

\n

\n Recurring cast and characters ( edit )

\n See also : List of Divergent characters \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Character \n Films
\n Divergent ( 2014 ) \n The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) \n The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) \n The Divergent Series : Ascendant ( TBA )
\n Beatrice `` Tris '' Prior \n Shailene Woodley \n TBA
\n Tobias `` Four '' Eaton \n Theo James \n TBA
\n Christina \n Zo\u00eb Kravitz \n TBA
\n Peter Hayes \n Miles Teller \n TBA
\n Caleb Prior \n Ansel Elgort \n TBA
\n Marcus Eaton \n Ray Stevenson \n
\n Tori Wu \n Maggie Q \n
\n Jeanine Matthews \n Kate Winslet \n
\n Natalie Prior \n Ashley Judd \n
\n Eric Coulter \n Jai Courtney \n
\n Max \n Mekhi Phifer \n
\n Will \n Ben Lloyd - Hughes \n
\n Andrew Prior \n Tony Goldwyn \n
\n Lauren \n Justine Wachsberger \n
\n Evelyn Johnson - Eaton \n \n Naomi Watts \n TBA
\n Johanna Reyes \n \n Octavia Spencer \n
\n Uriah Pedrad \n \n Keiynan Lonsdale \n
\n Edgar \n \n Jonny Weston \n
\n David \n \n Jeff Daniels \n TBA
\n Matthew \n \n Bill Skarsg\u00e5rd \n TBA
\n Al \n Christian Madsen \n
\n Molly \n Amy Newbold \n
\n Edward \n Ben Lamb \n
\n Jack Kang \n \n Daniel Dae Kim \n
\n Marlene \n \n Suki Waterhouse \n
\n Lynn \n \n Rosa Salazar \n
\n Hector \n \n Emjay Anthony \n
\n Edith Prior \n \n Janet McTeer \n
\n

\n Crew ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Occupation \n Films
\n Divergent ( 2014 ) \n The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) \n The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) \n The Divergent Series : Ascendant ( TBA )
\n Director \n Neil Burger \n Robert Schwentke \n Lee Toland Krieger
\n Producer ( s ) \n Douglas Wick Lucy Fisher Pouya Shabazian \n N / A
\n Writer ( s ) \n Evan Daugherty Vanessa Taylor \n Brian Duffield Akiva Goldsman Mark Bomback \n Noah Oppenheim Adam Cooper Bill Collage
\n Based on \n Divergent by Veronica Roth \n Insurgent by Veronica Roth \n Allegiant by Veronica Roth
\n Composer \n Junkie XL \n Joseph Trapanese \n N / A
\n Cinematographer \n Alwin H. K\u00fcchler \n Florian Ballhaus
\n Editor ( s ) \n Richard Francis - Bruce Nancy Richardson \n Nancy Richardson Stuart Levy \n Stuart Levy \n N / A
\n Production companies \n Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment \n Red Wagon Entertainment Summit Entertainment Mandeville Films \n Red Wagon Entertainment Mandeville Films \n N / A
\n Distributor \n Lionsgate \n Summit Entertainment \n N / A
\n Running time \n 139 minutes \n 119 minutes \n 121 minutes \n TBA
\n Release date \n March 21 , 2014 \n March 20 , 2015 \n March 18 , 2016 \n TBA
\n

\n Reception ( edit )

\n Further information on the reception of each film : Divergent ( film ) \u00a7 Reception , The Divergent Series : Insurgent \u00a7 Reception , and The Divergent Series : Allegiant \u00a7 Reception

\n Though the first two films were commercially successful , the series as a whole has not been well received by critics . Each successive film release has been rated lower than the previous release on review aggregator websites . Negative reviews of the third novel Allegiant and the studios ' decision to split it into two films have been blamed for the third film 's lackluster performance at the box office .

\n

\n Box office performance ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Film \n Release date \n Budget \n Box office gross \n Box office ranking \n Ref ( s )
\n North America \n Other territories \n Worldwide \n All time North America \n All time worldwide
\n Divergent \n March 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 21 ) \n $85 million \n $150,947,895 \n $137,937,923 \n $288,885,818 \n # 283 \n # 375 \n
\n The Divergent Series : Insurgent \n March 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 20 ) \n $110 million \n $130,179,072 \n $167,097,257 \n $297,276,329 \n # 392 \n # 372 \n
\n The Divergent Series : Allegiant \n March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) \n $110 million \n $66,184,051 \n $113,062,817 \n $179,246,868 \n # 1,088 \n # TBA \n
\n Total \n $305 million \n $347,311,018 \n $418,097,997 \n $765,409,015 \n \n
\n

\n Critical and public response ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Film \n Rotten Tomatoes \n Metacritic \n CinemaScore
\n Divergent \n 41 % ( 203 reviews ) \n 48 ( 38 reviews ) \n
\n The Divergent Series : Insurgent \n 28 % ( 184 reviews ) \n 42 ( 40 reviews ) \n A -
\n The Divergent Series : Allegiant \n 12 % ( 171 reviews ) \n 33 ( 33 reviews ) \n
\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Summit Entertainment 's Post - ' Twilight ' Plans Are ' Divergent ' '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Debuts to $4.9 Million , Lionsgate Greenlights ' Insurgent ' '' . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Splitting Third ' Divergent ' Book ' Allegiant ' into Two Films , Allegiant ( 2016 ) and Ascendant ( 2017 ) '' . Variety .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . March 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 2 , 2014 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` ' The Divergent Series : Insurgent ' to Open in 3D ; See the New Motion Posters '' . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ White , James ( August 23 , 2012 ) . `` Neil Burger Wants To Be Divergent '' . Empire . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Movie Scoop : Screenwriter Evan Daugherty Spills on the Adaptation '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Game of Thrones ' writer Vanessa Taylor joins ' Divergent ' to co-write script '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Christina Radish ( May 2013 ) . `` Author Veronica Roth Talks DIVERGENT , the Film 's Casting , How Neil Burger 's Vision Compares to Her Own , the Final Book ALLEGIANT , and More '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( March 13 , 2013 ) . `` Analysts Boost Lionsgate Price Target on ' Ender 's Game ' , ' Divergent ' Prospects '' . reelchicago.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Summit Sets Release Dates for DIVERGENT Threequel ALLEGIANT , Plus GODS OF EGYPT and STEP UP ALL IN '' . Collider.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Summit Sets Brian Duffield to Pen DIVERGENT Sequel , INSURGENT '' . Collider.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` Divergent Sequel Insurgent Adaptation Gets A Writer '' . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Director Neil Burger Wo n't Do Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Retrieved December 17 , 2013 .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Robert Schwentke To Direct ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' '' . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Summit announces director for ' Divergent ' sequel '' . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Dave McNary . `` Lionsgate Splitting Third ' Divergent ' Book ' Allegiant ' into Two Films '' . Variety .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Threequel ' Allegiant ' Taps ' Maze Runner ' Writer ( Exclusive ) '' .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' Director Robert Schwentke Returning for ' Allegiant Part 1 \u2032 ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety .
    21. \n
  21. \n ^ Jump up to : Mia Galuppo ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Final Two ' Divergent ' Films Get New Titles , Logos '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved September 11 , 2015 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Shailene Woodley Talks ' Divergent ' Movie Casting '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Who Has ' Divergent ' Chemistry With Shailene Woodley ? '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` Jack Reynor Lands Starring Role in ' Transformers 4 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 .
    25. \n
  25. \n ^ Jump up to : `` ' Divergent ' has found its ' Four ' ! Theo James talks about starring in the next big YA franchise '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Veronica Roth and Lionsgate Movie Studio Respond to Theo James Casting in The Divergent Movie '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Director Neil Burger Explains Why He Wo n't Return for the Sequel '' .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' Director Robert Schwentke to Return for ' Allegiant : Part 1 ' '' . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' movie casts Tori , Caleb , and Christina roles '' . Hypable .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ White , James ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Aaron Eckhart May Be Divergent '' . Empire . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Die Hard 5 ' star Jai Courtney joins Shailene Woodley in ' Divergent ' '' . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` Follow - up : Miles Teller will play Peter in ' Divergent ' movie '' .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ White , James ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Kate Winslet May Be Divergent '' . Empire . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet cast in young adult film ' Divergent '' . Daily News ( New York ) . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan . `` On set of ' Divergent , ' Kate Winslet is pregnant and mean '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Divergent Movie Casts Al , Edward And Will '' .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' : Ashley Judd cast as Natalie Prior '' .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` Tony Goldwyn joins ' Divergent ' -- EXCLUSIVE '' .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` Octavia Spencer joins Insurgent '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' casts Suki Waterhouse , Jonny Weston ( updated ) '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Hunger Games ' actress Stephanie L. Schlund joins ' Insurgent ' '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Naomi Watts Joins ' Insurgent , ' Two ' Allegiant ' Films ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Insurgent ' : Daniel Dae Kim joins cast '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Parenthood ' Actress Rosa Salazar Joins ' Insurgent ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' Casts Keiynan Lonsdale As Uriah '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Chef ' Actor Emjay Anthony Joins ' Insurgent ' Cast '' . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` Jeff Daniels Joining ' Divergent ' Series in Key Role ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 19 May 2015 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Ge , Linda ( 1 May 2015 ) . `` Hemlock Groves Bill Skarsgard to join Shailene Woodley in Divergent sequel Allegiant exclusive '' . The Wrap . Retrieved 19 May 2015 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Sequel ' Insurgent ' Starts Filming in Atlanta May 27th ! '' . Retrieved 27 May 2014 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on ALLEGIANT and Disney 's BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Collider . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` How to Audition for a Role on ' The Divergent : Allegiant Part 1 \u2032 '' . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Zakarin , Jordan ( 11 April 2014 ) . `` ' Divergent ' Finale ' Allegiant ' Will Be Split Into Two Movies '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved 11 April 2014 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Power Rangers , ' Final ' Divergent ' Movie 's Release Dates Moved Back '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 .
    54. \n
  54. \n ^ Jump up to : `` ' Divergent ' Finale to Skip Theaters , Launch as a TV Movie and Spinoff Series ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Ascendant Movie ( Pre-Production ) : Dec. 29 , 2016 - added Lionsgate as a distributor '' . Movie Insider .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Offers Confident Outlook for ' Divergent ' TV Spinoff : ' There 's a Tremendous Fandom ' '' . variety . August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved 26 August 2016 .
    57. \n
  57. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Shailene Woodley on Divergent Finale Ascendant : We 're in `` Limbo '' `` . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` Shailene Woodley Has Officially Exited The ' Divergent ' Franchise '' . Uproxx . February 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2 August 2017 ) . `` ' Ascendant ' : TV Series Based On the ' Divergent ' Movie Franchise In Works At Starz From Lionsgate '' . Deadline .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 25 , 2016 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` Divergent at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` Divergent ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` Divergent : Reviews ( 2014 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 17 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Divergent ' Scores $56 Million Box - Office Opening , ' A ' CinemaScore -- And a Franchise Is Born ( Video ) '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` Insurgent ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Insurgent -- Reviews ( 2015 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` Box Office : YA Sequel ' Insurgent ' Tops Friday With $21.3 Million ; ' The Gunman ' Flops '' . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ `` The Divergent Series : Allegiant -- Reviews ( 2016 ) '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Allegiant ' Posts Lowest Opening In ' Divergent Series ' : Was It Wise To Split The Last Novel Into Two Movies ? '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 .
    72. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Divergent series by Veronica Roth
\n Book series \n
    \n
  • \n Divergent
    • \n
  • \n Insurgent
    • \n
  • \n Allegiant
    • \n
\n
\n Film series \n
    \n
  • \n Divergent
    • \n
  • \n The Divergent Series : Insurgent
    • \n
  • \n The Divergent Series : Allegiant
    • \n
\n
\n Music \n
    \n
  • \n Divergent : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
    • \n
  • \n The Divergent Series : Insurgent -- Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
    • \n
\n
\n Spin - offs \n
    \n
  • \n Four : A Divergent Collection
      \n
    • \n `` Free Four ''
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n The World of Divergent : The Path to Allegiant
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Characters
    • \n
  • \n Factions
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Divergent_Series&oldid=837818050 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "when is the fourth movie of the divergent series coming out", "long_answers": ["The first installment , Divergent ( 2014 ) , grossed over $288 million worldwide , while the second installment , The Divergent Series : Insurgent ( 2015 ) , grossed over $297 million worldwide . Insurgent was also the first Divergent film to be released in IMAX 3D . The third installment , The Divergent Series : Allegiant ( 2016 ) , grossed $179 million . Thus , the first three films of the series have grossed over $765 million worldwide . A fourth film , The Divergent Series : Ascendant was never made , due to Allegiant 's poor showing at the box office .\n"], "short_answers": ["never made\n"]} {"text": "Republic of Doyle - wikipedia

\n Republic of Doyle

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Republic of Doyle
\n
\n Genre \n Comedy - drama Police procedural
\n Created by \n Allan Hawco Malcolm MacRury Perry Chafe
\n Starring \n Allan Hawco Se\u00e1n McGinley Lynda Boyd Krystin Pellerin Mark O'Brien Marthe Bernard Bob Cole
\n Opening theme \n `` Oh Yeah '' by Great Big Sea
\n Original language ( s ) \n English
\n No. of seasons \n 6
\n No. of episodes \n 77 ( list of episodes )
\n Production
\n Executive producer ( s ) \n Allan Hawco , John Vatcher , Michael Levine
\n Location ( s ) \n St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada
\n Cinematography \n Malcolm Cross
\n Running time \n 44 minutes
\n Production company ( s ) \n Take the Shot Productions Fireworks ( seasons 1 - 2 ) Content Film ( season 3 - 6 )
\n Distributor \n Trifecta Entertainment & Media ( United States )
\n Release
\n Original network \n CBC Television
\n Picture format \n 1080i ( HDTV )
\n Original release \n January 6 , 2010 -- December 10 , 2014
\n External links
\n Website
\n

\n Republic of Doyle is a Canadian comedy - drama television series set in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador which aired on CBC Television from January 6 , 2010 to December 10 , 2014 .

\n

\n The show stars Allan Hawco as private investigator and former police officer Jake Doyle and Se\u00e1n McGinley as his father , retired police officer Malachy Doyle . They partner as private investigators with Rose Doyle , Malachy 's second wife , played by Lynda Boyd , in St. John 's . Krystin Pellerin stars as Constable / Sergeant Leslie Bennett , with Mark O'Brien as Desmond `` Des '' Courtney , who works with the Doyles , and Marthe Bernard as Katrina `` Tinny '' Doyle , Jake 's niece and Malachy 's granddaughter . Their cases involve them in all sorts of dealings -- not all of them on the right side of the law .

\n

\n The show was renewed on April 4 , 2014 , for a sixth and final season .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Cast ( edit )

\n

\n Main ( edit )

\n \n

\n Recurring ( edit )

\n \n

\n Characters ( edit )

\n \n

\n Production ( edit )

\n

\n The show is filmed in and around St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador . The show 's star , Allan Hawco , is also executive producer / showrunner / co-creator and head writer of the show .

\n

\n Other producers include John Vatcher ( exec producer ) , Rob Blackie , Perry Chafe ( co-creator and writer ) and Michael Levine .

\n

\n In 2013 , Republic of Doyle aired a fictional crossover with another CBC Television crime drama , Murdoch Mysteries . With the two shows set over 100 years apart , Hawco appeared on the November 25 , 2013 episode of Murdoch Mysteries as Jacob Doyle , a 19th - century ancestor of Jake Doyle , while Yannick Bisson appeared on the January 29 , 2014 episode of Republic of Doyle as Detective Bill Murdoch , a 21st - century descendant of his regular character Detective William Murdoch .

\n

\n Season synopses ( edit )

\n

\n Season one ( edit )

\n

\n Premiering on January 6 , 2010 , the show introduces Allan Hawco as Jake Doyle and Sean McGinley as Mal Doyle as a father and son pair of private investigators . The debut show also reveals relationship complications with Jake and his ex-wife Nikki and his new infatuation : Leslie , the Inspector who works at the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary . While Jake tries to improve his relationship with Leslie , he discovers he may have impregnated his ex-wife , but soon discovers the positive pregnancy test he found in her garbage can did not belong to her . After he realizes he is free from the burden of having to deal with child - support , his relationship with Leslie develops as Nikki 's relationship with her new boyfriend grows . However , Leslie soon begins to decide whether her relationship with Jake will prove beneficial in the future . As Jake finalizes his divorce with Nikki , his relationship status with Leslie improves to good friends . Yet Leslie 's focus quickly shifts to her new title as Sergeant after being promoted to the position . Jake realizes he has other problems too ; his mischievous older brother , Christian makes an unexpected visit to his house , greeting him in the kitchen . After Christian offends Jake , their relationship swiftly intensifies . The last episode of the season shows the characters ' struggle to keep their republic strong as their relationships fall apart .

\n

\n Season two ( edit )

\n

\n Season Two begins with Rose , Mal 's partner , dealing with the consequences of his recent heart attack . Meanwhile , Jake and Leslie take initiatives to move past the hiccups in their relationship and move on from one another . Tinny , Jake 's niece , embarks on an investment in order to raise personal funds , meanwhile , Mal discovers a secret that Rose has kept from him ; her mother stole her engagement ring . Jake learns what Leslie sees their relationship as . As the season progresses , so does Tinny 's income business along with the amount of friends she makes . Jake as well as the viewers are introduced to Allison , the crown attorney . Meanwhile , Mal and Rose experience issues in their marriage but are quickly able to recover and move forward . As Mal 's relationship with Rose strengthens , so does Jake 's relationship with Allison when they move past the boundaries of friendship . Des , an admirer of Tinny yet an enemy of Jake , exploits Tinny 's business yet saves it in the process . Adding to the drama , Jake finds himself bailing his delinquent brother out of jail and finds himself dealing with issues concerning money . Like all his previous relationships , Jake ill - manages to maintain his relationship with Allison . When Jake receives a new job offer , his relationship with Allison struggles even further . Meanwhile , the relationship of Des and Tinny becomes more intimate . After further complications with Allison , Jake decides to break up with Allison .

\n

\n Season three ( edit )

\n

\n In the opening episode of Season Three , the viewers are informed that Tinny travels to London . However , it is revealed by Des that her trip did not go smoothly but Des promises to keep the hiccup a secret . Jake finds himself interacting with Nikki again by doing a favor of which he is not fond . Jake struggles to avoid Nikki and win back the unimpressed Allison . Rose gets in trouble with the police for carrying a gun . Tinny is bothered by the quickly growing relationship between Des and Chandra , a university student of medicine . Kathleen , a newly introduced character that serves as Jake 's sister , is helped with her mothering issues by Rose . The two begin to progress in their friendship . Des finds himself in a precarious position -- choosing between Tinny and Chandra . He decides to break up with Chandra and pursue a romance with Tinny . Kathleen faces parenting issues at home . Des attempts to impress Jake by helping him in an investigation using his various connections , while Allison jeopardizes the safety of the Doyle household with a mistake from her past . Mal becomes tied up in complications with his former wife while Tinny obsesses over her death and Kathleen experiences troubles in their relations as a result of a poor decision in Kathleen 's history . George , an unappreciated individual in the Republic , bothers Kathleen by scamming her , but Jake comes to the rescue and saves her from his tricks . The season ends with Tinny discovering the identity of her father , which is not revealed to the viewers .

\n

\n Season four ( edit )

\n

\n The season kicks off with relatives from Ireland paying the Doyles a visit a bringing some drama along with them . As in the previous season , Tinny still tries to unravel hidden secrets about her dad and succeeds in doing so ; she discovers her mother , Kathleen conceived her with a current prisoner , Kevin Crocker . Tinny attempts to associate with Crocker by revealing her true identity as his daughter . Jake tries to redefine his relationship with Leslie by reintroducing her into his world , and by doing so , he is able to once again gain her trust , as well as her affection . However ; disaster strikes and Jake searches for the missing Leslie , who disappeared as a result of working a precarious case . Jake soon comes to the rescue , and saves Leslie from her kidnapper . Soon after the major incident , Leslie is hit by personal issues regarding family : her father dies . Meanwhile , Tinny 's relations with Crocker grow and Jake is troubled by the fact that Tinny is spending so much time with the con . Jake takes another hit after being kidnapped as his kidnapper nearly takes his life by burning him to death . After being hit by a car in a parking garage , the medication used to mend Jake 's injuries from the incident , gives him some peculiar dreams . The season comes to an end with Crocker and Jake being forced to collaborate in order to save the kidnapped Tinny .

\n

\n Season Five ( edit )

\n

\n After the wild adventure Jake took in the previous season by saving Tinny , his rescue mission leads to his kidnapping . The Doyles have been anxiously searching for him for the past two months and Tinny risks her career as a police officer and becomes unprofessional by involving her personal life in her police work and helping Jake . As a result , Tinny gets suspended . Meanwhile , Des overcomes his sorrow over losing Tinny . Jake experiences more complications in returning to St. John 's , but eventually makes it home safe with the help of his niece . Jake and Leslie 's relationship heats up with Jake nearly impregnating her . When Leslie is being followed and nearly gets shot , Jake is extremely worried for her safety but soon finds out her pursuer is actually her long - lost husband . Jake and Leslie try but fail to smooth their relationship with the shocking news . Leslie and Jake are finally forced to define their relationship and decide not to see each other due to the recent complications , even after Jake confesses his love . After Des hooks up with a troubled young woman , Sloan , he must avoid Tinny . Jake finds it hard to avoid Leslie when he gets tied up in her ex-husband's business . Meanwhile , Tinny gets the chance of her career on a big case . To make matters worse for Jake , Nikki pays him a visit . The season ends with Jake being tried and arrested for murder but is then kidnapped by one of Leslie 's pursuers ; the kidnapper forces Jake to make several unwarranted missions .

\n

\n Season six ( edit )

\n

\n After being accused of murder , Jake must confront his enemies as he comes to terms with what happened to Leslie and try to clear his own name in the process . Leslie goes back to work a couple episodes in , but with conditions , and she must meet with the force therapist . Sloan gets into trouble and Jake must bail her out by making a deal with Vick Saul . Even though she was not cleared by her therapist after having a panic attack on duty , Leslie lends a hand to the Doyle clan to try and clear Jake 's name before it is too late . When Leslie 's past disobedience on the force comes to light , she must work harder than ever to save her job . Jake 's murder conviction comes front and center as the season comes to a final close with all the Doyle family trying to clear his name .

\n

\n Episodes ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Republic of Doyle episodes \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Season \n Episodes \n Originally aired
\n First aired \n Last aired
\n \n \n 12 \n January 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 06 ) \n April 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 07 )
\n \n \n 13 \n January 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 12 ) \n April 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 06 )
\n \n \n 13 \n January 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) \n April 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 04 )
\n \n \n 13 \n January 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 06 ) \n April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 )
\n \n 5 \n 16 \n October 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 02 ) \n February 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 )
\n \n 6 \n 10 \n October 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) \n December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 )
\n

\n Reception ( edit )

\n

\n Ratings ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Season \n Timeslot ( ET ) \n # Ep . \n Premiered \n Ended \n TV season \n Viewers
\n Date \n Premiere viewers \n Date \n Finale viewers
\n \n Wednesday 9 : 00pm \n 12 \n January 6 , 2010 \n 969,000 \n April 7 , 2010 \n ? \n \n ?
\n \n 13 \n January 12 , 2011 \n 1,038,000 \n April 6 , 2011 \n ? \n 2011 \n ?
\n \n 13 \n January 11 , 2012 \n ? \n April 4 , 2012 \n 968,000 \n 2012 \n ?
\n \n Sunday 9 : 00pm \n 13 \n January 6 , 2013 \n 802,000 \n April 21 , 2013 \n ? \n 2013 \n ?
\n 5 \n Wednesday 9 : 00pm \n 16 \n October 2 , 2013 \n ? \n February 5 , 2014 \n ? \n 2014 \n ?
\n 6 \n 10 \n October 15 , 2014 \n ? \n December 10 , 2014 \n ? \n 2015 \n ?
\n

\n Awards and nominations ( edit )

\n

\n Canadian Cinema Editors Awards ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Category \n Nominee \n Result \n Ref
\n 2011 \n Best Editing in Long Form Television Series \n Michael Pacek \n Nominated \n
\n

\n Canadian Comedy Awards ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Category \n Nominee \n Result \n Ref
\n 2011 \n Best Performance by a Male in a Television Series \n Mark O'Brien \n Nominated \n
\n 2014 \n Best Performance by a Male in a Television Series \n Mark O'Brien \n Nominated \n
\n

\n Canadian Screen Awards ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Category \n Nominee \n Result \n Ref
\n 2013 \n Best Performance in a Guest Role , Dramatic Series \n Gordon Pinsent \n Won \n
\n 2014 \n Best Cross-Platform Project , Fiction - The Republic of Doyle Ride - Along App \n Allen Martin , Eva Riinitze , Fergus Heywood , Helen Asimakis , John Vatcher , Mike Evans , Rose Paton \n Nominated
\n

\n Gemini Awards ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Category \n Nominee \n Result \n Ref
\n \n Best Dramatic Series \n Allan Hawco , John Vatcher , Rob Blackie , Michael Levine \n Nominated \n
\n Best Performance by an Actor in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role \n Allan Hawco \n Nominated
\n Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role \n Lynda Boyd \n Nominated
\n Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Series \n Rachel Wilson \n Nominated
\n Best Photography in a Dramatic Program or Series \n Michael Storey \n Nominated
\n 2011 \n Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role \n Krystin Pellerin \n Nominated
\n Best Production Design or Art Direction in a Fiction Program or Series \n Gordon Barnes \n Nominated
\n Best Sound in a Dramatic Series \n Scott Yates , Peter Clements , Harvey Hyslop , Andrew Tay , Paul Steffler , Mark Shnuriwsky , Lori Clarke \n Nominated
\n

\n DVD releases ( edit )

\n

\n Entertainment One has released all six seasons on DVD in Canada .

\n

\n On September 6 , 2016 , eOne will release Republic of Doyle - The Complete Series on DVD in Canada .

\n

\n Acorn Media has released the first two seasons on DVD in the USA .

\n

\n In Region 4 , Beyond Home Entertainment has released the first two seasons on DVD in Australia .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n DVD name \n Ep # \n Release dates
\n Region 1 ( CAN ) \n Region 4
\n The Complete First Season \n 12 \n November 16 , 2010 \n May 4 , 2011
\n The Complete Second Season \n 13 \n July 19 , 2011 \n April 4 , 2012
\n The Complete Third Season \n 13 \n November 20 , 2012 \n TBA
\n The Complete Fourth Season \n 13 \n October 1 , 2013 \n TBA
\n The Complete Fifth Season \n 16 \n September 30 , 2014 \n TBA
\n The Complete Sixth Season \n 10 \n April 21 , 2015 \n TBA
\n The Complete Series \n 77 \n September 6 , 2016 \n TBA
\n

\n International broadcasters ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Country \n Channel \n Premiere date
\n South Africa \n Fox Entertainment \n 1 August 2010
\n United Kingdom \n Alibi \n 27 October 2010
\n Australia \n ABC2 ( season one ) 13th Street ( season two -- ) \n 6 November 2010
\n Brazil \n Globosat HD \n 11 November 2010
\n Estonia \n Fox Crime \n 11 September 2010
\n Serbia \n Fox Crime \n 14 October 2010
\n Bulgaria \n Fox Crime \n 4 December 2010
\n Poland \n TVP2 \n 25 December 2012
\n Germany \n 13th Street \n 16 October 2013
\n United States \n CW \n Every Saturday and Sunday
\n Netherlands \n 13th Street \n Until Friday 13 March 2015 , daily Monday - Friday
\n

\n Republic of Doyle is aired in the USA on various stations via syndication .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` CBC winter season brings 3 new shows '' . cbc.ca , November 25 , 2009 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Full Cast & Crew . '' IMDb . IMDb.com , n.d. Web . 17 Feb. 2014 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Republic of Doyle renewed for 6th season '' . CBC News . 2014 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 23 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Laura Kane ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) . `` ' Republic of Doyle ' star Allan Hawco and cast on the final season '' . Edmonton Journal . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 23 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Allan Hawco ( @ allanhawco ) ( 1 May 2013 ) . `` '' Last time on Republic of Doyle '' - that 's Bob 's voice . RT @ thefutureyousee : @ allanhawco you should get Bob Cole to guest on RoD '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Republic of Doyle : A rogue P.I. with Newfie smarts '' . Toronto Star , January 6 , 2010 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` CBC renews 14 shows for coming season '' . CBC News . April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrating the Can - combo of Republic of Doyle and Murdoch Mysteries '' Archived 2013 - 12 - 12 at Archive.is . National Post , November 25 , 2013 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : `` List of Republic of Doyle Episodes . '' Wikipedia . Wikimedia Foundation , 13 Feb. 2014 . Web . 17 Feb. 2014 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` List of Republic of Doyle episodes '' Wikipedia , Wikimedia Foundation Sunday June 21 , 2015
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Republic of Doyle episode list '' IMDB Sunday June 21 , 2015
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Wild , Diane ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Ratings : Republic of Doyle , 18 to Life , Dragons ' Den , Heartland '' . TV Eh ? . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Doyle & Dragons roar back on CBC '' . TV Feeds My Family . Retrieved January 14 , 2011 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` The Brioux Report : Big Bang beats Globes ; new CBC season soars '' . The Brioux Report . Torstar . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2013 . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Brioux , Bill ( April 11 , 2012 ) . `` The Brioux Report : Big Bang 's Easter Miracle '' . The Brioux Report . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ http://tvfeedsmyfamily.blogspot.ca/2013/01/murdoch-mysteries-lifts-cbcs-premiere.html
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Eng , David . `` 1st Annual Canadian Cinema Editors ( CCE ) Awards - nominations '' . chinokino.com . Retrieved 25 November 2016 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Canadian Comedy Awards nominations '' . Third Beat. 8 June 2011 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` 2014 Canadian Comedy Awards nominees announced '' . www.thecomedynetwork.ca . Retrieved 25 November 2016 .
    20. \n
  20. \n ^ Jump up to : `` awards database '' . academy.ca . Archived from the original on 26 November 2016 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Republic of Doyle DVD news : Announcement for Republic of Doyle -- Season 1 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 06 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Republic of Doyle DVD news : Announcement for Republic of Doyle -- Season 2 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 06 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Republic of Doyle DVD news : Announcement for Republic of Doyle - Season 3 '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 09 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Republic of Doyle : The Complete Fourth Season : Amazon.ca : Allan Hawco : DVD '' . Amazon.ca . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 23 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Season 5 ' DVDs Are Coming Soon to Canada '' . Tvshowsondvd.com. 2014 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` It 's the End of the Republic with ' Season 6 : The Final Season ' '' . Tvshowsondvd.com. 2015 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Front Cover Art for ' The Complete Series ' 19 - DVD Set '' . Tvshowsondvd.com. 2016 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` Acorn to Deliver a State - Side Release of Season 1 DVDs '' . Tvshowsondvd.com. 2014 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 23 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Republic of Doyle , Season 2 '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` REPUBLIC OF DOYLE - SEASON 1 Television Series Drama Comedy '' . Beyondhomeentertainment.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 09 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` REPUBLIC OF DOYLE - SEASON 2 Television Series Drama Comedy '' . Beyondhomeentertainment.com.au . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 09 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` Republic of Doyle '' . TVSA. 2010 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 01 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` UKTV enters Republic of Doyle '' ( Press release ) . C21 Media . 2010 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 26 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` ABC2 Programming Airdate : Republic of Doyle ( episode one ) '' . ABC Television Publicity. 2010 - 11 - 20 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Newsome , Brad ( 6 January 2012 ) . `` Republic of Doyle , Friday , January 6 '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 17 January 2012 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Daniel MacEachern ( 2013 - 04 - 17 ) . `` ' Republic of Doyle ' headed for U.S. '' The Telegram . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 21 .
    37. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Doyle&oldid=837889899 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where is republic of doyle supposed to take place", "long_answers": ["Republic of Doyle is a Canadian comedy - drama television series set in St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador which aired on CBC Television from January 6 , 2010 to December 10 , 2014 .\n"], "short_answers": ["St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador\n", "St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador\n", "St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador\n"]} {"text": "Sentencing Reform Act - Wikipedia

\n Sentencing Reform Act

\n Jump to : navigation , search

\n The Sentencing Reform Act , part of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 , was a U.S. federal statute intended to increase consistency in United States federal sentencing . It established the United States Sentencing Commission . It also abolished federal parole , except for persons convicted under federal law before November 1 , 1987 , persons convicted under District of Columbia law , `` transfer treaty '' inmates , persons who violated military law who are in federal civilian prisons , and persons who are defendants in state cases and who are under the U.S. Marshals Service Witness Protection Program .

\n

\n The act was passed by large majorities in both houses of Congress .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` An Overview of the United States Sentencing Commission '' ( PDF ) . United States Sentencing Commission . United States Sentencing Commission . Retrieved 9 August 2011 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Barry L. Johnson . `` Sentencing Reform Act ( 1984 ) '' . eNotes . Retrieved 9 August 2011 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT THE LACK OF PAROLE FOR FEDERAL PRISONERS '' ( Archive ) . Families Against Mandatory Minimums . p. 2 / 4 . Retrieved on December 13 , 2015 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Stith , Kate ; Koh , Steve Y. ( 1993 ) . `` The Politics of Sentencing Reform : The Legislative History of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines '' . Faculty Scholarship Series . Yale Law School . Retrieved 9 August 2011 .
    5. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This United States federal legislation article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sentencing_Reform_Act&oldid=813388767 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "what is the sentencing reform act of 1984", "long_answers": ["The Sentencing Reform Act , part of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 , was a U.S. federal statute intended to increase consistency in United States federal sentencing . It established the United States Sentencing Commission . It also abolished federal parole , except for persons convicted under federal law before November 1 , 1987 , persons convicted under District of Columbia law , `` transfer treaty '' inmates , persons who violated military law who are in federal civilian prisons , and persons who are defendants in state cases and who are under the U.S. Marshals Service Witness Protection Program .\n"], "short_answers": ["U.S. federal statute intended to increase consistency in United States federal sentencing\n", "a U.S. federal statute intended to increase consistency in United States federal sentencing\n"]} {"text": "Haber process - wikipedia

\n Haber process

\n Jump to : navigation , search Fritz Haber , 1918

\n The Haber process , also called the Haber -- Bosch process , is an artificial nitrogen fixation process and is the main industrial procedure for the production of ammonia today . It is named after its inventors , the German chemists Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch , who developed it in the first half of the 20th century . The process converts atmospheric nitrogen ( N ) to ammonia ( NH ) by a reaction with hydrogen ( H ) using a metal catalyst under high temperatures and pressures :

\n
\n
\n N + 3 H \u2192 2 NH ( \u0394H \u00b0 = \u2212 91.8 kJ ) = > ( \u0394H \u00b0 = \u2212 45.8 kJ mol )
\n
\n

\n Before the development of the Haber process , ammonia had been difficult to produce on an industrial scale with early methods such as the Birkeland -- Eyde process and Frank -- Caro process all being highly inefficient .

\n

\n Although the Haber process is mainly used to produce fertilizer today , during World War I it provided Germany with a source of ammonia for the production of explosives , compensating for the Allied trade blockade on Chilean saltpeter .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n Main article : History of the Haber process

\n Throughout the 19th century the demand for nitrates and ammonia for use as fertilizers and industrial feedstocks had been steadily increasing . The main source was mining niter deposits . At the beginning of the 20th century it was being predicted that these reserves could not satisfy future demand and research into new potential sources of ammonia became more important . The obvious source was atmospheric nitrogen ( N ) , comprising nearly 80 % of the air , however N is exceptionally stable and will not readily react with other chemicals . Converting N into ammonia posed a challenge for chemists globally .

\n

\n Haber , with his assistant Robert Le Rossignol , developed the high - pressure devices and catalysts needed to demonstrate the Haber process at laboratory scale . They demonstrated their process in the summer of 1909 by producing ammonia from air , drop by drop , at the rate of about 125 ml ( 4 US fl oz ) per hour . The process was purchased by the German chemical company BASF , which assigned Carl Bosch the task of scaling up Haber 's tabletop machine to industrial - level production . He succeeded in 1910 . Haber and Bosch were later awarded Nobel prizes , in 1918 and 1931 respectively , for their work in overcoming the chemical and engineering problems of large - scale , continuous - flow , high - pressure technology .

\n

\n Ammonia was first manufactured using the Haber process on an industrial scale in 1913 in BASF 's Oppau plant in Germany , reaching 20 tonnes per day the following year . During World War I , the production of munitions required large amounts of nitrate . The Allies had access to large sodium nitrate deposits in Chile ( Chile saltpetre ) controlled by British companies . Germany had no such resources , so the Haber process proved essential to the German war effort . Synthetic ammonia from the Haber process was used for the production of nitric acid , a precursor to the nitrates used in explosives .

\n

\n Process ( edit )

\n A historical ( 1921 ) high - pressure steel reactor for production of ammonia via the Haber process is displayed at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Germany . scheme of ammoniac reactor

\n This conversion is typically conducted at 15 -- 25 MPa ( 150 -- 250 atm ; 2,200 -- 3,600 psi ) and between 400 -- 500 \u00b0 C ( 752 -- 932 \u00b0 F ) , as the gases ( nitrogen and hydrogen ) are passed over four beds of catalyst , with cooling between each pass so as to maintain a reasonable equilibrium constant . On each pass only about 15 % conversion occurs , but any unreacted gases are recycled , and eventually an overall conversion of 97 % is achieved .

\n

\n The steam reforming , shift conversion , carbon dioxide removal , and methanation steps each operate at pressures of about 2.5 -- 3.5 MPa ( 25 -- 35 bar ; 360 -- 510 psi ) , and the ammonia synthesis loop operates at pressures ranging from 6 -- 18 MPa ( 60 -- 180 bar ; 870 -- 2,610 psi ) , depending upon which proprietary process is used .

\n

\n Sources of hydrogen ( edit )

\n

\n The major source of hydrogen is methane from natural gas . The conversion , steam reforming , is conducted with steam in a high temperature and pressure tube inside a reformer with a nickel catalyst , separating the carbon and hydrogen atoms in the natural gas .

\n

\n Reaction rate and equilibrium ( edit )

\n

\n Nitrogen ( N ) is very unreactive because the molecules are held together by strong triple bonds . The Haber process relies on catalysts that accelerate the scission of this triple bond .

\n

\n Two opposing considerations are relevant to this synthesis : the position of the equilibrium and the rate of reaction . At room temperature , the equilibrium is strongly in favor of ammonia , but the reaction does n't proceed at a detectable rate . The obvious solution is to raise the temperature , but because the reaction is exothermic , the equilibrium constant ( using bar or atm units ) becomes 1 around 150 -- 200 \u00b0 C ( 302 -- 392 \u00b0 F ) . ( See Le Ch\u00e2telier 's principle . )

\n \n K ( T ) for N 2 + 3 H 2 \u21cc 2 NH \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Temperature ( \u00b0 C ) \n
\n 300 \n 4.34 \u00d7 10
\n 400 \n 1.64 \u00d7 10
\n 450 \n 4.51 \u00d7 10
\n 500 \n 1.45 \u00d7 10
\n 550 \n 5.38 \u00d7 10
\n 600 \n 2.25 \u00d7 10
\n

\n Above this temperature , the equilibrium quickly becomes quite unfavorable at atmospheric pressure , according to the Van ' t Hoff equation . Thus one might suppose that a low temperature is to be used and some other means to increase rate . However , the catalyst itself requires a temperature of at least 400 \u00b0 C to be efficient .

\n

\n Pressure is the obvious choice to favor the forward reaction because there are 4 moles of reactant for every 2 moles of product ( see entropy ) , and the pressure used ( 15 -- 25 MPa ( 150 -- 250 bar ; 2,200 -- 3,600 psi ) ) alters the equilibrium concentrations to give a profitable yield .

\n

\n Economically , pressure is an expensive commodity . Pipes , valves , and reaction vessels need to be strengthened , and there are safety considerations of working at 20 MPa . In addition , running pumps and compressors takes considerable energy . Thus the compromise used gives a single pass yield of around 15 % .

\n

\n Another way to increase the yield of the reaction would be to remove the product ( i.e. ammonia gas ) from the system . In practice , gaseous ammonia is not removed from the reactor itself , since the temperature is too high ; it is removed from the equilibrium mixture of gases leaving the reaction vessel . The hot gases are cooled enough , whilst maintaining a high pressure , for the ammonia to condense and be removed as liquid . Unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen gases are then returned to the reaction vessel to undergo further reaction .

\n

\n Catalysts ( edit )

\n

\n The most popular catalysts are based on iron promoted with K O , CaO , SiO , and Al O . The original Haber -- Bosch reaction chambers used osmium as the catalyst , but it was available in extremely small quantities . Haber noted uranium was almost as effective and easier to obtain than osmium . Under Bosch 's direction in 1909 , the BASF researcher Alwin Mittasch discovered a much less expensive iron - based catalyst , which is still used today . Some ammonia production utilizes ruthenium - based catalysts ( the KAAP process ) . Ruthenium forms more active catalysts that allows milder operating pressures . Such catalysts are prepared by decomposition of triruthenium dodecacarbonyl on graphite .

\n

\n In industrial practice , the iron catalyst is obtained from finely ground iron powder , which is usually obtained by reduction of high purity magnetite ( Fe O ) . The pulverized iron metal is burnt ( oxidized ) to give magnetite of a defined particle size . The magnetite particles are then partially reduced , removing some of the oxygen in the process . The resulting catalyst particles consist of a core of magnetite , encased in a shell of w\u00fcstite ( FeO ) , which in turn is surrounded by an outer shell of iron metal . The catalyst maintains most of its bulk volume during the reduction , resulting in a highly porous high surface area material , which enhances its effectiveness as a catalyst . Other minor components of the catalyst include calcium and aluminium oxides , which support the iron catalyst and help it maintain its surface area . These oxides of Ca , Al , K , and Si are unreactive to reduction by the hydrogen .

\n energy diagram

\n The reaction mechanism , involving the heterogeneous catalyst , is believed to involve the following steps :

\n
    \n
  1. \n N ( g ) \u2192 N ( adsorbed )
    2. \n
  2. \n N ( adsorbed ) \u2192 2 N ( adsorbed )
    3. \n
  3. \n H ( g ) \u2192 H ( adsorbed )
    4. \n
  4. \n H ( adsorbed ) \u2192 2 H ( adsorbed )
    5. \n
  5. \n N ( adsorbed ) + 3 H ( adsorbed ) \u2192 NH ( adsorbed )
    6. \n
  6. \n NH ( adsorbed ) \u2192 NH ( g )
    7. \n
\n

\n Reaction 5 occurs in three steps , forming NH , NH , and then NH . Experimental evidence points to reaction 2 as being the slow , rate - determining step . This is not unexpected since the bond broken , the nitrogen triple bond , is the strongest of the bonds that must be broken .

\n

\n A major contributor to the elucidation of this mechanism is Gerhard Ertl .

\n

\n Economic and environmental aspects ( edit )

\n Further information : Ammonia production \u00a7 Sustainable ammonia production Industrial fertilizer plant

\n When it was first invented , the Haber process needed to compete against another industrial process , the Cyanamide process . However , the Cyanamide process consumed large amounts of electrical power and was more labor - intensive than the Haber process .

\n

\n The Haber process now produces 450 million tonnes of nitrogen fertilizer per year , mostly in the form of anhydrous ammonia , ammonium nitrate , and urea . Three to five percent of the world 's natural gas production is consumed in the Haber process ( around 1 -- 2 % of the world 's annual energy supply ) . In combination with pesticides , these fertilizers have quadrupled the productivity of agricultural land :

\n

\n With average crop yields remaining at the 1900 level the crop harvest in the year 2000 would have required nearly four times more land and the cultivated area would have claimed nearly half of all ice - free continents , rather than under 15 % of the total land area that is required today .

\n

\n Due to its dramatic impact on the human ability to grow food , the Haber process served as the `` detonator of the population explosion '' , enabling the global population to increase from 1.6 billion in 1900 to today 's 7 billion . Nearly 80 % of the nitrogen found in human tissues originated from the Haber - Bosch process . Since nitrogen use efficiency is typically less than 50 % , farm runoff from heavy use of fixed industrial nitrogen disrupts biological habitats .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Appl , Max ( 2005 ) , `` Ammonia '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Weinheim : Wiley - VCH
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2004 ) . Enriching the Earth : Fritz Haber , Carl Bosch , and the Transformation of World Food Production ( 1st ed . ) . Cambridge , MA : MIT . ISBN 9780262693134 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Hager , Thomas ( 2008 ) . The Alchemy of Air : A Jewish genius , a doomed tycoon , and the scientific discovery that fed the world but fueled the rise of Hitler ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY : Harmony Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 35178 - 4 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Sittig , Marshall ( 1979 ) . Fertilizer Industry : Processes , Pollution Control , and Energy Conservation . Park Ridge , NJ : Noyes Data Corp . ISBN 0 - 8155 - 0734 - 8 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ James , Laylin K. ( 1993 ) . Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 1901 -- 1992 ( 3rd ed . ) . Washington , DC : American Chemical Society . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 8412 - 2690 - 3 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Haber , Fritz ( 2012 ) . Thermodynamik technischer Gasreaktionen ( in German ) ( 1st ed . ) . Paderborn : Salzwasser Verlag . ISBN 9783864448423 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Robert Le Rossignol , 1884 -- 1976 : Professional Chemist '' ( PDF ) , ChemUCL Newsletter , UCL Department of Chemistry : 8 , 2009 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 13
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Patent US 990191
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Hager , T. ( 2008 ). he Alchemy of Air . New York , NY : Harmony Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 35178 - 4 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Philip & Phyllis Morris , `` From Fertile Minds '' ( review ) American Scientist , 2001
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Nobel Award to Haber '' . New York Times . 3 February 1920 . Retrieved 11 October 2010 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Brown , Theodore L. ; LeMay , H. Eugene , Jr ; Bursten , Bruce E ( 2006 ) . `` Table 15.2 '' . Chemistry : The Central Science ( 10th ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Pearson . ISBN 0 - 13 - 109686 - 9 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Wennerstr\u00f6m , H\u00e5kan ; Lidin , Sven . `` Scientific Background on the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2007 Chemical Processes on Solid Surfaces '' ( PDF ) . NobelPrize.org . Swedish Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 17 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Bozso , F. ; Ertl , G. ; Grunze , M. ; Weiss , M. ( 1977 ) . `` Interaction of nitrogen with iron surfaces : I. Fe ( 100 ) and Fe ( 111 ) '' . J. Catal. 49 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 41 . doi : 10.1016 / 0021 - 9517 ( 77 ) 90237 - 8 ... Imbihl , R. ; Behm , R.J. ; Ertl , G. ; Moritz , W. ( 1982 ) . `` The structure of atomic nitrogen adsorbed on Fe ( 100 ) '' . Surf. Sci. 123 ( 1 ) : 129 -- 140 . Bibcode : 1982SurSc. 123 ... 129I . doi : 10.1016 / 0039 - 6028 ( 82 ) 90135 - 2 ... Ertl , G. ; Lee , S.B. ; Weiss , M. ( 1982 ) . `` Kinetics of nitrogen adsorption on Fe ( 111 ) '' . Surf. Sci. 114 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 515 -- 526 . Bibcode : 1982SurSc. 114 ... 515E . doi : 10.1016 / 0039 - 6028 ( 82 ) 90702 - 6 ... Ertl , G. ( 1983 ) . `` Primary steps in catalytic synthesis of ammonia '' . J. Vac . Sci. Tech . A. 1 ( 2 ) : 1247 -- 1253 . doi : 10.1116 / 1.572299 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2004 ) . Enriching the Earth : Fritz Haber , Carl Bosch , and the Transformation of World Food Production . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ISBN 9780262693134 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` International Energy Outlook 2007 '' .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Fertilizer statistics . `` ? '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 24 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Smith , Barry E. ( September 2002 ) . `` Structure . Nitrogenase reveals its inner secrets '' . Science . 297 ( 5587 ) : 1654 -- 5 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1076659 . PMID 12215632 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2011 ) . `` Nitrogen cycle and world food production '' ( PDF ) . World Agriculture . 2 : 9 -- 13 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 1999 ) . `` Detonator of the population explosion '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 400 : 415 . Bibcode : 1999Natur. 400 ... 415S . doi : 10.1038 / 22672 .
    21. \n
  21. \n ^ Jump up to : Howarth , R.W. ( 2008 ) . `` Coastal nitrogen pollution : a review of sources and trends globally and regionally '' . Harmful Algae. 8 : 14 -- 20 . doi : 10.1016 / j. hal. 2008.08. 015 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Oenema , O. ; Witzke , H.P. ; Klimont , Z. ; Lesschen , J.P. ; Velthof , G.L. ( 2009 ) . `` Integrated assessment of promising measures to decrease nitrogen losses in agriculture in EU - 27 '' . Agriculture , Ecosystems and Environment. 133 : 280 -- 288 . doi : 10.1016 / j. agee. 2009.04. 025 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Smil , Vaclav ( 2004 ) . Enriching the Earth : Fritz Haber , Carl Bosch , and the Transformation of World Food Production . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press . ISBN 9780262693134 .
    24. \n
\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n GND : 4816458 - 6
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haber_process&oldid=814531681 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where does the nitrogen for this fertilizer come from", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Best alternative to a negotiated agreement - wikipedia

\n Best alternative to a negotiated agreement

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n In negotiation theory , the best alternative to a negotiated agreement or BATNA is the most advantageous alternative course of action a party can take if negotiations fail and an agreement can not be reached . BATNA is the key focus and the driving force behind a successful negotiator . A party should generally not accept a worse resolution than its BATNA . Care should be taken , however , to ensure that deals are accurately valued , taking into account all considerations , such as relationship value , time value of money and the likelihood that the other party will live up to their side of the bargain . These other considerations are often difficult to value , since they are frequently based on uncertain or qualitative considerations , rather than easily measurable and quantifiable factors .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Overview ( edit )

\n

\n The BATNA is often seen by negotiators not as a safety net , but rather as a point of leverage in negotiations . Although a negotiator 's alternative options should , in theory , be straightforward to evaluate , the effort to understand which alternative represents a party 's BATNA is often not invested . Options need to be actual and actionable to be of value , however without the investment of time , options will frequently be included that fail on one of these criteria . Most managers overestimate their BATNA whilst simultaneously investing too little time into researching their real options . This can result in poor or faulty decision making and negotiating result . Negotiators also need to be aware of the other negotiator 's BATNA and to identify how it compares to what they are offering .

\n

\n Some people may adopt aggressive , coercive , threatening and / or deceptive techniques , this is known as a hard negotiation style ; a theoretical example of this is adversarial approach style negotiation . Others may employ a soft style , which is friendly , trusting , compromising , and conflict avoiding . According to Fisher and Ury , when hard negotiators meet soft negotiators , the hard negotiators usually win their position , but at the cost of potentially damaging the long term relationship between the parties .

\n

\n Attractive alternatives are needed to develop a strong BATNA . In the best - selling book Getting to YES : Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In , the authors give 3 suggestions of how to accomplish this :

\n
    \n
  1. \n Inventing a list of actions one might take if no agreement is reached
    2. \n
  2. \n Converting some of the more promising ideas and transforming them into tangible and partial alternatives
    3. \n
  3. \n Selecting the alternative that sounds best
    4. \n
\n

\n In negotiations involving different cultures , all parties need to account for cultural cognitive behaviors and should not let judgments and biases affect the negotiation . The individual should be separate from the objective .

\n

\n The purpose here , as Gulliver mentions , is for negotiation parties to be aware .

\n

\n Preparation at all levels , including prejudice - free thoughts , emotion - free behavior , bias - free behavior are helpful according to Morris and Gelfand .

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n BATNA was developed by negotiation researchers Roger Fisher and William Ury of the Harvard Program on Negotiation ( PON ) , in their series of books on Principled negotiation that started with Getting to YES , unwittingly duplicating the game theory concept of a disagreement point from bargaining problems pioneered by Nobel Laureate John Forbes Nash decades earlier . A Nash Equilibrium is reached among a group of players when no player can benefit from changing strategies if every other player sticks to their current strategy . For example , Amy and Phil are in Nash Equilibrium if Amy is making the best decision she can , taking into account Phil 's decision , and Phil is making the best decision he can , taking into account Amy 's decision . Likewise , a group of players are in Nash Equilibrium if each one is making the best decision that he or she can , taking into account the decisions of the others .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement Negotiation Experts
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement YArooms
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Negotiation , Readings , Exercises and Cases , Roy J. Lewicki
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Nolan - Haley , Jaqueline M ( 2001 ) . Alternative Dispute Resolution in a Nutshell . Thomson West . pp. 39 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 314 - 18014 - 8 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Fisher and Ury , Roger and William ( 2011 ) . Getting to YES . Penguin Books . pp. 1 -- 170 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311875 - 6 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Gulliver , P.H ( 1979 ) . Disputes and Negotiation : A Cross Culture Perspective . Academic Press . p. 287 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Morris , Michael W. ; Gelfand , Michele J. ( 2004 ) . `` Cultural Differences and Cognitive Dynamics : Expanding the Cognitive Perspective on Negotiation '' . In Gelfand , Michele J. ; Brett , Jeanne M. The Handbook of Negotiation and Culture . Stanford University Press . pp. 45 -- 70 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4586 - 4 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Myerson , Roger B. `` Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory '' ( PDF ) . Nash Equilibrium and the History of Economic Theory . Journal of Economic Literature . Retrieved 1 October 2012 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Hawkins and Steiner , Jeff and Neil . `` The Nash Equilibrium Meets Batna '' ( PDF ) . Gamed Therory Varied Uses in ADR . Harvard University Press . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 28 , 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2012 .
    10. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best_alternative_to_a_negotiated_agreement&oldid=819966880 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "a best alternative to a negotiated agreement (batna)", "long_answers": ["In negotiation theory , the best alternative to a negotiated agreement or BATNA is the most advantageous alternative course of action a party can take if negotiations fail and an agreement can not be reached . BATNA is the key focus and the driving force behind a successful negotiator . A party should generally not accept a worse resolution than its BATNA . Care should be taken , however , to ensure that deals are accurately valued , taking into account all considerations , such as relationship value , time value of money and the likelihood that the other party will live up to their side of the bargain . These other considerations are often difficult to value , since they are frequently based on uncertain or qualitative considerations , rather than easily measurable and quantifiable factors .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Daisy wheel printing - wikipedia

\n Daisy wheel printing

\n Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Wheel printer . \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n Metal Daisy Wheel for Xerox & Diablo printers Plastic Daisy Wheel for Qume printers Samples of daisy wheel printer output . Actual print is much crisper than these images The Royal LetterMaster , a budget daisy - wheel printer from the 1980s

\n Daisy wheel printing is an impact printing technology invented in 1969 by David S. Lee at Diablo Data Systems . It uses interchangeable pre-formed type elements , each with typically 96 glyphs , to generate high - quality output comparable to premium typewriters such as the IBM Selectric , but two to three times faster . Daisy wheel printing was used in electronic typewriters , word processors and computers from 1972 . The daisy wheel is considered to be so named because of its resemblance to the daisy flower .

\n

\n By 1980 daisy wheel printers had become the dominant technology for high - quality text printing . Dot - matrix impact , thermal , or line printers were used where higher speed or image printing were required and poor print quality was acceptable . Both technologies were rapidly superseded for most purposes when dot - based printers -- in particular laser printers -- that could print any characters or graphics , rather than being restricted to a limited character set , became able to produce output of comparable quality . Daisy wheel technology is now found only in some electronic typewriters .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n In 1889 Arthur Irving Jacobs patented a daisy wheel design ( U.S. Patent 409,289 ) that was used on the Victor index typewriter .

\n

\n A.H. Reiber of Teletype Corporation received U.S. Patent 2,146,380 in 1939 for a daisy wheel printer .

\n

\n In 1972 a team at Diablo Systems led by engineer David S. Lee developed the first commercially successful daisy wheel printer , a device that was faster and more flexible than IBM 's golf - ball devices , being capable of 30 cps ( characters per second ) , whereas IBM 's Selectric operated at 13.4 cps .

\n

\n Xerox acquired Diablo that same year , following which Lee departed to set up Qume Corporation in 1973 . Xerox 's Office Product Division had already been buying Diablo printers for its Redactron text editors . After 7 years trying to make Diablo profitable , the OPD focused on developing and selling the Diablo 630 which was mostly bought by companies such as Digital Equipment Corporation . The Diablo 630 could produce letter quality output as good as that produced by an IBM Selectric or Selectric - based printer , but at a lower cost . A further advantage was that it supported the entire ASCII printing character set . Its servo - controlled carriage also permitted the use of proportional spaced fonts , where characters occupy a different amount of horizontal space according to their width .

\n

\n The Diablo 630 was so successful that virtually all later daisy wheel printers , as well as many dot matrix printers and even the original Apple Laserwriter either copied its command set or could emulate one . Daisy wheel printers from Diablo and Lee 's 1973 company Qume were the dominant high - end output technology for computer and office automation applications by 1980 , though high speed non-impact techniques were already entering the market ( e.g. IBM 6640 inkjet , Xerox 2700 and IBM 6670 laser ) . From 1981 onwards the IBM PC 's introduction of `` Code page 437 '' with 254 printable glyphs ( including 40 shapes specifically for drawing forms ) , and development of Xerox Star - influenced environments such as the Macintosh , GEM and Windows made bit - mapped approaches more desirable , driving cost reductions for laser printing and higher resolution for impact dot matrix printing .

\n

\n Xerox later adapted Diablo 's daisy wheel technology into a typewriter that sold for less than $50 . An automated factory was built near Dallas that took less than 30 minutes to assemble a Xerox typewriter . The Xerox typewriter was well received but never achieved the projected sales numbers due to the advent of the PC and word processing software . The typewriter was later modified to be compatible with PCs but the engineering which made it a low cost device reduced its flexibility . By the mid-1980s daisy wheel technology was rapidly becoming obsolete due to the growing spread of affordable laser and inkjet machines , and daisy wheel machines soon disappeared except for the small remaining typewriter market .

\n

\n Design ( edit )

\n The print - head and daisy wheel on a Xerox / Diablo D - 25 printer .

\n The heart of the system is an interchangeable metal or plastic `` daisy wheel '' holding an entire character set as raised characters moulded on each `` petal '' . In use a servo motor rotates the daisy wheel to position the required character between the hammer and the ribbon . The solenoid - operated hammer then fires , driving the character type onto the ribbon and paper to print the character on the paper . The daisy wheel and hammer are mounted on a sliding carriage similar to that used by dot matrix printers .

\n

\n Different typefaces and sizes can be used by replacing the daisy wheel . It is possible to use multiple fonts within a document : font changing is facilitated by printer device drivers which can position the carriage to the center of the platen and prompt the user to change the wheel before continuing printing . However , printing a document with frequent font changes and thus requiring frequent wheel changes was a tedious task .

\n

\n Many daisy wheel machines offer a bold type facility , accomplished by double - or triple - striking the specified character ( s ) ; servo - based printers advance the carriage fractionally for a wider ( and therefore blacker ) character , while cheaper machines perform a carriage return without a line feed to return to the beginning of the line , space through all non-bold text , and restrike each bolded character . The inherent imprecision in attempting to restrike on exactly the same spot after a carriage return provides the same effect as the more expensive servo - based printers , with the unique side effect that as the printer ages and wears , bold text becomes bolder .

\n

\n Like all other impact printers , daisy wheel printers are noisy .

\n

\n Bi-directional printing ( edit )

\n

\n Most daisy - wheel printers could print a line and then , using built - in memory , print the following line backwards , from right to left . This saved the time that otherwise would have been needed to return the print head to its starting point .

\n

\n Graphics ( edit )

\n

\n Although the daisy wheel principle is basically inappropriate for printing bitmap graphics , there were attempts to enable them to do so . Most daisy wheel printers supported a relatively coarse and extremely slow graphics mode by printing the image entirely out of dots ( formed by the `` period '' character ) . This required a mechanism capable of pixel by pixel movement , both horizontally and vertically , and low - end printers were incapable of it . Given the slow speed and the coarse resolution this was not a feasible technique for printing large images , but could usefully print a small logo onto a letterhead and then the following letter , all in a single unattended print run without changing the print element .

\n

\n Daisy wheel printers are capable of producing simplified graphics in the form of ASCII art .

\n

\n As daisy wheel elements are made of plastic to keep mass and manufacturing costs low , using the period character for graphics would cause unacceptably rapid wear , so plastic elements are offered with a metal insert in this position that lasts much longer .

\n

\n Consideration was also given to optimising graphic printing by changing the glyphs on the daisy wheel to a set that would be able to print all the required bitmap combinations more quickly , without requiring an impact for every single dot . This would have the advantage that vertical dot combinations could be printed in a single impact , without requiring fine rotation control of the platen roller . However it would require a specialised daisy wheel so printing of a letter and letterhead would require a two - step process with a manual wheel change in - between . As the development of this technique post-dated the widespread availability of 24 - pin dot matrix printers and coincided with the arrival of affordable laser printers in offices , it was never a popular approach .

\n

\n Brother Industries manufactured the Twinriter 5 ( 1985 ) and 6 ( 1987 ) printers which tried to overcome the limitation of the missing graphics capabilities of daisy wheel printers by adding a dot matrix print head to the existing daisy wheel print head , with the former being used for letter quality printing and the latter for drafts and for printing symbols which were not present in the daisy wheel character set .

\n

\n Variants ( edit )

\n

\n Thimble printers are closely related to daisy wheel printers , but instead of a flat wheel the petals were bent to form a cup - shaped `` thimble '' print element . Introduced by NEC in 1977 as their `` Spinwriter '' series , the replaceable thimbles each held 128 characters .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Merriam Webster On - line '' .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Hirahara , Naomi ( 2002 ) . Distinguished Asian American Business Leaders . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 120 . ISBN 1 - 57356 - 344 - 7 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Strassman , Paul A. ( June 5 , 2008 ) . The Computers Nobody Wanted ; My Years with Xerox . Strassmann , Inc . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 1 - 4276 - 3270 - 7 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Hogan , Thom ( March 1984 ) . `` Creating a letterhead with your daisywheel printer '' . Creative Computing Magazine . 10 ( 3 ) : 202 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Kostopoulos , G.K. ( February 1989 ) . `` Quality graphics for daisy - wheel word processing '' . Consumer Electronics , IEEE Transactions on . IEEE. 35 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 23 . doi : 10.1109 / 30.24649 . ISSN 0098 - 3063 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Linzmayer , Owen W. ( November 1985 ) . `` Double duty printers '' . Creative Computing. 11 ( 11 ) : 72 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ King , Steve ( 1987 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Brother Twinriter 6 - Daisy Wheel Drives Us Dotty - A Little Slowly - Dual - Format Printer Saves Spaces , Sacrifies Draft Print Quality '' . Infoworld : 57 -- 60 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Shannon , L.R. ( 1987 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Peripherals ; Finally , the Right Stuff '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Cromemco 3355A Printer Operator 's Guide ( PDF ) . Cromemco , Inc . March 1980 . ( Rebadged Model 550 Series Spinwriter )
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` NEC Printer Model Information '' . Retrieved 18 February 2009 .
    11. \n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daisy_wheel_printing&oldid=803468432 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n Variants

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "differentiate between dot matrix printer and daisy wheel printer", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Succession to the British throne - wikipedia

\n Succession to the British throne

\n This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 27 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search The Sovereign 's Throne in the House of Lords , from which the speech is delivered at State Openings of Parliament

\n Succession to the British throne is determined by descent , gender ( for people born before October 2011 ) , legitimacy , and religion . Under common law , the Crown is inherited by a sovereign 's children or by a childless sovereign 's nearest collateral line . The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701 , restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover that are in `` communion with the Church of England '' . Spouses of Roman Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015 . Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible .

\n

\n Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign , and her heir apparent is her eldest son , Charles , Prince of Wales . Next in line after him is Prince William , Duke of Cambridge , the Prince of Wales 's elder son . Third in line is Prince George , the eldest child of the Duke of Cambridge , followed by his sister , Princess Charlotte and younger brother , Prince Louis . Sixth in line is Prince Henry of Wales , the younger son of the Prince of Wales . Any of the first six in line marrying without the sovereign 's consent would be disqualified from succession .

\n

\n The first four individuals in the line of succession who are over 21 , and the sovereign 's consort , may be appointed Counsellors of State . Counsellors of State perform some of the sovereign 's duties in the United Kingdom while he or she is out of the country or temporarily incapacitated . Otherwise , individuals in the line of succession need not have specific legal or official roles .

\n

\n The United Kingdom is one of the 16 Commonwealth realms . Each of those countries has the same person as monarch and the same order of succession . In 2011 , the prime ministers of the realms agreed unanimously to adopt a common approach to amending the rules on the succession to their respective Crowns so that absolute primogeniture would apply for persons born after the date of the agreement , instead of male - preference primogeniture , and the ban on marriages to Roman Catholics would be lifted , but the monarch would still need to be in communion with the Church of England . After the necessary legislation had been enacted in accordance with each realm 's constitution , the changes took effect on 26 March 2015 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Current line of succession ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n First six in line from 23 April 2018
\n 1 . The Prince of Wales \n
\n 2 . The Duke of Cambridge \n
\n 3 . Prince George of Cambridge \n
\n 4 . Princess Charlotte of Cambridge \n
\n 5 . Prince Louis of Cambridge \n
\n 6 . Prince Henry of Wales \n
\n

\n No official , complete version of the line of succession is currently maintained . The exact number , in remoter collateral lines , of the persons who would be eligible is uncertain . In 2001 genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner compiled a list of 4,973 living descendants of the Electress Sophia in order of succession , but did so disregarding Roman Catholic status . When updated in January 2011 , the number was more than five thousand .

\n

\n The annotated list below covers the first part of this line of succession , being limited to descendants of the sons of George V ( the present Queen 's grandfather ) . The order of the first seventeen numbered in the list is given on the official website of the British Monarchy ; other list numbers and exclusions are explained by annotations ( Notes and sources below ) and footnotes . Persons named in italics are unnumbered either because they are deceased or because sources report them to be excluded from the succession .

\n \n \n Notes and sources \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Mark \n Source for listing or note on exclusion from succession
\n
\n 1952 \n Succession published on the accession of Queen Elizabeth II in 1952
\n \n Listed by the official website of the British Monarchy , `` Succession '' , retrieved 27 April 2018 .
\n \n Listed on Debrett 's website ( as of 27 April 2018 ) : `` The Line of Succession ''
\n \n Listed by Whitaker 's Almanack 2015 , London : Bloomsbury , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4729 - 0929 - 9 , p. 22
\n
\n \n These people had been excluded through marriage to a Roman Catholic . This exclusion was repealed on 26 March 2015 , restoring them to the line of succession , when the Perth Agreement came into effect .
\n X \n Excluded as Roman Catholics . This exclusion is not affected by changes subsequent to the Perth Agreement .
\n

\n History ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n The current succession law in the United Kingdom evolved from succession law in both England and Scotland . Originally in both countries , there were no fixed rules governing succession to the throne . The individual could have relied on inheritance , statute , election ( by Parliament or by another body ) , nomination ( by a reigning sovereign in his or her will ) , conquest or prescription ( de facto possession of the Crown ) . It was often unclear which of these bases should take precedence ; often , the outcome depended not on the legal strength of the claims , but on the political or military power of the claimants .

\n

\n However , over time , the default rule became male primogeniture : later monarchs coming to the throne by exception to this rule went to great lengths to explain and justify going against these rules , and to prove their rivals illegitimate . Eventually , Parliament asserted control of succession .

\n

\n England ( edit )

\n

\n In 1485 , Henry Tudor , a female - line descendant of a legitimated branch of the royal house of Lancaster , the House of Beaufort , assumed the English crown as Henry VII , after defeating Richard III , who was killed at the battle of Bosworth when leading a charge against Henry 's standard . Richard was the last king of the House of York , and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty . Henry declared himself king retroactively from 21 August 1485 , the day before his victory over Richard at Bosworth Field , and caused Richard 's Titulus Regius to be repealed and expunged from the Rolls of Parliament . After Henry 's coronation in London in October that year , his first parliament , summoned to meet at Westminster in November , enacted that `` the inheritance of the crown should be , rest , remain and abide in the most royal person of the then sovereign lord , King Henry VII , and the heirs of his body lawfully coming . ''

\n

\n Henry VII was followed by his son , Henry VIII . Though his father descended from the Lancastrians , Henry VIII could also claim the throne through the Yorkist line , as his mother Elizabeth was the sister and heiress of Edward V. In 1542 Henry also assumed the title King of Ireland ; this would pass down with the monarchs of England , and later Great Britain , until the Acts of Union 1800 merged the separate crowns into that of the United Kingdom .

\n

\n Henry VIII 's numerous marriages led to several complications over succession . Henry VIII was first married to Catherine of Aragon , by whom he had a daughter named Mary . His second marriage , to Anne Boleyn , resulted in a daughter named Elizabeth . Henry VIII had a son , Edward , by his third wife , Jane Seymour . An Act of Parliament passed in 1533 declared Mary illegitimate ; another passed in 1536 did the same for Elizabeth . Though the two remained illegitimate , an Act of Parliament passed in 1544 allowed reinserting them , providing further `` that the King should and might give , will , limit , assign , appoint or dispose the said imperial Crown and the other premises ... by letters patent or last will in writing . '' Mary and Elizabeth , under Henry VIII 's will , were to be followed by descendants of the King 's deceased sister Mary Tudor , Duchess of Suffolk ( he however excluded his niece Frances Brandon , Duchess of Suffolk ) . This will also excluded from the succession the descendants of Henry 's eldest sister Margaret Tudor , who were the rulers of Scotland .

\n Queen Elizabeth I enthroned in Parliament

\n When Henry VIII died in 1547 , the young Edward succeeded him , becoming Edward VI . Edward VI was the first Protestant Sovereign to succeed to the rule of England . He attempted to divert the course of succession in his will to prevent his Catholic half - sister , Mary , from inheriting the throne . He excluded Mary and Elizabeth , settling on the Duchess of Suffolk 's daughter , Lady Jane Grey . Jane was also originally excluded on the premise that no woman could reign over England . Nonetheless , the will , which originally referred to Jane 's heirs - male , was amended to refer to Jane and her heirs - male . Upon Edward VI 's death in 1553 , Jane was proclaimed Queen of England and Ireland . She was not universally recognised and after nine days she was overthrown by the popular Mary . As Henry VIII 's will had been approved by an Act of Parliament in 1544 , Edward 's contravening will was unlawful and ignored .

\n

\n Mary was succeeded by her half - sister , Elizabeth , who broke with the precedents of many of her predecessors , and refused to name an heir . Whilst previous monarchs ( including Henry VIII ) had specifically been granted authority to settle uncertain successions in their wills , the Treasons Act 1571 asserted that Parliament had the right to settle disputes , and made it treason to deny Parliamentary authority . Wary of threats from other possible heirs , Parliament further passed the Act of Association 1584 , which provided that any individual involved in attempts to murder the Sovereign would be disqualified from succeeding . ( The Act was repealed in 1863 . )

\n

\n Scotland ( edit )

\n

\n The House of Stewart ( later Stuart ) had ruled in Scotland since 1371 . It had followed strict rules of primogeniture until the deposition and exile of Mary I in 1567 ; even then she was succeeded by her son , James VI .

\n

\n After the Union of the Crowns ( edit )

\n Stuarts ( edit )

\n Elizabeth I of England and Ireland was succeeded by King James VI of Scotland , her first cousin twice removed , even though his succession violated Henry VIII 's will , under which Lady Anne Stanley , heiress of Mary Tudor , Duchess of Suffolk , was supposed to succeed . James asserted that hereditary right was superior to statutory provision , and as King of Scotland was powerful enough to deter any rival . He reigned as James I of England and Ireland , thus effecting the Union of the Crowns , although England and Scotland remained separate sovereign states until 1707 . His succession was rapidly ratified by Parliament .

\n center

\n James 's eldest surviving son and successor , Charles I , was overthrown and beheaded in 1649 . The monarchy itself was abolished . A few years later , it was replaced by the Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell , effectively a monarch with the title of Lord Protector rather than King . Cromwell had the right to name his own successor , which he exercised on his deathbed by choosing his son , Richard Cromwell . Richard was ineffective , and was quickly forced from office . Shortly afterwards , the monarchy was restored , with Charles I 's son Charles II as King .

\n After the death of her last child in 1700 , Princess Anne became the last individual left in the line of succession determined by the Bill of Rights .

\n James II and VII , a Roman Catholic , followed his brother Charles II , despite efforts in the late 1670s to exclude him in favour of Charles 's illegitimate Protestant son , the Duke of Monmouth . James was deposed when his Protestant opponents forced him to flee from England in 1688 . Parliament then deemed that James had , by fleeing the realms , abdicated the thrones and offered the Crowns not to the King 's infant son James but to his Protestant daughter Mary and to her husband William , who as James 's nephew was the first person in the succession not descended from him . The two became joint Sovereigns ( a unique circumstance in British history ) as William III of England and Ireland ( and II of Scotland ) and Mary II of England , Scotland and Ireland . William had insisted on this unique provision as a condition of his military leadership against James .

\n

\n The English Bill of Rights passed in 1689 determined succession to the English , Scottish and Irish Thrones . First in the line were the descendants of Mary II . Next came Mary 's sister Princess Anne and her descendants . Finally , the descendants of William by any future marriage were added to the line of succession . Only Protestants were allowed to succeed to the Thrones , and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded .

\n

\n After Mary II died in 1694 , her husband continued to reign alone until his own death in 1702 . The line of succession provided for by the Bill of Rights was almost at an end ; William and Mary never had any children , and Princess Anne 's children had all died . Therefore , Parliament passed the Act of Settlement . The Act maintained the provision of the Bill of Rights whereby William would be succeeded by Princess Anne and her descendants , and thereafter by his own descendants from future marriages . The Act , however , declared that they would be followed by James I & VI 's granddaughter Sophia , Electress Dowager of Hanover ( the daughter of James 's daughter Elizabeth Stuart ) , and her heirs . As under the Bill of Rights , non-Protestants and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded .

\n Electress Sophia of Hanover ( 1630 -- 1714 )

\n Upon William 's death , Anne became Queen of England , Scotland and Ireland . Because the Parliament of England settled on Sophia as Anne 's heir - presumptive without consulting Scottish leaders , the Estates of Scotland retaliated by passing the Scottish Act of Security . The Act provided that , upon the death of Anne , the Estates would meet to select an heir to the throne of Scotland , who could not be the same person as the English Sovereign unless numerous political and economic conditions were met . Anne originally withheld the Royal Assent , but was forced to grant it when the Estates refused to raise taxes and sought to withdraw troops from the Queen 's army . England 's Parliament responded by passing the Alien Act 1705 , which threatened to cripple Scotland 's economy by cutting off trade with them . Thus , Scotland had little choice but to unite with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 ; the Crown of the new nation ( along with the Crown of Ireland ) was subject to the rules laid down by the English Act of Settlement .

\n Hanoverians and windsors ( edit ) Benjamin Harris 's Protestant Tutor , a primer popular for decades and the source for the New England Primer . Edition of 1713 . Hanoverian propaganda extended to books for children 's education .

\n Anne was predeceased by Sophia , Electress Dowager of Hanover , and was therefore succeeded by the latter 's son , who became George I in 1714 .

\n

\n Attempts were made in the risings of 1715 and 1745 to restore Stuart claimants to the Throne , supported by those who recognised the Jacobite succession . The House of Hanover nonetheless remained undeposed , and the Crown descended in accordance with the appointed rules . In 1801 , following the Acts of Union 1800 , the separate crowns of Great Britain and Ireland were merged and became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Between 1811 and 1820 , when George III was deemed unfit to rule , the Prince of Wales ( later George IV ) acted as his regent . Some years later the Regency Act 1830 made provision for a change in the line of succession had a child been born to William IV after his death , but this event did not come about .

\n George VI receiving homage at his coronation in 1937

\n In 1936 Edward VIII abdicated 11 months after he succeeded to the throne immediately on his father 's death . Edward was proclaimed King in January 1936 , and opened ( for the only time ) Parliament in November 1936 . Edward VIII had desired to marry Wallis Simpson , a divorcee , but the Church of England , of which the British Sovereign is Supreme Governor , would not authorize the marriage of divorcees . Consequently , Parliament passed His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 , by which Edward VIII ceased to be Sovereign `` immediately upon '' his royal assent as King being signified in Parliament on 11 December . The Act provided that he and his descendants , if any , were not to have any `` right , title or interest in or to the succession to the Throne '' . Edward died childless in 1972 .

\n

\n Edward 's abdication was `` a demise of the Crown '' ( in the words of the Act ) , and the Duke of York , his brother who was then next in the line , immediately succeeded to the throne and to its `` rights , privileges , and dignities '' , taking the regnal name George VI . He in turn was succeeded in 1952 by his own elder daughter , Elizabeth II . By that time the monarch of the United Kingdom no longer reigned in the greater part of Ireland ( which had become a republic in 1949 ) , but was the monarch of a number of independent sovereign states ( Commonwealth realms ) .

\n

\n Commonwealth realms ( edit )

\n Further information : Perth Agreement Elizabeth II at her coronation in 1953 , passing to the left of the Coronation Chair

\n Each of the Commonwealth realms has the same person as monarch and , to maintain that arrangement , they have agreed to continue the same line of succession ; some realms do so through domestic succession laws , while others stipulate whoever is monarch of the United Kingdom will also be monarch of that realm . In February 1952 , on her accession , Elizabeth II was proclaimed as sovereign separately throughout her realms . In October 2011 , the heads of government of all 16 realms agreed unanimously at a meeting held in Perth , Australia , to proposed changes to the royal succession laws that would see the order of succession for people born after 28 October 2011 governed by absolute primogeniture -- wherein succession passes to an individual 's children according to birth order , regardless of gender -- instead of male - preference primogeniture . They also agreed to lift a ban on those who marry Roman Catholics . The ban on Catholics themselves was retained to ensure that the monarch would be in communion with the Church of England . The changes came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015 , after legislation was made according to each realm 's constitution .

\n

\n Following the changes coming into effect , the positions of the first 27 in line remained unchanged , including Princess Anne and her children and grandchildren , until the birth of Princess Charlotte of Cambridge on 2 May 2015 . The first to be affected by the changes , on the day they came into effect in March , were the children of Lady Davina Lewis -- her son T\u0101ne ( born 2012 ) and her daughter Senna ( born 2010 ) -- who were reversed in the order of succession , becoming 29th and 28th in line respectively .

\n

\n Current rules ( edit )

\n

\n The Bill of Rights and the Act of Settlement ( restated by the Acts of Union ) still govern succession to the throne . They were amended in the United Kingdom by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 , which was passed mainly `` to make succession to the Crown not depend on gender '' and `` to make provision about Royal Marriages '' ( according to its long title ) , thereby implementing the Perth Agreement in the UK and in those realms that , by their laws , have as their monarch automatically whoever is monarch of the UK . Other realms passed their own legislation .

\n

\n Anyone ineligible to succeed is treated as if they were `` dead '' . That individual 's descendants are not also disqualified , unless they are personally ineligible .

\n

\n Marriages ( edit )

\n

\n The Act of Settlement 1701 provides that Protestant `` heirs of the body '' ( that is , legitimate descendants ) of Sophia , Electress of Hanover , are eligible to succeed to the throne , unless otherwise disqualified . The meaning of heir of the body is determined by the common law rules of male preference primogeniture ( the `` male - preference '' criterion is no longer applicable , in respect of succession to the throne , to persons born after 28 October 2011 ) , whereby older children and their descendants inherit before younger children , and a male child takes precedence over a female sibling . Children born out of wedlock and adopted children are not eligible to succeed . Illegitimate children whose parents subsequently marry are legitimated , but remain ineligible to inherit the Crown .

\n

\n The Royal Marriages Act 1772 ( repealed by the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 ) further required descendants of George II to obtain the consent of the reigning monarch to marry . ( The requirement did not apply to descendants of princesses who married into foreign families , as well as , from 1936 , any descendants of Edward VIII , of which there are none . ) The Act provided , however , that if a dynast older than twenty - five years notified the Privy Council of his or her intention to marry without the consent of the Sovereign , then he or she may have lawfully done so after one year , unless both houses of Parliament expressly disapproved of the marriage . A marriage that contravened the Royal Marriages Act was void , and the resulting offspring illegitimate and thus ineligible to succeed , though the succession of the dynast who failed to obtain consent was not itself affected . This also had the consequence that marriage to a Roman Catholic without permission was void , so that the dynast was not disqualified from succeeding on account of being married to a Roman Catholic . Thus when the future George IV attempted to marry the Roman Catholic Maria Fitzherbert in 1785 without obtaining permission from George III he did not disqualify himself from inheriting the throne in due course . A marriage voided by the 1772 act prior to its repeal remains void `` for all purposes relating to the succession to the Crown '' under the 2013 act .

\n

\n The constitutional crisis arising from Edward VIII 's decision to marry a divorcee in 1936 led to His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 , which provided that Edward VIII and his descendants would have no claim to the throne . The Act is no longer applicable , because Edward died in 1972 without issue .

\n

\n Under the 2013 Succession to the Crown Act , the first six persons in line to the throne must obtain the sovereign 's approval before marrying . Marriage without the Sovereign 's consent disqualifies the person and the person 's descendants from the marriage from succeeding to the Crown , but the marriage is still legally valid .

\n

\n Religion ( edit )

\n

\n Rules relating to eligibility established by the Bill of Rights are retained under the Act of Settlement . The preamble to the Act of Settlement notes that the Bill of Rights provides `` that all and every person and persons that then ( at the time of the Bill of Right 's passage ) were , or afterwards should be reconciled to , or shall hold communion with the See or Church of Rome , or should profess the popish religion , or marry a papist , should be excluded . '' The Act of Settlement continues , providing `` that all and every Person and Persons who shall ... is , are or shall be reconciled to or shall hold Communion with the See or Church of Rome or shall profess the Popish religion or shall marry a papist shall be subject to such Incapacities '' as the Bill of Rights established .

\n

\n The precise meaning of the aforementioned clauses is subject to contention . Under one interpretation , the religion of an individual at the precise moment of succession is relevant . Under another interpretation , anyone who has been a Roman Catholic at any time since 1689 ( `` then ... or afterwards '' ) is forever ineligible to succeed . The former interpretation allows a Roman Catholic to convert to Protestantism and succeed to the Throne just before a vacancy on the throne occurs devolving the crown on the first dynast in the line of succession ; the latter does not . In either case , however , other denominations of faith are not affected ; it is clear that any non-Catholic may convert to Protestantism and succeed to the Throne . It is a requirement that the monarch must be a Protestant .

\n

\n The Act of Settlement further provided that anyone who married a Roman Catholic was ineligible to succeed . The Act did not require that the spouse be Protestant ; it only barred those who marry Roman Catholics . Since the passage of the Act it has been determined ( in the case of Prince Edward , Duke of Kent ) that an individual is not barred because his or her spouse later converts to Roman Catholicism after their marriage . The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 removed the bar on individuals married to Roman Catholics , though not on Roman Catholics themselves .

\n

\n Treason ( edit )

\n

\n Under the Treason Act 1702 and the Treason ( Ireland ) Act 1703 , it is treason to `` endeavour to deprive or hinder any person who shall be the next in succession to the crown ... from succeeding ... to the imperial crown of this realm '' . Since the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 , the maximum penalty has been life imprisonment .

\n

\n Accession ( edit )

\n The Accession Council normally meets in St James 's Palace to proclaim the new sovereign .

\n In the Commonwealth realms , upon the death of a sovereign , the heir apparent or heir presumptive succeeds to the throne immediately , with no need for confirmation or further ceremony . Nevertheless , the Accession Council meets and decides upon the making of the accession proclamation , which by custom has for centuries been ceremonially proclaimed in public places , in London , York , Edinburgh and other cities . The anniversary is observed throughout the sovereign 's reign as Accession Day , including royal gun salutes in the United Kingdom .

\n

\n Formerly , a new sovereign proclaimed his or her own accession . But on the death of Elizabeth I an Accession Council met to proclaim the accession of James I to the throne of England . James was then in Scotland and reigning as King James VI of Scotland . This precedent has been followed since . Now , the Accession Council normally meets in St James 's Palace . Proclamations since James I 's have usually been made in the name of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal , the Privy Council , the Lord Mayor , Aldermen and citizens of the City of London and `` other principal Gentlemen of quality '' , though there have been variations in some proclamations . The proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II was the first to make mention of representatives of members of the Commonwealth .

\n

\n Upon his or her accession , a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths . The Bill of Rights of 1689 first required the sovereign to make a public declaration of non-belief in Roman Catholicism . This declaration , known as the Accession Declaration , is required to be taken at either the first meeting of parliament of his or her reign ( i.e. during the State Opening of Parliament ) or at his or her coronation , whichever occurs first . The current wording of this declaration was adopted in 1910 as the previous wording was deemed to be controversial and overtly anti-Catholic . Rather than denouncing Roman Catholicism , the sovereign now declares him or herself to be a Protestant and that he or she will `` uphold and maintain '' the Protestant succession . In addition to the Accession Declaration , the new sovereign is required by the Acts of Union 1707 to make an oath to `` maintain and preserve '' the Church of Scotland . This oath is normally made at the sovereign 's first meeting of the Privy Council following his or her accession . According to the Regency Act 1937 , should the sovereign be under the age of 18 , such oaths and declarations required to be taken by the sovereign shall be made upon his attainment of that age .

\n

\n After a period of mourning , the new sovereign is usually consecrated and crowned in Westminster Abbey . Normally , the Archbishop of Canterbury officiates , though the sovereign may designate any other bishop of the Church of England . A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign ; for example , Edward VIII was never crowned , yet during his short reign was the undoubted king .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Succession to the Crown Act 2013 , s . 3 : `` A person who ( when the person marries ) is one of the 6 persons next in the line of succession to the Crown must obtain the consent of Her Majesty before marrying . ''
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Most sources , including Whitaker 's Almanack , exclude her as a confirmed Catholic , but Debrett 's includes her in line .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Albert and Leopold Windsor were listed on The Official Website of the British Monarchy until 2015 and in the 2013 edition of Whitaker 's Almanack as following Estella Taylor ( b 2004 ) and eligible to succeed ; MSN News , Debrett 's and Whitaker 's Almanack 2015 lists them after Lady Amelia Windsor and before Lady Helen Taylor . They were baptised as Catholics , and are not listed in line in editions of Whitaker 's earlier than 2012 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Neither the Legitimacy Act 1926 nor the Legitimacy Act 1959 changed the Law of Succession .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Per the His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ A letter from Tony Newton as Lord President of the Council to Tony Benn indicated this was the effect of the Act of Settlement after Benn had indicated he intended to block the next accession at the Privy Council .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ This declaration was similar to what members of both Houses of Parliament were originally required to take by the Test Acts . Eventually , by the time it was changed in 1910 , the monarch was the only one left required to make the declaration .
    8. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Succession '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 27 April 2018 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Bogdanor ( 1995 ) , p. 55 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Reitwiesner , W.A. `` Persons eligible to succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2001 '' . wargs.com . Archived from the original on 18 January 2011 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Lewis , David . `` Persons eligible to succeed to the British Throne as of 1 Jan 2011 '' . wargs.com . Archived from the original on 17 May 2011 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Line of succession to the throne '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 7 February 1952 . p. 6 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Chrimes , S.B. ( 1999 ) . Henry VII . Yale University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780300078831 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Rotuli Parliamentorum A.D. 1485 1 Henry VII '' .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Smith , G. Barnett ( 1892 ) . History of the English Parliament . Ward , Lock , Bowden & Co. p. 298 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Succession to the Crown Act 1603 '' .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ UPI , London , 21 January 1936http://www.upi.com/Archives/1936/01/21/Prince-of-Wales-proclaimed-King-Edward-VIII/7807693511214/ )
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Girls equal in British throne succession '' . BBC News . 28 October 2011 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ The Succession to the Crown Act 2013 ( Commencement ) Order 2015 legislation.gov.uk
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Clegg , Nick ( 26 March 2015 ) . `` Commencement of Succession to the Crown Act 2013 : Written statement '' . UK Parliament .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` What do the new royal succession changes mean ? '' . Royal Central . 26 March 2015 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Blackstone ( 1765 ) .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Succession to the Crown Act 2013 '' . UK Parliament . Section 3 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 , section 2
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Act of Settlement , preamble
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Act of Settlement , section 2
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Accession '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Bogdanor ( 1995 ) , p. 45 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Gun Salutes '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Accession Declaration Act 1910 , schedule
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Union with Scotland Act 1706 , article XXV . `` ... And Lastly that after the Decease of Her Present Majesty ( whom God long preserve ) the Soveraign succeeding to her in the Royal Government of the Kingdom of Great Britain shall in all time comeing at his or her accession to the Crown Swear and Subscribe That they shall inviolably maintain and preserve the foresaid settlement of the True Protestant Religion with the Government Worship Discipline Right and Priviledges of this Church as above established by the Laws of this Kingdom in prosecution of the Claim of Right ... ''
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Regency Act 1937 , section 1 ( 2 )
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Coronation '' . Official website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 7 May 2016 .
    27. \n
\n

\n Sources ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Succession to the British throne
\n Legislation \n
    \n
  • \n Succession Act 1533
    • \n
  • \n Succession Act 1536
    • \n
  • \n Succession Act 1543
    • \n
  • \n Coronation Oath Act 1688
    • \n
  • \n Bill of Rights 1689
    • \n
  • \n Act of Settlement 1701
    • \n
  • \n Act of Union 1706
    • \n
  • \n Accession Declaration Act 1910
    • \n
  • \n Perth Agreement 2011
    • \n
  • \n Succession to the Crown Act 2013
    • \n
  • \n Regency Acts
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Orders of succession
\n Monarchies \n
    \n
  • \n Bahrain
    • \n
  • \n Belgium
    • \n
  • \n Bhutan
    • \n
  • \n Brunei
    • \n
  • \n Denmark
    • \n
  • \n Japan
    • \n
  • \n Jordan
    • \n
  • \n Liechtenstein
    • \n
  • \n Luxembourg
    • \n
  • \n Malaysia
    • \n
  • \n Monaco
    • \n
  • \n Morocco
    • \n
  • \n Netherlands
    • \n
  • \n Norway
    • \n
  • \n Saudi Arabia
    • \n
  • \n Spain
    • \n
  • \n Swaziland
    • \n
  • \n Sweden
    • \n
  • \n Thailand
    • \n
  • \n Tonga
    • \n
  • \n United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms
    • \n
\n
\n Presidencies \n
    \n
  • \n Argentina
    • \n
  • \n Austria
    • \n
  • \n Brazil
    • \n
  • \n Colombia
    • \n
  • \n D.R. Congo
    • \n
  • \n Dominican Republic
    • \n
  • \n France
    • \n
  • \n Finland
    • \n
  • \n Germany
    • \n
  • \n Iceland
    • \n
  • \n India
    • \n
  • \n Indonesia
    • \n
  • \n Ireland
    • \n
  • \n Italy
    • \n
  • \n South Korea
    • \n
  • \n Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Pakistan
    • \n
  • \n Peru
    • \n
  • \n Philippines
    • \n
  • \n Poland
    • \n
  • \n Portugal
    • \n
  • \n Romania
    • \n
  • \n Russia
    • \n
  • \n Sri Lanka
    • \n
  • \n Taiwan
    • \n
  • \n United States
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Succession_to_the_British_throne&oldid=838504174 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who will take the throne after the queen dies", "long_answers": ["Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign , and her heir apparent is her eldest son , Charles , Prince of Wales . Next in line after him is Prince William , Duke of Cambridge , the Prince of Wales 's elder son . Third in line is Prince George , the eldest child of the Duke of Cambridge , followed by his sister , Princess Charlotte and younger brother , Prince Louis . Sixth in line is Prince Henry of Wales , the younger son of the Prince of Wales . Any of the first six in line marrying without the sovereign 's consent would be disqualified from succession .\n"], "short_answers": ["Charles , Prince of Wales\n", "her eldest son , Charles , Prince of Wales\n", "her eldest son , Charles , Prince of Wales\n", "Charles , Prince of Wales\n"]} {"text": "Josh Stewart - wikipedia

\n Josh Stewart

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the actor . For other uses , see Josh Stewart ( disambiguation ) . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Josh Stewart
\n Stewart at the 2012 New York Comic Con , October 14
\n \n Joshua Regnall Stewart ( 1977 - 02 - 06 ) February 6 , 1977 ( age 40 ) Diana , West Virginia , U.S.
\n Occupation \n Actor
\n Years active \n 1999 -- present
\n Spouse ( s ) \n Deanna Brigidi ( 2000 -- 2014 )
\n Children \n
\n

\n Joshua Regnall Stewart ( born February 6 , 1977 ) is an American actor best known for his role as Holt McLaren in the FX TV series Dirt and as Detective William LaMontagne , Jr. , in Criminal Minds . He was also cast as Brendan Finney in the final season of the NBC TV series Third Watch and as Barsad in Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Rises .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Early Life ( edit )

\n

\n Stewart was born in Diana , West Virginia , the son of Margie and Charles Regnall Stewart . His father was a high school physical education teacher as well as a former pastor of the First Baptist Church in Webster Springs and Holly River Baptist Church , and is now pastor at the Redeeming Grace Baptist Church in Webster Springs . His mother is a sixth grade teacher at Webster Springs Elementary . Stewart first attended West Virginia Wesleyan College , then transferred to West Virginia University , where he studied business . After graduating from WVU , he moved to New York to pursue acting .

\n

\n Acting career ( edit )

\n

\n Early career ( edit )

\n

\n Stewart got his start doing local theater at the Landmark Theatre in Sutton , West Virginia , and eventually moved to New York City to study at the T. Schreiber studios . He was a company member of the 13th Street Repertory Theatre . He continued his theater in Los Angeles , performing in Light Bulb and Beacon alongside Robert Forster and Brooke Shields .

\n

\n Stewart appeared as an extra in The WB series Dawson 's Creek episode `` To Green , With Love '' . In 2003 he filmed a pilot for a Western for ABC entitled Then Came Jones . In the pilot he played the character of Bill Jenkins .

\n

\n Stewart later appeared as Sean Cleary the CSI episode `` Bad to the Bone '' , which aired on April 1 , 2004 . That same year , he also appeared in a commercial for Levi 's 501 Original jeans . Stewart currently has a recurring role in Criminal Minds as Detective William LaMontagne , Jr. , SSA Jennifer `` JJ '' Jareau 's boyfriend and later , husband .

\n

\n Starring television roles ( edit )

\n

\n Stewart got his break when he was cast as Brendan Finney in the final season of the NBC series Third Watch . As Finney , he played the son of IAB captain Cathal `` CT '' Finney .

\n

\n After Third Watch was cancelled , Stewart started filming a movie entitled Lenexa , 1 Mile ( released on DVD as Full Count ) , alongside William Baldwin , Michael Beach , Jennifer Hall , Timothy Ryan Hensel , Chris Klein , Austin Nichols , Jason Ritter , Michael Rooker , and Paul Wesley . This was also the directing debut of Jason Wiles . After filming wrapped , Stewart began filming a new television series starring Courteney Cox Arquette entitled Dirt , for the FX Network , where he played the character of Holt McLaren . On June 8 , 2008 , Cox Arquette announced that Dirt had been cancelled . During the 2010 - 2011 season , he appeared as Joshua in ABC 's No Ordinary Family . Most recently Josh Stewart has been on the USA Network series Shooter ( TV series ) ( season 2 ) . He plays opposite Ryan Phillippe 's character Bob Lee Swagger . Josh portrays Solotov , a Chechen master sniper with whom Bob Lee has tangled with . A show based on the 2007 film of the same name and the novel `` Point of Impact '' by Stephen Hunter .

\n

\n Feature Films ( edit )

\n

\n Stewart made his mainstream feature film debut in 2008 's Curious Case of Benjamin Button playing the character of Benjamin 's crewmate , Pleasant Curtis . Also that year , he appeared in The Haunting of Molly Hartley in the role of Mary Hartley 's teacher , Mr. Draper . In 2009 , he had his first feature film starring role , in the horror movie The Collector , playing the part of Arkin , a man attempting to rob a house to make enough money to pay off his wife 's debts to loan sharks . In 2010 , he starred , alongside Jamie - Lynn Sigler in the movie Beneath the Dark , ( originally titled Wake ) inspired by the novel The Shining . He appeared in Christopher Nolan 's final film in his Batman Saga , The Dark Knight Rises as Bane 's right - hand man , Barsad . He appeared as the main protagonist in the 2012 webisodes , The Walking Dead : Cold Storage , which are based on the popular television show The Walking Dead . In 2013 , Josh finished filming his directorial debut , The Hunted , in which he also stars . Stewart reunited in 2014 with Director Christopher Nolan as the voice of CASE in the sci - fi epic Interstellar . The same year Stewart was cast in the Disney film The Finest Hours .

\n

\n Directorial debut ( edit )

\n

\n Josh recently completed filming his directorial and writing debut , The Hunted . He co-produced the film along with The Collector producers Brett Forbes and Patrick Rizzotti . The ' found footage ' film revolves around Jake ( Stewart ) and Stevie ( Ronnie Gene Blevins ) who want their own TV show . In an attempt to grab the media 's attention , both Jake and Stevie head to the dense , secluded woods in West Virginia , armed with only their bows and a camera , to find the biggest guy they can . However , as the sun sets over the mountains , they soon realise they are not alone in the woods and something supernatural is hunting them instead . The film screened at TIFF and eOne Films have since picked up the North American distribution rights .

\n

\n Personal Life ( edit )

\n

\n Stewart has two children with Deanna Brigidi : daughter Ryan Justine ( born 2008 ) and son River Jacob ( born 2010 ) .

\n

\n On February 27 , 2012 , Stewart went into cardiac arrest after contracting salmonella . His wife performed CPR for several minutes . Stewart now has an implantable cardioverter - defibrillator in his chest .

\n

\n Filmography ( edit )

\n \n Film \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Film \n Role \n Notes
\n 2006 \n Lenexa , 1 Mile \n T.J. Ketting \n
\n 2007 \n The Death and Life of Bobby Z \n Monk \n
\n Jekyll \n Tommy \n
\n 2008 \n The Curious Case of Benjamin Button \n Pleasant Curtis \n
\n The Haunting of Molly Hartley \n Mr. Draper \n
\n 2009 \n The Collector \n Arkin \n
\n Law Abiding Citizen \n Rupert Ames \n
\n \n Beneath the Dark \n Paul \n
\n 2012 \n The Dark Knight Rises \n Barsad \n
\n The Collection \n Arkin \n
\n 2013 \n Event 15 \n Sergeant Oldsman \n
\n The Hunted \n Jake \n
\n 2014 \n Transcendence \n Paul \n
\n Interstellar \n CASE ( voice ) \n
\n 2016 \n The Finest Hours \n Tchuda Southerland \n
\n Discarnate \n Casey Blackburn \n Post-production
\n Cold Moon \n Nathan Redfield \n Post-production
\n The Neighbor \n \n
\n 2018 \n Insidious : The Last Key \n Gerald Rainier \n
\n \n Television \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Film \n Role \n Notes
\n 2000 \n Dawson 's Creek \n Extra \n Episode : `` To Green , With Love ''
\n 2003 \n Then Came Jones \n Bill Jenkins \n Pilot , not picked up
\n CSI \n Sean Cleary \n Episode : `` Bad to the Bone
\n 2004 -- 05 \n Third Watch \n Officer Brendan Finney \n Main role ( season 6 ) , 20 episodes
\n 2007 -- 08 \n Dirt \n Holt McLaren \n Main role , 20 episodes
\n 2007 -- present \n Criminal Minds \n Det . William LaMontagne Jr . \n Recurring role , 11 episodes
\n 2008 \n Raising the Bar \n Dan Denton \n Episode : `` Hang Time ''
\n ER \n Daniel \n Episode : `` Under Pressure ''
\n 2009 \n CSI : Miami \n Colin Astor \n Episode : `` Smoke Gets in Your CSI 's ''
\n Southland \n Vid Holmes \n Episode : `` Unknown Trouble ''
\n The Mentalist \n Harlan McAdoo \n Episode : `` The Scarlett Letter ''
\n \n Ghost Whisperer \n Robert Wharton \n Episode : `` Living Nightmare ''
\n 2010 -- 11 \n No Ordinary Family \n Joshua \n Recurring role , 14 episodes
\n 2012 \n Grimm \n Bill \n Episode : `` The Bottle Imp ''
\n The Walking Dead : Cold Storage \n Chase \n Web series , 4 episodes
\n 2016 \n Lewis and Clark \n Reuben Field \n Pre-production , television miniseries
\n 2017 - present \n Shooter \n Solotov \n Recurring role
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Josh Stewart : Credit Listings '' . TV.com . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Josh Stewart Featured Star on New FX Show Dirt '' . WVWC.edu . January 11 , 2007 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Webster Springs Elementary School '' . Retrieved 29 October 2016 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Josh Stewart makes directorial debut '' . Daily Athenaeum . West Virginia University . June 25 , 2014 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Webster County native returns home for directorial debut '' . West Virginia MetroNews . June 9 , 2014 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - Then Came Jones on ABC '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Josh Stewart Levi 's 501 Original jeans TV commercial '' . DailyMotion.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` NBC 's Third Watch Adds Cara Buono and Josh Stewart as Series Regulars and Features Aidan Quinn as Guest Star in Four - Episode Arc Early in New Season '' . TheFutonCritic.com . NBC . August 24 , 2004 . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Lenexa , 1 Mile Cast and Crew Bios '' . MovieTome.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Lenexa , 1 Mile '' . Jason Wiles.net . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2007 . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Dirt ' : FX Cancels Courteney Cox Arquette Series '' . TV Series Finale . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2009 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Barton , Steve ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` IFC Midnight Nabs Chad Feehan 's Wake / Beyond the Pale Next for Director '' . Dreadcentral.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` SXSW ' 10 : Trailer for ' Shining ' Inspired ' Wake ' - '' . bloody-disgusting.com .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` Marion Cotillard & Gary Oldman CLOSE UP Near InventHelp Filming Scene Dark Knight Rises '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` First Look At Marion Cotillad As Talia al Ghul And More Images Of Hathaway As Selena Kyle '' . YouBentMyWookie . August 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dark Knight Rises ' Actor Josh Stewart Joins Chris Pine in ' Finest Hours ' '' . Variety . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Josh Stewart , who played the villain Barsad in `` The Dark Knight Rises '' ...
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Dark Knight Rises , The Collector Actor Directs Horror Film , The Hunted '' . Shock Till You Drop .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Eagle Rocker Thanks LAFD Dispatcher who Helped Save Her Husband 's Life '' . Eagle Rock , CA Patch . March 31 , 2012 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` The Secret Fluffiness of Josh Stewart ... - Me In My Place \u00ae - beautiful women at home '' . Me In My Place \u00ae - beautiful women at home .
    20. \n
\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Josh Stewart .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n VIAF : 164843430
    • \n
  • \n LCCN : no2010071231
    • \n
  • \n ISNI : 0000 0001 1458 579X
    • \n
  • \n GND : 1064896812
    • \n
  • \n SUDOC : 158231279
    • \n
  • \n BNF : cb16224342g ( data )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Josh_Stewart&oldid=818740580 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where is jj's husband on criminal minds", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "American League - wikipedia

\n American League

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n American League \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Sport \n Baseball
\n Founded \n January 28 , 1901
\n President \n Frank Robinson ( honorary )
\n No. of teams \n 15
\n Countries \n United States ( 14 teams ) Canada ( 1 team )
\n Most recent champion ( s ) \n Houston Astros ( 1st )
\n Most titles \n New York Yankees ( 40 )
\n

\n The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs , or simply the American League ( AL ) , is one of two leagues that make up Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in the United States and Canada . It developed from the Western League , a minor league based in the Great Lakes states , which eventually aspired to major league status . It is sometimes called the Junior Circuit because it claimed Major League status for the 1901 season , 25 years after the formation of the National League ( the `` Senior Circuit '' ) .

\n

\n At the end of every season , the American League champion plays in the World Series against the National League champion ; two seasons did not end in playing a World Series ( 1904 , when the National League champion New York Giants refused to play their AL counterpart , and 1994 , when a players ' strike prevented the Series ) . Through 2017 , American League teams have won 65 of the 113 World Series played since 1903 , with 27 of those coming from the New York Yankees alone . The New York Yankees have won 40 American League titles , the most in the league 's history , followed by the Philadelphia / Kansas City / Oakland Athletics ( 15 ) and the Boston Red Sox ( 13 ) .

\n

\n The 2017 American League champions are the Houston Astros .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n Main article : History of the American League Teams of the American League , 1903

\n Originally a minor league known as the Western League , the American League later developed into a major league after the American Association disbanded . In its early history , the Western League struggled until 1894 , when Ban Johnson became the president of the league . Johnson led the Western League into major league status and soon became the president of the newly renamed American League . Babe Ruth , noted as one of the most prolific hitters in Major League Baseball history , spent the majority of his career in the American League . The American League has one notable difference versus the National League , in that since 1973 it has had the designated hitter rule . Under the rule , a team may use a batter in its lineup who is not in the field defensively , replacing the pitcher in the batting order , compared to the old rule that made it mandatory for the pitcher to bat .

\n U.S. President Calvin Coolidge and Washington Senators pitcher Walter Johnson shake hands following the Senators ' 1924 championship .

\n Until the late 1970s , league umpires working behind home plate wore large , balloon - style chest protectors worn outside the shirt or coat , while their brethren in the National League wore chest protectors inside the shirt or coat . In 1977 , new umpires ( including Steve Palermo ) had to wear the inside chest protector , although those on staff wearing the outside protector could continue to do so . Most umpires made the switch to the inside protector , led by Don Denkinger in 1975 and Jim Evans the next year , although several did not , including Bill Haller , Lou DiMuro , George Maloney , and Jerry Neudecker , who became the last MLB umpire to use the outside protector in 1985 .

\n

\n In 1994 , the league , along with the National League , reorganized again , into three divisions ( East , West , and Central ) and added a third round to the playoffs in the form of the American League Division Series , with the best second - place team advancing to the playoffs as a wild - card team , in addition to the three divisional champions . In 1998 , the newly franchised Tampa Bay Devil Rays joined the league , and the Arizona Diamondbacks joined the National League : i.e. , each league each added a fifteenth team . An odd number of teams per league meant that at least one team in each league would have to be idle on any given day , or alternatively that odd team out would have had to play an interleague game against its counterpart in the other league . The initial plan was to have three five - team divisions per league with inter league play year - round -- possibly as many as 30 interleague games per team each year . For various reasons , it soon seemed more practical to have an even number of teams in both leagues . The Milwaukee Brewers agreed to change leagues , moving from the AL Central to the NL Central . At the same time , the Detroit Tigers were moved from the AL East to the AL Central , making room for the Devil Rays in the East . Following the move of the Houston Astros to the American League in 2013 , both leagues now consist of 15 teams .

\n

\n For the first 96 years , American League teams faced their National League counterparts only in exhibition games or in the World Series . Beginning in 1997 , interleague games have been played during the regular season and count in the standings . As part of the agreement instituting interleague play , the designated - hitter rule is used only in games where the American League team is the home team .

\n

\n Teams ( edit )

\n

\n Charter franchises ( edit )

\n

\n There were eight charter teams in 1901 , the league 's first year as a major league , and the next year the original Milwaukee Brewers moved to St. Louis to become the St. Louis Browns . These franchises constituted the league for 52 seasons , until the Browns moved to Baltimore and took up the name Baltimore Orioles . All eight original franchises remain in the American League , although only four remain in the original cities ( Detroit , Chicago , Boston , and Cleveland ) . The eight original teams and their counterparts in the `` Classic Eight '' were :

\n \n

\n Expansion , renaming , and relocation summary ( edit )

\n See also : Major League Baseball relocation of 1950s -- 60s \n

\n Current teams ( edit )

\n American League East ( edit ) Main article : American League East \n American League Central ( edit ) Main article : American League Central \n American League West ( edit ) Main article : American League West \n

\n American League presidents ( edit )

\n

\n Following the 1999 season , the American and National Leagues were merged with Major League Baseball , and the leagues ceased to exist as business entities . The position of the American League President and National League President became honorary .

\n \n Key \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame
\n * \n Honorary President
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Name \n Years \n Ref
\n Johnson , Ban Ban Johnson \n 1901 -- 1927 \n
\n Navin , Frank Frank Navin \n 1927 \n
\n Barnard , Ernest Ernest Barnard \n 1927 -- 1931 \n
\n Harridge , Will Will Harridge \n 1931 -- 1959 \n
\n Cronin , Joe Joe Cronin \n 1959 -- 1973 \n
\n MacPhail , Lee Lee MacPhail \n 1973 -- 1984 \n
\n Brown , Bobby Bobby Brown \n 1984 -- 1994 \n
\n Budig , Gene Gene Budig \n 1994 -- 1999 \n
\n Autry , Jackie Jackie Autry * \n 2000 -- 2015 \n
\n Robinson , Frank Frank Robinson * \n 2015 -- present \n
\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ See commentary on Western League page . The Indianapolis and Minneapolis teams were replaced by teams in Baltimore and Philadelphia in 1901 , but it is unclear and disputed as to which team went where .
    2. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Frank Robinson named Senior Advisor and Honorary A.L. President '' ( Press release ) . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famer Robinson to become senior adviser to MLB commish '' . Fox Sports . Associated Press . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Bankrupt Orioles '' . Baseball - Reference . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Officially `` Bluebirds '' , a form seldom used
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` American League '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ To distinguish them from Boston 's National League team , then called the Red Stockings or the Nationals
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ after their home , Hilltop Park
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Sources recently have dissociated the 1902 -- 1903 Baltimore Orioles from the Highlanders / Yankees . Sports Reference.com Archived July 23 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . and sources cited on that page . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Edgarf . `` Baltimore Orioles History -- American League East '' . MLB Baseball Betting . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Gleeman , Aaron . `` 10 Years of the American League Central '' . The Hardball Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2013 .
    11. \n
\n

\n Sources ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n American League
\n Organization \n
    \n
  • \n Parent league : Major League Baseball
    • \n
  • \n Partner league : National League
    • \n
  • \n Origins : ( History
    • \n
  • \n Western League )
    • \n
  • \n Honorary president : Frank Robinson
    • \n
\n
\n Current teams \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n East \n
    \n
  • \n Baltimore Orioles
    • \n
  • \n Boston Red Sox
    • \n
  • \n New York Yankees
    • \n
  • \n Tampa Bay Rays
    • \n
  • \n Toronto Blue Jays
    • \n
\n
\n Central \n
    \n
  • \n Chicago White Sox
    • \n
  • \n Cleveland Indians
    • \n
  • \n Detroit Tigers
    • \n
  • \n Kansas City Royals
    • \n
  • \n Minnesota Twins
    • \n
\n
\n West \n
    \n
  • \n Houston Astros
    • \n
  • \n Los Angeles Angels
    • \n
  • \n Oakland Athletics
    • \n
  • \n Seattle Mariners
    • \n
  • \n Texas Rangers
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Former , relocated , and disestablished teams \n
    \n
  • \n Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 )
    • \n
  • \n Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 )
    • \n
  • \n Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 )
    • \n
  • \n Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 )
    • \n
  • \n Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 )
    • \n
  • \n Seattle Pilots ( 1969 )
    • \n
  • \n St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 )
    • \n
  • \n Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 )
    • \n
  • \n Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 )
    • \n
\n
\n Championship play \n
    \n
  • \n List of champions
    • \n
  • \n Championship Series
    • \n
  • \n Division Series
    • \n
  • \n Wild Card winners
    • \n
\n
\n Related articles \n
    \n
  • \n Designated hitter
    • \n
  • \n Professional baseball
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Major League Baseball ( 2018 )
\n American League \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n East \n
    \n
  • \n Baltimore Orioles
    • \n
  • \n Boston Red Sox
    • \n
  • \n New York Yankees
    • \n
  • \n Tampa Bay Rays
    • \n
  • \n Toronto Blue Jays
    • \n
\n
\n Central \n
    \n
  • \n Chicago White Sox
    • \n
  • \n Cleveland Indians
    • \n
  • \n Detroit Tigers
    • \n
  • \n Kansas City Royals
    • \n
  • \n Minnesota Twins
    • \n
\n
\n West \n
    \n
  • \n Houston Astros
    • \n
  • \n Los Angeles Angels
    • \n
  • \n Oakland Athletics
    • \n
  • \n Seattle Mariners
    • \n
  • \n Texas Rangers
    • \n
\n
\n
\n National League \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n East \n
    \n
  • \n Atlanta Braves
    • \n
  • \n Miami Marlins
    • \n
  • \n New York Mets
    • \n
  • \n Philadelphia Phillies
    • \n
  • \n Washington Nationals
    • \n
\n
\n Central \n
    \n
  • \n Chicago Cubs
    • \n
  • \n Cincinnati Reds
    • \n
  • \n Milwaukee Brewers
    • \n
  • \n Pittsburgh Pirates
    • \n
  • \n St. Louis Cardinals
    • \n
\n
\n West \n
    \n
  • \n Arizona Diamondbacks
    • \n
  • \n Colorado Rockies
    • \n
  • \n Los Angeles Dodgers
    • \n
  • \n San Diego Padres
    • \n
  • \n San Francisco Giants
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Schedule \n
    \n
  • \n Spring training
    • \n
  • \n Opening Day
    • \n
  • \n Jackie Robinson Day
    • \n
  • \n Civil Rights Game
    • \n
  • \n All - Star Game
    • \n
  • \n Interleague play
    • \n
  • \n International games
    • \n
  • \n World Baseball Classic
    • \n
\n
\n Postseason \n
    \n
  • \n World Series
      \n
    • \n Champions
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n NL
      \n
    • \n NL Champions
      • \n
    • \n NLCS
      • \n
    • \n NLDS
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n AL
      \n
    • \n AL Champions
      • \n
    • \n ALCS
      • \n
    • \n ALDS
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Wild Card Game
    • \n
  • \n Appearances
    • \n
  • \n Streaks
    • \n
  • \n Droughts
    • \n
  • \n Series
    • \n
\n
\n Business \n
    \n
  • \n Draft
      \n
    • \n Rule 5
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Players Association
    • \n
  • \n Highest paid players
    • \n
  • \n Luxury tax
    • \n
  • \n Lockouts / strikes
    • \n
  • \n Winter Meetings
    • \n
  • \n Hot stove league
    • \n
  • \n Transactions
    • \n
  • \n Media
      \n
    • \n Logo
      • \n
    • \n Radio
      • \n
    • \n Television
      • \n
    • \n MLB.com
      • \n
    • \n MLB Advanced Media
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Minor League Baseball
    • \n
  • \n Authentication Program
    • \n
\n
\n Miscellaneous \n
    \n
  • \n Instant replay
    • \n
  • \n Team uniforms
    • \n
  • \n Stadiums
    • \n
  • \n Mascots
    • \n
  • \n Rivalries
    • \n
\n
\n History \n
    \n
  • \n History
      \n
    • \n AL
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Seasons
    • \n
  • \n Tie - breakers
      \n
    • \n Tie - breaking procedures
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Records
    • \n
  • \n Awards
    • \n
  • \n Retired numbers
    • \n
  • \n Hall of Fame
    • \n
\n
\n Steroid usage \n
    \n
  • \n Drug policy
      \n
    • \n suspensions
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Mitchell Report
    • \n
  • \n Juiced
    • \n
  • \n Vindicated
    • \n
  • \n Biogenesis baseball scandal
    • \n
  • \n BALCO scandal
    • \n
  • \n Game of Shadows
    • \n
  • \n Barry Bonds perjury case
    • \n
\n
\n Timeline \n
    \n
  • \n Timeline of Major League Baseball
      \n
    • \n History of team nicknames
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Dead - ball era
    • \n
  • \n Live - ball era
    • \n
  • \n Golden age of baseball
    • \n
  • \n Defunct and relocated teams
    • \n
  • \n Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s
    • \n
  • \n Expansion
      \n
    • \n 1961
      • \n
    • \n 1962
      • \n
    • \n 1969
      • \n
    • \n 1977
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n 1998
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Commissioner : Rob Manfred
    • \n
  • \n League Presidents
      \n
    • \n NL
      • \n
    • \n AL
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n American League presidents
\n
    \n
  • \n Ban Johnson ( 1901 -- 1927 )
    • \n
  • \n Frank Navin ( acting president 1927 )
    • \n
  • \n Ernest Barnard ( 1927 -- 1931 )
    • \n
  • \n Will Harridge ( 1931 -- 1959 )
    • \n
  • \n Joe Cronin ( 1959 -- 1973 )
    • \n
  • \n Lee MacPhail ( 1973 -- 1984 )
    • \n
  • \n Bobby Brown ( 1984 -- 1994 )
    • \n
  • \n Gene Budig ( 1994 -- 1999 )
    • \n
  • \n Jackie Autry ( Honorary , 2000 - 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Frank Robinson ( Honorary , 2015 - present )
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Professional baseball leagues
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Americas
\n Major \n
    \n
  • \n Major League Baseball
      \n
    • \n American League
      • \n
    • \n National League
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Minor \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Triple - A \n
    \n
  • \n International League
    • \n
  • \n Pacific Coast League
    • \n
  • \n Mexican League
    • \n
\n
\n Double - A \n
    \n
  • \n Eastern League
    • \n
  • \n Southern League
    • \n
  • \n Texas League
    • \n
\n
\n Class A Advanced \n
    \n
  • \n California League
    • \n
  • \n Carolina League
    • \n
  • \n Florida State League
    • \n
\n
\n Class A \n
    \n
  • \n Midwest League
    • \n
  • \n South Atlantic League
    • \n
\n
\n Class A Short Season \n
    \n
  • \n New York -- Penn League
    • \n
  • \n Northwest League
    • \n
\n
\n Rookie Advanced \n
    \n
  • \n Appalachian League
    • \n
  • \n Pioneer League
    • \n
\n
\n Rookie \n
    \n
  • \n Arizona League
    • \n
  • \n Dominican Summer League
    • \n
  • \n Gulf Coast League
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Independent \n
    \n
  • \n American Association
    • \n
  • \n Atlantic League
    • \n
  • \n Can - Am League
    • \n
  • \n Empire League
    • \n
  • \n Frontier League
    • \n
  • \n Pacific Association
    • \n
  • \n Pecos League
    • \n
  • \n United Shore League
    • \n
\n
\n Off - season \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n MLB - affiliated \n
    \n
  • \n Arizona Fall League
    • \n
  • \n Dominican Professional Baseball League
    • \n
  • \n Liga Paralela
    • \n
  • \n Mexican Pacific League
    • \n
  • \n Puerto Rico Baseball League
    • \n
  • \n Venezuelan Professional Baseball League
    • \n
\n
\n Independent \n
    \n
  • \n Colombian Professional Baseball League
    • \n
  • \n Nicaraguan Professional Baseball League
    • \n
  • \n Panamanian Professional Baseball League
    • \n
  • \n Veracruz Winter League
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Defunct Major Leagues \n
    \n
  • \n All - American Girls Professional Baseball League
    • \n
  • \n American Association
    • \n
  • \n Continental League
    • \n
  • \n Cuban League
    • \n
  • \n Federal League
    • \n
  • \n National Association
    • \n
  • \n Negro league baseball
    • \n
  • \n Players ' League
    • \n
  • \n Union Association
    • \n
  • \n United States Baseball League
      \n
    • \n Defunct minor leagues
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Asia
\n China \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Major \n
    \n
  • \n China Baseball League
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Japan \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Major \n
    \n
  • \n Nippon Professional Baseball
      \n
    • \n Central League
      • \n
    • \n Pacific League
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Minor \n
    \n
  • \n Eastern League
    • \n
  • \n Western League
    • \n
\n
\n Off - season \n
    \n
  • \n Miyazaki Phoenix League
    • \n
\n
\n Independent \n
    \n
  • \n Baseball Challenge League
    • \n
  • \n Shikoku Island League Plus
    • \n
\n
\n Women 's \n
    \n
  • \n Japan Women 's Baseball League
    • \n
\n
\n
\n South Korea \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Major \n
    \n
  • \n KBO League
    • \n
\n
\n Minor \n
    \n
  • \n KBO Futures League
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Taiwan \n
    \n
  • \n Major : Chinese Professional Baseball League
    • \n
  • \n Minor : Popcorn League
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Europe
\n Euro \n
    \n
  • \n Euro League Baseball
    • \n
\n
\n Italy \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Major \n
    \n
  • \n Italian Baseball League 1D
    • \n
\n
\n Minor \n
    \n
  • \n Italian Baseball League 2D
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Netherlands \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Major \n
    \n
  • \n Honkbal Hoofdklasse
    • \n
\n
\n Minor \n
    \n
  • \n Honkbal Overgangsklasse
    • \n
\n
\n Rookie \n
    \n
  • \n Honkbal Rookie League
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Oceania
\n Australia \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n MLB - affiliated : \n Australian Baseball League
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Inter-league and Professional National Team Championships
\n
    \n
  • \n Asia Professional Baseball Championship
    • \n
  • \n Caribbean Series
    • \n
  • \n Triple - A National Championship Game
    • \n
  • \n World Baseball Classic
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_League&oldid=838230932 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "list of american league and national league teams", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "21 Guns ( song ) - wikipedia

\n 21 Guns ( song )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` 21 Guns ''
\n
\n Single by Green Day
\n from the album 21st Century Breakdown
\n Released \n May 25 , 2009 ( digital download ) July 14 , 2009 ( CD single )
\n Format \n Digital download , CD single , vinyl
\n Recorded \n 2008
\n Genre \n Alternative rock
\n Length \n 5 : 21
\n Label \n Reprise
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n Billie Joe Armstrong , David Bowie , Mike Dirnt , and Tr\u00e9 Cool
\n Producer ( s ) \n Butch Vig and Green Day
\n Green Day singles chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Know Your Enemy '' ( 2009 ) \n `` 21 Guns '' ( 2009 ) \n `` East Jesus Nowhere '' ( 2009 )
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Know Your Enemy '' ( 2009 ) \n `` 21 Guns '' ( 2009 ) \n `` East Jesus Nowhere '' ( 2009 )
\n
\n
\n Audio sample
\n
    \n
  • \n file
    • \n
  • \n help
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

\n `` 21 Guns '' is a song by American punk rock band Green Day . It was released as the second single from their eighth album , 21st Century Breakdown . The single was released through Reprise Records on May 25 , 2009 as a digital download and July 14 , 2009 as a CD single . The song has been a success on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , peaking at No. 22 , which has become their highest charting single since 2005 .

\n

\n It was nominated for a Grammy for Best Rock Performance by a Duo / Group with Vocals and Best Rock Song in 2010 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Background and composition

\n

\n `` 21 Guns '' addresses the topic of patriotism . Frontman and chief songwriter Billie Joe Armstrong told Q magazine , in May 2009 : `` It brings up 21st Century Breakdown in a lot of ways , and the 21 - gun salute for someone that 's fallen , but done in an arena rock ' n ' roll sort of way . ''

\n

\n According to Q , the song is `` a mammoth power ballad with a chorus like Mott the Hoople 's All the Young Dudes . '' William Goodman from Spin agreed , also comparing the song to All The Young Dudes . Entertainment Weekly 's Simon Vozick - Levinson described it as a `` sensitive arena rock cut that made us think of Toto 's ' Africa ' . While the chorus sounded more like ELO 's ' Telephone Line . ' A Rolling Stone article commented that it `` has a dash of ' Boulevard of Broken Dreams ' to it . '' Spin 's Goodman agreed , writing : `` This track covers a lot of territory in its five minutes , from a solo acoustic guitar ( reminiscent of `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams '' ) to Brian May - worthy electric riffage . But the chorus holds the killer hook , as Armstrong hits highs with his voice in a thrilling moment . ''

\n

\n Critical reception

\n

\n The song has received critical acclaim . Chris Fallon writing for AbsolutePunk commented that `` it is arguably the album 's highlight , presenting an anti-war ballad that is both monumentally enduring and also sophisticated protest . '' James Montgomery of MTV News described it as `` a cell - phones - in - the - air anthem , starting with more sharply strummed acoustic guitars . '' Colin Moriarty from IGN wrote that the track is `` perhaps the best song on the album as a whole , is a multi-faceted song with a pretty poignant message to boot . '' Jordan Richardson of Blogcritics commented : `` It 's the album 's anti-war hymn , reaching heroic heights with a sleek sort of sappiness that fits flawlessly . The range and sentiment may dishearten those looking for a little more Dookie from their Green Day , but I 've never heard Billie Joe sound so good and so earnest as he pulls his frail voice upwards to knock out some stunning high notes . '' Mayer Nissim gave the song 3 out of 5 stars , writing : `` It combines verses reminiscent of Neil Young 's ' Heart of Gold ' with big power - pop chord changes and choruses that soar in all the right places . The jerky charm of the band 's earlier work may be missing , but there 's still lots to enjoy here . ''

\n

\n However , Adam Downer from Sputnikmusic gave a negative review , commenting that `` it sounds like a terrible rewrite of something John Lennon never released . ''

\n

\n Chart Performance

\n

\n The song debuted at No. 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at No. 22 ( becoming their highest peaking song since the 2005 hit `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' ) , and No. 81 on the Canadian Hot 100 , reaching # 15 . It reached No. 3 on the Alternative Songs chart and No. 17 on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart . Also , on the Billboard Pop Songs it reached # 7 . On the Australian ARIA Singles Chart , the song peaked at # 4 . On the UK Singles Chart , it debuted at No. 100 and rose to # 36 . In New Zealand , the song debuted at No. 23 and peaked at No. 3 in its seventh week on the chart . In New Zealand , it was certified Platinum after 13 weeks on the chart , selling over 15,000 copies . It was certified Platinum by the RIAA . The single was also certified Platinum in Italy .

\n

\n Release and Media appearance

\n

\n `` 21 Guns '' was released to modern punk radio stations on May 25 , 2009 , although it had already been played on some radio stations , such as KROQ in Los Angeles and 101.9 in New York City . In the radio edit , the song is over forty seconds shorter than the album version due to the bridge being shortened and the intro being taken out . The CD single and clear 7 '' single were released on July 14 , 2009 .

\n

\n The song is featured heavily in Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen and appears on the soundtrack , which was released on June 12 , 2009 . It became available for download on the music video game series Rock Band on July 7 , 2009 , along with the songs `` East Jesus Nowhere '' and `` Know Your Enemy .

\n

\n The song was featured in episode 6 of The Vampire Diaries . The song is featured in the video game Green Day : Rock Band and is downloadable content for the Rock Band series .

\n

\n A live version was also released on 21 Guns Live EP in September 2009 .

\n

\n Music video

\n

\n A music video was directed by Marc Webb and filmed in Los Angeles on June 6 , 2009 . It premiered on MySpace on Monday , June 22 , 2009 at midnight EDT . A shorter version of the video also exists , which is set to the radio edit of the song .

\n

\n It is the third Green Day video to feature touring guitarist Jason White performing with the band , following `` Wake Me Up When September Ends '' and `` Working Class Hero '' . He is also seen briefly in the music videos for `` When I Come Around '' and `` Jesus of Suburbia '' but he is not performing with the band .

\n

\n After spending the previous week at number 3 , the video peaked at number one on VH1 Top 20 Countdown on August 22 , 2009 and again on September 19 , 2009 . It also won `` Best Rock Video '' , `` Best Direction in a Video '' and `` Best Cinematography in a Video '' for the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards .

\n

\n The video takes place with the band and the album 's two protagonists Christian ( Josh Boswell ) and Gloria ( Lisa Stelly ) taking refuge in a white room after robbing a bank . The police arrive outside the room and open fire through the window , to the couple 's terror . As bullets rain through the room , the band continues playing . Gloria picks up the phone and throws it into a fish tank . As the bullets continue to fly and tear apart the room , Christian and Gloria become calm and walk toward each other , unharmed by the bullets . They embrace and kiss as the room goes dark , recreating the 21st Century Breakdown cover art . As the song ends , the room lights up again , and they are still uninjured . After the room lights up , there are various shots of destruction in the room , including a shot of some of the writing on the walls . The writing includes an excerpt of the lyrics to `` 21 Guns '' , as well as those of the song `` See The Light '' which also appears on `` 21st Century Breakdown '' . The video may represent the meaning of the song in the 21st Century Breakdown story .

\n

\n Musical cast version

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` 21 Guns ''
\n
\n Single by Green Day and the cast of American Idiot
\n from the album American Idiot : The Original Broadway Cast Recording
\n B - side \n `` Like a Rolling Stone ( Bob Dylan Cover ) ''
\n Released \n December 3 , 2009
\n Format \n Digital download , CD single
\n Recorded \n 2009
\n Genre \n Alternative rock
\n Length \n 4 : 41
\n Label \n Reprise
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n Billie Joe Armstrong , David Bowie , Mike Dirnt , and Tr\u00e9 Cool
\n Producer ( s ) \n Green Day
\n Green Day and the cast of American Idiot singles chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n `` 21 Guns '' ( 2009 ) \n `` When It 's Time '' ( 2010 )
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n `` 21 Guns ( Musical Cast Version ) '' ( 2010 ) \n `` When It 's Time '' ( 2010 )
\n
\n

\n Green Day has recorded two versions of `` 21 Guns '' with the cast of American Idiot . The recording was produced by Billie Joe Armstrong . The recording with Armstrong singing the male solo parts was released on December 3 to Spinner.com and also released for digital download on December 22 . The video was released February 1 .

\n

\n The second version of the song with the cast of American Idiot features Stark Sands , John Gallagher Jr. , and Michael Esper singing their respective solos instead of Armstrong .

\n

\n It was performed with Armstrong singing lead male vocals at the 52nd Grammy Awards .

\n

\n Live EP

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 21 Guns Live EP
\n
\n EP by Green Day
\n Released \n September 4 , 2009
\n Recorded \n July 25 , 2009 in Albany , New York ; July 28 , 2009 Madison Square Garden , New York
\n Genre \n Pop punk , punk rock , alternative rock
\n Length \n 17 : 52
\n Label \n Reprise
\n Producer \n Green Day
\n

\n Green Day released a live EP for the song including live performances of `` Welcome to Paradise '' , `` Brain Stew / Jaded '' and `` F.O.D. '' recorded live in Albany , New York and Madison Square Garden . This EP was released on the Australian iTunes store , Amazon UK , and Napster .

\n

\n Track listing

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Digital download / Maxi CD
\n No . \n Title \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` 21 Guns '' \n 5 : 21
\n 2 . \n `` Favorite Son '' ( Green Day 's contribution to the Rock Against Bush Vol. 2 compilation ) \n 2 : 13
\n 3 . \n `` 21 Guns '' ( Studio 880 version ) \n 5 : 17
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n CD single / 7 '' single
\n No . \n Title \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` 21 Guns '' \n 5 : 21
\n 2 . \n `` Favorite Son '' ( From `` Rock Against Bush Vol. 2 '' ) \n 2 : 13
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Promo CD
\n No . \n Title \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` 21 Guns '' ( Radio Edit ) \n 4 : 37
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Digital download / CD single
\n No . \n Title \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` 21 Guns '' ( Green Day with the cast of American Idiot version ) \n 4 : 41
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 21 Guns EP
\n No . \n Title \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` 21 Guns '' ( Green Day with the cast of American Idiot version ) \n 4 : 41
\n 2 . \n `` 21 Guns '' ( Original version ) \n 5 : 21
\n 3 . \n `` 21 Guns '' ( Live in Japan ) \n 5 : 01
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 21 Guns Live EP
\n No . \n Title \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` 21 Guns '' ( live in Albany , New York , 2009 ) \n 5 : 45
\n 2 . \n `` Welcome to Paradise '' ( live in Albany , New York , 2009 ) \n 3 : 45
\n 3 . \n `` Brain Stew / Jaded '' ( live in Albany , New York , 2009 ) \n 5 : 33
\n 4 . \n `` F.O.D. '' ( live in Madison Square Garden , New York , 2009 ) \n 2 : 50
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 21 Guns ( Live in Tokyo ) Promo CD
\n No . \n Title \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` 21 Guns '' ( live in Tokyo ) \n 5 : 56
\n

\n Charts and certifications

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n Weekly charts

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 2009 ) \n Peak position
\n Australia ( ARIA ) \n 14
\n Austria ( \u00d63 Austria Top 40 ) \n 10
\n Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) \n 38
\n Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) \n 19
\n Brazil ( ABPD ) \n 12
\n Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) \n 15
\n Czech Singles Chart \n 12
\n Denmark ( Tracklisten ) \n 37
\n European Hot 100 \n
\n Germany ( Official German Charts ) \n 13
\n Iceland Singles Chart \n
\n Ireland ( IRMA ) \n 21
\n Israel Singles Chart \n
\n Italy ( FIMI ) \n 15
\n Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) \n 21
\n Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) \n 89
\n New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) \n
\n Polish Singles Chart \n
\n Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) \n 17
\n Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) \n 8
\n Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) \n 13
\n UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) \n 36
\n US Billboard Hot 100 \n 22
\n US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) \n 30
\n US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) \n 9
\n US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) \n 5
\n US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) \n 17
\n US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) \n
\n 		\n

\n Year - end charts

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n End of year chart ( 2009 ) \n Position
\n Australian Singles Chart \n 72
\n Italian Singles Chart \n 75
\n New Zealand Singles Chart \n 38
\n Swiss Singles Chart \n 60
\n U.S. Billboard Hot 100 \n 78
\n

\n Certifications

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Region \n Certification \n Certified units / Sales
\n Australia ( ARIA ) \n Platinum \n 70,000
\n New Zealand ( RMNZ ) \n Platinum \n 15,000
\n United Kingdom ( BPI ) \n Silver \n 200,000
\n United States ( RIAA ) \n Platinum \n 1,000,000
\n

\n sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone

\n
\n
\n

\n Personnel

\n \n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Articles > Q > `` Viva La Revolution ! '' - Page 7 `` . Q Magazine . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Articles > Q > `` Viva La Revolution ! - Page 3 '' . Q Magazine . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Goodman , William ( February 13 , 2009 ) . `` First Listen : Green Day 's `` 21st Century Breakdown '' `` . Spin . Retrieved May 7 , 2009 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Green Day 's 21st Century Breakdown : We heard ( some of ) it ! PopWatch Blog '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved May 7 , 2009 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` First Listen : Green Day Revive Dramatic Political Punk on `` 21st Century Breakdown '' `` . Rolling Stone . February 11 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2009 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Fallon , Chris ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` Green Day -- 21st Century Breakdown -- Album Review '' . AbsolutePunk . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2009 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` We Preview Green Day 's 21st Century Breakdown -- News Story '' . MTV . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Moriarty , Colin ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` Green Day : 21st Century Breakdown Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Richardson , Jordan ( May 10 , 2009 ) . `` Music Review : Green Day -- 21st Century Breakdown -- Page 2 '' . Blogcritics . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Nassim , Mayer ( July 12 , 2009 ) . `` Green Day : ' 21 Guns ' -- Music Singles Review -- Digital Spy '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Downer , Adam ( May 11 , 2009 ) . `` Green Day 21st Century Breakdown '' . Sputnikmusic . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 13 , 2009 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . charts.org.nz . September 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` September 13 , 2009 : New Zealand Gold Certification '' . radioscope.net.nz . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2009 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` FMQB : Radio Industry News ... '' FMQB . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Green Day -- 21 Guns ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Discogs . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Revenge of the Fallen Soundtrack '' . digiRAMA . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` MTV Games , Harmonix & Warner Bros. / Reprise Records Partner With Green Day to Bring Their Music Exclusively to Rock Band / / News / / Rock Band '' . Rockband.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` SkinnyLove21 's Journal -- The Vampire Diaries Soundtrack , Season 1 '' . last.fm. April 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` '' 21 Guns '' -- Green Day `` . rockband.com . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` 21 Guns Live EP '' . GreenDay.com . September 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` 21 Guns Video '' . Green Day.com . June 5 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` 2009 MTV Video Music Awards Winners '' . MTV . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Green Day -- making of 21 Guns video '' . MySpace Video . June 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` Press Release '' . GreenDay.com . November 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Press Release '' . GreenDay.com . December 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Officially released video Green Day -- 21 Guns ( Cast Version ) on YouTube
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` Get The New 21 Guns EP In Itunes Now '' . GreenDay.com . February 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' ( in German ) . \u00d63 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Green Day Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History '' . R\u00daV . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- 21 Guns '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` Media Forest : Airplay chart '' . mediaforest.biz . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2015 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Green Day '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` Green Day -- 21 Guns . Polish Singles Chart '' .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Green Day : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ `` Green Day Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ `` Australia year end -- 2009 '' . ARIA . January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` FIMI -- Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana -- Ricerche e dati di mercato '' . Fimi.it . January 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ `` RIANZ '' . RIANZ . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 1 , 2011 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` 2009 Year End Swiss Singles Chart '' . Swiss Music Charts. 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` Billboard year end -- 2009 '' . Billboard . January 19 , 2010 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2009 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . Recorded Music NZ . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter 21 Guns in the search field and then press Enter .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Green Day -- 21 Guns '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH
    64. \n
\n

\n External links

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Green Day
\n
    \n
  • \n Billie Joe Armstrong
    • \n
  • \n Mike Dirnt
    • \n
  • \n Tr\u00e9 Cool
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Jason White
    • \n
  • \n John Kiffmeyer
    • \n
\n
\n Studio albums \n
    \n
  • \n 39 / Smooth
    • \n
  • \n Kerplunk
    • \n
  • \n Dookie
    • \n
  • \n Insomniac
    • \n
  • \n Nimrod
    • \n
  • \n Warning
    • \n
  • \n American Idiot
    • \n
  • \n 21st Century Breakdown
    • \n
  • \n \u00a1 Uno !
    • \n
  • \n \u00a1 Dos !
    • \n
  • \n \u00a1 Tr\u00e9 !
    • \n
  • \n Revolution Radio
    • \n
\n
\n Live albums \n
    \n
  • \n Live Tracks
    • \n
  • \n Tune In , Tokyo ...
    • \n
  • \n Bullet in a Bible
    • \n
  • \n Awesome as Fuck
    • \n
\n
\n Compilation albums \n
    \n
  • \n 1,039 / Smoothed Out Slappy Hours
    • \n
  • \n International Superhits !
    • \n
  • \n Shenanigans
    • \n
  • \n Green Day
    • \n
  • \n Demolicious
    • \n
  • \n Greatest Hits : God 's Favorite Band
    • \n
\n
\n EPs \n
    \n
  • \n 1,000 Hours
    • \n
  • \n Slappy
    • \n
  • \n Sweet Children
    • \n
  • \n Last Night on Earth : Live in Tokyo
    • \n
\n
\n Singles \n
    \n
  • \n `` Longview ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Welcome to Paradise ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Basket Case ''
    • \n
  • \n `` When I Come Around ''
    • \n
  • \n `` She ''
    • \n
  • \n `` J.A.R. ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Geek Stink Breath ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Stuck with Me ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Brain Stew / Jaded ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Walking Contradiction ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Hitchin ' a Ride ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Good Riddance ( Time of Your Life ) ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Redundant ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Nice Guys Finish Last ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Minority ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Warning ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Waiting ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Macy 's Day Parade ''
    • \n
  • \n `` American Idiot ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Boulevard of Broken Dreams ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Holiday ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Wake Me Up When September Ends ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Jesus of Suburbia ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Know Your Enemy ''
    • \n
  • \n `` 21 Guns ''
    • \n
  • \n `` East Jesus Nowhere ''
    • \n
  • \n `` 21st Century Breakdown ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Last of the American Girls ''
    • \n
  • \n `` When It 's Time ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Oh Love ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Kill the DJ ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Let Yourself Go ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Stray Heart ''
    • \n
  • \n `` The Forgotten ''
    • \n
  • \n `` X-Kid ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Xmas Time of the Year ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Bang Bang ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Still Breathing ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Revolution Radio ''
    • \n
\n
\n Tours \n
    \n
  • \n Pop Disaster Tour
    • \n
  • \n American Idiot World Tour
    • \n
  • \n 21st Century Breakdown World Tour
    • \n
  • \n 99 Revolutions Tour
    • \n
  • \n Revolution Radio Tour
    • \n
\n
\n Associated acts \n
    \n
  • \n Foxboro Hot Tubs
    • \n
  • \n The Network
    • \n
  • \n Pinhead Gunpowder
    • \n
  • \n The Frustrators
    • \n
  • \n The Lookouts
    • \n
  • \n The Big Cats
    • \n
  • \n The Influents
    • \n
\n
\n Related articles \n
    \n
  • \n Discography
    • \n
  • \n List of songs
    • \n
  • \n Awards and nominations
    • \n
  • \n Adeline Records
    • \n
  • \n Cigarettes and Valentines
    • \n
  • \n Money Money 2020
    • \n
  • \n Stop Drop and Roll ! ! !
    • \n
  • \n American Edit
    • \n
  • \n Green Day 's American Idiot
      \n
    • \n soundtrack
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Green Day : Rock Band
      \n
    • \n songs
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n \u00a1 Cuatro !
    • \n
  • \n Foreverly
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=21_Guns_(song)&oldid=820470590 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who is the girl in green day 21 guns", "long_answers": ["The video takes place with the band and the album 's two protagonists Christian ( Josh Boswell ) and Gloria ( Lisa Stelly ) taking refuge in a white room after robbing a bank . The police arrive outside the room and open fire through the window , to the couple 's terror . As bullets rain through the room , the band continues playing . Gloria picks up the phone and throws it into a fish tank . As the bullets continue to fly and tear apart the room , Christian and Gloria become calm and walk toward each other , unharmed by the bullets . They embrace and kiss as the room goes dark , recreating the 21st Century Breakdown cover art . As the song ends , the room lights up again , and they are still uninjured . After the room lights up , there are various shots of destruction in the room , including a shot of some of the writing on the walls . The writing includes an excerpt of the lyrics to `` 21 Guns '' , as well as those of the song `` See The Light '' which also appears on `` 21st Century Breakdown '' . The video may represent the meaning of the song in the 21st Century Breakdown story .\n"], "short_answers": ["Lisa Stelly\n", "Lisa Stelly\n", "Lisa Stelly\n", "Lisa Stelly\n", "Lisa Stelly\n"]} {"text": "Ram trucks - wikipedia

\n Ram trucks

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the marque spun off from Dodge in 2010 . For historic Dodge trucks , see List of vehicles named Dodge Ram . \n Ram Trucks \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Type \n Division of FCA US LLC
\n Industry \n Automobile
\n Predecessor \n Fargo Trucks
\n Founded \n 2010 ; 8 years ago ( 2010 )
\n Headquarters \n Auburn Hills , Michigan , U.S. Administration , Research , Engineering & Design
\n Area served \n North America , Middle East , Chile .
\n Key people \n

\n Michael Manley ( Head of Global Jeep & Ram Brands )

\n James C. Morrison ( Head of Ram North America )
\n Products \n Trucks , Vans
\n Owner \n Fiat Chrysler Automobiles NV
\n Parent \n FCA US LLC
\n Website \n RamTrucks.com
\n

\n Ram Trucks , stylized as RAM and formally known as the Ram Truck Division , is a United States - based brand of light to mid-weight commercial vehicles established in 2010 as a division of FCA US LLC , a wholly owned subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles . It was spun - off from Dodge marque , using the name of the popular Dodge Ram line of trucks . Ram Trucks ' logo was originally Dodge 's logo .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Background ( edit )

\n

\n Prior to the 1970s , Dodge had maintained a separate marque for trucks , Fargo , primarily for use outside the United States . After that point , all trucks made by Chrysler were distributed under the Dodge marque .

\n

\n Ram Trucks was established as a division of Chrysler in 2010 , as a spin - off from the Dodge brand , and using the name of the popular Dodge Ram line of pickups that is now sold under the Ram banner . According to Chrysler , the Ram Trucks brand will concentrate on `` real truck customers , '' rather than casual truck buyers who buy trucks for image or style .

\n

\n The Ram brand was created following Chrysler 's acquisition by Italian automaker Fiat S.p.A. , and the plans called for Dodge switching to an exclusively car - based lineup with all pickup and future heavy - duty trucks by Chrysler being sold under the Ram brand . This started in the 2009 calendar year . The Fiat Ducato cargo van design has been adopted and is sold as the Ram ProMaster in North American markets , filling the gap created when Daimler ended production of the Dodge Sprinter in 2008 . The goal was to increase truck sales `` from today 's 280,000 to 415,000 by 2014 '' .

\n

\n Executives at Chrysler have stated their intention to compete in the semi-trailer truck category with Ram , a possibility that is aided by Fiat 's ownership of Iveco and an already available network of Dodge dealers . Even though the Ram trucks are marketed separately from Dodge cars , former Ram Division President Fred Diaz stated , `` Ram trucks will always and forever be Dodge 's . Ram will always have the Dodge emblem inside and outside and they will be ' vinned ' ( Vehicle Identification Number ) as a Dodge . We need to continue to market as Ram so Dodge can have a different brand identity : hip , cool , young , energetic . That will not fit the campaign for truck buyers . The two should have distinct themes . ''

\n

\n In April 2013 , former CEO Fred Diaz left RAM to serve as vice president of Nissan 's divisional sales and marketing . He was replaced by Reid Bigland .

\n

\n In August 2014 , Ram truck brand CEO Reid Bigland was tapped to lead the Alfa Romeo brand in North America . It was announced that the new head of the Ram Trucks brand would be longtime Chrysler employee Robert Hegbloom , who joined Chrysler in 1986 and had previously been a director for the Dodge brand .

\n

\n The Ram brand logo features the head of a ram , formerly the logo used by Dodge .

\n

\n Trucks ( edit )

\n

\n For specifically foreign - market models ( designed by Chrysler Europe , etc . ) , see below .

\n

\n Also note that from 1927 to 1928 , all trucks built by Dodge were actually sold under the Graham name , as that company held the marketing rights at that time .

\n

\n Current ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n Former ( edit )

\n \n

\n Production ( edit )

\n

\n Ram utilizes three facilities , two in North America and one in Europe , for the production of its vehicles .

\n

\n Warren Truck Assembly , Warren , Michigan , United States . First opened in 1938 , the facility has produced trucks for Dodge and Ram for over 70 years . Near the plant are also the Warren metal stamping plant , Mount Elliot tool and die plant which contribute parts and components to the manufacture of the Dakota and 1500 series .

\n

\n The following models are currently assembled at the plant :

\n \n

\n Saltillo Truck Assembly , Saltillo , Coahuila , Mexico . The plant manufactures the full range of the Ram truck series as well as the DX Chassis cab and ProMaster van . The plant has won numerous awards and has been recognized as the Chrysler groups best truck facility in terms of build quality . The Saltillo stamping plant is also attached to the facility .

\n

\n The following models are built at the plant :

\n \n

\n Tofa\u015f , Bursa , Turkey . The plant produces vehicles primarily for the European market ; however , the Ram ProMaster City is produced at Tofa\u015f and imported into North America .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n

\n Fiat Professional : Fiat Chrysler Automobiles light commercial vehicle brand marketed outside North America .

\n

\n In popular culture ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Ram brand created , Gilles to lead Dodge cars and Fong leaves in Chrysler shakeup '' . AutoWeek. 2009 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 23 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Hoffman , Bryce G. ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Chrysler brands to aim appeal at specific lifestyles '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Kilcarr , Sean ( 2009 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Chrysler to get Fiat commercial vans '' . Fleet Owner . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 23 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ McElroy , John ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) . `` Chrysler Considers Getting Back Into Big Rigs '' . Autoline on Autoblog . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 23 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Reid Bigland Gets Top Spot at Ram '' . pickuptrucks.com. 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Robert Hegbloom named head of Ram truck brand '' . trucktrend.com. 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Ram 1200 '' . Ram Trucks Middle East . Retrieved 24 August 2017 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Dodge in Mexico : a history by Jaime Hale . `` Chrysler , Jeep , and Dodge in Mexico '' . Allpar.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 22 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ http://nordic.businessinsider.com/dodge-ram-super-bowl-commercial-martin-luther-king-2018-2?r=US&IR=T
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ https://www.democracynow.org/2018/2/6/when_us_needs_mlks_voice_more
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/CNN/status/960390097387565056
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/05/business/media/mlk-commercial-ram-dodge.html
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ https://www.mediaite.com/tv/twitter-roasts-dodge-ram-for-using-mlk-speech-to-sell-trucks-during-super-bowl/
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/documentsentry/doc_the_drum_major_instinct/
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBiFnDuCJIU
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ https://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=767&Itemid=74&jumival=21069
    17. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ram Trucks .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n `` Dodge -- Ram truck timeline , North American market , 2010 -- present
\n Type \n 2010s
\n 0 \n \n \n \n \n 5 \n 6 \n 7 \n 8
\n Coup\u00e9 utility \n \n 700
\n Mid-size pickup \n Dakota \n
\n Full - size pickup \n 1500 -- 5500
\n Van / Minivan \n \n ProMaster Rapid
\n \n ProMaster City
\n \n ProMaster
\n \n Ram C / V \n
\n Brown denotes models exclusive to Mexico .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n FCA US LLC
\n Marques \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Current \n
    \n
  • \n Chrysler
    • \n
  • \n Dodge
    • \n
  • \n Jeep
    • \n
  • \n Ram
    • \n
  • \n Fiat Automobiles ( USA )
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct \n
    \n
  • \n AMC ( 1966 -- 1988 )
    • \n
  • \n Commer ( 1905 -- 1979 )
    • \n
  • \n Barreiros ( 1959 -- 1978 )
    • \n
  • \n DeSoto ( 1928 -- 1961 )
    • \n
  • \n Eagle ( 1988 -- 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Fargo ( 1920 -- 1972 )
    • \n
  • \n Hillman ( 1907 -- 1976 )
    • \n
  • \n Humber ( 1898 -- 1975 )
    • \n
  • \n Imperial ( 1955 -- 1975 , 1981 -- 1983 )
    • \n
  • \n Karrier ( 1908 -- 1977 )
    • \n
  • \n Plymouth ( 1928 -- 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Singer ( 1905 -- 1970 )
    • \n
  • \n Simca ( 1934 -- 1977 )
    • \n
  • \n SRT ( 2013 -- 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n Sunbeam ( 1901 -- 1976 )
    • \n
  • \n Valiant ( 1960 -- 1966 )
    • \n
\n
\n 		\n
\n Divisions and subsidiaries \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Current \n
    \n
  • \n Chrysler Australia
    • \n
  • \n Chrysler Capital
    • \n
  • \n Chrysler Canada
    • \n
  • \n Dodge
    • \n
  • \n Jeep
    • \n
  • \n Mopar
    • \n
  • \n Ram Trucks
    • \n
  • \n Street & Racing Technology ( SRT )
    • \n
  • \n Road Track ( R / T )
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct \n
    \n
  • \n Chrysler - Plymouth ( 1928 -- 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n American Motors Corporation ( 1954 -- 88 )
    • \n
  • \n Chrysler Australia ( 1951 -- 81 )
    • \n
  • \n Chrysler Europe ( 1967 -- 81 )
    • \n
  • \n Chrysler UK ( 1970 -- 81 )
    • \n
  • \n Envi ( 2007 -- 09 )
    • \n
\n
\n Former \n
    \n
  • \n Eurostar Automobilwerk
    • \n
  • \n Global Electric Motorcars
    • \n
  • \n Chrysler First Financial Services Corporation
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Joint ventures and alliances \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Current \n
    \n
  • \n United States Council for Automotive Research
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct \n
    \n
  • \n Diamond - Star Motors
    • \n
  • \n DaimlerChrysler -- Mitsubishi alliance
    • \n
  • \n Global Engine Alliance
    • \n
\n
\n
\n People \n
    \n
  • \n Walter Chrysler
    • \n
  • \n Lee Iacocca
    • \n
  • \n Bob Lutz
    • \n
  • \n C. Robert Kidder
    • \n
  • \n Thomas W. LaSorda
    • \n
  • \n Sergio Marchionne
    • \n
  • \n Louis Rhodes
    • \n
\n
\n Places \n
    \n
  • \n Chrysler Building
    • \n
  • \n Chrysler Headquarters and Technology Center
    • \n
  • \n Factories
    • \n
  • \n Proving grounds
    • \n
\n
\n Products \n
    \n
  • \n Engines ( Hemi , Pentastar , WGE )
    • \n
  • \n Platforms
    • \n
  • \n Transmissions
    • \n
  • \n Vehicles
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Big Three
    • \n
  • \n Cerberus Capital Management
    • \n
  • \n Chrysler Classic Racing
    • \n
  • \n Daimler - Chrysler ( 1998 -- 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n History ( Chapter 11 reorganization )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Parent
\n
\n Fiat Chrysler Automobiles
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Dodge
\n Current production \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Cars \n
    \n
  • \n Attitude
    • \n
  • \n Challenger
    • \n
  • \n Charger
      \n
    • \n LX
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Neon
    • \n
  • \n Vision
    • \n
\n
\n Vans / SUVs \n
    \n
  • \n Durango
    • \n
  • \n Grand Caravan
    • \n
  • \n Journey
    • \n
\n
\n Trucks ( Ram ) \n
    \n
  • \n Ram 700
    • \n
  • \n Ram 1200
    • \n
  • \n Ram 1500 / 2500 / 3500
    • \n
  • \n Ram Chassis Cab / Ram Heavy Duty Chassis Cab
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Discontinued \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Cars \n
    \n
  • \n 024
    • \n
  • \n 330
    • \n
  • \n 400
    • \n
  • \n 440
    • \n
  • \n 600
    • \n
  • \n 880
    • \n
  • \n 1500
    • \n
  • \n 1800
    • \n
  • \n Alpine
    • \n
  • \n Aries
    • \n
  • \n Arrow
    • \n
  • \n Aspen
    • \n
  • \n Attitude
    • \n
  • \n Atos
    • \n
  • \n Avenger
    • \n
  • \n Brisa
    • \n
  • \n Caliber
    • \n
  • \n Challenger
    • \n
  • \n Charger ( B - body )
    • \n
  • \n Charger ( L - body )
    • \n
  • \n Charger Daytona
    • \n
  • \n Colt
    • \n
  • \n Colt Vista
    • \n
  • \n Conquest
    • \n
  • \n Coronet
    • \n
  • \n Crusader
    • \n
  • \n Custom
    • \n
  • \n Custom 880
    • \n
  • \n Custom Royal
    • \n
  • \n Custom Royal Lancer
    • \n
  • \n D - 500
    • \n
  • \n Dart
      \n
    • \n PF
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Daytona
    • \n
  • \n Deluxe
    • \n
  • \n Demon
    • \n
  • \n Diplomat
    • \n
  • \n Dynasty
    • \n
  • \n Fast Four
    • \n
  • \n Forza
    • \n
  • \n i10
    • \n
  • \n Intrepid
    • \n
  • \n Kingsway
    • \n
  • \n La Femme
    • \n
  • \n Lancer
    • \n
  • \n Lancer Celeste
    • \n
  • \n Magnum
    • \n
  • \n Matador
    • \n
  • \n Mayfair
    • \n
  • \n Meadowbrook
    • \n
  • \n Mirada
    • \n
  • \n Model DU
    • \n
  • \n Monaco
    • \n
  • \n Neon
    • \n
  • \n Neon SRT - 4
    • \n
  • \n Omni
    • \n
  • \n Phoenix
    • \n
  • \n Polara
    • \n
  • \n Regal Lancer
    • \n
  • \n Regent
    • \n
  • \n Royal
    • \n
  • \n Royal Lancer
    • \n
  • \n Savoy
    • \n
  • \n SE
    • \n
  • \n Shadow
    • \n
  • \n Sierra
    • \n
  • \n Silver Challenger
    • \n
  • \n Spirit
    • \n
  • \n St. Regis
    • \n
  • \n Stealth
    • \n
  • \n Stratus
    • \n
  • \n Suburban
    • \n
  • \n Super Bee
    • \n
  • \n SX 2.0
    • \n
  • \n Trazo
    • \n
  • \n Verna
    • \n
  • \n Viper
    • \n
  • \n Viscount
    • \n
  • \n Wayfarer
    • \n
\n
\n Vans / SUVs \n
    \n
  • \n 1000
    • \n
  • \n Caravan
    • \n
  • \n JC
    • \n
  • \n Mini Ram Van
    • \n
  • \n Nitro
    • \n
  • \n Raider
    • \n
  • \n Ramcharger
    • \n
  • \n Ram Van / Ram Wagon / Sportsman / Tradesman / B - series van
    • \n
  • \n Sprinter
    • \n
  • \n Town Panel
    • \n
  • \n Town Wagon
    • \n
  • \n Wrangler TJ
    • \n
\n
\n Trucks \n
    \n
  • \n 50 series
    • \n
  • \n 100 series
    • \n
  • \n 300 series
    • \n
  • \n 500 series
    • \n
  • \n 1000
    • \n
  • \n A100
    • \n
  • \n B Series
    • \n
  • \n C Series
    • \n
  • \n D Series
    • \n
  • \n D - 50
    • \n
  • \n Dakota
    • \n
  • \n H - 100
    • \n
  • \n Husky
    • \n
  • \n L Series
    • \n
  • \n LCF Series
    • \n
  • \n M Series
    • \n
  • \n P Series
    • \n
  • \n PD Series
    • \n
  • \n Power Wagon
    • \n
  • \n Rampage
    • \n
  • \n Ram 50
    • \n
  • \n Route Van
    • \n
  • \n Dodge T - , V - , W - Series
    • \n
  • \n VC series
    • \n
  • \n VF series
    • \n
  • \n WC series
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Corporate \n
    \n
  • \n John Francis Dodge
    • \n
  • \n Horace Elgin Dodge
    • \n
  • \n Ram Truck Division
    • \n
  • \n List of Chrysler factories
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n A division of FCA US LLC
    • \n
  • \n Category : Dodge vehicles
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Ram
\n
    \n
  • \n Founded : 2009
    • \n
  • \n Parent : FCA US LLC
    • \n
  • \n Official website
    • \n
\n
\n Trucks ( Ram Trucks ) \n
    \n
  • \n 100 Series
    • \n
  • \n 500 Series
    • \n
  • \n B Series
    • \n
  • \n C Series
    • \n
  • \n D Series
    • \n
  • \n Power Wagon
    • \n
  • \n Rampage
    • \n
  • \n Ram 50
    • \n
  • \n WC series
    • \n
  • \n Dakota
    • \n
  • \n Ram 1500 / 2500 / 3500
    • \n
  • \n Ram Chassis Cab / Ram Heavy Duty Chassis Cab
    • \n
\n
\n Vans \n
    \n
  • \n 50 Series
    • \n
  • \n A100
    • \n
  • \n Cargo Van
    • \n
  • \n ProMaster
    • \n
  • \n ProMaster City
    • \n
\n
\n Coup\u00e9 utilities \n
    \n
  • \n Ram 700
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n ' Note : discontinued products above are shown in italics
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Dodge truck timeline , North American market , 1970s -- present
\n Type \n 1970s \n 1980s \n 1990s \n 2000s \n 2010s
\n 0 \n \n \n \n \n 5 \n 6 \n 7 \n 8 \n 9 \n 0 \n \n \n \n \n 5 \n 6 \n 7 \n 8 \n 9 \n 0 \n \n \n \n \n 5 \n 6 \n 7 \n 8 \n 9 \n 0 \n \n \n \n \n 5 \n 6 \n 7 \n 8 \n 9 \n 0 \n \n \n \n \n 5 \n 6 \n 7 \n 8
\n Mid-size CUV \n \n \n \n \n Journey
\n Compact SUV \n \n \n Raider \n \n \n Nitro \n
\n Mid-size SUV \n \n \n \n Durango \n \n
\n Full - size SUV \n \n Ramcharger \n Ramcharger \n \n Ramcharger \n \n Durango \n \n Durango
\n Coup\u00e9 utility \n \n \n Rampage \n \n \n \n
\n Minivan \n \n \n Caravan \n CV / GCV \n CV / GCV \n CV / GCV \n CV / GCV \n Grand Caravan
\n Van \n A100 \n Tradesman \n Ram Van / Ram Wagon \n Ram Van / Ram Wagon \n \n Ram
\n \n \n \n \n Sprinter \n Sprinter
\n Compact pickup \n \n D - 50 \n Ram 50 \n Ram 50 \n \n
\n Mid-size pickup \n \n \n Dakota \n Dakota \n Dakota
\n Full - size pickup \n D Series \n D Series \n Ram ( D Series ) \n Ram \n Ram \n Ram
\n \n \n \n \n Ram SRT - 10 \n
\n Heavy - duty truck \n LCF / C Series \n \n \n \n \n
\n Notes : \n The Ramcharger was not sold in the United States after the 1994 model year .
\n After Fiat S.p.A. acquired Chrysler LLC in 2009 , models of trucks and cargo vans were no longer designated as Dodge , but exclusively as Ram . A timeline of these models can be found here .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Automotive industry in the United States
\n
    \n
  • \n Automotive industry
    • \n
  • \n Economy of the United States
    • \n
  • \n Transportation in the United States
    • \n
\n
\n American vehicle manufacturers ( list ) \n
    \n
  • \n AGCO
      \n
    • \n Challenger Tractor
      • \n
    • \n Massey Ferguson
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n AM General
    • \n
  • \n American Expedition Vehicles
    • \n
  • \n American Growler
    • \n
  • \n Amp Electric Vehicles
    • \n
  • \n Anteros Coachworks
    • \n
  • \n Arcimoto
    • \n
  • \n Armour Group , Inc .
    • \n
  • \n ATK motorcycles
    • \n
  • \n Aurica Motors
    • \n
  • \n Autocar
    • \n
  • \n Blue Bird
    • \n
  • \n Boulder Electric Vehicle
    • \n
  • \n Brammo
    • \n
  • \n Brunton Stalker
    • \n
  • \n Caterpillar
    • \n
  • \n FCA US
      \n
    • \n Chrysler
      • \n
    • \n Dodge
      • \n
    • \n Jeep
      • \n
    • \n Ram
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n CNH Industrial
      \n
    • \n Case CE
      • \n
    • \n Case IH
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Commuter Cars
    • \n
  • \n Cushman
    • \n
  • \n Cummins
    • \n
  • \n Cycle - Scoot
    • \n
  • \n DeLorean
    • \n
  • \n Chenowth Racing Products
    • \n
  • \n Eagle Bus
    • \n
  • \n Environmental Performance Vehicles
    • \n
  • \n Equus
    • \n
  • \n Elio Motors
    • \n
  • \n Faraday Future
    • \n
  • \n Fisker Inc .
    • \n
  • \n Ford
      \n
    • \n Lincoln
      • \n
    • \n SVT
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n General Dynamics Land Systems
    • \n
  • \n General Motors
      \n
    • \n Buick
      • \n
    • \n Cadillac
      • \n
    • \n Chevrolet
      • \n
    • \n GMC
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Gillig
    • \n
  • \n Glaval Bus
    • \n
  • \n GreenTech
    • \n
  • \n Harley - Davidson
    • \n
  • \n HDT Global
    • \n
  • \n Hennessey
    • \n
  • \n HME
    • \n
  • \n John Deere
    • \n
  • \n Karma Automotive
    • \n
  • \n Legacy
    • \n
  • \n Nikola
    • \n
  • \n Local Motors
    • \n
  • \n Lockheed Martin
    • \n
  • \n Lingenfelter
    • \n
  • \n Lenco Industries
    • \n
  • \n Mack Trucks
    • \n
  • \n Millennium Luxury Coaches
    • \n
  • \n Morgan Olson
    • \n
  • \n Mosler Automotive
    • \n
  • \n MotoCzysz
    • \n
  • \n Motor Coach Industries
    • \n
  • \n Myers Motors
    • \n
  • \n Navistar International
      \n
    • \n IC Bus
      • \n
    • \n International
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Nissan Commercial Vehicles
    • \n
  • \n Oshkosh
      \n
    • \n Pierce
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Paccar
      \n
    • \n Kenworth
      • \n
    • \n Peterbilt
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Panoz
    • \n
  • \n Phoenix Motorcars
    • \n
  • \n Polaris Industries
      \n
    • \n Global Electric Motorcars
      • \n
    • \n Indian
      • \n
    • \n Victory
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Proterra
    • \n
  • \n REV Group
      \n
    • \n Champion Bus
      • \n
    • \n Collins
      • \n
    • \n ElDorado National
      • \n
    • \n E-One
      • \n
    • \n Fleetwood
      • \n
    • \n Goshen Coach
      • \n
    • \n Holiday Rambler
      • \n
    • \n Laymor
      • \n
    • \n Wheeled Coach
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Saleen
    • \n
  • \n Shelby American
    • \n
  • \n SSC North America
    • \n
  • \n Starcraft Bus
    • \n
  • \n Superformance
    • \n
  • \n Tesla
    • \n
  • \n Textron Marine & Land Systems
    • \n
  • \n Trans Tech
    • \n
  • \n TranStar Racing
    • \n
  • \n Ultimaster
    • \n
  • \n VIA Motors
    • \n
  • \n Visionary Vehicles
    • \n
  • \n Wheego Electric Cars
    • \n
  • \n ZAP
    • \n
  • \n Zimmer Motorcars
    • \n
\n
\n Foreign vehicle manufacturers with US operations \n
    \n
  • \n AB Volvo USA
    • \n
  • \n BMW US Manufacturing Company
    • \n
  • \n BYD Auto America
    • \n
  • \n Changan USA
    • \n
  • \n Daimler North America
      \n
    • \n Daimler Trucks North America
        \n
      • \n Thomas
        • \n
      • \n Freightliner
        • \n
      • \n Western Star
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n FAW Group USA
    • \n
  • \n Fiat USA
    • \n
  • \n FHI America
    • \n
  • \n Honda of America
      \n
    • \n Acura
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Hyundai USA
    • \n
  • \n Isuzu America
    • \n
  • \n Kia Motors America
    • \n
  • \n Mazda America
    • \n
  • \n Mitsubishi Motors North America
    • \n
  • \n New Flyer Industries ( 1 )
      \n
    • \n New Flyer
      • \n
    • \n NABI
      • \n
    • \n Motor Coach Industries
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Nissan USA
    • \n
  • \n Peugeot USA
    • \n
  • \n SAIC Motor USA
    • \n
  • \n Suzuki America
    • \n
  • \n Toyota Motor Sales , U.S.A.
      \n
    • \n Lexus
      • \n
    • \n Scion
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Volkswagen Group of America
    • \n
  • \n Wanxiang America
    • \n
\n
\n Active factories \n
    \n
  • \n BMW US Manufacturing Company
    • \n
  • \n Fiat Chrysler factories
    • \n
  • \n Ford factories
    • \n
  • \n General Motors factories
    • \n
  • \n Honda of America factories
    • \n
  • \n Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama
    • \n
  • \n Kia Motors Manufacturing Georgia
    • \n
  • \n Mercedes - Benz U.S. International
    • \n
  • \n Nissan North America
    • \n
  • \n Subaru of Indiana Automotive , Inc .
    • \n
  • \n Tesla Factory
    • \n
  • \n Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America
    • \n
  • \n Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant
    • \n
\n
\n Components companies \n
    \n
  • \n Allison
    • \n
  • \n BorgWarner
    • \n
  • \n Caterpillar
    • \n
  • \n Cummins
    • \n
  • \n Delphi
    • \n
  • \n Detroit Diesel
    • \n
  • \n Ingersoll Rand
    • \n
  • \n Eaton
    • \n
  • \n Firestone
    • \n
  • \n Goodyear
    • \n
  • \n Nexteer
    • \n
  • \n Remy International
    • \n
  • \n Timken
    • \n
  • \n Torrington
    • \n
  • \n Visteon
    • \n
\n
\n Insurance and finance companies \n
    \n
  • \n Allstate
      \n
    • \n Ecompass Insurance
      • \n
    • \n Esurance
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ally Financial
    • \n
  • \n Erie Insurance Group
    • \n
  • \n Farmers Insurance Group
      \n
    • \n 21st Century Insurance
      • \n
    • \n Farmers Insurance
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n GM Financial
    • \n
  • \n GMAC Insurance
    • \n
  • \n Kemper Direct
    • \n
  • \n Progressive
    • \n
  • \n Safe Auto
    • \n
  • \n State Farm
    • \n
\n
\n Design studios \n
    \n
  • \n Calty Design Research
    • \n
  • \n Designworks
    • \n
\n
\n By state \n
    \n
  • \n Massachusetts
    • \n
\n
\n Former manufacturers ( 2 ) \n
    \n
  • \n Coda
    • \n
  • \n FMC
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct vehicle manufacturers \n
    \n
  • \n Allis - Chalmers
    • \n
  • \n American Austin
    • \n
  • \n American LaFrance
    • \n
  • \n American Motors
      \n
    • \n Hudson
        \n
      • \n Essex
        • \n
      • \n Terraplane
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Nash
      • \n
    • \n Rambler
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Armor Holdings
    • \n
  • \n Armored Motor Car Company
    • \n
  • \n Auburn Automobile
    • \n
  • \n Avanti Motor Corporation
    • \n
  • \n Avery
    • \n
  • \n BMC
    • \n
  • \n Carbon Motors Corporation
    • \n
  • \n Checker Motors Corporation
    • \n
  • \n Clydesdale Motor Truck Company
    • \n
  • \n Commonwealth
    • \n
  • \n Cord
    • \n
  • \n Case
    • \n
  • \n CNH Global
    • \n
  • \n Duesenberg
    • \n
  • \n Durant
      \n
    • \n Flint
      • \n
    • \n Locomobile
      • \n
    • \n Mason
      • \n
    • \n Rugby
      • \n
    • \n Star
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Excalibur
    • \n
  • \n FCA US
      \n
    • \n Eagle
      • \n
    • \n Plymouth
      • \n
    • \n Street & Racing Technology ( still used as a trim for dodge vehicles )
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Fiberfab
    • \n
  • \n Fitch Four Drive
    • \n
  • \n Fisker Automotive
    • \n
  • \n Fisker Coachbuild
    • \n
  • \n Force Protection
    • \n
  • \n Ford
      \n
    • \n Continental
      • \n
    • \n Edsel
      • \n
    • \n Mercury
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n General Motors
      \n
    • \n Cartercar
      • \n
    • \n Elmore
      • \n
    • \n GM Diesel
      • \n
    • \n Geo
      • \n
    • \n Hummer
      • \n
    • \n LaSalle
      • \n
    • \n Marquette
      • \n
    • \n McLaughlin
      • \n
    • \n Oakland
      • \n
    • \n Oldsmobile
      • \n
    • \n Pontiac
      • \n
    • \n Saturn
      • \n
    • \n Scripps - Booth
      • \n
    • \n Sheridan
      • \n
    • \n Viking
      • \n
    • \n Yellow Coach
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Green Vehicles
    • \n
  • \n Grumman
    • \n
  • \n Henney
    • \n
  • \n International Harvester
    • \n
  • \n Jeffery
    • \n
  • \n Kaiser - Frazer
      \n
    • \n Allstate
      • \n
    • \n Frazer
      • \n
    • \n Henry J
      • \n
    • \n Kaiser
      • \n
    • \n Willys
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Marathon Motor Works
    • \n
  • \n Marmon
      \n
    • \n Roosevelt
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Marvel Motors
    • \n
  • \n Matbro
    • \n
  • \n Mercer
    • \n
  • \n Monaco Coach
    • \n
  • \n Muntz Car Company
    • \n
  • \n North American Bus Industries
    • \n
  • \n Oliver Farm Equipment
    • \n
  • \n Packard
    • \n
  • \n Peerless Motor Company
    • \n
  • \n Pierce - Arrow
    • \n
  • \n Sebring Vanguard
    • \n
  • \n Sterling Trucks
    • \n
  • \n Studebaker
      \n
    • \n Erskine
      • \n
    • \n Rockne
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Stutz
    • \n
  • \n Twentieth Century Motor Car Corporation
    • \n
  • \n United Defense
    • \n
  • \n VL
    • \n
  • \n White
    • \n
  • \n Wildfire
    • \n
\n
\n Defunct factories \n
    \n
  • \n Brampton Assembly ( AMC )
    • \n
  • \n Diamond - Star Motors
    • \n
  • \n Fiat Chrysler factories closed
    • \n
  • \n Ford factories closed
    • \n
  • \n General Motors factories closed
    • \n
  • \n NUMMI
    • \n
  • \n Packard Automotive Plant
    • \n
  • \n Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n AAA
    • \n
  • \n Chicago Auto Show
    • \n
  • \n Interstate Highway System
    • \n
  • \n National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
    • \n
  • \n New York International Auto Show
    • \n
  • \n North American International Auto Show
    • \n
  • \n SAE International
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n ( 1 ) Although New Flyer is Canadian , their Subsidiaries , NABI and Motor Coach Industries , are headquartered in the U.S.
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n ( 2 ) Former meaning the company is no longer in the automotive manufacturing business
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Trucks&oldid=837509433 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "whats the difference between ram 1500 and 2500", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : the Movie - wikipedia

\n Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : the Movie

\n Jump to : navigation , search `` Power Rangers : The Movie '' redirects here . For the 2015 fan film , see Power / Rangers . For the 2017 film , see Power Rangers ( film ) . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie
\n Theatrical release poster
\n Directed by \n Bryan Spicer
\n Produced by \n
    \n
  • \n Haim Saban
    • \n
  • \n Shuki Levy
    • \n
  • \n Suzanne Todd
    • \n
\n
\n Screenplay by \n Arne Olsen
\n Story by \n
    \n
  • \n John Kamps
    • \n
  • \n Arne Olsen
    • \n
\n
\n Starring \n
    \n
  • \n Karan Ashley
    • \n
  • \n Johnny Yong Bosch
    • \n
  • \n Steve Cardenas
    • \n
  • \n Jason David Frank
    • \n
  • \n Amy Jo Johnson
    • \n
  • \n David Yost
    • \n
  • \n Jason Narvy
    • \n
  • \n Paul Schrier
    • \n
  • \n Paul Freeman
    • \n
\n
\n Music by \n Graeme Revell
\n Cinematography \n Paul Murphy
\n Edited by \n Wayne Wahrman
\n Production company \n
    \n
  • \n Saban Entertainment
    • \n
  • \n Toei Company
    • \n
\n
\n Distributed by \n 20th Century Fox
\n Release date \n
    \n
  • \n June 30 , 1995 ( 1995 - 06 - 30 )
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Running time \n 95 minutes
\n Country \n United States
\n Language \n English
\n Budget \n $15 million
\n Box office \n $66.4 million
\n

\n Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( also known as Power Rangers : The Movie ) is a 1995 American superhero film based on the television series Mighty Morphin Power Rangers . It stars the ensemble cast of Karan Ashley , Johnny Yong Bosch , Steve Cardenas , Jason David Frank , Amy Jo Johnson , and David Yost alongside the villains cast from the original series and Paul Freeman as Ivan Ooze . Much like the television season that followed the release , it used concepts from the Japanese Super Sentai series Kyoryu Sentai Zyuranger , Ninja Sentai Kakuranger . It is the first Power Rangers production from Saban Entertainment not to feature any archived footage from Super Sentai .

\n

\n Filming took place in and around Sydney and Queensland , Australia . It was released by 20th Century Fox on June 30 , 1995 . The film grossed $66.43 million worldwide , but received middling and polarizing reviews from critics .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Plot ( edit )

\n

\n The Power Rangers participate with Bulk and Skull in a charity skydive for the Angel Grove observatory , in anticipation of Ryan 's Comet which is scheduled to pass by in two days .

\n

\n Bulk and Skull miss the target landing zone and accidentally land on a construction site where a giant egg has been unearthed . Lord Zedd , Rita Repulsa , Goldar , and Mordant arrive at the construction site and crack open the egg , releasing Ivan Ooze after 6,000 years , a morphological being who ruled Earth with an iron fist before he was overthrown by Zordon and a group of young warriors . Ivan lays siege to the Rangers ' Command Center and incapacitates Zordon , robbing the Rangers of their powers . As the Rangers return to the Command Center , they find it destroyed and Zordon dying .

\n

\n Zordon 's assistant Alpha 5 sends the Rangers to the distant planet Phaedos to obtain the Great Power and save Zordon . On the Moon , Ivan usurps Rita and Zedd , trapping them in a snow globe , then sends his Tengu warriors to Phaedos and begins building an army . He uses children to bring his ooze to their parents , and it hypnotizes them into becoming his workforce to dig up his Ecto - Morphicon Titans , twin war machines built during his reign . When Fred Kelman , a friend of the Rangers ' , discovers his father missing , he finds him working at the construction site and discovers Ivan 's plans .

\n

\n On Phaedos , the Rangers are almost killed by the Tengu , but are rescued by Dulcea , Phaedos ' Master Warrior . She initially tells them to leave for their own safety , but after hearing of Zordon 's plight , she agrees to help them and takes them to an ancient ruined temple where the Rangers will have to overcome obstacles to acquire the power of the Ninjetti . Dulcea awakens each Rangers ' animal spirit : Aisha is the bear , Rocky is the ape , Billy is the wolf , Kimberly is the crane , Adam is the frog and Tommy is the falcon . The Rangers make their way to the Monolith housing the Great Power , defeating its guardians , and retrieve the Great Power .

\n

\n On Earth , Ivan 's Ecto - Morphicons are completely unearthed , and he unleashes them on Angel Grove , ordering the parents to commit suicide at the construction site . Fred , Bulk , Skull and the other kids head to the construction site to save their parents . The Rangers return with their new animal - themed Ninja Zords and destroy one of Ivan 's Ecto - Morphicons . Ivan takes control of the other and battles the Rangers himself . The Rangers lead Ivan into space right into the path of Ryan 's Comet , which destroys him . His destruction breaks the hypnosis and the parents are reunited with their children . The Rangers then use the Great Power to restore the Command Center and resurrect Zordon .

\n

\n In a mid-credits scene , Goldar briefly lounges in Zedd 's throne being served by Mordant only to panic when Zedd and Rita appear having been released after Ivan was destroyed .

\n

\n Cast ( edit )

\n \n

\n Voices ( edit )

\n \n

\n Music ( edit )

\n See also : Mighty Morphin Power Rangers The Movie : Original Soundtrack Album and Mighty Morphin Power Rangers The Movie : Original Motion Picture Score

\n Adaptations in other media ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n

\n Release ( edit )

\n

\n In its opening weekend , the film earned $13,104,788 , coming in fourth behind Apollo 13 and holdovers Pocahontas and Batman Forever . It ultimately grossed $66,433,194 against a $15 million budget , making it a financial success .

\n

\n Critical reception ( edit )

\n

\n The film holds a 41 % `` Rotten '' rating based on 34 reviews on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , though there is no summarized consensus given for it . Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times thought it was characterized by `` a barrage of spectacular special effects , a slew of fantastic monsters , a ferociously funny villain -- and , most important , a refreshing lack of pretentiousness . '' Thomas lauded director Bryan Spicer for raising the quality of production values for a feature film adaptation of the TV series while maintaining a likable `` comic - book look and sense of wonder '' and wholesome high school characters parents would approve of .

\n

\n Caryn James of The New York Times thought that story-wise , it resembles multiple episodes of the television series stringed together with slightly better special effects , and that the result was loud , headache - inducing and boring for adults but that children would enjoy it . James further stated that too much of its running time is spent showing the Rangers without their powers . Roger Ebert gave it only half a star out of a possible four stars , saying that it is `` as close as you can get to absolute nothing and still have a product to project on the screen , '' comparing it to synthetic foods in brightly marketed packaging with no nutritional content . He felt that the characters , with the exception of Ivan Ooze , lacked personalities , and that the scenes of monsters rampaging through the city hearkened back to the worst Japanese monster films . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle found the fights `` only adequately choreographed , '' called the battle in the climax `` a complete disaster '' and stating that it made no sense in timing , that protagonists were not very intelligent , and the actors playing them unremarkable .

\n

\n Home media ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n The film was released on VHS and LaserDisc in late 1995 and then as a double feature with 1997 's Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie on a double - sided DVD in 2001 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Bonus features included a theatrical trailer and a `` Making Of '' featurette . The film was then released separately on a single - sided DVD in 2003 . / Blu - ray

\n

\n The film was re-released with different packaging on DVD in 2011 . The film was then re-released in 2017 in a bundled set with Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( this time as two single - sided DVD discs ) to coincide with the reboot film Power Rangers .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` MIGHTY MORPHIN POWER RANGERS ( PG ) ( ! ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 1995 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 19 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie at Box Office Mojo
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Gritten , David ( 1995 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Oberon to Ooze -- It 's All in a Day 's Work '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Dutka , Elaine ( 1995 - 07 - 06 ) . `` The Sky 's the Limit at Box Office Movies : A total of about $154 million in receipts sets a five - day record . ` Apollo 13 ' is atop the field with $38.5 million '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 30 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( 1995 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 21 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Thomas , Kevin ( 1995 - 06 - 30 ) . `` A Dazzling Leap From TV to Big Screen for ' Rangers ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 22 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ James , Caryn ( 1995 - 06 - 30 ) . `` FILM REVIEW ; For Power Rangers , Bikinis Are Not The Issue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie '' . RogerEbert.com . June 30 , 1995 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 07 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Lasalle , Mick ( 1995 - 06 - 30 ) . `` Mighty Mindless ' Rangers ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 .
    10. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Power Rangers
\n Media \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n TV series \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Saban Entertainment \n
    \n
  • \n Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1993 -- 1995 ; 2010 )
      \n
    • \n Season 1
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    • \n 2010 re-version
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Alien Rangers ( 1996 )
    • \n
  • \n Zeo ( 1996 )
      \n
    • \n Episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Turbo ( 1997 )
      \n
    • \n Episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n in Space ( 1998 )
      \n
    • \n Episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Lost Galaxy ( 1999 )
      \n
    • \n Episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 )
      \n
    • \n Episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Time Force ( 2001 )
      \n
    • \n Episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Disney \n
    \n
  • \n Wild Force ( 2002 )
      \n
    • \n Episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ninja Storm ( 2003 )
      \n
    • \n Episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Dino Thunder ( 2004 )
      \n
    • \n Episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n S.P.D. ( 2005 )
      \n
    • \n Episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Mystic Force ( 2006 )
      \n
    • \n Episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Operation Overdrive ( 2007 )
      \n
    • \n Episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Jungle Fury ( 2008 )
      \n
    • \n Episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n RPM ( 2009 )
      \n
    • \n Episodes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Saban Brands \n
    \n
  • \n Samurai & Super Samurai ( 2011 -- 2012 )
      \n
    • \n Season 1
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Megaforce & Super Megaforce ( 2013 -- 2014 )
      \n
    • \n Season 1
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Dino Charge & Dino Super Charge ( 2015 -- 2016 )
      \n
    • \n Season 1
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ninja Steel & Super Ninja Steel ( 2017 -- 2018 )
      \n
    • \n Season 1
      • \n
    • \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Beast Morphers ( 2019 )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Films \n
    \n
  • \n Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n Turbo : A Power Rangers Movie ( 1997 )
    • \n
  • \n Saban 's Power Rangers ( 2017 )
    • \n
\n
\n Web series \n
    \n
  • \n Power Rangers Hyperforce ( 2017 -- 2018 )
    • \n
\n
\n Video games \n
    \n
  • \n Mighty Morphin Power Rangers ( 1994 )
    • \n
  • \n The Movie ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n The Fighting Edition ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n Zeo : Battle Racers ( 1996 )
    • \n
  • \n Lightspeed Rescue ( 2000 )
    • \n
  • \n Time Force ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Wild Force ( 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Ninja Storm ( 2003 )
    • \n
  • \n Dino Thunder ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n S.P.D. ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Super Legends ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Legacy Wars ( 2017 )
    • \n
\n
\n Others \n
    \n
  • \n `` Day of the Dumpster '' ( series premiere )
    • \n
  • \n `` Go Go Power Rangers '' ( theme song )
    • \n
  • \n `` Power Rangers '' ( song )
    • \n
  • \n A Rock Adventure
    • \n
  • \n World Tour Live on Stage
    • \n
  • \n Collectible Card Game
    • \n
  • \n Comics
      \n
    • \n Mighty Morphin
      • \n
    • \n Justice League / Power Rangers
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Home video
      \n
    • \n Mighty Morphin
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Universe \n
    \n
  • \n Rangers
    • \n
  • \n Planets
    • \n
  • \n Races
    • \n
  • \n Villains
    • \n
  • \n Zords
    • \n
\n
\n Related articles \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Cast members
    • \n
  • \n Power / Rangers
    • \n
  • \n Super Sentai
      \n
    • \n Power Rangers ( South Korea )
      • \n
    • \n Power Rangers Dino Force Brave
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Corporate \n
    \n
  • \n Haim Saban
      \n
    • \n Saban Entertainment
      • \n
    • \n Saban Brands
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Shuki Levy
    • \n
  • \n Tony Oliver
    • \n
  • \n Disney
    • \n
  • \n Bandai Namco Entertainment
      \n
    • \n Bandai
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Hasbro
    • \n
\n
\n Related Saban series \n
    \n
  • \n VR Troopers
    • \n
  • \n Masked Rider
    • \n
  • \n Beetleborgs ( Big Bad & Metallix )
    • \n
  • \n Ninja Turtles : The Next Mutation
    • \n
  • \n Mystic Knights of Tir Na Nog
    • \n
\n
\n Related DIC series \n
    \n
  • \n Superhuman Samurai Syber - Squad
    • \n
  • \n Tattooed Teenage Alien Fighters from Beverly Hills
    • \n
\n
\n Related Adness series \n
    \n
  • \n Kamen Rider : Dragon Knight
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Films directed by Bryan Spicer
\n
    \n
  • \n Mighty Morphin Power Rangers : The Movie ( 1995 )
    • \n
  • \n McHale 's Navy ( 1997 )
    • \n
  • \n For Richer or Poorer ( 1997 )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mighty_Morphin_Power_Rangers:_The_Movie&oldid=836236492 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what are the zords in the power rangers movie", "long_answers": ["On Earth , Ivan 's Ecto - Morphicons are completely unearthed , and he unleashes them on Angel Grove , ordering the parents to commit suicide at the construction site . Fred , Bulk , Skull and the other kids head to the construction site to save their parents . The Rangers return with their new animal - themed Ninja Zords and destroy one of Ivan 's Ecto - Morphicons . Ivan takes control of the other and battles the Rangers himself . The Rangers lead Ivan into space right into the path of Ryan 's Comet , which destroys him . His destruction breaks the hypnosis and the parents are reunited with their children . The Rangers then use the Great Power to restore the Command Center and resurrect Zordon .\n"], "short_answers": ["animal - themed Ninja Zords\n"]} {"text": "In the Pines - wikipedia

\n In the Pines

\n Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see In the Pines ( disambiguation ) . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` In the Pines ''
\n Song
\n Published \n 1917
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n Traditional
\n

\n `` In the Pines '' , also known as `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night ? '' and `` Black Girl '' , is a traditional American folk song originating from two songs , `` In the Pines '' and `` The Longest Train '' , both of which whose authorship is unknown and date back to at least the 1870s . ( Some contend an older , Irish history ) The songs originated in the Southern Appalachian area of the United States in the contiguous areas of Eastern Tennessee and Kentucky , Western North Carolina and Northern Georgia .

\n

\n Versions of the song have been recorded by many artists in numerous genres , but it is most often associated with American blues musician Lead Belly and American bluegrass musician Bill Monroe , both of whom recorded very different versions of the song in the 1940s and 1950s .

\n

\n A version of the song performed by The Four Pennies reached the UK top - twenty in 1964 . A live performance by the American grunge band Nirvana reinterpreted Lead Belly 's version and was recorded during their MTV Unplugged performance in 1993 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Early history ( edit )

\n

\n Like numerous other folk songs , `` In the Pines '' was passed on from one generation and locale to the next by word of mouth . The first printed version of the song , compiled by Cecil Sharp , appeared in 1917 , and comprised just four lines and a melody . The lines are :

\n

\n Black girl , black girl , do n't lie to me Where did you stay last night ? I stayed in the pines where the sun never shines And shivered when the cold wind blows

\n

\n In 1925 , a version of the song was recorded onto phonograph cylinder by a folk collector . This was the first documentation of `` The Longest Train '' variant of the song , which includes a verse about `` The longest train I ever saw '' . This verse probably began as a separate song that later merged into `` In the Pines '' . Lyrics in some versions about `` Joe Brown 's coal mine '' and `` the Georgia line '' may refer to Joseph E. Brown , a former Governor of Georgia , who famously leased convicts to operate coal mines in the 1870s . While early renditions which mention the head in the `` driver 's wheel '' make clear that the decapitation was caused by the train , some later versions would omit the reference to the train and reattribute the cause . As music historian Norm Cohen pointed out in his 1981 book , Long Steel Rail : The Railroad in American Folksong , the song came to consist of three frequent elements : a chorus about `` in the pines '' , a verse about `` the longest train '' and a verse about a decapitation , but not all elements are present in all versions .

\n

\n Starting in 1926 , commercial recordings of the song were made by various folk and bluegrass bands . In her 1970 Ph. D. dissertation , Judith McCulloh ( 1935 - 2014 ) found 160 permutations of the song . As well as rearrangement of the three frequent elements , the person who goes into the pines , or who is decapitated , is described as a man , woman , adolescent , husband , wife , or parent , while the pines can be seen as representing sexuality , death , or loneliness . The train is described as killing a loved one , as taking one 's beloved away , or as leaving an itinerant worker far from home .

\n

\n In variants in which the song describes a confrontation , the person being challenged is always a woman . The folk version by the Kossoy Sisters asks , `` Little girl , little girl , where 'd you stay last night ? Not even your mother knows . '' The reply to the question , `` Where did you get that dress / And those shoes that are so fine ? '' from one version is , `` From a man in the mines / Who sleeps in the pines . '' The theme of a woman being caught doing something she should not is thus also common to many variants . One variant , performed in the early twentieth century by the Ellison clan ( Ora Ellison , deceased ) in Lookout Mountain , Georgia , tells of a young Georgia girl who flees to the pines after being raped . Her rapist , a male soldier , is later beheaded by the train .

\n

\n Some versions of the song also reference the Great Depression , with the `` black girl '' being a hobo on the move from the police , who witnesses the murder of her father while train - jumping . She hides from this by sleeping in the pines , in the cold .

\n

\n Influential versions ( edit )

\n

\n Bill Monroe ( edit )

\n

\n Bill Monroe 's 1941 and 1952 recordings , both under the title `` In the Pines '' , were highly influential on later bluegrass and country versions . Recorded with his Bluegrass Boys and featuring fiddles and yodelling , they represent the `` longest train '' variant of the song , and omit any reference to a decapitation . However , as Eric Weisbard writes in a 1994 article in The New York Times , `` ... the enigmatic train is almost as frightening , suggesting an eternal passage : ' I asked my captain for the time of day / He said he throwed his watch away . ' ''

\n

\n Lead Belly ( edit )

\n

\n Huddie Ledbetter , a.k.a. Lead Belly , recorded over half - a-dozen versions between 1944 and 1948 , most often under the title , `` Black Girl '' or `` Black Gal '' . His first rendition , for Musicraft Records in New York City in February 1944 , is arguably his most familiar . Listed as `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night '' , this version appears on a number of Lead Belly `` best - of '' compilations , such as Absolutely the Best ( 2000 ) .

\n

\n Another familiar version was recorded for Moses Asch , founder of Folkways Records , in New York City . Listed as `` Black Girl '' or `` In the Pines '' , this version appears on compilations such as Where Did You Sleep Last Night -- Lead Belly Legacy Vol. 1 ( 1996 ) , and The Definitive Lead Belly ( 2008 ) .

\n

\n Lead Belly is often said to be the author of the song , e.g. by Nirvana on their MTV Unplugged album in 1994 . However , Lead Belly did n't write the song , but reinterpreted it , as did other musicians before and after him . According to the American folklorist Alan Lomax , Lead Belly learned the song from someone 's interpretation of the 1917 version compiled by Cecil Sharp , and by the 1925 phonograph recording .

\n

\n Cajun versions ( edit )

\n

\n `` In the Pines '' , converted into the Cajun French language and sung under the titles `` Pine Grove Blues '' or `` Ma Negresse '' , became one of the landmark songs of Cajun music . The song is most associated with Nathan Abshire , the Louisiana Cajun accordion player , for whom `` Pine Grove Blues '' was his biggest hit . His melody is a hard - driving blues , but the lyrics , when translated to English , are the familiar `` Hey , my girl , where did you sleep last night ? '' The Cajun French word `` negresse '' and the masculine counterpart `` negre '' are terms of endearment without regard to race . He recorded it at least three times , from the 1940s onward . Since then , Abshire 's version has been covered by a wide variety of Cajun and zydeco musicians , including the Pine Leaf Boys , the Lost Bayou Ramblers , Beau Jocque , and Cedric Watson .

\n

\n The Four Pennies ( edit )

\n

\n The Four Pennies recorded and released the song as `` Black Girl '' in October 1964 . Their version reached No. 20 in the UK , but was not released by their label in the US .

\n

\n Mark Lanegan / Nirvana ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night ''
\n
\n Song by Nirvana
\n from the album MTV Unplugged in New York
\n Released \n 1 November 1994
\n Recorded \n November 18 , 1993 at Sony Music Studios in New York City
\n Length \n 5.08
\n Label \n DGC Records
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n Lead Belly
\n Producer ( s ) \n Alex Coletti , Scott Litt , Nirvana
\n MTV Unplugged in New York track listing
\n 13 tracks ( show )
    \n
  1. \n `` About a Girl ''
    2. \n
  2. \n `` Come as You Are ''
    3. \n
  3. \n `` Jesus Does n't Want Me for a Sunbeam ''
    4. \n
  4. \n `` The Man Who Sold the World ''
    5. \n
  5. \n `` Pennyroyal Tea ''
    6. \n
  6. \n `` Dumb ''
    7. \n
  7. \n `` Polly ''
    8. \n
  8. \n `` On a Plain ''
    9. \n
  9. \n `` Something in the Way ''
    10. \n
  10. \n `` Plateau ''
    11. \n
  11. \n `` Oh , Me ''
    12. \n
  12. \n `` Lake of Fire ''
    13. \n
  13. \n `` All Apologies ''
    14. \n
  14. \n `` Where Did You Sleep Last Night ''
    15. \n
\n
\n

\n Nirvana occasionally performed the song during the early 1990s . Singer / guitarist Kurt Cobain was introduced to the song by fellow Seattle musician Mark Lanegan , and played guitar on a version on Lanegan 's 1990 album , The Winding Sheet . Like Lanegan , Cobain usually screamed its final verse .

\n

\n It is likely that Cobain referenced Lead Belly 's 1944 Musicraft version for his interpretation of the song ; Lanegan owned an original 78 rpm record of this version , and it is the one that Cobain 's version most closely resembles in terms of lyrics , form and title . In a 2009 MTV article , Kurt Loder remembers discussing the song 's title with Cobain , with Cobain insisting , `` But the Leadbelly version is called ' Where Did You Sleep Last Night , ' '' and Loder preferring the `` In the Pines '' title used by Bill Monroe ( as well as Lead Belly ) .

\n

\n Cobain earned critical acclaim for his acoustic performance of the song during Nirvana 's MTV Unplugged appearance in 1993 . Canadian musician Neil Young described Cobain 's vocals during the final screamed verse as `` Unearthly , like a werewolf , unbelievable . '' This version was originally sanctioned to be released as a b - side to the band 's `` Pennyroyal Tea '' single in 1994 , but the single was cancelled following Cobain 's death in April 1994 . It was posthumously released on the band 's MTV Unplugged in New York album in November 1994 , and as a promotional single from the album . In 2002 the song featured as a bonus track on Nirvana 's `` best of '' compilation album Nirvana . A solo Cobain home demo , recorded in 1990 , appears on the band 's 2004 rarities box set , With the Lights Out .

\n
\n
\n Nirvana 's chart positions
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 1995 ) \n Position
\n French Airplay Chart \n 62
\n

\n Other versions ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n

\n In popular culture ( edit )

\n

\n In film ( edit )

\n \n

\n In literature ( edit )

\n \n

\n In television ( edit )

\n \n

\n In video Games ( edit )

\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Cohen , Norm ( 2000 ) , Long Steel Rail : The Railroad in American Folk Song . Chicago , University of Illinois Press , pp. 491 - 496 . ISBN 0252068815 . Accessed 2017 - 09 - 30 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` In the Pines '' , Second Hand Songs . Accessed 2017 - 19 - 30 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Five Good Covers : In The Pines ( Where Did You Sleep Last Night ) '' , ( www.covermesongs.com Cover Me ) . Accessed 2017 - 09 - 30 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Seida , Linda . `` The Four Pennies -- Music Biography , Credits and Discography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ MTV Unplugged in New York ( 1993 ) , DGC Records .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Weisbard , Eric ( November 13 , 1994 ) . `` A Simple Song That Lives Beyond Time '' . The New York Times .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Cohen , Norm ( 2000 ) . Long Steel Rail : The Railroad in American Folksong ( 2 ed . ) . p. 459 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06881 - 2 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ McCulloh , Judith Marie ( 1970 ) , In the Pines : The Melodic - Textual Identity of an American Lyric Folksong Cluster ( Ph. D. dissertation , Folklore ) format = requires url = ( help ) , Indiana University
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` The Four Pennies -- Discover music , videos , concerts , stats , & pictures at '' . Last.fm . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Kurt Loder ( April 8 , 2009 ) . `` Nirvana 's Kurt Cobain : Still Missed '' . MTV.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Nirvana 's Tense , Brilliant Unplugged in New York , 20 Years Later '' . The Atlantic . December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Nirvana - Where Did You Sleep Last Night Discogs.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2014 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` InfoDisc : Acc\u00e8s direct \u00e0 ces Artistes ( The user must select `` Nirvana '' from the dropdown list ) `` . Infodisc.fr . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` Laura Gibson - La Grande b / w In the Pines '' . Discogs .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Hor\u00e1kov\u00e1 , Hana ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` Cesta Nat\u00e1lie Koc\u00e1b '' . Va\u0161eLiteratura ( in Czech ) . Va\u0161eLiteratura . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ / . `` Telltale Games '' . Telltalegames.bandcamp.com . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 .
    17. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikisource has original text related to this article : Where Did You Sleep Last Night
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n American folk music
\n
    \n
  • \n African - American
    • \n
  • \n Appalachian
    • \n
  • \n Blues
    • \n
  • \n Cajun
    • \n
  • \n Creole
    • \n
  • \n Folk revival ( 1950s -- 60s )
    • \n
  • \n Gospel
    • \n
  • \n Jazz
      \n
    • \n Dixieland
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Native American
    • \n
  • \n Old - time
    • \n
  • \n Ragtime
    • \n
  • \n Spirituals
    • \n
  • \n Swamp pop
    • \n
  • \n Tejano
    • \n
  • \n Zydeco
    • \n
\n
\n Country music \n
    \n
  • \n Americana
    • \n
  • \n Bluegrass
    • \n
  • \n Honky - tonk
    • \n
  • \n Rockabilly
    • \n
  • \n Western swing
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Truman Capote 's Breakfast at Tiffany 's
\n Adaptations \n
    \n
  • \n House of Flowers ( 1954 musical )
    • \n
  • \n Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 film )
    • \n
  • \n Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1966 musical )
    • \n
  • \n Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 2013 play )
    • \n
\n
\n Music \n
    \n
  • \n `` Moon River ''
    • \n
  • \n Breakfast at Tiffany 's : Music from the Motion Picture ( 1961 soundtrack )
    • \n
  • \n Jazz for `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1961 album )
    • \n
  • \n `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1995 song )
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_the_Pines&oldid=805260045 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "my girl don't lie to me american gods", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Cost of raising a child - wikipedia

\n Cost of raising a child

\n Jump to : navigation , search

\n The cost of raising a child varies from country to country .

\n

\n The cost of raising a child is usually determined according to a formula that accounts for major areas of expenditure , such as food , housing , and clothing . However , any given family 's actual expenses may differ from the estimates . For example , the rent on a home does not usually change when the tenants have another child , so the family 's housing costs may remain the same . In other cases , the home may be too small , in which case the family might move to a larger home at a higher cost .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Developing countries ( edit )

\n

\n According to Globalissues.org , `` Almost half the world -- over three billion people -- live on less than $2.50 a day . '' This statistic includes children . Based on UNICEF statistics , in developing countries the cost is roughly US $ 900 for raising a child for a year , and US $16,200 for raising a child from birth to age 17 . ( This calculation is difficult , since families in developing countries often do not operate with currency , but barter or trade to provide for their children . ) Half of all children in the world live in poverty .

\n

\n United Kingdom ( edit )

\n

\n The annual LV = ( Liverpool Victoria ) Cost of a Child report calculates the cost of raising a child from birth to 21 years old . The latest report puts the cost as \u00a3 231,843 . The Cost of a child calculations , from birth to 21 years , were compiled by the Centre of Economic and Business Research ( CEBR ) for LV = in December 2015 and are based on the cost for the 21 - year period to December 2015 . Additional research was conducted by Opinium Research LLP from 22 to 27 January 2016 . The total sample size was 1,000 UK adults with children under the age of 18 and was conducted online . Results have been weighted to nationally representative criteria

\n

\n United States ( edit )

\n

\n The tax exemption per child is $3,900 in 2013 which is based on the basic cost of raising a child . Plus there is a tax credit up to $1000 for each child. citation needed

\n

\n Based on a survey by the U.S. Department of Agriculture , the table below shows the estimated Average Spending on Children by Families . The data comes from the Consumer Expenditure Survey by the U.S. Department of Labor , conducted from 2005 - 06 . The figures have been updated to 2011 dollars using the Consumer Price Index . However , some dispute the numbers as being biased high for political reasons ( e.g. , Texas A&M University Finance Professor H. Swint Friday : `` The numbers , reported by the U.S. Department of Agriculture , are outrageously misleading . Often government statistics are produced for political objectives that cause the research methodology to be biased toward finding the highest dollar amount to support the objective . '' ) .

\n

\n These figures from the USDA go up to age 18 , and do not include any college or university education . Nor does it offer any spending estimates if the child remains in the home as a dependent after the age of 18 .

\n

\n Both tables are for the United States overall , not based on any specific region in the country .

\n

\n Dual - parent family - USDA Average spending per child ( not the basic cost of raising ) ( edit )

\n \n Dual - Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child ( not the basic cost of raising ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Age of Child \n Housing \n Food \n Transport . \n Clothing \n Health \n Child Care / Education \n Misc . \n Total
\n Before - tax income : Less than $59,410 ( Average = $38,000 )
\n 0 to 2 \n 2,990 \n 1,160 \n 1,170 \n 640 \n 630 \n 2,040 \n 420 \n 9,050
\n 3 to 5 \n 2,990 \n 1,260 \n 1,230 \n 500 \n 590 \n 1,910 \n 620 \n 9,100
\n 6 to 8 \n 2,990 \n 1,710 \n 1,350 \n 570 \n 660 \n 1,290 \n 630 \n 8,760
\n 9 to 11 \n 2,990 \n 1,970 \n 1,350 \n 580 \n 710 \n 1,910 \n 630 \n 9,520
\n 12 to 14 \n 2,990 \n 2,130 \n 1,480 \n 690 \n 1,090 \n 1,110 \n 700 \n 9,960
\n 15 to 17 \n 2,990 \n 2,120 \n 1,630 \n 730 \n 1,010 \n 1,290 \n 580 \n 9,970
\n Total \n 53,820 \n 31,050 \n 24,630 \n 11,130 \n 14,070 \n 23,640 \n 10,740 \n 169,080
\n Before - tax income : $59,410 to $102,870 ( Average = $79,940 )
\n 0 to 2 \n 3,920 \n 1,405 \n 1,690 \n 760 \n 850 \n 2,860 \n 890 \n 12,370
\n 3 to 5 \n 3,920 \n 1,490 \n 1,740 \n 610 \n 800 \n 2,740 \n 1,090 \n 12,390
\n 6 to 8 \n 3,920 \n 2,100 \n 1,860 \n 680 \n 940 \n 1,680 \n 1,110 \n 12,290
\n 9 to 11 \n 3,920 \n 2,400 \n 1,870 \n 710 \n 1,000 \n 2,110 \n 1,100 \n 13,110
\n 12 to 14 \n 3,920 \n 2,580 \n 1,990 \n 840 \n 1,410 \n 1,910 \n 1,170 \n 13,820
\n 15 to 17 \n 3,920 \n 2,570 \n 2,150 \n 900 \n 1,330 \n 2,400 \n 1,050 \n 14,320
\n Total \n 70,560 \n 37,620 \n 33,900 \n 13,500 \n 18,990 \n 41,100 \n 19,230 \n 234,900
\n Before - tax income : More than $102,870 ( Average = $180,040 )
\n 0 to 2 \n 7,100 \n 1,900 \n 2,550 \n 1,050 \n 980 \n 5,090 \n 1,790 \n 20,460
\n 3 to 5 \n 7,100 \n 2,000 \n 2,610 \n 880 \n 930 \n 4,970 \n 1,990 \n 20,480
\n 6 to 8 \n 7,100 \n 2,630 \n 2,730 \n 970 \n 1,080 \n 3,910 \n 2,000 \n 20,420
\n 9 to 11 \n 7,100 \n 2,980 \n 2,730 \n 1,010 \n 1,150 \n 4,350 \n 2,000 \n 21,320
\n 12 to 14 \n 7,100 \n 3,190 \n 2,860 \n 1,170 \n 1,610 \n 4,700 \n 2,070 \n 22,700
\n 15 to 17 \n 7,100 \n 3,180 \n 3,020 \n 1,280 \n 1,520 \n 6,460 \n 1,950 \n 24,510
\n Total \n 127,800 \n 47,640 \n 49,500 \n 19,080 \n 21,810 \n 88,440 \n 35,400 \n 389,670
\n

\n All numbers are in US dollars .

\n

\n Also notice that the dual parent and solo parent charts use different income ranges so that direct comparison between the two should be undertaken with care .

\n

\n Single - Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child ( not the basic cost of raising ) ( edit )

\n \n Single - Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child ( not the basic cost of raising ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Age of Child \n Housing \n Food \n Transport . \n Clothing \n Health \n Child care / Education \n Misc . \n Total
\n Before - tax income : Less than $40,410 ( Average = $18,350 )
\n 0 to 2 \n 2,840 \n 1,400 \n 680 \n 410 \n 520 \n 1,400 \n 510 \n 7,760
\n 3 to 5 \n 2,840 \n 1,370 \n 920 \n 330 \n 600 \n 1,940 \n 610 \n 8,610
\n 6 to 8 \n 2,840 \n 1,830 \n 1,030 \n 340 \n 670 \n 1,940 \n 780 \n 8,450
\n 9 to 11 \n 2,840 \n 2,010 \n 1,060 \n 400 \n 620 \n 1,360 \n 740 \n 9,030
\n 12 to 14 \n 2,840 \n 2,150 \n 1,130 \n 420 \n 940 \n 1,120 \n 840 \n 9,440
\n 15 to 17 \n 2,840 \n 2,270 \n 1,130 \n 460 \n 930 \n 880 \n 670 \n 9,180
\n Total \n 51,120 \n 33,090 \n 17,850 \n 7,080 \n 12,840 \n 22,980 \n 12,450 \n 157,410
\n Before - tax income : $59,410 or more ( Average = $107,820 )
\n 0 to 2 \n 5,880 \n 2,080 \n 1,920 \n 590 \n 980 \n 3,670 \n 1,650 \n 16,770
\n 3 to 5 \n 5,880 \n 2,070 \n 2,160 \n 500 \n 1,090 \n 4,210 \n 1,750 \n 17,660
\n 6 to 8 \n 5,880 \n 2,680 \n 2,260 \n 530 \n 1,180 \n 3,350 \n 1,930 \n 17,810
\n 9 to 11 \n 5,880 \n 3,000 \n 2,300 \n 610 \n 1,110 \n 3,880 \n 1,880 \n 18,660
\n 12 to 14 \n 5,880 \n 3,080 \n 2,370 \n 650 \n 1,560 \n 4,150 \n 1,980 \n 19,670
\n 15 to 17 \n 5,880 \n 3,220 \n 2,370 \n 730 \n 1,550 \n 5,010 \n 1,810 \n 20,570
\n Total \n 105,840 \n 48,390 \n 40,140 \n 10,830 \n 22,410 \n 72,810 \n 33,000 \n 333,420
\n

\n All numbers are in US dollars .

\n

\n India ( edit )

\n

\n Based on an estimate by Economic Times in April 2011 , the cost of raising a child from birth to age of majority ( 21 Years ) for a middle to upper - middle income family comes to about \u20b9 55 lakh ( US $87,000 ) in total .

\n

\n Cost break up is as follows :

\n \n Cost of raising a child in India ( as of April , 2011 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Expenditure Class \n Estimated Cost ( Rs . Lakh ) \n % of Cost
\n Education \n 25.19 \n 46 %
\n Housing \n 10.40 \n 19 %
\n Entertainment \n 6.57 \n 12 %
\n Clothing \n 3.29 \n 6 %
\n Food \n 2.74 \n 5 %
\n Transportation \n 2.74 \n 5 %
\n Healthcare \n 2.19 \n 4 %
\n Others \n 1.64 \n 3 %
\n Total \n 54.75 \n 100 %
\n

\n Note : Estimate assumes cost of birth , but does n't consider any major illness in child .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Shah , Anup ( September 20 , 2010 ) . `` Poverty Facts and Stats '' . Global Issues . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : State of the World 's Children , 2005 , UNICEF
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Martin Ravallion , Shaohua Chen and Prem Sangraula , Dollar a day revisited , World Bank , May 2008
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Cost of a child LV = '' . www.lv.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 27 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Friday , H. Swint ( July 20 , 2007 ) . `` Cost of raising children not as high as government would have you believe '' . caller.com . Retrieved March 31 , 2013 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Business/page?id=4019746
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Lino , Mark . `` Expenditures on Children by Families , 2011 ( Miscellaneous Publication Number 1528 - 2011 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture , Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion . Retrieved August 5 , 2012 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` How much it cost to raise a child '' ( pdf ) . report . Economic Times . 18 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 July 2016 .
    9. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Parenting
\n Types \n
    \n
  • \n Adoptive
    • \n
  • \n Alloparenting
    • \n
  • \n Complex family
    • \n
  • \n Coparenting
    • \n
  • \n Foster care
    • \n
  • \n Kommune 1
    • \n
  • \n Noncustodial
    • \n
  • \n Nuclear family
    • \n
  • \n Orphaned
    • \n
  • \n Shared
    • \n
  • \n Single parent
    • \n
  • \n Blended family
    • \n
  • \n Surrogacy
    • \n
  • \n In loco parentis
    • \n
\n
\n Theories Areas \n
    \n
  • \n Attachment theory
    • \n
  • \n Applied behavior analysis
    • \n
  • \n Behaviorism
    • \n
  • \n Child development
    • \n
  • \n Cognitive development
    • \n
  • \n Developmental psychology
    • \n
  • \n Human development
    • \n
  • \n Love
    • \n
  • \n Maternal bond
    • \n
  • \n Nature versus nurture
    • \n
  • \n Parental investment
    • \n
  • \n Paternal bond
    • \n
  • \n Pediatrics
    • \n
  • \n Social psychology
    • \n
\n
\n Styles \n
    \n
  • \n Attachment parenting
    • \n
  • \n Concerted cultivation
    • \n
  • \n Gatekeeper parent
    • \n
  • \n Helicopter parent
    • \n
  • \n Nurturant parenting
    • \n
  • \n Slow parenting
    • \n
  • \n Soccer mom
    • \n
  • \n Strict father model
    • \n
  • \n Taking Children Seriously
    • \n
  • \n Work at home parent
    • \n
\n
\n Techniques \n
    \n
  • \n After - school activity
    • \n
  • \n Allowance
    • \n
  • \n Bedtime
    • \n
  • \n Child care
    • \n
  • \n Co-sleeping
    • \n
  • \n Homeschooling
    • \n
  • \n Latchkey kid
    • \n
  • \n Parent Management Training
    • \n
  • \n Play ( date )
    • \n
  • \n Role model
    • \n
  • \n Spoiled child
    • \n
  • \n Television
    • \n
  • \n Toy ( educational )
    • \n
\n
\n Discipline \n
    \n
  • \n Blanket training
    • \n
  • \n Corporal punishment in the home
    • \n
  • \n Curfew
    • \n
  • \n Grounding
    • \n
  • \n Tactical ignoring
    • \n
  • \n Time - out
    • \n
\n
\n Abuse \n
    \n
  • \n Child abandonment
    • \n
  • \n Child abuse
    • \n
  • \n Child labour
    • \n
  • \n Child neglect
    • \n
  • \n Cinderella effect
    • \n
  • \n Incest
    • \n
  • \n Narcissistic parent
    • \n
  • \n Parental abuse by children
    • \n
  • \n Parental alienation
    • \n
\n
\n Legal and social aspects \n
    \n
  • \n Child support
    • \n
  • \n Cost of raising a child
    • \n
  • \n Marriage
    • \n
  • \n Parental responsibility
    • \n
  • \n Deadbeat parent
    • \n
  • \n Paternity
    • \n
  • \n Disownment
    • \n
\n
\n Experts \n
    \n
  • \n T. Berry Brazelton
    • \n
  • \n Tanya Byron
    • \n
  • \n Bryan Caplan
    • \n
  • \n Rudolf Dreikurs
    • \n
  • \n David Elkind
    • \n
  • \n Jo Frost
    • \n
  • \n Haim Ginott
    • \n
  • \n Thomas Gordon
    • \n
  • \n Alan E. Kazdin
    • \n
  • \n Truby King
    • \n
  • \n Annette Lareau
    • \n
  • \n Penelope Leach
    • \n
  • \n Madeline Levine
    • \n
  • \n William Sears
    • \n
  • \n B.F. Skinner
    • \n
  • \n Benjamin Spock
      \n
    • \n Baby and Child Care
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cost_of_raising_a_child&oldid=788344537 '' Categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "how much does.it cost to raise a child", "long_answers": ["Dual - Parent Family - USDA Average Spending per Child ( not the basic cost of raising ) Age of Child Housing Food Transport . Clothing Health Child Care / Education Misc . Total Before - tax income : Less than $59,410 ( Average = $38,000 ) 0 to 2 2,990 1,160 1,170 640 630 2,040 420 9,050 3 to 5 2,990 1,260 1,230 500 590 1,910 620 9,100 6 to 8 2,990 1,710 1,350 570 660 1,290 630 8,760 9 to 11 2,990 1,970 1,350 580 710 1,910 630 9,520 12 to 14 2,990 2,130 1,480 690 1,090 1,110 700 9,960 15 to 17 2,990 2,120 1,630 730 1,010 1,290 580 9,970 Total 53,820 31,050 24,630 11,130 14,070 23,640 10,740 169,080 Before - tax income : $59,410 to $102,870 ( Average = $79,940 ) 0 to 2 3,920 1,405 1,690 760 850 2,860 890 12,370 3 to 5 3,920 1,490 1,740 610 800 2,740 1,090 12,390 6 to 8 3,920 2,100 1,860 680 940 1,680 1,110 12,290 9 to 11 3,920 2,400 1,870 710 1,000 2,110 1,100 13,110 12 to 14 3,920 2,580 1,990 840 1,410 1,910 1,170 13,820 15 to 17 3,920 2,570 2,150 900 1,330 2,400 1,050 14,320 Total 70,560 37,620 33,900 13,500 18,990 41,100 19,230 234,900 Before - tax income : More than $102,870 ( Average = $180,040 ) 0 to 2 7,100 1,900 2,550 1,050 980 5,090 1,790 20,460 3 to 5 7,100 2,000 2,610 880 930 4,970 1,990 20,480 6 to 8 7,100 2,630 2,730 970 1,080 3,910 2,000 20,420 9 to 11 7,100 2,980 2,730 1,010 1,150 4,350 2,000 21,320 12 to 14 7,100 3,190 2,860 1,170 1,610 4,700 2,070 22,700 15 to 17 7,100 3,180 3,020 1,280 1,520 6,460 1,950 24,510 Total 127,800 47,640 49,500 19,080 21,810 88,440 35,400 389,670\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Sing ( 2016 American film ) - wikipedia

\n Sing ( 2016 American film )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Sing
\n Theatrical release poster
\n Directed by \n Garth Jennings
\n Produced by \n
    \n
  • \n Chris Meledandri
    • \n
  • \n Janet Healy
    • \n
\n
\n Written by \n Garth Jennings
\n Starring \n
    \n
  • \n Matthew McConaughey
    • \n
  • \n Reese Witherspoon
    • \n
  • \n Seth MacFarlane
    • \n
  • \n Scarlett Johansson
    • \n
  • \n John C. Reilly
    • \n
  • \n Taron Egerton
    • \n
  • \n Tori Kelly
    • \n
\n
\n Music by \n Joby Talbot
\n Edited by \n Gregory Perler
\n Production company \n Illumination Entertainment
\n Distributed by \n Universal Pictures
\n Release date \n
    \n
  • \n September 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 11 ) ( TIFF )
    • \n
  • \n December 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 21 ) ( United States )
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Running time \n 108 minutes
\n Country \n United States
\n Language \n English
\n Budget \n $75 million
\n Box office \n $634.1 million
\n

\n Sing is a 2016 American computer - animated musical comedy - drama film produced by Illumination Entertainment . It was directed and written by Garth Jennings , co-directed by Christophe Lourdelet and starring the voices of Matthew McConaughey , Reese Witherspoon , Seth MacFarlane , Scarlett Johansson , John C. Reilly , Taron Egerton , and Tori Kelly . The film is about a group of anthropomorphic animals that enter a singing competition , hosted by a koala hoping to save his theater .

\n

\n The film includes more than 60 songs from famous artists and also has an original song by Stevie Wonder and Ariana Grande called `` Faith , '' which was nominated for a Golden Globe . It screened on the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11 , 2016 , premiered at Microsoft Theater on December 3 , 2016 and was released in the United States on December 21 , 2016 , by Universal Pictures . The film received generally positive reviews and grossed $634 million worldwide . Along with The Secret Life of Pets , it marked the first time that Illumination Entertainment released two feature films in the same year .

\n

\n A sequel , entitled Sing 2 , has been announced for a release on December 25 , 2020 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Plot ( edit )

\n

\n In a world of anthropomorphic animals , koala Buster Moon owns a theater , having been interested in show business since his father took him to his first music show as a child . Following financial problems brought up by the bank representative Judith , he tells his wealthy friend Eddie that he will host a singing competition with a prize of $1,000 . But Buster 's assistant , Miss Crawly , accidentally appends two extra zeroes , and the promotional fliers showing $100,000 are blown out of Buster 's office into the city streets .

\n

\n Animals from all around the city gather for auditions . Those selected include housewife and mother of 25 piglets Rosita ; street musician mouse Mike ; mobster 's son gorilla Johnny ; and punk - rock porcupine Ash . Shy teenage elephant Meena fails her audition out of stage fright , while Ash 's boyfriend Lance is dismissed from the contest . Rosita is paired with another contestant , an exuberant pig named Gunter , for a dance routine . Although Buster discovers the flyers show a prize of $100,000 ( money he does not have ) , he remains optimistic . Buster convinces Eddie to arrange a visit with Eddie 's grandmother , former opera singer and theater actress Nana Noodleman , to persuade her to sponsor the prize money . She is hesitant to contribute but agrees to see a private screening of the show .

\n

\n Encouraged by her grandfather , Meena tries to ask Buster for another chance , but becomes his stage hand instead . When one of the acts quits , and another is injured , Meena is added as an act . The performers ' individual problems begin to hinder rehearsals : Rosita flounders in her dance routine with Gunter , after having been distracted by her parenting duties that have fallen into disarray . After discovering Lance with a new girlfriend and evicting them from her apartment , Ash is devastated and can no longer sing her assigned song , Carly Rae Jepsen 's `` Call Me Maybe . '' Johnny is torn between having to help his father as the driver of a getaway car in a heist and making the practices . When he tries to do both , he does not show up for the planned pickup in time , and his father and his gang are arrested . Meena does not get any help in overcoming her stage fright , and Mike , certain that the prize money is as good as his , buys a fancy car to impress a female mouse , and then swindles a group of bears in a card game at a nightclub .

\n

\n The day of the screening , the bears interrupt the show , demanding the money from Mike , who in turn , points to Buster . The bears open the chest containing the prize money , but it is nowhere near $100,000 . The glass tank full of luminescent squids that Buster got to light up the theater breaks under all their weight , flooding the theater , which then comes crashing down . With the lot repossessed by Judith , Buster , who had been living in his theater 's office desk , takes up residence at Eddie 's place ( his parents ' pool house ) . Although the contestants ( besides Mike , who saw Buster as a fraud ) visit him and try to cheer him up , Buster is too despondent to listen to them . He tries to start over by opening a car wash , using the same bucket that his father had used to earn money for Buster 's theater .

\n

\n When Meena goes to the theater 's rubble lot and sings Leonard Cohen 's `` Hallelujah , '' Buster hears her and is inspired to reinstate the show without the prize money . They perform on a makeshift stage on the lot in front of Rosita and Meena 's family members . As Rosita and Gunter perform Taylor Swift 's `` Shake It Off , '' more animals are attracted to the scene as the show is broadcast on the news . Johnny 's rendition of Elton John 's `` I 'm Still Standing '' impresses his father , who then escapes from prison to reconcile with him . Despite an interruption by Judith , Ash sings her original rock song `` Set It All Free . '' Mike returns to the show and sings Frank Sinatra 's `` My Way . '' Meena finally overcomes her fears and sings Stevie Wonder 's `` Do n't You Worry ' bout a Thing , '' which literally brings down the house . The show becomes a success and impresses Nana , who was in the audience . Nana buys the lot and the theater is rebuilt and reopened .

\n

\n Voice cast ( edit )

\n Matthew McConaughey , Reese Witherspoon , Scarlett Johansson , Tori Kelly , Taron Egerton , and Nick Kroll at the film 's premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival . \n

\n The voices of Rosita 's piglet children were provided by Oscar , Leo , Caspar , and Asa Jennings , the children of Garth Jennings , the film 's writer and director . Jennings had directors Edgar Wright and Wes Anderson provide `` additional voices '' , continuing a tradition of the three friends appearing in each other 's films .

\n

\n Production ( edit )

\n

\n In January 2014 , it was announced that Garth Jennings would write and direct an animated comedy film for Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment , about `` courage , competition and carrying a tune , '' which was originally titled Lunch , and then retitled as Sing .

\n

\n On January 14 , 2015 , Matthew McConaughey was cast in the film 's lead voice role . Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy produced the film . On June 17 , 2015 , it was confirmed that McConaughey 's character is named Buster and that John C. Reilly would voice Eddie , a sheep and Buster 's best friend . In November 2015 , it was announced that Reese Witherspoon , Seth MacFarlane , Scarlett Johansson , Tori Kelly and Taron Egerton had joined the cast of the film .

\n

\n The film features 65 pop songs , the rights to which cost 15 percent of the film 's $75 million budget . The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination MacGuff .

\n

\n Soundtrack ( edit )

\n Main article : Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

\n A soundtrack album for the film was released on December 21 , 2016 .

\n

\n Release ( edit )

\n

\n The almost complete film was screened as a work in progress beginning September 11 , 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival . Universal Studios released the film on December 21 , 2016 .

\n

\n Home Media ( edit )

\n

\n Sing was released on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , Ultra HD Blu - ray and DVD on March 21 , 2017 . It includes three short films : Gunter Babysits , Love at First Sight , and Eddie 's Life Coach .

\n \n

\n Reception ( edit )

\n

\n Box office ( edit )

\n

\n Sing grossed $270.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $363.8 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $634.1 million , against a production budget of $75 million . Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $194.2 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenue for the film , making it the 7th most profitable release of 2016 .

\n

\n In North America , the film opened alongside Passengers and Assassin 's Creed , and was expected to gross around $70 million from 4,022 theaters over its first six days of release . The film made $1.7 million during its Tuesday night previews . It went on to gross $35.2 million in its opening weekend ( a six - day total of $75.5 million ) , finishing second at the box office behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story , which was in its second week . Sing holds the record for being the highest - grossing film to never finish first at the North American box office , besting My Big Fat Greek Wedding ( $241.4 million in 2002 ) .

\n

\n Critical response ( edit )

\n

\n On the aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 73 % based on 168 reviews , and an average rating of 6.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sing delivers colorfully animated , cheerfully undemanding entertainment with a solid voice cast and a warm - hearted -- albeit familiar -- storyline that lives up to its title . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 37 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews . '' Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale .

\n

\n Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film three - and - a-half out of four stars and wrote , `` In a year full of talking - animal hits , Sing is n't quite as strong a number . It 's a tale that might not be particularly thought - provoking but sure is toe - tapping . '' In her review for the Los Angeles Times , Katie Walsh called Sing , `` a cute movie with genuinely funny moments ( keep an eye out for the koala car wash ) , and some great tunes to boot . '' The Arizona Republic 's Bill Goodykoontz was rather mixed about the movie in his review and overall said , `` Sing is like an album with a good song here and there , but too much filler and not enough hits . '' Reviewing the version of the film screened at the Toronto International Film Festival , Stefan Pape of the British website HeyUGuys gave the film a mixed review of 2 / 5 , stating that `` Garth Jennings 's Sing effectively acknowledges early on that it 's following a completely unoriginal formula , and yet carries on regardless . '' While Peter Debruge of Variety , who also saw the film during the same festival , did not find the subplots to have any `` profound life lessons , '' he overall praised Jennings ' direction , the cast 's voice performances and the film 's silliness .

\n

\n Accolades ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n List of awards and nominations
\n Award \n Date of ceremony \n \n Recipient ( s ) \n Result \n Ref ( s )
\n AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards \n February 6 , 2017 \n Best Movie for Grownups who Refuse to Grow Up \n Sing \n Nominated \n
\n Annie Awards \n February 4 , 2017 \n Outstanding Achievement , Music in an Animated Feature Production \n Joby Talbot \n
\n Golden Globe Awards \n January 8 , 2017 \n Best Animated Feature Film \n Sing \n
\n Best Original Song \n `` Faith '' -- Ryan Tedder , Stevie Wonder and Francis Farewell Starlite
\n Hollywood Music in Media Awards \n November 17 , 2016 \n Best Song -- Animated Film \n
\n Best Soundtrack Album \n Sing : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
\n Outstanding Music Supervision -- Film \n Jojo Villanueva \n Won
\n Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards \n March 11 , 2017 \n Favorite Animated Movie \n Sing \n Nominated \n
\n Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie \n Reese Witherspoon
\n Most Wanted Pet
\n Favorite Soundtrack \n Sing
\n Saturn Awards \n June 28 , 2017 \n Best Animated Film \n Nominated \n
\n

\n Sequel ( edit )

\n

\n Universal and Illumination have announced plans for a sequel , tentatively titled Sing 2 , slated for December 25 , 2020 .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Felperin , Leslie ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Sing ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` Matthew McConaughey to Star in Illumination Animated Film ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` A Complete List of Every Song in Illumination 's ' Sing ' '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Truitt , Brian ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sneak peek : A-list animals ' SING ' together '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Hopewell , John ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Annecy : Chris Meledandri on Matthew McConaughey as a Koala Legit Theater Owner , ' The Grinch ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Trumbore , Dave ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Animated Animals of Illumination Entertainment 's 2016 Musical Comedy , ' Sing ' '' . Collider . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Buxton , Adam ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` EP. 16 - Pub Walk With Garth Jennings '' . soundcloud.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Yuen , Jenny ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` TIFF 2016 : Matthew McConaughey optimistic about ' Sing ' '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Sing - Full Cast and Credits '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ' Frosty ' ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Garth Jennings on Getting Edgar Wright and Wes Anderson to Provide Voices in ' Sing ' '' . Collider . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 09 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Despicable Me 3 \u2032 Set For June 2017 Release ; ' Dr. Seuss ' How The Grinch Stole Christmas ' Arrives Five Months Later '' . Deadline . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Hopewell , John ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` France Fights Bidding War to Lure Hollywood Filmmakers '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2014 . Universal now has `` Max '' and `` Lunch '' set up at Illumination MacGuff .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Illumination 's Chris Meledandri Talks Success Secrets , Rumors He 'll Head DreamWorks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ( 2 December 2016 ) . `` Oscar 's French Animation Connection Draws on Deep Talent Pool '' .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Grobar , Matt ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' Director Garth Jennings On Working With `` Wizards , '' The Learning Curve Of His Feature Animation Debut `` . Deadline . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Hammond , Pete ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Universal & Illumination To Launch ' Sing ' With Live Jennifer Hudson And Tori Kelly Performances At Toronto '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Universal Dates ' Despicable Me 3 , ' New ' Grinch Who Stole Christmas ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Illumination Entertainment 's ' Sing ' Headed to Retail '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` No. 7 ' Sing ' Box Office Profits -- 2016 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Will ' Rogue One ' Vanquish The Christmas B.O. Competition ? '' . Deadline.com .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Sing 's ' Box - Office Debut Tops ' Assassin 's Creed , ' ' Passengers ' in Tuesday Night Previews '' . The Hollywood Reporter .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` With ' Fences , ' ' La La Land ' Enter Top 10 As ' Rogue One ' & ' Sing ' Rule Holiday -- Monday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . December 27 , 2016 . Sing * ( Ill / Uni ) 4,022 locations , 4 - day $54.9 M , 3 - day : $35.2 M , 4 - day : $13 , 7K average , Total : $75.5 M , 1 wk
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies that never hit # 1 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 31 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` Sing ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Sing reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . CinemaScore . Search `` Sing '' .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Brian Truitt ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Animated ' Sing ' is a poppy treat ( and Matthew McConaughey sings ! ) '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Katie Walsh ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Packed with pop tunes , ' Sing ' discovers the simple fun in putting on a show '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Bill Goodykoontz ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sing ' has too much filler , not enough hits '' . The Arizona Republic . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` TIFF 2016 : Sing Review - HeyUGuys '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Peter Debruge ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` Film Review : ' Sing ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Denzel Washington 's ' Fences ' Leads Nominations for AARP 's Movies for Grownups Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` 44th Annie Award Nominees '' . International Animated Film Society . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Variety . February 24 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sing ' Sequel Coming From Illumination and Universal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 .
    41. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n Find more aboutSing ( 2016 American film ) at Wikipedia 's sister projects \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Illumination Entertainment
\n Feature films \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Released \n
    \n
  • \n Despicable Me ( 2010 )
    • \n
  • \n Hop ( 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n Dr. Seuss ' The Lorax ( 2012 )
    • \n
  • \n Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 )
    • \n
  • \n Minions ( 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n The Secret Life of Pets ( 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Sing ( 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 )
    • \n
\n
\n Upcoming \n
    \n
  • \n Dr. Seuss ' The Grinch ( 2018 )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Franchises \n
    \n
  • \n Despicable Me ( 2010 -- present )
    • \n
\n
\n People \n
    \n
  • \n Chris Meledandri
    • \n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n Despicable Me Minion Mayhem
    • \n
  • \n Mac Guff
    • \n
  • \n Illumination Mac Guff
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Films directed by Garth Jennings
\n
    \n
  • \n The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Son of Rambow ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Sing ( 2016 )
    • \n
\n
\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sing_(2016_American_film)&oldid=837851173 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who plays the voice of johnny in sing", "long_answers": ["Taron Egerton as Johnny , a teenage gorilla who wants to sing , though his father would rather have him follow his criminal footsteps .\n"], "short_answers": ["Taron Egerton\n", "Taron Egerton\n", "Taron Egerton\n", "Taron Egerton\n"]} {"text": "People 's Postcode Lottery - wikipedia

\n People 's Postcode Lottery

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article contains content that is written like an advertisement . Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links , and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n People 's Postcode Lottery is a subscription lottery in Great Britain , run by Postcode Lottery Limited ( Gambling Commission licence numbers 000 - 000829 - N - 102511 and 000 - 000829 - R - 10251 ) .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n The Postcode Lottery format was introduced by the Dutch company Novamedia BV , which launched its first postcode lottery in the Netherlands in 1989 . Novamedia now runs six lotteries using cause marketing : Nationale Postcode Loterij , Vrienden Loterij and BankGiro Loterij in the Netherlands , Svenska Postkod Lotteriet in Sweden , People 's Postcode Lottery in Great Britain and , since July 2016 , Deutsche Postcode Lotterie in Germany . Together , they claim to have contributed over \u20ac 7.9 billion to charitable organisations around the world .

\n

\n People 's Postcode Lottery was launched in the north of England in 2005 as a pilot scheme . After a successful launch , it expanded into Scotland in 2007 and Wales in July 2010 . The lottery uses cause marketing , claiming to have been established to raise money for charity and to increase awareness of the work of the various charities and causes supported by its players .

\n

\n In 2017 Novamedia BV threatened to sue the Free Postcode Lottery ( an alternative free service which raises money through advertising and offers daily prizes to registered users ) on the basis that they were `` passing themselves off '' as the People 's Postcode Lottery . This claim was made in spite of the fact that the free Postcode lottery was completely free while the Peoples Postcode lottery is a paid for subscription service .

\n

\n Process ( edit )

\n

\n People 's Postcode Lottery is a subscription lottery . Players sign up to pay monthly in advance by direct debit or debit card . There are ten draws each month with prizes every day .

\n

\n A player 's tickets are based on their playing postcode , which is most commonly their home postcode . A given postcode in Britain will usually represent a group of houses . If more than one resident has tickets in a winning postcode , all playing neighbours collect prizes .

\n

\n In accordance with restrictions under the Gambling Act 2005 , the maximum amount which can be won by a single ticket is \u00a3 400,000 or 10 % of the total draw proceeds .

\n

\n Beneficiaries ( edit )

\n

\n A minimum of 32 % goes to various trusts , which in turn provide funding to charities and community projects across Great Britain and internationally . As an external lottery manager , People 's Postcode Lottery manages several society lotteries promoted by different charities . Over 4,000 causes have received support .

\n

\n Ambassadors ( edit )

\n

\n People 's Postcode Lottery has a number of celebrity `` ambassadors '' . In March 2018 , these included David Attenborough , Clare Balding , Brian Blessed , Judi Dench , Shobna Gulati , Tim Healy , Stephen Jardine , Ellen MacArthur , Aggie MacKenzie , Carey Mulligan , John Stapleton and Emma Thompson . Fiona Phillips became an ambassador for People 's Postcode Lottery at the end of 2012 , leading the organisation 's DRTV campaigns .

\n

\n Presenters Judie McCourt , Danyl Johnson , Jeff Brazier and Matt Johnson visit People 's Postcode Lottery winners to present them with their cheques , attend Postcode Million events and take part in People 's Postcode Lottery advertising campaigns .

\n

\n Postcode Challenge ( edit )

\n

\n From 2008 to 2010 , People 's Postcode Lottery sponsored Postcode Challenge , a quiz show hosted by Angus Purden on STV .

\n

\n Sponsorship ( edit )

\n

\n Novamedia has worked with a number of leading TV production companies and public and commercial broadcasters to support the promotion of its lotteries . Novamedia inspired and paid Endemol to produce TV game shows such as Deal or No Deal and 1 vs 100 .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Gambling Commission Account details
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Novamedia Website , About Charity Lotteries section
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ People 's Postcode Lottery - Charities webpage
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ People 's Postcode Lottery - Ambassadors webpage
    5. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=People%27s_Postcode_Lottery&oldid=836422769 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "who are the faces of the postcode lottery", "long_answers": ["People 's Postcode Lottery has a number of celebrity `` ambassadors '' . In March 2018 , these included David Attenborough , Clare Balding , Brian Blessed , Judi Dench , Shobna Gulati , Tim Healy , Stephen Jardine , Ellen MacArthur , Aggie MacKenzie , Carey Mulligan , John Stapleton and Emma Thompson . Fiona Phillips became an ambassador for People 's Postcode Lottery at the end of 2012 , leading the organisation 's DRTV campaigns .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time - wikipedia

\n The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time

\n Jump to : navigation , search For the stage adaptation of the book , see The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( play ) . \n The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Front cover of first edition ( quote from Ian McEwan )
\n Author \n Mark Haddon
\n Country \n United Kingdom
\n Language \n English
\n Genre \n Mystery novel
\n Publisher \n Jonathan Cape ( UK ) Doubleday ( US ) Anchor Canada ( Canada )
\n Publication date \n May 2003
\n Media type \n Print ( hardback and paperback )
\n Pages \n 226
\n ISBN \n 0 - 09 - 945025 - 9
\n OCLC \n 59267481
\n

\n The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time is a 2003 mystery novel by British writer Mark Haddon . Its title quotes the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes in Arthur Conan Doyle 's 1892 short story `` The Adventure of Silver Blaze '' . Haddon and The Curious Incident won the Whitbread Book Awards for Best Novel and Book of the Year , the Commonwealth Writers ' Prize for Best First Book , and the Guardian Children 's Fiction Prize . Unusually , it was published simultaneously in separate editions for adults and children .

\n

\n The novel is narrated in the first - person perspective by Christopher John Francis Boone , a 15 - year - old boy who describes himself as `` a mathematician with some behavioural difficulties '' living in Swindon , Wiltshire . Although Christopher 's condition is not stated , the book 's blurb refers to Asperger syndrome , high - functioning autism , or savant syndrome . In July 2009 , Haddon wrote on his blog that `` Curious Incident is not a book about Asperger 's ... if anything it 's a novel about difference , about being an outsider , about seeing the world in a surprising and revealing way . The book is not specifically about any specific disorder , '' and that he , Haddon , is not an expert on autism spectrum disorder or Asperger syndrome .

\n

\n The book uses prime numbers to number the chapters , rather than the conventional successive numbers .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Plot

\n

\n Christopher , a fifteen - year - old boy with an autism spectrum condition , lives with his father , who has told him that his mother , Judy , died two years ago . The boy discovers the dead body of the neighbour 's dog , Wellington , speared by a garden fork . Mrs Shears , the dog 's owner , calls the police , and Christopher comes under suspicion . When a policeman touches him , he hits the policeman , and is arrested , then released with a police caution . He decides to investigate the dog 's death , despite his father 's orders to stay out of other people 's business . He is severely limited by his fears and difficulties when interpreting the world around him . Throughout his adventures , Christopher records his experiences in a book , which he calls a `` murder mystery novel '' . During his investigation , Christopher meets people whom he has never before encountered , even though they live on the same street , including the elderly Mrs Alexander , who informs Christopher that his mother had an affair with Mr Shears and had been with him for a long time .

\n

\n Christopher 's father , Ed , discovers the book and confiscates it after a brief fight with the boy . While searching for the confiscated book , Christopher uncovers a trove of letters which his mother wrote to him , dated after her supposed death , which his father has also hidden . He is so shocked by his father lying about his mother 's death that he is unable to move , curls up on the bed , vomits and groans for several hours until his father returns home . Ed realizes that Christopher has read the letters and cleans him up . He then confesses that he had indeed lied about Judy 's death and also that it was he who killed Wellington , stating that it was a mistake resulting from his anger after a heated argument with Mrs Shears . Christopher , having lost all trust in his father and fearing that Ed might try to kill him since he had already killed the dog , decides to live with his mother and runs away . He remembers his mother 's address from the letters and embarks on an adventurous trip to London , where his mother lives with Mr Shears .

\n

\n After a long and event - filled journey , evading policemen and feeling ill from the overwhelmingly large amount of information and stimuli from the trains and crowds around him , he finally finds his way to his mother and Mr Shears 's home , and waits outside until they arrive . Judy is delighted that Christopher has come to her ; she is upset that Ed told Christopher that she was dead . Mr Shears does not want Christopher living with them and never did . Very soon after arriving , Christopher wants to return to Swindon in order to take his mathematics A-level . His mother leaves Mr Shears , their relationship having broken down because of their conflict about Christopher and Mr Shears 's rejection of Christopher . Judy then moves into a rented room in Swindon . After an argument with Ed , she agrees to let Ed meet Christopher for daily brief visits . Christopher remains terrified of his father and makes repeated attempts to prevent him from talking . He hopes Ed will be imprisoned for killing Wellington , although his mother explains that for this to happen , Mrs Shears would have to press charges .

\n

\n The story ends with Ed getting Christopher a Golden Retriever puppy , whom Christopher gets to name , and promising that he will rebuild trust with Christopher slowly , `` no matter how long it takes '' . Christopher asserts that he will take further A-level exams and attend university . He completes his mathematics A-level with top grades despite having eaten and slept very little . Earlier in the story he talks about wanting to become an astronaut , but at the end he declares that his goal is to become a scientist . The book ends with Christopher optimistic about his future , having solved the mystery of the murdered dog , gone to London on his own , found his mother , written a book about his adventures , and achieved an A in his A-level maths exam .

\n

\n Characters

\n
\n
\n Christopher John Francis Boone
\n
\n The 15 - year - old protagonist and narrator of the novel , who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears ' large black poodle .
\n
\n Ed Boone
\n
\n Christopher 's father , a boiler engineer . Prior to the beginning of the story , he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years .
\n
\n Judy Boone
\n
\n Christopher 's mother . Early in the book , Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book 's events .
\n
\n Siobhan
\n
\n Christopher 's paraprofessional and mentor at school . She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines .
\n
\n Roger Shears
\n
\n One of the neighbours who lived near the Boones , but who has left his wife before the story begins .
\n
\n Eileen Shears
\n
\n Mr Shears 's wife , who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother 's death .
\n
\n Mrs Alexander
\n
\n An old lady , who is one of Christopher 's neighbours , who offers information to help Christopher 's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears .
\n
\n Rhodri
\n
\n Ed Boone 's employee .
\n
\n Toby
\n
\n Christopher 's pet rat .
\n
\n Wellington
\n
\n Mrs Shears ' large black poodle , which Christopher finds dead in her garden , with a garden fork sticking out of him .
\n
\n

\n Themes

\n

\n Social disability

\n

\n In a June 2003 interview with NPR 's Terry Gross on her program Fresh Air , Haddon said about Christopher , `` If he were diagnosed , he would be diagnosed as having Asperger 's syndrome , which is a form of autism . I suppose you 'd call it high - function autism in that he can function on , you know , a day - to - day basis , in a kind of rudimentary way . But he has a serious difficulty with life in that he really does n't empathize with other human beings . He ca n't read their faces . He ca n't put himself in their shoes . And he ca n't understand anything more than the literal meaning of whatever 's said to him , although I 'm very careful in the book not to actually use the word ' Asperger 's ' or ' autism . ' ... Because I do n't want him to be labelled , and because , as with most people who have a disability , I do n't think it 's necessarily the most important thing about him ... And as a good friend of mine said after reading the book , a friend who is himself a mathematician , it 's not a novel about a boy who has Asperger 's syndrome ; it 's a novel about a young mathematician who has some strange behavioural problems . And I think that 's right . ''

\n

\n Haddon added , in the conversation with Terry Gross , `` I have to say honestly that I did more research about the London Underground and the inside of Swindon Railway Station , where some of the novel takes place , than I did about Asperger 's syndrome . I gave him kind of nine or 10 rules that he would live his life by , and then I did n't read any more about Asperger 's because I think there is no typical person who has Asperger 's syndrome , and they 're as large and diverse a group of people as any other group in society . And the important thing is that I did a lot of imagining , that I did a lot of putting myself into his shoes in trying to make him come alive as a human being rather than getting him right , whatever that might mean . ''

\n

\n Haddon states on his website that , although he had read `` a handful of newspaper and magazine articles about , or by , people with Asperger 's and autism '' in preparation for writing the book , he knows `` very little '' about Asperger 's syndrome and that Christopher Boone is inspired by two different people . According to Haddon , none of these people can be labelled as having a disability . Haddon added that he `` slightly regret ( s ) '' that the term Asperger 's syndrome appeared on the cover of his novel . In 2010 , in an interview with The Independent , he was described as `` now thoroughly irritated that the word Asperger 's appeared on subsequent editions of the novel , because now everyone imagines that he is an expert and he keeps getting phone calls asking him to appear at lectures . ''

\n

\n In a critical essay on the novel , Vivienne Muller quotes some praise by experts on disability theory : `` In its presentation of Christopher 's everyday experiences of the society in which he lives , the narrative offers a rich canvas of experiences for an ethnographic study of this particular cognitive condition , and one which places a positive spin on the syndrome . The reader in this instance acts as ethnographer , invited to see what Mark Osteen claims is a ' quality in autistic lives that is valuable in and of itself ' ( cited in ( S . ) Adams 2005 , p. 1 ) . Along similar lines , ( Alex ) McClimens writes that Haddon 's novel is ' an ethnographic delight ' and that ' Haddon 's achievement is to have written a novel that turns on the central character 's difference without making that difference a stigmatising characteristic ' ( 2005 , p. 24 ) . '' Muller adds that the novel `` works with a strong sense of the disabled speaking subject , drawing readers into Christopher 's cognitive / corporeal space through an incremental layering of his perspectives and reactions ... The narrative also bristles with diagrams , maps , drawings , stories , texts that inform Christopher 's lexicon for mapping meaning in a world of bewildering signs and sounds . '' She also admires such elements as `` the digressive stream - of - connectedness - and - disconnectedness way in which Christopher writes and thinks ; the obsessive focus on minutiae ; his musings about why animals behave the way they do ; his quasi philosophizing on death and life and the afterlife ; his ambition to be an astronaut ... ''

\n

\n In a survey of children 's books which `` teach about emotional life , '' Laura Jana wrote , `` On the one hand , this is a story of how an undeniably quirky teenage boy clings to order , deals with a family crisis , and tries to make sense of the world as he sees it . But it also provides profound insight into a disorder -- autism -- that leaves those who have it struggling to perceive even the most basic of human emotions . In so doing , The Curious Incident leaves its readers with a greater appreciation of their own ability to feel , express , and interpret emotions . This mainstream literary success made its way to the top of the New York Times bestseller list for fiction at the same time it was being touted by experts in Asperger 's syndrome and autism - spectrum disorder as an unrivaled fictional depiction of the inner workings of an autistic teenage boy . ''

\n

\n Metaphor

\n

\n Christopher often comments on his inability to appreciate some metaphors and similes . He gives as an example a quote that he found in `` a proper novel '' : `` I am veined with iron , with silver and with streaks of common mud . I can not contract into the firm fist which those clench who do not depend on stimulus . '' Haddon told Terry Gross , `` Funnily enough , it 's actually a quote from Virginia Woolf . It 's Virginia Woolf on an off day , in the middle , I think , of The Waves . An author whom I love actually , but who sometimes got a little too carried away . ''

\n

\n Reception

\n

\n Awards

\n

\n The book was joint winner of the 2004 Boeke Prize , won the 2003 Whitbread Book of the Year award and sold more than two million copies . Haddon also was one of the winners of the 2004 Alex Awards , which `` honor the 10 top adult books with appeal for adolescents . ''

\n

\n As well as winning the Guardian Children 's Fiction Prize , Haddon earned the Book Trust teenage fiction award . The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time was also long - listed for the Man Booker Prize , and `` many observers were surprised that it did not advance to the shortlist . '' John Carey , chairman of the Booker panel of judges , told The Guardian , `` We have several clashes of opinion among the judges but I found Haddon 's book about a boy with Asperger 's syndrome breathtaking . ''

\n

\n Critical Reaction

\n

\n A survey in Great Britain , conducted by the BBC 's literacy campaign for World Book Day , found Curious Incident to be among `` the top five happy endings , as voted on by readers '' in novels ( the others were Pride and Prejudice , To Kill a Mockingbird , Jane Eyre and Rebecca , the last of which Curious outranked ) .

\n

\n School Library Journal praised it as a `` rich and poignant novel . '' The San Jose Mercury News said , `` Haddon does something audacious here , and he does it superbly . He shows us the way consciousness orders the world , even when the world does n't want to be ordered , '' adding that `` the great achievement of this novel is that it transcends its obvious cleverness . It 's more than an exercise in narrative ingenuity . Filled with humor and pain , it verges on profundity in its examination of those things -- customs , habits , language , symbols , daily routines , etc. -- that simultaneously unite and separate human beings . '' A reviewer for The Christian Century described it as `` an absorbing , plausible book '' : `` The reader becomes absorbed not only in the mystery of a murdered dog and a missing mom , but also in the mysterious world of an autistic child . ''

\n

\n A reviewer for The Atlanta Journal - Constitution wrote that the story is `` a touching evolution , one that Haddon scripts with tenderness and care ... a unique window into the mind of a boy who thinks a little differently , but like many kids his age , does n't quite know how to feel . '' Professor Roger Soder called it `` visceral '' and a `` delightful story , '' declaring , `` All of us in our Spokane Book Club are special education professionals and so have considerable experience with kids with this disability , and we found the story believable . ''

\n

\n Medical professionals ' reviews

\n

\n Dr. Alex McClimens , whom Muller quoted above , also wrote , `` This magnificent essay in communication is compulsory reading for anyone with the slightest interest in autistic spectrum disorders . This book is also required reading for those who simply enjoy a fascinating story ... we are offered a first person narrative to match anything by contemporary writers . Mark Haddon has created a true literary character and his handling of the teenage Asperger 's heroic adventure is brilliantly crafted . He uses the literal mind - set of his hero to mask the true direction of the plot . '' Reviewer Paul Moorehead calls the book `` a fairly ripping adventure story '' and writes , `` It 's also quite a feat of writing . The actual use of language is somewhat austere -- an unavoidable consequence of having a boy with autism as a narrator -- but it has its own beauty , and it works . So persuasive and so effective is the construction of Christopher , not only is he a character you 're rooting for , he 's also the character in the story you understand the best . It 's startling how believably and comfortably this story puts you into what you might have thought were likely to be some pretty alien shoes . ''

\n

\n Reviewer David Ellis , naming Curious Incident an `` ambitious and innovative novel , '' wrote that Haddon `` manages to avoid the opposing pitfalls of either offending people with autism and their families or turning Christopher into an object of pity . Instead of becoming the focus of the plot , the autism enhances it . The unemotional descriptions amplify many moments of observational comedy , and misfortunes are made extremely poignantly . '' He concludes that Christopher 's story is `` far more enjoyable and likely to stay with you for far longer than any medical textbook . ''

\n

\n Texas community reactions

\n

\n The novel was selected as a recommended book for the 2006 Galveston Reads program , a literacy encouragement program in Galveston County , Texas . Kimball Brizendine , the Mayor of Friendswood , issued a proclamation declaring `` Galveston County Reads Day '' and encouraging `` all citizens , teens to seniors '' to read the novel . Five days later , he retracted the statement , declaring that it was `` not ( his ) intention to endorse this readership ( sic ) for our younger readers . '' The journal American Libraries reported , `` City Council member Chris Peden went a step further , asserting to the January 28 Galveston County Daily News that while he had n't read Curious Incident in its entirety , he had noted that the ' F word ' appeared on page four and that ' later in the book , the ( lead character ) says there is no God and there is no life after death . Clearly , these are not ideas we should promote to kids ' . ''

\n

\n In August , 2007 , some parents in Bryan , Texas , `` were appalled to see what their kids were reading '' and protested the inclusion of the book in high school libraries , with one parent claiming that Curious Incident and another book ( Catalyst by Laurie Halse Anderson ) were `` unsuitable for not just some but all high school students . ''

\n

\n Adaptations

\n

\n Stage

\n Main article : The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( play )

\n A stage adaptation , by Simon Stephens and directed by Marianne Elliott , premiered at the National Theatre on 2 August 2012 . It starred Luke Treadaway as Christopher , Nicola Walker as his mother Judy , Paul Ritter as his father Ed , Una Stubbs as Mrs Alexander and Niamh Cusack as Siobhan . The production , which ran until late October 2012 , was broadcast live to cinemas worldwide on 6 September 2012 through the National Theatre Live programme .

\n

\n The show transferred to the Apollo Theatre in Shaftesbury Avenue , London , from March 2013 . On 19 December 2013 , during a performance of The Curious Incident at the Apollo , parts of the ceiling fell down injuring around 80 of the over 700 patrons inside . The production re-opened at the Gielgud Theatre on 24 June 2014 . The new West End cast was led by Sion Daniel Young as Christopher Boone , with Rebecca Lacey as Siobhan , Nicolas Tennant as Ed , Mary Stockley as Judy , Jacqueline Clarke as Mrs Alexander , Indra Ov\u00e9 as Mrs Shears , Stephen Beckett as Roger Shears , Matthew Trevannion as Mr Thompson , Pearl Mackie as No. 40 / Punk Girl , Sean McKenzie as Reverend Peters and Kaffe Keating plays alternate Christopher . They were joined by Mark Rawlings , Penelope McGhie , Naomi Said and Simon Victor .

\n

\n An adaptation and translation into Spanish by Mar\u00eda Ren\u00e9e Prudencio played at the Teatro de los Insurgentes in Mexico City in June 2014 . The character of Christopher was played by Luis Gerardo M\u00e9ndez and by Alfonso Dosal on alternate days . An Israeli adaptation ( translation into Hebrew by Daniel Efrat ) has been staged at the Beit Lessin Theater in Tel Aviv since March 2014 , starring Nadav Netz as Christopher . Netz won the Best Actor category at the 2015 Israeli Theater Awards for the role .

\n

\n Film

\n

\n The film rights for the novel were optioned by Brad Grey and Brad Pitt for Warner Brothers . In 2011 Steve Kloves was attached to write and direct the project , but as of 2017 it has not yet been produced .

\n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Ethan Frome '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 October 2007 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` 2004 Commonwealth Writers Prize Awarded '' . State Library of Victoria . 15 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 27 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ The Guardian Children 's Fiction Prize 2003 ( top page ) . guardian.co.uk. 6 August 2012 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Ezard , John ( 13 November 2003 ) . `` Curious incident of writer 's literary hat trick : Whitbread list means Haddon could be three time winner '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 21 April 2013 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Asperger 's & Autism '' . Mark Haddon . Retrieved 21 November 2010 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Gross , Terry ( 26 June 2003 ) . `` Interview : Mark Haddon Talks About His New Book , The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . NPR . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help )
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Haddon : The Curious Incident of the Novelist Turned Playwright '' . The Independent . UK . 31 March 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Muller , Vivienne ( December 2006 ) . `` Constituting Christopher : Disability Theory and Mark Haddon 's The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - time '' . Papers : Explorations into Children 's Literature. 16 ( 2 ) : 118 + .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Jana , Laura A. ( February 2005 ) . `` Feelings 101 : Teaching about Emotional Life through Literature '' . Contemporary Pediatrics. 22 ( 2 ) : 87 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Adult Books that Appeal to Teens '' . Reading Today . Newark , Delaware : International Reading Association . 22 ( 1 ) : 7 . August -- September 2004 . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : Sarvas , Mark ( 27 January 2004 ) . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . The Modern Word . Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 21 April 2013 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Happy Endings '' . Reading Today . Newark , Delaware : International Reading Association . 23 ( 5 ) : 4 . April -- May 2006 . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Haddon , Mark . The Curious Incident of the Dog on Night - Time '' . School Library Journal . 50 ( 4 ) : S64. April 2004 . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Matthews , Charles ( 22 June 2003 ) . `` Narrator is Autistic -- Reasoning is Artistic '' . San Jose Mercury News .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . The Christian Century . 122 ( 25 ) : 23 . 13 December 2005 . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Freeman , John ( 29 June 2003 ) . `` BOOKS : Whodunit Unveils Autistic Boy 's Mind '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Soder , Roger ( June 2005 ) . `` Books for Summer Reading '' . Phi Delta Kappan . Phi Delta Kappa. 86 ( 10 ) : 777 . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ McClimens , Alex ( May 2005 ) . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( Adult version ) '' . Learning Disability Practice . Royal College of Nursing. 8 ( 4 ) : 24 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Moorehead , Paul ( 25 April 2006 ) . `` Comfortable in Alien Shoes '' . Canadian Medical Association Journal . Canadian Medical Association . 174 ( 9 ) : 1307 . doi : 10.1503 / cmaj. 060083 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Ellis , David S.J. ( February 2004 ) . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - time '' . Student BMJ . British Medical Association . 12 : 84 . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Curious Incident Triggers Curious Reaction in Texas '' . American Libraries . American Library Association . 37 ( 3 ) : 19 . March 2006 . Retrieved 29 March 2013 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Roggenkamp , Karen . `` Challenges to The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Nighttime '' . Commerce , TX : Texas A&M University . Retrieved 29 March 2013 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time -- Cast & Creative '' . NationalTheatre.org.uk .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . NationalTheatre.org.uk . Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Geoghegan , Kev ( 5 August 2012 ) . `` National Theatre adapts Mark Haddon 's Curious Incident '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 29 March 2013 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Live Homepage '' . National Theatre . Retrieved 15 June 2012 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` London 's Apollo Theatre 's roof collapses '' . BBC News . 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ https://www.londontheatre1.com/news/97103/curious-incident-dog-night-time/ at Gielgud Theatre 2013 , London Theatre 1 , 23 June 2015
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ https://www.londontheatre1.com/news/108677/production-images-for-the-curious-incident-of-the-dog-in-the-night-time/ Production photographs June 2015 , London Theatre 1 , 23 June 2015
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Beit Lessin Theater play page ( Hebrew )
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Thompson , Bill ( 26 June 2003 ) . `` Actress shows off her knack for comedy '' . The Post and Courier . Charleston , South Carolina . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( 24 April 2011 ) . `` Wonderful Novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time Being Adapted into a Film by Harry Potter Writer '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved 29 March 2013 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . Movies.nytimes.com . Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Guardian and Observer Film Season 2010 's Power 100 : David Heyman '' . Guardian.co.uk. 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 .
    35. \n
\n

\n External links

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Works by Mark Haddon
\n Youth titles \n
    \n
  • \n Gilbert 's Gobstopper
    • \n
  • \n Mikie Joy
    • \n
  • \n Toni and the Tomato Soup
    • \n
  • \n A Narrow Escape for Princess Sharon
    • \n
  • \n Agent Z Meets the Masked Crusader
    • \n
  • \n Titch Johnson , Almost World Champion
    • \n
  • \n Agent Z Goes Wild
    • \n
  • \n At Home
    • \n
  • \n At Playgroup
    • \n
  • \n In the Garden
    • \n
  • \n On Holiday
    • \n
  • \n The Real Porky Phillips
    • \n
  • \n Agent Z and the Penguin from Mars
    • \n
  • \n The Sea of Tranquility
    • \n
  • \n Secret Agent Handbook
    • \n
  • \n Agent Z and the Killer Bananas
    • \n
  • \n Ocean Star Express
    • \n
  • \n The Ice Bear 's Cave
    • \n
  • \n Gridzbi Spudvetch !
    • \n
  • \n Footprints on the Moon
    • \n
  • \n Boom !
    • \n
\n
\n Adult titles \n
    \n
  • \n The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - time
    • \n
  • \n A Spot of Bother
    • \n
\n
\n Poetry \n
    \n
  • \n The Talking Horse and the Sad Girl and the Village Under the Sea
    • \n
\n
\n Television \n
    \n
  • \n Agent Z and the Penguin from Mars
    • \n
  • \n Coming Down the Mountain
    • \n
\n
\n Plays \n
    \n
  • \n Polar Bears
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Autism resources
\n
    \n
  • \n Autism
      \n
    • \n outline
      • \n
    • \n spectrum
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Awareness \n
    \n
  • \n Autism friendly
    • \n
  • \n Autism Sunday
    • \n
  • \n Communication Shutdown
    • \n
  • \n World Autism Awareness Day
    • \n
\n
\n Culture \n
    \n
  • \n Autistic art
    • \n
  • \n Autism spectrum disorders in the media
    • \n
  • \n Fictional characters
    • \n
  • \n Films about autism
    • \n
  • \n Circle of Friends
    • \n
  • \n Neurodiversity
    • \n
  • \n Medical model of autism
    • \n
  • \n Sociological and cultural aspects of autism
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Therapies
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Psychotropic medication ( antipsychotics ) \n
    \n
  • \n Aripiprazole
    • \n
  • \n Risperidone
    • \n
\n
\n Applied behavior analysis ( ABA ) \n
    \n
  • \n Cognitive behavior therapy
      \n
    • \n social skills training
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Discrete trial training ( Lovaas )
    • \n
  • \n Early start denver model
    • \n
  • \n Pivotal response treatment
    • \n
  • \n Schoolwide positive behavior support
    • \n
\n
\n Developmental \n
    \n
  • \n Floortime ( The PLAY Project )
    • \n
\n
\n Controversial \n
    \n
  • \n Auditory integration training
    • \n
  • \n Aversive therapy / Electric shocks ( Judge Rotenberg Educational Center )
    • \n
  • \n Chelation of mercury
    • \n
  • \n Ethical challenges to autism treatment
    • \n
  • \n Facilitated communication
    • \n
  • \n Gluten - free casein - free diet
    • \n
  • \n Hug machine
    • \n
  • \n Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
    • \n
  • \n Holding therapy
    • \n
  • \n Relationship development intervention
    • \n
  • \n Secretin
    • \n
  • \n Sensory integration therapy
    • \n
  • \n Son - Rise
    • \n
  • \n Vitamin B12
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Occupational therapy
    • \n
  • \n Picture Exchange Communication System ( PECS )
    • \n
  • \n Social Stories
    • \n
  • \n Speech therapy
    • \n
  • \n SSRI antidepressants
    • \n
  • \n Structured teaching ( TEACCH )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Centers
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Research \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n United States \n
    \n
  • \n Association for Science in Autism Treatment
    • \n
  • \n Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative
    • \n
  • \n Autism Research Institute
    • \n
  • \n Autism Science Foundation
    • \n
  • \n National Alliance for Autism Research
    • \n
  • \n Yale Child Study Center
    • \n
\n
\n United Kingdom \n
    \n
  • \n Autism Research Centre ( UK )
    • \n
\n
\n other / see also \n
    \n
  • \n Conditions and research areas
    • \n
  • \n Researchers
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Therapy \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n United States \n
    \n
  • \n Center for Autism and Related Disorders ( CARD )
    • \n
  • \n MIND Institute
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Schools \n
    \n
  • \n ESPA College ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n Exceptional Minds ( USA )
    • \n
  • \n Pathlight School ( Singapore )
    • \n
  • \n Sunfield Children 's Home ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n TreeHouse School ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n Western Autistic School ( Australia )
    • \n
  • \n List of schools
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Organizations
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Americas \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n United States \n
    \n
  • \n Autism National Committee
    • \n
  • \n Autism Network International
    • \n
  • \n Autism Science Foundation
    • \n
  • \n Autistic Self Advocacy Network
    • \n
  • \n Autism Society of America
    • \n
  • \n Autism Speaks
    • \n
  • \n Daniel Jordan Fiddle Foundation
    • \n
  • \n Generation Rescue
    • \n
  • \n Interactive Autism Network
    • \n
  • \n LENA Foundation
    • \n
  • \n Talk About Curing Autism
    • \n
\n
\n other \n
    \n
  • \n Centro Ann Sullivan ( Peru )
    • \n
  • \n Filipino - Canadian Autism Parent Support Group ( Canada )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Asia \n
    \n
  • \n Action for Autism ( India )
    • \n
  • \n Autism Resource Centre ( Singapore )
    • \n
  • \n GetVidya ( India )
    • \n
\n
\n Caribbean \n
    \n
  • \n Autistic Society ( Trinidad and Tobago )
    • \n
  • \n Maia Chung Autism and Disabilities Foundation ( Jamaica )
    • \n
\n
\n Europe \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n UK \n
    \n
  • \n Autism Anglia
    • \n
  • \n The Autism Directory
    • \n
  • \n Autism Awareness Campaign UK
    • \n
  • \n Autism Cymru
    • \n
  • \n Autism Plus
    • \n
  • \n Autistica
    • \n
  • \n National Autistic Society
    • \n
  • \n Sacar
    • \n
\n
\n other \n
    \n
  • \n Specialisterne ( Denmark )
    • \n
  • \n Aspies For Freedom
    • \n
  • \n Alliance Autiste
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Oceania \n
    \n
  • \n Luke Priddis Foundation ( Australia )
    • \n
\n
\n International \n
    \n
  • \n Autism rights movement
    • \n
  • \n Wrong Planet
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide ) Literature
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Non-fiction \n
    \n
  • \n The Accidental Teacher : Life Lessons from My Silent Son
    • \n
  • \n Aspergirls : Empowering Females with Asperger 's Syndrome
    • \n
  • \n Animals in Translation
    • \n
  • \n In a Different Key
    • \n
  • \n Life Animated
    • \n
  • \n Neurotribes
    • \n
  • \n Autism 's False Prophets
    • \n
  • \n Freaks , Geeks , and Asperger Syndrome : A User Guide to Adolescence
    • \n
  • \n Like Colour to the Blind
    • \n
  • \n Look Me in the Eye
    • \n
  • \n Mother Warriors
    • \n
  • \n Nobody Nowhere
    • \n
  • \n Overcoming Autism
    • \n
  • \n Somebody Somewhere
    • \n
  • \n Son - Rise : The Miracle Continues
    • \n
  • \n Strange Son
    • \n
  • \n Switched On
    • \n
  • \n Unstrange Minds
    • \n
  • \n Extreme Love : Autism
    • \n
\n
\n Fiction \n
    \n
  • \n The Mu Rhythm Bluff
    • \n
  • \n The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time
    • \n
  • \n Dear John
    • \n
  • \n House Rules
    • \n
  • \n Mockingbird
    • \n
  • \n Saving Max
    • \n
  • \n Speed of Dark
    • \n
  • \n The Winter Journey
    • \n
  • \n With the Light
    • \n
\n
\n For younger people \n
    \n
  • \n Everybody Is Different : A Book for Young People Who Have Brothers or Sisters With Autism
    • \n
  • \n Ian 's Walk : A Story about Autism
    • \n
  • \n Marcelo in the Real World
    • \n
  • \n Rage : A Love Story
    • \n
  • \n Rules
    • \n
\n
\n Journals \n
    \n
  • \n Autism
    • \n
  • \n Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
    • \n
  • \n Molecular Autism
    • \n
  • \n Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Autism - related films
\n Documentary \n
    \n
  • \n Autism Every Day
    • \n
  • \n Autism Is a World
    • \n
  • \n Autism : The Musical
    • \n
  • \n Best Kept Secret
    • \n
  • \n Children of the Stars
    • \n
  • \n Dad 's in Heaven with Nixon
    • \n
  • \n The Horse Boy
    • \n
  • \n How to Dance in Ohio
    • \n
  • \n Life , Animated
    • \n
  • \n Normal People Scare Me
    • \n
  • \n Recovered : Journeys Through the Autism Spectrum and Back
    • \n
  • \n Refrigerator Mothers
    • \n
  • \n Too Sane for This World
    • \n
  • \n The Wall or psychoanalysis put to the test for autism
    • \n
\n
\n Docudrama and biopic \n
    \n
  • \n After Thomas
    • \n
  • \n Cries from the Heart
    • \n
  • \n Marathon
    • \n
  • \n Miracle Run
    • \n
  • \n Son - Rise : A Miracle of Love
    • \n
  • \n Temple Grandin
    • \n
  • \n Wretches & Jabberers
    • \n
\n
\n Educational \n
    \n
  • \n The Transporters
    • \n
\n
\n Fictional \n
    \n
  • \n Adam
    • \n
  • \n Backstreet Dreams
    • \n
  • \n Barfi !
    • \n
  • \n Ben X
    • \n
  • \n The Black Balloon
    • \n
  • \n Bless the Child
    • \n
  • \n The Boy Who Could Fly
    • \n
  • \n Breaking and Entering
    • \n
  • \n Burning Bright
    • \n
  • \n Carne
    • \n
  • \n Change of Habit
    • \n
  • \n A Child Is Waiting
    • \n
  • \n Chocolate
    • \n
  • \n Cube
    • \n
  • \n Dark Floors
    • \n
  • \n David 's Mother
    • \n
  • \n Dear John
    • \n
  • \n Dr. Pomerantz
    • \n
  • \n Elling
    • \n
  • \n Eeshwar
    • \n
  • \n Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close
    • \n
  • \n Family Pictures
    • \n
  • \n Fly Away
    • \n
  • \n God 's Ears
    • \n
  • \n Haridas
    • \n
  • \n Henry & Verlin
    • \n
  • \n House of Cards
    • \n
  • \n I Am Sam
    • \n
  • \n Imagination
    • \n
  • \n Joyful Noise
    • \n
  • \n Killer Diller
    • \n
  • \n Koi ... Mil Gaya
    • \n
  • \n Mabul
    • \n
  • \n Mario
    • \n
  • \n Mary and Max
    • \n
  • \n Mercury Rising
    • \n
  • \n Midwinter Night 's Dream
    • \n
  • \n Molly
    • \n
  • \n Mozart and the Whale
    • \n
  • \n My Name Is Khan
    • \n
  • \n Nell
    • \n
  • \n Nightworld : Lost Souls
    • \n
  • \n Ocean Heaven
    • \n
  • \n The Other Sister
    • \n
  • \n Quantum Apocalypse
    • \n
  • \n Raam
    • \n
  • \n Rain Man
    • \n
  • \n Relative Fear
    • \n
  • \n Run Wild , Run Free
    • \n
  • \n Salmon Fishing in the Yemen
    • \n
  • \n Season of Miracles
    • \n
  • \n Swati Mutyam
    • \n
  • \n Swathi Muthu
    • \n
  • \n Silent Fall
    • \n
  • \n Simple Simon
    • \n
  • \n Snow Cake
    • \n
  • \n The Accountant
    • \n
  • \n The Story of Luke
    • \n
  • \n Touch
    • \n
  • \n Under the Piano
    • \n
  • \n When the Bough Breaks
    • \n
  • \n White Frog
    • \n
  • \n Zig Zag
    • \n
\n
\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Curious_Incident_of_the_Dog_in_the_Night-Time&oldid=838183475 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "curious incident of the dog in the nighttime singapore wikipedia", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Five - Year plans of India - Wikipedia

\n Five - Year plans of India

\n Jump to : navigation , search

\n From 1947 to 2017 , the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning . This was carried through the Five - Year Plans , developed , executed , and monitored by the Planning Commission ( 1951 - 2014 ) and the NITI Aayog ( 2015 - 2017 ) . With the prime minister as the ex-officio chairman , the commission has a nominated deputy chairman , who holds the rank of a cabinet Minister . Montek Singh Ahluwalia is the last deputy chairman of the commission ( resigned on 26 May 2014 ) . The Twelfth Plan completed its term in March 2017 . Prior to the Fourth Plan , the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism , which led to the adoption of the Gadgil formula in 1969 . Revised versions of the formula have been used since then to determine the allocation of central assistance for state plans . The new government led by Narendra Modi , elected in 2014 , has announced the dissolution of the Planning Commission , and its replacement by a think tank called the NITI Aayog ( an acronym for National Institution for Transforming India ) .

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n Five - Year Plans ( FYPs ) are centralized and integrated national economic programs . Joseph Stalin implemented the first Five Year Plan in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s . Most communist states and several capitalist countries subsequently have adopted them . China and India both continue to use FYPs , although China renamed its Eleventh FYP , from 2006 to 2010 , a guideline ( guihua ) , rather than a plan ( jihua ) , to signify the central government 's more hands - off approach to development . India launched its First FYP in 1951 , immediately after independence under socialist influence of first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru .

\n

\n The First Five - Year Plan was one of the most important because it had a great role in the launching of Indian development after Independence . Thus , it strongly supported agriculture production and it also launched the industrialization of the country ( but less than the Second Plan , which focused on heavy industries ) . It built a particular system of mixed economy , with a great role for the public sector ( with an emerging welfare state ) , as well as a growing private sector ( represented by some personalities as those who published the Bombay Plan ) .

\n

\n First Plan ( 1951 -- 1956 ) ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n The first Indian Prime Minister , Jawaharlal Nehru presented the First Five - Year Plan to the Parliament of India and needed urgent attention . The First Five - year Plan was launched in 1951 which mainly focused in development of the primary sector . The First Five - Year Plan was based on the Harrod -- Domar model with few modifications .

\n

\n The total planned budget of Rs. 2069 crore ( 2378 crore later ) was allocated to seven broad areas : irrigation and energy ( 27.2 % ) , agriculture and community development ( 17.4 % ) , transport and communications ( 24 % ) , industry ( 8.4 % ) , social services ( 16.6 % ) , rehabilitation of landless farmers ( 4.1 % ) , and for other sectors and services ( 2.5 % ) . The most important feature of this phase was active role of state in all economic sectors . Such a role was justified at that time because immediately after independence , India was facing basic problems -- deficiency of capital and low capacity to save .

\n

\n The target growth rate was 2.1 % annual gross domestic product ( GDP ) growth ; the achieved growth rate was 3.6 % the net domestic product went up by 15 % . The monsoon was good and there were relatively high crop yields , boosting exchange reserves and the per capita income , which increased by 8 % . National income increased more than the per capita income due to rapid population growth . Many irrigation projects were initiated during this period , including the Bhakra , Hirakud , Mettur Dam and Damodar Valley dams . The World Health Organization ( WHO ) , with the Indian government , addressed children 's health and reduced infant mortality , indirectly contributing to population growth .

\n

\n At the end of the plan period in 1956 , five Indian Institutes of Technology ( IITs ) were started as major technical institutions . The University Grants Commission ( UGC ) was set up to take care of funding and take measures to strengthen the higher education in the country . Contracts were signed to start five steel plants , which came into existence in the middle of the Second Five - Year Plan . The plan was quasi successful for the government .

\n

\n Second Plan ( 1956 -- 1961 ) ( edit )

\n

\n The Second Plan was particularly in the development of the public sector and `` rapid Industrialisation '' . The plan followed the Mahalanobis model , an economic development model developed by the Indian statistician Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis in 1953 . The plan attempted to determine the optimal allocation of investment between productive sectors in order to maximise long - run economic growth . It used the prevalent state of art techniques of operations research and optimization as well as the novel applications of statistical models developed at the Indian Statistical Institute . The plan assumed a closed economy in which the main trading activity would be centred on importing capital goods .

\n

\n Hydroelectric power projects and five steel plants at Bhilai , Durgapur , and Rourkela were established with the help of Russia , Britain ( the U.K ) and West Germany respectively . Coal production was increased . More railway lines were added in the north east .

\n

\n The Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and Atomic Energy Commission of India was established as research institutes . In 1957 a talent search and scholarship program was begun to find talented young students to train for work in nuclear power .

\n

\n The total amount allocated under the Second Five - Year Plan in India was Rs. 48 billion . This amount was allocated among various sectors : power and irrigation , social services , communications and transport , and miscellaneous .

\n

\n `` The target growth rate was 4.5 % and the actual growth rate was 4.27 % . ''

\n

\n Third Plan ( 1961 -- 1966 ) ( edit )

\n

\n The Third Five - year Plan , stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat , but the brief Sino - Indian War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army . In 1965 -- 1966 , India fought a War with Pakistan . There was also a severe drought in 1965 . The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation . The construction of dams continued . Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built . Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat .

\n

\n Many primary schools were started in rural areas . In an effort to bring democracy to the grass - root level , Panchayat elections were started and the states were given more development responsibilities .

\n

\n State electricity boards and state secondary education boards were formed . States were made responsible for secondary and higher education . State road transportation corporations were formed and local road building became a state responsibility .

\n

\n The target growth rate was 5.6 % , but the actual growth rate was 2.4 % .

\n

\n Due to miserable failure of the Third Plan the government was forced to declare `` plan holidays '' ( from 1966 -- 67 , 1967 -- 68 , and 1968 -- 69 ) . Three annual plans were drawn during this intervening period . During 1966 -- 67 there was again the problem of drought . Equal priority was given to agriculture , its allied activities , and industrial sector . The government of India declared `` Devaluation of Rupee '' to increase the exports of the country . The main reasons for plan holidays were the war , lack of resources , and increase in inflation after that plan holiday was created .

\n

\n Fourth Plan ( 1969 -- 1974 ) ( edit )

\n

\n At this time Indira Gandhi was the Prime Minister . The Indira Gandhi government nationalised 14 major Indian banks and the Green Revolution in India advanced agriculture . In addition , the situation in East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) was becoming dire as the Indo - Pakistan War of 1971 and Bangladesh Liberation War took funds earmarked for industrial development . India also performed the Smiling Buddha underground nuclear test ( Pokhran - 1 ) in Rajasthan on May 18 , 1974 , partially in response to the United States deployment of the Seventh Fleet in the Bay of Bengal . The fleet had been deployed to warn India against attacking West Pakistan and extending the war .

\n

\n The target growth rate was 5.6 % , but the actual growth rate was 3.3 % .

\n

\n Fifth Plan ( 1974 -- 1978 ) ( edit )

\n

\n The Fifth Five - Year Plan laid stress on employment , poverty alleviation ( Garibi Hatao ) , and justice . The plan also focused on self - reliance in agricultural production and defence . In 1978 the newly elected Morarji Desai government rejected the plan . The Electricity Supply Act was amended in 1975 , which enabled the central government to enter into power generation and transmission .

\n

\n The Indian national highway system was introduced and many roads were widened to accommodate the increasing traffic . Tourism also expanded . The twenty - point programme was launched in 1975 . It was followed from 1974 to 1979 .

\n

\n The Minimum Needs Programme ( MNP ) was introduced in the first year of the Fifth Five Year Plan ( 1974 -- 78 ) . The objective of the programme is to provide certain basic minimum needs and thereby improve the living standards of the people .

\n

\n The target growth rate was 4.4 % and the actual growth rate was 4.8 % .

\n

\n Rolling Plan ( 1978 -- 1980 ) ( edit )

\n

\n The Janata Party government rejected the Fifth Five - Year Plan and introduced a new Sixth Five - Year Plan ( 1978 -- 1980 ) . This plan was again rejected by the Indian National Congress government in 1980 and a new Sixth Plan was made. The Rolling Plan consists of three kind of plans that were proposed . The First Plan is for the present year which comprises the annual budget and Second is a plan for a fixed number of years , which may be 3 , 4 or 5 years . Plan number two is kept changing as per the requirements of the Indian economy . The Third Plan is a perspective plan which is for long terms i.e. for 10 , 15 or 20 years . Hence there is no fixation of dates in for the commencement and termination of the plan in the rolling plans . The main advantage of the rolling plans is that they are flexible and are able to overcome the rigidity of fixed five year plans by mending targets , the object of the exercise , projections and allocations as per the changing conditions in the country 's economy . The main disadvantage of this plan is that if the targets are revised each year , it becomes very difficult to achieve them which are laid down in the five - year period and it turned out to be a complex plan . Frequent revisions resulted in lack of stability in the economy which is essential for its balanced development and progress .

\n

\n Sixth Plan ( 1980 -- 1985 ) ( edit )

\n

\n The Sixth Five - Year Plan marked the beginning of economic liberalisation . Price controls were eliminated and ration shops were closed . This led to an increase in food prices and an increase in the cost of living . This was the end of Nehruvian socialism . The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development was established for development of rural areas on 12 July 1982 by recommendation of the Shivaraman Committee . Family planning was also expanded in order to prevent overpopulation . In contrast to China 's strict and binding one - child policy , Indian policy did not rely on the threat of force . More prosperous areas of India adopted family planning more rapidly than less prosperous areas , which continued to have a high birth rate .

\n

\n The Sixth Five - Year Plan was a great success to the Indian economy . The target growth rate was 5.2 % and the actual growth rate was 5.7 % . The only Five - Year Plan which was done twice .

\n

\n Seventh Plan ( 1985 -- 1990 ) ( edit )

\n

\n The Seventh Five - Year Plan was led by the Congress Party with Rajiv Gandhi as the prime minister . The plan laid stress on improving the productivity level of industries by upgrading of technology .

\n

\n The main objectives of the Seventh Five - Year Plan were to establish growth in areas of increasing economic productivity , production of food grains , and generating employment through `` Social Justice '' .

\n

\n As an outcome of the Sixth Five - Year Plan , there had been steady growth in agriculture , controls on the rate of inflation , and favourable balance of payments which had provided a strong base for the Seventh Five - Year Plan to build on the need for further economic growth . The Seventh Plan had strived towards socialism and energy production at large . The thrust areas of the Seventh Five - Year Plan were : social justice , removal of oppression of the weak , using modern technology , agricultural development , anti-poverty programmes , full supply of food , clothing , and shelter , increasing productivity of small - and large - scale farmers , and making India an independent economy .

\n

\n Based on a 15 - year period of striving towards steady growth , the Seventh Plan was focused on achieving the prerequisites of self - sustaining growth by the year 2000 . The plan expected the labour force to grow by 39 million people and employment was expected to grow at the rate of 4 % per year .

\n

\n Some of the expected outcomes of the Seventh Five - Year Plan India are given below :

\n \n

\n Under the Seventh Five - Year Plan , India strove to bring about a self - sustained economy in the country with valuable contributions from voluntary agencies and the general populace .

\n

\n The target growth rate was 5.0 % and the actual growth rate was 6.01 % . and the growth rate of per capita income was 3.7 % .

\n

\n Annual plans ( 1990 -- 1992 ) ( edit )

\n

\n The Eighth Plan could not take off in 1990 due to the fast changing political situation at the centre and the years 1990 -- 91 and 1991 -- 92 were treated as Annual Plans . The Eighth Plan was finally formulated for the period 1992 -- 1997 .

\n

\n Eighth Plan ( 1992 -- 1997 ) ( edit )

\n

\n 1989 -- 91 was a period of economic instability in India and hence no five - year plan was implemented . Between 1990 and 1992 , there were only Annual Plans . In 1991 , India faced a crisis in foreign exchange ( forex ) reserves , left with reserves of only about US $ 1 billion . Thus , under pressure , the country took the risk of reforming the socialist economy . P.V. Narasimha Rao was the tenth Prime Minister of the Republic of India and head of Congress Party , and led one of the most important administrations in India 's modern history , overseeing a major economic transformation and several incidents affecting national security . At that time Dr. Manmohan Singh ( later Prime Minister of India ) launched India 's free market reforms that brought the nearly bankrupt nation back from the edge . It was the beginning of liberalization , privatisation and globalization ( LPG ) in India .

\n

\n Modernization of industries was a major highlight of the Eighth Plan . Under this plan , the gradual opening of the Indian economy was undertaken to correct the burgeoning deficit and foreign debt . Meanwhile , India became a member of the World Trade Organization on 1 January 1995 . The major objectives included , controlling population growth , poverty reduction , employment generation , strengthening the infrastructure , institutional building , tourism management , human resource development , involvement of Panchayati rajs , Nagar Palikas , NGOs , decentralisation and people 's participation .

\n

\n Energy was given priority with 26.6 % of the outlay .

\n

\n The target growth rate was 5.6 % and the actual growth rate was 6.8 % .

\n

\n To achieve the target of an average of 5.6 % per annum , investment of 23.2 % of the gross domestic product was required . The incremental capital ratio is 4.1 . The saving for investment was to come from domestic sources and foreign sources , with the rate of domestic saving at 21.6 % of gross domestic production and of foreign saving at 1.6 % of gross domestic production .

\n

\n Ninth Plan ( 1997 -- 2002 ) ( edit )

\n

\n The Ninth Five - Year Plan came after 50 years of Indian Independence . Atal Bihari Vajpayee was the Prime Minister of India during the Ninth Five - Year Plan . The Ninth Five - Year Plan tried primarily to use the latent and unexplored economic potential of the country to promote economic and social growth . It offered strong support to the social spheres of the country in an effort to achieve the complete elimination of poverty . The satisfactory implementation of the Eighth Five - Year Plan also ensured the states ' ability to proceed on the path of faster development . The Ninth Five - Year Plan also saw joint efforts from the public and the private sectors in ensuring economic development of the country . In addition , the Ninth Five - Year Plan saw contributions towards development from the general public as well as governmental agencies in both the rural and urban areas of the country . New implementation measures in the form of Special Action Plans ( SAPs ) were evolved during the Ninth Five - Year Plan to fulfill targets within the stipulated time with adequate resources . The SAPs covered the areas of social infrastructure , agriculture , information technology and Water policy .

\n

\n Budget

\n

\n The Ninth Five - Year Plan had a total public sector plan outlay of \u20b9 859,200 crore ( US $130 billion ) . The Ninth Five - Year Plan also saw a hike of 48 % in terms of plan expenditure and 33 % in terms of the plan outlay in comparison to that of the Eighth Five - Year Plan . In the total outlay , the share of the center was approximately 57 % while it was 43 % for the states and the union territories .

\n

\n The Ninth Five - Year Plan focused on the relationship between the rapid economic growth and the quality of life for the people of the country . The prime focus of this plan was to increase growth in the country with an emphasis on social justice and equity . The Ninth Five - Year Plan placed considerable importance on combining growth oriented policies with the mission of achieving the desired objective of improving policies which would work towards the improvement of the poor in the country . The Ninth Five - Year Plan also aimed at correcting the historical inequalities which were still prevalent in the society .

\n

\n Objectives

\n

\n The main objective of the Ninth Five - Year Plan was to correct historical inequalities and increase the economic growth in the country . Other aspects which constituted the Ninth Five - Year Plan were :

\n \n

\n Strategies

\n \n

\n Performance

\n \n

\n The Ninth Five - Year Plan looks through the past weaknesses in order to frame the new measures for the overall socio - economic development of the country . However , for a well - planned economy of any country , there should be a combined participation of the governmental agencies along with the general population of that nation . A combined effort of public , private , and all levels of government is essential for ensuring the growth of India 's economy .

\n

\n The target growth was 7.1 % and the actual growth was 6.8 % .

\n

\n Tenth Plan ( 2002 -- 2007 ) ( edit )

\n

\n The main objectives of the Tenth Five - Year Plan :

\n \n

\n Out of total plan outlay , \u20b9 921,291 crore ( US $140 billion ) ( 57.9 % ) was for central government and \u20b9 691,009 crore ( US $110 billion ) ( 42.1 % ) was for states and union territories .

\n

\n Eleventh Plan ( 2007 -- 2012 ) ( edit )

\n \n

\n Twelfth Plan ( 2012 -- 2017 ) ( edit )

\n Main article : 12th Five - Year Plan ( India )

\n The Twelfth Five - Year Plan of the Government of India has been decided to achieve a growth rate of 8.2 % but the National Development Council ( NDC ) on 27 December 2012 approved a growth rate of 8 % for the Twelfth Five - Year Plan .

\n

\n With the deteriorating global situation , the Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission Montek Singh Ahluwalia has said that achieving an average growth rate of 9 percent in the next five years is not possible . The Final growth target has been set at 8 % by the endorsement of the plan at the National Development Council meeting held in New Delhi .

\n

\n `` It is not possible to think of an average of 9 % ( in the 12th plan ) . I think somewhere between 8 and 8.5 percent is feasible , '' Ahluwalia said on the sidelines of a conference of State Planning Boards and departments . The approached paper for the 12th Plan , approved last year , talked about an annual average growth rate of 9 % .

\n

\n `` When I say feasible ... that will require major effort . If you do n't do that , there is no God given right to grow at 8 percent . I think given that the world economy deteriorated very sharply over the last year ... the growth rate in the first year of the 12th Plan ( 2012 -- 13 ) is 6.5 to 7 percent . ''

\n

\n He also indicated that soon he should share his views with other members of the Commission to choose a final number ( economic growth target ) to put before the country 's NDC for its approval .

\n

\n The government intends to reduce poverty by 10 % during the 12th Five - Year Plan . Ahluwalia said , `` We aim to reduce poverty estimates by 9 % annually on a sustainable basis during the Plan period '' . Earlier , addressing a conference of State Planning Boards and Planning departments , he said the rate of decline in poverty doubled during the 11th Plan . The commission had said , while using the Tendulkar poverty line , the rate of reduction in the five years between 2004 -- 05 and 2009 -- 10 , was about 1.5 % points each year , which was twice that when compared to the period between 1993 -- 95 to 2004 -- 05 . The plan aims towards the betterment of the infrastructural projects of the nation avoiding all types of bottlenecks . The document presented by the planning commission is aimed to attract private investments of up to US $1 trillion in the infrastructural growth in the 12th five - year plan , which will also ensure a reduction in the subsidy burden of the government to 1.5 percent from 2 percent of the GDP ( gross domestic product ) . The UID ( Unique Identification Number ) will act as a platform for cash transfer of the subsidies in the plan .

\n

\n The objectives of the Twelfth Five - Year Plan were :

\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Planning Commission , Government of India : Five Year Plans . Planningcommission.nic.in . Retrieved on 2012 - 03 - 17 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Planning Commission ( 24 February 1997 ) . `` A Background Note on Gadgil Formula for distribution of Central Assistance for State Plans '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 17 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Sony Pellissery and Sam Geall `` Five Year Plans '' in Encyclopedia of Sustainability , Vol. 7 pp. 156 -- 160
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Jalal Alamgir , India 's Open - Economy Policy : Globalism , Rivalry , Continuity ( London and New York : Routledge 2008 ) , Chapter 2 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Baldev Raj Nayar , Globalization And Nationalism : The Changing Balance Of India 's Economic Policy , 1950 -- 2000 ( New Delhi : Sage , 2001 ) .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : L.N. Dash ( 2000 ) . World bank and economic development of India . APH Publishing . p. 375 . ISBN 81 - 7648 - 121 - 1 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 21 September 2013 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/9th/vol1/v1c2-1.htm
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Agrawal , AN ( 1995 ) . Indian Economy : Problems of development and planning . pune : Wishwa Prakashan . p. 676 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` National Development Council approves 12th Five Year Plan '' . Indian Express . 2012 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ ( 1 )
    12. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n India topics
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n History
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Overviews \n
    \n
  • \n Timeline
    • \n
  • \n Years
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Astronomy
    • \n
  • \n Economics
    • \n
  • \n Linguistics
    • \n
  • \n Maritime
    • \n
  • \n Mathematics
    • \n
  • \n Metallurgy
    • \n
  • \n Military
    • \n
  • \n Postal
    • \n
  • \n Science and technology
    • \n
\n
\n Pre-colonial \n
    \n
  • \n Stone Age
    • \n
  • \n Indus Valley Civilization
    • \n
  • \n Vedic period
    • \n
  • \n Mahajanapadas
    • \n
  • \n Mauryas
    • \n
  • \n Middle kingdoms
    • \n
  • \n Hoysala
    • \n
  • \n Chola
    • \n
  • \n Pala
    • \n
  • \n Kakatiya
    • \n
  • \n Delhi Sultanate
    • \n
  • \n Vijayanagara
    • \n
  • \n Mughals
    • \n
  • \n Marathas
    • \n
  • \n European trade
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Colonial
    • \n
  • \n Princely
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n East India Company
    • \n
  • \n Plassey
    • \n
  • \n 1857 rebellion
    • \n
  • \n British Raj
    • \n
  • \n Railways
    • \n
  • \n Economy
    • \n
  • \n Army
    • \n
  • \n Zamindari
    • \n
  • \n Bengali renaissance
    • \n
  • \n Political reforms
    • \n
  • \n Princely states
    • \n
  • \n Partition of Bengal
    • \n
  • \n Independence movement
    • \n
  • \n 1943 famine
    • \n
  • \n World War II
    • \n
  • \n Partition
    • \n
\n
\n Republic \n
    \n
  • \n Integration
    • \n
  • \n Non-Aligned Movement
    • \n
  • \n Five - Year Plans
    • \n
  • \n Sino - Indian War
    • \n
  • \n Indo - Pakistani wars
    • \n
  • \n Green Revolution
    • \n
  • \n White Revolution
    • \n
  • \n Naxal Insurgency
    • \n
  • \n Smiling Buddha
    • \n
  • \n Space programme
    • \n
  • \n The Emergency
    • \n
  • \n Indian Peace Keeping Force ( IPKF )
    • \n
  • \n Economic liberalisation
    • \n
  • \n Pokhran - II
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Geography
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Environment \n
    \n
  • \n Biosphere reserves
    • \n
  • \n Climate
      \n
    • \n Climatic regions
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Earthquakes
    • \n
  • \n Ecoregions
    • \n
  • \n Environmental issues
    • \n
  • \n Fauna
    • \n
  • \n Flora
    • \n
  • \n Geology
    • \n
  • \n National parks
    • \n
  • \n Protected areas
    • \n
  • \n Wildlife
    • \n
  • \n sanctuaries
    • \n
\n
\n Landforms \n
    \n
  • \n Beaches
    • \n
  • \n Desert
    • \n
  • \n Extreme points
    • \n
  • \n Glaciers
    • \n
  • \n Islands
    • \n
  • \n Lakes
    • \n
  • \n Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Plains
      \n
    • \n Indo - Gangetic
      • \n
    • \n Eastern coastal
      • \n
    • \n Western coastal
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Rivers
    • \n
  • \n Valleys
    • \n
  • \n Volcanoes
    • \n
  • \n Waterfalls
    • \n
\n
\n Regions \n
    \n
  • \n East
    • \n
  • \n North
    • \n
  • \n Northeast
    • \n
  • \n South
    • \n
  • \n West
    • \n
\n
\n Subdivisions \n
    \n
  • \n Autonomous administrative divisions
    • \n
  • \n Cities
    • \n
  • \n Districts
    • \n
  • \n Municipalities
    • \n
  • \n States and territories
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Politics
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Government \n
    \n
  • \n Agencies
    • \n
  • \n Energy policy
    • \n
  • \n Foreign relations
    • \n
  • \n Parliament
    • \n
  • \n President
    • \n
  • \n Vice President
    • \n
  • \n Prime Minister
    • \n
  • \n Union Council of Ministers
    • \n
  • \n Civil Services
    • \n
  • \n Cabinet Secretary
    • \n
  • \n State governments
    • \n
\n
\n Law \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Chief Justice
    • \n
  • \n Constitution
    • \n
  • \n District Courts
    • \n
  • \n Fundamental rights , principles and duties
    • \n
  • \n High Courts
    • \n
  • \n Human rights
    • \n
  • \n Supreme Court
    • \n
\n
\n Enforcement \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Federal \n
    \n
  • \n Border Security Force ( BSF )
    • \n
  • \n Central Industrial Security Force ( CISF )
    • \n
  • \n Central Reserve Police Force ( CRPF )
    • \n
  • \n Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( ITBP )
    • \n
  • \n National Security Guard ( NSG )
    • \n
  • \n Railway Protection Force ( RPF )
    • \n
  • \n Sashastra Seema Bal ( SSB )
    • \n
  • \n Special Protection Group ( SPG )
    • \n
\n
\n Intelligence \n
    \n
  • \n Bureau of Police Research and Development ( BPR&D )
    • \n
  • \n Central Bureau of Investigation ( CBI )
    • \n
  • \n Directorate of Revenue Intelligence ( DRI )
    • \n
  • \n Enforcement Directorate
    • \n
  • \n Intelligence Bureau ( IB )
    • \n
  • \n Joint Intelligence Committee ( JIC )
    • \n
  • \n Narcotics Control Bureau ( NCB )
    • \n
  • \n National Investigation Agency ( NIA )
    • \n
  • \n Research and Analysis Wing ( R&AW )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Military \n
    \n
  • \n Army
    • \n
  • \n Navy
    • \n
  • \n Air Force
    • \n
\n
\n Politics \n
    \n
  • \n Censorship
    • \n
  • \n Elections
    • \n
  • \n Nationalism
    • \n
  • \n Parliament
      \n
    • \n Lok Sabha
      • \n
    • \n Rajya Sabha
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Political parties
      \n
    • \n INC
      • \n
    • \n BJP
      • \n
    • \n BSP
      • \n
    • \n CPI
      • \n
    • \n CPM
      • \n
    • \n NCP
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Reservations
    • \n
  • \n Scandals
    • \n
  • \n Scheduled groups
    • \n
  • \n Secularism
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Economy
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Companies \n
    \n
  • \n BSE SENSEX
    • \n
  • \n CNX Nifty
    • \n
  • \n Government - owned companies
    • \n
  • \n List of companies
    • \n
\n
\n Governance \n
    \n
  • \n Ministry of Finance
      \n
    • \n Finance ministers
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ministry of Commerce and Industry
      \n
    • \n Commerce ministers
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Finance Commission
    • \n
  • \n Planning Commission
    • \n
  • \n Economic Advisory Council
    • \n
  • \n Central Statistical Office
    • \n
  • \n Securities and Exchange Board of India
    • \n
  • \n Enforcement Directorate
    • \n
  • \n Foreign trade
    • \n
  • \n Remittances
    • \n
  • \n Taxation
    • \n
  • \n Subsidies
    • \n
  • \n Industrial licensing
    • \n
  • \n Voluntary guidelines
    • \n
  • \n NITI Aayog
    • \n
  • \n Make in India
    • \n
  • \n FDI in India
    • \n
\n
\n Currency \n
    \n
  • \n Indian rupee
      \n
    • \n History
      • \n
    • \n Historical exchange rates data of the Indian rupee
      • \n
    • \n Coinage
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Reserve Bank of India
      \n
    • \n Governors
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n India Government Mint
    • \n
\n
\n Financial services \n
    \n
  • \n Banking
      \n
    • \n Banks
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Insurance
    • \n
  • \n Foreign exchange reserves
    • \n
  • \n Bombay Stock Exchange
    • \n
  • \n National Stock Exchange
    • \n
  • \n Multi Commodity Exchange
    • \n
  • \n Bullion
    • \n
  • \n Black money
    • \n
\n
\n History \n
    \n
  • \n Economic Development
    • \n
  • \n Economic liberalisation
    • \n
  • \n Licence Raj
    • \n
  • \n Green revolution
    • \n
  • \n Government initiatives
    • \n
  • \n Numbering system
    • \n
\n
\n People \n
    \n
  • \n Billionaires
    • \n
  • \n Businesspeople
    • \n
  • \n Demography
    • \n
  • \n Income
      \n
    • \n Poverty
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Labour law
    • \n
  • \n Pensions
      \n
    • \n EPFO
      • \n
    • \n NPS
      • \n
    • \n PPF
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n States \n
    \n
  • \n Andhra Pradesh
    • \n
  • \n Assam
    • \n
  • \n Bihar
    • \n
  • \n Goa
    • \n
  • \n Gujarat
    • \n
  • \n Haryana
    • \n
  • \n Himachal Pradesh
    • \n
  • \n Jammu and Kashmir
    • \n
  • \n Karnataka
    • \n
  • \n Kerala
    • \n
  • \n Madhya Pradesh
    • \n
  • \n Maharashtra
    • \n
  • \n Manipur
    • \n
  • \n Mizoram
    • \n
  • \n Nagaland
    • \n
  • \n Odisha
    • \n
  • \n Punjab
    • \n
  • \n Rajasthan
    • \n
  • \n Tamil Nadu
    • \n
  • \n Telangana
    • \n
  • \n Uttarakhand
    • \n
  • \n Uttar Pradesh
    • \n
  • \n West Bengal
    • \n
\n
\n Sectors \n
    \n
  • \n Agriculture
      \n
    • \n Livestock
      • \n
    • \n Fishing
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Automotive
    • \n
  • \n Defence
    • \n
  • \n Construction
    • \n
  • \n Education
    • \n
  • \n Energy
      \n
    • \n Nuclear
      • \n
    • \n Solar
      • \n
    • \n Wind
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Entertainment
    • \n
  • \n Forestry
    • \n
  • \n Gambling
    • \n
  • \n Healthcare
    • \n
  • \n Information technology
    • \n
  • \n Media
      \n
    • \n Cinema
      • \n
    • \n Television
      • \n
    • \n Printing
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Mining
    • \n
  • \n Pharmaceuticals
    • \n
  • \n Retail
    • \n
  • \n Science and technology
      \n
    • \n Biotechnology
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Telecommunications
    • \n
  • \n Textiles
    • \n
  • \n Tourism
    • \n
  • \n Transport
      \n
    • \n Aviation
        \n
      • \n Civil
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Ports
      • \n
    • \n Rail
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Utilities
      \n
    • \n Electricity
      • \n
    • \n Water
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Society
    • \n
  • \n Culture
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Society \n
    \n
  • \n Caste system
    • \n
  • \n Corruption
    • \n
  • \n Demographics
    • \n
  • \n Education
      \n
    • \n Universities in India
      • \n
    • \n Medical colleges in India
      • \n
    • \n Law colleges in India
      • \n
    • \n Engineering colleges in India
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ethnic relations
    • \n
  • \n Healthcare
      \n
    • \n Hospitals in India
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Languages
    • \n
  • \n Literacy
    • \n
  • \n Poverty
    • \n
  • \n Prisons
    • \n
  • \n Religion
    • \n
  • \n Socio - economic issues
    • \n
  • \n Standard of living
    • \n
  • \n Water supply and sanitation
    • \n
  • \n Crime
    • \n
\n
\n Culture \n
    \n
  • \n Arts and entertainment
    • \n
  • \n Architecture
    • \n
  • \n Blogging
    • \n
  • \n Cinema
    • \n
  • \n Comics
      \n
    • \n Webcomics
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Cuisine
      \n
    • \n wine
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Dance
    • \n
  • \n Dress
    • \n
  • \n Folklore
    • \n
  • \n Festivals
    • \n
  • \n Literature
    • \n
  • \n Media
      \n
    • \n television
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Martial arts
    • \n
  • \n Music
    • \n
  • \n Public holidays
    • \n
  • \n Sport
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five-Year_Plans_of_India&oldid=838085429 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n Languages

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "which five year plan was affected by indo pak indo china war", "long_answers": ["The Third Five - year Plan , stressed agriculture and improvement in the production of wheat , but the brief Sino - Indian War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army . In 1965 -- 1966 , India fought a War with Pakistan . There was also a severe drought in 1965 . The war led to inflation and the priority was shifted to price stabilisation . The construction of dams continued . Many cement and fertilizer plants were also built . Punjab began producing an abundance of wheat .\n"], "short_answers": ["The Third Five - year Plan\n", "The Third Five - year Plan\n"]} {"text": "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame - Wikipedia

\n Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n Rock and Roll Hall of Fame \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Established \n
\n Location \n 1100 Rock and Roll Boulevard ( East Ninth Street at Lake Erie ) Cleveland , Ohio 44114 United States
\n \n 41 \u00b0 30 \u2032 30.2 '' N 81 \u00b0 41 \u2032 43.8 '' W \ufeff / \ufeff 41.508389 \u00b0 N 81.695500 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 41.508389 ; - 81.695500
\n Visitors \n 441,290 ( 2013 )
\n President \n Greg Harris
\n Public transit access \n North Coast station ( RTA Rapid Transit )
\n Website \n rockhall.com
\n

\n The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , located on the shore of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland , Ohio , recognizes and archives the history of the best - known and most influential artists , producers , engineers , and other notable figures who have had some major influence on the development of rock and roll . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation was established on April 20 , 1983 , by Atlantic Records founder and chairman Ahmet Ertegun . In 1986 , Cleveland was chosen as the Hall of Fame 's permanent home . Since opening in September 1995 , the `` Rock Hall '' -- part of the city 's redeveloped North Coast Harbor -- has hosted more than 10 million visitors and had a cumulative economic impact estimated at more than $1.8 billion .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Foundation and museum ( edit )

\n

\n Founder Ahmet Ertegun assembled a team that included attorney Suzan Evans , Rolling Stone magazine editor and publisher Jann S. Wenner , attorney Allen Grubman , and record executives Seymour Stein , Bob Krasnow , and Noreen Woods . The Foundation began inducting artists in 1986 , but the Hall of Fame still had no home . The search committee considered several cities , including Philadelphia ( home of Bill Haley and American Bandstand ) , Memphis ( home of Sun Studios and Stax Records ) , Detroit ( home of Motown Records ) , Cincinnati ( home of King Records ) , New York City , and Cleveland .

\n

\n Cleveland lobbied for the museum , citing that WJW disc jockey Alan Freed both coined the term `` rock and roll '' and heavily promoted the new genre -- and that Cleveland was the location of Freed 's Moondog Coronation Ball , the first major rock and roll concert . In addition , Cleveland cited radio station WMMS , which played a key role in breaking several major acts in the U.S. during the 1970s and 80s , including artist David Bowie , who began his first U.S. tour in the city , Bruce Springsteen , Roxy Music , and Rush among many others . Cleveland was also one of the premier tour stops for most rock bands .

\n

\n Civic leaders in Cleveland pledged $65 million in public money to fund the construction . A petition drive was signed by 600,000 fans favoring Cleveland over Memphis , and Cleveland ranked first in a 1986 USA Today poll asking where the Hall of Fame should be located . On May 5 , 1986 , the Hall of Fame Foundation chose Cleveland as the permanent home of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Sam Phillips of Sun Studios fame and many others were stunned and disappointed that it ended up in Cleveland . `` The hall of fame should 've been in Memphis , certainly , '' wrote Peter Guralnick , author of an acclaimed two - volume Elvis Presley biography .

\n

\n Cleveland may also have been chosen as the organization 's site because the city offered the best financial package . As The Plain Dealer music critic Michael Norman noted , `` It was $65 million ... Cleveland wanted it here and put up the money . '' Co-founder Jann Wenner later said , `` One of the small sad things is we did n't do it in New York in the first place , '' but then added , `` I am absolutely delighted that the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is in Cleveland . ''

\n

\n During early discussions on where to build the Hall of Fame and Museum , the Foundation 's board considered the Cuyahoga River . Ultimately , the chosen location was along East Ninth Street in downtown Cleveland by Lake Erie , east of Cleveland Stadium .

\n

\n At one point in the planning phase when a financing gap existed , planners proposed locating the Rock Hall in the then - vacant May Company Building , but finally decided to commission architect I.M. Pei to design a new building . Initial CEO Dr. Larry R. Thompson facilitated I.M. Pei in designs for the site . Pei came up with the idea of a tower with a glass pyramid protruding from it . The museum tower was initially planned to stand 200 ft ( 61 m ) high , but had to be cut down to 162 ft ( 49 m ) due to its proximity to Burke Lakefront Airport . The building 's base is approximately 150,000 square feet ( 14,000 m2 ) . The groundbreaking ceremony took place on June 7 , 1993 . Pete Townshend , Chuck Berry , Billy Joel , Sam Phillips , Ruth Brown , Sam Moore of Sam and Dave , Carl Gardner of the Coasters and Dave Pirner of Soul Asylum all appeared at the groundbreaking .

\n

\n The museum was dedicated on September 1 , 1995 , with the ribbon being cut by an ensemble that included Yoko Ono and Little Richard , among others , before a crowd of more than 10,000 people . The following night an all - star concert was held at the stadium . It featured Chuck Berry , Bob Dylan , Al Green , Jerry Lee Lewis , Aretha Franklin , Bruce Springsteen , Iggy Pop , John Fogerty , John Mellencamp , and many others .

\n

\n In addition to the Hall of Fame inductees , the museum documents the entire history of rock and roll , regardless of induction status . Hall of Fame inductees are honored in a special exhibit located in a wing that juts out over Lake Erie .

\n

\n Economic impact ( edit )

\n

\n Since 1986 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has selected new inductees . The formal induction ceremony has been held in New York City 26 times ( 1986 -- 92 , 1994 -- 96 , 1998 -- 2008 , 2010 -- 11 , 2014 , 2016 and 2017 ) ; twice in Los Angeles ( 1993 and 2013 ) ; and four times in the Hall of Fame 's home in Cleveland ( 1997 , 2009 , 2012 and 2015 ) . Beginning in 2018 , the induction ceremonies will alternate each year between Cleveland and New York .

\n

\n The 2009 and 2012 induction weeks were made possible by a public -- private partnership between the City of Cleveland , the State of Ohio , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , and local foundations , corporations , civic organizations and individuals . Collectively these entities invested $5.8 million in 2009 and $7.9 million in 2012 to produce a week of events , including free concerts , a gospel celebration , exhibition openings , free admission to the museum , and induction ceremonies filled with both fans and VIPs at Public Hall .

\n

\n Millions viewed the television broadcast of the Cleveland inductions ; tens of thousands traveled to Ohio during induction week to participate in Induction - related events . The economic impact of the 2009 induction week activities was more than $13 million , and it provided an additional $20 million in media exposure for the region . The 2012 induction week yielded similar results .

\n

\n Layout ( edit )

\n The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ( left ) sits on the Lake Erie shore next to the Great Lakes Science Center ( right ) in Cleveland 's North Coast Harbor .

\n There are seven levels in the building . On the lower level is the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall , the museum 's main gallery . It includes exhibits on the roots of rock and roll ( gospel , blues , rhythm & blues and folk , country and bluegrass ) . It also features exhibits on cities that have had a major impact on rock and roll : Memphis , Detroit , London and Liverpool , San Francisco , Los Angeles , New York and Seattle . There are exhibits about soul music , the Fifties , Sun Records , Atlantic Records , hip hop music , Cleveland 's rock and roll legacy , the music of the Midwest , rock and roll radio and dee - jays , and the many protests against rock and roll . This gallery also has exhibits that focus on individual artists , including the Beatles , the Rolling Stones , Jimi Hendrix and others . Finally , the Ahmet M. Ertegun Exhibition Hall includes two theaters , one of which features a film about the roots of rock and roll and one that features films on various subjects .

\n

\n The first floor of the museum is the entrance level . It includes a cafe , a stage that the museum uses for various special performances and events throughout the year , and a section called `` Backstage Stories . '' The second floor includes several interactive kiosks that feature programs on one - hit wonders and the Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll . This level also includes a gallery with artifact - filled exhibits about Les Paul , Alan Freed , Sam Phillips and the evolution of audio technology .

\n

\n Visitors enter the Hall of Fame section of the museum on the third floor . This section includes `` The Power of Rock Experience , '' which includes one of Jonathan Demme 's final works , a film shown in the Connor Theater . The film includes musical highlights from some of the Hall 's induction ceremonies . Visitors exit the Hall of Fame section on the fourth floor . That level features the Foster Theater , a state - of - the - art 3 - D theater that is used for special events and programs .

\n

\n Finally , the top two levels of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame feature large , temporary exhibits . Over the years , numerous exhibits have been installed on these two levels , including exhibits about Elvis Presley , hip - hop , the Supremes , the Who , U2 , John Lennon , the Clash , Bruce Springsteen , Women Who Rock , and the Rolling Stones .

\n

\n Architecture ( edit )

\n The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , showing Lake Erie in the foreground

\n Designed by I.M. Pei and structurally engineered by Leslie E. Robertson Associates , the building rises above the shores of Lake Erie . It is a combination of bold geometric forms and dynamic cantilevered spaces that are anchored by a 162 - foot tower . The tower supports a dual - triangular - shaped glass `` tent '' that extends ( at its base ) onto a 65,000 - square - foot plaza that provides a main entry facade .

\n

\n The building houses more than 55,000 square feet of exhibition space , as well as administrative offices , a store , and a caf\u00e9 .

\n

\n `` In designing this building , '' Pei said , `` it was my intention to echo the energy of rock and roll . I have consciously used an architectural vocabulary that is bold and new , and I hope the building will become a dramatic landmark for the city of Cleveland and for fans of rock and roll around the world . ''

\n

\n Exhibit history ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n Since 1997 , the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has featured numerous temporary exhibits that range in size from major exhibits that fill the top two floors of the museum to smaller exhibits that are often installed in the main exhibition hall on the lower level .

\n

\n The museum 's first major exhibit opened on May 10 , 1997 . It was called I Want to Take You Higher : The Psychedelic Era , 1965 -- 1969 . It included artifacts from numerous artists , including John Lennon , Eric Clapton , John Sebastian , the Jefferson Airplane , and Janis Joplin , as well as artifacts related to the Monterey International Pop Festival and Woodstock .

\n

\n That exhibit was followed by Elvis is in the Building , an exhibit about the `` King of Rock and Roll '' , which ran from August 8 , 1998 , to September 5 , 1999 . This year - long tribute was the first ever special exhibit devoted to a single artist , Elvis Presley , the first inductee into the RRHOF in 1986 . Graceland supplied a significant selection of representative artifacts for this special tribute spanning Elvis ' life and legendary career . ( see Larry G. Keeter , `` Elvis Is In the Building , '' `` Elvis International Forum , '' Summer 2000 , pp. 28 -- 29 ) Next , the museum curated Roots , Rhymes and Rage : The Hip - Hop Story . That was the first major museum exhibit to focus on hip - hop . It ran from November 11 , 1999 , to August 6 , 2000 . It was followed by Rock Style , an exhibit that focused on rock and roll and fashion . It featured clothing from Buddy Holly to Alice Cooper , from Ray Charles to David Bowie and from Smokey Robinson to Sly Stone . After it closed in Cleveland , Rock Style traveled to other museums in the U.S.

\n The former Annex in Soho in New York City ( now closed )

\n Other temporary exhibits have included Lennon : His Life and Work , which ran from October 20 , 2000 , to January 1 , 2003 . It was followed by In the Name of Love : Two Decades of U2 and then Reflections : The Mary Wilson Supreme Legacy Collection . A major exhibition on display during the Republican National Convention in Cleveland in 2016 was Louder than Words : Rock , Power , Politics .

\n

\n Other large temporary exhibits have focused on the Clash ( Revolution Rock : The Story of the Clash ) , the Doors ( Break on Through : The Lasting Legacy of the Doors ) , the Who 's Tommy ( Tommy : The Amazing Journey ) , and Bruce Springsteen ( From Asbury Park to the Promised Land : The Life and Music of Bruce Springsteen ) . Another thematic temporary exhibit focused on the role of women in rock and roll ( Women Who Rock : Vision , Passion , Power ) . Many of these exhibits travel to other museums after closing in Cleveland . The museum 's current major temporary exhibit is about the history of the magazine Rolling Stone .

\n

\n The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame also curates many smaller temporary exhibits . Over the years , these exhibits have focused on such topics as the Vans Warped Tour , the Concert for Bangladesh , Woodstock 's 40th anniversary , Austin City Limits , the Monterey International Pop Festival , Roy Orbison , Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers , Marty Stuart , Paul Simon , Graham Nash , and John Mellencamp .

\n

\n The museum also devotes exhibits to photography and artwork related to rock and roll . Among the photographers whose work has been featured at the Hall of Fame are George Kalinsky , Alfred Wertheimer , Tommy Edwards , Kevin Mazur , Janet Macoska , Lynn Goldsmith , Mike McCartney , Robert Alford , and George Shuba . The museum also featured the artwork of Philip Burke in one of its temporary exhibits , and a later exhibit featured Herb Ritts .

\n

\n Public programs ( edit )

\n

\n The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum produces numerous public programs , including concerts , interviews , lectures , film screenings , and other events that help tell the story of rock and roll . Every February , the museum celebrates Black History Month by hosting concerts , film screenings and lectures that illustrate the important role African - Americans have played in the history of rock and roll . Since the program began in 1996 , such artists as Robert Lockwood , Jr. , the Temptations , Charles Brown , Ruth Brown , the Ohio Players , Lloyd Price , Little Anthony and the Imperials , and Al Green have appeared at the museum during Black History Month .

\n

\n Another program is the Hall of Fame Series . This series began in April 1996 and features interviews with Hall of Fame inductees in a rare and intimate settings , most often in the Museum 's Foster Theater . The interviews are usually followed by a question - and - answer session with the audience and , often , a performance by the inductee . Among the inductees who have taken part in this series are Darryl `` DMC '' McDaniels of Run - D.M.C. , Lloyd Price , Marky Ramone , Seymour Stein , Ray Manzarek of the Doors , Ronnie Spector , Bootsy Collins , Ann and Nancy Wilson of Heart , and Jorma Kaukonen of the Jefferson Airplane .

\n

\n A similar program is the Legends Series . The only real difference between this program and the Hall of Fame Series is that it features artists who have not yet been inducted into the Hall of Fame . Peter Hook of Joy Division , Spinderella of Salt n Pepa , Tommy James , and the Chi - Lites are among the artists who have participated in the Legends Series .

\n

\n The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's most acclaimed program is the annual American Music Masters series . Each year the museum celebrates one of the Hall 's inductees with a week - long series of programs that include interviews , film screenings , and , often , a special exhibit . The celebration ends with an all - star concert held at a Cleveland theater . The concerts include a diverse mix of artists , from Hall of Fame inductees to contemporary musicians .

\n

\n The American Music Masters series began in 1996 with Hard Travelin ' : The Life and Legacy of Pete Seeger . Since then , the programs have honored the following inductees : Jimmie Rodgers ( 1997 ) , Robert Johnson ( 1998 ) , Louis Jordan ( 1999 ) , Muddy Waters ( 2000 ) , Bessie Smith ( 2001 ) , Hank Williams ( 2002 ) , Buddy Holly ( 2003 ) , Lead Belly ( 2004 ) , Sam Cooke ( 2005 ) , Roy Orbison ( 2006 ) , Jerry Lee Lewis ( 2007 ) , Les Paul ( 2008 ) , Janis Joplin ( 2009 ) , Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew ( 2010 ) , Aretha Franklin ( 2011 ) , and Chuck Berry ( 2012 ) .

\n

\n Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll ( edit )

\n

\n Hall of Fame museum curator James Henke , along with `` the museum 's curatorial staff and numerous rock critics and music experts '' , created an unordered list of `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The list is part of a permanent exhibit at the museum , and was envisioned as part of the museum from its opening in 1995 . It contains songs recorded from the 1920s through the 1990s . The Beatles with seven songs was the most represented on the 500 -- song list . The oldest song on the list is `` Wabash Cannonball '' , written circa 1882 and credited to J.A. Roff . Since then , however , an additional 155 songs have been added , and the list is now simply referred to as `` The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll . '' The most recent songs on the list are Gnarls Barkley 's `` Crazy '' and My Chemical Romance 's `` Welcome to the Black Parade , '' both released in 2006 . The Beatles and the Rolling Stones are the most represented on the 655 -- song list , with eight songs each .

\n Artists with four or more songs ( edit ) \n

\n 25th anniversary concert ( edit )

\n

\n The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame celebrated its 25th anniversary with a concert series over two days on October 29 and 30 , 2009 at Madison Square Garden in New York . The celebration included performances by Jerry Lee Lewis , U2 , Patti Smith , Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band , Simon & Garfunkel , Dion DiMucci , Metallica , James Taylor , Bonnie Raitt , Fergie , Mick Jagger , Lou Reed , Ray Davies , Ozzy Osbourne , Paul Simon , Jeff Beck , Buddy Guy , Aretha Franklin , Stevie Wonder , Sting , Little Anthony & the Imperials , and Crosby , Stills and Nash . The first night ran almost six hours with Bruce Springsteen & the E Street Band closing the concert with special guests John Fogerty , Darlene Love , Tom Morello , Sam Moore , Jackson Browne , Peter Wolf , and Billy Joel .

\n

\n Inductees ( edit )

\n English guitarist , singer , and songwriter Eric Clapton is the only three - time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame See also : List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees

\n Artists are inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame at an annual induction ceremony . Over the years , the majority of the ceremonies have been held at the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel in New York City . However , on January 12 , 1993 , the ceremony was held in Los Angeles , and was held there again in 2013 . On May 6 , 1997 , about a year and a half after the opening of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum , the ceremony was held in Cleveland . It returned to Cleveland in 2009 and again in 2012 . Current plans call for the ceremony to be in Cleveland every three years . Generally , the number of inductees ranges from about a half - dozen to a dozen . Virtually all living inductees have attended the ceremonies , and they are presented with their Hall of Fame award by an artist who was influenced by that inductee 's music . Both the presenter and the inductee speak at the ceremonies , which also include numerous musical performances , by both the inductees and the presenters . The first group of inductees , inducted on January 23 , 1986 , included Elvis Presley , James Brown , Little Richard , Fats Domino , Ray Charles , Chuck Berry , Sam Cooke , the Everly Brothers , Buddy Holly , and Jerry Lee Lewis . Robert Johnson , Jimmie Rodgers , and Jimmy Yancey were inducted as Early Influences , John Hammond received the Lifetime Achievement Award and Alan Freed and Sam Phillips were inducted as Non-Performers .

\n

\n Performers ( edit )

\n

\n A nominating committee composed of rock and roll historians selects names for the `` Performers '' category ( singers , vocal groups , bands , and instrumentalists of all kinds ) , which are then voted on by roughly five hundred experts across the world . Those selected to vote include academics , journalists , producers , and others with music industry experience . Artists become eligible for induction 25 years after the release of their first record . Criteria include the influence and significance of the artists ' contributions to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll . To be selected for induction , performers must receive the highest number of votes , and also greater than 50 % of the votes . Around five to seven performers are inducted each year .

\n

\n In 2012 , six additional groups , the Miracles , the Famous Flames , the Comets , the Blue Caps , the Midnighters , and the Crickets , were inducted as performers by a special committee due to the controversial exclusions when their lead singer was inducted . `` There was a lot of discussion about this , '' said Terry Stewart , a member of the nominating committee . `` There had always been conversations about why the groups were n't included when the lead singers were inducted . Very honestly , nobody could really answer that question -- it was so long ago ... We decided we 'd sit down as an organization and look at that . This is the result . ''

\n

\n Early Influences ( edit )

\n

\n Early Influences includes artists from earlier eras , primarily country , folk , and blues , whose music inspired and influenced rock and roll artists . Other notable artists that have been inducted as Early Influences include Bill Kenny & The Ink Spots , country musicians Jimmie Rodgers and Hank Williams , blues musicians Howlin ' Wolf and Muddy Waters , and jazz musicians Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong . After Nat King Cole and Billie Holiday in 2000 , no one was inducted in this category until 2009 , when rockabilly singer Wanda Jackson was selected . Unlike earlier inductees in this category , Jackson 's career almost entirely took place after the traditional 1955 start of the `` rock era '' .

\n

\n Ahmet Ertegun award for Lifetime Achievement ( edit )

\n

\n Formerly the `` Non-Performers '' award , this category encompasses those who primarily work behind the scenes in the music industry , including record label executives , songwriters , record producers , disc jockeys , concert promoters and music journalists . This category has had at least one inductee every year except 2007 and 2009 . Following the death of the Hall of Fame 's co-founder Ahmet Ertegun , this award was renamed in his honor in 2008 .

\n

\n Award for musical Excellence ( edit )

\n

\n Formerly the `` Sidemen '' award , this category was introduced in 2000 and honors veteran session and concert players who are selected by a committee composed primarily of producers . The category was dormant from 2004 through 2007 and re-activated in 2008 . This honor was renamed the `` Award for Musical Excellence '' in 2010 . According to Joel Peresman , the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation , `` This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized . ''

\n

\n Library and Archives ( edit )

\n The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland , Ohio November 2015

\n The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum 's Library and Archives is the world 's most comprehensive repository of materials related to the history of rock and roll . The Library and Archives is located in a new building on the Metro Campus of Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland 's Campus District .

\n

\n The Library and Archives ' mission is to collect , preserve and provide access to these materials . The Library and Archives operates on two levels : people may come into the library and read the books and magazines , listen to music and other recordings , and watch videos and films . More serious scholars , historians and journalists may also make an appointment for access to the archival collections under the supervision of the staff archivists .

\n

\n The library is composed of books , academic dissertations , and other references . It also includes popular magazines , scholarly journals and trade publications ; commercial audio and video recordings , and research databases .

\n

\n The archival collections include music - business records from record executives , artist managers , labels , historic venues , recording studios , specialists in stage design and lighting , and long - running concert tours . The collections also contain important individual items , such as personal letters penned by Aretha Franklin and Madonna , handwritten working lyrics by Jimi Hendrix and LL Cool J , papers from music journalists such as Sue Cassidy Clark , and rare concert recordings from CBGB in the 1970s .

\n

\n Criticism ( edit )

\n

\n The most frequent criticism of the Hall of Fame is that the nomination process is controlled by a few individuals who are not themselves musicians , such as founder Jann Wenner ( co-founder and editor - in - chief of Rolling Stone magazine ) , former foundation director Suzan Evans , and writer Dave Marsh , reflecting their personal tastes rather than the views of the rock world as a whole . A former member of the nominations board once commented that `` At one point Suzan Evans lamented the choices being made because there were n't enough big names that would sell tickets to the dinner . That was quickly remedied by dropping one of the doo - wop groups being considered in favor of a ' name ' artist ... I saw how certain pioneering artists of the ' 50s and early ' 60s were shunned because there needed to be more name power on the list , resulting in ' 70s superstars getting in before the people who made it possible for them . Some of those pioneers still are n't in today . '' Sister Rosetta Tharpe is often considered `` The Godmother / Grandmother of Rock & Roll '' , but was not chosen for induction until 2017 . Also , the influential soul / funk group Tower of Power has not yet been honored . Velvet Underground drummer Maureen Tucker has dismissed the Hall of Fame as the `` Hall of Lame '' .

\n

\n There is also controversy in the lack of transparency in the selection process . Janet Morrissey of The New York Times wrote :

\n

\n `` With fame and money at stake , it 's no surprise that a lot of backstage lobbying goes on . Why any particular act is chosen in any particular year is a mystery to performers as well as outsiders -- and committee members say they want to keep it that way . ''

\n

\n Jon Landau , the chairman of the nominating committee , says they prefer it that way . `` We 've done a good job of keeping the proceedings nontransparent . It all dies in the room . ''

\n

\n According to Fox News , petitions with tens of thousands of signatures were also being ignored , and some groups that were signed with certain labels or companies or were affiliated with various committee members have even been put up for nomination with no discussion at all . The committee has also been accused of largely ignoring certain genres . According to author Brett Milano , `` entire genres get passed over , particularly progressive rock , ' 60s Top 40 , New Orleans funk and a whole lot of black music . '' In contrast , since the mid-2000s ( decade ) , numerous hip hop artists have been inducted , including Tupac Shakur ( class of 2017 ) , N.W.A ( class of 2016 ) and Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five ( class of 2007 ) .

\n

\n Another criticism is that too many artists are inducted . In fifteen years , 97 different artists were inducted . A minimum of 50 % of the vote is needed to be inducted ; although , the final percentages are not announced and a certain number of inductees ( five in 2011 ) is set before the ballots are shipped . The committee usually nominates a small number of artists ( 12 in 2010 ) from an increasing number of different genres . Several voters , including Joel Selvin , himself a former member of the nominating committee , did not submit their ballots in 2007 because they did not feel that any of the candidates were truly worthy .

\n

\n Members of the British punk rock band The Sex Pistols , inducted in 2006 , refused to attend the ceremony , calling the museum `` a piss stain '' and `` urine in wine '' .

\n

\n In BBC Radio 6 Music 's Annual John Peel Lecture in 2013 , the singer Charlotte Church accused the museum of gender bias , stating , `` Out of 295 acts and artists in the Rock n ' Roll Hall of Fame , 259 are entirely male , meaning that Tina Weymouth 's part in Talking Heads makes them one of the 36 female acts . '' In fact , the actual percentage of woman inductees is 8.5 % . Combining all the categories , there have been 719 inductees , out of which only 61 have been women , none of which has been inducted more than once or awarded the Lifetime Achievement .

\n

\n 2007 vote controversy ( edit )

\n

\n On March 14 , 2007 , two days after that year 's induction ceremony , Roger Friedman of Fox News published an article claiming that the Dave Clark Five should have been the fifth inductee , as they had more votes than inductee Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five . The article went on to say `` Jann Wenner used a technicality about the day votes were due in . In reality , The Dave Clark Five got six more votes than Grandmaster Flash . But he felt we could n't go another year without a rap act . ''

\n

\n The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation would later deny fixing the vote , although they did not deny that late votes were received , saying , `` No . There is a format and rules and procedure . There is a specific time when the votes have to be in , and then they are counted . The bands with the top five votes got in . '' The Dave Clark Five was subsequently nominated again and then inducted the following year .

\n

\n The Monkees controversy ( edit )

\n

\n In June 2007 , Monkee Peter Tork complained to the New York Post that Wenner had blackballed the Monkees , commenting :

\n

\n ( Wenner ) does n't care what the rules are and just operates how he sees fit . It is an abuse of power . I do n't know whether the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame , but it 's pretty clear that we 're not in there because of a personal whim . Jann seems to have taken it harder than everyone else , and now , 40 years later , everybody says , ' What 's the big deal ? Everybody else does it . ' ( Uses studio artists or backing bands . ) Nobody cares now except him . He feels his moral judgment in 1967 and 1968 is supposed to serve in 2007 .

\n

\n In a Facebook post , fellow Monkee Michael Nesmith stated that he does not know if the Monkees belong in the Hall of Fame because he can only see the impact of the Monkees from the inside , and further stated : `` I can see the HOF ( Hall of Fame ) is a private enterprise . It seems to operate as a business , and the inductees are there by some action of the owners of the Enterprise . The inductees appear to be chosen at the owner 's pleasure . This seems proper to me . It is their business in any case . It does not seem to me that the HOF carries a public mandate , nor should it be compelled to conform to one . ''

\n

\n Various magazines and news outlets , such as Time , NPR radio , The Christian Science Monitor , Goldmine magazine , Yahoo Music and MSNBC have argued that the Monkees belong in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` 2013 -- 14 Annual Report to the Community '' ( PDF ) . RockHall.com . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . 2014 . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Jordan , Lee . `` The house the rock built celebrates 15 years with a redesign of exhibit galleries and new library '' . Article . WEWS TV / ABC . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Heaton , Michael ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame welcomes 10 millionth visitor '' . The Plain Dealer via Cleveland.com . Plain Dealer Publishing Co. and Northeast Ohio Media Group . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ WMMS : A Cleveland Legend Turns 40 The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . Rockhall.com . Retrieved on July 24 , 2013 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Peter Guralnick ( author of Sam Phillips : The Man Who Invented Rock ' n ' Roll ) , an interview , `` Bostonia , '' Winter - Spring 2016 , pp. 52 - 54 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum Timeline : 1995 -- 2010 '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Grzegorek , Vince ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Rock Hall President : Induction to Take Place in Cleveland Every Other Year Beginning in 2018 '' . CleveScene.com . Cleveland Scene . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is going strong , 15 years after opening '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductions , done ' the Cleveland way , ' are a hit '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Plain Dealer Staff . `` A look inside the redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum : Interactive Graphic '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Swank , Niki . `` Rock & Roll Hall of Fame : the heart of rock and roll '' . Builders Exchange Magazine . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Smith , Troy L. ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Rock Hall premieres its spellbinding ' The Power of Rock Experience ' '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ McGregor , Ellen ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` First Major redesign of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum nears completion '' . Scripps Media / News Net 5 / ABC News ( Cleveland ) . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Associated Press . `` Redesigned Rock Hall opens exhibit on The Beatles '' . Article . NBC News / AP . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ AISC Marketing , Inc . `` The House That Steel Built : A Showcase of Interesting and Aesthetic Projects '' ( PDF ) . Business Literature . American Institute of Steel Construction . Retrieved March 4 , 2013 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Smith , Troy . `` Rock Hall announces ' Rock , Power and Politics ' exhibit to coincide with Republican National Convention '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Smith , Troy . `` Rock Hall exhibit lays out Rolling Stone magazine 's remarkable impact '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Yarborough , Chuck . `` '' Just Ca n't Get Enough : The Photography of Robert Alford '' opens Sept. 19 at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum `` . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2013 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum . `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum / Past Exhibits '' . Official Website . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Yarborough , Chuck . `` ' Herb Ritts : The Rock Portraits ' : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's captivating exhibit spotlights photographer 's skill at capturing stars ' essence ( review ) '' . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Hake , A. `` Rock Hall Announces Black History Month Events '' . Article . WOIO / 19 Action News . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ D.X. , Ferris . `` Slash , Billy Gibbons Jam for Les Paul at Rock Hall 's American Music Master 's Concert '' . Article . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ DeMarco , Laura . `` Rock Hall to honor Janis Joplin in American Music Masters series '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Aretha Franklin Honored in Rock and Roll Hall of Fame American Music Masters Tribute '' . Article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Doyle , Patrick . `` Chuck Berry Praises Obama , Laments Fading Health '' . Article . Rolling Stones Magazine . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` FAQ - The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum '' .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock '' . Retrieved 24 October 2016 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` Artcom Museums Tour : Rock and Roll Hall of Fame & Museum , Cleveland , OH - Moving Companies '' .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Experience The Music : One Hit Wonders and The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 . Retrieved 6 January 2017 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel is surprise guest at Rock and Roll Hall of Fame concert '' . NJ.com .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Henry Ray Abrams / Ap . `` Jagger , Springsteen , Black Eyed Peas jam with U2 at rock hall concert '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Henry Ray Abrams / AP . `` Songs for HBO 's Rock and Roll Hall of Fame special announced '' . NJ.com . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame -- Induction Process .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Crickets , Famous Flames , Comets , Miracles , Midnighters and Blue Caps added to Rock Hall induction ceremony '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved February 26 , 2012 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ WENN . `` Late Ertegun Honoured With New Hall Of Fame Award '' . Contactmusic.com .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Soeder , John ( December 15 , 2010 ) . `` Neil Diamond , Alice Cooper , Dr. John , Darlene Love and Tom Waits headed into Rock Hall '' . The Plain Dealer . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Opens Archives to the Public '' . Rolling Stone Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Graff , Gary . `` Rock Hall Opening Library and Archives This Week '' . Article . Billboard Magazine . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Soeder , John . `` Rock Hall Library and Archives set to open Tuesday '' . article . The Plain Dealer / Cleveland.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2013 .
    40. \n
  40. \n ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( April 4 , 2001 ) . `` Rock Hall of Fame Fallout : ' There Is Resentment Building Up ' '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 4 , 2001 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` The Godmother of Rock & Roll : Sister Rosetta Tharpe '' . BBC Four . May 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Godmother of Rock and Roll : Sister Rosetta Tharpe '' . PBS . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Doug Yule - Story '' .
    44. \n
  44. \n ^ Jump up to : Morrissey , Janet ( December 3 , 2011 ) . `` Battle of the Bands ( and Egos ) for the Rock Hall of Fame '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Boehm , Mike ( December 29 , 2009 ) . `` Getting progressive : The Rock Hall votes in Genesis . Is Yes or Procol Harum next ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` Dispute rocks the hall '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 .
    47. \n
  47. \n ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall Voting Scandal : Rock Group Actually Won '' . Fox News . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 .
    48. \n
  48. \n ^ Jump up to : Friedman , Roger ( January 12 , 2007 ) . `` Three strikes , they 're in '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Selvin , Joel ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` View : Rock and Roll Hall offers lackluster candidates '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved December 7 , 2007 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` Official announcement from the Sex Pistols regarding the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . Sex Pistols -- The Filth and the Fury . February 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2008 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Transcript : Paul Resnikoff , `` I 'm Charlotte Church . And This Is How Women Are Routinely Demoralized by the Music Industry ... , '' Digital Media News , October 15 , 2013
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 6 Music - The John Peel Lecture - Downloads '' . BBC .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Chapa , Yuridia , `` Misogyny in Rock ''
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : Inductees '' .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Heaton , Michael ( March 17 , 2007 ) . `` Rock Hall denies vote fix report '' . The Plain Dealer . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2007 . Retrieved April 6 , 2007 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` Madonna leads list of Rock Hall inductees '' . CNN . Associated Press . 2007 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved January 2 , 2008 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Nesmith , Michael . `` '' Should The Monkees be included in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ? `` , you ask '' . Facebook . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ McCombs , Joseph ( April 19 , 2012 ) . `` Hey , Hey Let Them In : 10 Reasons The Monkees Should Be in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Hirsh , Marc . `` NOW Can We Induct The Monkees Into The Rock And Roll Hall Of Fame ? '' . NPR Radio . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` Rock and Roll Hall of Fame : The top 5 biggest omissions '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Marder , Phill . `` No Monkee business allowed in the Rock Hall of Fame ? '' . Goldmine Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Marder , Phill. `` 10 more bands snubbed by the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame '' . Goldmine Magazine . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Hoskyns , Barney . `` Why Are n't the Monkees In the Rock and Roll of Fame ? '' . Yahoo Music . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Sclafani , Tony . `` Hey hey , it 's the fans who want the Monkees in the Rock Hall '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 .
    65. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rock and Roll Hall of Fame .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Rock music
\n Components \n
    \n
  • \n Backbeat
    • \n
  • \n Distortion
    • \n
  • \n Rock band
      \n
    • \n Electric guitar
      • \n
    • \n Electric bass
      • \n
    • \n Rhythm section
      • \n
    • \n Drum kit
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Genres by decade of origin \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 1950s \n
    \n
  • \n Instrumental rock
    • \n
  • \n Latin rock
    • \n
  • \n Pop rock
    • \n
  • \n Rock and roll
      \n
    • \n British
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Rockabilly
    • \n
\n
\n 1960s \n
    \n
  • \n Acid rock
    • \n
  • \n Anatolian rock
    • \n
  • \n Art rock
    • \n
  • \n Baroque rock
    • \n
  • \n Beat music
    • \n
  • \n Blues rock
    • \n
  • \n Boogie rock
    • \n
  • \n Christian rock
    • \n
  • \n Comedy rock
    • \n
  • \n Country rock
    • \n
  • \n Electronic rock
    • \n
  • \n Experimental rock
    • \n
  • \n Folk rock
    • \n
  • \n Flamenco rock
    • \n
  • \n Garage rock
    • \n
  • \n Hard rock
    • \n
  • \n Heavy metal
    • \n
  • \n Jam
    • \n
  • \n Jazz rock
    • \n
  • \n Krautrock
    • \n
  • \n Power pop
    • \n
  • \n Progressive rock
    • \n
  • \n Psychedelic rock
    • \n
  • \n Raga rock
    • \n
  • \n Roots rock
    • \n
  • \n Samba rock
    • \n
  • \n Southern rock
    • \n
  • \n Space rock
    • \n
  • \n Surf music
    • \n
\n
\n 1970s \n
    \n
  • \n Arena rock
    • \n
  • \n Cock rock
    • \n
  • \n Dance - rock
    • \n
  • \n Funk rock
    • \n
  • \n Glam rock
    • \n
  • \n Gothic rock
    • \n
  • \n Heartland rock
    • \n
  • \n Ostrock
    • \n
  • \n Post-progressive
    • \n
  • \n Pub rock ( United Kingdom )
    • \n
  • \n Pub rock ( Australia )
    • \n
  • \n Punk rock
    • \n
  • \n Soft rock
    • \n
  • \n Visual kei
    • \n
  • \n Yacht rock
    • \n
\n
\n 1980s \n
    \n
  • \n Alternative rock
    • \n
  • \n Rap rock
    • \n
  • \n Trop rock
    • \n
\n
\n 1990s \n
    \n
  • \n Stoner rock
    • \n
  • \n Sufi rock
    • \n
  • \n Viking rock
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Radio formats \n
    \n
  • \n Active rock
    • \n
  • \n Album - oriented rock
    • \n
  • \n Classic rock
    • \n
  • \n Mainstream rock
    • \n
  • \n Modern rock
    • \n
  • \n Progressive rock ( radio format )
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n History
    • \n
  • \n Culture
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Origins of rock and roll
    • \n
  • \n Electronics in rock music
    • \n
  • \n Social effects
      \n
    • \n Rock Against Communism
      • \n
    • \n Rock Against Racism
      • \n
    • \n Rock Against Sexism
      • \n
    • \n Rock music and the fall of communism
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Rockism and poptimism
    • \n
  • \n Women in rock
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n List of rock genres
    • \n
  • \n Motorik
    • \n
  • \n Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
    • \n
  • \n Progressive music
    • \n
  • \n Rock concert
    • \n
  • \n Rock musical
    • \n
  • \n Rock opera
    • \n
  • \n Rock festival
    • \n
  • \n Wagnerian rock
    • \n
  • \n Wall of Sound
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Music awards
\n Worldwide \n
    \n
  • \n International Dance Music Awards
    • \n
  • \n International Rock Awards
    • \n
  • \n World Music Awards
    • \n
\n
\n Africa \n
    \n
  • \n South African Music Awards ( RSA )
    • \n
  • \n Channel O Music Video Awards ( RSA )
    • \n
  • \n Nigeria Entertainment Awards ( NGR )
    • \n
  • \n The Headies ( NGR )
    • \n
\n
\n Americas \n
    \n
  • \n Dove Awards ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Grammy Awards ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Billboard Music Awards ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Billboard Latin Music Awards ( US )
    • \n
  • \n American Music Awards ( US )
    • \n
  • \n iHeartRadio Music Awards ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Heat Latin Music Awards ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Latin Grammy Awards ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Lo Nuestro Awards ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Latin American Music Award ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Premios tu mundo ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Premios Juventud ( US )
    • \n
  • \n MTV Video Music Awards ( US )
    • \n
  • \n MTV Millennial Awards ( US )
    • \n
  • \n BET Awards ( US )
    • \n
  • \n Soul Train Music Awards ( US )
    • \n
  • \n TEC Awards ( US )
    • \n
  • \n iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards ( CAN )
    • \n
  • \n Juno Awards ( CAN )
    • \n
\n
\n Asia and Oceania \n
    \n
  • \n ABU Song Festivals ( AS )
    • \n
  • \n ARIA Music Awards ( AUS )
    • \n
  • \n Awit Awards ( PHL )
    • \n
  • \n Eurovision Asia Song Contest ( AS )
    • \n
  • \n Golden Disc Awards ( S. KOR )
    • \n
  • \n Golden Melody Awards ( TW )
    • \n
  • \n Japan Record Awards
    • \n
  • \n Japan Gold Disc Awards
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand Music Awards ( NZ )
    • \n
  • \n Anugerah Juara Lagu ( MAS )
    • \n
  • \n Anugerah Industri Muzik ( MAS )
    • \n
  • \n Anugerah Musik Indonesia ( INA )
    • \n
  • \n Dahsyatnya Awards ( INA )
    • \n
  • \n SCTV Awards ( INA )
    • \n
  • \n Anugerah Planet Muzik ( SIN , MAS , BRU , INA )
    • \n
\n
\n Europe \n
    \n
  • \n Eurovision Song Contest ( EU )
    • \n
  • \n Europe Music Awards ( EU )
    • \n
  • \n Junior Eurovision Song Contest ( EU )
    • \n
  • \n Brit Awards ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n Mercury Prize ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n MOBO Awards ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n Kerrang ! Awards ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n Classic Brit Awards ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n Gramophone Award ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n Echo Awards ( GER )
    • \n
  • \n Victoires de la Musique ( FRA )
    • \n
  • \n Grand Prix du Disque ( FRA )
    • \n
  • \n NRJ Music Awards ( FRA )
    • \n
  • \n Diapason d'Or ( FRA )
    • \n
  • \n Sanremo Music Festival Awards ( ITA )
    • \n
  • \n Wind Music Awards ( ITA )
    • \n
  • \n MTV Italian Music Awards
    • \n
  • \n Edison Awards ( NLD )
    • \n
  • \n Grammis Awards ( SWE )
    • \n
  • \n Melodifestivalen ( SWE )
    • \n
  • \n Premio Nacional de M\u00fasica ( SPA )
    • \n
  • \n LOS40 Music Awards ( SPA )
    • \n
  • \n Dansk Melodi Grand Prix ( DNK )
    • \n
  • \n Melodi Grand Prix ( NOR )
    • \n
  • \n Meteor Music Awards ( IRL )
    • \n
  • \n Choice Music Prize ( IRL )
    • \n
  • \n Russian Music Awards ( RUS )
    • \n
  • \n ZAI Awards / Aurel Awards ( SK )
    • \n
  • \n And\u011bl Awards ( CZ )
    • \n
  • \n BBC Music Awards ( UK )
    • \n
  • \n A Dal ( HU )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame&oldid=816388123 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "when is the rock n roll hall of fame", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Atticus Finch - wikipedia

\n Atticus Finch

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Atticus Finch
\n Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch , in the 1962 film adaption
\n First appearance \n To Kill a Mockingbird
\n Last appearance \n Go Set a Watchman
\n Created by \n Harper Lee
\n Portrayed by \n Gregory Peck
\n Information
\n Gender \n Male
\n Occupation \n Lawyer
\n Family \n Jeremy Finch ( father ) John Hale `` Jack '' Finch ( brother ) Alexandra Finch Hancock ( sister ) Caroline Finch ( sister )
\n Spouse ( s ) \n Jean Graham Finch ( deceased )
\n Children \n Jeremy Atticus `` Jem '' Finch Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch
\n Relatives \n Edgar ( cousin ) Joshua ( cousin ) Francis Hancock ( nephew )
\n Nationality \n American
\n

\n Atticus Finch is a fictional character in Harper Lee 's Pulitzer Prize winning novel of 1960 , To Kill a Mockingbird . A preliminary version of the character also appears in the novel Go Set a Watchman , written in the mid 1950s but not published until 2015 . Atticus is a lawyer and resident of the fictional Maycomb County , Alabama , and the father of Jeremy `` Jem '' Finch and Jean Louise `` Scout '' Finch. Lee based the character on her own father , Amasa Coleman Lee , an Alabama lawyer , who , like Atticus , represented black defendants in a highly publicized criminal trial . Book Magazine 's list of The 100 Best Characters in Fiction Since 1900 names Finch as the seventh best fictional character of 20th - century literature . In 2003 the American Film Institute voted Atticus Finch , as portrayed in an Academy Award - winning performance by Gregory Peck in the 1962 film adaptation , as the greatest hero of all American cinema .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Impact on the legal profession ( edit )

\n

\n Claudia Durst Johnson has commented about critiques of the novel , saying , `` A greater volume of critical readings has been amassed by two legal scholars in law journals than by all the literary scholars in literary journals '' . Alice Petry remarked , `` Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person '' . Examples of Atticus Finch 's impact on the legal profession are plentiful . Richard Matsch , the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial , counts Atticus as a major judicial influence . One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook from which he taught was To Kill a Mockingbird , and an article in the Michigan Law Review asserts , `` No real - life lawyer has done more for the self - image or public perception of the legal profession '' , before questioning whether `` Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun . ''

\n

\n In 1992 Monroe Freedman , a professor of law and noted legal ethicist , published two articles in the national legal newspaper Legal Times calling for the legal profession to set aside Atticus Finch as a role model . Freedman argued that Atticus still worked within a system of institutionalized racism and sexism and should not be revered . Freedman 's article sparked a flurry of responses from attorneys who entered the profession holding Atticus Finch as a hero and the reason for which they became lawyers . Freedman argued that Atticus Finch is dishonest , unethical , sexist , and inherently racist , and that he did nothing to challenge the racist status quo in Maycomb . Freedman 's article sparked furious controversy , with one legal scholar opining , `` What Monroe really wants is for Atticus to be working on the front lines for the NAACP in the 1930s , and , if he 's not , he 's disqualified from being any kind of hero ; Monroe has this vision of lawyer as prophet . Atticus has a vision of lawyer not only as prophet but as parish priest '' . In 1997 the Alabama State Bar erected a monument dedicated to Atticus in Monroeville marking his existence as the `` first commemorative milestone in the state 's judicial history '' .

\n

\n Social references ( edit )

\n

\n Atticus Finch 's willingness to support social outcasts and victims of prejudice is the eponymous inspiration for the name of the Atticus Circle , which is an organization composed of `` straight allies '' ( that is , heterosexual people supportive of the LGBT - rights movement ) .

\n

\n In 2016 , the lawyer Joseph Madison Beck published the memoir My Father & Atticus Finch , in which he noted the numerous parallels between his father Foster Beck 's defense of a black man accused of raping a white woman in the 1938 trial State of Alabama vs. Charles White , Alias , and Atticus Finch 's defense of Tom Robinson in To Kill a Mockingbird . In a letter to the author , Harper Lee herself noted the `` obvious parallels '' between the cases ( Lee was 12 at the time of the Charles White trial ) and between Atticus Finch and Foster Beck , though she also stated that she could not recall the trial , and that To Kill a Mockingbird was a work of fiction .

\n

\n Former president Barack Obama referenced Atticus Finch as an ideal American character . In addition Atticus was mentioned during one of Obama 's speeches .

\n

\n Go Set a Watchman ( edit )

\n

\n In July 2015 , days before Lee 's highly anticipated second novel Go Set a Watchman , was officially published , the first chapter was released on The Guardian for public viewing . On that day , a New York Times review of the book ( which is set about twenty years after the time period depicted in Mockingbird but is not a chronological sequel ) revealed that Atticus , depicted in this version as being in his early seventies , is portrayed as a far less - progressive character . He makes comments that favor segregation and has attended a Citizens ' Council meeting . This has proved controversial to many readers , unaware perhaps that although To Kill a Mockingbird was published first , Watchman is the first draft of the text that later became Mockingbird and the characterizations and key plot details between the two books are not only different but sometimes contradictory .

\n

\n In terms of plot , Tom Robinson is acquitted in Watchman while in Mockingbird his unjust conviction as the result of prejudice was a central part of not only the story but why Atticus is seen culturally as such a righteous and progressive character . His defense is based on not just Robinson 's innocence but on his fundamental equality . His closing argument is a more polished version of the progressive argument the adult Jean Louise makes in Watchman and there are other instances where both versions contain the same descriptions word for word . This kind of character development , where motivations and ideals between characters , for reasons of plot , are changed is not unusual in the process of creative writing . Apart from the more progressive depiction of Atticus , the depiction of the town itself , especially the African - American characters , is also dramatically altered between the two drafts. Real - life comparisons with Lee 's father , Amasa Coleman Lee , have also been made in the two differing versions of Atticus in that originally Amasa Lee was in favor of segregation but became more liberal later in life , later changing his views to those of Integration . Tay Hohoff , Lee 's editor , has also been argued to have played a major part in the character development of the novel and particularly Atticus ' liberal transformation . Jonathan Mahler of The New York Times notes in his article The Invisible Hand Behind Harper Lee 's ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' that Ms. Hohoff , at the same time as she was guiding Ms. Lee through the Mockingbird re-write , was working on her own biography of the early - 20th - century New York activist and humanist John Lovejoy Elliot . He notes that the book , A Ministry to Man , was published in 1959 , a year before Mockingbird .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Boston , Talmage ( June 2010 ) . `` Who was Atticus Finch ? '' ( PDF ) . Texas Bar Journal . 73 ( 6 ) : 484 -- 485 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 05 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Book Magazine 's The 100 Best Characters in Fiction Since 1900 '' . InfoPlease.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Book Magazine , March / April 2002 ( March 2002 ) . `` 100 Best Characters in Fiction Since 1900 '' . Talk of the Nation . NPR . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains '' ( PDF ) . afi.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 20 , 2012 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Johnson , Boundaries p. 25 - 27
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Petry , p. xxiii
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Petry , p. xxiv
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Lubet , Steven . `` Reconstructing Atticus Finch . '' Michigan Law Review 97 , no . 6 ( May 1999 ) : 1339 -- 62 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Margolick , David ( February 28 , 1992 ) . `` At the Bar ; To Attack A Lawyer In ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' : An Iconoclast Takes Aim At A Hero '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Monroe H. Freedman , `` '' Atticus Finch , Esq. , R.I.P. , `` '' 14 LEGAL TIMES 20 ( 1992 ) ; Monroe H. Freedman , `` '' Finch : The Lawyer Mythologized , `` '' 14 LEGAL TIMES 25 ( 1992 ) and Monroe Freedman , Atticus Finch -- Right and Wrong , 45 Ala . L. Rev. 473 ( 1994 ) .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Metress , Christopher . `` The Rise and Fall of Atticus Finch . '' The Chattahoochee Review ; 24 ( 1 ) : September , 2003
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Mockingbird ' Hero Honored in Monroeville . '' Birmingham News ( Alabama ) : May 3 , 1997 ; Pg . 7A .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` About Atticus Circle '' . 2009 . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/My-Father-Atticus-Finch-Lawyers/dp/0393285820/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1513113687&sr=8-1&keywords=my+father+and+atticus+finch
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Beck , My Father & Atticus Finch , p. vii
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : http://qz.com/452650/harper-lee-revisions/
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Sacks , Sam ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Book Review : In Harper Lee 's ' Go Set a Watchman ' Atticus Finch Defends Jim Crow '' . The Wall Street Journal .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/11/books/review-harper-lees-go-set-a-watchman-gives-atticus-finch-a-dark-side.html?_r=0
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Stevens , Laura ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Memories of the Man Who Inspired Atticus Finch '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 .
    20. \n
  20. \n ^ Jump up to : Mahler , Jonathan ( July 12 , 2015 ) . `` The Invisible Hand Behind Harper Lee 's ' To Kill a Mockingbird ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 .
    21. \n
\n

\n Bibliography ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 )
\n Characters \n
    \n
  • \n Atticus Finch
    • \n
\n
\n Film \n
    \n
  • \n To Kill a Mockingbird
    • \n
\n
\n Prequel \n
    \n
  • \n Go Set a Watchman
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n To Kill a Mockingbird in popular culture
    • \n
  • \n Broken
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atticus_Finch&oldid=838429873 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where was atticus finch born in to kill a mockingbird", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Category : Hotel types - wikipedia Help

\n Category : Hotel types

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hotels by type .
\n The main article for this category is Hotel .

\n Pages in category `` Hotel types ''

\n

\n The following 40 pages are in this category , out of 40 total . This list may not reflect recent changes ( learn more ) .

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Hotel_types&oldid=766350044 '' Categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what are three different types of hotel properties", "long_answers": ["Hotel barge Bed and breakfast Botel Boutique hotel Bunkhouse\n"], "short_answers": ["Hotel barge\n", "Bed and breakfast\n", "Botel\n"]} {"text": "Sino - Indian war - Wikipedia

\n Sino - Indian war

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints . Please improve the article or discuss the issue . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Sino - Indian War
\n The Sino - Indian War was fought between India and China
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Date \n 20 October -- 21 November 1962 ( 1 month and 1 day )
\n Location \n Aksai Chin and North - East Frontier Agency
\n Result \n Chinese victory
\n
\n Belligerents
\n India \n China
\n Commanders and leaders
\n Brij Mohan Kaul ( Chief of General Staff of the Indian Army ) Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( President of India ) Jawaharlal Nehru ( Prime Minister of India ) V.K. Krishna Menon ( Defence Minister of India ) General Pran Nath Thapar ( Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army ) \n Luo Ruiqing ( chief of PLA staff ) Zhang Guohua ( field commander ) Mao Zedong ( Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China ) Liu Bocheng ( Marshal of PLA ) Lin Biao ( Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China ) Zhou Enlai ( Premier of the People 's Republic of China )
\n Strength
\n 10,000 -- 12,000 \n 80,000
\n Casualties and losses
\n 1,383 -- 3,250 killed 548 -- 1,047 wounded 1,696 missing 3,968 captured \n 722 killed 1,697 wounded
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article contains Indic text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks or boxes , misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text .
\n

\n The Sino - Indian War ( Hindi : \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 - \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 Bh\u0101rat - Ch\u012bn Yuddh ) , also known as the Sino - Indian Border Conflict ( simplified Chinese : \u4e2d \u5370 \u8fb9\u5883 \u6218\u4e89 ; traditional Chinese : \u4e2d \u5370 \u908a\u5883 \u6230\u722d ; pinyin : Zh\u014dng - Y\u00ecn Bi\u0101nj\u00ecng Zh\u00e0nzh\u0113ng ) , was a war between China and India that occurred in 1962 . A disputed Himalayan border was the main pretext for war , but other issues played a role . There had been a series of violent border incidents after the 1959 Tibetan uprising , when India had granted asylum to the Dalai Lama . India initiated a Forward Policy in which it placed outposts along the border , including several north of the McMahon Line , the eastern portion of a Line of Actual Control proclaimed by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in 1959 .

\n

\n Unable to reach political accommodation on disputed territory along the 3,225 - kilometre - long Himalayan border , the Chinese launched simultaneous offensives in Ladakh and across the McMahon Line on 20 October 1962 , coinciding with the Cuban Missile Crisis . Chinese troops advanced over Indian forces in both theatres , capturing Rezang la in Chushul in the western theatre , as well as Tawang in the eastern theatre . The war ended when China declared a ceasefire on 20 November 1962 , and simultaneously announced its withdrawal to its claimed ' line of actual control ' .

\n

\n The Sino - Indian War is notable for the harsh mountain conditions under which much of the battle took place , entailing large - scale combat at altitudes of over 4,000 metres ( 14,000 feet ) . The Sino - Indian War was also noted for the non-deployment of the navy or air force by either the Chinese or Indian side .

\n

\n It is noteworthy that the buildup and offensive from China occurred concurrently with the 13 - day Cuban Missile Crisis ( 16 -- 28 October 1962 ) that saw both the United States and the Soviet Union confronting each other , and India did not receive assistance from either of these world powers until the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Location ( edit )

\n Pre-Simla British map published in 1909 shows the so - called `` Outer Line '' as India 's northern boundary Postal Map of China published by the Government of China in 1917

\n China and India shared a long border , sectioned into three stretches by Nepal , Sikkim ( then an Indian protectorate ) , and Bhutan , which follows the Himalayas between Burma and what was then West Pakistan . A number of disputed regions lie along this border . At its western end is the Aksai Chin region , an area the size of Switzerland , that sits between the Chinese autonomous region of Xinjiang and Tibet ( which China declared as an autonomous region in 1965 ) . The eastern border , between Burma and Bhutan , comprises the present Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh ( formerly the North East Frontier Agency ) . Both of these regions were overrun by China in the 1962 conflict .

\n

\n Most combat took place at high altitudes . The Aksai Chin region is a desert of salt flats around 5,000 metres above sea level , and Arunachal Pradesh is mountainous with a number of peaks exceeding 7,000 metres . The Chinese Army had possession of one of the highest ridges in the regions . The high altitude and freezing conditions also cause logistical and welfare difficulties ; in past similar conflicts ( such as the Italian Campaign of World War I ) harsh conditions have caused more casualties than have enemy action . The Sino - Indian War was no different , with many troops on both sides dying in the freezing cold .

\n

\n Background ( edit )

\n Main articles : China -- India relations and Sino - Indian border dispute

\n The cause of the war was a dispute over the sovereignty of the widely separated Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh border regions . Aksai Chin , claimed by India to belong to Kashmir and by China to be part of Xinjiang , contains an important road link that connects the Chinese regions of Tibet and Xinjiang . China 's construction of this road was one of the triggers of the conflict .

\n

\n Aksai Chin ( edit )

\n Main article : Aksai Chin Traditional borders of Jammu and Kashmir ( CIA map ) . The northern boundary is along the Karakash valley . Aksai Chin is the shaded region in the east . 1873 map of trade routes between Ladakh and Chinese Turkestan . The international border between the British Indian Empire ( including the Kashmir region ) and Chinese Turkestan is shown in two - toned purple and pink .

\n The western portion of the Sino - Indian boundary originated in 1834 , with the conquest of Ladakh by the armies of Raja Gulab Singh ( Dogra ) under the suzerainty of the Sikh Empire . Following an unsuccessful campaign into Tibet , Gulab Singh and the Tibetans signed a treaty in 1842 agreeing to stick to the `` old , established frontiers '' , which were however left unspecified . The British defeat of the Sikhs in 1846 resulted in the transfer of the Jammu and Kashmir region including Ladakh to the British , who then installed Gulab Singh as the Maharaja under their suzerainty . British commissioners contacted Chinese officials to negotiate the border , who did not show any interest . The British boundary commissioners fixed the southern end of the boundary at Pangong Lake , but regarded the area north of it till the Karakoram Pass as terra incognita .

\n

\n The Maharaja of Kashmir and his officials were , however , keenly aware of the trade routes from Ladakh . Starting from Leh , there were two main routes into Central Asia : one passed through the Karakoram Pass to Shahidulla at the foot of the Kunlun Mountains and went on to Yarkand through Kilian and Sanju passes ; the other went east via the Chang Chenmo Valley , passed the Lingzi Tang Plains in the Aksai Chin region , and followed the course of the Karakash River to join the first route at Shahidulla . The Maharaja regarded Shahidulla as his northern outpost , in effect treating the Kunlun mountains as the boundary of his domains . His British suzerains were however sceptical of such an extended boundary because Shahidulla was 79 miles away from the Karakoram pass and the intervening area was uninhabited . Nevertheless , the Maharaja was allowed to treat Shahidulla as his outpost for more than 20 years .

\n W.H. Johnson 's route to Khotan and back . The bold line shows Johnson 's proposed boundary . The map given by Hung Ta - chen to the British consul at Kashgar in 1893 . The boundary , marked with a thin dot - dashed line , matches the 1873 British map .

\n Chinese Turkestan regarded the high mountains of the Kunlun range with the Kilian and Sanju passes as its southern boundary . Thus the Maharaja 's claim was uncontested . After the 1862 Dungan Revolt , which saw the expulsion of the Chinese from Turkestan , the Maharaja of Kashmir constructed a small fort at Shahidulla in 1864 . The fort was most likely supplied from Khotan , whose ruler was now independent and on friendly terms with Kashmir . When the Khotanese ruler was deposed by the Kashgaria strongman Yakub Beg , the Maharaja was forced to abandon his post in 1867 . It was then occupied by Yakub Beg 's forces until the end of the Dungan Revolt . In the intervening period , W.H. Johnson of Survey of India was commissioned to survey the Aksai Chin region . While in the course of his work , he was `` invited '' by the Khotanese ruler to visit his capital . After returning , Johnson declared that Khotan 's border was at Brinjga , in the Kunlun mountains , and the entire the Karakash Valley was within the territory of Kashmir . The boundary of Kashmir that he drew , stretching from Shahidullah to the eastern edge of Chang Chenmo Valley along the Kunlun mountains , is referred to as the `` Johnson Line '' ( or `` Ardagh - Johnson Line '' ) .

\n

\n After the Chinese reconquered Turkestan in 1878 , renaming it Xinjiang , they again reverted to their traditional boundary . However , by now , the Russian Empire was entrenched in Central Asia , and the British were anxious to avoid a common border with the Russians . After creating the Wakhan corridor as the buffer in the northwest of Kashmir , they wanted the Chinese to fill out the `` no man 's land '' between the Karakoram and Kunlun ranges . Under British ( and possibly Russian ) encouragement , the Chinese occupied the area up to the Yarkand River valley ( called Raskam ) , including Shahidulla , by 1890 . They also erected a boundary pillar at the Karakoram pass by about 1892 . However , these efforts appear half - hearted . A map provided by Hung Ta - chen , a senior Chinese official at St. Petersburgh , in 1893 showed the boundary of Xinjiang up to Raskam . In the east , it was similar to the Johnson line , placing Aksai Chin in Kashmir territory .

\n

\n By 1892 , the British settled on the policy that their preferred boundary for Kashmir was the `` Indus watershed '' , i.e. , the water - parting from which waters flow into the Indus river system on one side and into the Tarim basin on the other . In the north , this water - parting was along the Karakoram range . In the east , it was more complicated because the Chip Chap River , Galwan River and the Chang Chenmo River flow into the Indus whereas the Karakash River flows into the Tarim basin . A boundary alignment along this water - parting was defined by the Viceroy Lord Elgin and communicated to London . The British government in due course proposed it to China via its envoy Sir Claude MacDonald in 1899 . This boundary , which came to be called the Macartney -- MacDonald Line , ceded to China the Aksai Chin plains in the northeast , and the Trans - Karakoram Tract in the north . In return , the British wanted China to cede its ' shadowy suzerainty ' on Hunza .

\n

\n In 1911 the Xinhai Revolution resulted in power shifts in China , and by the end of World War I , the British officially used the Johnson Line . However they took no steps to establish outposts or assert actual control on the ground . According to Neville Maxwell , the British had used as many as 11 different boundary lines in the region , as their claims shifted with the political situation . From 1917 to 1933 , the `` Postal Atlas of China '' , published by the Government of China in Peking had shown the boundary in Aksai Chin as per the Johnson line , which runs along the Kunlun mountains . The `` Peking University Atlas '' , published in 1925 , also put the Aksai Chin in India . Upon independence in 1947 , the government of India used the Johnson Line as the basis for its official boundary in the west , which included the Aksai Chin . On 1 July 1954 , India 's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru definitively stated the Indian position , claiming that Aksai Chin had been part of the Indian Ladakh region for centuries , and that the border ( as defined by the Johnson Line ) was non-negotiable . According to George N. Patterson , when the Indian government finally produced a report detailing the alleged proof of India 's claims to the disputed area , `` the quality of the Indian evidence was very poor , including some very dubious sources indeed '' .

\n

\n In 1956 -- 57 , China constructed a road through Aksai Chin , connecting Xinjiang and Tibet , which ran south of the Johnson Line in many places . Aksai Chin was easily accessible to the Chinese , but access from India , which meant negotiating the Karakoram mountains , was much more difficult . The road came on Chinese maps published in 1958 .

\n

\n The McMahon Line ( edit )

\n The McMahon Line is the red line marking the northern boundary of the disputed area . Main articles : McMahon Line and Simla Accord ( 1914 )

\n In 1826 , British India gained a common border with China after the British wrested control of Manipur and Assam from the Burmese , following the First Anglo - Burmese War of 1824 -- 1826 . In 1847 , Major J. Jenkins , agent for the North East Frontier , reported that the Tawang was part of Tibet . In 1872 , four monastic officials from Tibet arrived in Tawang and supervised a boundary settlement with Major R. Graham , NEFA official , which included the Tawang Tract as part of Tibet . Thus , in the last half of the 19th century , it was clear that the British treated the Tawang Tract as part of Tibet . This boundary was confirmed in a 1 June 1912 note from the British General Staff in India , stating that the `` present boundary ( demarcated ) is south of Tawang , running westwards along the foothills from near Ugalguri to the southern Bhutanese border . '' A 1908 map of The Province of Eastern Bengal and Assam prepared for the Foreign Department of the Government of India , showed the international boundary from Bhutan continuing to the Baroi River , following the Himalayas foothill alignment . In 1913 , representatives of Great Britain , China and Tibet attended a conference in Simla regarding the borders between Tibet , China and British India . Whilst all three representatives initialed the agreement , Beijing later objected to the proposed boundary between the regions of Outer Tibet and Inner Tibet , and did not ratify it . The details of the Indo - Tibetan boundary was not revealed to China at the time . The foreign secretary of the British Indian government , Henry McMahon , who had drawn up the proposal , decided to bypass the Chinese ( although instructed not to by his superiors ) and settle the border bilaterally by negotiating directly with Tibet . According to later Indian claims , this border was intended to run through the highest ridges of the Himalayas , as the areas south of the Himalayas were traditionally Indian . However , the McMahon Line lay south of the boundary India claims . India 's government held the view that the Himalayas were the ancient boundaries of the Indian subcontinent , and thus should be the modern boundaries of India , while it is the position of the Chinese government that the disputed area in the Himalayas have been geographically and culturally part of Tibet since ancient times .

\n

\n Months after the Simla agreement , China set up boundary markers south of the McMahon Line . T. O'Callaghan , an official in the Eastern Sector of the North East Frontier , relocated all these markers to a location slightly south of the McMahon Line , and then visited Rima to confirm with Tibetan officials that there was no Chinese influence in the area . The British - run Government of India initially rejected the Simla Agreement as incompatible with the Anglo - Russian Convention of 1907 , which stipulated that neither party was to negotiate with Tibet `` except through the intermediary of the Chinese government '' . The British and Russians cancelled the 1907 agreement by joint consent in 1921 . It was not until the late 1930s that the British started to use the McMahon Line on official maps of the region .

\n

\n China took the position that the Tibetan government should not have been allowed to make such a treaty , rejecting Tibet 's claims of independent rule . For its part , Tibet did not object to any section of the McMahon Line excepting the demarcation of the trading town of Tawang , which the Line placed under British - Indian jurisdiction . However , up until World War II , Tibetan officials were allowed to administer Tawang with complete authority . Due to the increased threat of Japanese and Chinese expansion during this period , British Indian troops secured the town as part of the defence of India 's eastern border .

\n

\n In the 1950s , India began actively patrolling the region . It found that , at multiple locations , the highest ridges actually fell north of the McMahon Line . Given India 's historic position that the original intent of the line was to separate the two nations by the highest mountains in the world , in these locations India extended its forward posts northward to the ridges , regarding this move as compliant with the original border proposal , although the Simla Convention did not explicitly state this intention .

\n

\n Events leading up to war ( edit )

\n Main article : Events leading to the Sino - Indian War

\n Tibet and the border dispute ( edit )

\n

\n The 1940s saw huge change in South Asia with the Partition of India in 1947 ( resulting in the establishment of the two new states of India and Pakistan ) , and the establishment of the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) in 1949 . One of the most basic policies for the new Indian government was that of maintaining cordial relations with China , reviving its ancient friendly ties . India was among the first nations to grant diplomatic recognition to the newly created PRC .

\n

\n At the time , Chinese officials issued no condemnation of Nehru 's claims or made any opposition to Nehru 's open declarations of control over Aksai Chin . In 1956 , Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai stated that he had no claims over Indian - controlled territory . He later argued that Aksai Chin was already under Chinese jurisdiction and that the McCartney - MacDonald Line was the line China could accept . Zhou later argued that as the boundary was undemarcated and had never been defined by treaty between any Chinese or Indian government , the Indian government could not unilaterally define Aksai Chin 's borders .

\n

\n In 1950 , the Chinese People 's Liberation Army took control of Tibet , which all Chinese governments regarded as still part of China . Later the Chinese extended their influence by building a road in 1956 -- 67 and placing border posts in Aksai Chin . India found out after the road was completed , protested against these moves and decided to look for a diplomatic solution to ensure a stable Sino - Indian border . To resolve any doubts about the Indian position , Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru declared in parliament that India regarded the McMahon Line as its official border . The Chinese expressed no concern at this statement , and in 1951 and 1952 , the government of China asserted that there were no frontier issues to be taken up with India .

\n

\n In 1954 , Prime Minister Nehru wrote a memo calling for India 's borders to be clearly defined and demarcated ; in line with previous Indian philosophy , Indian maps showed a border that , in some places , lay north of the McMahon Line . Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai , in November 1956 , again repeated Chinese assurances that the People 's Republic had no claims on Indian territory , although official Chinese maps showed 120,000 square kilometres ( 46,000 sq mi ) of territory claimed by India as Chinese . CIA documents created at the time revealed that Nehru had ignored Burmese premier Ba Swe when he warned Nehru to be cautious when dealing with Zhou . They also allege that Zhou purposefully told Nehru that there were no border issues with India .

\n

\n In 1954 , China and India negotiated the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence , by which the two nations agreed to abide in settling their disputes . India presented a frontier map which was accepted by China , and the slogan Hindi - Chini bhai - bhai ( Indians and Chinese are brothers ) was popular then . However , Nehru in 1958 , had privately told G. Parthasarathi , the Indian envoy to China not to trust the Chinese at all and send all communications directly to him , bypassing the Defence Minister VK Krishna Menon since his communist background clouded his thinking about China . According to Georgia Tech scholar John W Garver , Nehru 's policy on Tibet was to create a strong Sino - Indian partnership which would be catalysed through agreement and compromise on Tibet . Garver believes that Nehru 's previous actions had given him confidence that China would be ready to form an `` Asian Axis '' with India .

\n

\n This apparent progress in relations suffered a major setback when , in 1959 , Nehru accommodated the Tibetan religious leader at the time , the 14th Dalai Lama , who fled Lhasa after a failed Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule . The Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party , Mao Zedong , was enraged and asked the Xinhua News Agency to produce reports on Indian expansionists operating in Tibet .

\n

\n Border incidents continued through this period . In August 1959 , the People 's Liberation Army took an Indian prisoner at Longju , which had an ambiguous position in the McMahon Line , and two months later in Aksai Chin , a clash led to the death of nine Indian frontier policemen .

\n

\n On 2 October , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev defended Nehru in a meeting with Mao . This action reinforced China 's impression that the Soviet Union , the United States and India all had expansionist designs on China . The People 's Liberation Army went so far as to prepare a self - defence counterattack plan . Negotiations were restarted between the nations , but no progress was made .

\n

\n As a consequence of their non-recognition of the McMahon Line , China 's maps showed both the North East Frontier Area ( NEFA ) and Aksai Chin to be Chinese territory . In 1960 , Zhou Enlai unofficially suggested that India drop its claims to Aksai Chin in return for a Chinese withdrawal of claims over NEFA . Adhering to his stated position , Nehru believed that China did not have a legitimate claim over either of these territories , and thus was not ready to concede them . This adamant stance was perceived in China as Indian opposition to Chinese rule in Tibet . Nehru declined to conduct any negotiations on the boundary until Chinese troops withdrew from Aksai Chin , a position supported by the international community . India produced numerous reports on the negotiations , and translated Chinese reports into English to help inform the international debate . China believed that India was simply securing its claim lines in order to continue its `` grand plans in Tibet '' . India 's stance that China withdraw from Aksai Chin caused continual deterioration of the diplomatic situation to the point that internal forces were pressuring Nehru to take a military stance against China .

\n

\n 1960 meetings to resolve the boundary question ( edit )

\n

\n In 1960 , based on an agreement between Nehru and Zhou Enlai , officials from India and China held discussions in order to settle the boundary dispute . China and India disagreed on the major watershed that defined the boundary in the western sector . The Chinese statements with respect to their border claims often misrepresented the cited sources .

\n

\n The Forward policy ( edit )

\n

\n At the beginning of 1961 , Nehru appointed General B.M. Kaul as army Chief of General Staff , but he refused to increase military spending and prepare for a possible war . According to James Barnard Calvin of the U.S. Navy , in 1959 , India started sending Indian troops and border patrols into disputed areas . This program created both skirmishes and deteriorating relations between India and China . The aim of this policy was to create outposts behind advancing Chinese troops to interdict their supplies , forcing them north of the disputed line . There were eventually 60 such outposts , including 43 north of the McMahon Line , to which India claimed sovereignty . China viewed this as further confirmation of Indian expansionist plans directed towards Tibet . According to the Indian official history , implementation of the Forward Policy was intended to provide evidence of Indian occupation in the previously unoccupied region through which Chinese troops had been advancing . Kaul was confident , through contact with Indian Intelligence and CIA information , that China would not react with force . Indeed , at first the PLA simply withdrew , but eventually Chinese forces began to counter-encircle the Indian positions which clearly encroached into the north of McMahon Line . This led to a tit - for - tat Indian reaction , with each force attempting to outmanoeuver the other . However , despite the escalating nature of the dispute , the two forces withheld from engaging each other directly .

\n

\n Chinese attention was diverted for a time by the military activity of the Nationalists on Taiwan , but on 23 June the U.S. assured China that a Nationalist invasion would not be permitted . China 's heavy artillery facing Taiwan could then be moved to Tibet . It took China six to eight months to gather the resources needed for the war , according to Anil Athale , author of the official Indian history . The Chinese sent a large quantity of non-military supplies to Tibet through the Indian port of Calcutta .

\n

\n Early incidents ( edit )

\n

\n Various border conflicts and `` military incidents '' between India and China flared up throughout the summer and autumn of 1962 . In May , the Indian Air Force was told not to plan for close air support , although it was assessed as being a feasible way to counter the unfavourable ratio of Chinese to Indian troops . In June , a skirmish caused the deaths of dozens of Chinese troops . The Indian Intelligence Bureau received information about a Chinese buildup along the border which could be a precursor to war .

\n

\n During June -- July 1962 , Indian military planners began advocating `` probing actions '' against the Chinese , and accordingly , moved mountain troops forward to cut off Chinese supply lines . According to Patterson , the Indian motives were threefold :

\n
    \n
  1. \n Test Chinese resolve and intentions regarding India .
    2. \n
  2. \n Test whether India would enjoy Soviet backing in the event of a Sino - Indian war .
    3. \n
  3. \n Create sympathy for India within the U.S. , with whom relations had deteriorated after the Indian annexation of Goa .
    4. \n
\n

\n On 10 July 1962 , 350 Chinese troops surrounded an Indian post in Chushul ( north of the McMahon Line ) but withdrew after a heated argument via loudspeaker . On 22 July , the Forward Policy was extended to allow Indian troops to push back Chinese troops already established in disputed territory . Whereas Indian troops were previously ordered to fire only in self - defence , all post commanders were now given discretion to open fire upon Chinese forces if threatened . In August , the Chinese military improved its combat readiness along the McMahon Line and began stockpiling ammunition , weapons and gasoline .

\n

\n Given his foreknowledge of the coming Cuban Missile Crisis , Mao Zedong was able to persuade Nikita Khrushchev to reverse the Russian policy of backing India , at least temporarily . In mid-October , the Communist organ Pravda encouraged peace between India and China . When the Cuban Missile Crisis ended and Mao 's rhetoric changed , however , Russia reversed course .

\n

\n Confrontation at Thag La ( edit )

\n

\n In June 1962 , Indian forces established an outpost at Dhola , on the southern slopes of the Thag La Ridge . Dhola lay north of the McMahon Line but south of the ridges along which India interpreted the McMahon Line to run . In August , China issued diplomatic protests and began occupying positions at the top of Thag La . On 8 September , a 60 - strong PLA unit descended to the south side of the ridge and occupied positions that dominated one of the Indian posts at Dhola . Fire was not exchanged , but Nehru said to the media that the Indian Army had instructions to `` free our territory '' and the troops had been given discretion to use force . On 11 September , it was decided that `` all forward posts and patrols were given permission to fire on any armed Chinese who entered Indian territory '' .

\n

\n However , the operation to occupy Thag La was flawed in that Nehru 's directives were unclear and it got underway very slowly because of this . In addition to this , each man had to carry 35 kilograms ( 77 lb ) over the long trek and this severely slowed down the reaction . By the time the Indian battalion reached the point of conflict , Chinese units controlled both banks of the Namka Chu River . On 20 September , Chinese troops threw grenades at Indian troops and a firefight developed , triggering a long series of skirmishes for the rest of September .

\n

\n Some Indian troops , including Brigadier Dalvi who commanded the forces at Thag La , were also concerned that the territory they were fighting for was not strictly territory that `` we should have been convinced was ours '' . According to Neville Maxwell , even members of the Indian defence ministry were categorically concerned with the validity of the fighting in Thag La .

\n

\n On 4 October , Kaul assigned some troops to secure regions south of the Thag La Ridge . Kaul decided to first secure Yumtso La , a strategically important position , before re-entering the lost Dhola post . Kaul had then realised that the attack would be desperate and the Indian government tried to stop an escalation into all - out war . Indian troops marching to Thag La had suffered in the previously unexperienced conditions ; two Gurkha soldiers died of pulmonary edema .

\n

\n On 10 October , an Indian Punjabi patrol of 50 troops to Yumtso La were met by an emplaced Chinese position of some 1,000 soldiers . Indian troops were in no position for battle , as Yumtso La was 16,000 feet ( 4,900 m ) above sea level and Kaul did not plan on having artillery support for the troops . The Chinese troops opened fire on the Indians under their belief that they were north of the McMahon Line . The Indians were surrounded by Chinese positions which used mortar fire . However , they managed to hold off the first Chinese assault , inflicting heavy casualties .

\n

\n At this point , the Indian troops were in a position to push the Chinese back with mortar and machine gun fire . However , Brigadier Dalvi opted not to fire , as it would mean decimating the Rajput who were still in the area of the Chinese regrouping . They helplessly watched the Chinese ready themselves for a second assault . In the second Chinese assault , the Indians began their retreat , realising the situation was hopeless . The Indian patrol suffered 25 casualties , and the Chinese 33 . The Chinese troops held their fire as the Indians retreated , and then buried the Indian dead with military honours , as witnessed by the retreating soldiers . This was the first occurrence of heavy fighting in the war .

\n

\n This attack had grave implications for India and Nehru tried to solve the issue , but by 18 October , it was clear that the Chinese were preparing for an attack on India , with massive troop buildups on the border . A long line of mules and porters had also been observed supporting the buildup and reinforcement of positions south of the Thag La Ridge .

\n

\n Chinese and Indian preparations ( edit )

\n

\n Motives ( edit )

\n

\n Two of the major factors leading up to China 's eventual conflicts with Indian troops were India 's stance on the disputed borders and perceived Indian subversion in Tibet . There was `` a perceived need to punish and end perceived Indian efforts to undermine Chinese control of Tibet , Indian efforts which were perceived as having the objective of restoring the pre-1949 status quo ante of Tibet '' . The other was `` a perceived need to punish and end perceived Indian aggression against Chinese territory along the border '' . John W. Garver argues that the first perception was incorrect based on the state of the Indian military and polity in the 1960s . It was , nevertheless a major reason for China 's going to war . However , he argues the Chinese perception of Indian aggression to be `` substantially accurate '' .

\n

\n The CIA 's recently declassified POLO documents reveal contemporary American analysis of Chinese motives during the war . According to this document , `` Chinese apparently were motivated to attack by one primary consideration -- their determination to retain the ground on which PLA forces stood in 1962 and to punish the Indians for trying to take that ground '' . In general terms , they tried to show the Indians once and for all that China would not acquiesce in a military `` reoccupation '' policy . Secondary reasons for the attack were to damage Nehru 's prestige by exposing Indian weakness and to expose as traitorous Khrushchev 's policy of supporting Nehru against a Communist country .

\n

\n Another factor which might have affected China 's decision for war with India was a perceived need to stop a Soviet - U.S. - India encirclement and isolation of China . India 's relations with the Soviet Union and United States were both strong at this time , but the Soviets ( and Americans ) were preoccupied by the Cuban Missile Crisis and would not interfere with the Sino - Indian War . P.B. Sinha suggests that China waited until October to attack because the timing of the war was exactly in parallel with American actions so as to avoid any chance of American or Soviet involvement . Although American buildup of forces around Cuba occurred on the same day as the first major clash at Dhola , and China 's buildup between 10 and 20 October appeared to coincide exactly with the United States establishment of a blockade against Cuba which began 20 October , the Chinese probably prepared for this before they could anticipate what would happen in Cuba . Another explanation is that the confrontation in the Taiwan Strait had eased by then .

\n

\n Garver argues that the Chinese correctly assessed Indian border policies , particularly the Forward Policy , as attempts for incremental seizure of Chinese - controlled territory . On Tibet , Garver argues that one of the major factors leading to China 's decision for war with India was a common tendency of humans `` to attribute others behavior to interior motivations , while attributing their own behavior to situational factors '' . Studies from China published in the 1990s confirmed that the root cause for China going to war with India was the perceived Indian aggression in Tibet , with the forward policy simply catalysing the Chinese reaction .

\n

\n Neville Maxwell and Allen Whiting argue that the Chinese leadership believed they were defending territory that was legitimately Chinese , and which was already under de facto Chinese occupation prior to Indian advances , and regarded the Forward Policy as an Indian attempt at creeping annexation . Mao Zedong himself compared the Forward Policy to a strategic advance in Chinese chess :

\n

\n Their ( India 's ) continually pushing forward is like crossing the Chu Han boundary . What should we do ? We can also set out a few pawns , on our side of the river . If they do n't then cross over , that 's great . If they do cross , we 'll eat them up ( chess metaphor meaning to take the opponent 's pieces ) . Of course , we can not blindly eat them . Lack of forbearance in small matters upsets great plans . We must pay attention to the situation .

\n

\n India claims that the motive for the Forward Policy was to cut off the supply routes for Chinese troops posted in NEFA and Aksai Chin . According to the official Indian history , the forward policy was continued because of its initial success , as it claimed that Chinese troops withdrew when they encountered areas already occupied by Indian troops . It also claimed that the Forward Policy was having success in cutting out supply lines of Chinese troops who had advanced South of the McMahon Line , though there was no evidence of such advance before the 1962 war . However , the Forward Policy rested on the assumption that Chinese forces `` were not likely to use force against any of our posts , even if they were in a position to do so '' . No serious re-appraisal of this policy took place even when Chinese forces ceased withdrawing . Nehru 's confidence was probably justified given the difficulty for China to supply the area over the high altitude terrain over 5000 km from the more populated areas of China .

\n

\n The Chinese leadership initially held a sympathetic view towards India as the latter had been ruled by British colonial masters for centuries . However , Nehru 's forward policy convinced PRC leadership that the independent Indian leadership was a reincarnation of British imperialism . Mao Zedong stated : `` Rather than being constantly accused of aggression , it 's better to show the world what really happens when China indeed moves its muscles . ''

\n

\n Chinese policy toward India , therefore , operated on two contradictory assumptions in the first half of 1961 . On the one hand , the Chinese leaders continued to entertain a hope , although a shrinking one , that some opening for talks would appear . On the other hand , they read Indian statements and actions as clear signs that Nehru wanted to talk only about a Chinese withdrawal . Regarding the hope , they were willing to negotiate and tried to prod Nehru into a similar attitude . Regarding Indian intentions , they began to act politically and to build a rationale based on the assumption that Nehru already had become a lackey of imperialism ; for this reason he opposed border talks .

\n

\n Krishna Menon is reported to have said that when he arrived in Geneva on 6 June 1961 for an international conference in Laos , Chinese officials in Chen Yi 's delegation indicated that Chen might be interested in discussing the border dispute with him . At several private meetings with Menon , Chen avoided any discussion of the dispute and Menon surmised that the Chinese wanted him to broach the matter first . He did not , as he was under instructions from Nehru to avoid taking the initiative , leaving the Chinese with the impression that Nehru was unwilling to show any flexibility .

\n

\n In September , the Chinese took a step toward criticising Nehru openly in their commentary . After citing Indonesian and Burmese press criticism of Nehru by name , the Chinese critiqued his moderate remarks on colonialism ( People 's Daily Editorial , 9 September ) : `` Somebody at the Non-Aligned Nations Conference advanced the argument that the era of classical colonialism is gone and dead ... contrary to facts . '' This was a distortion of Nehru 's remarks but appeared close enough to be credible . On the same day , Chen Yi referred to Nehru by implication at the Bulgarian embassy reception : `` Those who attempted to deny history , ignore reality , and distort the truth and who attempted to divert the Conference from its important object have failed to gain support and were isolated . '' On 10 September , they dropped all circumlocutions and criticised him by name in a China Youth article and NCNA report -- the first time in almost two years that they had commented extensively on the Prime Minister .

\n

\n By early 1962 , the Chinese leadership began to believe that India 's intentions were to launch a massive attack against Chinese troops , and that the Indian leadership wanted a war . In 1961 , the Indian army had been sent into Goa , a small region without any other international borders apart from the Indian one , after Portugal refused to surrender the exclave colony to the Indian Union . Although this action met little to no international protest or opposition , China saw it as an example of India 's expansionist nature , especially in light of heated rhetoric from Indian politicians . India 's Home Minister declared , `` If the Chinese will not vacate the areas occupied by it , India will have to repeat what it did in Goa . India will certainly drive out the Chinese forces '' , while another member of the Indian Congress Party pronounced , `` India will take steps to end ( Chinese ) aggression on Indian soil just as it ended Portuguese aggression in Goa '' . By mid-1962 , it was apparent to the Chinese leadership that negotiations had failed to make any progress , and the Forward Policy was increasingly perceived as a grave threat as Delhi increasingly sent probes deeper into border areas and cut off Chinese supply lines . Foreign Minister Marshal Chen Yi commented at one high - level meeting , `` Nehru 's forward policy is a knife . He wants to put it in our heart . We can not close our eyes and await death . '' The Chinese leadership believed that their restraint on the issue was being perceived by India as weakness , leading to continued provocations , and that a major counterblow was needed to stop perceived Indian aggression .

\n

\n Xu Yan , prominent Chinese military historian and professor at the PLA 's National Defense University , gives an account of the Chinese leadership 's decision to go to war . By late September 1962 , the Chinese leadership had begun to reconsider their policy of `` armed coexistence '' , which had failed to address their concerns with the forward policy and Tibet , and consider a large , decisive strike . On 22 September 1962 , the People 's Daily published an article which claimed that `` the Chinese people were burning with ' great indignation ' over the Indian actions on the border and that New Delhi could not ' now say that warning was not served in advance ' . ''

\n

\n Military planning ( edit )

\n

\n The Indian side was confident war would not be triggered and made little preparations . India had only two divisions of troops in the region of the conflict . In August 1962 , Brigadier D.K. Palit claimed that a war with China in the near future could be ruled out . Even in September 1962 , when Indian troops were ordered to `` expel the Chinese '' from Thag La , Maj . General J.S. Dhillon expressed the opinion that `` experience in Ladakh had shown that a few rounds fired at the Chinese would cause them to run away . '' Because of this , the Indian army was completely unprepared when the attack at Yumtso La occurred .

\n

\n Recently declassified CIA documents which were compiled at the time reveal that India 's estimates of Chinese capabilities made them neglect their military in favour of economic growth . It is claimed that if a more military - minded man had been in place instead of Nehru , India would have been more likely to have been ready for the threat of a counter-attack from China .

\n

\n On 6 October 1962 , the Chinese leadership convened . Lin Biao reported that PLA intelligence units had determined that Indian units might assault Chinese positions at Thag La on 10 October ( Operation Leghorn ) . The Chinese leadership and the Central Military Council decided upon war to launch a large - scale attack to punish perceived military aggression from India . In Beijing , a larger meeting of Chinese military was convened in order to plan for the coming conflict .

\n

\n Mao and the Chinese leadership issued a directive laying out the objectives for the war . A main assault would be launched in the eastern sector , which would be coordinated with a smaller assault in the western sector . All Indian troops within China 's claimed territories in the eastern sector would be expelled , and the war would be ended with a unilateral Chinese ceasefire and withdrawal , followed by a return to the negotiating table . India led the Non-Aligned Movement , Nehru enjoyed international prestige , and China , with a larger military , would be portrayed as an aggressor . However , he said that a well - fought war `` will guarantee at least thirty years of peace '' with India , and determined the benefits to offset the costs .

\n

\n China also reportedly bought significant amount of Indian Rupee currency notes from Hong Kong , supposedly to distribute amongst its soldiers in preparation for the war .

\n

\n On 8 October , additional veteran and elite divisions were ordered to prepare to move into Tibet from the Chengdu and Lanzhou military regions .

\n

\n On 12 October , Nehru declared that he had ordered the Indian army to `` clear Indian territory in the NEFA of Chinese invaders '' and personally met with Kaul , issuing instructions to him .

\n

\n On 14 October , an editorial on People 's Daily issued China 's final warning to India : `` So it seems that Mr. Nehru has made up his mind to attack the Chinese frontier guards on an even bigger scale ... It is high time to shout to Mr. Nehru that the heroic Chinese troops , with the glorious tradition of resisting foreign aggression , can never be cleared by anyone from their own territory ... If there are still some maniacs who are reckless enough to ignore our well - intentioned advice and insist on having another try , well , let them do so . History will pronounce its inexorable verdict ... At this critical moment ... we still want to appeal once more to Mr. Nehru : better rein in at the edge of the precipice and do not use the lives of Indian troops as stakes in your gamble . ''

\n

\n Marshal Liu Bocheng headed a group to determine the strategy for the war . He concluded that the opposing Indian troops were among India 's best , and to achieve victory would require deploying crack troops and relying on force concentration to achieve decisive victory . On 16 October , this war plan was approved , and on the 18th , the final approval was given by the Politburo for a `` self - defensive counter-attack '' , scheduled for 20 October .

\n

\n Chinese offensive ( edit )

\n

\n On 20 October 1962 , the Chinese People 's Liberation Army launched two attacks , 1000 kilometres apart . In the western theatre , the PLA sought to expel Indian forces from the Chip Chap valley in Aksai Chin while in the eastern theatre , the PLA sought to capture both banks of the Namka Chu river . Some skirmishes also took place at the Nathula Pass , which is in the Indian state of Sikkim ( an Indian protectorate at that time ) . Gurkha rifles travelling north were targeted by Chinese artillery fire . After four days of fierce fighting , the three regiments of Chinese troops succeeded in securing a substantial portion of the disputed territory .

\n

\n Eastern theatre ( edit )

\n

\n Chinese troops launched an attack on the southern banks of the Namka Chu River on 20 October . The Indian forces were undermanned , with only an understrength battalion to support them , while the Chinese troops had three regiments positioned on the north side of the river . The Indians expected Chinese forces to cross via one of five bridges over the river and defended those crossings . However , the PLA bypassed the defenders by crossing the shallow October river instead . They formed up into battalions on the Indian - held south side of the river under cover of darkness , with each battalion assigned against a separate group of Rajputs .

\n

\n At 5 : 14 am , Chinese mortar fire began attacking the Indian positions . Simultaneously , the Chinese cut the Indian telephone lines , preventing the defenders from making contact with their headquarters . At about 6 : 30 am , the Chinese infantry launched a surprise attack from the rear and forced the Indians to leave their trenches .

\n

\n The Chinese overwhelmed the Indian troops in a series of flanking manoeuvres south of the McMahon Line and prompted their withdrawal from Namka Chu . Fearful of continued losses , Indian troops retreated into Bhutan . Chinese forces respected the border and did not pursue . Chinese forces now held all of the territory that was under dispute at the time of the Thag La confrontation , but they continued to advance into the rest of NEFA .

\n

\n On 22 October , at 12 : 15 am , PLA mortars fired on Walong , on the McMahon line . Flares launched by Indian troops the next day revealed numerous Chinese milling around the valley . The Indians tried to use their mortars against the Chinese but the PLA responded by lighting a bush fire , causing confusion among the Indians . Some 400 Chinese troops attacked the Indian position . The initial Chinese assault was halted by accurate Indian mortar fire . The Chinese were then reinforced and launched a second assault . The Indians managed to hold them back for four hours , but the Chinese used weight of numbers to break through . Most Indian forces were withdrawn to established positions in Walong , while a company supported by mortars and medium machine guns remained to cover the retreat .

\n

\n On the morning 23 October , the Indian Army discovered a Chinese force gathered in a cramped pass and opened fire with mortars and machine guns , leading to heavy fighting . About 200 Chinese soldiers were killed and wounded in this action . Nine Indian soldiers were also killed . The fighting continued well into the afternoon , until the company was ordered to withdraw . Meanwhile , the 4th Sikhs made contact with the Chinese and subjected them to withering mortar and machine gun fire as the Chinese set off a brush fire and attempted to sneak forward .

\n

\n Elsewhere , Chinese troops launched a three - pronged attack on Tawang , which the Indians evacuated without any resistance .

\n

\n Over the following days , there were clashes between Indian and Chinese patrols at Walong as the Chinese rushed in reinforcements . On 25 October , the Chinese made a probe , which was met with resistance from the 4th Sikhs . The following day , a patrol from the 4th Sikhs was encircled , and after being unable to break the encirclement , an Indian unit was able to flank the Chinese , allowing the Sikhs to break free .

\n

\n Western theatre ( edit )

\n The map shows the Indian and Chinese claims of the border in the Aksai Chin region , the Macartney - MacDonald line , the Foreign Office Line , as well as the progress of Chinese forces as they occupied areas during the Sino - Indian War .

\n On the Aksai Chin front , China already controlled most of the disputed territory . Chinese forces quickly swept the region of any remaining Indian troops . Late on 19 October , Chinese troops launched a number of attacks throughout the western theatre . By 22 October , all posts north of Chushul had been cleared .

\n

\n On 20 October , the Chinese easily took the Chip Chap Valley , Galwan Valley , and Pangong Lake . Many outposts and garrisons along the Western front were unable to defend against the surrounding Chinese troops . Most Indian troops positioned in these posts offered resistance but were either killed or taken prisoner . Indian support for these outposts was not forthcoming , as evidenced by the Galwan post , which had been surrounded by enemy forces in August , but no attempt made to relieve the besieged garrison . Following the 20 October attack , nothing was heard from Galwan .

\n

\n On 24 October , Indian forces fought hard to hold the Rezang La Ridge , in order to prevent a nearby airstrip from falling to the Chinese .

\n

\n After realising the magnitude of the attack , the Indian Western Command withdrew many of the isolated outposts to the south - east . Daulet Beg Oldi was also evacuated , but it was south of the Chinese claim line and was not approached by Chinese forces . Indian troops were withdrawn in order to consolidate and regroup in the event that China probed south of their claim line .

\n

\n Lull in the fighting ( edit )

\n

\n By 24 October , the PLA had entered territory previously administered by India to give the PRC a diplomatically strong position over India . The majority of Chinese forces had advanced sixteen kilometres south of the control line prior to the conflict . Four days of fighting were followed by a three - week lull . Zhou ordered the troops to stop advancing as he attempted to negotiate with Nehru . The Indian forces had retreated into more heavily fortified positions around Se La and Bombdi La which would be difficult to assault . Zhou sent Nehru a letter , proposing

\n
    \n
  1. \n A negotiated settlement of the boundary
    2. \n
  2. \n That both sides disengage and withdraw twenty kilometres from present lines of actual control
    3. \n
  3. \n A Chinese withdrawal north in NEFA
    4. \n
  4. \n That China and India not cross lines of present control in Aksai Chin .
    5. \n
\n

\n Nehru 's 27 October reply expressed interest in the restoration of peace and friendly relations and suggested a return to the `` boundary prior to 8 September 1962 '' . He was categorically concerned about a mutual twenty kilometre withdrawal after `` 40 or 60 kilometres of blatant military aggression '' . He wanted the creation of a larger immediate buffer zone and thus resist the possibility of a repeat offensive . Zhou 's 4 November reply repeated his 1959 offer to return to the McMahon Line in NEFA and the Chinese traditionally claimed MacDonald Line in Aksai Chin . Facing Chinese forces maintaining themselves on Indian soil and trying to avoid political pressure , the Indian parliament announced a national emergency and passed a resolution which stated their intent to `` drive out the aggressors from the sacred soil of India '' . The United States and the United Kingdom supported India 's response . However , the Soviet Union was preoccupied with the Cuban Missile Crisis and did not offer the support it had provided in previous years . With the backing of other great powers , a 14 November letter by Nehru to Zhou once again rejected his proposal .

\n

\n Neither side declared war , used their air force , or fully broke off diplomatic relations ; however , the conflict is commonly referred to as a war . This war coincided with the Cuban Missile Crisis and was viewed by the western nations at the time as another act of aggression by the Communist bloc . According to Calvin , the Chinese side evidently wanted a diplomatic resolution and discontinuation of the conflict .

\n

\n Continuation of war ( edit )

\n

\n After Zhou received Nehru 's letter ( rejecting Zhou 's proposal ) , the fighting resumed on the eastern theatre on 14 November ( Nehru 's birthday ) , with an Indian attack on Walong , claimed by China , launched from the defensive position of Se La and inflicting heavy casualties on the Chinese . The Chinese resumed military activity on Aksai Chin and NEFA hours after the Walong battle .

\n

\n Eastern theatre ( edit )

\n

\n On the eastern theatre , the PLA attacked Indian forces near Se La and Bomdi La on 17 November . These positions were defended by the Indian 4th Infantry Division . Instead of attacking by road as expected , PLA forces approached via a mountain trail , and their attack cut off a main road and isolated 10,000 Indian troops .

\n

\n Se La occupied high ground , and rather than assault this commanding position , the Chinese captured Thembang , which was a supply route to Se La .

\n

\n Western theatre ( edit )

\n The disputed areas in the western sector .

\n On the western theatre , PLA forces launched a heavy infantry attack on 18 November near Chushul . Their attack started at 4 : 35 am , despite a mist surrounding most of the areas in the region . At 5 : 45 the Chinese troops advanced to attack two platoons of Indian troops at Gurung Hill .

\n

\n The Indians did not know what was happening , as communications were dead . As a patrol was sent , China attacked with greater numbers . Indian artillery could not hold off against superior Chinese forces . By 9 : 00 am , Chinese forces attacked Gurung Hill directly and Indian commanders withdrew from the area and also from the connecting Spangur Gap .

\n

\n The Chinese had been simultaneously attacking Rezang La which was held by 123 Indian troops . At 5 : 05 am , Chinese troops launched their attack audaciously . Chinese medium machine gun fire pierced through the Indian tactical defences .

\n

\n At 6 : 55 am the sun rose and the Chinese attack on the 8th platoon began in waves . Fighting continued for the next hour , until the Chinese signaled that they had destroyed the 7th platoon . Indians tried to use light machine guns on the medium machine guns from the Chinese but after 10 minutes the battle was over . Logistical inadequacy once again hurt the Indian troops . The Chinese gave the Indian troops a respectful military funeral . The battles also saw the death of Major Shaitan Singh of the Kumaon Regiment , who had been instrumental in the first battle of Rezang La . The Indian troops were forced to withdraw to high mountain positions . Indian sources believed that their troops were just coming to grips with the mountain combat and finally called for more troops . However , the Chinese declared a ceasefire , ending the bloodshed .

\n

\n Indian forces suffered heavy casualties , with dead Indian troops ' bodies being found in the ice , frozen with weapons in hand . The Chinese forces also suffered heavy casualties , especially at Rezang La . This signalled the end of the war in Aksai Chin as China had reached their claim line -- many Indian troops were ordered to withdraw from the area . China claimed that the Indian troops wanted to fight on until the bitter end . However , the war ended with their withdrawal , so as to limit the amount of casualties .

\n

\n The PLA penetrated close to the outskirts of Tezpur , Assam , a major frontier town nearly fifty kilometres from the Assam - North - East Frontier Agency border . The local government ordered the evacuation of the civilians in Tezpur to the south of the Brahmaputra River , all prisons were thrown open , and government officials who stayed behind destroyed Tezpur 's currency reserves in anticipation of a Chinese advance .

\n

\n Ceasefire ( edit )

\n

\n China had reached its claim lines so the PLA did not advance farther , and on 19 November , it declared a unilateral cease - fire . Zhou Enlai declared a unilateral ceasefire to start on midnight , 21 November . Zhou 's ceasefire declaration stated ,

\n

\n Beginning from 21 November 1962 , the Chinese frontier guards will cease fire along the entire Sino - Indian border . Beginning from 1 December 1962 , the Chinese frontier guards will withdraw to positions 20 kilometres behind the line of actual control which existed between China and India on 7 November 1959 . In the eastern sector , although the Chinese frontier guards have so far been fighting on Chinese territory north of the traditional customary line , they are prepared to withdraw from their present positions to the north of the illegal McMahon Line , and to withdraw twenty kilometres back from that line . In the middle and western sectors , the Chinese frontier guards will withdraw twenty kilometres from the line of actual control .

\n

\n Zhou had first given the ceasefire announcement to Indian charg\u00e9 d'affaires on 19 November ( before India 's request for United States air support ) , but New Delhi did not receive it until 24 hours later . The aircraft carrier was ordered back after the ceasefire , and thus , American intervention on India 's side in the war was avoided . Retreating Indian troops , who had n't come into contact with anyone knowing of the ceasefire , and Chinese troops in NEFA and Aksai Chin , were involved in some minor battles , but for the most part , the ceasefire signalled an end to the fighting . The United States Air Force flew in supplies to India in November 1962 , but neither side wished to continue hostilities .

\n

\n Toward the end of the war India increased its support for Tibetan refugees and revolutionaries , some of them having settled in India , as they were fighting the same common enemy in the region . The Nehru administration ordered the raising of an elite Indian - trained `` Tibetan Armed Force '' composed of Tibetan refugees . < -- The Discoverer writes : The positions to which the Chinese troops withdrew in the Western sector were different from the pre-war positions . The area gained by China in Ladakh has been claimed by India to be 6,475 square kilometres ( 2,500 sq mi ) , and the total area occupied by China has been estimated to be 14,500 square miles ( 38,000 km ) . For this reason , Nehru did not officially accept the ceasefire offer of the positions of 7 November 1959 , but stuck to his earlier demand to return to the positions of 8 September 1962 . -- >

\n

\n World opinion ( edit )

\n

\n The Chinese military action has been viewed by the United States as part of the PRC 's policy of making use of aggressive wars to settle its border disputes and to distract both its own population and international opinion from its internal issues . According to James Calvin from the United States Marine Corps , western nations at the time viewed China as an aggressor during the China -- India border war , and the war was part of a monolithic communist objective for a world dictatorship of the proletariat . This was further triggered by Mao Zedong 's views that : `` The way to world conquest lies through Havana , Accra , and Calcutta '' . Calvin believes that Chinese actions show a `` pattern of conservative aims and limited objectives , rather than expansionism '' and blames this particular conflict on India 's provocations towards China . However , Calvin also expresses that China , in the past , has been adamant to gain control over regions to which it has a `` traditional claim '' , which triggered the dispute over NEFA and Aksai Chin and indeed Tibet . Calvin 's assumption , based on the history of the Cold War and the Domino Effect , assumed that China might ultimately try to regain control of everything that it considers as `` traditionally Chinese '' which in its view includes the entirety of South East Asia .

\n

\n The Kennedy administration was disturbed by what they considered `` blatant Chinese communist aggression against India '' . In a May 1963 National Security Council meeting , contingency planning on the part of the United States in the event of another Chinese attack on India was discussed . Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and General Maxwell Taylor advised the president to use nuclear weapons should the Americans intervene in such a situation . McNamara stated `` Before any substantial commitment to defend India against China is given , we should recognise that in order to carry out that commitment against any substantial Chinese attack , we would have to use nuclear weapons . Any large Chinese Communist attack on any part of that area would require the use of nuclear weapons by the U.S. , and this is to be preferred over the introduction of large numbers of U.S. soldiers . '' After hearing this and listening to two other advisers , Kennedy stated `` We should defend India , and therefore we will defend India . '' It remains unclear if his aides were trying to dissuade the President of considering any measure with regard to India by immediately raising the stakes to an unacceptable level , nor is it clear if Kennedy was thinking of conventional or nuclear means when he gave his reply . By 1964 China had developed its own nuclear weapon which would have likely caused any American nuclear policy in defense of India to be reviewed . The Johnson Administration considered and then rejected giving nuclear weapons technology to the Indians . However India developed its own nuclear weapon by 1974 , within 10 years of the Chinese .

\n

\n The United States was unequivocal in its recognition of the Indian boundary claims in the eastern sector , while not supporting the claims of either side in the western sector . Britain , on the other hand , agreed with the Indian position completely , with the foreign secretary stating , ' we have taken the view of the government of India on the present frontiers and the disputed territories belong to India . '

\n

\n The non-aligned nations remained mostly uninvolved , and only the United Arab Republic openly supported India . Of the non-aligned nations , six , Egypt , Burma , Cambodia , Sri Lanka , Ghana and Indonesia , met in Colombo on 10 December 1962 . The proposals stipulated a Chinese withdrawal of 20 km from the customary lines without any reciprocal withdrawal on India 's behalf . The failure of these six nations to unequivocally condemn China deeply disappointed India .

\n

\n In 1972 , Chinese Premier Zhou explained the Chinese point of view to President Nixon of the US . As for the causes of the war , Zhou asserted that China did not try to expel Indian troops from south of the McMahon line and that three open warning telegrams were sent to Nehru before the war . However , Indian patrols south of the McMahon line were expelled and suffered casualties in the Chinese attack . Zhou also told Nixon that Chairman Mao ordered the troops to return to show good faith . The Indian government maintains that the Chinese military could not advance further south due to logistical problems and the cut - off of resource supplies .

\n

\n While Western nations did not view Chinese actions favourably because of fear of the Chinese and competitiveness , Pakistan , which had had a turbulent relationship with India ever since the Indian partition , improved its relations with China after the war . Prior to the war , Pakistan also shared a disputed boundary with China , and had proposed to India that the two countries adopt a common defence against `` northern '' enemies ( i.e. China ) , which was rejected by India . However , China and Pakistan took steps to peacefully negotiate their shared boundaries , beginning on 13 October 1962 , and concluding in December of that year . Pakistan also expressed fear that the huge amounts of western military aid directed to India would allow it to threaten Pakistan 's security in future conflicts . Mohammed Ali , External Affairs Minister of Pakistan , declared that massive Western aid to India in the Sino - Indian dispute would be considered an unfriendly act towards Pakistan . As a result , Pakistan made efforts to improve its relations with China . The following year , China and Pakistan peacefully settled disputes on their shared border , and negotiated the China - Pakistan Border Treaty in 1963 , as well as trade , commercial , and barter treaties . On 2 March 1963 , Pakistan conceded its northern claim line in Pakistani - controlled Kashmir to China in favor of a more southerly boundary along the Karakoram Range . The border treaty largely set the border along the MacCartney - Macdonald Line . India 's military failure against China would embolden Pakistan to initiate the Second Kashmir War with India . However , it effectively ended in a stalemate as Calvin states that the Sino - Indian War had caused the previously passive government to take a stand on actively modernising India 's military . China offered diplomatic support to Pakistan in this war but did not offer military support . In January 1966 , China condemned the Tashkent Agreement between India and Pakistan as a Soviet - US plot in the region . In the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 , Pakistan expected China to provide military support , but it was left alone as India successfully helped the rebels in East Pakistan to found the new nation - state of Bangladesh .

\n

\n Involvement of other nations ( edit )

\n

\n During the conflict , Nehru wrote two desperate letters to U.S. President John F. Kennedy , requesting 12 squadrons of fighter jets and a modern radar system . These jets were seen as necessary to beef up Indian air strength so that air - to - air combat could be initiated safely from the Indian perspective ( bombing troops was seen as unwise for fear of Chinese retaliatory action ) . Nehru also asked that these aircraft be manned by American pilots until Indian airmen were trained to replace them . These requests were rejected by the Kennedy Administration ( which was involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis during most of the Sino - Indian War ) . The U.S. nonetheless provided non-combat assistance to Indian forces and planned to send the carrier USS Kitty Hawk to the Bay of Bengal to support India in case of an air war .

\n

\n Some reports suggest a contradictory response from the U.S. According to former Indian diplomat G. Parthasarathy , `` only after we got nothing from the US did arms supplies from the Soviet Union to India commence . '' In 1962 , President of Pakistan Ayub Khan made clear to India that Indian troops could safely be transferred from the Pakistan frontier to the Himalayas .

\n

\n Aftermath ( edit )

\n

\n China ( edit )

\n

\n According to the China 's official military history , the war achieved China 's policy objectives of securing borders in its western sector , as China retained de facto control of the Aksai Chin . After the war , India abandoned the Forward Policy , and the de facto borders stabilised along the Line of Actual Control .

\n

\n According to James Calvin of Marine Corps Command and Staff College , even though China won a military victory it lost in terms of its international image . China 's first nuclear weapon test in October 1964 and its support of Pakistan in the 1965 India Pakistan War tended to confirm the American view of communist world objectives , including Chinese influence over Pakistan .

\n

\n Lora Saalman opined in a study of Chinese military publications , that while the war led to much blame , debates and ultimately acted as causation of military modernisation of India but the war is now treated as basic reportage of facts with relatively diminished interest by Chinese analysts .

\n

\n India ( edit )

\n U.S. Ambassador to India John Kenneth Galbraith and Prime Minister Nehru conferring at the time of the conflict . This photograph was taken by the United States Information Service ( USIS ) and sent to President John F. Kennedy with a letter from Galbraith dated 9 November 1962 .

\n The aftermath of the war saw sweeping changes in the Indian military to prepare it for similar conflicts in the future , and placed pressure on Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru , who was seen as responsible for failing to anticipate the Chinese attack on India . Indians reacted with a surge in patriotism and memorials were erected for many of the Indian troops who died in the war . Arguably , the main lesson India learned from the war was the need to strengthen its own defences and a shift from Nehru 's foreign policy with China based on his stated concept of `` brotherhood '' . Because of India 's inability to anticipate Chinese aggression , Prime Minister Nehru faced harsh criticism from government officials , for having promoted pacifist relations with China . Indian President Radhakrishnan said that Nehru 's government was naive and negligent about preparations , and Nehru admitted his failings . According to Inder Malhotra , a former editor of The Times of India and a commentator for The Indian Express , Indian politicians invested more effort in removing Defence Minister Krishna Menon than in actually waging war . Krishna Menon 's favoritism weakened the Indian Army , and national morale dimmed . The public saw the war as political and military debacle . Under American advice ( by American envoy John Kenneth Galbraith who made and ran American policy on the war as all other top policy makers in USA were absorbed in coincident Cuban Missile Crisis ) Indians refrained , not according to the best choices available , from using the Indian air force to beat back the Chinese advances . The CIA later revealed that at that time the Chinese had neither the fuel nor runways long enough for using their air force effectively in Tibet . Indians in general became highly sceptical of China and its military . Many Indians view the war as a betrayal of India 's attempts at establishing a long - standing peace with China and started to question the once popular `` Hindi - Chini bhai - bhai '' ( meaning `` Indians and Chinese are brothers '' ) . The war also put an end to Nehru 's earlier hopes that India and China would form a strong Asian Axis to counteract the increasing influence of the Cold War bloc superpowers .

\n

\n The unpreparedness of the army was blamed on Defence Minister Menon , who resigned his government post to allow for someone who might modernise India 's military further . India 's policy of weaponisation via indigenous sources and self - sufficiency was thus cemented . Sensing a weakened army , Pakistan , a close ally of China , began a policy of provocation against India by infiltrating Jammu and Kashmir and ultimately triggering the Second Kashmir War with India in 1965 and Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 . The Attack of 1965 was successfully stopped and ceasefire was negotiated under international pressure . In the Indo - Pakistani war of 1971 India won a clear victory , resulting in liberation of Bangladesh ( formerly East - Pakistan ) .

\n

\n As a result of the war , the Indian government commissioned an investigation , resulting in the classified Henderson Brooks -- Bhagat Report on the causes of the war and the reasons for failure . India 's performance in high - altitude combat in 1962 led to an overhaul of the Indian Army in terms of doctrine , training , organisation and equipment . Neville Maxwell claimed that the Indian role in international affairs after the border war was also greatly reduced after the war and India 's standing in the non-aligned movement suffered . The Indian government has attempted to keep the Hendersen - Brooks - Bhagat Report secret for decades , although portions of it have recently been leaked by Neville Maxwell .

\n

\n According to James Calvin , an analyst from the U.S. Navy , India gained many benefits from the 1962 conflict . This war united the country as never before . India got 32,000 square miles ( 8.3 million hectares , 83,000 km ) of disputed territory even if it felt that NEFA was hers all along . The new Indian republic had avoided international alignments ; by asking for help during the war , India demonstrated its willingness to accept military aid from several sectors . And , finally , India recognised the serious weaknesses in its army . It would more than double its military manpower in the next two years and it would work hard to resolve the military 's training and logistic problems to later become the second - largest army in the world . India 's efforts to improve its military posture significantly enhanced its army 's capabilities and preparedness . This played a role in subsequent wars against Pakistan .

\n Internment and deportation of Chinese Indians ( edit ) Main article : Persecution of Chinese Indians

\n Soon after the end of the war , the Indian government passed the Defence of India Act in December 1962 , permitting the `` apprehension and detention in custody of any person ( suspected ) of being of hostile origin . '' The broad language of the act allowed for the arrest of any person simply for having a Chinese surname , Chinese ancestry or a Chinese spouse . The Indian government incarcerated thousands of Chinese - Indians in an internment camp in Deoli , Rajasthan , where they were held for years without trial . The last internees were not released until 1967 . Thousands more Chinese - Indians were forcibly deported or coerced to leave India . Nearly all internees had their properties sold off or looted . Even after their release , the Chinese Indians faced many restrictions in their freedom . They could not travel freely until the mid-1990s .

\n

\n Later conflicts ( edit )

\n Main articles : China -- India relations , Nathu La and Cho La incidents , and 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish

\n India also reported some military conflicts with China after the 1962 war . In late 1967 , there were two incidents in which both countries exchanged fire in Sikkim . The first one was dubbed the `` Nathu La incident '' , and the other being `` Chola incident '' in which advancing Chinese forces were forced to withdraw from Sikkim , then a protectorate of India and later a state of India after annexation in 1975 . In the 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish , both sides showed military restraint and it was a bloodless conflict .

\n

\n Diplomatic process ( edit )

\n

\n In 1993 and 1996 , the two sides signed the Sino - Indian Bilateral Peace and Tranquility Accords , agreements to maintain peace and tranquility along the Line of Actual Control ( LoAC ) . Ten meetings of a Sino - Indian Joint Working Group ( SIJWG ) and five of an expert group have taken place to determine where the LoAC lies , but little progress has occurred .

\n

\n On 20 November 2006 Indian politicians from Arunachal Pradesh expressed their concern over Chinese military modernization and appealed to parliament to take a harder stance on the PRC following a military buildup on the border similar to that in 1962 . Additionally , China 's military aid to Pakistan as well is a matter of concern to the Indian public , as the two sides have engaged in various wars .

\n

\n On 6 July 2006 , the historic Silk Road passing through this territory via the Nathu La pass was reopened . Both sides have agreed to resolve the issues by peaceful means .

\n

\n In October 2011 , it was stated that India and China will formulate a border mechanism to handle different perceptions as to the LAC and resume the bilateral army exercises between Indian and Chinese army from early 2012 .

\n

\n In popular culture ( edit )

\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Noorani , India -- China Boundary Problem ( 2010 ) , p. 48 quotes a report by Ney Elias in 1885 : `` He ( the Wazir ) wants the Maharaja to re-occupy Shahidulla in the Karakash valley . Previous to the rebellions in Eastern Turkistan which broke up Chinese rule there in 1863 , the Kashmiris had occupied Shahidulla for nearly 20 years . About 1865 they abandoned it , and in 1868 Shaw and Hayward found it occupied by the Andijani ( Kokandi ) troops of the late Amir Yakub Beg . In 1873 -- 74 Sir D. Forsyth recognised the Amir 's ownership , and recommended the Maharaja 's boundary to be drawn to the north of the Karakash valley as shown in the map accompanying the mission report . This I believe has never been accepted by Kashmir , and the boundary has been left an open question . ''
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Noorani , India -- China Boundary Problem ( 2010 ) , p. 48 , 83 : An India Office ( London ) memorandum in 1893 stated : `` Shahidulla has hitherto been regarded as the frontier post on the road from Leh to Yarkand . Lord Kimberley the secretary of state would suggest that the Chinese Government at Peking ... should be intimated ... that the Indian authorities , acting on behalf of the Kashmir State , will gladly co-operate with the Chinese authorities in Kashgaria in determining the frontier on the road from Leh to Kashgar . Her Majesty 's Government would , however , demur to any attempt being made by the Kashgarian officials to fix the boundary of the Ladakh State on this road without their previous concurrence being obtained . ''
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Noorani , India -- China Boundary Problem ( 2010 ) , p. 58 quotes Captain Younghusband 's report of 1889 : `` In the former Chinese occupation the Kuen - Lun Mountains ( that is the branch of them over which are the Kilian and Sanju Passes ) were always recognised as the frontier , and the country to the south belonged to no one in particular . When the Chinese revolt took place and they were driven from Yarkand , the Kashmir State sent a detachment of troops to Shahidullah and built a fort there . Yakub Beg when he came into power at Yarkand sent some troops , who built a fort at Ali Nazar on the Karakash River at the junction of the roads from the Kilian and Sanju Passes . Shortly afterwards the Kashmiris evacuated the Shahidullah fort after occupying it for about three years , and the Andijanis then took possession of it and occupied it till Yakub Beg 's death . ''
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Some commentators state that Johnson 's work was `` severely criticised '' as inaccurate . His boundary line was described as `` patently absurd '' , and extending further north than the Indian claim . Johnson is said to have been reprimanded by the British Government for crossing into Khotan without permission and he resigned from the Survey . Others state that Johnson 's bold explorations were highly commended , and he was rehired a year later at a higher salary . The `` invitation '' from the Khotanese ruler was likely a forcible removal , and the ruler was merely seeking British help in warding off Yakub Beg and the Russian Empire .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ The so - called Macartney - MacDonald proposal was precipitated by the crisis over Hunza , which was theoretically a vassal state of both China and Kashmir . In 1890 , the British invaded Hunza and replaced its ruler , and the Chinese remonstrated . The British wanted the Chinese to cede their suzerainty over Hunza and yet grant rights to cultivate lands outside its boundary . In return for this largesse , they were prepared to cede the Aksai Chin plains , but not Lingzi Tang plains , to China . Scholar Parshotam Mehra has termed it a ' barter ' .
    6. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Webster 's Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English language : Chronology of Major Dates in History , page 1686 . Dilithium Press Ltd. , 1989
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ China won , but never wanted , Sino - Indian war - Global Times Archived 23 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ India lost war with China but won Arunachal 's heart - Times of India Archived 30 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Garver , John W. ( 2006 ) , `` China 's Decision for War with India in 1962 '' ( PDF ) , in Robert S. Ross , New Directions in the Study of China 's Foreign Policy , Stanford University Press , pp. 86 -- , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5363 - 0 , archived from the original on 28 August 2017
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ H.A.S.C. by United States . Congress . House Committee on Armed Services -- 1999 , p. 62
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ War at the Top of the World : The Struggle for Afghanistan , Kashmir , and Tibet by Eric S. Margolis , p. 234 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : The US Army `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . says Indian wounded were 1,047 and attributes it to Indian Defence Ministry 's 1965 report , but this report also included a lower estimate of killed .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Malik , V.P. ( 2010 ) . Kargil from Surprise to Victory ( paperback ed . ) . HarperCollins Publishers India . p. 343 . ISBN 9789350293133 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Mark A. Ryan ; David Michael Finkelstein ; Michael A. McDevitt ( 2003 ) . Chinese warfighting : The PLA experience since 1949 . M.E. Sharpe . pp. 188 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1087 - 4 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2013 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Indo - China War of 1962 '' . globalseurity.org . Archived from the original on 13 July 2017 .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : Calvin , James Barnard ( April 1984 ) . `` The China - India Border War '' . Marine Corps Command and Staff College . Archived from the original on 11 November 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2011 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : Subramanian , L.N. ( November -- December 2000 ) , `` The Battle of Chushul '' , Bharat Rakshak Monitor , archived from the original on 9 February 2001
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Maxwell , India 's China War 1970 , p. 24 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ The Sino - Indian Border Disputes , by Alfred P. Rubin , The International and Comparative Law Quarterly , Vol. 9 , No. 1 . ( Jan. 1960 ) , pp. 96 -- 125 , JSTOR 756256 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Maxwell , India 's China War 1970 , p. 25 -- 26 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Maxwell , India 's China War 1970 , p. 26 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Warikoo , India 's gateway to Central Asia 2009 , pp. 1 -- 2 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Mehra , An `` agreed '' frontier ( 1992 ) , p. 57 : `` Shahidulla was occupied by the Dogras almost from the time they conquered Ladakh . ''
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Mehra , An `` agreed '' frontier ( 1992 ) , p. 57 : `` The southern frontier of Chinese Turkestan was similarly undefined ... the Chinese ' considered the Kuen - lun mountains ( i.e. the branch of them over which are the Kilian and Sanju passes ) as their frontier ' ... ''
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Mehra , An `` agreed '' frontier 1992 , p. 48 ; Van Eekelen , Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute 2013 , p. 160 ; Fisher , Rose & Huttenback , Himalayan Battleground 1963 , p. 65 ; Palit , War in High Himalaya 1991 , p. 29
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Fisher , Rose & Huttenback , Himalayan Battleground 1963 , p. 116 .
    22. \n
  22. \n ^ Jump up to : Guruswamy , Mohan ( 23 June 2003 ) , `` The Great India - China Game '' , Rediff News , archived from the original on 30 September 2016
    23. \n
  23. \n ^ Jump up to : Noorani , A.G. ( 30 August -- 12 September 2003 ) . `` Fact of History '' . Frontline. 26 ( 18 ) . Madras : The Hindu group . Archived from the original on 2 October 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2011
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Mehra , John Lall ( Book review ) 1991 , p. 149 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Noorani , India -- China Boundary Problem 2010 , pp. 65 -- 66 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Noorani , India -- China Boundary Problem ( 2010 ) , p. 73 ; Mehra , An `` agreed '' frontier ( 1992 ) , p. 63
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Woodman , Himalayan Frontiers ( 1970 ) , pp. 73 , 78 : `` Clarke added that a Chinese map drawn by Hung Ta - chen , Minister in St. Petersburg , confirmed the Johnson alignment showing West Aksai Chin as within British ( Kashmir ) territory . ''
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Noorani , India -- China Boundary Problem 2010 , pp. 52 -- 53 , 60 , 69 , 72 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Noorani , India -- China Boundary Problem 2010 , pp. 114 - 115 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Mehra , An `` agreed '' frontier ( 1992 ) , p. 160 ; Palit , War in High Himalaya ( 1991 ) , pp. 32 -- 33 ; Van Eekelen , Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute ( 2013 ) , p. 9 ; Fisher , Rose & Huttenback , Himalayan Battleground ( 1963 ) , p. 69
    31. \n
  31. \n ^ Jump up to : Maxwell , Neville ( July -- September 1970 ) , `` China and India : The Un-Negotiated Dispute '' , The China Quarterly ( 43 ) : 47 -- 80 , JSTOR 652082
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Woodman , Himalayan Frontiers 1970 .
    33. \n
  33. \n ^ Jump up to : Verma , Virendra Sahai ( 2006 ) . `` Sino - Indian Border Dispute At Aksai Chin - A Middle Path For Resolution '' ( PDF ) . Journal of development alternatives and area studies . 25 ( 3 ) : 6 -- 8 . ISSN 1651 - 9728 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Fisher , Rose & Huttenback , Himalayan Battleground 1963 , p. 101 .
    35. \n
  35. \n ^ Jump up to : Maxwell , Neville ( 1970 ) . India 's China War . New York : Pantheon . ISBN 0224618873 . Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 .
    36. \n
  36. \n ^ Jump up to : George W. Patterson , Peking Versus Delhi , Frederick A. Praeger , Inc. , 1963
    37. \n
  37. \n ^ Jump up to : `` 562 V.K. Singh , Resolving the boundary dispute '' . India-seminar.com . Archived from the original on 18 October 2006 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ The Sino - Indian Boundary Dispute , Foreign Language Press of the People 's Republic of China , 1961
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Gupta , Karunakar , `` The McMahon Line 1911 -- 45 : The British Legacy '' , The China Quarterly , No. 47 . ( Jul . -- Sep. 1971 ) , pp. 521 -- 45 . JSTOR 652324
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Free Tibet Campaign , `` Tibet Facts No. 17 : British Relations with Tibet '' Archived 11 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine .
    41. \n
  41. \n ^ Jump up to : History of the Conflict with China , 1962 . P.B. Sinha , A.A. Athale , with S.N. Prasad , chief editor , History Division , Ministry of Defence , Govt. of India , 1992 .
    42. \n
  42. \n ^ Jump up to : A.G. Noorani , `` Perseverance in peace process Archived 26 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine . '' , India 's National Magazine , 29 August 2003 .
    43. \n
  43. \n ^ Jump up to : Chinese deception and Nehru 's naivete led to 62 War Archived 11 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Times of India
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Pubby , Manu ( 22 January 2010 ) . `` Do n't believe in Hindi - Chini bhai - bhai , Nehru told envoy '' . Indian Express . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 .
    45. \n
  45. \n ^ Jump up to : India 's Forward Policy , Review author ( s ) : A.G. Noorani , The China Quarterly \u00a9 1970 School of Oriental and African Studies
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` The Shade of the Big Banyan Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . '' Time , 14 December 1959 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Fisher , Rose & Huttenback , Himalayan Battleground 1963 , p. 91 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the Peoples ' Republic of China on the Boundary Question - Part 2 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of External Affairs , India , 1961 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Fisher , Rose & Huttenback , Himalayan Battleground 1963 , p. 96 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Fisher , Rose & Huttenback , Himalayan Battleground 1963 , p. 99 .
    51. \n
  51. \n ^ Jump up to : Maxwell , Neville ( April 2001 ) . `` Henderson Brooks Report : An Introduction '' . stratmag.com . Archived from the original on 9 December 2006 . Retrieved 18 August 2006 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ `` rediff '' . Gregoryclark.net. 24 October 2002 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` rediff.com Special Series : 40 years after the 1962 Sino - Indian war '' . In.rediff.com. 24 October 2002 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2016 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Chang , Jung and Jon Halliday , Mao : The Unknown Story ( 2006 ) , pp. 568 , 579 .
    55. \n
  55. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Special Series : 40 years after the Sino - Indian 1962 war '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 .
    56. \n
  56. \n ^ Jump up to : Sukumaran , R. ( July 2003 ) , `` 1962 India - China War and Kargil 1999 : Restrictions on Air Power '' , Strategic analysis , 27 ( 3 ) , archived from the original on 19 November 2016
    57. \n
  57. \n ^ Jump up to : Malhotra , Inder ( 5 December 2008 ) . `` Ghosts of black November '' . Indian Express . Archived from the original on 29 March 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2013 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Manoj Joshi , `` Line of Defence '' , Times of India , 21 October 2000
    59. \n
  59. \n ^ Jump up to : Battle of Namka Chu , 10 Oct -- 16 Nov 1962 , Bharat Rakshak , archived from the original on 10 August 2002
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ People 's Daily , 22 September 1962 issue , pp. 1
    61. \n
  61. \n ^ Jump up to : The Sino - Indian Border Dispute , Section 3 : 1961 -- 62 ( PDF ) , Central Intelligence Agency , 5 May 1964 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 July 2007
    62. \n
  62. \n ^ Jump up to : Swaminathan , R. , Lessons of 1962 : A stock taking after 40 years , South Asia Analysis Group , archived from the original on 25 June 2003
    63. \n
  63. \n ^ Jump up to : China feared military coup in India during 60s Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . DNA India
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Mark Ames and Alexander Zaitchik ( 2 December 2012 ) . `` James Bond and the killer bag lady '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 5 February 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 .
    65. \n
  65. \n ^ Jump up to : Battle of Walong , 18 Oct - 16 Nov 1962 , Bharat Rakshak , archived from the original on 15 June 2002
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ e.g. Chip Chap Valley , Pangong
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Burkitt , Laurie ; Scobell , Andrew ; Wortzel , Larry M. ( July 2003 ) . THE LESSONS OF HISTORY : THE CHINESE PEOPLE 'S LIBERATION ARMY AT 75 ( PDF ) . Strategic Studies Institute . pp. 340 -- 341 . ISBN 1 - 58487 - 126 - 1 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 February 2012 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Men of Steel on Icy Heights Archived 6 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Mohan Guruswamy Deccan Chronicle .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` The Himalayan Border Crisis . - Chinese Offensive in Ladakh and North - East Frontier Agency . - 100 - Mile Chinese Advance in N.E.F.A. - Unilateral Cease - Fire by Chinese Forces '' ( PDF ) . Keesing 's Record of World Events. 8 ( 12 ) : 19109 . 8 December 1962 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 May 2015 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Goldman , Jerry ; Stein , Giel ( October 1997 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , October 18 -- 29 1962 '' . hpol.org . Archived from the original on 18 August 2006 . Retrieved 18 August 2006 .
    71. \n
  71. \n ^ Jump up to : YADAV , Atul , Injustice to the Ahir Martyrs of the 1962 War Archived 9 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Bharat Rakshak , The Tribune . 18 November 1999
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Gangdruk , Chushi , Establishment 22 , archived from the original on 7 March 2001
    73. \n
  73. \n ^ Jump up to : Okoth , Pontian Godfrey ( 2015 ) . USA , India , Africa During and After the Cold War . University of Nairobi Press . p. 98 . Archived from the original on 23 September 2016 .
    74. \n
  74. \n ^ Jump up to : Malhotra , Inder ( 17 October 2011 ) . `` The Colombo ' compromise ' '' . Indian Express . Archived from the original on 28 August 2017 . Retrieved 23 September 2016 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ K.V. Krishna Rao . Prepare Or Perish : A Study of National Security . p. 101 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2016 . Retrieved 23 September 2016 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Abstract of `` Fighting to Make a Point : Policy - Making by Aggressive War on the Chinese Borders '' by Jr Pettis Roy C. Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . -- National War College
    77. \n
  77. \n ^ Jump up to : Anand Giridharadas ( 26 August 2005 ) . `` ' 63 Tapes Reveal Kennedy and Aides Discussed Using Nuclear Arms in a China - India Clash '' . Mumbai , India : New York Times .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ `` JFK , aides considered nuclear arms in China - India clash '' . Taipei Times . 3 March 2017 . Archived from the original on 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ `` India 's Nuclear Weapons Program - Smiling Buddha : 1974 '' . Nuclearweaponarchive.org . Archived from the original on 19 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ Smith , Jeff M. ( 14 September 2012 ) . `` A Forgotten War in the Himalayas '' . YaleGlobal . Archived from the original on 20 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 September 2016 .
    81. \n
  81. \n ^ Jump up to : Kalha , R.S. ( 21 November 2012 ) . `` What did China Gain at the End of the Fighting in November 1962 ? '' . Institute for Defence Studies and Analysis . Archived from the original on 6 December 2016 . Retrieved 27 September 2016 .
    82. \n
  82. \n ^ Jump up to : `` India Archived 12 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine. : A Year of Stability and Change '' . Ralph J. Retzlaff . Asian Survey , Vol. 3 , No. 2 , A Survey of Asia in 1962 : Part II . ( Feb. 1963 ) , pp. 96 -- 106 .
    83. \n
  83. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Indo China Time Line '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 9 February 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 .
    84. \n
  84. \n ^ Jump up to : `` China , October 1971 -- February 1972 '' ( PDF ) , Foreign Relations , 1969 -- 1976 , Volume XVII , p. 722 , U.S. State Department , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 January 2008
    85. \n
  85. \n ^ Jump up to : Dobell , W.M. ( Autumn 1964 ) . `` Ramifications of the China - Pakistan Border Treaty '' . Pacific Affairs . 37 ( 3 ) : 283 -- 95 . doi : 10.2307 / 2754976 . JSTOR 2754976 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 Archived 23 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine . by Stephen R. Shalom , professor of Political Science
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ The Untold Story : How Kennedy came to India 's aid in 1962 Archived 17 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Rediff News , 4 December 2012 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ `` Jawaharlal Nehru pleaded for US help against China in 1962 '' . The Times Of India . 16 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2010 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ `` Asia : Ending the Suspense '' . Time . 17 September 1965 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ Saalman , Lora ( Spring -- Summer 2011 ) . `` Divergence , Similarity and Symmetry in Sino - Indian Threat Perceptions '' . 64 ( 2 ) . Journal of International Affairs : 174 -- 175 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Whoever has seen Aksai Chin , as I have , would want someone else to have it ' '' . Indian Express . 3 March 2009 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2009 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ John Pike . `` Indo - Pakistan War of 1965 '' . Globalsecurity.org . Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ 1971 India -- Pakistan War , Part VII : The Surrender , New Delhi : SAPRA Foundation , archived from the original on 2 January 2007
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ `` 1971 War : ' I will give you 30 minutes ' '' . Sify.com . Archived from the original on 24 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ David Brewster . `` Leaked 1962 report reveals India 's still - unresolved military weaknesses , Lowy Interpreter , 2 April 2014 . Retrieved 1 September 2014 '' . Archived from the original on 28 August 2017 .
    96. \n
  96. \n ^ Jump up to : Jaideep Mazumdar ( 20 November 2010 ) . `` The 1962 jailing of Chinese Indians '' . OPEN . Archived from the original on 18 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Matt Schiavenza ( 9 August 2013 ) . `` India 's Forgotten Chinese Internment Camp '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 . Retrieved 17 November 2013 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ `` ' India soft on China 's Arunachal claim ' '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 23 April 2016 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ `` India - China to resume annual defence dialogue early next year '' , IBN Live , 8 October 2011 , archived from the original on 11 October 2011
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ `` India - China border mechanism by year - end '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 6 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ Khubchandani , Lata ( 2003 ) . Gulzar ; Govind Nihalani ; Saibal Chatterjee , eds . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Popular Prakashan . pp. 486 -- 487 . ISBN 81 - 7991 - 066 - 0 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ `` Kavi Pradeep , master of the patriotic song , dies at 84 '' . Rediff.com. 11 December 1998 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2010 . Retrieved 4 November 2010 .
    103. \n
\n

\n Bibliography ( edit )

\n \n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Military of India
\n
    \n
  • \n Indian Army
    • \n
  • \n Indian Navy
    • \n
  • \n Indian Air Force
    • \n
\n
\n Leadership \n
    \n
  • \n Chief of the Army Staff
    • \n
  • \n Chief of the Naval Staff
    • \n
  • \n Chief of the Air Staff
    • \n
  • \n Minister of Defence
    • \n
\n
\n Topics \n
    \n
  • \n History
    • \n
  • \n Academies
    • \n
  • \n Ranks and insignia
      \n
    • \n Army
      • \n
    • \n Air Force
      • \n
    • \n Navy
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Special Forces
    • \n
  • \n Indian Peace Keeping Force
    • \n
  • \n Central Armed Police Forces
    • \n
  • \n Paramilitary forces
    • \n
  • \n Andaman and Nicobar Command
    • \n
  • \n Strategic Forces Command
    • \n
  • \n Nuclear Command Authority
    • \n
  • \n Ballistic missiles
    • \n
  • \n Weapons of mass destruction
    • \n
  • \n Defence Research and Development Organisation
    • \n
  • \n Ordnance Factories Board
    • \n
  • \n Territorial Army
    • \n
  • \n National Cadet Corps
    • \n
\n
\n Wars and conflicts \n
    \n
  • \n Indo - Pakistani wars
      \n
    • \n 1947
      • \n
    • \n 1965
      • \n
    • \n 1971
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Operation Polo
    • \n
  • \n Congo Crisis
    • \n
  • \n Operation Vijay
    • \n
  • \n Operation Trident
    • \n
  • \n Sino - Indian War
    • \n
  • \n Cho La incident
    • \n
  • \n Siachen conflict
    • \n
  • \n Blue Star
    • \n
  • \n Woodrose
    • \n
  • \n 1987 Sino - Indian skirmish
    • \n
  • \n Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan Civil War
    • \n
  • \n Operation Cactus
    • \n
  • \n Kargil War
    • \n
  • \n Kashmir insurgency
    • \n
  • \n 2001 Bangladeshi - Indian border skirmish
    • \n
  • \n Operation Parakram
    • \n
  • \n Piracy off the coast of Somalia
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
      \n
    • \n Army
      • \n
    • \n Navy
      • \n
    • \n Air Force
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Armed conflicts involving the People 's Republic of China
\n Internal \n
    \n
  • \n Chinese Civil War ( 1927 -- 50 )
    • \n
  • \n Kuomintang Islamic insurgency ( 1950 -- 58 )
    • \n
  • \n Kuomintang insurgency ( 1949 - 1961 )
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Chamdo ( 1950 )
    • \n
  • \n Tibetan uprising ( 1959 )
    • \n
  • \n Xinjiang conflict ( 1980 -- present )
    • \n
  • \n Tiananmen Square protests ( 1989 )
    • \n
\n
\n Cross-Taiwan Strait ( vs Taiwan ) ( after 1 Oct 1949 ) \n
    \n
  • \n Kuningtou ( 1949 )
    • \n
  • \n Dengbu Island ( 1949 )
    • \n
  • \n Hainan Island ( 1950 )
    • \n
  • \n Nanri Island ( 1952 )
    • \n
  • \n Dongshan Island ( 1953 )
    • \n
  • \n Yijiangshan Islands ( 1955 )
    • \n
  • \n Dachen Archipelago ( 1955 )
    • \n
  • \n Second Taiwan Strait Crisis ( 1958 )
    • \n
  • \n Burmese border
    • \n
  • \n Dong - Yin ( 1965 )
    • \n
  • \n Third Taiwan Strait Crisis ( 1995 -- 96 )
    • \n
\n
\n Others \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n vs USSR \n
    \n
  • \n Sino - Soviet border conflict ( 1969 )
    • \n
\n
\n vs United States and allies \n
    \n
  • \n Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 )
    • \n
  • \n Vietnam War ( 1965 -- 70 )
    • \n
\n
\n vs India \n
    \n
  • \n Sino - Indian War ( 1962 )
    • \n
  • \n Chola incident ( 1967 )
    • \n
  • \n Sino - Indian skirmish ( 1987 )
    • \n
  • \n Sino - Indian Standoff ( 2017 )
    • \n
\n
\n vs South Vietnam / Vietnam \n
    \n
  • \n Paracel Islands ( 1974 )
    • \n
  • \n Sino - Vietnamese War ( 1979 )
    • \n
  • \n Sino - Vietnamese conflicts 1979 -- 90
    • \n
  • \n Johnson South Reef Skirmish ( 1988 )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n Incorporation of Tibet into the People 's Republic of China
    • \n
  • \n Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People 's Republic of China
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n GND : 7649955 - 8
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sino-Indian_War&oldid=822327232 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "india and china went to war in 1962", "long_answers": ["The Sino - Indian War ( Hindi : \u092d\u093e\u0930\u0924 - \u091a\u0940\u0928 \u092f\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 Bh\u0101rat - Ch\u012bn Yuddh ) , also known as the Sino - Indian Border Conflict ( simplified Chinese : \u4e2d \u5370 \u8fb9\u5883 \u6218\u4e89 ; traditional Chinese : \u4e2d \u5370 \u908a\u5883 \u6230\u722d ; pinyin : Zh\u014dng - Y\u00ecn Bi\u0101nj\u00ecng Zh\u00e0nzh\u0113ng ) , was a war between China and India that occurred in 1962 . A disputed Himalayan border was the main pretext for war , but other issues played a role . There had been a series of violent border incidents after the 1959 Tibetan uprising , when India had granted asylum to the Dalai Lama . India initiated a Forward Policy in which it placed outposts along the border , including several north of the McMahon Line , the eastern portion of a Line of Actual Control proclaimed by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai in 1959 .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Indian High Courts Act 1861 - wikipedia

\n Indian High Courts Act 1861

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n The Indian High Courts Act of 1861 ( 24 & 25 Vict . c. 104 ) was an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to authorize the Crown to create High Courts in the Indian colony . Queen Victoria created the High Courts in Calcutta , Madras , and Bombay by Letters Patent in 1865 . These High Courts would become the precursors to the High Courts in the modern day India , Pakistan , and Bangladesh . The Act was passed after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and consolidated the parallel legal system of the Crown and the East India Company .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Abolishing existing Courts ( edit )

\n

\n The Act abolished the Supreme Courts at Calcutta , Madras , and Bombay ; the Sadar Diwani Adalat and the Sadar Nizamat Adalat at Calcutta ; Sadar Adalat and Faujdari Adalat at Madras ; Sadar Diwani Adalat and Faujdari Adalat at Bombay ( \u00a7 8 ) .

\n

\n Qualifications of High Court judges ( edit )

\n

\n Each High Court could consist of a chief justice and up to 15 judges . Under \u00a7 3 of the Act , judges could be selected from barristers ( with 5 years of experience ) , civil servants ( with 10 years of experience including 3 years as a zillah judge ) , judges of small cause courts or sudder ameen ( with 5 years of experience ) , or pleaders of lander courts or High Courts ( with 05 years of experience ) .

\n

\n The High Court of a State is the highest court of the State and all other courts of the State work under it . Normally there is one High Court in every State but there can be only one High Court for two or more States as well , according to the constitution . There is one High Court at Chandigarh for Punjab , Haryana and Union Territory of Chandigarh . Similarly there is one High Court at Guwahati which serves Assam , Arunachal Pradesh , Mizoram and Nagaland .

\n

\n Composition :

\n

\n In every High Court , there is a Chief Justice and many other judges whose number is defined by the President of India .

\n

\n Appointment of the Judges : The Chief Justice of a High Court is appointed by the President with the consultation of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Governor of the State . The other judges are appointed by the will of President , Governor and the Chief Justice of High Court .

\n

\n Qualifications for the Judges

\n

\n ( a ) He should be a citizen of India .

\n

\n ( b ) He should have been ( I ) a judge for 10 years of Subordinate court under the Judicial Service of the State or ( ii ) an Advocate for 10 years in a High Courts in India ( Article 217 ) .

\n

\n Tenure : Originally the age of the retirement of the judges of the High Courts was fixed at 60 but it was raised to 62 in 1963 according to the 15th amendment of the Constitution .

\n

\n Removal of the Judges : A judge may leave his office by resigning . He will send his letter of resignation to the President . His office would be considered to have been vacated if he is appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court or is transferred to some other High Court . A judge of a High Court may also be removed like a judge of the Supreme Court . A judge of High Court may be removed by the President if the Parliament passes a motion against him by an absolute majority and 2 / 3rd majority of the members present and voting , both the Houses sitting separately .

\n

\n Salary :

\n

\n The pay of the Chief Justice of a High Court is rupees 90,000 / - per month and that of the other judges is rupees 85,000 / - per month .

\n

\n Powers and Functions

\n

\n Original Jurisdiction :

\n

\n The original jurisdiction of the High Court is restricted .

\n

\n ( a ) Every High Court under Article 226 is empowered to issue writs , orders , directions including writs in the nature of Habeas Corpus , Mandamus , Prohibition , Quo - warranto and Certiorari or any of them to any person or authority with in its territory for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose .

\n

\n ( b ) The original jurisdiction of High Court extends to matters of admiralty , matrimonial , contempt of court and cases ordered to be transferred to High Court by lower court .

\n

\n ( c ) The High Courts of Mumbai , Kolkata and Chennai have original jurisdiction on hearing straightway cases involving the Christians and Parsies .

\n

\n ( d ) The High Courts of Mumbai , Kolkata and Chennai exercise original civil jurisdiction when the amount involved is more than two thousand rupees .

\n

\n Appellate Jurisdiction :

\n

\n The appellate jurisdiction of the High Courts extends so :

\n

\n ( a ) The High Court can hear appeals in civil cases if the amount involved in the case is at least Rs. 5000 .

\n

\n ( b ) The High Court in criminal cases hears the appeal in which the accused has been sentenced to four years imprisonment by the Sessions Judge . v

\n

\n ( c ) The death sentence awarded by Sessions Judge is subject to approval by the High Court .

\n

\n ( d ) The High Court hear the cases involving interpretation of the Constitution or Law .

\n

\n ( e ) The High Court hears the cases on income tax , sales tax etc .

\n

\n Power of Judicial Review :

\n

\n The States High Courts like the Supreme Court has the power of Judicial Review . A High Court has the power to strike down any law of the State or any order of the executive if it violates any provision of the constitution or curtails or takes any of the Fundamental Rights of the people .

\n

\n Administrative and Supervisory Power :

\n

\n The State High Court performs many administrative functions within its Territorial Jurisdiction . It exercises the power of superintendence and control over all courts and tribunals throughout the territory except the military tribunals .

\n

\n Judicial tenure and seniority ( edit )

\n

\n Under \u00a7 5 of the Act , judges served at the pleasure of Her Majesty . The chief justice had precedence over judges , whereas judges had seniority based on appointment . Under \u00a7 14 , the chief justice had the power to form divisions of two or more judges to hear cases .

\n

\n Jurisdiction ( edit )

\n

\n Under article 9 of the Act , each High Court had `` all such powers and authority for and in relation to the administration of justice '' including original and appellate jurisdiction over civil , criminal , admiralty , vice-admiralty , testamentary , intestate , and matrimonial matters .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Indian High Courts Act 1861 '' . GKToday. 2011 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Criminal Justice India Series : Punjab , 2002 . Allied Publishers . 2002 . p. 233 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7764 - 490 - 6 .
    3. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Indian legislation
\n
    \n
  • \n Constitution of India ( amendments )
    • \n
  • \n Indian Penal Code
    • \n
  • \n Code of Criminal Procedure , 1973
    • \n
  • \n Acts of the Parliament
    • \n
  • \n Ordinance
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n
\n In Force
\n
\n Consumer \n
    \n
  • \n Real Estate ( Regulation and Development ) Act , 2016
    • \n
  • \n Consumer Protection Act , 1986
    • \n
  • \n Essential Commodities Act
    • \n
  • \n Essential Services Maintenance Act
    • \n
\n
\n Corruption \n
    \n
  • \n Benami Transactions ( Prohibition ) Act , 1988
    • \n
  • \n Black Money ( Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets ) and Imposition of Tax Act , 2015
    • \n
  • \n Prevention of Corruption Act , 1988
    • \n
  • \n The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act , 2013
    • \n
  • \n Mines and Minerals ( Development and Regulation ) Act , 1957
    • \n
  • \n Prevention of Money Laundering Act , 2002
    • \n
  • \n Whistle Blowers Protection Act , 2011
    • \n
\n
\n Criminal \n
    \n
  • \n Armed Forces ( Special Powers ) Act
    • \n
  • \n Armed Forces Tribunal Act , 2007
    • \n
  • \n Arms Act , 1959
    • \n
  • \n Army Act , 1950
    • \n
  • \n Criminal Law ( Amendment ) Act , 2013
    • \n
  • \n Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products Act
    • \n
  • \n Indian Evidence Act
    • \n
  • \n Juvenile Justice ( Care and Protection of Children ) Act , 2015
    • \n
  • \n National Security Act ( India )
    • \n
  • \n Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act , 2005
    • \n
  • \n Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act , 1989
    • \n
\n
\n Education \n
    \n
  • \n Indian Institutes of Management Act , 2017
    • \n
  • \n Institutes of Technology Act , 1961
    • \n
  • \n National Institutes of Technology Act , 2007
    • \n
  • \n Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act , 2009
    • \n
  • \n University Grants Commission Act , 1956
    • \n
\n
\n Environment \n
    \n
  • \n Air ( Prevention and Control of Pollution ) Act
    • \n
  • \n Biological Diversity Act , 2002
    • \n
  • \n CAMPA bill
    • \n
  • \n Environment Protection Act , 1986
    • \n
  • \n Indian Forest Act , 1927
    • \n
  • \n National Green Tribunal Act
    • \n
  • \n Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act
    • \n
  • \n Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers ' Rights Act , 2001
    • \n
  • \n Wildlife Protection Act , 1972
    • \n
\n
\n Financial \n
    \n
  • \n Aadhaar ( Targeted Delivery of Financial and other Subsidies , benefits and services ) Act , 2016
    • \n
  • \n Banking Regulation Act , 1949
    • \n
  • \n Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of Smuggling Activities Act
    • \n
  • \n Depositories Act
    • \n
  • \n The Electricity Act , 2003
    • \n
  • \n Expenditure Tax Act , 1987
    • \n
  • \n Finance Act ( India )
    • \n
  • \n Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act , 2003
    • \n
  • \n Foreign Contribution Regulation Act
    • \n
  • \n Foreign Exchange Management Act
    • \n
  • \n Geographical Indications of Goods ( Registration and Protection ) Act , 1999
    • \n
  • \n Government Securities Act , 2006
    • \n
  • \n Indian Contract Act , 1872
    • \n
  • \n Indian Stamp Act , 1899
    • \n
  • \n Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code , 2016
    • \n
  • \n Insurance Act , 1938
    • \n
  • \n Negotiable Instruments Act , 1881
    • \n
  • \n Securities Laws ( Amendment ) Act , 2014
    • \n
  • \n Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act , 2002
    • \n
  • \n The Competition Act , 2002
    • \n
  • \n The High Denomination Bank Notes ( Demonetisation ) Act , 1978
    • \n
  • \n The Income - tax Act , 1961
    • \n
  • \n Transfer of Property Act 1882
    • \n
  • \n Urban Land ( Ceiling and Regulation ) Act , 1976
    • \n
\n
\n Healthcare \n
    \n
  • \n Central Council of Homoeopathy Act , 1973
    • \n
  • \n Clinical Establishments ( Registration and Regulation ) Act , 2010
    • \n
  • \n Dentist Act
    • \n
  • \n Drugs and Cosmetics Act , 1940
    • \n
  • \n Drugs and Magic Remedies ( Objectionable Advertisements ) Act , 1954
    • \n
  • \n Indian Medical Council Act
    • \n
  • \n Mental Health Act , 1987
    • \n
  • \n Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act , 1985
    • \n
\n
\n Labour \n
    \n
  • \n Bonded Labor System ( Abolition ) Act , 1976
    • \n
  • \n Factories Act , 1948 , India
    • \n
  • \n Industrial Disputes Act , 1947
    • \n
  • \n Interstate Migrant Workmen Act 1979
    • \n
  • \n Maternity Benefit ( Amendment ) Act , 2017
    • \n
  • \n Minimum Wages Act 1948
    • \n
  • \n National Rural Employment Guarantee Act , 2005
    • \n
  • \n Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace ( Prevention , Prohibition and Redressal ) Act , 2013
    • \n
  • \n Unorganised Workers ' Social Security Act 2008
    • \n
\n
\n Personal \n
    \n
  • \n Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act ( 1956 )
    • \n
  • \n Majority Act ( India )
    • \n
  • \n Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act
    • \n
  • \n Hindu Succession Act , 1956
    • \n
  • \n Special Marriage Act , 1954
    • \n
  • \n The Hindu Marriage Act , 1955
    • \n
  • \n The Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act 1986
    • \n
\n
\n Social \n
    \n
  • \n Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act
    • \n
  • \n Indecent Representation of Women ( Prohibition ) Act
    • \n
  • \n National Food Security Act , 2013
    • \n
  • \n Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act , 1994
    • \n
  • \n The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act , 2006
    • \n
  • \n The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers ( Recognition of Forest Rights ) Act , 2006
    • \n
  • \n Street Vendors Act , 2014
    • \n
\n
\n State Laws \n
    \n
  • \n Anti-Superstition and Black Magic Act
    • \n
  • \n The Bombay Prohibition Act , 1949
    • \n
  • \n Bombay Prohibition ( Gujarat Amendment ) 2009
    • \n
  • \n Chhattisgarh Food Security Act , 2012
    • \n
  • \n Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act
    • \n
  • \n The Gujarat Local Authorities Laws ( Amendment ) Bill , 2009
    • \n
  • \n Puducherry Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act
    • \n
\n
\n State Reorganisation \n
    \n
  • \n Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2014
    • \n
  • \n Bihar Reorganisation Act , 2000
    • \n
  • \n Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000
    • \n
  • \n Punjab Reorganisation Act , 1966
    • \n
  • \n States Reorganisation Act , 1956
    • \n
  • \n Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act , 2000
    • \n
\n
\n Terrorism \n
    \n
  • \n Unlawful Activities ( Prevention ) Act
    • \n
\n
\n Transport \n
    \n
  • \n Aircraft Act
    • \n
  • \n Motor Vehicles Act , 1988
    • \n
  • \n National Waterways Act , 2016
    • \n
  • \n Inland Vessels Act
    • \n
  • \n Metro Railways Act , 1978
    • \n
  • \n Metro Railway Act , 2002
    • \n
\n
\n Organisation / Body \n
    \n
  • \n Chartered Accountants Act , 1949
    • \n
  • \n Companies Act 2013
    • \n
  • \n Gram Nyayalayas Act , 2008
    • \n
  • \n Indian Trusts Act , 1882
    • \n
  • \n Panchayats ( Extension to Scheduled Areas ) Act 1996
    • \n
  • \n Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934
    • \n
  • \n The Indian Partnership Act , 1932
    • \n
  • \n Societies Registration Act , 1860
    • \n
  • \n The Limited Liability Partnership Act , 2008
    • \n
\n
\n Repeal \n
    \n
  • \n Repealing and Amending Act , 2015
    • \n
  • \n Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2015
    • \n
  • \n Repealing and Amending Act , 2016
    • \n
  • \n Repealing and Amending Act , 2017
    • \n
  • \n Repealing and Amending ( Second ) Act , 2017
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n All India Services Act , 1951
    • \n
  • \n Delimitation Act
    • \n
  • \n Enemy Property Act , 1968
    • \n
  • \n Information Technology Act , 2000
    • \n
  • \n Nuclear Liability Act
    • \n
  • \n Official Secrets Act ( India )
    • \n
  • \n Representation of the People Act , 1951
    • \n
  • \n Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition , Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act , 2013
    • \n
  • \n Right to Information Act , 2005
    • \n
  • \n State Emblem of India ( Prohibition of Improper Use ) Act , 2005
    • \n
  • \n The Foreigners Act , 1946
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n
\n Repealed
\n
\n Pre-Independence \n
    \n
  • \n Age of Consent Act , 1891
    • \n
  • \n Caste Disabilities Removal Act , 1850
    • \n
  • \n Criminal Tribes Act
    • \n
  • \n Hindu Widows ' Remarriage Act , 1856
    • \n
  • \n English Education Act 1835
    • \n
  • \n Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act , 1907
    • \n
\n
\n Post-Independence \n
    \n
  • \n Anti-Copying Act , 1992
    • \n
  • \n Foreign Exchange Regulation Act
    • \n
  • \n Gift Tax Act , 1958
    • \n
  • \n Illegal Migrants ( Determination by Tribunal ) Act , 1983
    • \n
  • \n Interest Tax Act , 1974
    • \n
  • \n Maintenance of Internal Security Act
    • \n
  • \n Prevention of Terrorism Act , 2002
    • \n
  • \n Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ( Prevention ) Act
    • \n
  • \n The Gold ( Control ) Act , 1968
    • \n
  • \n Wealth Tax Act , 1957
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n
\n Bills
\n
\n Proposed \n
    \n
  • \n Foreign Education Providers Bill , 2013
    • \n
  • \n Geospatial Information Regulation Bill
    • \n
  • \n Gujarat Control of Organised Crime Act
    • \n
  • \n Marriage Laws Amendment Bill
    • \n
  • \n Road Transport and Safety Bill
    • \n
  • \n Uniform civil code
    • \n
\n
\n Lapsed \n
    \n
  • \n Judges Assets Bill
    • \n
  • \n Women 's Reservation Bill
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_High_Courts_Act_1861&oldid=813167323 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "who decides the number of judges in the high court", "long_answers": ["In every High Court , there is a Chief Justice and many other judges whose number is defined by the President of India .\n"], "short_answers": ["the President of India\n"]} {"text": "Dave Dravecky - wikipedia

\n Dave Dravecky

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Dave Dravecky
\n Pitcher
\n Born : ( 1956 - 02 - 14 ) February 14 , 1956 ( age 61 ) Youngstown , Ohio
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Batted : Right \n Threw : Left
\n
\n MLB debut
\n June 15 , 1982 , for the San Diego Padres
\n Last MLB appearance
\n August 15 , 1989 , for the San Francisco Giants
\n MLB statistics
\n Win -- Loss record \n 64 -- 57
\n Earned run average \n 3.13
\n Strikeouts \n 558
\n
\n Teams
\n
    \n
  • \n San Diego Padres ( 1982 -- 1987 )
    • \n
  • \n San Francisco Giants ( 1987 -- 1989 )
    • \n
\n
\n Career highlights and awards
\n
    \n
  • \n All - Star ( 1983 )
    • \n
  • \n Willie Mac Award ( 1989 )
    • \n
\n
\n

\n David Francis Dravecky ( born February 14 , 1956 ) is an American former professional baseball player , a motivational speaker , and an author . He played Major League Baseball for the San Diego Padres ( 1982 -- 87 ) and San Francisco Giants ( 1987 -- 89 ) . Cancer ended his career as his team was reaching the 1989 World Series . He won the Hutch Award in 1989 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Life ( edit )

\n

\n Early career ( edit )

\n

\n A left - handed pitcher , Dravecky represented the Padres at the All - Star game in 1983 , his second season , in which he won 14 games . Equally proficient as a starter or coming out of the bullpen , Dravecky helped the Padres to their first pennant the following year .

\n

\n Dravecky became friends with two other Padres pitchers , Mark Thurmond and Eric Show , who also held strong Christian beliefs . In the spring of 1984 , Show recruited the other two to the John Birch Society , a far right US political group , and the three were widely reported on after they distributed Birch literature from a booth at the June 1984 Del Mar Fair . Dravecky stated he saw Birch beliefs as the `` natural outgrowth '' of a born - again Christian philosophy . Over his first six seasons , Dravecky had a 60 - 55 win -- loss record , and the Associated Press wrote that he was better known for his association with the John Birch Society than his pitching .

\n

\n On July 4 , 1987 , the San Francisco Giants acquired Dravecky , pitcher Craig Lefferts , and third baseman Kevin Mitchell from the San Diego Padres for pitchers Mark Grant and Mark Davis and third baseman Chris Brown for their pennant drive . He went 7 -- 5 during the stretch , and in the playoffs pitched a shutout in Game 2 against the St. Louis Cardinals and lost Game 6 by a score of 1 -- 0 . The Cards won in seven games .

\n

\n While with the Giants , Dravecky and teammates Scott Garrelts , Atlee Hammaker , and Jeff Brantley became known as the `` God Squad '' because of their strong Christian faith . Disdaining the hard - partying lifestyle of many of their teammates , they preferred to hold Bible studies in their hotel rooms while on the road .

\n

\n Crisis and comeback ( edit )

\n

\n The following season , a cancerous desmoid tumor was found in Dravecky 's pitching arm . On October 7 , 1988 , he underwent surgery , which removed half of the deltoid muscle in his pitching arm and froze the humerus bone in an effort to eliminate all of the cancerous cells . Doctors advised Dravecky to wait until 1990 to pitch again , but Dravecky was determined to pitch in 1989 . By July 1989 , he was pitching in the minors , and on August 10 , he made a highly publicized return to the major leagues , pitching eight innings and defeating Cincinnati 4 -- 3 . In his following start , five days later in Montreal , Dravecky pitched three no - hit innings , but in the fifth inning , he felt a tingling sensation in his arm . In the sixth inning , he started off shaky , allowing a home run to the leadoff batter and then hitting the second batter , Andr\u00e9s Galarraga . Then , on his first pitch to Tim Raines , his humerus bone snapped ; the sound of it breaking could be heard throughout the stadium . Dravecky collapsed on the mound . He 'd suffered a clean break midway between his shoulder and elbow , ending his season .

\n

\n The Giants won the National League pennant in 1989 ( defeating the Chicago Cubs in the NLCS in five games ) , and in the post-game celebration , Dravecky 's arm was broken a second time when he was running out to the mound to celebrate . A doctor examining Dravecky 's x-rays noticed a mass in his arm , which turned out to be malignant . Dravecky 's cancer had returned , ending his career . Eighteen days later , Dravecky retired from baseball with a 64 -- 57 record with 558 strikeouts and a 3.13 ERA in 1,062 2\u20443 innings . He won the 1989 Willie Mac Award honoring his spirit and leadership .

\n

\n Retirement and later career ( edit )

\n

\n After two more surgeries , his left arm continued to deteriorate , and on June 18 , 1991 , less than two years after his comeback with the Giants , Dravecky 's left arm and shoulder were amputated . After recovering from the surgery , Dravecky went on to begin a new career as a motivational speaker .

\n

\n Dravecky wrote two books about his battles with cancer and his comeback attempt : Comeback , published in 1990 and written with Tim Stafford , and When You Ca n't Come Back , coauthored with wife Jan and Ken Gire and published in 1992 . He has also written a Christian motivational book , `` Called Up '' , published in 2004 by Zondervan . With the help of Stafford , Dravecky saw Comeback republished as a self - titled autobiography for children in 1992 .

\n

\n Awards ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` The tortured life of Eric Show '' , September 11 , 2010 , by Tom Friend , ESPN . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` All 's Right With His World '' , by Franz Lidz , Sports Illustrated , August 6 , 1984 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Making a pitch for the Birchers '' , Dan Donovan , The Pittsburgh Press , July 9 , 1984 . Retrieved from Google News May 23 , 2013 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Dravecky Joins ' Birch Society ' '' , Associated Press , Youngstown Vindicator , July 10 , 1984 . Retrieved from Google News May 23 , 2013 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Giants sending Dravecky to the mound in Series bid '' , Associated Press , Eugene Register - Guard , October 13 , 1987 . Also published as `` Dravecky Has Made Impact '' , Associated Press , Sarasota Herald - Tribune , October 13 , 1987 . Both retrieved from Google News May 23 , 2013 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Dravecky , Dave ( 2004 ) . Called Up : Stories of Life and Faith from the Great Game of Baseball . Zondervan . p. 162 . ISBN 031087159X .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert ( August 9 , 1989 ) . `` Dravecky is Back on Center Stage '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Robert ( August 17 , 1989 ) . `` Dravecky Was Told He Risked Fracture '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 19 , 1991 ) . `` SPORTS PEOPLE : BASEBALL ; Dravecky 's Left Arm Amputated , Giants Say '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Associated Press ( October 10 , 1989 ) . `` Dravecky Hurt Again '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2010 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/19/sports/sports-news-briefs-dravecky-wins-hutch-award.html
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ http://www.davedravecky.com/index.cfm/PageID/867/index.html
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ http://sanfrancisco.giants.mlb.com/sf/history/awards.jsp
    14. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Hutch Award
\n
    \n
  • \n 1965 : Mantle
    • \n
  • \n 1966 : Koufax
    • \n
  • \n 1967 : Yastrzemski
    • \n
  • \n 1968 : Rose
    • \n
  • \n 1969 : Kaline
    • \n
  • \n 1970 : Conigliaro
    • \n
  • \n 1971 : Torre
    • \n
  • \n 1972 : Tolan
    • \n
  • \n 1973 : Hiller
    • \n
  • \n 1974 : Thompson
    • \n
  • \n 1975 : Nolan
    • \n
  • \n 1976 : John
    • \n
  • \n 1977 : McCovey
    • \n
  • \n 1978 : Stargell
    • \n
  • \n 1979 : Brock
    • \n
  • \n 1980 : Brett
    • \n
  • \n 1981 : Bench
    • \n
  • \n 1982 : Thornton
    • \n
  • \n 1983 : Knight
    • \n
  • \n 1984 : Robinson
    • \n
  • \n 1985 : Reuschel
    • \n
  • \n 1986 : Leonard
    • \n
  • \n 1987 : Molitor
    • \n
  • \n 1988 : Oester
    • \n
  • \n 1989 : Dravecky
    • \n
  • \n 1990 : Bream
    • \n
  • \n 1991 : Wegman
    • \n
  • \n 1992 : Lansford
    • \n
  • \n 1993 : Olerud
    • \n
  • \n 1994 : Dawson
    • \n
  • \n 1995 : Abbott
    • \n
  • \n 1996 : Vizquel
    • \n
  • \n 1997 : Davis
    • \n
  • \n 1998 : Cone
    • \n
  • \n 1999 : Casey
    • \n
  • \n 2000 : Giambi
    • \n
  • \n 2001 : Schilling
    • \n
  • \n 2002 : Salmon
    • \n
  • \n 2003 : Moyer
    • \n
  • \n 2004 : Hoffman
    • \n
  • \n 2005 : Biggio
    • \n
  • \n 2006 : Loretta
    • \n
  • \n 2007 : Sweeney
    • \n
  • \n 2008 : Lester
    • \n
  • \n 2009 : Teahen
    • \n
  • \n 2010 : Hudson
    • \n
  • \n 2011 : Butler
    • \n
  • \n 2012 : Zito
    • \n
  • \n 2013 : Iba\u00f1ez
    • \n
  • \n 2014 : Gordon
    • \n
  • \n 2015 : Wainwright
    • \n
  • \n 2016 : McGowan
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n New York / San Francisco Giants Opening Day starting pitchers
\n
    \n
  • \n Red Ames
    • \n
  • \n Fred Anderson
    • \n
  • \n Johnny Antonelli
    • \n
  • \n Jesse Barnes
    • \n
  • \n Virgil Barnes
    • \n
  • \n Jim Barr
    • \n
  • \n Larry Benton
    • \n
  • \n Vida Blue
    • \n
  • \n Tom Bradley
    • \n
  • \n Madison Bumgarner
    • \n
  • \n John Burkett
    • \n
  • \n Matt Cain
    • \n
  • \n Mark Davis
    • \n
  • \n Phil Douglas
    • \n
  • \n Dave Dravecky
    • \n
  • \n Shawn Estes
    • \n
  • \n Freddie Fitzsimmons
    • \n
  • \n Mark Gardner
    • \n
  • \n Rub\u00e9n G\u00f3mez
    • \n
  • \n Harry Gumbert
    • \n
  • \n Atlee Hammaker
    • \n
  • \n Liv\u00e1n Hern\u00e1ndez
    • \n
  • \n Al Holland
    • \n
  • \n Carl Hubbell
    • \n
  • \n Larry Jansen
    • \n
  • \n Bob Knepper
    • \n
  • \n Mike Krukow
    • \n
  • \n Mark Leiter
    • \n
  • \n Tim Lincecum
    • \n
  • \n Bill Lohrman
    • \n
  • \n Sal Maglie
    • \n
  • \n Juan Marichal
    • \n
  • \n Rube Marquard
    • \n
  • \n Christy Mathewson
    • \n
  • \n Joe McGinnity
    • \n
  • \n Hugh McQuillan
    • \n
  • \n Cliff Melton
    • \n
  • \n John Montefusco
    • \n
  • \n Terry Mulholland
    • \n
  • \n Art Nehf
    • \n
  • \n Gaylord Perry
    • \n
  • \n Rick Reuschel
    • \n
  • \n Kirk Rueter
    • \n
  • \n Rosy Ryan
    • \n
  • \n Jack Sanford
    • \n
  • \n Jason Schmidt
    • \n
  • \n Hal Schumacher
    • \n
  • \n Bill Swift
    • \n
  • \n Dummy Taylor
    • \n
  • \n Jeff Tesreau
    • \n
  • \n Bill Voiselle
    • \n
  • \n Bill Walker
    • \n
  • \n Barry Zito
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n VIAF : 77929919
    • \n
  • \n LCCN : n89666209
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Dravecky&oldid=801379748 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "who was the pitcher who broke his arm", "long_answers": ["The following season , a cancerous desmoid tumor was found in Dravecky 's pitching arm . On October 7 , 1988 , he underwent surgery , which removed half of the deltoid muscle in his pitching arm and froze the humerus bone in an effort to eliminate all of the cancerous cells . Doctors advised Dravecky to wait until 1990 to pitch again , but Dravecky was determined to pitch in 1989 . By July 1989 , he was pitching in the minors , and on August 10 , he made a highly publicized return to the major leagues , pitching eight innings and defeating Cincinnati 4 -- 3 . In his following start , five days later in Montreal , Dravecky pitched three no - hit innings , but in the fifth inning , he felt a tingling sensation in his arm . In the sixth inning , he started off shaky , allowing a home run to the leadoff batter and then hitting the second batter , Andr\u00e9s Galarraga . Then , on his first pitch to Tim Raines , his humerus bone snapped ; the sound of it breaking could be heard throughout the stadium . Dravecky collapsed on the mound . He 'd suffered a clean break midway between his shoulder and elbow , ending his season .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "List of Delocated episodes - wikipedia

\n List of Delocated episodes

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n The following is a list of episodes for the Adult Swim television series , Delocated , along with descriptions for each episode . The episodes are ordered chronologically by airdate for each season . Like many shows on Adult Swim , the series originally had an 11 minute runtime ; however , in 2010 , the runtime was expanded to 22 minutes for the 2nd season onward . As of March 7 , 2013 , 30 episodes of Delocated , including the pilot and series finale , have aired .

\n

\n The first two seasons were released on DVD in the United States on January 17 , 2012 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Series overview ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Season \n Episodes \n Originally aired
\n First aired \n Last aired
\n \n \n 7 \n April 1 , 2008 \n March 29 , 2009
\n \n \n 12 \n August 22 , 2010 \n November 4 , 2010
\n \n \n 10 \n February 2 , 2012 \n April 5 , 2012
\n \n Series Finale \n March 7 , 2013
\n

\n Episodes ( edit )

\n

\n Season 1 ( 2008 -- 09 ) ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Original air date \n Prod . code
\n \n \n `` Pilot '' \n April 1 , 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 01 ) \n 000
\n `` Jon '' and his family move to New York City in hopes of finding a new life in the witness relocation program . The family adjusts to new life and changes . Paul Rudd guest stars .
\n \n \n `` Bar Mitzvah '' \n February 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 19 ) \n 101
\n `` Jon '' does not like the theme that `` David '' has chosen for his Bar Mitzvah .
\n \n \n `` Good Buds '' \n February 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 26 ) \n 102
\n `` Jon '' fires Mike so they can officially be friends , and Susan divorces him .
\n \n \n `` Rage Cage '' \n March 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 08 ) \n 103
\n `` Jon '' opens his own business . He also meets a woman who ends up becoming his new girlfriend , Kim .
\n 5 \n 5 \n `` The Soother '' \n March 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 15 ) \n 104
\n `` Jon '' becomes a successful children 's lullaby personality while his girlfriend Kim is out of town on a yoga retreat .
\n 6 \n 6 \n `` Member 's Only '' \n March 22 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 22 ) \n 105
\n `` Jon '' joins a country club . A TV movie is made about `` Susan 's '' life .
\n 7 \n 7 \n `` Sick of It ! '' \n March 29 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 29 ) \n 106
\n `` Jon '' gets tired of having cameras following his every move .
\n

\n Season 2 ( 2010 ) ( edit )

\n

\n This season , the runtime of each episode was expanded to 22 minutes ( to fit a half - hour TV timeslot ) -- twice the length of season one 's episodes . The second season began airing August 22 , 2010 .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Original air date \n Prod . code
\n 8 \n \n `` Decoys '' \n August 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 22 ) \n 201
\n The Mirminsky clan steps up its game with a new assassin : Yvgeny 's aggressive older brother , Sergei . To ensure `` Jon '' 's safety , the government enacts `` Operation : Many Jons . ''
\n 9 \n \n `` Conversions '' \n August 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 29 ) \n 202
\n `` Jon 's life gets even more complicated when his ex-wife converts from Judaism to Catholicism and his son `` David '' expresses his desire to become a woman .
\n 10 \n \n `` Dog Mayor '' \n September 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 05 ) \n 203
\n `` Jon '' puts himself out there and runs for NYC Dog Mayor even though he 's in the witness protection program . One of Jon 's lies results in the Mirminsky 's kidnapping the owner of his favorite sub shop .
\n 11 \n \n `` Mixer '' \n September 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 09 ) \n 204
\n `` Jon '' is invited to a `` Witness Protection Convention , '' while Kim goes undercover to spy on Jon . Yvgeny and Sergei go on a weekend trip to Idaho .
\n 12 \n 5 \n `` Jon He Does It '' \n September 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 16 ) \n 205
\n `` Jon '' gets his own hidden camera prank show . The show itself ends up being an elaborate prank by Mighty Joe Jon .
\n 13 \n 6 \n `` Mole '' \n September 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 23 ) \n 206
\n `` Jon '' goes undercover to infiltrate the Mirminskys hideaway after a surgery ( from the famed film Face / Off ) transforms his appearance to match that of Sergei 's .
\n 14 \n 7 \n `` Kim 's Krafts '' \n September 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 30 ) \n 207
\n Kim opens her own craft store , and her tortilla hats become a surprise hit in the fashion world . `` Jon '' competes with Yvgeny in a stand - up comedy contest .
\n 15 \n 8 \n `` ' Fidence '' \n October 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 07 ) \n 208
\n `` Jon '' helps Jay the doorman recover after he takes a bullet for him . Todd Barry pays off his poker debts to the Mirminsky family .
\n 16 \n 9 \n `` Tap '' \n October 14 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 14 ) \n 209
\n `` Jon '' meets his long - lost twin brother . Sergei discovers that he was adopted .
\n 17 \n 10 \n `` RV B&B '' \n October 21 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 21 ) \n 210
\n Because of budget cuts , the network will no longer pay for Jon 's rent . `` Jon '' opens a Bed & Breakfast inside his RV to make money .
\n 18 \n 11 \n `` David 's Girlfriend '' \n October 28 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 28 ) \n 211
\n David manages to find himself a brand new girlfriend and `` Jon '' is incredibly surprised once learns she is a Mirminsky . Meanwhile Jon , Rob and Susan 's other FBI ex-boyfriends form the `` Good Guys '' doo - wop club .
\n 19 \n 12 \n `` Coma '' \n November 4 , 2010 ( 2010 - 11 - 04 ) \n 212
\n `` Jon '' goes into a coma , and Mighty Joe Jon pulls a ratings stunt by having people try to wake him up .
\n

\n Season 3 ( 2012 ) ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Original air date \n Prod . code
\n 20 \n \n `` Lipples '' \n February 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 02 ) \n 301
\n `` Jon '' has to deal with several major life - changes . Yvgeny falls in love , but the Mirminskys get bad news .
\n 21 \n \n `` Skins '' \n February 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 09 ) \n 302
\n `` Jon '' becomes so obsessed with a potato skins bar that he could lose custody of David . Appointed the new family boss , Yvgeny has to assert his authority over his men .
\n 22 \n \n `` Midnight Munchingtons '' \n February 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 16 ) \n 303
\n `` Jon '' develops a condition in which he not only sleepwalks , but also cooks fine meals when doing so . This situation is turned into an additional TV show that attracts a groupie ( who ca n't stand `` Jon '' when he 's awake ) .
\n 23 \n \n `` Camping '' \n February 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 23 ) \n 304
\n `` Jon '' goes camping with his son , sending him off into the wilderness alone as a survival - challenge family tradition . `` Jon '' is then kidnapped by an elderly couple claiming to belong to a ' militia ' , who want to use `` Jon '' 's fame to promote their cause . Comedian Todd Barry returns ( as himself ) , getting engaged to his favorite Russian prostitute -- much to Sergei 's continued aggravation .
\n 24 \n 5 \n `` Warm - Up '' \n March 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 01 ) \n 305
\n `` Jon '' 's obsession with network Susan reaches a new level , and Yvgeny befriends a potato .
\n 25 \n 6 \n `` Sample '' \n March 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 08 ) \n 306
\n `` Jon '' goes on a silent strike upon learning that his catch - phrases are being sampled for dance music songs , without the network paying him for it . Yvgeny spirals out of control after learning his girlfriend , Trish , has been `` visiting the Bone Zone '' with another man ... `` Jon . ''
\n 26 \n 7 \n `` Friend '' \n March 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 15 ) \n 307
\n After realizing he has no friends , `` Jon '' befriends Charlie , who helps him feel better about himself . The Mirminskys frame `` Jon '' using a fake `` Jon , '' Mishka ( also played by Jon Glaser ) , to flood the internet with sandwich - based porn .
\n 27 \n 8 \n `` TB 's Mom '' \n March 22 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 22 ) \n 308
\n TB learns his mom is getting a divorce . Afterwards , to his disgust , The Glaze begins dating his mom . Meanwhile , `` Jon '' dates a Chinese woman who later turns out to be Korean .
\n 28 \n 9 \n `` Jon Done Gone Nuts '' \n March 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 29 ) \n 309
\n `` Jon '' buys his freedom by living in a human - sized hamster ball . What starts as a truce between the Mirminsky and Wang - Cho families soon ends in misery for everyone .
\n 29 \n 10 \n `` Reunion Show '' \n April 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 05 ) \n 310
\n In the epic Season 3 finale , the network allows a reunion special to occur , involving the entire cast of Delocated . Sergei escapes the reunion with `` Jon , '' intending to finally complete the assassination contract once and for all .
\n

\n Series finale ( 2013 ) ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n Title \n Original air date
\n 30 \n `` The Frrt Identity '' \n March 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 07 )
\n After being kidnapped by Sergei during the Reunion Show , `` Jon '' awakes an amnesiac on the New York coast .
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ New Live - Action Shows , a bump that aired on Adult Swim on May 23 , 2010 , archived by Bumpworthy.com . Retrieved 2011 .
    2. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Delocated_episodes&oldid=816642676 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "where have the good guys gone to hideaway", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Retina - Wikipedia

\n Retina

\n Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Retina ( disambiguation ) . \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs attention from an expert in medicine . Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article . WikiProject Medicine may be able to help recruit an expert .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Retina
\n Right human eye cross-sectional view ; eyes vary significantly among animals .
\n Details
\n Pronunciation \n UK : / \u02c8r\u025bt\u026an\u0259 / RET - i - n\u0259 , US : / \u02c8r\u025bt ( \u026a ) n\u0259 / RET - ( i - ) n\u0259 , pl . retinae , / - ni / - nee
\n Part of \n Eye
\n System \n Visual system
\n Artery \n Central retinal artery
\n Identifiers
\n Latin \n R\u0113te
\n MeSH \n D012160
\n TA \n A15. 2.04. 002
\n FMA \n 58301
\n Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )
\n

\n The retina is the innermost , light - sensitive `` coat '' , or layer , of shell tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs . The optics of the eye create a focused two - dimentional image of the visual world on the retina , which translates that image into electrical neural impulses to the brain to create visual perception , the retina serving much the same function as film or a CCD in a camera .

\n

\n The retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses . The neural retina refers to the three layers of neural cells ( photo receptor cells , bipolar cells , and ganglion cells ) within the retina , which in its entirety comprises ten distinct layers , including an outer layer of pigmented epithelial cells . The only neural cells that are directly sensitive to light are the photoreceptor cells , which are of two types : rods and cones . Rods function mainly in dim light and provide black - and - white vision while cones are responsible for the perception of colour . A third type of photoreceptor , the photosensitive ganglion cells , is important for entrainment and reflexive responses to the brightness of light .

\n

\n Light striking the retina initiates a cascade of chemical and electrical events that ultimately trigger nerve impulses that are sent to various visual centres of the brain through the fibres of the optic nerve . Neural signals from the rods and cones undergo processing by other neurons , whose output takes the form of action potentials in retinal ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve . Several important features of visual perception can be traced to the retinal encoding and processing of light .

\n

\n In vertebrate embryonic development , the retina and the optic nerve originate as outgrowths of the developing brain , specifically the embryonic diencephalon ; thus , the retina is considered part of the central nervous system ( CNS ) and is actually brain tissue . It is the only part of the CNS that can be visualized non-invasively .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Structure ( edit )

\n

\n Inverted versus non-inverted retina ( edit )

\n

\n The vertebrate retina is inverted in the sense that the light sensing cells are in back of the retina , so that light has to pass through layers of neurons and capillaries before it reaches the rods and cones . In contrast , in the cephalopod retina the photoreceptors are in front , with processing neurons and capillaries behind them . Because of this , cephalopods do not have a blind spot .

\n

\n The overlying neural fibre layer does not degrade vision in the inverted retina . The neurons are transparent and the accompanying glial cells have been shown to act as fibre - optic channels to transport photons directly to the photoreceptors . In any case , the fovea centralis , the part of the retina with the highest resolution , does not have a layer of blood vessels and nerve cells over it , so there is no possibility of image degradation here .

\n

\n The cephalopods have a non-inverted retina which is comparable in resolving power to the eyes of many vertebrates . Squid eyes do not have an analog of the vertebrate retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) . Although their photoreceptors contain a protein , retinochrome , that recycles retinal and replicates one of the functions of the vertebrate RPE , one could argue that cephalopod photoreceptors are not maintained as well as in vertebrates and that , as a result , the useful lifetime of photoreceptors in invertebrates is much shorter than in vertebrates . Having easily replaced stalk - eyes ( some lobsters ) or retinae ( some spiders , such as Deinopis ) rarely occurs .

\n

\n The cephalopod retina does not originate as an outgrowth of the brain , as the vertebrate one does . It is arguable that this difference shows that vertebrate and cephalopod eyes are not homologous but have evolved separately . From an evolutionary perspective , a more complex structure such as the inverted retina can generally come about as a consequence of two alternate processes : ( a ) an advantageous `` good '' compromise between competing functional limitations , or ( b ) as a historical maladaptive relic of the convoluted path of organ evolution and transformation . Vision is an important adaptation in higher vertebrates .

\n

\n Retinal layers ( edit )

\n Section of retina Rods , cones and nerve layers in the retina . The front ( anterior ) of the eye is on the left . Light ( from the left ) passes through several transparent nerve layers to reach the rods and cones ( far right ) . A chemical change in the rods and cones send a signal back to the nerves . The signal goes first to the bipolar and horizontal cells ( yellow layer ) , then to the amacrine cells and ganglion cells ( purple layer ) , then to the optic nerve fibres . The signals are processed in these layers . First , the signals start as raw outputs of points in the rod and cone cells . Then the nerve layers identify simple shapes , such as bright points surrounded by dark points , edges , and movement . ( Based on a drawing by Ram\u00f3n y Cajal , 1911 . ) Illustration of the distribution of cone cells in the fovea of an individual with normal color vision ( left ) , and a color blind ( protanopic ) retina . Note that the center of the fovea holds very few blue - sensitive cones . Distribution of rods and cones along a line passing through the fovea and the blind spot of a human eye

\n The vertebrate retina has ten distinct layers . From closest to farthest from the vitreous body :

\n
    \n
  1. \n Inner limiting membrane -- basement membrane elaborated by M\u00fcller cells .
    2. \n
  2. \n Nerve fibre layer -- axons of the ganglion cell nuclei ( note that a thin layer of M\u00fcller cell footplates exists between this layer and the inner limiting membrane ) .
    3. \n
  3. \n Ganglion cell layer -- contains nuclei of ganglion cells , the axons of which become the optic nerve fibres for messages and some displaced amacrine cells .
    4. \n
  4. \n Inner plexiform layer -- contains the synapse between the bipolar cell axons and the dendrites of the ganglion and amacrine cells .
    5. \n
  5. \n Inner nuclear layer -- contains the nuclei and surrounding cell bodies ( perikarya ) of the amacrine cells , bipolar cells , and horizontal cells .
    6. \n
  6. \n Outer plexiform layer -- projections of rods and cones ending in the rod spherule and cone pedicle , respectively . These make synapses with dendrites of bipolar cells . In the macular region , this is known as the Fiber layer of Henle .
    7. \n
  7. \n Outer nuclear layer -- cell bodies of rods and cones .
    8. \n
  8. \n External limiting membrane -- layer that separates the inner segment portions of the photoreceptors from their cell nucleus .
    9. \n
  9. \n Layer of rods and cones -- layer of rod cells and cone cells .
    10. \n
  10. \n Retinal pigment epithelium -- single layer of cuboidal cells ( with extrusions not shown in diagram ) . This is closest to the choroid .
    11. \n
\n

\n These layers can be grouped into 4 main processing stages : photoreception ; transmission to bipolar cells ; transmission to ganglion cells , which also contain photoreceptors , the photosensitive ganglion cells ; and transmission along the optic nerve . At each synaptic stage there are also laterally connecting horizontal and amacrine cells .

\n

\n The optic nerve is a central tract of many axons of ganglion cells connecting primarily to the lateral geniculate body , a visual relay station in the diencephalon ( the rear of the forebrain ) . It also projects to the superior colliculus , the suprachiasmatic nucleus , and the nucleus of the optic tract . It passes through the other layers , creating the optic disc in primates .

\n

\n Additional structures , not directly associated with vision , are found as outgrowths of the retina in some vertebrate groups . In birds , the pecten is a vascular structure of complex shape that projects from the retina into the vitreous humour ; it supplies oxygen and nutrients to the eye , and may also aid in vision . Reptiles have a similar , but much simpler , structure .

\n

\n In adult humans , the entire retina is approximately 72 % of a sphere about 22 mm in diameter . The entire retina contains about 7 million cones and 75 to 150 million rods . The optic disc , a part of the retina sometimes called `` the blind spot '' because it lacks photoreceptors , is located at the optic papilla , where the optic - nerve fibres leave the eye . It appears as an oval white area of 3 mm2 . Temporal ( in the direction of the temples ) to this disc is the macula , at whose centre is the fovea , a pit that is responsible for our sharp central vision but is actually less sensitive to light because of its lack of rods . Human and non-human primates possess one fovea , as opposed to certain bird species , such as hawks , who are bifoviate , and dogs and cats , who possess no fovea but a central band known as the visual streak . Around the fovea extends the central retina for about 6 mm and then the peripheral retina . The farthest edge of the retina is defined by the ora serrata . The distance from one ora to the other ( or macula ) , the most sensitive area along the horizontal meridian is about 32 mm .

\n

\n In section , the retina is no more than 0.5 mm thick . It has three layers of nerve cells and two of synapses , including the unique ribbon synapse . The optic nerve carries the ganglion cell axons to the brain , and the blood vessels that supply the retina . The ganglion cells lie innermost in the eye while the photoreceptive cells lie beyond . Because of this counter-intuitive arrangement , light must first pass through and around the ganglion cells and through the thickness of the retina , ( including its capillary vessels , not shown ) before reaching the rods and cones . Light is absorbed by the retinal pigment epithelium or the choroid ( both of which are opaque ) .

\n

\n The white blood cells in the capillaries in front of the photoreceptors can be perceived as tiny bright moving dots when looking into blue light . This is known as the blue field entoptic phenomenon ( or Scheerer 's phenomenon ) .

\n

\n Between the ganglion cell layer and the rods and cones there are two layers of neuropils where synaptic contacts are made . The neuropil layers are the outer plexiform layer and the inner plexiform layer . In the outer neuropil layer , the rods and cones connect to the vertically running bipolar cells , and the horizontally oriented horizontal cells connect to ganglion cells .

\n

\n The central retina predominantly contains cones , while the peripheral retina predominantly contains rods . In total , there are about seven million cones and a hundred million rods . At the centre of the macula is the foveal pit where the cones are narrow and long , and , arranged in a hexagonal mosaic , the most dense . At the foveal pit the other retinal layers are displaced , before building up along the foveal slope until the rim of the fovea , or parafovea , is reached , which is the thickest portion of the retina . The macula has a yellow pigmentation , from screening pigments , and is known as the macula lutea . The area directly surrounding the fovea has the highest density of rods converging on single bipolar cells . Since its cones have a much lesser convergence of signals , the fovea allows for the sharpest vision the eye can attain .

\n

\n Though the rod and cones are a mosaic of sorts , transmission from receptors , to bipolars , to ganglion cells is not direct . Since there are about 150 million receptors and only 1 million optic nerve fibres , there must be convergence and thus mixing of signals . Moreover , the horizontal action of the horizontal and amacrine cells can allow one area of the retina to control another ( e.g. one stimulus inhibiting another ) . This inhibition is key to lessening the sum of messages sent to the higher regions of the brain . In some lower vertebrates ( e.g. the pigeon ) , there is a `` centrifugal '' control of messages -- that is , one layer can control another , or higher regions of the brain can drive the retinal nerve cells , but in primates this does not occur .

\n Layers imagable with optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) ( edit )

\n On OCT there are 18 layers that can be identified in the retina . The layers and anatomical correlation are as follows :

\n OCT scan of the macular area of a retina at 800 nm , axial resolution 3 \u03bcm

\n From innermost to outermost , the layers identifiable by OCT are as follows :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n # \n OCT Layer / Conventional Label \n Anatomical Correlate \n Reflectivity

\n on OCT

\n 		\n Specific

\n anatomical

\n

\n boundaries ?

\n 		\n Additional

\n references

\n
\n \n Posterior cortical vitreous \n Posterior cortical vitreous \n Hyper - reflective \n Yes \n
\n \n Preretinal space \n In eyes where the vitreous has fully or partially detached from the retina , this is the space created between the posterior cortical vitreous face and the internal limiting membrane of the retina . \n Hypo - reflective \n \n
\n \n Internal limiting membrane ( ILM ) \n Formed by M\u00fcller cell endfeet

\n ( unclear if it can be observed on OCT )

\n 		\n Hyper - reflective \n No \n
\n Nerve fiber layer ( NFL ) \n Ganglion cell axons travelling towards the optic nerve
\n \n Ganglion cell layer ( GCL ) \n Ganglion cell bodies ( and some displaced amacrine cells ) \n Hypo - reflective \n \n
\n 5 \n Inner plexiform layer ( IPL ) \n Synapses between bipolar , amacrine and ganglion cells \n Hyper - reflective \n \n
\n 6 \n Inner nuclear layer ( INL ) \n a ) Horizontal , bipolar and amacrine cell bodies

\n b ) M\u00fcller cell nuclei

\n 		\n Hypo - reflective \n \n
\n 7 \n Outer plexiform layer ( OPL ) \n Synapses between photoreceptor , bipolar and horizontal cells \n Hyper - reflective \n \n
\n 8 \n ( Inner half ) Henle 's nerve fiber layer ( HL ) \n Photoreceptor axons

\n ( obliquely orientated fibres ; not present in mid-peripheral or peripheral retina )

\n 		\n Hypo - reflective \n No \n
\n ( Outer half ) Outer nuclear layer ( ONL ) \n The photoreceptor cell bodies
\n 9 \n External limiting membrane ( ELM ) \n Made of zonulae adherens between M\u00fcller cells and photoreceptor inner segments \n Hyper - reflective \n \n
\n 10 \n Myoid zone ( MZ ) \n The innermost portion of the photoreceptor inner segment ( IS ) containing :
    \n
  • \n Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum
    • \n
  • \n Ribosomes
    • \n
  • \n Golgi bodies
    • \n
  • \n Microtubules
    • \n
  • \n ( rarely : mitochondria )
    • \n
\n 		\n Hypo - reflective \n No \n
\n 11 \n Ellipsoid zone ( EZ ) \n The outermost portion of the photoreceptor inner segment ( IS ) packed with mitochondria \n Very Hyper - reflective \n No \n
\n IS / OS junction or Photoreceptor integrity line ( PIL ) \n The photoreceptor connecting cilia which bridge the inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor cells .
\n 12 \n Photoreceptor outer segments ( OS ) \n The photoreceptor outer segments ( OS ) which contain disks filled with opsin , the molecule that absorbs photons . \n Hypo - reflective \n \n
\n 13 \n Interdigitation zone ( IZ ) \n Apices of the RPE cells which encase part of the cone OSs .

\n Poorly distinguishable from RPE . Previously : `` cone outer segment tips line '' ( COST )

\n 		\n Hyper - reflective \n No
\n 14 \n RPE / Bruch 's complex \n RPE phagosome zone \n Very Hyper - reflective \n No \n
\n RPE melanosome zone \n Hypo - reflective
\n RPE mitochondria zone + Junction between the RPE & Bruch 's membrane \n Very Hyper - reflective
\n 15 \n Choriocapillaris \n Thin layer of moderate reflectivity in inner choroid \n No \n
\n 16 \n Sattler 's layer \n Thick layer of round or ovalshaped hyperreflective profiles , with hyporeflective cores in mid-choroid \n \n
\n 17 \n Haller 's layer \n Thick layer of oval - shaped hyperreflective profiles , with hyporeflective cores in outer choroid \n \n
\n 18 \n Choroidal - scleral juncture \n Zone at the outer choroid with a marked change in texture , in which large circular or ovoid profiles abut a

\n homogenous region of variable reflectivity

\n 		\n \n
\n

\n Development ( edit )

\n

\n Retinal development begins with the establishment of the eye fields mediated by the SHH and SIX3 proteins , with subsequent development of the optic vesicles regulated by the PAX6 and LHX2 proteins . The role of Pax6 in eye development was elegantly demonstrated by Walter Gehring and colleagues , who showed that ectopic expression of Pax6 can lead to eye formation on Drosophila antennae , wings , and legs . The optic vesicle gives rise to three structures : the neural retina , the retinal pigmented epithelium , and the optic stalk . The neural retina contains the retinal progenitor cells ( RPCs ) that give rise to the seven cell types of the retina . Differentiation begins with the retinal ganglion cells and concludes with production of the Muller glia . Although each cell type differentiates from the RPCs in a sequential order , there is considerable overlap in the timing of when individual cell types differentiate . The cues that determine a RPC daughter cell fate are coded by multiple transcription factor families including the bHLH and homeodomain factors .

\n

\n In addition to guiding cell fate determination , cues exist in the retina to determine the dorsal - ventral ( D-V ) and nasal - temporal ( N-T ) axes . The D-V axis is established by a ventral to dorsal gradient of VAX2 , whereas the N-T axis is coordinated by expression of the forkhead transcription factors FOXD1 and FOXG1 . Additional gradients are formed within the retina that aid in proper targeting of RGC axons that function to establish the retinotopic map .

\n

\n Blood supply ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2016 )
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section may contain improper references to self - published sources . Please help improve it by removing references to unreliable sources , where they are used inappropriately . ( October 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n Fundus photograph showing the blood vessels in a normal human retina . Veins are darker and slightly wider than corresponding arteries . The optic disc is at right , and the macula lutea is near the centre .

\n The retina is stratified into distinct layers , each containing specific cell types or cellular compartments that have metabolisms with different nutritional requirements . To satisfy these requirements , the ophthalmic artery bifurcates and supplies the retina via two distinct vascular networks : the choroidal network , which supplies the choroid and the outer retina , and the retinal network , which supplies the retina 's inner layer .

\n Circulatory mechanisms ( edit )

\n At first glance , one may think that the vertebrate retina is `` wired wrongly '' or `` badly designed '' ; but in fact , the retina could not function if it were not inverted . The photoreceptor layer must be embedded in the retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) , which performs at least seven vital functions , one of the most obvious being to supply oxygen and other necessary nutrients needed for the photoreceptors to function . These nutrients include glucose , fatty acids , and retinal . The mammalian photoreceptor amplification process uses large quantities energy for vision in photopic conditions ( requiring less under scotopic conditions ) and , thus , requires the large supply nutrients supplied by the blood vessels in the choroid , which lies beyond the RPE . The choroid supplies about 75 % of these nutrients to the retina and the retinal vasculature only 25 % .

\n

\n When light strikes 11 - cis - retinal ( in the disks in the rods and cones ) , 11 - cis - retinal changes to all - trans - retinal which then triggers changes in the opsins . Now , the outer segments do not regenerate the retinal back into the cis - form once it has been changed by light . Instead the retinal is pumped out to the surrounding RPE where it is regenerated and transported back into the outer segments of the photoreceptors . This recycling function of the RPE protects the photoreceptors against photo - oxidative damage and allows the photoreceptor cells to have decades - long useful lives .

\n In birds ( edit )

\n The bird retina is devoid of blood vessels , perhaps to give unobscured passage of light for forming images , thus giving better resolution . It is , therefore , a considered view that the bird retina depends for nutrition and oxygen supply on a specialized organ , called the `` pecten '' or pecten oculi , located on the blind spot or optic disk . This organ is extremely rich in blood vessels and is thought to supply nutrition and oxygen to the bird retina by diffusion through the vitreous body . The pecten is highly rich in alkaline phosphatase activity and polarized cells in its bridge portion -- both befitting its secretory role . Pecten cells are packed with dark melanin granules , which have been theorized to keep this organ warm with the absorption of stray light falling on the pecten . This is considered to enhance metabolic rate of the pecten , thereby exporting more nutritive molecules to meet the stringent energy requirements of the retina during long periods of exposure to light .

\n

\n Biometric identification and diagnosis of disease ( edit )

\n See also : Retinal scan and Biometrics

\n The bifurcations and other physical characteristics of the inner retinal vascular network are known to vary among individuals , and these individual variances have been used for biometric identification and for early detection of the onset of disease . The mapping of vascular bifurcations is one of the basic steps in biometric identification . Results of such analyses of retinal blood vessel structure can be evaluated against the ground truth data of vascular bifurcations of retinal fundus images that are obtained from the DRIVE dataset . In addition , the classes of vessels of the DRIVE dataset have also been identified , and an automated method for accurate extraction of these bifurcations is also available . Changes in retinal blood circulation are seen with aging and exposure to air pollution , and may indicate cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and atherosclerosis . Determining the equivalent width of arterioles and venules near the optic disc is also a widely used technique to identify cardiovascular risks .

\n

\n Function ( edit )

\n See also : Adaptation ( eye ) and Visual acuity

\n The retina translates an optical image into neural impulses by the patterned excitation of the colour - sensitive pigments of its rods and cones , the retina 's photoreceptor cells . The excitation is processed by the neural system and various parts of the brain working in parallel to form a representation of the external environment in the brain .

\n

\n The cones respond to bright light and mediate high - resolution colour vision during daylight illumination ( also called photopic vision ) . The rods are saturated at daylight levels and do n't contribute to pattern vision . However , rods do respond to dim light and mediate lower - resolution , monochromatic vision under very low levels of illumination ( called scotopic vision ) . The illumination in most office settings falls between these two levels and is called mesopic vision . At mesopic light levels , both the rods and cones are actively contributing pattern information . What contribution the rod information makes to pattern vision under these circumstances is unclear .

\n

\n The response of cones to various wavelengths of light is called their spectral sensitivity . In normal human vision , the spectral sensitivity of a cone falls into one of three subtypes , often called blue , green , or red but more accurately known as short , medium , or long wavelength - sensitive cone subtypes . It is a lack of one or more of the cone subtypes that causes individuals to have deficiencies in colour vision or various kinds of colour blindness . These individuals are not blind to objects of a particular colour but are unable to distinguish between colours that can be distinguished by people with normal vision . Humans have this trichromatic vision , while most other mammals lack cones with red sensitive pigment and therefore have poorer dichromatic colour vision . However , some animals have four spectral subtypes , e.g. the trout adds an ultraviolet subgroup to short , medium , and long subtypes that are similar to humans . Some fish are sensitive to the polarization of light as well .

\n

\n In the photoreceptors , exposure to light hyperpolarizes the membrane in a series of graded shifts . The outer cell segment contains a photopigment . Inside the cell the normal levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate ( cGMP ) keep the Na+ channel open , and thus in the resting state the cell is depolarised . The photon causes the retinal bound to the receptor protein to isomerise to trans - retinal . This causes the receptor to activate multiple G - proteins . This in turn causes the Ga - subunit of the protein to activate a phosphodiesterase ( PDE6 ) , which degrades cGMP , resulting in the closing of Na+ cyclic nucleotide - gated ion channels ( CNGs ) . Thus the cell is hyperpolarised . The amount of neurotransmitter released is reduced in bright light and increases as light levels fall . The actual photopigment is bleached away in bright light and only replaced as a chemical process , so in a transition from bright light to darkness the eye can take up to thirty minutes to reach full sensitivity .

\n

\n When thus excited by light , the photoceptor sends a proportional response synaptically to bipolar cells which in turn signal the retinal ganglion cells . The photoreceptors are also cross-linked by horizontal cells and amacrine cells , which modify the synaptic signal before it reaches the ganglion cells , the neural signals being intermixed and combined . Of the retina 's nerve cells , only the retinal ganglion cells and few amacrine cells create action potentials .

\n

\n In the retinal ganglion cells there are two types of response , depending on the receptive field of the cell . The receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells comprise a central , approximately circular area , where light has one effect on the firing of the cell , and an annular surround , where light has the opposite effect . In ON cells , an increment in light intensity in the centre of the receptive field causes the firing rate to increase . In OFF cells , it makes it decrease . In a linear model , this response profile is well described by a difference of Gaussians and is the basis for edge detection algorithms . Beyond this simple difference , ganglion cells are also differentiated by chromatic sensitivity and the type of spatial summation . Cells showing linear spatial summation are termed X cells ( also called parvocellular , P , or midget ganglion cells ) , and those showing non-linear summation are Y cells ( also called magnocellular , M , or parasol retinal ganglion cells ) , although the correspondence between X and Y cells ( in the cat retina ) and P and M cells ( in the primate retina ) is not as simple as it once seemed .

\n

\n In the transfer of visual signals to the brain , the visual pathway , the retina is vertically divided in two , a temporal ( nearer to the temple ) half and a nasal ( nearer to the nose ) half . The axons from the nasal half cross the brain at the optic chiasma to join with axons from the temporal half of the other eye before passing into the lateral geniculate body .

\n

\n Although there are more than 130 million retinal receptors , there are only approximately 1.2 million fibres ( axons ) in the optic nerve . So , a large amount of pre-processing is performed within the retina . The fovea produces the most accurate information . Despite occupying about 0.01 % of the visual field ( less than 2 \u00b0 of visual angle ) , about 10 % of axons in the optic nerve are devoted to the fovea . The resolution limit of the fovea has been determined to be around 10,000 points . The information capacity is estimated at 500,000 bits per second ( for more information on bits , see information theory ) without colour or around 600,000 bits per second including colour .

\n

\n Spatial encoding ( edit )

\n Further information : Receptive field , for figures and more information on centre -- surround structures On - centres and off - centres of the retina

\n When the retina sends neural impulses representing an image to the brain , it spatially encodes ( compresses ) those impulses to fit the limited capacity of the optic nerve . Compression is necessary because there are 100 times more photoreceptor cells than ganglion cells . This is done by `` decorrelation '' , which is carried out by the `` centre -- surround structures '' , which are implemented by the bipolar and ganglion cells .

\n

\n There are two types of centre -- surround structures in the retina -- on - centres and off - centres . On - centres have a positively weighted centre and a negatively weighted surround . Off - centres are just the opposite . Positive weighting is more commonly known as excitatory , and negative weighting as inhibitory .

\n

\n These centre -- surround structures are not physical apparent , in the sense that one can not see them by staining samples of tissue and examining the retina 's anatomy . The centre -- surround structures are logical ( i.e. , mathematically abstract ) in the sense that they depend on the connection strengths between bipolar and ganglion cells . It is believed that the connection strengths between cells is caused by the number and types of ion channels embedded in the synapses between the bipolar and ganglion cells .

\n

\n The centre -- surround structures are mathematically equivalent to the edge detection algorithms used by computer programmers to extract or enhance the edges in a digital photograph . Thus , the retina performs operations on the image - representing impulses to enhance the edges of objects within its visual field . For example , in a picture of a dog , a cat and a car , it is the edges of these objects that contain the most information . In order for higher functions in the brain ( or in a computer for that matter ) to extract and classify objects such as a dog and a cat , the retina is the first step to separating out the various objects within the scene .

\n

\n As an example , the following matrix is at the heart of the computer algorithm that implements edge detection . This matrix is the computer equivalent to the centre -- surround structure . In this example , each box ( element ) within this matrix would be connected to one photoreceptor . The photoreceptor in the centre is the current receptor being processed . The centre photoreceptor is multiplied by the + 1 weight factor . The surrounding photoreceptors are the `` nearest neighbors '' to the centre and are multiplied by the - 1 / 8 value . The sum of all nine of these elements is finally calculated . This summation is repeated for every photoreceptor in the image by shifting left to the end of a row and then down to the next line .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n - 1 / 8 \n - 1 / 8 \n - 1 / 8
\n - 1 / 8 \n + 1 \n - 1 / 8
\n - 1 / 8 \n - 1 / 8 \n - 1 / 8
\n

\n The total sum of this matrix is zero , if all the inputs from the nine photoreceptors are of the same value . The zero result indicates the image was uniform ( non-changing ) within this small patch . Negative or positive sums mean the image was varying ( changing ) within this small patch of nine photoreceptors .

\n

\n The above matrix is only an approximation to what really happens inside the retina . The differences are :

\n \n

\n Here is an example of an input image and how edge detection would modify it .

\n

\n

\n

\n Once the image is spatially encoded by the centre -- surround structures , the signal is sent out along the optic nerve ( via the axons of the ganglion cells ) through the optic chiasm to the LGN ( lateral geniculate nucleus ) . The exact function of the LGN is unknown at this time . The output of the LGN is then sent to the back of the brain . Specifically , the output of the LGN `` radiates '' out to the V1 primary visual cortex .

\n

\n Simplified signal flow : Photoreceptors \u2192 Bipolar \u2192 Ganglion \u2192 Chiasm \u2192 LGN \u2192 V1 cortex

\n

\n

\n

\n Clinical significance ( edit )

\n Further information : List of eye diseases and disorders

\n There are many inherited and acquired diseases or disorders that may affect the retina . Some of them include :

\n \n

\n Diagnosis ( edit )

\n

\n A number of different instruments are available for the diagnosis of diseases and disorders affecting the retina . Ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography have long been used to examine the retina . Recently , adaptive optics has been used to image individual rods and cones in the living human retina , and a company based in Scotland has engineered technology that allows physicians to observe the complete retina without any discomfort to patients .

\n

\n The electroretinogram is used to non-invasively measure the retina 's electrical activity , which is affected by certain diseases . A relatively new technology , now becoming widely available , is optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) . This non-invasive technique allows one to obtain a 3D volumetric or high resolution cross-sectional tomogram of the fine structures of the retina , with histologic quality .

\n

\n Treatment ( edit )

\n

\n Treatment depends upon the nature of the disease or disorder .

\n Common treatment modalities ( edit )

\n The following are commonly modalities of management for retinal disease :

\n \n Uncommon treatment modalities ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n show Rare or uncommon methods of treatment for retinal disease
\n

\n Retinal gene therapy

\n Main article : Adeno associated virus and gene therapy of the human retina

\n Gene therapy holds promise as a potential avenue to cure a wide range of retinal diseases . This involves using a non-infectious virus to shuttle a gene into a part of the retina . Recombinant adeno - associated virus ( rAAV ) vectors possess a number of features that render them ideally suited for retinal gene therapy , including a lack of pathogenicity , minimal immunogenicity , and the ability to transduce postmitotic cells in a stable and efficient manner . rAAV vectors are increasingly utilized for their ability to mediate efficient transduction of retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) , photoreceptor cells and retinal ganglion cells . Each cell type can be specifically targeted by choosing the appropriate combination of AAV serotype , promoter , and intraocular injection site .

\n

\n Several clinical trials have already reported positive results using rAAV to treat Leber 's congenital amaurosis , showing that the therapy was both safe and effective . There were no serious adverse events , and patients in all three studies showed improvement in their visual function as measured by a number of methods . The methods used varied among the three trials , but included both functional methods such as visual acuity and functional mobility as well as objective measures that are less susceptible to bias , such as the pupil 's ability to respond to light and improvements on functional MRI . Improvements were sustained over the long - term , with patients continuing to do well after more than 1.5 years .

\n

\n The unique architecture of the retina and its relatively immune - privileged environment help this process . Tight junctions that form the blood retinal barrier separate the subretinal space from the blood supply , thus protecting it from microbes and most immune - mediated damage , and enhancing its potential to respond to vector - mediated therapies . The highly compartmentalized anatomy of the eye facilitates accurate delivery of therapeutic vector suspensions to specific tissues under direct visualization using microsurgical techniques . In the sheltered environment of the retina , AAV vectors are able to maintain high levels of transgene expression in the retinal pigmented epithelium ( RPE ) , photoreceptors , or ganglion cells for long periods of time after a single treatment . In addition , the eye and the visual system can be routinely and easily monitored for visual function and retinal structural changes after injections with noninvasive advanced technology , such as visual acuities , contrast sensitivity , fundus auto - fluorescence ( FAF ) , dark - adapted visual thresholds , vascular diameters , pupillometry , electroretinography ( ERG ) , multifocal ERG and optical coherence tomography ( OCT ) .

\n

\n This strategy is effective against a number of retinal diseases that have been studied , including neovascular diseases that are features of age - related macular degeneration , diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity . Since the regulation of vascularization in the mature retina involves a balance between endogenous positive growth factors , such as vascular endothelial growth factor ( VEGF ) and inhibitors of angiogenesis , such as pigment epithelium - derived factor ( PEDF ) , rAAV - mediated expression of PEDF , angiostatin , and the soluble VEGF receptor sFlt - 1 , which are all antiangiogenic proteins , have been shown to reduce aberrant vessel formation in animal models . Since specific gene therapies can not readily be used to treat a significant fraction of patients with retinal dystrophy , there is a major interest in developing a more generally applicable survival factor therapy . Neurotrophic factors have the ability to modulate neuronal growth during development to maintain existing cells and to allow recovery of injured neuronal populations in the eye . AAV encoding neurotrophic factors such as fibroblast growth factor ( FGF ) family members and GDNF either protected photoreceptors from apoptosis or slowed down cell death .

\n

\n Organ transplantation Transplantation of retinas has been attempted , but without much success . At MIT , The University of Southern California , RWTH Aachen University , and the University of New South Wales , an `` artificial retina '' is under development : an implant which will bypass the photoreceptors of the retina and stimulate the attached nerve cells directly , with signals from a digital camera .

\n
\n

\n Notable researchers and discoveries ( edit )

\n

\n In 1894 , Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal published the first major characterization of retinal neurons in Retina der Wirbelthiere ( The Retina of Vertebrates ) .

\n

\n George Wald , Haldan Keffer Hartline , and Ragnar Granit won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their scientific research on the retina .

\n

\n A recent University of Pennsylvania study calculated that the approximate bandwidth of human retinas is 8.75 megabits per second , whereas a guinea pig 's retinal transfer rate is 875 kilobits per second .

\n

\n MacLaren & Pearson and colleagues at University College London and Moorfields Eye Hospital in London , in 2006 , showed that photoreceptor cells could be transplanted successfully in the mouse retina if donor cells were at a critical developmental stage . Recently Ader and colleagues in Dublin showed , using the electron microscope , that transplanted photoreceptors formed synaptic connections .

\n

\n In 2012 , Sebastian Seung and his laboratory at MIT have launched EyeWire , an online Citizen science game where players trace neurons in the retina . The goals of the EyeWire project are to identify specific cell types within the known broad classes of retinal cells , and to map the connections between neurons in the retina , which will help to determine how vision works .

\n

\n Additional images ( edit )

\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ J , Krause William ( 1 July 2005 ) . Krause 's Essential Human Histology for Medical Students . Boca Raton : Universal Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58112 - 468 - 2 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Sensory Reception : Human Vision : Structure and function of the Human Eye '' vol. 27 , Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica , 1987
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2013 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Franze K , Grosche J , Skatchkov SN , Schinkinger S , Foja C , Schild D , Uckermann O , Travis K , Reichenbach A , Guck J ( 2007 ) . `` Muller cells are living optical fibers in the vertebrate retina '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 ( 20 ) : 8287 -- 92 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0611180104 . PMC 1895942 . PMID 17485670 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Baker , Oliver ( April 23 , 2010 ) . `` Focus : Eye Cells as Light Pipes '' . Phys. Rev. Focus. 25 ( 15 ) . doi : 10.1103 / physrevfocus. 25.15 . Retrieved 1 Jan 2018 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Sperling , L. ; Hubbard , R. ( 1 February 1975 ) . `` Squid retinochrome '' . The Journal of General Physiology. 65 ( 2 ) : 235 -- 251 . doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 65.2. 235 . ISSN 0022 - 1295 . PMC 2214869 . PMID 235007 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2017 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` How spiders see the world -- Australian Museum '' . www.australianmuseum.net.au . Archived from the original on 12 September 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Foundations of Vision Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , Brian A. Wandell
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ The Retinal Tunic . Archived 18 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Virginia - Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Shepherd , Gordon ( 2004 ) . The Synaptic Organization of the Brain . New York , NY : Oxford University Press . pp. 217 -- 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515956 - 1 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . p. 465 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Cuenca , Nicol\u00e1s ; Ortu\u00f1o - Lizar\u00e1n , Isabel ; Pinilla , Isabel ( March 2018 ) . `` Cellular Characterization of OCT and Outer Retinal Bands Using Specific Immunohistochemistry Markers and Clinical Implications '' . Ophthalmology. 125 ( 3 ) : 407 -- 422 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ophtha. 2017.09. 016 .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : Staurenghi , Giovanni ; Sadda , Srinivas ; Chakravarthy , Usha ; Spaide , Richard F. `` Proposed Lexicon for Anatomic Landmarks in Normal Posterior Segment Spectral - Domain Optical Coherence Tomography '' . Ophthalmology. 121 ( 8 ) : 1572 -- 1578 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ophtha. 2014.02. 023 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Spectral domain optical coherence tomography in macular diseases . Meyer , Carsten H. , , Saxena , Sandeep , , Sadda , SriniVas R. , . New Delhi , India : Springer . 2017 . ISBN 9788132236108 . OCLC 964379175 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Hildebrand , G\u00f6ran Darius ; Fielder , Alistair R. ( 2011 ) . Pediatric Retina . Springer , Berlin , Heidelberg . pp. 39 -- 65 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 12041 - 1_2 . ISBN 9783642120404 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Turgut , Burak ; University , F\u0131rat ; Medicine , School of ; Ophthalmology , Department of ; Elazig ; Turkey . `` Past and Present Terminology for the Retinal and Choroidal Structures in Optical Coherence Tomography '' . European Ophthalmic Review . 11 ( 01 ) . doi : 10.17925 / eor. 2017.11. 01.59 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Cuenca , Nicol\u00e1s ; Ortu\u00f1o - Lizar\u00e1n , Isabel ; Pinilla , Isabel ( March 2018 ) . `` Cellular Characterization of OCT and Outer Retinal Bands Using Specific Immunohistochemistry Markers and Clinical Implications '' . Ophthalmology. 125 ( 3 ) : 407 -- 422 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ophtha. 2017.09. 016 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Outer Retinal Layers as Predictors of Vision Loss '' . Review of Ophthalmology .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Hildebrand , G\u00f6ran Darius ; Fielder , Alistair R. ( 2011 ) . Pediatric Retina . Springer , Berlin , Heidelberg . pp. 39 -- 65 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 12041 - 1_2 . ISBN 9783642120404 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Staurenghi , Giovanni ; Sadda , Srinivas ; Chakravarthy , Usha ; Spaide , Richard F. `` Proposed Lexicon for Anatomic Landmarks in Normal Posterior Segment Spectral - Domain Optical Coherence Tomography '' . Ophthalmology. 121 ( 8 ) : 1572 -- 1578 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ophtha. 2014.02. 023 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` The ABCs of OCT '' . Review of Optometry .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Sherman , J ( June 2009 ) . `` Photoreceptor integrity line joins the nerve fiber layer as key to clinical diagnosis '' . Optometry. 80 ( 6 ) : 277 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. optm. 2008.12. 006 . PMID 19465337 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Boston , Marco A. Bonini Filho , MD , and Andre J. Witkin , MD , . `` Outer Retinal Layers as Predictors of Vision Loss '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 07 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Cuenca , Nicol\u00e1s ; Ortu\u00f1o - Lizar\u00e1n , Isabel ; Pinilla , Isabel ( March 2018 ) . `` Cellular Characterization of OCT and Outer Retinal Bands Using Specific Immunohistochemistry Markers and Clinical Implications '' . Ophthalmology. 125 ( 3 ) : 407 -- 422 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ophtha. 2017.09. 016 .
    25. \n
  25. \n ^ Jump up to : Heavner , W ; Pevny , L ( 1 December 2012 ) . `` Eye development and retinogenesis '' . Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology . 4 ( 12 ) : a008391 . doi : 10.1101 / cshperspect. a008391 . PMC 3504437 . PMID 23071378 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Halder , G ; Callaerts , P ; Gehring , WJ ( 24 March 1995 ) . `` Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila '' . Science . 267 ( 5205 ) : 1788 -- 92 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 267.1788 H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7892602 . PMID 7892602 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Hatakeyama , J ; Kageyama , R ( February 2004 ) . `` Retinal cell fate determination and bHLH factors '' . Seminars in cell & developmental biology . 15 ( 1 ) : 83 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. semcdb. 2003.09. 005 . PMID 15036211 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Ann. , Remington , Lee ( 2012 ) . Clinical anatomy and physiology of the visual system ( 3rd ed . ) . St. Louis : Elsevier / Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 1 - 4377 - 1926 - 0 . OCLC 745905738 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Yu , DY ; Yu , PK ; Cringle , SJ ; Kang , MH ; Su , EN ( May 2014 ) . `` Functional and morphological characteristics of the retinal and choroidal vasculature '' . Progress in retinal and eye research . 40 : 53 -- 93 . doi : 10.1016 / j. preteyeres. 2014.02. 001 . PMID 24583621 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Kiel , Jeffrey W. Anatomy . Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences . Archived from the original on 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 17 April 2017 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Strauss , Olaf . `` The retinal pigment epithelium '' . Webvision . Retrieved 1 Jan 2018 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Kolb , Helga . `` Simple Anatomy of the Retina '' . Webvision . Retrieved 1 Jan 2018 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Photobiology of the retina `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 9 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Diagrammatic representation of disc shedding and phagosome retrieval into the pigment epithelial cell `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 21 September 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2012 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Bawa S.R. ; YashRoy R.C. ( 1972 ) . `` Effect of dark and light adaptation on the retina and pecten of chicken '' . Experimental Eye Research . 13 : 92 -- 97 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4835 ( 72 ) 90129 - 7 . Archived from the original on 9 October 2014 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Bawa , S.R. ; YashRoy , R.C. ( 1974 ) . `` Structure and function of vulture pecten '' . Cells Tissues Organs. 89 ( 3 ) : 473 -- 480 . doi : 10.1159 / 000144308 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2015 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Sherman , T ( 1981 ) . `` On connecting large vessels to small -- the meaning of murray law '' . Journal of General Physiology. 78 ( 4 ) : 431 -- 453 . doi : 10.1085 / jgp. 78.4. 431 . PMC 2228620 . PMID 7288393 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Azzopardi G. ; Petkov N. ( 2011 ) . `` Detection of retinal vascular bifurcations by trainable V4 - like filters , in Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns ( CAIP ) , Seville '' ( PDF ) . Lecture Notes in Computer Science . Lecture Notes in Computer Science . 6854 : 451 -- 459 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 23672 - 3_55 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 23671 - 6 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 August 2017 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` Retinal fundus images -- Ground truth of vascular bifurcations and crossovers '' . University of Groningen . Retrieved 20 April 2018 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` DRIVE : Digital Retinal Images for Vessel Extraction '' . Image Sciences Institute , Utrecht University . Retrieved 20 April 2018 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Qureshi , T.A. ; Habib , M. ; Hunter , A. ; Al - Diri , B. ( June 2013 ) . `` A manually - labeled , artery / vein classified benchmark for the DRIVE dataset '' . Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Symposium on Computer - Based Medical Systems : 485 -- 488 . doi : 10.1109 / cbms. 2013.6627847 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4799 - 1053 - 3 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Qureshi , T.A. ; Hunter , A. ; Al - Diri , B. ( June 2014 ) . `` A Bayesian Framework for the Local Configuration of Retinal Junctions '' . 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition : 3105 -- 3110 . doi : 10.1109 / cvpr. 2014.397 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4799 - 5118 - 5 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Adar SD , Klein R , Klein BE , Szpiro AA , Cotch MF , Wong TY , et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Air Pollution and the microvasculature : a crosssectional assessment of in vivo retinal images in the population based multiethnic study of atherosclerosis ( MESA ) '' . PLoS Med. 7 ( 11 ) : e1000372 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pmed. 1000372 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Louwies , Tijs ; Panis , Luc Int ; Kicinski , Michal ; Boever , Patrick De ; Nawrot , Tim S. ( 2013 ) . `` Retinal Microvascular Responses to Short - Term Changes in Particulate Air Pollution in Healthy Adults '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 121 ( 9 ) : 1011 -- 6 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 1205721 . PMC 3764070 . PMID 23777785 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2013 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Tso , Mark O.M. ; Jampol , Lee M. ( 1982 ) . `` Pathophysiology of Hypertensive Retinopathy '' . Ophthalmology. 89 ( 10 ) : 1132 -- 1145 . doi : 10.1016 / s0161 - 6420 ( 82 ) 34663 - 1 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2017 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Chapman , N. ; Dell'omo , G. ; Sartini , M.S. ; Witt , N. ; Hughes , A. ; Thom , S. ; Pedrinelli , R. ( 1 August 2002 ) . `` Peripheral vascular disease is associated with abnormal arteriolar diameter relationships at bifurcations in the human retina '' . Clinical Science . 103 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 116 . doi : 10.1042 / cs1030111 . ISSN 0143 - 5221 . PMID 12149100 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2017 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Patton , N. ; Aslam , T. ; MacGillivray , T. ; Deary , I. ; Dhillon , B. ; Eikelboom , R. ; Yogesan , K. ; Constable , I. ( 2006 ) . `` Retinal image analysis : Concepts , applications and potential '' . Progress in Retinal and Eye Research . 25 ( 1 ) : 99 -- 127 . doi : 10.1016 / j. preteyeres. 2005.07. 001 . PMID 16154379 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Wong TY , Knudtson MD , Klein R , Klein BE , Meuer SM , Hubbard LD ( 2004 ) . `` Computer assisted measurement of retinal vessel diameters in the Beaver Dam Eye Study : methodology , correlation between eyes , and effect of refractive errors '' . Ophthalmology. 111 ( 6 ) : 1183 -- 1190 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ophtha. 2003.09. 039 . PMID 15177969 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Retina ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Mosby. 2006 . pp. 2013 -- 2015 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 323 - 02598 - 0 . OCLC 62034580 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Seeing into the Future Ingenia , March 2007
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Dinculescu Astra ; Glushakova Lyudmyla ; Seok - Hong Min ; Hauswirth William W ( 2005 ) . `` Adeno - associated virus - vectored gene therapy for retinal disease '' . Human Gene Therapy . 16 ( 6 ) : 649 -- 663 . doi : 10.1089 / hum. 2005.16. 649 . PMID 15960597 .
    52. \n
  52. \n ^ Jump up to : Cideciyan A.V. ; Hauswirth W.W. ; Aleman T.S. ; Kaushal S. ; Schwartz S.B. ; Boye S.L. ; Windsor E.A.M. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Human RPE65 gene therapy for Leber congenital amaurosis : persistence of early visual improvements and safety at 1 year '' . Human gene therapy . 20 ( 9 ) : 999 -- 1004 . doi : 10.1089 / hum. 2009.086 . PMC 2829287 . PMID 19583479 .
    53. \n
  53. \n ^ Jump up to : Simonelli F. ; Maguire A.M. ; Testa F. ; Pierce E.A. ; Mingozzi F. ; Bennicelli J.L. ; Rossi S. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Gene therapy for Leber 's congenital amaurosis is safe and effective through 1.5 years after vector administration '' . Molecular Therapy . 18 ( 3 ) : 643 -- 650 . doi : 10.1038 / mt. 2009.277 . PMC 2839440 . PMID 19953081 .
    54. \n
  54. \n ^ Jump up to : Maguire A.M. ; Simonelli F. ; Pierce E.A. ; Pugh E.N. ; Mingozzi F. ; Bennicelli J. ; Banfi S. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Safety and efficacy of gene transfer for Leber 's congenital amaurosis '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 358 ( 21 ) : 2240 -- 2248 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa0802315 . PMC 2829748 . PMID 18441370 .
    55. \n
  55. \n ^ Jump up to : Maguire A.M. ; High K.A. ; Auricchio A. ; Wright J.F. ; Pierce E.A. ; Testa F. ; Mingozzi F. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Age - dependent effects of RPE65 gene therapy for Leber 's congenital amaurosis : a phase 1 dose - escalation trial '' . Lancet . 374 ( 9701 ) : 1597 -- 1605 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 09 ) 61836 - 5 . PMC 4492302 . PMID 19854499 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Bainbridge J.W.B. ; Smith A.J. ; Barker S.S. ; Robbie S. ; Henderson R. ; Balaggan K. ; Viswanathan A. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Effect of gene therapy on visual function in Leber 's congenital amaurosis '' ( PDF ) . The New England Journal of Medicine . 358 ( 21 ) : 2231 -- 2239 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa0802268 . PMID 18441371 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 August 2017 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Hauswirth W.W. ; Aleman T.S. ; Kaushal S. ; Cideciyan A.V. ; Schwartz S.B. ; Wang L. ; Conlon T.J. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Treatment of Leber Congenital Amaurosis Due to RPE65Mutations by Ocular Subretinal Injection of Adeno - Associated Virus Gene Vector : Short - Term Results of a Phase I Trial '' . Human gene therapy . 19 ( 10 ) : 979 -- 990 . doi : 10.1089 / hum. 2008.107 . PMC 2940541 . PMID 18774912 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Ashtari M. ; Cyckowski L.L. ; Monroe J.F. ; Marshall K.A. ; Chung D.C. ; Auricchio A. ; Simonelli F. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . `` The human visual cortex responds to gene therapy - mediated recovery of retinal function '' . The Journal of Clinical Investigation . 121 ( 6 ) : 2160 -- 2168 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI57377 . PMC 3104779 . PMID 21606598 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Bennett J ( 2003 ) . `` Immune response following intraocular delivery of recombinant viral vectors '' . Gene therapy . 10 ( 11 ) : 977 -- 982 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. gt. 3302030 . PMID 12756418 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Curace Enrico M. ; Auricchio Alberto ( 2008 ) . `` Versatility of AAV vectors for retinal gene transfer '' . Vision Research . 48 ( 3 ) : 353 -- 359 . doi : 10.1016 / j. visres. 2007.07. 027 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ den Hollander , Anneke I. ; Roepman , Ronald ; Koenekoop , Robert K. ; Cremers , Frans P.M. ( 2008 ) . `` Leber congenital amaurosis : Genes , proteins and disease mechanisms '' . Progress in Retinal and Eye Research . 27 ( 4 ) : 391 -- 419 . doi : 10.1016 / j. preteyeres. 2008.05. 003 . PMID 18632300 . Archived from the original on 5 December 2017 .
    62. \n
  62. \n ^ Jump up to : Rolling , F. ( 2004 ) . `` Recombinant AAV - mediated gene transfer to the retina : gene therapy perspectives '' . Gene Therapy . 11 ( S1 ) : S26 -- S32 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. gt. 3302366 . ISSN 0969 - 7128 . PMID 15454954 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal -- Biographical '' . www.nobelprize.org . Archived from the original on 6 October 2015 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` Nobelprize.org '' . nobelprize.org . Archived from the original on 30 June 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` Calculating the speed of sight '' . newscientist.com . Archived from the original on 31 May 2015 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ MacLaren , RE ; Pearson , RA ; MacNeil , A ; et al. ( November 2006 ) . `` Retinal repair by transplantation of photoreceptor precursors '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 444 ( 7116 ) : 203 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 444 ... 203M . doi : 10.1038 / nature05161 . PMID 17093405 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Bartsch , U. ; Oriyakhel , W. ; Kenna , P.F. ; Linke , S. ; Richard , G. ; Petrowitz , B. ; Humphries , P. ; Farrar , G.J. ; Ader , M. ( 2008 ) . `` Retinal cells integrate into the outer nuclear layer and differentiate into mature photoreceptors after subretinal transplantation into adult mice '' . Experimental Eye Research . 86 ( 4 ) : 691 -- 700 . doi : 10.1016 / j. exer. 2008.01. 018 . PMID 18329018 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` About : EyeWire '' . Archived from the original on 13 February 2012 . Retrieved 26 March 2012 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` Retina < < EyeWire '' . Archived from the original on 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ `` EyeWire '' . Archived from the original on 24 April 2012 . Retrieved 27 March 2012 .
    71. \n
\n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Anatomy of the globe of the human eye
\n Fibrous tunic ( outer ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Sclera \n
    \n
  • \n Episcleral layer
    • \n
  • \n Schlemm 's canal
    • \n
  • \n Trabecular meshwork
    • \n
\n
\n Cornea \n
    \n
  • \n Limbus
    • \n
  • \n layers
      \n
    • \n Epithelium
      • \n
    • \n Bowman 's
      • \n
    • \n Stroma
      • \n
    • \n Dua 's layer
      • \n
    • \n Descemet 's
      • \n
    • \n Endothelium
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n 		\n
\n Uvea / vascular tunic ( middle ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Choroid \n
    \n
  • \n Capillary lamina of choroid
    • \n
  • \n Bruch 's membrane
    • \n
  • \n Sattler 's layer
    • \n
\n
\n Ciliary body \n
    \n
  • \n Ciliary processes
    • \n
  • \n Ciliary muscle
    • \n
  • \n Pars plicata
    • \n
  • \n Pars plana
    • \n
\n
\n Iris \n
    \n
  • \n Stroma
    • \n
  • \n Pupil
    • \n
  • \n Iris dilator muscle
    • \n
  • \n Iris sphincter muscle
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Retina ( inner ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Layers \n
    \n
  • \n Inner limiting membrane
    • \n
  • \n Nerve fiber layer
    • \n
  • \n Ganglion cell layer
    • \n
  • \n Inner plexiform layer
    • \n
  • \n Inner nuclear layer
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Outer plexiform layer
    • \n
  • \n Outer nuclear layer
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n External limiting membrane
    • \n
  • \n Layer of rods and cones
    • \n
  • \n Retinal pigment epithelium
    • \n
\n
\n Cells \n
    \n
  • \n Photoreceptor cells ( Cone cell , Rod cell ) \u2192 ( Horizontal cell ) \u2192 Bipolar cell \u2192 ( Amacrine cell ) \u2192 Retina ganglion cell ( Midget cell , Parasol cell , Bistratified cell , Giant retina ganglion cells , Photosensitive ganglion cell ) \u2192 Diencephalon : P cell , M cell , K cell , Muller glia
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Macula
      \n
    • \n Perifoveal area
      • \n
    • \n Parafoveal area
      • \n
    • \n Fovea
        \n
      • \n Foveal avascular zone
        • \n
      • \n Foveola
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Optic disc
      \n
    • \n Optic cup
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ora serrata
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Anatomical regions of the eye \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Anterior segment \n
    \n
  • \n Adnexa
    • \n
  • \n Fibrous tunic
    • \n
  • \n Anterior chamber
    • \n
  • \n Aqueous humour
    • \n
  • \n Iris
    • \n
  • \n Posterior chamber
    • \n
  • \n Ciliary body
    • \n
  • \n Lens
      \n
    • \n Capsule of lens
      • \n
    • \n Zonule of Zinn
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Posterior segment \n
    \n
  • \n Vitreous chamber
      \n
    • \n Vitreous body
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Retina
    • \n
  • \n Choroid
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Keratocytes
    • \n
  • \n Ocular immune system
    • \n
  • \n Optical coherence tomography
    • \n
  • \n Eye care professional
    • \n
  • \n Eye disease
    • \n
  • \n Refractive error
    • \n
  • \n Accommodation
    • \n
  • \n Physiological Optics
    • \n
  • \n Visual perception
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Optical illusions
\n List of optical illusions
\n
    \n
  • \n Afterimage
    • \n
  • \n Barberpole
    • \n
  • \n Bezold
    • \n
  • \n Blivet
    • \n
  • \n Caf\u00e9 wall
    • \n
  • \n Cornsweet
    • \n
  • \n Delboeuf
    • \n
  • \n Ebbinghaus
    • \n
  • \n Ehrenstein
    • \n
  • \n Flash lag
    • \n
  • \n Fraser spiral
    • \n
  • \n Grid
    • \n
  • \n Hering
    • \n
  • \n Jastrow
    • \n
  • \n Mach
    • \n
  • \n McCollough
    • \n
  • \n M\u00fcller - Lyer
    • \n
  • \n Necker
    • \n
  • \n Orbison
    • \n
  • \n Penrose
      \n
    • \n stairs
      • \n
    • \n triangle
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Peripheral drift
    • \n
  • \n Poggendorff
    • \n
  • \n Ponzo
    • \n
  • \n Rubin
    • \n
  • \n Sander
    • \n
  • \n Schroeder
    • \n
  • \n Ternus
    • \n
  • \n Vertical -- horizontal
    • \n
  • \n White 's
    • \n
  • \n Wundt
    • \n
  • \n Z\u00f6llner
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Auditory
    • \n
  • \n Tactile
    • \n
  • \n Temporal
    • \n
  • \n Op art
    • \n
  • \n Ascending and Descending
    • \n
  • \n Waterfall
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n LCCN : sh85113322
    • \n
  • \n GND : 4171512 - 3
    • \n
  • \n BNF : cb11964958v ( data )
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 00567817
    • \n
  • \n BNE : XX532269
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Retina&oldid=838474306 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "disease of the light sensitive innermost layer of the eyeball", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Languages of Africa - wikipedia

\n Languages of Africa

\n Jump to : navigation , search The traditional language families spoken in Africa : Afroasiatic Nilo - Saharan Niger -- Congo Bantu Khoisan Indo - European Austronesian

\n The languages of Africa are divided into six major language families :

\n \n

\n There are several other small families and language isolates , as well as languages that have yet to be classified . In addition , Africa has a wide variety of sign languages , many of which are language isolates ( see below ) .

\n

\n The total number of languages natively spoken in Africa is variously estimated ( depending on the delineation of language vs. dialect ) at between 1,250 to 2,100 , and by some counts at `` over 3,000 '' , Nigeria alone has over 500 languages ( according to the count of SIL Ethnologue ) , one of the greatest concentrations of linguistic diversity in the world .

\n

\n Around a hundred languages are widely used for inter-ethnic communication . Arabic , Somali , Berber , Amharic , Oromo , Igbo , Swahili , Hausa , Manding , Fulani and Yoruba are spoken by tens of millions of people . Twelve dialect clusters ( which may group up to a hundred linguistic varieties ) are spoken by 75 percent , and fifteen by 85 percent , of Africans as a first or additional language . Although many mid-sized languages are used on the radio , in newspapers and in primary - school education , and some of the larger ones are considered national languages , only a few are official at the national level . The African Union declared 2006 the `` Year of African Languages '' .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Language groups ( edit )

\n Clickable map showing the traditional language families , subfamilies and major languages spoken in Africa

\n Most languages spoken in Africa belong to one of three large language families : Afroasiatic , Nilo - Saharan and Niger -- Congo . Another hundred belong to small families such as Ubangian ( sometimes grouped within Niger - Congo ) and the various families called Khoisan , or the Indo - European and Austronesian language families mainly spoken outside Africa ; the presence of the latter two dates to 2,600 and 1,500 years ago , respectively . In addition , the languages of Africa languages include several unclassified languages and sign languages .

\n

\n The earliest Afroasiatic languages are associated with the Capsian culture , the Nilo - Saharan languages are linked with the Khartoum Mesolithic / Neolithic , the Niger - Congo languages are correlated with the west and central African hoe - based farming traditions and the Khoisan languages are matched with the south and southeastern Wilton industries . More broadly , the Afroasiatic family is tentatively grouped within the Nostratic superfamily , and the Nilo - Saharan and Niger - Congo phyla form the Niger - Saharan macrophylum .

\n

\n Afroasiatic languages ( edit )

\n Main article : Afroasiatic languages

\n Afroasiatic languages are spoken throughout North Africa , the Horn of Africa , West Asia and parts of the Sahel . There are approximately 375 Afroasiatic languages spoken by over 350 million people . The main subfamilies of Afroasiatic are the Berber languages , Semitic languages , Chadic languages and the Cushitic languages . The Afroasiatic Urheimat is uncertain . However , its most extensive sub-branch , the Semitic languages ( including Arabic , Amharic and Hebrew among others ) , seems to have developed in the Arabian peninsula . The Semitic languages are the only branch of the Afroasiatic family of languages that is spoken outside Africa .

\n

\n Some of the most widely spoken Afroasiatic languages include Arabic ( a Semitic language , and a recent arrival from West Asia ) , Somali ( Cushitic ) , Berber ( Berber ) , Hausa ( Chadic ) , Amharic ( Semitic ) and Oromo ( Cushitic ) . Of the world 's surviving language families , Afroasiatic has the longest written history , as both the Akkadian language of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egyptian are members .

\n

\n Nilo - Saharan languages ( edit )

\n Main article : Nilo - Saharan languages

\n Nilo - Saharan languages consist of a hundred diverse languages . The family has a speech area that stretches from the Nile Valley to northern Tanzania and into Nigeria and DR Congo , with the Songhay languages along the middle reaches of the Niger River as a geographic outlier . Genetic linkage between these languages has not been conclusively demonstrated , and among linguists , support for the proposal is sparse . The languages share some unusual morphology , but if they are related , most of the branches must have undergone major restructuring since diverging from their common ancestor . The inclusion of the Songhay languages is questionable , and doubts have been raised over the Koman , Gumuz and Kadu branches .

\n

\n Some of the better known Nilo - Saharan languages are Kanuri , Fur , Songhay , Nobiin and the widespread Nilotic family , which includes the Luo , Dinka and Maasai . The Nilo - Saharan languages are tonal .

\n

\n Niger -- Congo languages ( edit )

\n Main article : Niger -- Congo languages

\n The Niger -- Congo languages constitute the largest language family spoken in Africa and perhaps the world in terms of the number of languages . One of its salient features is an elaborate noun class system with grammatical concord . A large majority of languages of this family are tonal such as Yoruba and Igbo , Ashanti and Ewe language . A major branch of Niger -- Congo languages is the Bantu phylum , which has a wider speech area than the rest of the family ( see Niger -- Congo B ( Bantu ) in the map above ) .

\n

\n The Niger -- Kordofanian language family , joining Niger -- Congo with the Kordofanian languages of south - central Sudan , was proposed in the 1950s by Joseph Greenberg . Today , linguists often use `` Niger -- Congo '' to refer to this entire family , including Kordofanian as a subfamily . One reason for this is that it is not clear whether Kordofanian was the first branch to diverge from rest of Niger -- Congo . Mande has been claimed to be equally or more divergent . Niger -- Congo is generally accepted by linguists , though a few question the inclusion of Mande and Dogon , and there is no conclusive evidence for the inclusion of Ubangian .

\n

\n Other language families ( edit )

\n

\n Several languages spoken in Africa belong to language families concentrated or originating outside the African continent .

\n Austronesian ( edit )

\n Malagasy belongs to the Austronesian family . It is the national language of Madagascar .

\n Indo - European ( edit )

\n Afrikaans is Indo - European , as is most of the vocabulary of most African creole languages . Afrikaans evolved from the Dutch vernacular of South Holland ( Hollandic dialect ) spoken by the mainly Dutch settlers of what is now South Africa , where it gradually began to develop distinguishing characteristics in the course of the 18th century . Most Afrikaans speakers live in South Africa . In Namibia it is the lingua franca and in Botswana and Zimbabwe it is a minority language of roughly several ten thousand people . Overall 15 to 20 million people are estimated to speak Afrikaans .

\n

\n Since the colonial era , Indo - European languages such as Afrikaans , English , French , Italian , Portuguese and Spanish have held official status in many countries , and are widely spoken , generally as lingua francas . ( See African French and African Portuguese . ) German was once used in Germany 's colonies there from the late 1800s until World War I , when Britain and France took over and revoked German 's official status . Despite this , German is still spoken in Namibia , mostly among the white population . Although it lost its official status in the 1990s , it has been redesignated as a national language . Indian languages such as Gujarati are spoken by South Asian expatriates exclusively . In earlier historical times , other Indo - European languages could be found in various parts of the continent , such as Old Persian and Greek in Egypt , Latin and Vandalic in North Africa and Modern Persian in the Horn of Africa .

\n Small families ( edit )

\n The three small Khoisan families of southern Africa have not been shown to be closely related to any other major language family . In addition , there are various other families that have not been demonstrated to belong to one of these families . ( The questionable branches of Nilo - Saharan were covered above , and are not repeated here . )

\n \n

\n Khoisan is a term of convenience covering some 30 languages spoken by around 300,000 -- 400,000 people . There are five Khoisan families that have not been shown to be related to each other : Khoe , Tuu and Kx'a , which are found mainly in Namibia and Botswana , as well as Sandawe and Hadza of Tanzania , which are language isolates . A striking feature of Khoisan languages , and the reason they are often grouped together , is their use of click consonants . Some neighbouring Bantu languages ( notably Xhosa and Zulu ) have clicks as well , but these were adopted from Khoisan languages . The Khoisan languages are also tonal .

\n Creole languages ( edit )

\n Due partly to its multilingualism and its colonial past , a substantial proportion of the world 's creole languages are to be found in Africa . Some are based on Indo - European languages ( e.g. Krio from English in Sierra Leone and the very similar Pidgin in Nigeria and parts of Cameroon ; Cape Verdean Creole in Cape Verde and Guinea - Bissau Creole in Guinea - Bissau and Senegal , both from Portuguese ; Seychellois Creole in the Seychelles and Mauritian Creole in Mauritius , both from French ) ; some are based on Arabic ( e.g. Juba Arabic in the southern Sudan , or Nubi in parts of Uganda and Kenya ) ; some are based on local languages ( e.g. Sango , the main language of the Central African Republic ) ; while in Cameroon a creole based on French , English and local African languages known as Camfranglais has started to become popular .

\n Unclassified languages ( edit ) Further information : Category : Unclassified languages of Africa

\n A fair number of unclassified languages are reported in Africa . Many remain unclassified simply for lack of data ; among the better - investigated ones that continue to resist easy classification are :

\n \n

\n Of these , Jalaa is perhaps the most likely to be an isolate .

\n

\n Less - well investigated languages include Irimba , Luo , Mawa , Rer Bare ( possibly Bantu ) , Bete ( evidently Jukunoid ) , Bung ( unclear ) , Kujarge ( evidently Chadic ) , Lufu ( Jukunoid ) , Meroitic ( possibly Afroasiatic ) , Oropom ( possibly spurious ) and Weyto ( evidently Cushitic ) . Several of these are extinct , and adequate comparative data is thus unlikely to be forthcoming . Hombert & Philippson ( 2009 ) list a number of African languages that have been classified as language isolates at one point or another . Many of these are simply unclassified , but Hombert & Philippson believe Africa has about twenty language families , including isolates . Beside the possibilities listed above , there are :

\n \n

\n Roger Blench notes a couple additional possibilities :

\n \n Sign languages ( edit ) See also : List of sign languages \u00a7 Africa

\n Many African countries have national sign languages , such as Algerian Sign Language , Tunisian Sign Language , Ethiopian Sign Language . Other sign languages are restricted to small areas or single villages , such as Adamorobe Sign Language in Ghana . Tanzania has seven , one for each of its schools for the Deaf , all of which are discouraged . Not much is known , since little has been published on these languages

\n

\n Sign language systems extant in Africa include the Paget Gorman Sign System used in Namibia and Angola , the Sudanese Sign languages used in Sudan and South Sudan , the Arab Sign languages used across the Arab Mideast , the Francosign languages used in Francophone Africa and other areas such as Ghana and Tunisia , and the Tanzanian Sign languages used in Tanzania .

\n

\n Language in Africa ( edit )

\n

\n Throughout the long multilingual history of the African continent , African languages have been subject to phenomena like language contact , language expansion , language shift and language death . A case in point is the Bantu expansion , in which Bantu - speaking peoples expanded over most of Sub-Equatorial Africa , displacing Khoi - San speaking peoples from much of Southeast Africa and Southern Africa and other peoples from Central Africa . Another example is the Arab expansion in the 7th century , which led to the extension of Arabic from its homeland in Asia , into much of North Africa and the Horn of Africa .

\n

\n Trade languages are another age - old phenomenon in the African linguistic landscape . Cultural and linguistic innovations spread along trade routes and languages of peoples dominant in trade developed into languages of wider communication ( lingua franca ) . Of particular importance in this respect are Berber ( North and West Africa ) , Jula ( western West Africa ) , Fulfulde ( West Africa ) , Hausa ( West Africa ) , Lingala ( Congo ) , Swahili ( Southeast Africa ) , Somali ( Horn of Africa ) and Arabic ( North Africa and Horn of Africa ) .

\n

\n After gaining independence , many African countries , in the search for national unity , selected one language , generally the former colonial language , to be used in government and education . However , in recent years , African countries have become increasingly supportive of maintaining linguistic diversity . Language policies that are being developed nowadays are mostly aimed at multilingualism .

\n

\n Official languages ( edit )

\n Official languages in Africa : \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Afrikaans \n Portuguese
\n Arabic \n Spanish
\n English \n Swahili
\n French \n other languages
\n

\n Besides the former colonial languages of English , French , Portuguese and Spanish , the following languages are official at the national level in Africa ( non-exhaustive list ) :

\n
\n
\n Afroasiatic
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Austronesian
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Indo - European
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Niger - Congo
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Creoles
\n
\n \n

\n Cross-border languages ( edit )

\n

\n The colonial borders established by European powers following the Berlin Conference in 1884 -- 1885 divided a great many ethnic groups and African language speaking communities . In a sense , `` cross-border languages '' is a misnomer -- the speakers did not divide themselves . Nevertheless , it describes the reality of many African languages , which has implications for divergence of language on either side of a border ( especially when the official languages are different ) , standards for writing the language , etc . Some notable cross-border languages include Berber ( which stretches across much of North Africa and some parts of West Africa ) , Somali ( stretches across most of the Horn of Africa ) , Swahili ( spoken in the African Great Lakes region ) , Fula ( in the Sahel and West Africa ) and Luo languages ( in Democratic Republic of the Congo , Ethiopia , Kenya , Tanzania , Uganda , South Sudan and Sudan ) .

\n

\n Some prominent Africans such as former Malian president and former Chairman of the African Commission , Alpha Oumar Konar\u00e9 , have referred to cross-border languages as a factor that can promote African unity .

\n

\n Language change and planning ( edit )

\n

\n Language is not static in Africa any more than on other continents . In addition to the ( likely modest ) impact of borders , there are also cases of dialect levelling ( such as in Igbo and probably many others ) , koin\u00e9s ( such as N'Ko and possibly Runyakitara ) and emergence of new dialects ( such as Sheng ) . In some countries , there are official efforts to develop standardized language versions .

\n

\n There are also many less widely spoken languages that may be considered endangered languages .

\n

\n Demographics ( edit )

\n Further information : Demographics of Africa

\n Of the 1 billion Africans ( in 2009 ) , about 17 percent speak an Arabic dialect . About 10 percent speak Swahili , the lingua franca of Southeast Africa ; about 5 percent speak a Berber dialect ; and about 5 percent speak Hausa , which serves as a lingua franca in much of the Sahel . Other important West African languages are Yoruba , Igbo and Fula . Major Horn of Africa languages are Amharic , Oromo and Somali . Important South African languages are Zulu , Xhosa and Afrikaans .

\n

\n English , French and Portuguese are important languages in Africa . About 130 million , 115 million and 30 million Africans , respectively , speak them as either native or secondary languages . Portuguese has become the national language of Angola . Through ( among other factors ) sheer demographic weight , Africans are increasingly taking ownership of these three world languages and having an ever greater influence on their development and growth .

\n

\n Linguistic features ( edit )

\n

\n Some linguistic features are particularly common among languages spoken in Africa , whereas others are less common . Such shared traits probably are not due to a common origin of all African languages . Instead , some may be due to language contact ( resulting in borrowing ) and specific idioms and phrases may be due to a similar cultural background .

\n

\n Phonological ( edit )

\n

\n Some widespread phonetic features include :

\n \n

\n Sounds that are relatively uncommon in African languages include uvular consonants , diphthongs and front rounded vowels

\n

\n Tonal languages are found throughout the world but are predominantly used in Africa . Both the Nilo - Saharan and the Khoi - San phyla are fully tonal . The large majority of the Niger -- Congo languages is also tonal . Tonal languages are also found in the Omotic , Chadic and South & East Cushitic branches of Afroasiatic . The most common type of tonal system opposes two tone levels , High ( H ) and Low ( L ) . Contour tones do occur , and can often be analysed as two or more tones in succession on a single syllable . Tone melodies play an important role , meaning that it is often possible to state significant generalizations by separating tone sequences ( `` melodies '' ) from the segments that bear them . Tonal sandhi processes like tone spread , tone shift , downstep and downdrift are common in African languages .

\n

\n Syntactic ( edit )

\n

\n Widespread syntactical structures include the common use of adjectival verbs and the expression of comparison by means of a verb ' to surpass ' . The Niger -- Congo languages have large numbers of genders ( noun classes ) which cause agreement in verbs and other words . Case , tense and other categories may be distinguished only by tone .

\n

\n Semantic ( edit )

\n

\n Quite often , only one term is used for both animal and meat ; the word nama or nyama for animal / meat is particularly widespread in otherwise widely divergent African languages .

\n

\n Number of speakers ( edit )

\n

\n The following is a table displaying the number of speakers of given languages within Africa :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Language \n Family \n Native speakers ( L1 ) \n Official status per country
\n Afrikaans \n Indo - European \n 7,200,000 \n South Africa
\n Akan \n Niger -- Congo \n 11,000,000 \n None . Government sponsored language of Ghana
\n Amharic \n Afroasiatic \n 21,800,000 \n Ethiopia
\n Arabic \n Afroasiatic \n 150,000,000 but with separate mutually unintelligible varieties \n Algeria , Chad , Comoros , Djibouti , Egypt , Eritrea , Libya , Mauritania , Morocco , Somalia , Sudan , Tunisia
\n Berber \n Afroasiatic \n 56,000,000 ( estimated ) ( including separate unintelligible varieties ) \n Morocco , Algeria
\n Chewa \n Niger -- Congo \n 9,700,000 \n Malawi , Zimbabwe
\n English \n Indo - European \n 6,500,000 ( estimated ) \n see List of territorial entities where English is an official language
\n French \n Indo - European \n 700,330 ( estimated ) \n see List of territorial entities where French is an official language
\n Fulani \n Niger -- Congo \n 25,000,000 \n
\n Gikuyu \n Niger -- Congo \n 6,600,000 \n
\n Hausa \n Afroasiatic \n 34,000,000 \n Nigeria , Niger
\n Igbo \n Niger -- Congo \n 18,000,000 \n
\n Kinyarwanda \n Niger -- Congo \n 9,800,000 \n Rwanda
\n Kirundi \n Niger -- Congo \n 8,800,000 \n Burundi
\n Kongo \n Niger -- Congo \n 5,600,000 \n recognised national language of Angola
\n Lingala \n Niger -- Congo \n 5,500,000 \n national language of Democratic Republic of the Congo
\n Luganda \n Niger - Congo \n 4,130,000 \n native language of Uganda
\n Luo \n Nilo - Saharan ( probable ) \n 4,200,000 \n
\n Malagasy \n Austronesian \n 18,000,000 \n Madagascar
\n Mauritian Creole \n Indo - European \n 1,135,000 \n native language of Mauritius
\n Mossi \n Niger -- Congo \n 7,600,000 \n Recognised regional language in Burkina Faso
\n Ndebele \n Niger -- Congo \n 1,090,000 \n Statuatory national language in South Africa
\n Northern Sotho \n Niger -- Congo \n 4,600,000 \n South Africa
\n Oromo \n Afroasiatic \n 26,000,000 \n Ethiopia
\n Portuguese \n Indo - European \n 13,700,000 ( estimated ) \n Angola , Cape Verde , Guinea - Bissau , Equatorial Guinea , Mozambique , S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe
\n Sesotho \n Niger -- Congo \n 5,600,000 \n Lesotho , South Africa , Zimbabwe
\n Shona \n Niger -- Congo \n 14,200,000 incl . Manyika , Ndau ( 2000 -- 2006 ) \n Zimbabwe
\n Somali \n Afroasiatic \n 16,600,000 \n Somalia
\n Spanish \n Indo - European \n 2,700,000 \n Equatorial Guinea
\n Swahili \n Niger -- Congo \n 15,000,000 \n official in Tanzania , Kenya , Uganda , Rwanda national language of Democratic Republic of Congo
\n Tigrinya \n Afroasiatic \n 7,000,000 \n Eritrea
\n Tshiluba \n Niger -- Congo \n 6,300,000 ( 1991 ) \n national language of Democratic Republic of the Congo
\n Tswana \n Niger -- Congo \n 5,800,000 \n South Africa , Botswana
\n Umbundu \n Niger -- Congo \n 6,000,000 \n recognised national language of Angola
\n Xhosa \n Niger -- Congo \n 7,600,000 \n South Africa , Zimbabwe
\n Yoruba \n Niger -- Congo \n 28,000,000
\n Zulu \n Niger -- Congo \n 10,400,000 \n South Africa
\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n General ( edit )

\n \n

\n Works ( edit )

\n \n

\n Classifiers ( edit )

\n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Heine , Bernd ; Heine , Bernd , eds. ( 2000 ) . African Languages : an Introduction . Cambridge University Press .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Epstein , Edmund L. ; Kole , Robert , eds. ( 1998 ) . The Language of African Literature . Africa World Press . p. ix . ISBN 0 - 86543 - 534 - 0 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 23 . Africa is incredibly rich in language -- over 3,000 indigenous languages by some counts , and many creoles , pidgins , and lingua francas .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Ethnologue report for Nigeria '' . Ethnologue Languages of the World .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2004 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2004 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ African Union Summit 2006 Khartoum , Sudan . SARPN .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Language , Volume 61 , Issues 3 - 4 . Linguistic Society of America . 1985 . p. 695 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Blench , Roger ( 2006 ) . Archaeology , Language , and the African Past . Rowman Altamira . p. 108 . ISBN 0759104662 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Lyle Campbell & Mauricio J. Mixco , A Glossary of Historical Linguistics ( 2007 , University of Utah Press )
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ P.H. Matthews , Oxford Concise Dictionary of Linguistics ( 2007 , 2nd edition , Oxford )
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ K. Pithouse , C. Mitchell , R. Moletsane , Making Connections : Self - Study & Social Action , p. 91
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ J.A. Heese ( 1971 ) . Die herkoms van die Afrikaner , 1657 -- 1867 ( The origin of the Afrikaner ) ( in Afrikaans ) . Cape Town : A.A. Balkema . OCLC 1821706 . OL 5361614M .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Herkomst en groei van het Afrikaans - G.G. Kloeke ( 1950 )
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ The origin of Afrikaans pronunciation : a comparison to west Germanic languages and Dutch dialects - Wilbert Heeringa , Febe de Wet ( 2007 )
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Standaard Afrikaans ( PDF ) . Abel Coetzee . Afrikaner Pers. 1948 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 17 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Jean - Marie Hombert & G\u00e9rard Philippson. 2009 . `` The linguistic importance of language isolates : the African case . '' In Peter K. Austin , Oliver Bond , Monik Charette , David Nathan & Peter Sells ( eds ) . Proceedings of Conference on Language Documentation and Linguistic Theory 2 . London : SOAS .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ CIA -- The World Factbook .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ According to article 7 of The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic Archived 18 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine. : `` The official languages of the Somali Republic shall be Somali ( Maay and Maxaatiri ) and Arabic . The second languages of the Transitional Federal Government shall be English and Italian . ''
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` The languages of South Africa '' . southafrica.info .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ African languages for Africa 's development ACALAN ( French & English ) .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ The Economist , `` Tongues under threat '' , 22 January 2011 , p. 58 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` The Embassy of the Republic of Angola - Culture '' .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Census 2011 -- Home language '' ( PDF ) . Statistics South Africa . Retrieved 2 February 2010 .
    23. \n
  23. \n ^ Jump up to : Nationalencyklopedin `` V\u00e4rldens 100 st\u00f6rsta spr\u00e5k 2007 '' The World 's 100 Largest Languages in 2007
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Amharic '' .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` Arabic '' .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Berber '' .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Chichewa '' .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` English '' .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` French '' . Ethnologue.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 11 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ William Edmiston ; Annie Dumenil ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . La France contemporaine . Cengage Learning . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 305 - 80441 - 8 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` Gikuyu '' .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Ethnologue ( 2009 ) cites 18 , 5 million L1 and 15 million L2 speakers in Nigeria in 1991 ; 5.5 million L1 speakers and half that many L2 speakers in Niger in 2006 , 0.8 million in Benin in 2006 , and just over 1 million in other countries .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` Ibo - Language Information & Resources '' .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Kongo '' .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` Luganda '' .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Dholuo '' .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Malagasy '' .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` Morisyen '' .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` Ndebele '' . Ethnologue . Retrieved 20 September 2016 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` Sotho , Northern '' .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` The Future of Portuguese - The Translation Company '' .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Sotho , Southern '' .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Ethnologue report for Shona ( S. 10 ) '' .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` Somali '' . SIL International . 2013 . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Peek , Philip M. ; Kwesi Yankah ( 2004 ) . African folklore : an encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . p. 699 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 93933 - X .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` Tigrigna '' .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Luba - Kasai '' .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Tswana '' .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` Umbundu '' .
    50. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Links to related articles
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Languages of Africa
\n Sovereign states \n
    \n
  • \n Algeria
    • \n
  • \n Angola
    • \n
  • \n Benin
    • \n
  • \n Botswana
    • \n
  • \n Burkina Faso
    • \n
  • \n Burundi
    • \n
  • \n Cameroon
    • \n
  • \n Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde )
    • \n
  • \n Central African Republic
    • \n
  • \n Chad
    • \n
  • \n Comoros
    • \n
  • \n Democratic Republic of the Congo
    • \n
  • \n Republic of the Congo
    • \n
  • \n Djibouti
    • \n
  • \n Egypt
    • \n
  • \n Equatorial Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Eritrea
    • \n
  • \n Ethiopia
    • \n
  • \n Gabon
    • \n
  • \n The Gambia
    • \n
  • \n Ghana
    • \n
  • \n Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Guinea - Bissau
    • \n
  • \n Ivory Coast ( C\u00f4te d'Ivoire )
    • \n
  • \n Kenya
    • \n
  • \n Lesotho
    • \n
  • \n Liberia
    • \n
  • \n Libya
    • \n
  • \n Madagascar
    • \n
  • \n Malawi
    • \n
  • \n Mali
    • \n
  • \n Mauritania
    • \n
  • \n Mauritius
    • \n
  • \n Morocco
    • \n
  • \n Mozambique
    • \n
  • \n Namibia
    • \n
  • \n Niger
    • \n
  • \n Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Rwanda
    • \n
  • \n S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe
    • \n
  • \n Senegal
    • \n
  • \n Seychelles
    • \n
  • \n Sierra Leone
    • \n
  • \n Somalia
    • \n
  • \n South Africa
    • \n
  • \n South Sudan
    • \n
  • \n Sudan
    • \n
  • \n Swaziland
    • \n
  • \n Tanzania
    • \n
  • \n Togo
    • \n
  • \n Tunisia
    • \n
  • \n Uganda
    • \n
  • \n Zambia
    • \n
  • \n Zimbabwe
    • \n
\n
\n States with limited recognition \n
    \n
  • \n Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
    • \n
  • \n Somaliland
    • \n
\n
\n Dependencies and other territories \n
    \n
  • \n Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla / ( see also plazas de soberan\u00eda ) ( Spain )
    • \n
  • \n Madeira ( Portugal )
    • \n
  • \n Mayotte / R\u00e9union ( France )
    • \n
  • \n Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom )
    • \n
  • \n Western Sahara
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Africa articles
\n History \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chronology \n
    \n
  • \n Antiquity
      \n
    • \n North Africa
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Archaeology
    • \n
  • \n Pre-colonial kingdoms
    • \n
  • \n Bantu expansion
    • \n
  • \n Arab conquest
    • \n
  • \n Exploration
    • \n
  • \n European colonisation
    • \n
  • \n Slavery
      \n
    • \n Atlantic
      • \n
    • \n Arab
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Scramble for Africa
    • \n
  • \n Decolonisation
    • \n
\n
\n By topic \n
    \n
  • \n Economy
    • \n
  • \n Empires
    • \n
  • \n Historiography
    • \n
  • \n Military
      \n
    • \n conflicts
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n By region \n
    \n
  • \n Central
    • \n
  • \n East
    • \n
  • \n North
    • \n
  • \n South
    • \n
  • \n West
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Geography \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Countries and territories
    • \n
  • \n Highest points
    • \n
  • \n Impact craters
    • \n
  • \n Islands
    • \n
  • \n Natural history
    • \n
  • \n Regions
      \n
    • \n Central
      • \n
    • \n East
      • \n
    • \n North
      • \n
    • \n South
      • \n
    • \n West
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Rivers
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Politics \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n African Union
    • \n
  • \n Elections
    • \n
  • \n Heads of government
    • \n
  • \n Heads of state
    • \n
  • \n Human rights
      \n
    • \n LGBT rights
      • \n
    • \n Linguistic rights
      • \n
    • \n Religious rights
      • \n
    • \n Women 's rights
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n International organisations
    • \n
  • \n Pan-African Parliament
    • \n
  • \n Pan-Africanism
    • \n
  • \n Politics
      \n
    • \n parties
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n United States of Africa
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Economy \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Central banks and currencies
    • \n
  • \n Countries by GDP ( nominal )
    • \n
  • \n Countries by GDP ( PPP )
    • \n
  • \n Countries by HDI
    • \n
  • \n Education
    • \n
  • \n Internet
    • \n
  • \n Millionaires
    • \n
  • \n Natural resources
    • \n
  • \n Poverty
    • \n
  • \n Renewable energy
    • \n
  • \n Stock exchanges
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Society \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Caste systems
    • \n
  • \n Etiquette
    • \n
  • \n Health
      \n
    • \n Circumcision
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Infrastructure
    • \n
  • \n Languages
    • \n
  • \n Philosophy
    • \n
\n
\n Culture \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Architecture
    • \n
  • \n Art
      \n
    • \n contemporary
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Cinema
      \n
    • \n films
      • \n
    • \n film festivals
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Cuisine
    • \n
  • \n Literature
      \n
    • \n writers by country
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Media
      \n
    • \n Newspapers
      • \n
    • \n Radio
      • \n
    • \n TV
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Music
      \n
    • \n musicians
        \n
      • \n guitarists
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Religion
      \n
    • \n Irreligion
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n World Heritage Sites
    • \n
\n
\n Sport \n
    \n
  • \n African Cricket Association
    • \n
  • \n African Games
    • \n
  • \n Afro - Asian Games
    • \n
  • \n Australian - rules football
    • \n
  • \n Confederation of African Football
      \n
    • \n Africa Cup of Nations
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n FIBA Africa
    • \n
  • \n Rugby Africa
      \n
    • \n Africa Cup
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Stadiums by capacity
    • \n
  • \n Tour d'Afrique
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Demographics \n
    \n
  • \n Countries by population
      \n
    • \n density
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Emigration
    • \n
  • \n Ethnic groups
    • \n
  • \n HIV / AIDS
    • \n
  • \n Urbanization
      \n
    • \n cities
      • \n
    • \n metropolitan areas
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n By year \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2005
    • \n
  • \n 2006
    • \n
  • \n 2007
    • \n
  • \n 2008
    • \n
  • \n 2009
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2011
    • \n
  • \n 2012
    • \n
  • \n 2013
    • \n
  • \n 2014
    • \n
  • \n 2015
    • \n
  • \n 2016
    • \n
  • \n 2017
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Outline
    • \n
  • \n Index
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Countries and languages lists
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide ) Countries
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n By languages \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Spoken \n
    \n
  • \n Countries by spoken languages
    • \n
\n
\n Official \n
    \n
  • \n Countries by the number of recognized official languages
    • \n
  • \n Arabic
    • \n
  • \n Chinese
    • \n
  • \n Dutch / Afrikaans
    • \n
  • \n English
    • \n
  • \n French
    • \n
  • \n German
    • \n
  • \n Malay
    • \n
  • \n Portuguese
    • \n
  • \n Romanian
    • \n
  • \n Russian
    • \n
  • \n Spanish
    • \n
  • \n Tamil
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Endonyms \n
    \n
  • \n Countries and capitals in native languages
    • \n
\n
\n Exonyms \n
    \n
  • \n Country names in various languages
      \n
    • \n A -- C
      • \n
    • \n D -- I
      • \n
    • \n J -- P
      • \n
    • \n Q -- Z
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Languages of the European Union
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide ) Languages
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n By continent \n
    \n
  • \n Africa
    • \n
  • \n Americas
      \n
    • \n North
      • \n
    • \n South
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Asia
      \n
    • \n East
      • \n
    • \n South
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Europe
    • \n
  • \n Oceania
    • \n
\n
\n By country \n
    \n
  • \n Official languages
      \n
    • \n by state
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n List of languages without official status
    • \n
  • \n Countries by the number of recognized official languages
    • \n
  • \n Languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language
    • \n
\n
\n By population \n
    \n
  • \n By number of native speakers
    • \n
  • \n By number of total speakers
    • \n
  • \n Languages in censuses
    • \n
\n
\n By family \n
    \n
  • \n Language families
    • \n
\n
\n Language - based geopolitical organizations \n
    \n
  • \n Arab League ( Arabic )
    • \n
  • \n Dutch Language Union ( Dutch )
    • \n
  • \n English Speaking Union
    • \n
  • \n Francophonie ( French )
    • \n
  • \n Community of Portuguese Language Countries ( Portuguese )
    • \n
  • \n Pa\u00edses Africanos de L\u00edngua Oficial Portuguesa ( Portuguese )
    • \n
  • \n Latin Union ( Romance )
    • \n
  • \n Hispanidad ( Spanish )
    • \n
  • \n Turkic Council ( Turkic )
    • \n
  • \n International Organization of Turkic Culture ( Turkic )
    • \n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n Lists of languages
    • \n
  • \n Category : Languages
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n LCCN : sh85001729
    • \n
  • \n GND : 4120108 - 5
    • \n
  • \n SUDOC : 027235920
    • \n
  • \n BNF : cb119321874 ( data )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_Africa&oldid=819520369 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n Languages

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "how many languages do they speak in africa", "long_answers": ["The total number of languages natively spoken in Africa is variously estimated ( depending on the delineation of language vs. dialect ) at between 1,250 to 2,100 , and by some counts at `` over 3,000 '' , Nigeria alone has over 500 languages ( according to the count of SIL Ethnologue ) , one of the greatest concentrations of linguistic diversity in the world .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Anderson Paak - Wikipedia

\n Anderson Paak

\n Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Anderson Park . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Anderson . Paak
\n Paak in Rockaway Beach , 2015
\n Background information
\n Birth name \n Brandon Paak Anderson
\n Also known as \n Breezy Lovejoy ( 2009 -- 12 )
\n \n ( 1986 - 02 - 08 ) February 8 , 1986 ( age 31 ) Oxnard , California , United States
\n Genres \n
    \n
  • \n Hip hop
    • \n
  • \n R&B
    • \n
  • \n funk
    • \n
  • \n soul
    • \n
\n
\n Occupation ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Singer
    • \n
  • \n songwriter
    • \n
  • \n rapper
    • \n
  • \n record producer
    • \n
\n
\n Instruments \n
    \n
  • \n Vocals
    • \n
  • \n drums
    • \n
  • \n percussion
    • \n
  • \n keyboards
    • \n
\n
\n Years active \n 2009 -- present
\n Labels \n
    \n
  • \n Stones Throw
    • \n
  • \n Steel Wool
    • \n
  • \n OBE
    • \n
  • \n ArtClub
    • \n
  • \n Empire
    • \n
  • \n Aftermath
    • \n
\n
\n Associated acts \n
    \n
  • \n NxWorries
    • \n
  • \n Knxwledge
    • \n
  • \n Dr. Dre
    • \n
  • \n Earl Sweatshirt
    • \n
  • \n KAYTRANADA
    • \n
  • \n Watsky
    • \n
  • \n Dean
    • \n
\n
\n Website \n www.andersonpaak.com
\n

\n Brandon Paak Anderson ( born February 8 , 1986 ) , better known by his stage name Anderson Paak ( stylized as Anderson . Paak ) , is an American singer , songwriter , drummer , rapper and record producer from Oxnard , California . He released his debut album , O.B.E. Vol. 1 in 2012 , under the pseudonym Breezy Lovejoy . He went on to release Venice in 2014 , under his current moniker . Paak followed with Malibu , in 2016 , which received a nomination for Best Urban Contemporary Album at the Grammy Awards . Apart from his solo career , Paak is also one - half of NxWorries , alongside record producer Knxwledge . He is accompanied by the band The Free Nationals , who play a variety of instruments such as electric guitar , bass , piano , keyboards , and drums , and also serve as backing vocalists .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Early Life ( edit )

\n

\n Paak was born in Oxnard , California in 1986 . He is half - African American . At the age of seven , Paak witnessed his estranged father attack his mother : `` My little sister and I went out front , and my pops was on top of my mom . There was blood in the street . He was arrested , and that was the last time I saw him . I think he did 14 years . ''

\n

\n Career ( edit )

\n

\n Paak began producing music from his bedroom as a teenager , while attending Foothill Technology High School . His first experiences performing were as a drummer at his family 's church where he met and married his first wife . After a few years , they divorced , and when Paak was teaching at a music school , he met his second wife , a music student from South Korea . In 2011 , prior to being a successful working musician , Paak was working at a marijuana farm in Santa Barbara . He was let go without warning , becoming homeless together with his wife and infant son .

\n

\n In 2011 , Paak had started earning acceptance in the Los Angeles music world as he worked on his debut album . Shafiq Husayn of Sa - Ra helped Paak recover financially from losing his job in Santa Barbara by employing him as an assistant , videographer , editor , writer and producer . He completed O.B.E. Vol. 1 and released the album in mid-2012 . He became the drummer for American Idol contestant Haley Reinhart .

\n Paak performing in July 2016

\n On November 27 , 2013 , Paak produced and recorded Cover Art , an all - covers EP . Paak was inspired by the white artists of the 1950s who achieved commercial success by remaking songs written by black blues and R&B singers , while hardly ever compensating the original artists . Cover Art reversed the process and transformed folk and rock classics from white musicians into a mold of soul , jazz , hip hop , and R&B . The album was released by the independent Hellfyre Club and OBE labels . Paak was the lead producer for Watsky 's 2014 album All You Can Do and is featured on three of its tracks .

\n

\n On October 28 , 2014 , Paak released Venice , his debut album as Anderson . Paak , on OBE and Steel Wool . Paak performed on six songs on Dr. Dre 's 2015 album Compton and two on The Game 's The Documentary 2 . In October 2015 , he announced that he had recorded material with ScHoolboy Q and 9th Wonder . Paak released his second album , Malibu , on January 15 , 2016 , to critical acclaim .

\n

\n In January 2016 , he indicated that he had been recording with Flying Lotus . On January 30 , 2016 , Paak spoke with Scott Simon of NPR 's Weekend Edition Saturday in an interview entitled : `` Anderson . Paak : ' The Dot Stands For Detail ' '' about his tumultuous background as a child of mixed - race parents , the significance of `` . '' ( dot ) Paak , his apprenticeship with Dr. Dre and how all of these influences shaped his music . On January 30 , Paak announced via Twitter he has signed to Dr. Dre 's Aftermath Entertainment .

\n

\n In 2016 , Paak was named one of the XXL Freshman , along with Lil Dicky , Desiigner , Dave East , Denzel Curry , Lil Yachty , G Herbo , Lil Uzi Vert , 21 Savage , & Kodak Black . He said he always sends his ideas to Dr. Dre and the two work very fast .

\n

\n The Free Nationals -- Band members ( edit )

\n \n

\n Discography ( edit )

\n

\n Albums ( edit )

\n \n List of studio albums , with selected chart positions \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Title \n Album details \n Peak chart positions
\n US \n US R&B \n US Vinyl \n AUS \n CAN \n FRA \n NL \n NZ \n SWI
\n O.B.E. Vol. 1 ( as Breezy Lovejoy ) \n
    \n
  • \n Released : June 26 , 2012
    • \n
  • \n Label : Jakarta Records
    • \n
  • \n Format : LP , digital download
    • \n
\n 		\n -- \n -- \n -- \n -- \n -- \n -- \n -- \n -- \n --
\n Lovejoy ( as Breezy Lovejoy ) \n
    \n
  • \n Released : October 31 , 2012
    • \n
  • \n Label : Self - released
    • \n
  • \n Format : Digital download
    • \n
\n 		\n -- \n -- \n -- \n -- \n -- \n -- \n -- \n -- \n --
\n Venice \n
    \n
  • \n Released : October 28 , 2014
    • \n
  • \n Label : Steel Wool , OBE , Empire
    • \n
  • \n Format : CD , LP , digital download
    • \n
\n 		\n -- \n -- \n -- \n -- \n -- \n -- \n -- \n -- \n --
\n Malibu \n
    \n
  • \n Released : January 15 , 2016
    • \n
  • \n Label : Steel Wool , OBE , Art Club , Empire
    • \n
  • \n Format : CD , LP , digital download
    • \n
\n 		\n 79 \n 9 \n 17 \n 85 \n 88 \n 92 \n 18 \n 39 \n 33
\n Yes Lawd ! ( with Knxwledge as NxWorries ) \n
    \n
  • \n Released : October 21 , 2016
    • \n
  • \n Label : Stones Throw Records
    • \n
  • \n Format : CD , LP , digital download
    • \n
\n 		\n 59 \n \n 5 \n 48 \n -- \n -- \n 82 \n -- \n --
\n

\n Extended plays ( edit )

\n \n List of extended plays , with selected details \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Title \n Details
\n Violets Are Blue ( as Breezy Lovejoy ) \n
    \n
  • \n Released : February 14 , 2010
    • \n
  • \n Label : Block Cheddar
    • \n
  • \n Format : Digital download
    • \n
\n
\n Cover Art \n
    \n
  • \n Released : December 4 , 2013
    • \n
  • \n Label : Hellfyre Club
    • \n
  • \n Format : Digital download
    • \n
\n
\n The Anderson . Paak EP ( with Blended Babies ) \n
    \n
  • \n Released : September 28 , 2015
    • \n
  • \n Label : BBMG
    • \n
  • \n Format : Digital download
    • \n
\n
\n Link Up & Suede ( with Knxwledge , as NxWorries ) \n
    \n
  • \n Released : December 4 , 2015
    • \n
  • \n Label : Stones Throw Records
    • \n
  • \n Format : CD , digital download
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Singles ( edit )

\n \n List of singles , with selected chart positions , showing year released and album name \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Title \n Year \n Peak chart positions \n Certifications \n Album
\n US \n US R&B
\n `` Drugs '' \n 2014 \n -- \n -- \n \n Venice
\n `` Miss Right '' \n -- \n -- \n
\n `` Suede '' ( with Knxwledge , as NxWorries ) \n 2015 \n -- \n -- \n \n Link Up & Suede
\n `` The Season / Carry Me '' \n -- \n -- \n \n Malibu
\n `` Am I Wrong '' ( featuring ScHoolboy Q ) \n -- \n -- \n
\n `` Link Up '' ( with Knxwledge , as NxWorries ) \n -- \n -- \n \n Link Up & Suede
\n `` Room in Here '' ( featuring The Game ) \n -- \n -- \n \n Malibu
\n `` Come Down '' ( featuring T.I. ) \n 2016 \n -- \n -- \n
\n `` -- '' denotes a title that did not chart , or was not released in that territory .
\n

\n Guest appearances ( edit )

\n \n List of guest appearances , with other performing artists , showing year released and album name \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Title \n Year \n Other performer ( s ) \n Album
\n `` Do Thangs '' \n 2009 \n Afro Classics \n The Classic EP
\n `` The Follow Through ''
\n `` Sing My Song '' \n \n Verbs \n The Progress EP 2 : Fuck Yea Man
\n `` Cell Phone '' \n 2011 \n Dumbfoundead \n DFD
\n `` Bitch ''
\n `` No More Sunny Days ''
\n `` Body High '' \n 2012 \n Love Everyday EP
\n `` Wine '' \n Take the Stares
\n `` Fuck It ''
\n `` Drinking Alone ''
\n `` Much Better '' \n Verbs \n The Progress EP 3 : Manifest Awesome
\n `` Dreaming Out Loud '' \n Mike B . \n Dear Michael , You 're Welcome
\n `` Summer Breeze '' \n 2013 \n EOM \n ForAllWeKnow
\n `` I 'm on It ''
\n `` AimShootReload ''
\n `` Prelection '' \n Jose Rios \n To Live and Grow in LA
\n `` Sweet Day ''
\n `` Feels Good '' \n Wax \n Continue
\n `` Too Much to Ask '' \n 2014 \n Nocando \n Jimmy the Burnout
\n `` Stand for Something '' \n Watsky \n All You Can Do
\n `` Ink Do n't Bleed ''
\n `` Hand Over Hand ''
\n `` My Supernova '' \n Tiron & Ayomari \n A Sucker for Pumps : Limited Edition
\n `` It 's Better for You '' \n Shafiq Husayn \n N / A
\n `` A Day Trip to the Nightosphere '' \n Milo \n A Toothpaste Suburb
\n `` Realla '' \n Tokimonsta \n Desiderium
\n `` New Days '' \n Kush Mody \n Creature Comforts and a Collection of Songs
\n `` Freight Train ''
\n `` Locked ''
\n `` Sexy Sadie ''
\n `` Get Along '' \n 2015 \n EOM \n Sunrain
\n `` Green Light '' \n Jonwayne \n Jonwayne Is Retired
\n `` Til It 's Done '' \n DJ Premier , BMB Spacekid \n N / A
\n `` Shifty '' \n Mike Gao
\n `` Own Life '' \n Vindata \n Through Time and Space ...
\n `` Liberation '' \n Sir \n Seven Sundays
\n `` Cold Crush '' \n Jose Rios \n Jose Rios
\n `` All in a Day 's Work '' \n Dr. Dre , Marsha Ambrosius \n Compton
\n `` Issues '' \n Dr. Dre , Ice Cube , Dem Jointz
\n `` Deep Water '' \n Dr. Dre , Kendrick Lamar , Justus
\n `` For the Love of Money '' \n Dr. Dre , Jon Connor , Jill Scott
\n `` Animals '' \n Dr. Dre
\n `` Medicine Man '' \n Dr. Dre , Eminem , Candice Pillay
\n `` Magnus Carlsen '' \n The Game \n The Documentary 2.5
\n `` Crenshaw / 80s and Cocaine '' \n The Game , Sonyae Elise
\n `` The Strip '' \n MED , Blu , Madlib \n Bad Neighbor
\n `` Bloomingdales '' \n White Boiz \n Neighborhood Wonderful
\n `` Worlds to Run '' \n Busdriver \n Thumbs
\n `` Unique '' \n GoldLink \n And After That , We Did n't Talk
\n `` Put It Down '' \n Tokimonsta \n Fovere
\n `` Found in You '' \n N / A
\n `` Put My Hands on You '' \n Dean
\n `` Church '' ( West Coast Remix ) \n BJ the Chicago Kid
\n `` Dance Off '' \n 2016 \n Macklemore , Ryan Lewis , Idris Elba \n This Unruly Mess I 've Made
\n `` IT G MA Remix ( josh pan Opus ) '' \n Keith Ape \n N / A
\n `` Dapper '' \n Domo Genesis \n Genesis
\n `` Glowed Up '' \n Kaytranada \n 99.9 %
\n `` Blessings ( Reprise ) '' \n Chance the Rapper \n Coloring Book
\n `` Money on Me '' \n Snakehips \n Money on Me
\n `` Blank Face '' \n ScHoolboy Q \n Blank Face LP
\n `` No Slaves '' \n Knox Brown \n Searching
\n `` Responsibilities '' \n Thane , BJ the Chicago Kid \n Topia
\n `` Dang ! '' \n Mac Miller \n The Divine Feminine
\n `` Movin Backwards '' \n A Tribe Called Quest \n We Got It from Here ... Thank You 4 Your Service
\n `` OooWee '' \n Rapsody \n Crown / Laila 's Wisdom
\n `` It Do n't Matter '' \n 2017 \n Moonbase \n N / A
\n `` New LA '' \n SiR , King Mez \n Her Too
\n `` Nobody '' '' \n Rapsody , Black Thought , Moonchild \n Laila 's Wisdom
\n

\n Awards and nominations ( edit )

\n

\n BET hip hop Awards ( edit )

\n

\n The BET Hip Hop Awards are an annual awards show , airing on BET , showcasing hip hop performers , producers and music video directors .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Nominee / work \n Award \n Result \n Ref .
\n 2016 \n Anderson . Paak \n Best New Hip Hop Artist \n Nominated \n
\n

\n Grammy Awards ( edit )

\n

\n The Grammy Awards are annual awards presented by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English - language music industry .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Nominee / work \n Award \n Result \n Ref .
\n 2017 \n Anderson . Paak \n Best New Artist \n Nominated \n
\n Malibu \n Best Urban Contemporary Album \n Nominated
\n

\n Soul Train music Awards ( edit )

\n

\n The Soul Train Music Awards is an annual award show which previously aired in national television syndication , and honors the best in Black music and entertainment .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Nominee / work \n Award \n Result \n Ref .
\n 2016 \n Anderson . Paak \n Best New Artist \n Nominated \n
\n Centric Certified Award \n Won
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Munday , Matt ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` Anderson Paak : ' If Dre had called five years ago , I do n't think I 'd have been ready ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 July 2017 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Kennedy , Gerrick D. ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Anderson . Paak hits big time in L.A. after struggling up the road but a world away in Oxnard '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 10 July 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Reeves , Mosi ( November 1 , 2014 ) . `` 10 New Artists You Need To Know : November 2014 -- Anderson Paak '' . Rolling Stone .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Review : Anderson . Paak More Than Makes Up for Lost Time on ' Malibu ' '' . spin.com .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` R&B Singer Anderson Paak Has a Curious New Project '' . laweekly.com . Retrieved 15 January 2016 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Martins , Chris ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Anderson Paak : Dr. Dre 's Golden Child Goes From Protege to Solo Star '' . Billboard Magazine .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Breakfast Club Power 105.1 FM ( 2016 - 07 - 28 ) , Anderson . Paak Interview With The Breakfast Club ( 7 - 28 - 16 ) , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Jeff ( November 27 , 2013 ) . `` R&B singer Anderson Paak has a curious new project '' . LA Weekly .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Tomorrow with Anderson . Paak & The Free Nationals ( LIVE ) '' . theecho.com . Retrieved 15 January 2016 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Cover Art '' . hellfyreclub.bandcamp.com . Retrieved 15 January 2016 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Life After Dre : Anderson . Paak on `` Compton , '' Style & His New Album - DJBooth `` . DJBooth.net . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 23 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 6 Music - Gilles Peterson , Ed Motta and Anderson . Paak '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2016 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Anderson . Paak : ' The Dot Stands For Detail ' '' . npr.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` Andy $ ide $ tick on Twitter : `` Aftermath gets the last laugh \ud83d\udca8 \ud83c\udf43 \ud83c\udf42 \ud83c\udf43 '' . Twitter . 2016 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 12 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Smith , Trevor ( 19 November 2016 ) . `` Anderson Paak describes relationship with Dr. Dre '' . Retrieved 19 November 2016 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Anderson Paak -- Chart history : Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Anderson Paak -- Chart history : R&B / Hip - Hop Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/6845246/anderson-paak/chart?f=1177
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Anderson Paak peaks in Australia : \n
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Anderson Paak -- Chart history : Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Discografie Anderson . Paak '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Charts . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Discography Anderson . Paak '' . New Zealand Charts . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 5 , 2011 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/come-down-feat.-t.i.-single/id1115957129
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Vulpo , Mike ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` BET Hip Hop Awards 2016 Winners : The Complete List '' . E ! Online News . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` 59th Annual GRAMMY Awards Winners & Nominees - GRAMMY.com '' . GRAMMY.com . The Recording Academy . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( November 27 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Soul Train Awards : See the Full Winners List '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 .
    27. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Anderson Paak
\n Studio albums \n
    \n
  • \n Venice ( 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n Malibu ( 2016 )
    • \n
\n
\n Collaborative EPs & albums \n
    \n
  • \n Link Up & Suede ( 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Yes Lawd ! ( 2016 )
    • \n
\n
\n Singles \n
    \n
  • \n `` Suede ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Link Up ''
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n NxWorries
      \n
    • \n Knxwledge
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anderson_Paak&oldid=822288617 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "when does the soul train music awards come on tv", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Easter Bunny - wikipedia

\n Easter Bunny

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n Easter Bunny \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n A 1907 postcard featuring the Easter Bunny
\n Grouping \n Legendary creature
\n Sub grouping \n Animal
\n Mythology \n Folkloric figure and symbol of Easter
\n Other name ( s ) \n Easter Rabbit , Easter Hare
\n Country \n Germany
\n Habitat \n Grass
\n

\n The Easter Bunny ( also called the Easter Rabbit or Easter Hare ) is a folkloric figure and symbol of Easter , depicted as a rabbit bringing Easter eggs . Originating among German Lutherans , the `` Easter Hare '' originally played the role of a judge , evaluating whether children were good or disobedient in behavior at the start of the season of Eastertide . The Easter Bunny is sometimes depicted with clothes . In legend , the creature carries colored eggs in his basket , candy , and sometimes also toys to the homes of children , and as such shows similarities to Santa Claus or the Christkind , as they both bring gifts to children on the night before their respective holidays . The custom was first mentioned in Georg Franck von Franckenau 's De ovis paschalibus ( ' About Easter Eggs ' ) in 1682 , referring to a German tradition of an Easter Hare bringing Easter eggs for the children .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Symbols

\n

\n Rabbits and hares

\n

\n The hare was a popular motif in medieval church art . In ancient times , it was widely believed ( as by Pliny , Plutarch , Philostratus , and Aelian ) that the hare was a hermaphrodite . The idea that a hare could reproduce without loss of virginity led to an association with the Virgin Mary , with hares sometimes occurring in illuminated manuscripts and Northern European paintings of the Virgin and Christ Child . It may also have been associated with the Holy Trinity , as in the three hares motif . Eggs , like rabbits and hares , are fertility symbols of antiquity . Since birds lay eggs and rabbits and hares give birth to large litters in the early spring , these became symbols of the rising fertility of the earth at the Vernal Equinox .

\n

\n Rabbits and hares are both prolific breeders . Female hares can conceive a second litter of offspring while still pregnant with the first . This phenomenon is known as superfetation . Lagomorphs mature sexually at an early age and can give birth to several litters a year ( hence the saying , `` to breed like rabbits '' or `` to breed like bunnies '' ) . It is therefore not surprising that rabbits and hares should become fertility symbols , or that their springtime mating antics should enter into Easter folklore .

\n

\n Eggs

\n Main articles : Easter egg and Egg decorating

\n In addition , Orthodox churches have a custom of abstaining from eggs during the fast of Lent . The only way to keep them from being wasted was to boil or roast them , and begin eating them to break the fast . As a special dish , they would probably have been decorated as part of the celebrations . Later , German Protestants retained the custom of eating colored eggs for Easter , though they did not continue the tradition of fasting . Eggs boiled with some flowers change their color , bringing the spring into the homes , and some over time added the custom of decorating the eggs . Many Christians of the Eastern Orthodox Church to this day typically dye their Easter eggs red , the color of blood , in recognition of the blood of the sacrificed Christ ( and , of the renewal of life in springtime ) . Some also use the color green , in honor of the new foliage emerging after the long - dead time of winter . The Ukrainian art of decorating eggs for Easter , known as pysanky , dates to ancient , pre-Christian times . Similar variants of this form of artwork are seen amongst other eastern and central European cultures .

\n

\n The idea of an egg - giving hare went to the U.S. in the 18th century . Protestant German immigrants in the Pennsylvania Dutch area told their children about the `` Osterhase '' ( sometimes spelled `` Oschter Haws '' ) . Hase means `` hare '' , not rabbit , and in Northwest European folklore the `` Easter Bunny '' indeed is a hare . According to the legend , only good children received gifts of colored eggs in the nests that they made in their caps and bonnets before Easter .

\n \n

\n Association with \u0112ostre

\n

\n In his 1835 Deutsche Mythologie , Jacob Grimm states `` The Easter Hare is unintelligible to me , but probably the hare was the sacred animal of Ostara '' . This proposed association was repeated by other authors including Charles Isaac Elton and Charles J Billson . In 1961 Christina Hole wrote , `` The hare was the sacred beast of Eastre ( or Eostre ) , a Saxon goddess of Spring and of the dawn . '' The belief that \u0112ostre had a hare companion who became the Easter Bunny was popularized when it was presented as fact in the BBC documentary Shadow of the Hare ( 1993 ) .

\n

\n The Oxford Dictionary of English Folklore however states `` ... there is no shred of evidence '' that hares were sacred to \u0112ostre , noting that Bede does not associate her with any animal .

\n

\n Transformed bird

\n

\n Sarah Ben Breathnach in Mrs Sharp 's Traditions ( 1990 ) provides an origin story for the Easter Bunny : `` According to legend , Eostre 's favorite animal was a large handsome bird , which in a fit of anger she turned into a hare . '' Another version of this story , in which \u0112ostre transforms the bird into a hare in an act of mercy , was written by Jean - Andrew Dickmann and appeared in Cricket magazine . Both Breathnach and Dickmann present their respective ' transformed bird ' stories as if they were legend , though no earlier version of either has been attested .

\n

\n See also

\n \n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Cross , Gary ( 2004 ) . Wondrous Innocence and Modern American Children 's Culture . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0195348133 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Easter Bunny - What Does He Have To Do With Easter ? , occultcenter.com
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Franck von Franckenau , Georg ( 1682 ) . Disputatione ordinaria disquirens de ovis paschalibus / von Oster - Eyern . Satyrae Medicae . XVIII . Heidelberg . p. 6 . Retrieved 18 July 2013 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Chapman , Chris ( 2004 ) . `` What does the Symbol Mean ? '' . Three Hares Project . Retrieved 20 April 2014 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Marta Powell Harley . `` Rosalind , the hare , and the hyena in Shakespeare 's As You Like It '' . Shakespeare Quarterly .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Sir Thomas Browne ( 1646 ; 6th ed. , 1672 ) Pseudodoxia Epidemica III : xvii ( pp. 162 - 166 ) '' .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Three Hares as representation of the Trinity '' . Threehares.blogspot.com. 2006 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 29 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Heller , Steven ( April 2014 ) . `` Seeing Rabbits '' . Academic Search Complete ( Vol. 68 Issue 2 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Martinez - Gomez , Margarita ( September 2004 ) . `` Overlapping litters and reproductive performance in the domestic rabbit '' . Academic Search Complete ( Vol. 82 Issue 4 ) . Physiology & Behavior . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Lumpkin , Susan ; John Seidensticker ( 2011 ) . Rabbits : The Animal Answer Guide . JHU Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 9789 - 0 . p. 122 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Shrove Tuesday Pancakes ! by Bridget Haggerty - Irish Culture & Customs , World Cultures European , paragraph 5 line 2 refers to the Catholic custom of abstaining from eggs during Lent . Accessed 3 / 1 / 08
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Snodgrass , Lucie L. ( March 2005 ) . `` DYED IN Tradition '' . Academic Search Complete ( Issue 329 ) . Vegetarian Times . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ How To Dye Red Eggs with Onion Skins for Greek Easter by Nancy Gaifyllia from Your Guide to Greek Food on About.Com Accessed April 9 , 2008
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Hallett , Vicky ( March 31 , 2003 ) . `` Egg - cellent art '' . Academic Search Complete ( Vol. 134 Issue 10 ) . U.S. News & World Report . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Gru\u00df vom Osterhasen : Oschter Haws Song : GERMAN WORLD MAGAZINE '' . Germanworldonline.com. 2011 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 31 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Easter Symbols Archived 2008 - 03 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . from Lutheran Hour Ministries . Accessed 2 / 28 / 08
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Charles Isaac Elton ( 1890 ) , Origins of English History
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Charles J Billson ( 1892 ) , Folk - Lore vol 3 issue 4
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Christina Hole ( 1961 ) Easter and its Customs
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Attenborough , Sir David ( Presenter ) ( April 12 , 1993 ) . Wildlife on One Easter Special Shadow of the Hare ( Television ) . United Kingdom : BBC .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Jacqueline Simpson and Stephen Roud ( 2000 ) , A Dictionary of English Folklore
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Sarah Ben Breathnach ( 1990 ) , Mrs Sharp 's Traditions : Reviving Victorian Family Celebrations of Comfort and Joy
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Jean - Andrew Dickmann ( 2002 ) , The Coming of Eostre , Cricket magazine vol 29 issue 7
    24. \n
\n

\n External links

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Easter Bunny .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Easter
\n Main topics \n
    \n
  • \n Controversies
    • \n
  • \n Date
    • \n
  • \n Easter Sunday
    • \n
  • \n Etymology
    • \n
  • \n Observances
    • \n
  • \n Traditions
    • \n
\n
\n Christianity \n
    \n
  • \n Apostles ' Fast
    • \n
  • \n Bright Week
    • \n
  • \n Burial of Jesus
    • \n
  • \n Crucifixion of Jesus
    • \n
  • \n Dormition of the Theotokos
    • \n
  • \n Easter Monday
    • \n
  • \n Easter Vigil
    • \n
  • \n Epitaphios
    • \n
  • \n Exsultet
    • \n
  • \n Good Friday
    • \n
  • \n Good Friday Prayer
    • \n
  • \n Good Friday prayer for the Jews
    • \n
  • \n Great Lent
    • \n
  • \n Holy Week
    • \n
  • \n Jesus
    • \n
  • \n Last Supper
    • \n
  • \n Lent
    • \n
  • \n Lumen Christi
    • \n
  • \n Maundy Thursday
    • \n
  • \n Myrrhbearers
    • \n
  • \n Paschal candle
    • \n
  • \n Paschal cycle
    • \n
  • \n Paschal greeting
    • \n
  • \n Paschal Homily
    • \n
  • \n Paschal Tide
    • \n
  • \n Paschal trikirion
    • \n
  • \n Paschal troparion
    • \n
  • \n The Passion
    • \n
  • \n Pentecostarion
    • \n
  • \n Resurrection of Jesus
    • \n
  • \n Tenebrae
    • \n
\n
\n Traditions \n
    \n
  • \n Artos
    • \n
  • \n Burning of Judas
    • \n
  • \n Cascar\u00f3n
    • \n
  • \n Clipping the church
    • \n
  • \n Croatian pisanica
    • \n
  • \n Crucession
    • \n
  • \n Easter basket
    • \n
  • \n Easter Bilby
    • \n
  • \n Easter bonnet
    • \n
  • \n Easter Bunny
    • \n
  • \n Easter egg
    • \n
  • \n Easter egg tree
    • \n
  • \n Easter postcard
    • \n
  • \n Easter Sepulchre
    • \n
  • \n Egg dance
    • \n
  • \n Egg decorating
    • \n
  • \n Egg decorating in Slavic culture
    • \n
  • \n Egg hunt
    • \n
  • \n Egg rolling
    • \n
  • \n Egg tapping
    • \n
  • \n Egg tossing
    • \n
  • \n Fasika
    • \n
  • \n Gorzkie \u017cale
    • \n
  • \n Holy Fire
    • \n
  • \n Holy Week procession
    • \n
  • \n Lieldienas
    • \n
  • \n Osterbrunnen
    • \n
  • \n Pace Egg play
    • \n
  • \n Polish pisanka
    • \n
  • \n Pysanka
    • \n
  • \n Radonitsa
    • \n
  • \n Rouketopolemos
    • \n
  • \n Saitopolemos
    • \n
  • \n Scoppio del carro
    • \n
  • \n Sunrise service
    • \n
  • \n \u015awi\u0119conka
    • \n
  • \n Traditional Easter games and customs
    • \n
\n
\n Media \n
    \n
  • \n Film
    • \n
  • \n Fiction
    • \n
  • \n Songs
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Computus
    • \n
  • \n Dionysius Exiguus ' Easter table
    • \n
  • \n Easter controversy
    • \n
  • \n Easter Epic
    • \n
  • \n Ecclesiastical new moon
    • \n
  • \n Paschal Full Moon
    • \n
  • \n Pussy willow
    • \n
  • \n Reform of the date of Easter
    • \n
\n
\n Related events \n
    \n
  • \n Divine Mercy Sunday
    • \n
  • \n Easter Monday
    • \n
  • \n Easter Tuesday
    • \n
  • \n Easter Wednesday
    • \n
  • \n Easter Thursday
    • \n
  • \n Easter Friday
    • \n
  • \n Easter Saturday
    • \n
  • \n Eastertide
    • \n
  • \n Easter Triduum
    • \n
  • \n Easter Week
    • \n
  • \n Good Friday
    • \n
  • \n Holy Saturday
    • \n
  • \n Maundy Thursday
    • \n
  • \n Mid-Pentecost
    • \n
  • \n Octave of Easter
    • \n
  • \n Palm Sunday
    • \n
  • \n Pentecost
    • \n
  • \n Pre-Lenten Season
    • \n
  • \n Trinity Sunday
    • \n
\n
\n Society \n
    \n
  • \n \u0112ostre
    • \n
  • \n Maslenitsa
    • \n
  • \n Salzburg Easter Festival
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n GND : 4172936 - 5
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easter_Bunny&oldid=835456319 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where did the easter eggs and bunny come from", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Santa Claus - wikipedia

\n Santa Claus

\n Jump to : navigation , search `` Santa '' redirects here . For other uses , see Santa ( disambiguation ) . This article is about the legendary character . For other uses , see Santa Claus ( disambiguation ) . 1881 illustration by Thomas Nast who , along with Clement Clarke Moore 's poem A Visit from St. Nicholas , helped to create the modern image of Santa Claus The modern portrayal of Santa Claus frequently depicts him listening to the Christmas wishes of different children .

\n Santa Claus , also known as Saint Nicholas , Kris Kringle , Father Christmas , or simply Santa , is a legendary figure originating in Western Christian culture who is said to bring gifts to the homes of well - behaved ( `` good '' or `` nice '' ) children on Christmas Eve ( 24 December ) and the early morning hours of Christmas Day ( 25 December ) . The modern Santa Claus grew out of traditions surrounding the historical Saint Nicholas ( a fourth - century Greek bishop and gift - giver of Myra ) , the British figure of Father Christmas and the Dutch figure of Sinterklaas ( himself also based on Saint Nicholas ) . Some maintain Santa Claus also absorbed elements of the Germanic god Wodan , who was associated with the pagan midwinter event of Yule and led the Wild Hunt , a ghostly procession through the sky .

\n

\n Santa Claus is generally depicted as a portly , joyous , white - bearded man -- sometimes with spectacles -- wearing a red coat with white fur collar and cuffs , white - fur - cuffed red trousers , a red hat with white fur and black leather belt and boots and who carries a bag full of gifts for children . This image became popular in the United States and Canada in the 19th century due to the significant influence of the 1823 poem `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' and of caricaturist and political cartoonist Thomas Nast . This image has been maintained and reinforced through song , radio , television , children 's books , films , and advertising .

\n

\n Santa Claus is said to make lists of children throughout the world , categorizing them according to their behavior ( `` good '' and `` bad '' , or `` naughty '' and `` nice '' ) and to deliver presents , including toys , and candy to all of the well - behaved children in the world , and coal to all the misbehaved children , on the single night of Christmas Eve . He accomplishes this feat with the aid of his elves , who make the toys in his workshop at the North Pole , and his flying reindeer , who pull his sleigh . He is commonly portrayed as living at the North Pole , and often laughing in a way that sounds like `` ho ho ho '' .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Predecessor figures

\n

\n Saint Nicholas

\n A 13th - century depiction of St. Nicholas from Saint Catherine 's Monastery , Sinai Main article : Saint Nicholas

\n Saint Nicholas of Myra was a 4th - century Greek Christian bishop of Myra ( now Demre ) in Lycia , a province of the Byzantine Empire , now in Turkey . Nicholas was famous for his generous gifts to the poor , in particular presenting the three impoverished daughters of a pious Christian with dowries so that they would not have to become prostitutes . He was very religious from an early age and devoted his life entirely to Christianity . In continental Europe ( more precisely the Netherlands , Belgium , Austria , the Czech Republic and Germany ) he is usually portrayed as a bearded bishop in canonical robes .

\n

\n The remains of Saint Nicholas are in Italy . In 1087 , the Italian city of Bari mounted an expedition to locate the tomb of the Saint . The reliquary of St. Nicholas was conquered by Italian sailors and his relics were taken to Bari where they are kept to this day . A basilica was constructed the same year to store the loot and the area became a pilgrimage site for the devout . Sailors from Bari collected just half of Nicholas ' skeleton , leaving all the minor fragments in the grave . These were collected by Venetian sailors during the First Crusade and taken to Venice , where a church to St. Nicholas , the patron of sailors , was built on the San Nicol\u00f2 al Lido . This tradition was confirmed in two important scientific investigations of the relics in Bari and Venice , which revealed that the relics in the two Italian cities belong to the same skeleton . Saint Nicholas was later claimed as a patron saint of many diverse groups , from archers , sailors , and children to pawnbrokers . He is also the patron saint of both Amsterdam and Moscow .

\n

\n During the Middle Ages , often on the evening before his name day of 6 December , children were bestowed gifts in his honour . This date was earlier than the original day of gifts for the children , which moved in the course of the Reformation and its opposition to the veneration of saints in many countries on the 24th and 25th of December . So Saint Nicholas changed to Santa Claus . The custom of gifting to children at Christmas has been propagated by Martin Luther as an alternative to the previous very popular gift custom on St. Nicholas , to focus the interest of the children to Christ instead of the veneration of saints . Martin Luther first suggested the Christkind as the bringer of gifts . But Nicholas remained popular as gifts bearer for the people .

\n

\n Father Christmas

\n `` Ghost of Christmas Present '' , an illustration by John Leech made for Charles Dickens 's festive classic A Christmas Carol ( 1843 ) . Main article : Father Christmas

\n Father Christmas dates back as far as 16th century in England during the reign of Henry VIII , when he was pictured as a large man in green or scarlet robes lined with fur . He typified the spirit of good cheer at Christmas , bringing peace , joy , good food and wine and revelry . As England no longer kept the feast day of Saint Nicholas on 6 December , the Father Christmas celebration was moved to the 25th of December to coincide with Christmas Day . The Victorian revival of Christmas included Father Christmas as the emblem of ' good cheer ' . His physical appearance was variable , with one famous image being John Leech 's illustration of the `` Ghost of Christmas Present '' in Charles Dickens 's festive classic A Christmas Carol ( 1843 ) , as a great genial man in a green coat lined with fur who takes Scrooge through the bustling streets of London on the current Christmas morning , sprinkling the essence of Christmas onto the happy populace .

\n

\n Dutch , belgian and Swiss folklore

\n See also : Sinterklaas and Saint Nicholas Sinterklaas , Netherlands ( 2009 ) on his horse called Slecht Weer Vandaag or Amerigo

\n In the Netherlands and Belgium the character of Santa Claus has to compete with that of Sinterklaas , Santa 's presumed progenitor . Santa Claus is known as de Kerstman in Dutch ( `` the Christmas man '' ) and P\u00e8re No\u00ebl ( `` Father Christmas '' ) in French . But for children in the Netherlands Sinterklaas remains the predominant gift - giver in December ; 36 % of the Dutch only give presents on Sinterklaas evening or the day itself ( December 6th ) , whereas Christmas ( December 25th ) is used by another 21 % to give presents . Some 26 % of the Dutch population gives presents on both days . In Belgium , Sinterklaas day presents are offered exclusively to children , whereas on Christmas Day , all ages may receive presents . Sinterklaas ' assistants are called `` Zwarte Pieten '' ( in Dutch , `` P\u00e8res Fouettard '' in French ) , so they are not elves . In Switzerland , P\u00e8res Fouettard accompanies P\u00e8re No\u00ebl in the French speaking region , while the sinister Schmutzli accompanies Samichlaus in the Swiss German region . Schmutzli carries a twig broom to spank the naughty children .

\n

\n Germanic paganism , Wodan , and Christianization

\n An 1886 depiction of the long - bearded Norse god Odin by Georg von Rosen

\n Prior to Christianization , the Germanic peoples ( including the English ) celebrated a midwinter event called Yule ( Old English geola or giuli ) . With the Christianization of Germanic Europe , numerous traditions were absorbed from Yuletide celebrations into modern Christmas . During this period , supernatural and ghostly occurrences were said to increase in frequency , such as the Wild Hunt , a ghostly procession through the sky . The leader of the wild hunt is frequently attested as the god Wodan ( Norse Odin ) , bearing ( among many names ) the names J\u00f3lnir , meaning `` Yule figure '' , and Langbar\u00f0r , meaning `` long - beard '' , in Old Norse .

\n

\n Wodan 's role during the Yuletide period has been theorized as having influenced concepts of St. Nicholas in a variety of facets , including his long white beard and his gray horse for nightly rides ( compare Odin 's horse Sleipnir ) or his reindeer in North American tradition . Folklorist Margaret Baker maintains that `` the appearance of Santa Claus or Father Christmas , whose day is the 25th of December , owes much to Odin , the old blue - hooded , cloaked , white - bearded Giftbringer of the north , who rode the midwinter sky on his eight - footed steed Sleipnir , visiting his people with gifts . ( ... ) Odin , transformed into Father Christmas , then Santa Claus , prospered with St Nicholas and the Christchild , became a leading player on the Christmas stage . ''

\n

\n In Finland they still use Joulupukki or the Christmas Goat .

\n

\n History

\n

\n Origins

\n

\n Pre-modern representations of the gift - giver from Church history and folklore , notably St Nicholas ( known in Dutch as Sinterklaas ) , merged with the English character Father Christmas to create the character known to Americans and the rest of the English - speaking world as `` Santa Claus '' ( a phonetic derivation of `` Sinterklaas '' ) .

\n

\n In the English and later British colonies of North America , and later in the United States , British and Dutch versions of the gift - giver merged further . For example , in Washington Irving 's History of New York ( 1809 ) , Sinterklaas was Americanized into `` Santa Claus '' ( a name first used in the American press in 1773 ) but lost his bishop 's apparel , and was at first pictured as a thick - bellied Dutch sailor with a pipe in a green winter coat . Irving 's book was a lampoon of the Dutch culture of New York , and much of this portrait is his joking invention .

\n

\n 19th century

\n Illustration to verse 1 of Old Santeclaus with Much Delight 1850 illustration of Saint Nicolas with his servant P\u00e8re Fouettard / Zwarte Piet `` December 24 , 1864 . This has usually been a very busy day with me , preparing for Christmas not only for my own tables , but for gifts for my servants . Now how changed ! No confectionary , cakes , or pies can I have . We are all sad ; no loud , jovial laugh from our boys is heard . Christmas Eve , which has ever been gaily celebrated here , which has witnessed the popping of firecrackers ... and the hanging up of stockings , is an occasion now of sadness and gloom . I have nothing even to put in 8 - year - old daughter Sadai 's stocking , which hangs so invitingly for Santa Claus . How disappointed she will be in the morning , though I have explained to her why he can not come . Poor children ! Why must the innocent suffer with the guilty ? '' Diary of Dolly Lunt Burge , a Maine native , widow of Thomas Burge , and resident living c. 40 miles southeast of Atlanta near Covington , Georgia . This entry from Mrs. Burge 's diary was five weeks after most of General T. Sherman 's U.S. Army forces had passed on their blackened - earth `` march across Georgia '' toward Savanna , after the army 's destruction of Atlanta in mid-November 1864 . U.S. Army mop - up companies and stragglers during those intervening weeks continued to `` forage '' , loot , burn , and liberate slaves , hence , the concern of Mrs. Burge and her household .

\n In 1821 , the book A New - year 's present , to the little ones from five to twelve was published in New York . It contained Old Santeclaus with Much Delight , an anonymous poem describing Santeclaus on a reindeer sleigh , bringing presents to children . Some modern ideas of Santa Claus seemingly became canon after the anonymous publication of the poem `` A Visit From St. Nicholas '' ( better known today as `` The Night Before Christmas '' ) in the Troy , New York , Sentinel on 23 December 1823 ; Clement Clarke Moore later claimed authorship , though some scholars contest persuasively that Henry Livingston , Jr. ( who died nine years before Moore 's claim ) was the author . St. Nick is described as being `` chubby and plump , a right jolly old elf '' with `` a little round belly '' , that `` shook when he laughed like a bowlful of jelly '' , in spite of which the `` miniature sleigh '' and `` tiny reindeer '' still indicate that he is physically diminutive . The reindeer were also named : Dasher , Dancer , Prancer , Vixen , Comet , Cupid , Dunder and Blixem ( Dunder and Blixem came from the old Dutch words for thunder and lightning , which were later changed to the more German sounding Donner and Blitzen ) .

\n

\n By 1845 ' Kris Kringle ' was a common variant of Santa in parts of the U.S. A magazine article from 1853 , describing American Christmas customs to British readers , refers to children hanging up their stockings on Christmas Eve for ' a fabulous personage ' whose name varies : in Pennsylvania he is usually called ' Krishkinkle ' but in New York he is ' St. Nicholas ' or ' Santa Claus ' . The author quotes Moore 's poem in its entirety , saying that its descriptions apply to Krishkinkle too .

\n

\n As the years passed , Santa Claus evolved in popular culture into a large , heavyset person . One of the first artists to define Santa Claus 's modern image was Thomas Nast , an American cartoonist of the 19th century . In 1863 , a picture of Santa illustrated by Nast appeared in Harper 's Weekly .

\n

\n Thomas Nast immortalized Santa Claus with an illustration for the 3 January 1863 issue of Harper 's Weekly . Santa was dressed in an American flag , and had a puppet with the name `` Jeff '' written on it , reflecting its Civil War context . The story that Santa Claus lives at the North Pole may also have been a Nast creation . His Christmas image in the Harper 's issue dated 29 December 1866 was a collage of engravings titled Santa Claus and His Works , which included the caption `` Santa Claussville , N.P. '' A color collection of Nast 's pictures , published in 1869 , had a poem also titled `` Santa Claus and His Works '' by George P. Webster , who wrote that Santa Claus 's home was `` near the North Pole , in the ice and snow '' . The tale had become well known by the 1870s . A boy from Colorado writing to the children 's magazine The Nursery in late 1874 said , `` If we did not live so very far from the North Pole , I should ask Santa Claus to bring me a donkey . ''

\n

\n The idea of a wife for Santa Claus may have been the creation of American authors , beginning in the mid-19th century . In 1889 , the poet Katharine Lee Bates popularized Mrs. Claus in the poem `` Goody Santa Claus on a Sleigh Ride '' .

\n

\n `` Is There a Santa Claus ? '' was the title of an editorial appearing in the 21 September 1897 edition of The New York Sun . The editorial , which included the famous reply `` Yes , Virginia , there is a Santa Claus '' , has become an indelible part of popular Christmas lore in the United States and Canada .

\n

\n 20th century

\n

\n L. Frank Baum 's The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus , a 1902 children 's book , further popularized Santa Claus . Much of Santa Claus 's mythos was not set in stone at the time , leaving Baum to give his `` Neclaus '' ( Necile 's Little One ) a wide variety of immortal support , a home in the Laughing Valley of Hohaho , and ten reindeer -- who could not fly , but leapt in enormous , flight - like bounds . Claus 's immortality was earned , much like his title ( `` Santa '' ) , decided by a vote of those naturally immortal . This work also established Claus 's motives : a happy childhood among immortals . When Ak , Master Woodsman of the World , exposes him to the misery and poverty of children in the outside world , Santa strives to find a way to bring joy into the lives of all children , and eventually invents toys as a principal means . Santa later appears in The Road to Oz as a honored guest at Ozma 's birthday party , stated to be famous and beloved enough for everyone to bow even before he is announced as `` The most Mighty and Loyal Friend of Children , His Supreme Highness - Santa Claus '' .

\n

\n Images of Santa Claus were further popularized through Haddon Sundblom 's depiction of him for The Coca - Cola Company 's Christmas advertising in the 1930s . The popularity of the image spawned urban legends that Santa Claus was invented by The Coca - Cola Company or that Santa wears red and white because they are the colors used to promote the Coca - Cola brand . Historically , Coca - Cola was not the first soft drink company to utilize the modern image of Santa Claus in its advertising -- White Rock Beverages had already used a red and white Santa to sell mineral water in 1915 and then in advertisements for its ginger ale in 1923 . Earlier still , Santa Claus had appeared dressed in red and white and essentially in his current form on several covers of Puck magazine in the first few years of the 20th century .

\n A man dressed as Santa Claus fundraising for Volunteers of America on the sidewalk of street in Chicago , Illinois , in 1902 . He is wearing a mask with a beard attached .

\n The image of Santa Claus as a benevolent character became reinforced with its association with charity and philanthropy , particularly by organizations such as the Salvation Army . Volunteers dressed as Santa Claus typically became part of fundraising drives to aid needy families at Christmas time .

\n

\n In 1937 , Charles W. Howard , who played Santa Claus in department stores and parades , established the Charles W. Howard Santa School , the oldest continuously - run such school in the world .

\n

\n In some images from the early 20th century , Santa was depicted as personally making his toys by hand in a small workshop like a craftsman . Eventually , the idea emerged that he had numerous elves responsible for making the toys , but the toys were still handmade by each individual elf working in the traditional manner .

\n

\n The 1956 popular song by George Melachrino , `` Mrs. Santa Claus '' , and the 1963 children 's book How Mrs. Santa Claus Saved Christmas , by Phyllis McGinley , helped standardize and establish the character and role of Mrs. Claus in the popular imagination .

\n

\n Seabury Quinn 's 1948 novel Roads draws from historical legends to tell the story of Santa and the origins of Christmas . Other modern additions to the `` story '' of Santa include Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , the 9th and lead reindeer immortalized in a Gene Autry song , written by a Montgomery Ward copywriter .

\n

\n In popular culture

\n See also : SantaCon

\n By the end of the 20th century , the reality of mass mechanized production became more fully accepted by the Western public . Elves had been portrayed as using assembly lines to produce toys early in the 20th century . That shift was reflected in the modern depiction of Santa 's residence -- now often humorously portrayed as a fully mechanized production and distribution facility , equipped with the latest manufacturing technology , and overseen by the elves with Santa and Mrs. Claus as executives and / or managers . An excerpt from a 2004 article , from a supply chain managers ' trade magazine , aptly illustrates this depiction :

\n

\n Santa 's main distribution center is a sight to behold . At 4,000,000 square feet ( 370,000 m ) , it 's one of the world 's largest facilities . A real - time warehouse management system ( WMS ) is of course required to run such a complex . The facility makes extensive use of task interleaving , literally combining dozens of DC activities ( putaway , replenishing , order picking , sleigh loading , cycle counting ) in a dynamic queue ... the DC elves have been on engineered standards and incentives for three years , leading to a 12 % gain in productivity ... The WMS and transportation system are fully integrated , allowing ( the elves ) to make optimal decisions that balance transportation and order picking and other DC costs . Unbeknownst to many , Santa actually has to use many sleighs and fake Santa drivers to get the job done Christmas Eve , and the transportation management system ( TMS ) optimally builds thousands of consolidated sacks that maximize cube utilization and minimize total air miles .

\n

\n In the cartoon base , Santa has been voiced by several people , including Stan Francis , Mickey Rooney , Ed Asner , John Goodman , and Keith Wickham .

\n

\n Santa has been described as a positive male cultural icon :

\n

\n Santa is really the only cultural icon we have who 's male , does not carry a gun , and is all about peace , joy , giving , and caring for other people . That 's part of the magic for me , especially in a culture where we 've become so commercialized and hooked into manufactured icons . Santa is much more organic , integral , connected to the past , and therefore connected to the future .

\n -- TV producer Jonathan Meath who portrays Santa , 2011

\n Many television commercials , comic strips and other media depict this as a sort of humorous business , with Santa 's elves acting as a sometimes mischievously disgruntled workforce , cracking jokes and pulling pranks on their boss . For instance , a Bloom County story from 15 December 1981 through 24 December 1981 has Santa rejecting the demands of PETCO ( Professional Elves Toy - Making and Craft Organization ) for higher wages , a hot tub in the locker room , and `` short broads , '' with the elves then going on strike . President Reagan steps in , fires all of Santa 's helpers , and replaces them with out - of - work air traffic controllers ( an obvious reference to the 1981 air traffic controllers ' strike ) , resulting in a riot before Santa vindictively rehires them in humiliating new positions such as his reindeer . In The Sopranos episode , `` ... To Save Us All from Satan 's Power '' , Paulie Gualtieri says he `` Used to think Santa and Mrs. Claus were running a sweatshop over there ... The original elves were ugly , traveled with Santa to throw bad kids a beatin ' , and gave the good ones toys . ''

\n 2009 Liverpool Santa Dash

\n In Kyrgyzstan , a mountain peak was named after Santa Claus , after a Swedish company had suggested the location be a more efficient starting place for present - delivering journeys all over the world , than Lapland . In the Kyrgyz capital , Bishkek , a Santa Claus Festival was held on 30 December 2007 , with government officials attending . 2008 was officially declared the Year of Santa Claus in the country . The events are seen as moves to boost tourism in Kyrgyzstan .

\n

\n The Guinness World Record for the largest gathering of Santa Clauses is held by Thrissur , Kerala , India where on 27 December 2014 , 18,112 Santas came overtaking the current record of Derry City , Northern Ireland . On 9 September 2007 where a total of 12,965 people dressed up as Santa or Santa 's helper which previously brought down the record of 3,921 , which was set during the Santa Dash event in Liverpool City Centre in 2005 . A gathering of Santas in 2009 in Bucharest , Romania attempted to top the world record , but failed with only 3,939 Santas .

\n

\n Traditions and rituals

\n

\n Chimney tradition

\n Steen 's The Feast of Saint Nicholas

\n The tradition of Santa Claus entering dwellings through the chimney is shared by many European seasonal gift - givers . In pre-Christian Norse tradition , Odin would often enter through chimneys and fire holes on the solstice . In the Italian Befana tradition , the gift - giving witch is perpetually covered with soot from her trips down the chimneys of children 's homes . In the tale of Saint Nicholas , the saint tossed coins through a window , and , in a later version of the tale , down a chimney when he finds the window locked . In Dutch artist Jan Steen 's painting , The Feast of Saint Nicholas , adults and toddlers are glancing up a chimney with amazement on their faces while other children play with their toys . The hearth was held sacred in primitive belief as a source of beneficence , and popular belief had elves and fairies bringing gifts to the house through this portal . Santa 's entrance into homes on Christmas Eve via the chimney was made part of American tradition through the poem `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' where the author described him as an elf .

\n

\n Christmas Eve rituals

\n Santa Claus waves to children from an annual holiday train in Chicago .

\n In the United States and Canada , children traditionally leave Santa a glass of milk and a plate of cookies ; in Britain and Australia , he is sometimes given sherry or beer , and mince pies instead . In Denmark , Norway and Sweden , it is common for children to leave him rice porridge with cinnamon sugar instead . In Ireland it is popular to give him Guinness or milk , along with Christmas pudding or mince pies .

\n

\n In Hungary , St. Nicolaus ( Mikul\u00e1s ) comes on the night of 5 December and the children get their gifts the next morning . They get sweets in a bag if they were good , and a golden colored birch switch if not . On Christmas Eve `` Little Jesus '' comes and gives gifts for everyone .

\n

\n In Slovenia , Saint Nicholas ( Miklav\u017e ) also brings small gifts for good children on the eve of 6 December . Bo\u017ei\u010dek ( Christmas Man ) brings gifts on the eve of 25 December , and Dedek Mraz ( Grandfather Frost ) brings gifts in the evening of 31 December to be opened on New Years Day .

\n Hanging up stockings for Santa Claus , Ohio , 1928

\n New Zealander , British , Australian , Irish , Canadian , and American children also leave a carrot for Santa 's reindeer , and are told that if they are not good all year round that they will receive a lump of coal in their stockings , although the actual practice of giving coal is now considered archaic . Children following the Dutch custom for sinterklaas will `` put out their shoe '' ( leave hay and a carrot for his horse in a shoe before going to bed , sometimes weeks before the sinterklaas avond ) . The next morning they will find the hay and carrot replaced by a gift ; often , this is a marzipan figurine . Naughty children were once told that they would be left a roe ( a bundle of sticks ) instead of sweets , but this practice has been discontinued .

\n

\n Other Christmas Eve Santa Claus rituals in the United States include reading A Visit from St. Nicholas or other tale about Santa Claus , watching a Santa or Christmas - related animated program on television ( such as the aforementioned Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town and similar specials , such as Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer , among many others ) , and the singing of Santa Claus songs such as `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' , `` Here Comes Santa Claus '' , and `` Up on the House Top '' . Last minute rituals for children before going to bed include aligning stockings at the mantelpiece or other place where Santa can not fail to see them , peeking up the chimney ( in homes with a fireplace ) , glancing out a window and scanning the heavens for Santa 's sleigh , and ( in homes without a fireplace ) unlocking an exterior door so Santa can easily enter the house . Tags on gifts for children are sometimes signed by their parents `` From Santa Claus '' before the gifts are laid beneath the tree .

\n A classic American image of Santa Claus .

\n Ho , ho , ho

\n

\n Ho ho ho is the way that many languages write out how Santa Claus laughs . `` Ho , ho , ho ! Merry Christmas ! '' It is the textual rendition of a particular type of deep - throated laugh or chuckle , most associated today with Santa Claus and Father Christmas .

\n

\n The laughter of Santa Claus has long been an important attribute by which the character is identified , but it also does not appear in many non-English - speaking countries . The traditional Christmas poem A Visit from St. Nicholas relates that Santa has :

\n
\n
\n ... a little round belly That shook when he laugh 'd , like a bowl full of jelly
\n
\n

\n Home

\n See also : Santa 's workshop \u00a7 Location of Santa 's Workshop

\n Santa Claus 's home traditionally includes a residence and a workshop where he creates -- often with the aid of elves or other supernatural beings -- the gifts he delivers to good children at Christmas . Some stories and legends include a village , inhabited by his helpers , surrounding his home and shop .

\n

\n In North American tradition ( in the United States and Canada ) , Santa lives on the North Pole , which according to Canada Post lies within Canadian jurisdiction in postal code H0H 0H0 ( a reference to `` ho ho ho '' , Santa 's notable saying , although postal codes starting with H are usually reserved for the island of Montreal in Qu\u00e9bec ) . On 23 December 2008 , Jason Kenney , Canada 's minister of Citizenship , Immigration and Multiculturalism , formally awarded Canadian citizenship status to Santa Claus . `` The Government of Canada wishes Santa the very best in his Christmas Eve duties and wants to let him know that , as a Canadian citizen , he has the automatic right to re-enter Canada once his trip around the world is complete , '' Kenney said in an official statement .

\n

\n There is also a city named North Pole in Alaska where a tourist attraction known as the `` Santa Claus House '' has been established . The United States Postal Service uses the city 's ZIP code of 99705 as their advertised postal code for Santa Claus . A Wendy 's in North Pole , AK has also claimed to have a `` sleigh fly through '' .

\n

\n Each Nordic country claims Santa 's residence to be within their territory . Norway claims he lives in Dr\u00f8bak . In Denmark , he is said to live in Greenland ( near Uummannaq ) . In Sweden , the town of Mora has a theme park named Tomteland . The national postal terminal in Tomteboda in Stockholm receives children 's letters for Santa . In Finland , Korvatunturi has long been known as Santa 's home , and two theme parks , Santa Claus Village and Santa Park are located near Rovaniemi . In Belarus there is a home of Ded Moroz in Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park .

\n

\n Parades , department stores , and shopping malls

\n See also : Santa 's workshop \u00a7 Santa Claus grottos / department stores \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with North America and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n Eaton 's Santa Claus Parade , 1918 , Toronto , Canada . Having arrived at the Eaton 's department store , Santa is readying his ladder to climb up onto the building . Giant Santa Claus , Philippines

\n Santa Claus appears in the weeks before Christmas in department stores or shopping malls , or at parties . The practice of this has been credited to James Edgar , as he started doing this in 1890 in his Brockton , Massachusetts department store . He is played by an actor , usually helped by other actors ( often mall employees ) dressed as elves or other creatures of folklore associated with Santa . Santa 's function is either to promote the store 's image by distributing small gifts to children , or to provide a seasonal experience to children by listening to their wishlist while having them sit on his knee ( a practice now under review by some organisations in Britain , and Switzerland ) . Sometimes a photograph of the child and Santa are taken . Having a Santa set up to take pictures with children is a ritual that dates back at least to 1918 .

\n

\n The area set up for this purpose is festively decorated , usually with a large throne , and is called variously `` Santa 's Grotto '' , `` Santa 's Workshop '' or a similar term . In the United States , the most notable of these is the Santa at the flagship Macy 's store in New York City -- he arrives at the store by sleigh in the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade on the last float , and his court takes over a large portion of one floor in the store . The Macy 's Santa Claus in New York City is often said to be the real Santa . This was popularized by the 1947 film Miracle on 34th Street with Santa Claus being called Kris Kringle . Essayist David Sedaris is known for the satirical SantaLand Diaries he kept while working as an elf in the Macy 's display , which were turned into a famous radio segment and later published .

\n

\n Quite often the Santa , if and when he is detected to be fake , explains that he is not the real Santa and is helping him at this time of year . Most young children accept this explanation . At family parties , Santa is sometimes impersonated by the male head of the household or other adult male family member .

\n

\n In Canada , malls operated by Oxford Properties established a process by which autistic children could visit Santa Claus at the mall without having to contend with crowds . The malls open early to allow entry only to families with autistic children , who have a private visit with Santa Claus . In 2012 , the Southcentre Mall in Calgary was the first mall to offer this service .

\n Santa Claus portrayed by children 's television producer Jonathan Meath

\n There are schools offering instruction on how to act as Santa Claus . For example , children 's television producer Jonathan Meath studied at the International School of Santa Claus and earned the degree Master of Santa Claus in 2006 . It blossomed into a second career for him , and after appearing in parades and malls , he appeared on the cover of the American monthly Boston Magazine as Santa . There are associations with members who portray Santa ; for example , Mr. Meath was a board member of the international organization called Fraternal Order of Real Bearded Santas .

\n

\n Letter writing to Santa

\n `` Letters to Santa '' redirects here . For the Muppet television film , see A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa . For the Polish film , see Letters to Santa ( film ) .

\n Writing letters to Santa Claus has been a Christmas tradition for children for many years . These letters normally contain a wishlist of toys and assertions of good behavior . Some social scientists have found that boys and girls write different types of letters . Girls generally write longer but more polite lists and express the nature of Christmas more in their letters than in letters written by boys . Girls also more often request gifts for other people .

\n

\n Many postal services allow children to send letters to Santa Claus . These letters may be answered by postal workers and / or outside volunteers . Writing letters to Santa Claus has the educational benefits of promoting literacy , computer literacy , and e-mail literacy . A letter to Santa is often a child 's first experience of correspondence . Written and sent with the help of a parent or teacher , children learn about the structure of a letter , salutations , and the use of an address and postcode .

\n

\n According to the Universal Postal Union ( UPU ) 's 2007 study and survey of national postal operations , the United States Postal Service ( USPS ) has the oldest Santa letter answering effort by a national postal system . The USPS Santa letter answering effort started in 1912 out of the historic James Farley Post Office in New York , and since 1940 has been called `` Operation Santa '' to ensure that letters to Santa are adopted by charitable organizations , major corporations , local businesses and individuals in order to make children 's holiday dreams come true from coast to coast . Those seeking a North Pole holiday postmark through the USPS , are told to send their letter from Santa or a holiday greeting card by 10 December to : North Pole Holiday Postmark , Postmaster , 4141 Postmark Dr , Anchorage , AK 99530 - 9998 .

\n

\n In 2006 , according to the UPU 's 2007 study and survey of national postal operations , France 's Postal Service received the most letters for Santa Claus or `` P\u00e8re No\u00ebl '' with 1,220,000 letters received from 126 countries . France 's Postal Service in 2007 specially recruited someone to answer the enormous volume of mail that was coming from Russia for Santa Claus .

\n

\n Other interesting Santa letter processing information , according to the UPU 's 2007 study and survey of national postal operations , are :

\n \n

\n Canada Post has a special postal code for letters to Santa Claus , and since 1982 over 13,000 Canadian postal workers have volunteered to write responses . His address is : Santa Claus , North Pole , Canada , H0H 0H0 ; no postage is required . ( see also : Ho ho ho ) . ( This postal code , in which zeroes are used for the letter `` O '' , is consistent with the alternating letter - number format of all Canadian postal codes . ) Sometimes children 's charities answer letters in poor communities , or from children 's hospitals , and give them presents they would not otherwise receive . From 2002 to 2014 , the program replied to approximately `` one million letters or more a year , and in total answered more than 24.7 million letters '' ; as of 2015 , it responds to more than 1.5 million letters per year , `` in over 30 languages , including Braille ... answer ( ing ) them all in the language they are written '' .

\n

\n In Britain it was traditional for some to burn the Christmas letters on the fire so that they would be magically transported by the wind to the North Pole . However this has been found to be less efficient than the use of the normal postal service , and this tradition is dying out in modern times , especially with few homes having open fires . According to the Royal Mail website , Santa 's address for letters from British children is : Santa / Father Christmas , Santa 's Grotto , Reindeerland , XM4 5HQ

\n

\n In Mexico and other Latin American countries , besides using the mail , sometimes children wrap their letters to a small helium balloon , releasing them into the air so Santa magically receives them .

\n

\n In 2010 , the Brazilian National Post Service , `` Correios '' formed partnerships with public schools and social institutions to encourage children to write letters and make use of postcodes and stamps . In 2009 , the Brazilian National Post Service , `` Correios '' answered almost two million children 's letters , and spread some seasonal cheer by donating 414,000 Christmas gifts to some of Brazil 's neediest citizens .

\n

\n Through the years , the Finnish Santa Claus ( Joulupukki or `` Yule Goat '' ) has received over eight million letters . He receives over 600,000 letters every year from over 198 different countries with Togo being the most recent country added to the list . Children from Great Britain , Poland and Japan are the busiest writers . The Finnish Santa Claus lives in Korvatunturi , however the Santa Claus Main Post Office is situated in Rovaniemi precisely at the Arctic circle . His address is : Santa Claus ' Main Post Office , Santa Claus Village , FIN - 96930 Arctic Circle . The post office welcomes 300,000 visitors a year , with 70,000 visitors in December alone .

\n

\n Children can also receive a letter from Santa through a variety of private agencies and organizations , and on occasion public and private cooperative ventures . An example of a public and private cooperative venture is the opportunity for expatriate and local children and parents to receive postmarked mail and greeting cards from Santa during December in the Finnish Embassy in Beijing , People 's Republic of China , Santa Claus Village in Rovaniemi , Finland , and the People 's Republic of China Postal System 's Beijing International Post Office . Parents can order a personalized `` Santa letter '' to be sent to their child , often with a North Pole postmark . The `` Santa Letter '' market generally relies on the internet as a medium for ordering such letters rather than retail stores .

\n

\n Santa tracking , Santa websites and e-mail to and from Santa

\n The Christmas issue of NOAA 's Weather Bureau Topics with `` Santa Claus '' streaking across a weather radar screen , 1958

\n Over the years there have been a number of websites created by various organizations that have purported to track Santa Claus . Some , such as NORAD Tracks Santa , the Airservices Australia Tracks Santa Project , the Santa Update Project , and the MSNBC and Bing Maps Platform Tracks Santa Project have endured . Others , such as the Dallas / Fort Worth International Airport 's Tracks Santa Project , the Santa Retro Radar -- Lehigh Valley Project , and the NASA Tracks Santa Project , have fallen by the wayside .

\n 1955 Sears ad with the misprinted telephone number that led to the creation of the NORAD Tracks Santa program

\n The origins of the NORAD Tracks Santa programme began in the United States in 1955 , when a Sears Roebuck store in Colorado Springs , Colorado , gave children a number to call a `` Santa hotline '' . The number was mistyped , resulting in children calling the Continental Air Defense Command ( CONAD ) on Christmas Eve instead . The Director of Operations , Colonel Harry Shoup , received the first call for Santa and responded by telling children that there were signs on the radar that Santa was indeed heading south from the North Pole . A tradition began which continued under the name NORAD Tracks Santa when in 1958 Canada and the United States jointly created the North American Air Defense Command ( NORAD ) . This tracking can now be done via the Internet and NORAD 's website .

\n

\n In the past , many local television stations in the United States and Canada likewise claimed they `` tracked Santa Claus '' in their own metropolitan areas through the stations ' meteorologists . In December 2000 , the Weather Channel built upon these local efforts to provide a national Christmas Eve `` Santa tracking '' effort , called `` SantaWatch '' in cooperation with NASA , the International Space Station , and Silicon Valley - based new multimedia firm Dreamtime Holdings . In the 21st century , most local television stations in the United States and Canada rely upon outside established `` Santa tracking '' efforts , such as NORAD Tracks Santa .

\n

\n Many other websites became available year - round , devoted to Santa Claus and purport to keep tabs on his activities in his workshop . Many of these websites also include email addresses which allow children to send email to Santa Claus . Most of these websites use volunteer living people as `` elves '' to answer email sent to Santa . Some websites , such as Santa 's page on Microsoft 's Windows Live Spaces , however have used or still use `` bots '' to compose and send email replies , with occasional unfortunate results .

\n The Santa Claus Museum in Columbus , Texas

\n In addition to providing holiday - themed entertainment , `` Santa tracking '' websites raise interest in space technology and exploration , serve to educate children in geography . and encourage them to take an interest in science .

\n

\n Criticism

\n See also : Christmas controversy

\n Calvinist and Puritan opposition

\n

\n Santa Claus has partial Christian roots in Saint Nicholas , particularly in the high church denominations that practice the veneration of him , in addition to other saints . In light of this , the character has sometimes been the focus of controversy over the holiday and its meanings . Some Christians , particularly Calvinists and Puritans , disliked the idea of Santa Claus , as well as Christmas in general , believing that the lavish celebrations were not in accordance with their faith . Other nonconformist Christians condemn the materialist focus of contemporary gift giving and see Santa Claus as the symbol of that culture .

\n

\n Condemnation of Christmas was prevalent among the 17th - century English Puritans and Dutch Calvinists who banned the holiday as either pagan or Roman Catholic . The American colonies established by these groups reflected this view . Tolerance for Christmas increased after the Restoration but the Puritan opposition to the holiday persisted in New England for almost two centuries . In the Dutch New Netherland colony , season celebrations focused on New Year 's Day .

\n Excerpt from Josiah King 's The Examination and Tryal of Father Christmas ( 1686 ) , published shortly after Christmas was reinstated as a holy day in England ; Folger Shakespeare Library , Washington , D.C.

\n Following the Restoration of the monarchy and with Puritans out of power in England , the ban on Christmas was satirized in works such as Josiah King 's The Examination and Tryal of Old Father Christmas ; Together with his Clearing by the Jury ( 1686 ) .

\n

\n Reverend Paul Nedergaard , a clergyman in Copenhagen , Denmark , attracted controversy in 1958 when he declared Santa to be a `` pagan goblin '' ( translated from Danish ) after Santa 's image was used on fundraising materials for a Danish welfare organization Clar , 337 . A number of denominations of Christians have varying concerns about Santa Claus , which range from acceptance to denouncement .

\n

\n Mary Baker Eddy , the founder of the Christian Science movement , wrote : `` the children should not be taught that Santa Claus has aught to do with this ( Christmas ) pastime . A deceit or falsehood is never wise . Too much can not be done towards guarding and guiding well the germinating and inclining thought of childhood . To mould aright the first impressions of innocence , aids in perpetuating purity and in unfolding the immortal model , man in His image and likeness . ''

\n

\n Opposition under state atheism

\n

\n Under the Marxist -- Leninist doctrine of state atheism in the Soviet Union after its foundation in 1917 , Christmas celebrations -- along with other religious holidays -- were prohibited as a result of the Soviet antireligious campaign . The League of Militant Atheists encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions , among them being Santa Claus and the Christmas tree , as well as other Christian holidays including Easter ; the League established an antireligious holiday to be the 31st of each month as a replacement .

\n

\n Symbol of commercialism

\n

\n In his book Nicholas : The Epic Journey from Saint to Santa Claus , writer Jeremy Seal describes how the commercialization of the Santa Claus figure began in the 19th century . `` In the 1820s he began to acquire the recognizable trappings : reindeer , sleigh , bells , '' said Seal in an interview . `` They are simply the actual bearings in the world from which he emerged . At that time , sleighs were how you got about Manhattan . ''

\n

\n Writing in Mothering , writer Carol Jean - Swanson makes similar points , noting that the original figure of St. Nicholas gave only to those who were needy and that today Santa Claus seems to be more about conspicuous consumption :

\n

\n Our jolly old Saint Nicholas reflects our culture to a T , for he is fanciful , exuberant , bountiful , over-weight , and highly commercial . He also mirrors some of our highest ideals : childhood purity and innocence , selfless giving , unfaltering love , justice , and mercy . ( What child has ever received a coal for Christmas ? ) The problem is that , in the process , he has become burdened with some of society 's greatest challenges : materialism , corporate greed , and domination by the media . Here , Santa carries more in his baggage than toys alone !

\n

\n In the Czech Republic , a group of advertising professionals started a website against Santa Claus , a relatively recent phenomenon in that country . `` Czech Christmases are intimate and magical . All that Santa stuff seems to me like cheap show business , '' said David K\u00f6nig of the Creative Copywriters Club , pointing out that it is primarily an American and British tradition . `` I 'm not against Santa himself . I 'm against Santa in my country only . '' In the Czech tradition , presents are delivered by Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ek , which translates as Baby Jesus .

\n

\n In the United Kingdom , Father Christmas was historically depicted wearing a green cloak . As Father Christmas has been increasingly merged into the image of Santa Claus , that has been changed to the more commonly known red suit . One school in the seaside town of Brighton banned the use of a red suit erroneously believing it was only indicative of the Coca - Cola advertising campaign . School spokesman Sarah James said : `` The red - suited Santa was created as a marketing tool by Coca - Cola , it is a symbol of commercialism . '' However , Santa had been portrayed in a red suit in the 19th century by Thomas Nast among others .

\n

\n Controversy about deceiving children

\n See also : Paternalistic deception

\n Various psychologists and researchers have wrestled with the ways that parents collude to convince young children of the existence of Santa Claus , and have wondered whether children 's abilities to critically weigh real - world evidence may be undermined by their belief in this or other imaginary figures . For example , University of Texas psychology professor Jacqueline Woolley helped conduct a study that found , to the contrary , that children seemed competent in their use of logic , evidence , and comparative reasoning even though they might conclude that Santa Claus or other fanciful creatures were real :

\n

\n The adults they count on to provide reliable information about the world introduce them to Santa . Then his existence is affirmed by friends , books , TV and movies . It is also validated by hard evidence : the half - eaten cookies and empty milk glasses by the tree on Christmas morning . In other words , children do a great job of scientifically evaluating Santa . And adults do a great job of duping them .

\n -- Jacqueline Wooley

\n Woolley posited that it is perhaps `` kinship with the adult world '' that causes children not to be angry that they were lied to for so long . However , the criticism about this deception is not that it is a simple lie , but a complicated series of very large lies . Objections include that it is unethical for parents to lie to children without good cause , and that it discourages healthy skepticism in children . With no greater good at the heart of the lie , some have charged that it is more about the parents than it is about the children . For instance , writer Austin Cline posed the question : `` Is it not possible that kids would find at least as much pleasure in knowing that parents are responsible for Christmas , not a supernatural stranger ? ''

\n

\n Others , however , see no harm in the belief in Santa Claus . Psychologist Tamar Murachver said that because it is a cultural , not parental , lie , it does not undermine parental trust . The New Zealand Skeptics also see no harm in parents telling their children that Santa is real . Spokesperson Vicki Hyde said , `` It would be a hard - hearted parent indeed who frowned upon the innocent joys of our children 's cultural heritage . We save our bah humbugs for the things that exploit the vulnerable . ''

\n

\n Dr. John Condry of Cornell University interviewed more than 500 children for a study of the issue and found that not a single child was angry at his or her parents for telling them Santa Claus was real . According to Dr. Condry , `` The most common response to finding out the truth was that they felt older and more mature . They now knew something that the younger kids did not '' .

\n

\n See also

\n \n \n

\n Related figures in folklore

\n \n

\n References

\n

\n Notes

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Krulwich , Robert . `` How Does Santa Do It ? '' . ABC News . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Coke denies claims it bottled familiar Santa image , Jim Auchmutey , Rocky Mountain News , 10 December 2007 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Santa 's arrival lights up the Green '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 05 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Penne L. Restad ( 1996 - 12 - 05 ) . Christmas in America : A History . ISBN 9780195355093 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ B.K. Swartz , Jr. ; THE ORIGIN OF AMERICAN CHRISTMAS MYTH AND CUSTOMS Archived 30 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine. ; Retrieved 22 December 2007
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Jeff Westover ; The Legendary Role of Reindeer in Christmas Archived 3 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. ; Retrieved 22 December 2007
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Santa Claus : The real man behind the myth '' . MSNBC. 22 December 2009 . Retrieved 27 December 2009 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ St. Nicholas of Myra Catholic Encyclopedia
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Saint Nicholas Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Saint Nicholas : : : People '' . Stnicholascenter.org . Retrieved 21 December 2010 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Saint Nicholas : : : Places '' . Stnicholascenter.org . Retrieved 21 December 2010 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Rudolf \u00d6ller : 2004 Martin Luthers Christkind ; in : Welt der Naturwissenschaften , Ausgabe Dezember 2004
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Wie Abraham Lincoln den Weihnachtsmann erfand -- spiegel.de
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` Ein Verkaufsfahrer diente als Vorbild - angeblich - manager magazin '' .
    15. \n
  15. \n ^ Jump up to : William J. Federer ( 2002 ) . `` There Really Is a Santa Claus : The History of St. Nicholas & Christmas Holiday Traditions '' p. 39 . Amerisearch , Inc. , 2002
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : Jacqueline Simpson , Steve Roud ( 2000 ) `` English Folklore '' . Oxford University Press , 2000
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ A children 's party given in England on 26 December 1842 featured ' venerable effigies ' of Father Christmas and the Old Year ; ' ... Father Christmas with scarlet coat and cocked hat , stuck all over with presents for the guests ... ' R.L. Brett , ed. , Barclay Fox 's Journal , Bell and Hyman , London , 1979
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Davis , Derek H. ( 2010 - 11 - 18 ) . The Oxford Handbook of Church and State in the United States . Oxford University Press . pp. 334 -- . ISBN 9780190208783 . Retrieved 20 December 2017 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` Nibud Pers , persberichten '' ( in Dutch ) . NIBUD. 2003 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 14 . Netherlands budget institute table showing money spent by households categorised into those that give gifts only on Sint ( 36 % ) , only on Christmas day ( 21 % ) , on both days ( 26 % )
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Sinterklaas Arrival -- Amsterdam , the Netherlands '' . St. Nicholas Center . 2008 . Retrieved 9 September 2014 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ swissinfo.ch , Morven McLean , . `` Schmutzli : the Swiss Santa 's sinister sidekick '' . SWI swissinfo.ch . Retrieved 25 December 2017 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Orchard , Andy ( 1997 ) . Dictionary of Norse Mythology and Legend , page 187 . Cassell .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Simek , Rudolf ( 2007 ) translated by Angela Hall . Dictionary of Northern Mythology , pages 379 -- 380 . D.S. Brewer . & Orchard ( 1997 : 1987 ) .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ For the wild hunt , Simek ( 2010 : 372 -- 373 ) . For J\u00f3lnir , see Simek ( 2010 : 180 ) and Orchard ( 1997 : 189 ) . For Langbar\u00f0r , see Simek ( 2010 : 186 ) .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ For example , see McKnight , George Harley ( 1917 ) . St. Nicholas : His Legend and His Role in the Christmas Celebration and Other Popular Customs , pages 24 -- 26 , 138 -- 139 . G.P. Putman 's sons . & Springwood , Charles Fruehling ( 2009 ) . `` If Santa Wuz Black : The Domestication of a White Myth '' , pages 243 -- 244 . As published in Studies in Symbolic Interaction : Volume 33 of Studies in Symbolic Interactions Series . Emerald Group Publishing . ISBN 9781848557840 archive.org copy
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Baker , Margaret ( 2007 1962 ) . Discovering Christmas Customs and Folklore : A Guide to Seasonal Rites Throughout the World , page 62 . Osprey Publishing .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Last Monday , the anniversary of St. Nicholas , otherwise called Santa Claus , was celebrated at Protestant Hall , at Mr. Waldron 's ; where a great number of sons of the ancient saint the Sons of Saint Nicholas celebrated the day with great joy and festivity . '' Rivington 's Gazette ( New York City ) , 23 December 1773 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ A Woman 's Wartime Journal , An account of Sherman 's devastation of a southern plantation . Dolly Sumner Lunt Burge , 1988 ( orig. 1927 ) , Cherokee Publishing , Marietta GA . ISBN 0 - 87797 - 149 - 8 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` mentioning Don Foster , ' ' Author Unknown : On the Trial of Anonymous ( New York : Henry Holt , 2000 : 221 -- 75 ) for the attribution of ' ' Old Santeclaus ' ' to Clement Clarke Moore '' . Tspace.library.utoronto.ca . Retrieved 21 December 2010 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , David D. ( 2000 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Whose Jolly Old Elf Is That , Anyway ? ; Literary Sleuth Casts Doubt on the Authorship of an Iconic Christmas Poem '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Snopes The Donner Party 's over ; on reindeer name changes .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ ( newspaperarchive.com `` Advertisement for Harrison 's Bookstore '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . Baltimore American Republican And Daily Clipper ( p. 3 ) . January 1 , 1846 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ The article is signed ' Uneda ' , an anagrammatic pen - name used by William Duane ( 1808 - 1882 ) of Philadelphia , son of William John Duane .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ ' Notes and Queries ' , volume 8 ( 217 ) , 24 December 1853 , p. 615
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Thomas Nast , Santa Claus and His Works , 1866 . The phrase `` Santa Claussville , N.P. '' is on the curved border to the right of center , above the large word `` Claus '' .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Jeremy Seal , Nicholas : The Epic Journey From Saint to Santa Claus , Bloomsbury , 2005 , p. 199 -- 200 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58234 - 419 - 5 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Ralph Armstrong , age 6 , `` A Letter From Colorado '' , The Nursery , 1875 , vol. 18 , pp. 42 -- 43 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` Image Gallery Santa 1931 '' . Press Center . Coca Cola Company . Retrieved 28 October 2011 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ The Claus That Refreshes Snopes.com . Retrieved 7 January 2008 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ The White Rock Collectors Association , `` Did White Rock or The Coca - Cola Company create the modern Santa Claus Advertisement ? , '' whiterocking.org , 2001 Retrieved 19 January 2007 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ White Rock Beverages , `` Coca - Cola 's Santa Claus : Not The Real Thing ! , '' BevNET.com , 18 December 2006 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ White Rock Beverages , `` Coca - Cola 's Santa Claus : Not The Real Thing ! , '' BevNET.com , 18 December 2006 . Retrieved 19 January 2007 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ thumb Santa Claus on the 1902 cover of Puck magazine , thumb Santa Claus on the 1904 cover of Puck magazine , thumb Santa Claus on the 1905 cover of Puck magazine .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Tina Susman ( 30 October 2011 ) . `` Claus and effect : The ultimate Santa school '' . Los Angeles Times .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Nissenbaum , chap. 2 ; Belk , 87 -- 100
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ The North Pole 's Turbo Supply Chain SupplyChainDigest News , 16 December 2004
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Ian Aldrich ( November 2011 ) . `` The Big Question : Why Should We Believe in Santa ? We ask Kris Kringle , a.k.a. Jonathan Meath : Why Should We Believe in Santa ? '' . Yankee Magazine . Retrieved 12 December 2012 ... Santa is really the only cultural icon we have who 's male , does not carry a gun , and is all about peace ...
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` High Five ! Top Five ! -- Bizarre Santa Claus Cameos in Comics by Robert Bazz , December 13 , 2010 '' . High Five ! Comics . Retrieved 25 February 2011 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Kyrgyzstan : Central Asian Country Welcomes Santa Claus To His New Home . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty , 30 December 2007
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ guinness world records http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records/amazing_feats/mass_participation/largest_gathering_Santa_Claus.aspx
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Guiness ( sic ) World Record Santa Claus Costumes WebPhotoBlog imagini , fotografii , pictures , poze , images '' . Webphoto.ro. 30 November 2009 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Walsh , Joseph J ... Were They Wise Men Or Kings ? : The Book of Christmas Questions . Westminster John Knox Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 664 - 22312 - 5 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` Canada Post - Newsroom - Letters to the Editor '' . 24 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 24 April 2008 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Santa Claus declared a Canadian citizen Toronto Sun , 12 December 2008
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ `` 2010 -- 2011 North Pole Visitor Guide '' . webcache.googleusercontent.com. 31 March 2010 . Retrieved 29 September 2010 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` \u0411\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0436\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0443\u0449\u0430 - \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e\u044d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0411\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0441\u0438 '' .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Allegrini , Elaine ( 15 November 2008 ) . `` James Edgar 's Santa Claus -- the spirit of Christmas '' . The Enterprise . Brockton , Massachusetts . Retrieved 29 November 2009 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` New Santa clauses introduced '' . BBC News . 9 December 2002 . Retrieved 23 May 2010 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Kate Connolly . `` Swiss Santas are banned from sitting children on their laps '' . The Daily Telegraph . Berlin . Archived from the original on 20 July 2006 . Retrieved 23 May 2010 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` A Visit from St. Nick '' . Squareamerica.com . Retrieved 21 December 2010 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ DeMara , Bruce ( 25 November 2013 ) . `` Autistic kids get quiet time with Santa at malls '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved 21 December 2013 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` Canadian malls offer quieter , calmer visits with Santa for kids with autism '' . CTVNews. 24 November 2013 . Retrieved 21 December 2013 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Edward B. Colby ( 3 December 2009 ) . `` Town in the spirit : Dedham Square to be filled with song , shopping '' . Dedham Transcript . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . DEDHAM -- The fifth annual Dedham Square Holiday Stroll this ... At 6 p.m. , Jonathan Meath -- better known as Santa JG , who performs with the Boston Pops -- will entertain children and families at Cafe Video Paradiso with a sing - along with Santa . `` We booked him months ago because we knew that he 's in demand this time of year , '' Haelsen says .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Mary Ann Georgantopoulos ( 23 December 2007 ) . `` Miracle on Mass . Ave. : City Santa takes suit seriously '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Santa Claus is coming to town . More accurately , he 's from town -- Cambridge that is . Jonathan Meath is the perfect fit for a Santa .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Santa Glen , secretary ( October 2010 ) . `` Minutes of meeting '' . San Diego Chapter of F.O.R.B.S. Archived from the original on 22 October 2010 . Retrieved 13 November 2010 . Hello fellow Santas , Once again we had an informative and fun gathering . Ten Santas were in attendance and we were happy to welcome Karilyn Curran , the chair person of our up and coming Santa Luncheon for 2011 ... Fashion Show : ... Jonathan Meath ...
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` Understanding What Christmas Gifts Mean to Children '' by Jenniina Halkoaho and Pirjo Laaksonnen , pages 248 -- 255 in `` Young Consumers '' and their reference to the 1994 article by Otnes , Cele , Kyungseung Kim , and Young Chan Kim . `` Yes , Virginia , There is a Gender Difference : Analyzing Children 's Requests to Santa Claus . '' in the Journal of Popular Culture , Vol. 28 , no . 1 ( Summer 1994 ) , pp. 17 -- 29
    67. \n
  67. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Santa Claus receives more than six million letters annually and growing , 20 Dec 2007 '' . Asian Tribune . Retrieved 12 December 2010 .
    68. \n
  68. \n ^ Jump up to : `` No small job for postal elves , 15 Dec 2010 '' . Universal Postal Union -- UPU . Retrieved 17 December 2010 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ 15 November 2011 No Comments ( 15 November 2011 ) . `` Operation Santa Claus at James Farley Post Office 2012 Operation Santa Claus -- Santa 's Blog '' . Archived from the original on 28 November 2011 . Retrieved 10 December 2011 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ `` Santa Mail - Letters to Santa '' . Retrieved 25 November 2014 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` France answers the most Santa letters , 21 Dec 2007 '' . xmas.co.uk . Retrieved 12 December 2010 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ `` Canada Post -- Holiday -- Santa 's Corner '' . Canadapost.ca . Retrieved 21 December 2010 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ `` : LA POSTE P\u00e8re No\u00ebl : '' . Laposte.fr . Retrieved 21 December 2010 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` Father Christmas 's French office open , 18 Nov 2010 '' . The Connexion . Retrieved 12 December 2010 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ `` Send a letter to Santa New Zealand Post '' . Nzpost.co.nz . Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ `` NZ Post to tighten net for Santa , by Alexis Grant , 30 Nov 2004 '' . New Zealand Herald . 30 November 2004 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Canada Post . `` Canada Post -- Employment Opportunities -- Traditions '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 8 April 2008 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ `` Time to write to Santa ! '' . Canada Post . 19 Nov 2015 . Retrieved 2 Aug 2016 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ `` Write to Santa and he 'll write you back ! '' . Canada Post . 5 Nov 2015 . Retrieved 2 Aug 2016 .
    80. \n
  80. \n ^ Jump up to : ' Letters to Santa Claus '. ( 2000 ) . In The World Encyclopedia of Christmas . Gerry Bowler , Editor . Toronto : McClelland & Stewart Limited . pp. 131 -- 132 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` Christmas letters to Santa '' . Royal Mail . Retrieved 27 December 2013 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ `` About this site -- Embassy of Finland , Beijing -- Consulates General of Finland , Shanghai and Guangzhou : Current Affairs '' . Finland.cn. 16 May 2007 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing Post Office '' . Beijing Your Way . Retrieved 21 December 2010 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` Beijing International Post Office '' . Vip.fesco.com.cn . Retrieved 21 December 2010 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ `` Expat kids get the chance to connect with Santa , November 17 , 2010 by Todd Balazovic and Li Jing ( China Daily ) '' . China Daily News . Retrieved 12 December 2010 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ `` Say hello to Santa Claus , November 24 , 2010 by Zhao Hongyi '' . Beijing Today . Archived from the original on 1 December 2011 . Retrieved 12 December 2010 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ `` Santa 2010 website by Airservices Australia '' . Mirror.airservicesaustralia.com . Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ `` Safe Travels Santa ! We will Be Watching , 19 Dec 2005 '' . NASA 's Canberra Deep Space Communications Complex . Archived from the original on 16 February 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ `` New technology to map Santa 's flight , 24 Dec 2009 '' . The Observer . Retrieved 5 December 2010 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` Welcome to The North Pole -- A Virtual Earth 3D Experience ! '' . Today.msnbc.msn.com . Retrieved 21 December 2010 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ `` Tracking Santa with Bing Maps , by Chris Pendleton , 24 Dec 2009 '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on 1 January 2010 . Retrieved 5 December 2010 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ `` DFW airport unveils Santa Tracker website , 18 Dec 2006 '' . PegNews wire . Archived from the original on 26 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ `` DFW Airport 's ' Santa Tracker ' Is Operational , by BJ Austin , 24 Dec 2009 '' . PBS KERA . Retrieved 4 December 2010 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ `` From NORAD Santa Tracker To Twitter : Santa Tracking For Christmas Eve 2009 , by Danny Sullivan , 23 Dec 2009 '' . Search Engine Land . Retrieved 5 December 2010 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ `` Frank and Debi DeFreitas of Holoworld '' . Frank and Debi DeFreitas . Archived from the original on 6 December 2010 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ `` Here Comes Santa Claus ! Watch it on the Web ! , 24 Dec 2005 '' . WRAL.com -- Raleigh , Durham , Fayetteville -- North Carolina 's TV Station website . Archived from the original on 8 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 December 2010 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Gurnon , Emily ( 23 December 2014 ) . `` How A Sears Typo Led To NORAD 's Santa Tracker '' . Forbes . New York , United States : Forbes , Inc . Retrieved 24 December 2014 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ `` Norad Santa Tracker : Christmas tradition began with a wrong number '' . CBC News . CBC. 24 December 2014 . Retrieved 24 December 2014 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ `` SantaWatch : Hunt for Santa to Include Clues from the International Space Station , by Dreamtime , 18 Dec 2000 '' . Dreamtime . Retrieved 11 December 2010 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ `` Keep track of Santa thanks to NORAD , by WKTV News , 24 Dec 2009 '' . Dreamtime . Retrieved 11 December 2010 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ `` Microsoft pulls plug on potty - mouth Santa , by John Fontana , 4 Dec 2007 '' . Network World . Retrieved 9 December 2010 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ `` For a Jolly Good Time , Chat With Santa on Windows Live Messenger , 13 Dec 2006 '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 9 December 2010 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ `` NORAD Tracks Santa -- Citation -- Space Certification Program as a Corporate Patron Level Partner in the Certified Imagination Product Category , December 2007 '' . Space Foundation . Retrieved 31 December 2009 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` Hi - tech helps track Santa Claus , December 24 , 2008 '' . BBC News . 24 December 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2009 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ `` You 'd Better Not Pout ! Booz Allen Supports NORAD to Track Santa 's Approach This Year , December 1 , 2010 by Booz Allen Hamilton '' . Booz Allen Hamilton . Archived from the original on 10 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 December 2010 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ `` It 's Time for e-Sputnik , by Patrick Gorman , December 8 , 2010 '' . Government Executive . Retrieved 10 December 2010 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ Kippenberg , Hans G. ; Kuiper , Yme B. ; Sanders , Andy F. ( January 1 , 1990 ) . Concepts of Person in Religion and Thought . Walter de Gruyter . p. 363 . ISBN 3110874377 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ Bowler , Gerry ( 27 July 2011 ) . Santa Claus : A Biography . Random House . ISBN 1551996081 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ `` When Christmas Was Banned -- The early colonies and Christmas '' . Archived from the original on 8 January 2010 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ `` History -- Ten Ages of Christmas '' . BBC . 13 March 2005 . Archived from the original on 13 March 2005 . Retrieved 21 December 2010 .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ Nissenbaum , chap. 1
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ Santa Claus : The great imposter , Terry Watkins , Dial - the - Truth Ministries .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ To Santa or Not to Santa , Sylvia Cochran , Families Online Magazine .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ Eddy , Mary Baker ( 1925 ) . Miscellany , p. 261 , in Prose Works other than Science and Health . Trustees under the will of Mary Baker G. Eddy , Boston , USA .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ Connelly , Mark ( 2000 ) . Christmas at the Movies : Images of Christmas in American , British and European Cinema . I.B. Tauris . p. 186 . ISBN 9781860643972 . A chapter on representations of Christmas in Soviet cinema could , in fact be the shortest in this collection : suffice it to say that there were , at least officially , no Christmas celebrations in the atheist socialist state after its foundation in 1917 .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ Echo of Islam . MIG. 1993 . In the former Soviet Union , fir trees were usually put up to mark New Year 's day , following a tradition established by the officially atheist state . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ Luzer , Daniel ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` What a Real War on Christmas Looks Like '' . Pacific Standard . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . There were several anti-religious campaigns , the most dramatic of which occurred in the 1920s . According to a piece published by the School of Russian and Asia Studies : In 1925 , Christmas was effectively banned under the officially atheist Soviets , and was not to return to Russian lands until 1992 . The New Year celebration usurped the traditions of a Christmas Tree ( \u0401\u043b\u043a\u0430 ) , Santa ( known in Russian as `` \u0414\u0435\u0434 Mopo\u0437 '' or `` Grandfather Frost '' ) , and presents . In the Russian tradition , Grandfather Frost 's granddaughter , the Snow Maiden ( \u0421\u043d\u0435\u0433\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430 ) , always accompanies him to help distribute the gifts . Elves are not associated with the holiday . The state prohibited people from selling Christmas trees . There were even festivals , organized by the League of Militant Atheists , specifically to denigrate religious holidays . Their carnivals were inspired by similar events staged by activists after the French Revolution . From 1923 to 1924 and then again from 1929 to 1930 the `` Komsomol Christmases '' and Easters were basically holiday celebrations of atheism .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ Ramet , Sabrina Petra ( 10 November 2005 ) . Religious Policy in the Soviet Union . Cambridge University Press . p. 138 . ISBN 9780521022309 . The League sallied forth to save the day from this putative religious revival . Antireligioznik obliged with so many articles that it devoted an entire section of its annual index for 1928 to anti-religious training in the schools . More such material followed in 1929 , and a flood of it the next year . It recommended what Lenin and others earlier had explicitly condemned -- carnivals , farces , and games to intimidate and purge the youth of religious belief . It suggested that pupils campaign against customs associated with Christmas ( including Christmas trees ) and Easter . Some schools , the League approvingly reported , staged an anti-religious day on the 31st of each month . Not teachers but the League 's local set the programme for this special occasion .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ How St. Nicholas Became Santa Claus : One Theory , interview with Jeremy Seal at the St. Nicholas Center .
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ `` In defense of Santa Claus '' . Archived from the original on 26 December 2007 . Retrieved 7 September 2016 . , Carol - Jean Swanson , Mothering , Fall 1992 .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ `` Better Watch Out , Better Not Cry '' . Archived from the original on 20 January 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 13 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Hilda Hoy , The Prague Post , 13 December 2006 .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ Santa goes green ! ; BBC.co.uk ; 26 November 2007 ; Retrieved 22 December 2007
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ Parents see red over school 's green - suited santa , Olinka Koster , The Daily Mail ( UK ) , 22 November 2007 .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ `` Nast , Thomas : `` Merry Old Santa Claus '' -- Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica `` . Britannica.com . Retrieved 11 June 2013 .
    125. \n
  125. \n ^ Jump up to : Do You Believe in Surnits ? , Jaqueline Woolley , The New York Times , December 23 , 2006 .
    126. \n
  126. \n ^ Jump up to : Santa Claus : Should Parents Perpetuate the Santa Claus Myth ? , Austin Cline , About.com
    127. \n
  127. \n ^ Jump up to : `` How to deal with the ' is Santa real ? ' '' . The Dominion Post . Retrieved 7 November 2011 .
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ Lawrence Kutner ; Parent & Child ; New York Times ; 21 November 1991 ; Retrieved 22 December 2007
    129. \n
\n

\n Bibliography

\n \n

\n Further reading

\n \n

\n External links

\n Find more aboutSanta Clausat Wikipedia 's sister projects \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Christmas
\n
    \n
  • \n Christmas Eve
    • \n
  • \n Children 's Day
    • \n
  • \n Boxing Day
    • \n
  • \n Nochebuena
    • \n
  • \n Saint Nicholas Day
    • \n
  • \n St. Stephen 's Day
    • \n
  • \n Sol Invictus
    • \n
  • \n Yule
    • \n
\n
\n In Christianity \n
    \n
  • \n Biblical Magi
      \n
    • \n Adoration of the Magi
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Adoration of the Shepherds
    • \n
  • \n Advent
    • \n
  • \n Angel Gabriel
    • \n
  • \n Annunciation
    • \n
  • \n Annunciation to the shepherds
    • \n
  • \n Baptism of the Lord
    • \n
  • \n Bethlehem
    • \n
  • \n Christingle
    • \n
  • \n Christmastide
    • \n
  • \n Epiphany
    • \n
  • \n Herod the Great
    • \n
  • \n Jesus
    • \n
  • \n Joseph
    • \n
  • \n Mary
    • \n
  • \n Massacre of the Innocents
      \n
    • \n flight into Egypt
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Nativity Fast
    • \n
  • \n Nativity of Jesus
      \n
    • \n in art
      • \n
    • \n in later culture
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Nativity scene
    • \n
  • \n Saint Nicholas
    • \n
  • \n Star of Bethlehem
    • \n
  • \n Twelfth Night
    • \n
\n
\n In folklore \n
    \n
  • \n Badalisc
    • \n
  • \n La Befana
    • \n
  • \n Belsnickel
    • \n
  • \n Caganer
    • \n
  • \n Christkind
    • \n
  • \n Ded Moroz
    • \n
  • \n Elves
    • \n
  • \n Father Christmas
    • \n
  • \n Gr\u00fdla
    • \n
  • \n Jack Frost
    • \n
  • \n Joulupukki
    • \n
  • \n Knecht Ruprecht
    • \n
  • \n Korvatunturi
    • \n
  • \n Krampus
    • \n
  • \n Mikul\u00e1s
    • \n
  • \n Miner 's figure
    • \n
  • \n Mrs. Claus
    • \n
  • \n Nisse / Tomte
    • \n
  • \n North Pole
    • \n
  • \n Old Man Winter
    • \n
  • \n Olentzero
    • \n
  • \n P\u00e8re Fouettard
    • \n
  • \n P\u00e8re No\u00ebl
    • \n
  • \n Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer
    • \n
  • \n Saint Lucy
    • \n
  • \n Santa 's reindeer
    • \n
  • \n Santa 's workshop
    • \n
  • \n Sinterklaas
    • \n
  • \n Ti\u00f3 de Nadal
    • \n
  • \n Vertep
    • \n
  • \n Yule Cat
    • \n
  • \n Yule Lads
    • \n
  • \n Zwarte Piet
    • \n
\n
\n Gift - bringers \n
    \n
  • \n Saint Nicholas
    • \n
  • \n Santa Claus
    • \n
  • \n List of Christmas gift - bringers by country
    • \n
\n
\n Traditions \n
    \n
  • \n Advent calendar
    • \n
  • \n Advent candle
    • \n
  • \n Advent wreath
    • \n
  • \n Boar 's Head Feast
    • \n
  • \n Candle arches
    • \n
  • \n Cards
    • \n
  • \n Carols by Candlelight
    • \n
  • \n Cavalcade of Magi
    • \n
  • \n Crackers
    • \n
  • \n Decorations
    • \n
  • \n Events and celebrations
    • \n
  • \n Feast of the Seven Fishes
    • \n
  • \n Flying Santa
    • \n
  • \n Google Santa Tracker
    • \n
  • \n Hampers
    • \n
  • \n Las Posadas
    • \n
  • \n Letters
    • \n
  • \n Lights
    • \n
  • \n Markets
    • \n
  • \n Meals and feasts
    • \n
  • \n Moravian star
    • \n
  • \n Nine Lessons and Carols
    • \n
  • \n NORAD Tracks Santa
    • \n
  • \n Nutcrackers
      \n
    • \n dolls
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ornaments
    • \n
  • \n Parades
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Pi\u00f1atas
    • \n
  • \n Pyramids
    • \n
  • \n R\u00e4uchermann
    • \n
  • \n Seals
    • \n
  • \n Secret Santa
    • \n
  • \n Spanbaum
    • \n
  • \n Stamps
    • \n
  • \n Stockings
    • \n
  • \n Tree
    • \n
  • \n Twelve Days
    • \n
  • \n Wassailing
    • \n
  • \n Windows
    • \n
  • \n Yule Goat
    • \n
  • \n Yule log
    • \n
\n
\n By country \n
    \n
  • \n Australia and New Zealand
    • \n
  • \n Denmark
    • \n
  • \n Germany
    • \n
  • \n Hawaii
    • \n
  • \n Hungary
    • \n
  • \n Iceland
    • \n
  • \n Indonesia
    • \n
  • \n Ireland
    • \n
  • \n Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Norway
    • \n
  • \n Philippines
    • \n
  • \n Poland
    • \n
  • \n Romania
    • \n
  • \n Russia
    • \n
  • \n Scotland
    • \n
  • \n Serbia
    • \n
  • \n Sweden
    • \n
  • \n Ukraine
    • \n
\n
\n Music \n
    \n
  • \n Carols
      \n
    • \n list
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Hit singles UK
    • \n
  • \n Hit singles US
    • \n
  • \n Music books
      \n
    • \n Carols for Choirs
      • \n
    • \n The Oxford Book of Carols
      • \n
    • \n The New Oxford Book of Carols
      • \n
    • \n Piae Cantiones
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Other media \n
    \n
  • \n Films
    • \n
  • \n Poetry
      \n
    • \n `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight ''
      • \n
    • \n `` A Visit from St. Nicholas ''
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Television
      \n
    • \n specials
      • \n
    • \n Yule Log
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n In modern society \n
    \n
  • \n Advent Conspiracy
    • \n
  • \n Black Friday ( partying )
    • \n
  • \n Black Friday ( shopping )
    • \n
  • \n Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland
    • \n
  • \n Christmas club
    • \n
  • \n Christmas creep
    • \n
  • \n Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004
    • \n
  • \n Christmas Lectures
    • \n
  • \n Christmas Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Christmas truce
    • \n
  • \n Controversies
    • \n
  • \n Cyber Monday
    • \n
  • \n Economics
    • \n
  • \n Giving Tuesday
    • \n
  • \n El Gordo
    • \n
  • \n Holiday season
    • \n
  • \n In July
    • \n
  • \n In August
    • \n
  • \n Leon Day
    • \n
  • \n NBA games
    • \n
  • \n NFL games
    • \n
  • \n Puritan New England
    • \n
  • \n American Civil War
    • \n
  • \n Post-War United States
    • \n
  • \n Running of the Santas
    • \n
  • \n SantaCon
    • \n
  • \n Santa 's Candy Castle
    • \n
  • \n Small Business Saturday
    • \n
  • \n Super Saturday
    • \n
  • \n Virginia O'Hanlon
    • \n
  • \n White Christmas
    • \n
  • \n Winter festivals
    • \n
  • \n WWE Tribute to the Troops
    • \n
  • \n Xmas
    • \n
\n
\n Food and drink \n
    \n
  • \n Dinner
      \n
    • \n Joulup\u00f6yt\u00e4
      • \n
    • \n Julebord
      • \n
    • \n K\u016b\u010dios
      • \n
    • \n R\u00e9veillon
      • \n
    • \n Twelve - dish supper
      • \n
    • \n Sm\u00f6rg\u00e5sbord
      • \n
    • \n Wigilia
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Sweets
      \n
    • \n b\u00fbche de No\u00ebl
      • \n
    • \n Cake
      • \n
    • \n Candy cane
      • \n
    • \n Cookies
      • \n
    • \n Fruitcake
      • \n
    • \n Gingerbread
      • \n
    • \n Kourabiedes
      • \n
    • \n Melomakarono
      • \n
    • \n Mince pie
      • \n
    • \n Pavlova
      • \n
    • \n Pecan pie
      • \n
    • \n Pumpkin pie
      • \n
    • \n Pudding
      • \n
    • \n Rosca de reyes
      • \n
    • \n Szaloncukor
      • \n
    • \n Turr\u00f3n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Soup
      \n
    • \n Menudo
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Sauce
      \n
    • \n Cranberry sauce
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Beverages
      \n
    • \n Apple cider
      • \n
    • \n Champurrado
      • \n
    • \n Eggnog
      • \n
    • \n Mulled wine
        \n
      • \n Smoking Bishop
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Ponche crema
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Dumpling
      \n
    • \n Hallaca
      • \n
    • \n Tamale
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Meat
      \n
    • \n Ham
      • \n
    • \n Roast goose
      • \n
    • \n Romeritos
      • \n
    • \n Turkey
      • \n
    • \n Stuffing
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Forbes Fictional 15
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 2002
\n
    \n
  1. \n Santa Claus
    2. \n
  2. \n Richie Rich
    3. \n
  3. \n Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks
    4. \n
  4. \n Scrooge McDuck
    5. \n
  5. \n Thurston Howell III
    6. \n
  6. \n Willy Wonka
    7. \n
  7. \n Bruce Wayne
    8. \n
  8. \n Lex Luthor
    9. \n
  9. \n J.R. Ewing
    10. \n
  10. \n Auric Goldfinger
    11. \n
  11. \n C. Montgomery Burns
    12. \n
  12. \n Charles Foster Kane
    13. \n
  13. \n Cruella de Vil
    14. \n
  14. \n Gordon Gekko
    15. \n
  15. \n Jay Gatsby
    16. \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 2005
\n
    \n
  1. \n Santa Claus
    2. \n
  2. \n Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks
    3. \n
  3. \n Richie Rich
    4. \n
  4. \n Lex Luthor
    5. \n
  5. \n C. Montgomery Burns
    6. \n
  6. \n Scrooge McDuck
    7. \n
  7. \n Jed Clampett
    8. \n
  8. \n Bruce Wayne
    9. \n
  9. \n Thurston Howell III
    10. \n
  10. \n Willy Wonka
    11. \n
  11. \n Arthur Bach
    12. \n
  12. \n Ebenezer Scrooge
    13. \n
  13. \n Lara Croft
    14. \n
  14. \n Cruella de Vil
    15. \n
  15. \n Lucius Malfoy
    16. \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 2006
\n
    \n
  1. \n Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks
    2. \n
  2. \n C. Montgomery Burns
    3. \n
  3. \n Scrooge McDuck
    4. \n
  4. \n Richie Rich
    5. \n
  5. \n Jed Clampett
    6. \n
  6. \n Mr. Monopoly
    7. \n
  7. \n Bruce Wayne
    8. \n
  8. \n Tony Stark
    9. \n
  9. \n Prince Abakaliki of Nigeria
    10. \n
  10. \n Thurston Howell III
    11. \n
  11. \n Willy Wonka
    12. \n
  12. \n Lucius Malfoy
    13. \n
  13. \n Tony Montana
    14. \n
  14. \n Lara Croft
    15. \n
  15. \n Mario
    16. \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 2007
\n
    \n
  1. \n Scrooge McDuck
    2. \n
  2. \n Ming the Merciless
    3. \n
  3. \n Richie Rich
    4. \n
  4. \n Mom
    5. \n
  5. \n Jed Clampett
    6. \n
  6. \n C. Montgomery Burns
    7. \n
  7. \n Carter Pewterschmidt
    8. \n
  8. \n Bruce Wayne
    9. \n
  9. \n Thurston Howell III
    10. \n
  10. \n Tony Stark
    11. \n
  11. \n Fake Steve Jobs
    12. \n
  12. \n Gomez Addams
    13. \n
  13. \n Willy Wonka
    14. \n
  14. \n Lucius Malfoy
    15. \n
  15. \n Princess Peach
    16. \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 2008
\n
    \n
  1. \n Uncle Sam
    2. \n
  2. \n Scrooge McDuck
    3. \n
  3. \n Richie Rich
    4. \n
  4. \n Gordon Gekko
    5. \n
  5. \n Jabba the Hutt
    6. \n
  6. \n Ebenezer Scrooge
    7. \n
  7. \n Tony Stark
    8. \n
  8. \n Thurston Howell III
    9. \n
  9. \n Bruce Wayne
    10. \n
  10. \n Adrian Veidt
    11. \n
  11. \n Jed Clampett
    12. \n
  12. \n Artemis Fowl II
    13. \n
  13. \n C. Montgomery Burns
    14. \n
  14. \n Lara Croft
    15. \n
  15. \n Mr. Monopoly
    16. \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n
    \n
  1. \n Carlisle Cullen
    2. \n
  2. \n Scrooge McDuck
    3. \n
  3. \n Richie Rich
    4. \n
  4. \n Tony Stark
    5. \n
  5. \n Jed Clampett
    6. \n
  6. \n Adrian Veidt
    7. \n
  7. \n Bruce Wayne
    8. \n
  8. \n Tooth fairy
    9. \n
  9. \n Thurston Howell III
    10. \n
  10. \n Sir Topham Hatt
    11. \n
  11. \n Artemis Fowl II
    12. \n
  12. \n C. Montgomery Burns
    13. \n
  13. \n Chuck Bass
    14. \n
  14. \n Jay Gatsby
    15. \n
  15. \n Lucille Bluth
    16. \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 2011
\n
    \n
  1. \n Scrooge McDuck
    2. \n
  2. \n Carlisle Cullen
    3. \n
  3. \n Artemis Fowl II
    4. \n
  4. \n Richie Rich
    5. \n
  5. \n Jed Clampett
    6. \n
  6. \n Tony Stark
    7. \n
  7. \n Smaug
    8. \n
  8. \n Bruce Wayne
    9. \n
  9. \n Mr. Monopoly
    10. \n
  10. \n Arthur Bach
    11. \n
  11. \n Jo Bennett
    12. \n
  12. \n C. Montgomery Burns
    13. \n
  13. \n Chuck Bass
    14. \n
  14. \n Gordon Gekko
    15. \n
  15. \n Jeffrey Lebowski
    16. \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 2012
\n
    \n
  1. \n Smaug
    2. \n
  2. \n Flintheart Glomgold
    3. \n
  3. \n Carlisle Cullen
    4. \n
  4. \n Jed Clampett
    5. \n
  5. \n Tony Stark
    6. \n
  6. \n Richie Rich
    7. \n
  7. \n Charles Foster Kane
    8. \n
  8. \n Bruce Wayne
    9. \n
  9. \n Forrest Gump
    10. \n
  10. \n Mr. Monopoly
    11. \n
  11. \n Lisbeth Salander
    12. \n
  12. \n Tywin Lannister
    13. \n
  13. \n C. Montgomery Burns
    14. \n
  14. \n Robert Crawley
    15. \n
  15. \n Jo Bennett
    16. \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 2013
\n
    \n
  1. \n Scrooge McDuck
    2. \n
  2. \n Smaug
    3. \n
  3. \n Carlisle Cullen
    4. \n
  4. \n Tony Stark
    5. \n
  5. \n Charles Foster Kane
    6. \n
  6. \n Bruce Wayne
    7. \n
  7. \n Richie Rich
    8. \n
  8. \n Christian Grey
    9. \n
  9. \n Tywin Lannister
    10. \n
  10. \n C. Montgomery Burns
    11. \n
  11. \n Walden Schmidt
    12. \n
  12. \n Lara Croft
    13. \n
  13. \n Mr. Monopoly
    14. \n
  14. \n Mary Crawley
    15. \n
  15. \n Jay Gatsby
    16. \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n LCCN : no2015039717
    • \n
  • \n GND : 4322773 - 9
    • \n
  • \n SUDOC : 028165594
    • \n
  • \n BNF : cb12005470x ( data )
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 001123057
    • \n
  • \n IATH : w69z9tk7
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santa_Claus&oldid=819364064 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what guides santa home after he has delivered presents", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Human fertilization - wikipedia

\n Human fertilization

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Part of a series on
\n Human growth and development
\n
\n Stages
\n
    \n
  • \n Human embryogenesis
    • \n
  • \n Fetus
    • \n
  • \n Infant
    • \n
  • \n Toddler
    • \n
  • \n Early childhood
    • \n
  • \n Child
    • \n
  • \n Preadolescence
    • \n
  • \n Adolescence
    • \n
  • \n Adult
    • \n
  • \n Middle age
    • \n
  • \n Old age
    • \n
\n
\n Biological milestones
\n
    \n
  • \n Fertilization
    • \n
  • \n Childbirth
    • \n
  • \n Walking
    • \n
  • \n Language acquisition
    • \n
  • \n Puberty
    • \n
  • \n Menopause
    • \n
  • \n Ageing
    • \n
  • \n Death
    • \n
\n
\n Development and psychology
\n
    \n
  • \n Pre - and perinatal
    • \n
  • \n Infant and child
    • \n
  • \n Adolescent
    • \n
  • \n Youth
    • \n
  • \n Young adult
    • \n
  • \n Adult
    • \n
  • \n Maturity
    • \n
\n
\n Developmental stage theories
\n
    \n
  • \n Attachment
    • \n
  • \n Ecological
    • \n
  • \n Psychosocial
    • \n
  • \n Psychosexual development
    • \n
  • \n Moral
    • \n
  • \n Cognitive
    • \n
  • \n Cultural - historical
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Human body portal
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n The acrosome reaction for a sea urchin , a similar process . Note that the picture shows several stages of one and the same spermatozoon - only one penetrates the ovum Illustration depicting ovulation and fertilization .

\n Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm , usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube . The result of this union is the production of a zygote cell , or fertilized egg , initiating prenatal development . Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the nineteenth century .

\n

\n The process of fertilization involves a sperm fusing with an ovum . The most common sequence begins with ejaculation during copulation , follows with ovulation , and finishes with fertilization . Various exceptions to this sequence are possible , including artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , external ejaculation without copulation , or copulation shortly after ovulation . Upon encountering the secondary oocyte , the acrosome of the sperm produces enzymes which allow it to burrow through the outer jelly coat of the egg . The sperm plasma then fuses with the egg 's plasma membrane , the sperm head disconnects from its flagellum and the egg travels down the Fallopian tube to reach the uterus .

\n

\n In vitro fertilization ( IVF ) is a process by which egg cells are fertilized by sperm outside the womb , in vitro .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Anatomy ( edit )

\n

\n Corona radiata ( edit )

\n

\n The sperm binds through the corona radiata , a layer of follicle cells on the outside of the secondary oocyte . Fertilization occurs when the nucleus of both a sperm and an egg fuse to form a diploid cell , known as zygote . The successful fusion of gametes forms a new organism .

\n

\n Cone of attraction and perivitelline membrane ( edit )

\n

\n Where the spermatozoon is about to pierce , the yolk ( ooplasm ) is drawn out into a conical elevation , termed the cone of attraction or reception cone . Once the spermatozoon has entered , the peripheral portion of the yolk changes into a membrane , the perivitelline membrane , which prevents the passage of additional spermatozoa .

\n

\n Sperm preparation ( edit )

\n Further information : Acrosome reaction

\n At the beginning of the process , the sperm undergoes a series of changes , as freshly ejaculated sperm is unable or poorly able to fertilize . The sperm must undergo capacitation in the female 's reproductive tract over several hours , which increases its motility and destabilizes its membrane , preparing it for the acrosome reaction , the enzymatic penetration of the egg 's tough membrane , the zona pellucida , which surrounds the oocyte .

\n

\n Zona pellucida ( edit )

\n

\n After binding to the corona radiata the sperm reaches the zona pellucida , which is an extra-cellular matrix of glycoproteins . A special complementary molecule on the surface of the sperm head binds to a ZP3 glycoprotein in the zona pellucida . This binding triggers the acrosome to burst , releasing enzymes that help the sperm get through the zona pellucida .

\n

\n Some sperm cells consume their acrosome prematurely on the surface of the egg cell , facilitating the penetration by other sperm cells . As a population , sperm cells have on average 50 % genome similarity so the premature acrosomal reactions aid fertilization by a member of the same cohort . It may be regarded as a mechanism of kin selection .

\n

\n Recent studies have shown that the egg is not passive during this process .

\n Cortical reaction ( edit )

\n Once the sperm cells find their way past the zona pellucida , the cortical reaction occurs . Cortical granules inside the secondary oocyte fuse with the plasma membrane of the cell , causing enzymes inside these granules to be expelled by exocytosis to the zona pellucida . This in turn causes the glyco - proteins in the zona pellucida to cross-link with each other -- i.e. the enzymes cause the ZP2 to hydrolyse into ZP2f -- making the whole matrix hard and impermeable to sperm . This prevents fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm . The cortical reaction and acrosome reaction are both essential to ensure that only one sperm will fertilize an egg .

\n

\n Fusion ( edit )

\n Fertilization and implantation in humans .

\n After the sperm enters the cytoplasm of the oocyte ( also called ovocyte ) , the tail and the outer coating of the sperm disintegrate and the cortical reaction takes place , preventing other sperm from fertilizing the same egg . The oocyte now undergoes its second meiotic division producing the haploid ovum and releasing a polar body . The sperm nucleus then fuses with the ovum , enabling fusion of their genetic material .

\n

\n Cell membranes ( edit )

\n

\n The fusion of cell membranes of the secondary oocyte and sperm takes place .

\n

\n Transformations ( edit )

\n

\n In preparation for the fusion of their genetic material both the oocyte and the sperm undergo transformations as a reaction to the fusion of cell membranes .

\n

\n The oocyte completes its second meiotic division . This results in a mature ovum . The nucleus of the oocyte is called a pronucleus in this process , to distinguish it from the nuclei that are the result of fertilization .

\n

\n The sperm 's tail and mitochondria degenerate with the formation of the male pronucleus . This is why all mitochondria in humans are of maternal origin . Still , a considerable amount of RNA from the sperm is delivered to the resulting embryo and likely influences embryo development and the phenotype of the offspring .

\n

\n Replication ( edit )

\n

\n The pronuclei migrate toward the center of the oocyte , rapidly replicating their DNA as they do so to prepare the zygote for its first mitotic division .

\n

\n Mitosis ( edit )

\n

\n Usually 23 chromosomes from spermatozoon and 23 chromosomes from egg cell fuse ( half of spermatozoons carry X chromosome and the other half Y chromosome ) . Their membranes dissolve , leaving no barriers between the male and female chromosomes . During this dissolution , a mitotic spindle forms between them . The spindle captures the chromosomes before they disperse in the egg cytoplasm . Upon subsequently undergoing mitosis ( which includes pulling of chromatids towards centrioles in anaphase ) the cell gathers genetic material from the male and female together . Thus , the first mitosis of the union of sperm and oocyte is the actual fusion of their chromosomes .

\n

\n Each of the two daughter cells resulting from that mitosis has one replica of each chromatid that was replicated in the previous stage . Thus , they are genetically identical .

\n

\n Fertilization age ( edit )

\n

\n Fertilization is the event most commonly used to mark the zero point in descriptions of prenatal development of the embryo or fetus . The resultant age is known as fertilization age , fertilizational age , embryonic age , fetal age or ( intrauterine ) developmental ( IUD ) age .

\n

\n Gestational age , in contrast , takes the beginning of the last menstrual period ( LMP ) as the zero point . By convention , gestational age is calculated by adding 14 days to fertilization age and vice versa . In fact , however , fertilization usually occurs within a day of ovulation , which , in turn , occurs on average 14.6 days after the beginning of the preceding menstruation ( LMP ) . There is also considerable variability in this interval , with a 95 % prediction interval of the ovulation of 9 to 20 days after menstruation even for an average woman who has a mean LMP - to - ovulation time of 14.6 . In a reference group representing all women , the 95 % prediction interval of the LMP - to - ovulation is 8.2 to 20.5 days .

\n

\n The average time to birth has been estimated to be 268 days ( 38 weeks and two days ) from ovulation , with a standard deviation of 10 days or coefficient of variation of 3.7 % .

\n

\n Fertilization age is sometimes used postnatally ( after birth ) as well to estimate various risk factors . For example , it is a better predictor than postnatal age for risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature babies treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation .

\n

\n Diseases ( edit )

\n

\n Various disorders can arise from defects in the fertilization process .

\n \n

\n However , some researchers have found that in rare pairs of fraternal twins , their origin might have been from the fertilization of one egg cell from the mother and eight sperm cells from the father . This possibility has been investigated by computer simulations of the fertilization process .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Garrison , Fielding . An Introduction to the History of Medicine , pages 566 - 567 ( Saunders 1921 ) .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 24 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ http://www.americanpregnancy.org/preventingpregnancy/pregnancyfaqmyths.html
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Lawyers Guide to Forensic Medicine SBN 978 - 1 - 85941 - 159 - 9 By Bernard Knight - Page 188 `` Pregnancy is well known to occur from such external ejaculation ... ''
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Fertilization of the Ovum '' . Gray 's Anatomy . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 16 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Fertilization '' . Retrieved 28 July 2010 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Angier , Natalie ( 2007 - 06 - 12 ) . `` Sleek , Fast and Focused : The Cells That Make Dad Dad '' . The New York Times .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Suzanne Wymelenberg , Science and Babies , National Academy Press , page 17
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Richard E. Jones and Kristin H. Lopez , Human Reproductive Biology , Third Edition , Elsevier , 2006 , page 238
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Fertilization : The Cortical Reaction '' . Boundless . Boundless . Retrieved 14 March 2013 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Jodar , M. ; Selvaraju , S. ; Sendler , E. ; Diamond , M.P. ; Krawetz , S.A. ; for the Reproductive Medicine Networks ( 2013 ) . `` The presence , role and clinical use of spermatozoal RNAs '' . Human Reproduction Update. 19 ( 6 ) : 604 -- 624 . doi : 10.1093 / humupd / dmt031 . PMC 3796946 . PMID 23856356 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : Marieb , Elaine M. Human Anatomy and Physiology , 5th ed . pp. 1119 - 1122 ( 2001 ) . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 4989 - 8
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ https://www.genderselectionauthority.com/blog/five-facts-about-xx-or-xy
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Wagner F , Erd\u00f6sov\u00e1 B , Kylarov\u00e1 D ( December 2004 ) . `` Degradation phase of apoptosis during the early stages of human metanephros development '' . Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 148 ( 2 ) : 255 -- 6 . doi : 10.5507 / bp. 2004.054 . PMID 15744391 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Robinson , H.P. ; Fleming , J.E.E. ( 1975 ) . `` A Critical Evaluation of Sonar `` crown - Rump Length '' Measurements `` . BJOG : an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 82 ( 9 ) : 702 -- 710 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 0528.1975. tb00710. x .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : Geirsson RT ( May 1991 ) . `` Ultrasound instead of last menstrual period as the basis of gestational age assignment '' . Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1 ( 3 ) : 212 -- 9 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1469 - 0705.1991. 01030212. x . PMID 12797075 . ( 1 )
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Derived from a standard deviation in this interval of 2.6 , as given in : Fehring RJ , Schneider M , Raviele K ( 2006 ) . `` Variability in the phases of the menstrual cycle '' . J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 35 ( 3 ) : 376 -- 84 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1552 - 6909.2006. 00051. x . PMID 16700687 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Jukic AM , Baird DD , Weinberg CR , McConnaughey DR , Wilcox AJ ( 2013 ) . `` Length of human pregnancy and contributors to its natural variation '' . Hum . Reprod. 28 ( 10 ) : 2848 -- 55 . doi : 10.1093 / humrep / det297 . PMC 3777570 . PMID 23922246 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Alan H. Jobe , MD , PhD . Post-fertilizational age and IVH in ECMO patients . RadiologySource Volume 145 , Issue 2 , Page A2 ( August 2004 ) . PII : S0022 - 3476 ( 04 ) 00583 - 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jpeds. 2004.07. 010 .
    20. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Human physiology of sexual reproduction
\n Menstrual cycle \n
    \n
  • \n Menarche
    • \n
  • \n Menstruation
    • \n
  • \n Follicular phase
    • \n
  • \n Ovulation
    • \n
  • \n Luteal phase
    • \n
\n
\n Gametogenesis \n
    \n
  • \n Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium
    • \n
  • \n spermatocyte
    • \n
  • \n spermatid
    • \n
  • \n sperm )
    • \n
  • \n Oogenesis ( oogonium
    • \n
  • \n oocyte
    • \n
  • \n ootid
    • \n
  • \n ovum )
    • \n
  • \n Germ cell ( gonocyte
    • \n
  • \n gamete )
    • \n
\n
\n Human sexual behavior \n
    \n
  • \n Sexual arousal
    • \n
  • \n Sexual intercourse
    • \n
  • \n Masturbation
    • \n
  • \n Erection
    • \n
  • \n Orgasm
    • \n
  • \n Ejaculation
    • \n
  • \n Insemination
    • \n
  • \n Fertilisation / Fertility
    • \n
  • \n Implantation
    • \n
  • \n Pregnancy
    • \n
  • \n Postpartum period
    • \n
  • \n Mechanics of sex
    • \n
\n
\n Life span \n
    \n
  • \n Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization
    • \n
  • \n Virilization )
    • \n
  • \n Puberty ( Gonadarche
    • \n
  • \n Pubarche
    • \n
  • \n Menarche
    • \n
  • \n Spermarche
    • \n
  • \n Adrenarche )
    • \n
  • \n Maternal age / Paternal age
    • \n
  • \n Climacteric ( Menopause
    • \n
  • \n Late - onset hypogonadism )
    • \n
  • \n Tanner scale
    • \n
\n
\n Egg \n
    \n
  • \n Ovum
    • \n
  • \n Oviposition
    • \n
  • \n Oviparity
    • \n
  • \n Ovoviviparity
    • \n
  • \n Vivipary
    • \n
\n
\n Reproductive endocrinology and infertility \n
    \n
  • \n Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis
    • \n
  • \n Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis
    • \n
  • \n Andrology
    • \n
  • \n Hormone
    • \n
\n
\n Breast \n
    \n
  • \n Thelarche
    • \n
  • \n Breast development
    • \n
  • \n Lactation
    • \n
  • \n Breastfeeding
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Human_fertilization&oldid=816596335 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "name the process of fusion of an egg with a sperm", "long_answers": ["The process of fertilization involves a sperm fusing with an ovum . The most common sequence begins with ejaculation during copulation , follows with ovulation , and finishes with fertilization . Various exceptions to this sequence are possible , including artificial insemination , in vitro fertilization , external ejaculation without copulation , or copulation shortly after ovulation . Upon encountering the secondary oocyte , the acrosome of the sperm produces enzymes which allow it to burrow through the outer jelly coat of the egg . The sperm plasma then fuses with the egg 's plasma membrane , the sperm head disconnects from its flagellum and the egg travels down the Fallopian tube to reach the uterus .\n", "Human fertilization is the union of a human egg and sperm , usually occurring in the ampulla of the fallopian tube . The result of this union is the production of a zygote cell , or fertilized egg , initiating prenatal development . Scientists discovered the dynamics of human fertilization in the nineteenth century .\n"], "short_answers": ["fertilization\n", "Human fertilization\n", "fertilization\n", "fertilization\n"]} {"text": "2018 College football Playoff national championship - wikipedia

\n 2018 College football Playoff national championship

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Alabama Crimson Tide \n Georgia Bulldogs
\n ( 12 -- 1 ) \n ( 13 -- 1 )
\n SEC \n SEC
\n 26 \n 23
\n Head coach : Nick Saban \n Head coach : Kirby Smart
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n AP \n Coaches \n CFP
\n \n \n
\n 		\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n AP \n Coaches \n CFP
\n \n \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n OT \n Total
\n Alabama \n 0 \n 0 \n 10 \n 10 \n 6 \n 26
\n Georgia \n 0 \n 13 \n 7 \n 0 \n \n 23
\n
\n Date \n January 8 , 2018
\n Season \n 2017
\n Stadium \n Mercedes - Benz Stadium
\n Location \n Atlanta , Georgia
\n MVP \n Offensive : # 13 QB Tua Tagovailoa , Fr . Alabama Defensive : # 94 DT Da'Ron Payne , Jr . Alabama
\n Favorite \n Alabama by 3.5
\n National anthem \n Zac Brown Band
\n Referee \n Dan Capron ( Big Ten )
\n Halftime show \n Georgia Redcoat Marching Band Million Dollar Band
\n Attendance \n 77,430
\n United States TV coverage
\n Network \n ESPN / ESPN Radio / ESPN Deportes
\n Announcers \n Chris Fowler , Kirk Herbstreit , Maria Taylor and Tom Rinaldi ( ESPN ) Sean McDonough , Todd Blackledge , Holly Rowe and Ian Fitzsimmons ( ESPN Radio )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n College Football Playoff National Championship
\n < 2017 \n 2019 >
\n
\n

\n The 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship was a college football bowl game that determined the national champion in the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision for the 2017 season . The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs 26 -- 23 in overtime . Alabama overcame a 13 -- 0 deficit at halftime . Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne were respectively named the offensive and defensive players of the game .

\n

\n The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season . Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and the Rose Bowl , respectively , on January 1 , 2018 . The championship game was played at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia on January 8 , 2018 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Background ( edit )

\n

\n The Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4 , 2015 .

\n

\n 2018 College football Playoff ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Semifinals \n \n Championship
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n January 1 -- Sugar Bowl Mercedes - Benz Superdome , New Orleans \n
\n \n 1 \n Clemson \n 6 \n
\n \n 4 \n Alabama \n 24 \n \n \n January 8 -- National Championship Mercedes - Benz Stadium , Atlanta
\n \n \n
\n \n \n \n 4 \n Alabama ( OT ) \n 26
\n \n January 1 -- Rose Bowl Rose Bowl , Pasadena \n \n 3 \n Georgia \n 23
\n \n \n
\n \n 2 \n Oklahoma \n 48
\n \n 3 \n Georgia ( 2OT ) \n 54 \n
\n This bracket : \n

\n The College Football Playoff ( CFP ) selected four teams to advance to the playoff : the Clemson Tigers , Oklahoma Sooners , Georgia Bulldogs , and Alabama Crimson Tide .

\n

\n Teams ( edit )

\n

\n Alabama ( edit )

\n See also : 2017 Alabama Crimson Tide football team

\n The Alabama Crimson Tide defeated the Clemson Tigers in the 2018 Sugar Bowl by a score of 24 -- 6 to reach the championship game . The Tide had a 12 -- 1 season , becoming the SEC West Division co-champions with the Auburn Tigers . The Crimson Tide were coached by Nick Saban .

\n

\n Georgia ( edit )

\n See also : 2017 Georgia Bulldogs football team

\n The Georgia Bulldogs defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2018 Rose Bowl by a score of 54 -- 48 in double overtime to reach the championship game . The Bulldogs had a 13 -- 1 season claiming their 13th Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) championship with a win over Auburn Tigers , 28 -- 7 . The Bulldogs were coached by Kirby Smart .

\n

\n Game summary ( edit )

\n

\n After winning the coin toss , Alabama deferred to the second half and Georgia received the ball to begin the game . After two plays , quarterback Jake Fromm attempted a pass downfield and was intercepted by Tony Brown . Alabama began their first drive of the game , and , after eleven plays , that drive ended with kicker Andy Pappanastos missing a 40 - yard field goal . The teams each had three - and - outs for the game 's first two punts . During Georgia 's ensuing drive , the quarter ended , with no score .

\n

\n After a failed third down conversion , on the second play of the second quarter , Georgia kicker Rodrigo Blankenship hit a 41 - yard field goal to open the scoring and put Georgia in the lead by three . Alabama 's ensuing drive went nowhere , as they gained four yards on three plays and punted . Georgia took the ball and drove down the field , and found themselves with a first and goal at the Alabama 10 - yard - line ; the Tide defense held , however , and the Bulldogs settled for a second field goal and took a 6 -- 0 lead with just over seven and a half minutes until half . On Alabama 's next drive , the Georgia defense held yet again and Alabama 's JK Scott punted for the third time . Just prior to the punt , Georgia wide receiver Javon Wims was shown walking to the locker room , reportedly with a left shoulder injury . Both defenses then forced punts , and Georgia took back over with 1 : 19 remaining in the half on their own 31 - yard - line . Nine plays later , on Alabama 's 1 - yard - line , Mecole Hardman took a direct snap , faked a handoff , and ran into the end zone for the game 's first touchdown , putting Georgia up 13 -- 0 going into halftime .

\n

\n Because they deferred the coin toss , Alabama received the ball first in the second half . They started their drive on their own 22 - yard - line . Tua Tagovailoa , Alabama 's backup quarterback , started the second half for the Tide ; that drive quickly resulted in a three - and - out . The initial punt was blocked , but an offside call gave the Tide another chance to punt . Georgia started their drive on their own 36 - yard - line , but punted on 4th & 17 . Alabama took over on their own 44 - yard - line . The teams then traded touchdowns on consecutive drives ; Alabama scored their first points of the game on a 6 - yard pass from Tagovailoa to Ruggs , but Georgia immediately responded with an 80 - yard touchdown connection from Fromm to Mecole Hardman , putting Georgia up 20 -- 7 . On the second play of Alabama 's ensuing drive , Tagovailoa , while scrambling to the left , threw into traffic and was intercepted by Georgia 's Deandre Baker . Up 13 , the Bulldogs took over possession of the ball on Alabama 's 39 - yard - line . The Tide defense responded immediately , however , as Raekwon Davis intercepted a Jake Fromm pass on the first play of Georgia 's drive , returning the pick to the UGA 40 - yard - line . The Tide gained fifteen yards on six plays and kicker Andy Pappanastos avenged his earlier miss with a 43 - yard field goal that put Bama within ten . The teams then traded punts . Just prior to Alabama 's punt , it was announced that an Alabama defensive back , Kyriq McDonald , had collapsed on the sideline ; the situation was described as a `` serious medical emergency '' . He was loaded onto a medical stretcher awake and conscious . Georgia could not muster anything on offense that drive , and punted . The fourth quarter saw Tagovailoa lead the Tide to come back and tie the game at 20 with 3 : 49 . With three seconds remaining in the game , Andy Pappanastos missed a potential game - winning 36 - yard field goal to the left , sending the game to overtime .

\n

\n In overtime , Georgia scored on a 51 - yard field goal . On Alabama 's first offensive play in overtime , Tagovailoa was sacked for a 16 - yard loss , but immediately followed that with a game - winning 41 - yard touchdown pass to DeVonta Smith . Tagovailoa was named the offensive player of the game , and Da'Ron Payne was named the defensive player of the game .

\n

\n Scoring summary ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide ) Scoring summary
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Quarter \n Time \n Drive \n Team \n Scoring information \n Score
\n Plays \n Yards \n TOP \n Alabama \n Georgia
\n \n 14 : 14 \n 14 \n 55 \n 7 : 40 \n Georgia \n 41 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship \n 0 \n
\n \n 7 : 33 \n 13 \n 70 \n 5 : 19 \n Georgia \n 27 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship \n 0 \n 6
\n \n 0 : 07 \n 9 \n 69 \n 1 : 12 \n Georgia \n Mecole Hardman 1 - yard touchdown run , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good \n 0 \n 13
\n \n 8 : 52 \n 7 \n 56 \n 1 : 59 \n Alabama \n Henry Ruggs III 6 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa , Andy Pappanastos kick good \n 7 \n 13
\n \n 6 : 52 \n \n 93 \n 1 : 55 \n Georgia \n Mecole Hardman 80 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Fromm , Rodrigo Blankenship kick good \n 7 \n 20
\n \n 5 : 20 \n 6 \n 15 \n 1 : 06 \n Alabama \n 43 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos \n 10 \n 20
\n \n 9 : 24 \n 8 \n 71 \n 2 : 15 \n Alabama \n 30 - yard field goal by Andy Pappanastos \n 13 \n 20
\n \n 3 : 49 \n 8 \n 66 \n 3 : 21 \n Alabama \n Calvin Ridley 7 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa , Andy Pappanastos kick good \n 20 \n 20
\n OT \n \n \n - 9 \n \n Georgia \n 51 - yard field goal by Rodrigo Blankenship \n 20 \n 23
\n OT \n \n \n 25 \n \n Alabama \n DeVonta Smith 41 - yard touchdown reception from Tua Tagovailoa \n 26 \n 23
\n `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . \n 26 \n 23
\n
\n

\n Statistics ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n OT \n Total
\n No. 4 Crimson Tide \n 0 \n 0 \n 10 \n 10 \n 6 \n 26
\n No. 3 Bulldogs \n 0 \n 13 \n 7 \n 0 \n \n 23
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Statistics \n Alabama \n Georgia
\n First downs \n 20 \n 22
\n Plays -- yards \n 71 -- 371 \n 77 -- 365
\n Rushes -- yards \n 39 -- 184 \n 45 -- 133
\n Passing yards \n 187 \n 232
\n Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int \n 17 -- 32 -- 1 \n 16 -- 32 -- 2
\n Time of possession \n 26 : 17 \n 33 : 43
\n Sources : ESPN , StatBroadcast
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Team \n \n Player \n Statistics
\n Alabama \n Passing \n Tua Tagovailoa \n 14 / 24 , 166 yds , 3 TD , 1 INT
\n Rushing \n Najee Harris \n 6 car , 64 yds
\n Receiving \n Calvin Ridley \n 4 rec , 32 yds , 1 TD
\n Georgia \n Passing \n Jake Fromm \n 16 / 32 , 232 yds , 1 TD , 2 INT
\n Rushing \n Sony Michel \n 14 car , 98 yds
\n Receiving \n Riley Ridley \n 6 rec , 82 yds
\n Sources : ESPN , StatBroadcast
\n

\n Broadcasting ( edit )

\n

\n The game was televised nationally by ESPN . On January 8 , 2018 , the network announced that its broadcast would feature a live performance by Kendrick Lamar during halftime . This performance was separate from the event proper at Mercedes - Benz Stadium ( which featured a traditional halftime show with the marching bands of the participating teams ) , and originated from Centennial Olympic Park .

\n

\n Dispute ( edit )

\n

\n Following an undefeated season in the American Athletic Conference and their victory over the Auburn Tigers -- who had beaten both the Alabama Crimson Tide and the Georgia Bulldogs in the regular season before losing to Georgia in the 2017 SEC Championship Game -- in the 2018 Peach Bowl , the UCF Knights claimed to have won the national championship by virtue of being the only undefeated team in the FBS level of college football . This claim , however , is not recognized by any major poll . The selection committee ranked UCF 12th at the end of the regular season , below a number of two - loss teams from the Power Five conferences , which left them out of the CFP . UCF announced plans for a victory parade at Disney World and to hang a national championship banner at their stadium to celebrate this achievement . The school also paid national championship bonuses to all of its assistant coaches , many of whom left UCF after the Peach Bowl to follow head coach Scott Frost to his new head coaching job at Nebraska ; Frost himself ( who coached UCF in the game ) did not receive such a bonus because he had already been paid all of the bonuses allowed by his UCF contract .

\n

\n The AP Poll ranked Alabama No. 1 in its final poll , receiving 57 first - place votes , while UCF was ranked No. 6 and received four first - place votes . Alabama was unanimously ranked No. 1 in the Coaches Poll .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Kirshner , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` A Big Ten officiating crew is working the all - SEC National Championship '' . sbnation.com . SB Nation . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Alex Scarbrough ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Atlanta , Santa Clara and New Orleans land CFP title games for 2018 -- 20 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Selection Committee Rankings : Final Top 25 Rankings '' ( PDF ) . College Football Playoff . December 3 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Alabama 's Sugar Bowl win against Clemson sets up all - SEC final : Final score , stats , analysis '' . nola.com . January 1 , 2018 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Emerson , Seth ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Georgia to play for national championship after Rose Bowl win in 2 OT '' . ajc.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Hoffman , Benjamin ; Drape , Joe ; Tracy , Marc ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` National Championship Game : Georgia vs. Alabama Live Score '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Perez , A.J. ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` CFP players of the game : Alabama 's Tua Tagovailoa and Da'Ron Payne '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar to Perform at College Football Playoff Title Game '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Baker , Matt ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF is really claiming a national championship '' . tampabay.com . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Rollins , Khadrice ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` UCF Is Having a Parade at Disney World for National Championship Caliber Season '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Gartland , Dan ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF Is Hanging a National Championship Banner at Its Stadium '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Chavez , Chris ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` UCF AD Says Coaches Will Be Paid National Championship Bonuses '' . SI.com . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ September 1 , 2018 ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Alabama is No. 1 in final AP poll for 11th time ; UCF 6th '' . Msn.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Kercheval , Ben ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Coaches Poll Top 25 : Alabama unanimous No. 1 , UCF finishes outside top five '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 .
    15. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n College Football Playoff
\n Championships \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Overview \n
    \n
  • \n College Football Playoff National Championship
    • \n
\n
\n Games \n
    \n
  • \n 2014 -- 15
    • \n
  • \n 2015 -- 16
    • \n
  • \n 2016 -- 17
    • \n
  • \n 2017 -- 18
    • \n
  • \n 2018 -- 19
    • \n
  • \n 2019 -- 20
    • \n
  • \n 2020 -- 21
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Semifinal Bowls \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Rose \n
    \n
  • \n 2014 ( Jan 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n 2017 ( Jan 2018 )
    • \n
  • \n 2020 ( Jan 2021 )
    • \n
\n
\n Sugar \n
    \n
  • \n 2014 ( Jan 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n 2017 ( Jan 2018 )
    • \n
  • \n 2020 ( Jan 2021 )
    • \n
\n
\n Orange \n
    \n
  • \n 2015 ( Dec 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n 2018 ( Dec 2018 )
    • \n
\n
\n Cotton \n
    \n
  • \n 2015 ( Dec 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n 2018 ( Dec 2018 )
    • \n
\n
\n Peach \n
    \n
  • \n 2016 ( Dec 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n 2019 ( Dec 2019 )
    • \n
\n
\n Fiesta \n
    \n
  • \n 2016 ( Dec 2016 )
    • \n
  • \n 2019 ( Dec 2019 )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n List of College Football Playoff games
    • \n
  • \n New Year 's Six
    • \n
  • \n College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy
    • \n
  • \n NCAA Division I FBS champions
    • \n
  • \n Mythical national championship
    • \n
  • \n Plus - One system
    • \n
  • \n Power Five conferences
    • \n
\n
\n Championship games for each season are played in January , while semifinal games are identified by season year , alternating between December and January
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Links to related articles
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n 2017 -- 18 NCAA football bowl game season
\n
    \n
  • \n New Mexico ( Dec. 16 )
    • \n
  • \n Las Vegas ( Dec. 16 )
    • \n
  • \n Camellia ( Dec. 16 )
    • \n
  • \n Cure ( Dec. 16 )
    • \n
  • \n New Orleans ( Dec. 16 )
    • \n
  • \n Boca Raton ( Dec. 19 )
    • \n
  • \n Frisco ( Dec. 20 )
    • \n
  • \n Gasparilla ( Dec. 21 )
    • \n
  • \n Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 22 )
    • \n
  • \n Bahamas ( Dec. 22 )
    • \n
  • \n Armed Forces ( Dec. 23 )
    • \n
  • \n Birmingham ( Dec. 23 )
    • \n
  • \n Dollar General ( Dec. 23 )
    • \n
  • \n Hawaii ( Dec. 24 )
    • \n
  • \n Quick Lane ( Dec. 26 )
    • \n
  • \n Heart of Dallas ( Dec. 26 )
    • \n
  • \n Cactus ( Dec. 26 )
    • \n
  • \n Independence ( Dec. 27 )
    • \n
  • \n Pinstripe ( Dec. 27 )
    • \n
  • \n Texas ( Dec. 27 )
    • \n
  • \n Foster Farms ( Dec. 27 )
    • \n
  • \n Military ( Dec. 28 )
    • \n
  • \n Camping World ( Dec. 28 )
    • \n
  • \n Alamo ( Dec. 28 )
    • \n
  • \n Holiday ( Dec. 28 )
    • \n
  • \n Belk ( Dec. 29 )
    • \n
  • \n Cotton ( Dec. 29 )
    • \n
  • \n Sun ( Dec. 29 )
    • \n
  • \n Music City ( Dec. 29 )
    • \n
  • \n Arizona ( Dec. 29 )
    • \n
  • \n Fiesta ( Dec. 30 )
    • \n
  • \n Liberty ( Dec. 30 )
    • \n
  • \n Orange ( Dec. 30 )
    • \n
  • \n TaxSlayer ( Dec. 30 )
    • \n
  • \n Citrus ( Jan. 1 )
    • \n
  • \n Outback ( Jan. 1 )
    • \n
  • \n Peach ( Jan. 1 )
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n College Football Playoff games : Rose ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 )
    • \n
  • \n Sugar ( semifinal ) ( Jan. 1 )
    • \n
  • \n National Championship Game ( Jan. 8 )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n All - Star Games
\n
\n East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 20 )
\n
\n NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 20 )
\n
\n Senior Bowl ( Jan. 27 )
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n NCAA Football Championship Games
\n Division I \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n FBS \n
    \n
  • \n 2007 *
    • \n
  • \n 2008 *
    • \n
  • \n 2009 *
    • \n
  • \n 2010 *
    • \n
  • \n 2011 *
    • \n
  • \n 2012 *
    • \n
  • \n 2013 *
    • \n
  • \n 2014 *
    • \n
  • \n 2015 *
    • \n
  • \n 2016 *
    • \n
  • \n 2017 *
    • \n
  • \n 2018 *
    • \n
  • \n 2019 *
    • \n
\n
\n I-A \n
    \n
  • \n 1993 *
    • \n
  • \n 1994 *
    • \n
  • \n 1995 *
    • \n
  • \n 1996 *
    • \n
  • \n 1997 *
    • \n
  • \n 1998 *
    • \n
  • \n 1999 *
    • \n
  • \n 2000 *
    • \n
  • \n 2001 *
    • \n
  • \n 2002 *
    • \n
  • \n 2003 *
    • \n
  • \n 2004 *
    • \n
  • \n 2005 *
    • \n
  • \n 2006 *
    • \n
\n
\n FCS \n
    \n
  • \n 2006
    • \n
  • \n 2007
    • \n
  • \n 2008
    • \n
  • \n 2009
    • \n
  • \n 2011 *
    • \n
  • \n 2012 *
    • \n
  • \n 2013 *
    • \n
  • \n 2014 *
    • \n
  • \n 2015 *
    • \n
  • \n 2016 *
    • \n
  • \n 2017 *
    • \n
  • \n 2018 *
    • \n
  • \n 2019 *
    • \n
\n
\n I - AA \n
    \n
  • \n 1978
    • \n
  • \n 1979
    • \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n 1981
    • \n
  • \n 1982
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1984
    • \n
  • \n 1985
    • \n
  • \n 1986
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1988
    • \n
  • \n 1989
    • \n
  • \n 1990
    • \n
  • \n 1991
    • \n
  • \n 1992
    • \n
  • \n 1993
    • \n
  • \n 1994
    • \n
  • \n 1995
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1997
    • \n
  • \n 1998
    • \n
  • \n 1999
    • \n
  • \n 2000
    • \n
  • \n 2001
    • \n
  • \n 2002
    • \n
  • \n 2003
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2005
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Division II \n
    \n
  • \n 1973
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1976
    • \n
  • \n 1977
    • \n
  • \n 1978
    • \n
  • \n 1979
    • \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n 1981
    • \n
  • \n 1982
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1984
    • \n
  • \n 1985
    • \n
  • \n 1986
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1988
    • \n
  • \n 1989
    • \n
  • \n 1990
    • \n
  • \n 1991
    • \n
  • \n 1992
    • \n
  • \n 1993
    • \n
  • \n 1994
    • \n
  • \n 1995
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1997
    • \n
  • \n 1998
    • \n
  • \n 1999
    • \n
  • \n 2000
    • \n
  • \n 2001
    • \n
  • \n 2002
    • \n
  • \n 2003
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2005
    • \n
  • \n 2006
    • \n
  • \n 2007
    • \n
  • \n 2008
    • \n
  • \n 2009
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2011
    • \n
  • \n 2012
    • \n
  • \n 2013
    • \n
  • \n 2014
    • \n
  • \n 2015
    • \n
  • \n 2016
    • \n
  • \n 2017
    • \n
  • \n 2018
    • \n
\n
\n Division III \n
    \n
  • \n 1973
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1976
    • \n
  • \n 1977
    • \n
  • \n 1978
    • \n
  • \n 1979
    • \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n 1981
    • \n
  • \n 1982
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1984
    • \n
  • \n 1985
    • \n
  • \n 1986
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1988
    • \n
  • \n 1989
    • \n
  • \n 1990
    • \n
  • \n 1991
    • \n
  • \n 1992
    • \n
  • \n 1993
    • \n
  • \n 1994
    • \n
  • \n 1995
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1997
    • \n
  • \n 1998
    • \n
  • \n 1999
    • \n
  • \n 2000
    • \n
  • \n 2001
    • \n
  • \n 2002
    • \n
  • \n 2003
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2005
    • \n
  • \n 2006
    • \n
  • \n 2007
    • \n
  • \n 2008
    • \n
  • \n 2009
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2011
    • \n
  • \n 2012
    • \n
  • \n 2013
    • \n
  • \n 2014
    • \n
  • \n 2015
    • \n
  • \n 2016
    • \n
  • \n 2017
    • \n
  • \n 2018
    • \n
\n
\n Games played in January are denoted by an asterisk
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Alabama Crimson Tide bowl games
\n
    \n
  • \n 1926 Rose Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1927 Rose Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1931 Rose Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1935 Rose Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1938 Rose Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic
    • \n
  • \n 1943 Orange Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1945 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1946 Rose Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1948 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1953 Orange Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1954 Cotton Bowl Classic
    • \n
  • \n 1959 Liberty Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1960 Bluebonnet Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1962 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1963 Orange Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1964 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1965 Orange Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1966 Orange Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1967 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1968 Cotton Bowl Classic
    • \n
  • \n 1968 Gator Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1969 Liberty Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1970 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1972 Orange Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic
    • \n
  • \n 1973 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1975 Orange Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1975 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1976 Liberty Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1978 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1979 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1980 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic
    • \n
  • \n 1982 Cotton Bowl Classic
    • \n
  • \n 1982 Liberty Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1983 Sun Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1985 Aloha Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1986 Sun Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1988 Sun Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1990 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1991 Fiesta Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1991 Blockbuster Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1993 Sugar Bowl #
    • \n
  • \n 1993 Gator Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1995 Florida Citrus Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1997 Outback Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1998 Music City Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2000 Orange Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2001 Independence Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2004 Music City Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic
    • \n
  • \n 2006 Independence Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2007 Independence Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2009 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2010 BCS National Championship Game #
    • \n
  • \n 2011 Capital One Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2012 BCS National Championship Game #
    • \n
  • \n 2013 BCS National Championship Game #
    • \n
  • \n 2014 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2015 Sugar Bowl /
    • \n
  • \n 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic ( Dec ) /
    • \n
  • \n 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship #
    • \n
  • \n 2016 Peach Bowl /
    • \n
  • \n 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship #
    • \n
  • \n 2018 Sugar Bowl /
    • \n
  • \n 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship #
    • \n
\n

\n # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game

\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Georgia Bulldogs bowl games
\n
    \n
  • \n 1942 Orange Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1943 Rose Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1946 Oil Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1947 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1948 Gator Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1949 Orange Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1950 Presidential Cup
    • \n
  • \n 1960 Orange Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1964 Sun Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1966 Cotton Bowl Classic
    • \n
  • \n 1967 Liberty Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1969 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1969 Sun Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1971 Gator Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1973 Peach Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1974 Tangerine Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1976 Cotton Bowl Classic
    • \n
  • \n 1977 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1978 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1981 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1982 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1983 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1984 Cotton Bowl Classic
    • \n
  • \n 1984 Florida Citrus Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1985 Sun Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1986 Hall of Fame Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1987 Liberty Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1989 Gator Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1989 Peach Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1991 Independence Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1993 Florida Citrus Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1995 Peach Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1998 Outback Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 1998 Peach Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2000 Outback Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2000 Oahu Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2001 Music City Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2003 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2004 Capital One Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2005 Outback Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2006 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2006 Chick - fil - A Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2008 Sugar Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2009 Capital One Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2009 Independence Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2010 Liberty Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2012 Outback Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2013 Capital One Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2014 Gator Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2014 Belk Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2016 TaxSlayer Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2016 Liberty Bowl
    • \n
  • \n 2018 Rose Bowl /
    • \n
  • \n 2018 College Football Playoff National Championship #
    • \n
\n

\n # denotes national championship game / denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game

\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I championships
\n
    \n
  • \n Baseball
    • \n
  • \n Men 's basketball
    • \n
  • \n Women 's basketball
    • \n
  • \n Beach volleyball
    • \n
  • \n Bowling
    • \n
  • \n Cross country
    • \n
  • \n Fencing
    • \n
  • \n Field hockey
    • \n
  • \n Football ( FBS ) \u2020
    • \n
  • \n Football ( FCS )
    • \n
  • \n Men 's golf
    • \n
  • \n Women 's golf
    • \n
  • \n Men 's gymnastics
    • \n
  • \n Women 's gymnastics
    • \n
  • \n Men 's ice hockey
    • \n
  • \n Women 's ice hockey
    • \n
  • \n Indoor track and field
    • \n
  • \n Men 's lacrosse
    • \n
  • \n Women 's lacrosse
    • \n
  • \n Outdoor track and field
    • \n
  • \n Rifle
    • \n
  • \n Rowing
    • \n
  • \n Skiing
    • \n
  • \n Men 's soccer
    • \n
  • \n Women 's soccer
    • \n
  • \n Softball
    • \n
  • \n Men 's swimming and diving
    • \n
  • \n Women 's swimming and diving
    • \n
  • \n Tennis
    • \n
  • \n Men 's volleyball
    • \n
  • \n Women 's volleyball
    • \n
  • \n Men 's water polo
    • \n
  • \n Women 's water polo
    • \n
  • \n Wrestling
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n \u2020 Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship&oldid=822294017 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where is the national championship for college football played", "long_answers": ["The College Football Playoff selection committee chose the semifinalists following the conclusion of the 2017 regular season . Alabama and Georgia advanced to the national championship after winning the semifinal games hosted by the Sugar Bowl and the Rose Bowl , respectively , on January 1 , 2018 . The championship game was played at Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia on January 8 , 2018 .\n", "The Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia was announced as the host site for the fourth College Football National Championship on November 4 , 2015 .\n"], "short_answers": ["Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia on January 8 , 2018\n", "Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia\n", "Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia\n", "Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia\n", "Mercedes - Benz Stadium in Atlanta , Georgia\n"]} {"text": "Uvea - wikipedia

\n Uvea

\n Jump to : navigation , search For the Pacific island and chiefdom in Wallis and Futuna , see Wallis ( island ) and Uvea ( Wallis and Futuna ) . For the Pacific commune and island in New Caledonia , see Ouv\u00e9a and Ouv\u00e9a Island . \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Uvea
\n Horizontal section of the eyeball . The constituents of the uvea follow : iris labeled at top , ciliary body labeled at upper right , and choroid labeled at center right . )
\n Details
\n Identifiers
\n Latin \n tunica vasculosa bulbi
\n MeSH \n D014602
\n TA \n A15. 2.03. 001
\n FMA \n 58103
\n Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )
\n

\n The uvea ( / \u02c8ju\u02d0v\u026a\u0259 / ) ( Lat . uva , grape ) , also called the uveal layer , uveal coat , uveal tract , or vascular tunic , is the pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye . The name is possibly a reference to its reddish - blue or almost black colour , wrinkled appearance and grape - like size and shape when stripped intact from a cadaveric eye . Its use as a technical term in anatomy and ophthalmology is relatively modern .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Structure ( edit )

\n

\n Regions ( edit )

\n

\n The uvea is the vascular middle layer of the eye . It is traditionally divided into three areas , from front to back , the :

\n \n

\n Function ( edit )

\n

\n The prime functions of the uveal tract as a unit are :

\n \n

\n In addition some uveal regions have special functions of great importance , including secretion of the aqueous humour by the ciliary processes , control of accommodation ( focus ) by the ciliary body , and optimisation of retinal illumination by the iris 's control over the pupil . Many of these functions are under the control of the autonomic nervous system .

\n

\n Pharmacology ( edit )

\n

\n The pupil provides a visible example of the neural feedback control in the body . This is subserved by a balance between the antagonistic sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system . Informal pharmacological experiments have been performed on the pupil for centuries , since the pupil is readily visible , and its size can be readily altered by applying drugs -- even crude plant extracts -- to the cornea . Pharmacological control over pupil size remains an important part of the treatment of some ocular diseases .

\n

\n Drugs can also reduce the metabolically active process of secreting aqueous humour , which is important in treating both acute and chronic glaucoma .

\n

\n Immunology ( edit )

\n

\n The normal uvea consists of immune competent cells , particularly lymphocytes , and is prone to respond to inflammation by developing lymphocytic infiltrates . A rare disease called sympathetic ophthalmia may represent ' cross-reaction ' between the uveal and retinal antigens ( i.e. , the body 's inability to distinguish between them , with resulting misdirected inflammatory reactions ) .

\n

\n Clinical significance ( edit )

\n

\n See uveitis , choroiditis , iritis , iridocyclitis , anterior uveitis , sympathetic ophthalmia , and uveal melanoma .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/uvea
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ eye , human. `` Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica from Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 2009
    3. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Anatomy of the globe of the human eye
\n Fibrous tunic ( outer ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Sclera \n
    \n
  • \n Episcleral layer
    • \n
  • \n Schlemm 's canal
    • \n
  • \n Trabecular meshwork
    • \n
\n
\n Cornea \n
    \n
  • \n Limbus
    • \n
  • \n layers
      \n
    • \n Epithelium
      • \n
    • \n Bowman 's
      • \n
    • \n Stroma
      • \n
    • \n Dua 's layer
      • \n
    • \n Descemet 's
      • \n
    • \n Endothelium
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n 		\n
\n Uvea / vascular tunic ( middle ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Choroid \n
    \n
  • \n Capillary lamina of choroid
    • \n
  • \n Bruch 's membrane
    • \n
  • \n Sattler 's layer
    • \n
\n
\n Ciliary body \n
    \n
  • \n Ciliary processes
    • \n
  • \n Ciliary muscle
    • \n
  • \n Pars plicata
    • \n
  • \n Pars plana
    • \n
\n
\n Iris \n
    \n
  • \n Stroma
    • \n
  • \n Pupil
    • \n
  • \n Iris dilator muscle
    • \n
  • \n Iris sphincter muscle
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Retina ( inner ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Layers \n
    \n
  • \n Inner limiting membrane
    • \n
  • \n Nerve fiber layer
    • \n
  • \n Ganglion cell layer
    • \n
  • \n Inner plexiform layer
    • \n
  • \n Inner nuclear layer
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Outer plexiform layer
    • \n
  • \n Outer nuclear layer
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n External limiting membrane
    • \n
  • \n Layer of rods and cones
    • \n
  • \n Retinal pigment epithelium
    • \n
\n
\n Cells \n
    \n
  • \n Photoreceptor cells ( Cone cell , Rod cell ) \u2192 ( Horizontal cell ) \u2192 Bipolar cell \u2192 ( Amacrine cell ) \u2192 Retina ganglion cell ( Midget cell , Parasol cell , Bistratified cell , Giant retina ganglion cells , Photosensitive ganglion cell ) \u2192 Diencephalon : P cell , M cell , K cell , Muller glia
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Macula
      \n
    • \n Perifoveal area
      • \n
    • \n Parafoveal area
      • \n
    • \n Fovea
        \n
      • \n Foveal avascular zone
        • \n
      • \n Foveola
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Optic disc
      \n
    • \n Optic cup
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ora serrata
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Anatomical regions of the eye \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Anterior segment \n
    \n
  • \n Adnexa
    • \n
  • \n Fibrous tunic
    • \n
  • \n Anterior chamber
    • \n
  • \n Aqueous humour
    • \n
  • \n Iris
    • \n
  • \n Posterior chamber
    • \n
  • \n Ciliary body
    • \n
  • \n Lens
      \n
    • \n Capsule of lens
      • \n
    • \n Zonule of Zinn
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Posterior segment \n
    \n
  • \n Vitreous chamber
      \n
    • \n Vitreous body
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Retina
    • \n
  • \n Choroid
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Keratocytes
    • \n
  • \n Ocular immune system
    • \n
  • \n Optical coherence tomography
    • \n
  • \n Eye care professional
    • \n
  • \n Eye disease
    • \n
  • \n Refractive error
    • \n
  • \n Accommodation
    • \n
  • \n Physiological Optics
    • \n
  • \n Visual perception
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uvea&oldid=825197542 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "the vascular layer of the eye is the", "long_answers": ["The uvea is the vascular middle layer of the eye . It is traditionally divided into three areas , from front to back , the :\n"], "short_answers": ["The uvea\n", "The uvea\n", "middle layer\n", "uvea\n", "uvea\n"]} {"text": "Cuban war of independence - wikipedia

\n Cuban war of independence

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Cuban War of Independence
\n An estimated 200,000 Cubans died in Spanish concentration camps .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Date \n February 24 , 1895 -- February 15 , 1898 ( 2 years , 11 months , 3 weeks and 1 day )
\n Location \n Cuba ( Caribbean )
\n Result \n

\n Cuban victory

\n
    \n
  • \n American Intervention ; Expulsion of the Spanish colonial government during Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) .
    • \n
  • \n Treaty of Paris
    • \n
  • \n United States Military Government in Cuba
    • \n
  • \n Cuban independence
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Belligerents
\n

\n Spain

\n
    \n
  • \n Spanish Cuba
    • \n
  • \n Spanish Philippines
    • \n
\n 		\n Cuban nationalists United States
\n Commanders and leaders
\n Arsenio Linares Manuel Mac\u00edas Ram\u00f3n Blanco Valeriano Weyler Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera \n M\u00e1ximo G\u00f3mez Calixto Garc\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed \u2020 Antonio Maceo \u2020 Nelson A. Miles William Shafter George Dewey William T. Sampson
\n Strength
\n 196,000 \n 53,774 rebels 28,000 -- 60,000 US regulars and 200,000 + volunteers
\n Casualties and losses
\n

\n 786 killed in action 8,627 DOW 53,313 dead from disease

\n 900 killed in action ( 1898 ) 		\n

\n 5,180 Cuban insurgents died in combat 3,437 Cuban insurgents dead from disease

\n 385 US soldiers died in combat 2,061 US soldiers dead from disease
\n 300,000 total Cubans dead ( most of them civilian fatalities in the concentration camps )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Spanish colonial campaigns
\n
    \n
  • \n Canary Islands ( 1402 -- 96 )
    • \n
  • \n Guinea ( 1478 )
    • \n
  • \n Morocco ( 1497 )
    • \n
  • \n Or\u00e1n ( 1509 )
    • \n
  • \n Bugia ( 1510 )
    • \n
  • \n Tripoli ( 1510 )
    • \n
  • \n Djerba ( 1510 )
    • \n
  • \n Algeria ( 1516 )
    • \n
  • \n Algeria ( 1517 -- 18 )
    • \n
  • \n Djerba ( 1520 )
    • \n
  • \n Mexico ( 1519 -- 1821 )
    • \n
  • \n Mexico ( 1519 -- 21 )
    • \n
  • \n Chiapas ( 1523 -- 1695 )
    • \n
  • \n Guatemala ( 1524 -- 1697 )
    • \n
  • \n Pet\u00e9n ( 1618 -- 97 )
    • \n
  • \n El Salvador ( 1524 - 39 )
    • \n
  • \n Honduras ( 1524 -- 39 )
    • \n
  • \n Yucat\u00e1n ( 1527 -- 1697 )
    • \n
  • \n Algeria ( 1529 )
    • \n
  • \n Peru ( 1531 -- 72 )
    • \n
  • \n Tunisia ( 1534 )
    • \n
  • \n Tunisia ( 1535 )
    • \n
  • \n Chile ( 1536 -- 1810 )
    • \n
  • \n Colombia ( 1537 - 1540 )
    • \n
  • \n Algeria ( 1541 )
    • \n
  • \n Tunisia ( 1550 )
    • \n
  • \n Libya ( 1551 )
    • \n
  • \n Algeria ( 1555 )
    • \n
  • \n Algeria ( 1556 )
    • \n
  • \n Algeria ( 1558 )
    • \n
  • \n Tunisia ( 1560 )
    • \n
  • \n Algeria ( 1563 )
    • \n
  • \n Philippines ( 1565 -- 1900 )
    • \n
  • \n Philippines ( 1567 -- 1872 )
    • \n
  • \n Tunisia ( 1574 )
    • \n
  • \n Puerto Rico ( 1595 )
    • \n
  • \n Cuba ( 1596 )
    • \n
  • \n Puerto Rico ( 1598 )
    • \n
  • \n Morocco ( 1614 )
    • \n
  • \n Formosa ( 1626 )
    • \n
  • \n St. Kitts ( 1629 )
    • \n
  • \n Philippines ( 1646 )
    • \n
  • \n Hispaniola ( 1655 )
    • \n
  • \n Jamaica ( 1655 )
    • \n
  • \n Canary Islands ( 1657 )
    • \n
  • \n Jamaica ( 1657 )
    • \n
  • \n Jamaica ( 1658 )
    • \n
  • \n North America ( 1702 -- 13 )
    • \n
  • \n Chilo\u00e9 ( 1712 )
    • \n
  • \n Bahamas ( 1720 )
    • \n
  • \n Banda Oriental ( 1735 -- 37 )
    • \n
  • \n North America ( 1739 -- 48 )
    • \n
  • \n Sacramento ( 1762 -- 63 )
    • \n
  • \n Cuba ( 1762 )
    • \n
  • \n Nicaragua ( 1762 )
    • \n
  • \n Philippines ( 1762 )
    • \n
  • \n Sacramento ( 1776 -- 77 )
    • \n
  • \n North America ( 1779 -- 83 )
    • \n
  • \n Americas ( 1796 -- 1808 )
    • \n
  • \n R\u00edo de la Plata ( 1806 -- 07 )
    • \n
  • \n Ecuador ( 1809 )
    • \n
  • \n Peru ( 1811 -- 24 )
    • \n
  • \n Bolivia ( 1809 -- 25 )
    • \n
  • \n Florida ( 1810 )
    • \n
  • \n Paraguay ( 1810 -- 11 )
    • \n
  • \n Argentina ( 1810 -- 18 )
    • \n
  • \n Mexico ( 1810 -- 21 )
    • \n
  • \n Chile ( 1810 -- 26 )
    • \n
  • \n El Salvador ( 1811 )
    • \n
  • \n Uruguay ( 1811 )
    • \n
  • \n Venezuela ( 1811 -- 23 )
    • \n
  • \n Colombia ( 1815 -- 16 )
    • \n
  • \n Colombia ( 1819 -- 20 )
    • \n
  • \n Ecuador ( 1820 -- 22 )
    • \n
  • \n Mexico ( 1821 -- 29 )
    • \n
  • \n Balanguingui ( 1848 )
    • \n
  • \n Cochinchina ( 1858 -- 62 )
    • \n
  • \n Morocco ( 1859 -- 60 )
    • \n
  • \n Dominican Republic ( 1863 -- 65 )
    • \n
  • \n Chile / Peru ( 1864 -- 66 )
    • \n
  • \n Cuba ( 1868 -- 78 )
    • \n
  • \n Cuba ( 1879 -- 80 )
    • \n
  • \n Cuba ( 1895 -- 98 )
    • \n
  • \n Philippines ( 1896 -- 98 )
    • \n
  • \n Puerto Rico ( 1898 )
    • \n
  • \n Guam ( 1898 )
    • \n
  • \n Morocco ( 1920 -- 26 )
    • \n
  • \n Morocco ( 1957 -- 58 )
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Part of a series on the
\n History of Cuba
\n
\n Governorate of Cuba ( 1511 -- 1519 )
\n
\n Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 )
\n
\n Captaincy General of Cuba ( 1607 -- 1898 )
\n
    \n
  • \n Cuban War of Independence
    • \n
  • \n Spanish -- American War
    • \n
  • \n Treaty of Paris
    • \n
\n
\n US Military Government ( 1898 -- 1902 )
\n
\n Republic of Cuba ( 1902 -- 1959 )
\n
    \n
  • \n Cuban Pacification ( 1906 -- 1909 )
    • \n
  • \n Negro Rebellion ( 1912 )
    • \n
  • \n Sugar Intervention ( 1917 -- 1922 )
    • \n
  • \n Cuban Revolution ( 1953 -- 1959 )
    • \n
\n
\n Republic of Cuba ( 1959 -- )
\n
    \n
  • \n Bay of Pigs Invasion
    • \n
  • \n Cuban Missile Crisis
    • \n
  • \n Intervention in Angola
    • \n
  • \n Special Period
    • \n
  • \n Cuban Thaw
    • \n
\n
\n Timeline
\n
\n Topical
\n
    \n
  • \n Military history
    • \n
\n
\n Cuba portal
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n The Cuban War of Independence ( Spanish : Guerra de Independencia cubana , 1895 -- 98 ) was the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain , the other two being the Ten Years ' War ( 1868 -- 1878 ) and the Little War ( 1879 -- 1880 ) . The final three months of the conflict escalated to become the Spanish -- American War , with United States forces being deployed in Cuba , Puerto Rico , and the Philippine Islands against Spain . Historians disagree as to the extent that United States officials were motivated to intervene for humanitarian reasons but agree that yellow journalism exaggerated atrocities attributed to Spanish forces against Cuban civilians .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Background

\n

\n During the years 1869 -- 1888 of the so - called `` Rewarding Truce '' , lasting for 17 years from the end of the Ten Years ' War in 1878 , there were fundamental social changes in Cuban society . With the abolition of slavery in October 1886 , freedmen joined the ranks of farmers and the urban working class . The economy could no longer sustain itself with the shift and changes ; therefore , many wealthy Cubans lost their property , and joined the urban middle class . The number of sugar mills dropped and efficiency increased : only companies , and the most powerful plantation owners , remained in business followed by the Central Board of Artisans in 1879 , and many more across the island . After his second deportation to Spain in 1878 , Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed moved to the United States in 1881 . There he mobilized the support of the Cuban exile community , especially in Ybor City ( Tampa area ) and Key West , Florida . His goal was revolution in order to achieve independence from Spain . Mart\u00ed lobbied against the U.S. annexation of Cuba , which was desired by some politicians in both the U.S. and Cuba .

\n

\n After deliberations with patriotic clubs across the United States , the Antilles and Latin America , `` El Partido Revolucionario Cubano '' ( The Cuban Revolutionary Party ) was in a state of pendency and was affected by a growing fear that the U.S. government would try to annex Cuba before the revolution could liberate the island from Spain '' . A new trend of aggressive U.S. `` influence '' was expressed by Secretary of State James G. Blaine 's suggestion that all of Central and South America would some day fall to the U.S. :

\n

\n `` That rich island '' , Blaine wrote on 1 December 1881 , `` the key to the Gulf of Mexico , is , though in the hands of Spain , a part of the American commercial system ... If ever ceasing to be Spanish , Cuba must necessarily become American and not fall under any other European domination '' .

\n

\n Blaine 's vision did not allow the existence of an independent Cuba . `` Mart\u00ed noticed with alarm the movement to annex Hawaii , viewing it as establishing a pattern for Cuba ... ''

\n

\n War

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n On December 25 , 1894 , three ships ; the Lagonda , the Almadis and the Baracoa , set sail for Cuba from Fernandina Beach , Florida , loaded with soldiers and weapons . Two of the ships were seized by US authorities in early January , but the proceedings went ahead . Not to be dissuaded , on March 25 , Mart\u00ed presented the Manifesto of Montecristi , which outlined the policy for Cuba 's war of independence :

\n \n

\n The insurrection began on February 24 , 1895 , with uprisings all across the island . In Oriente , the most important ones took place in Santiago , Guant\u00e1namo , Jiguan\u00ed , San Luis , El Cobre , El Caney , Alto Songo , Bayate , and Baire . The uprisings in the central part of the island , such as Ibarra , Jag\u00fcey Grande , and Aguada , suffered from poor coordination and failed ; the leaders were captured , some of them deported and some executed . In the province of Havana , the insurrection was discovered before it was underway , and authorities detained its leaders . The insurgents further west in Pinar del R\u00edo were ordered by rebel leaders to wait .

\n

\n On April 1 and 11 , 1895 , the main Mambi leaders landed on two expeditions in Oriente : Major General Antonio Maceo along with 22 members near Baracoa , and Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed , M\u00e1ximo G\u00f3mez and 4 other members in Playitas . Around that time , Spanish forces in Cuba numbered about 80,000 , of which 20,000 were regular troops and 60,000 were Spanish and Cuban volunteer militia . The latter were a locally enlisted force that took care of most of the `` guard and police '' duties on the island . Wealthy landowners would `` volunteer '' a number of their slaves to serve in this force , which was under local control as militia and not under official military command . By December , Spain had sent 98,412 regular troops to the island , and the colonial government increased the Volunteer Corps to 63,000 men . By the end of 1897 , there were 240,000 regulars and 60,000 irregulars on the island . The revolutionaries were far outnumbered .

\n

\n The Mambises were named after the Negro Spanish officer , Juan Ethninius Mamby who joined the Dominican fight for independence in 1844 . The Spanish soldiers referred to the insurgents in the Dominican Republic as `` the men of Mamby '' or `` Mambies '' . When Cuba 's first war of independence broke out in 1868 , some of those same soldiers were assigned to Cuba ; they brought along what by then become a derogatory Spanish slur for insurgents . The Cubans adopted the name with pride .

\n

\n After the Ten Years ' War , the government had forbidden possession of weapons by private individuals . From the beginning of the uprising , the rebels were hampered by the lack of suitable weapons . They compensated by using guerrilla - style fighting , based on quick raids and fades to the environment , the element of surprise , mounting their forces on fast horses , and using machetes against regular troops on the march . They acquired most of their weapons and ammunition in raids on the Spaniards . Between June 11 , 1895 , and November 30 , 1897 , out of sixty attempts to bring weapons and supplies to the rebels from outside the country , only one succeeded through the protection of the British . Twenty - eight ships were intercepted within U.S. territory ; five were intercepted at sea by the U.S. Navy , and four by the Spanish Navy ; two were wrecked ; one was driven back to port by storm ; the fate of another is unknown .

\n

\n Mart\u00ed was killed shortly after landing on May 19 , 1895 , at Dos Rios , but M\u00e1ximo Gomez and Antonio Maceo fought on , taking the war to all parts of Oriente . By the end of June , all of Camag\u00fcey was at war . Based on new research in Cuban sources , historian John Lawrence Tone demonstrated that Gomez and Maceo were the first to force the civilian forces to choose sides . `` Either they relocated to the east side of the islands , where the Cubans controlled the mountainous terrain , or they would be accused of supporting the Spanish and be subject to immediate trial and execution . '' Continuing west , they were joined by 1868 war veterans , such as Polish internationalist General Carlos Roloff and Seraf\u00edn S\u00e1nchez in Las Villas , who brought weapons , men and experience to the revolutionaries ' arsenal .

\n

\n In mid-September , representatives of the five Liberation Army Corps assembled in Jimaguay\u00fa , Camag\u00fcey to approve the `` Jimaguay\u00fa Constitution . '' They established a central government , which grouped the executive and legislative powers into one entity named `` Government Council '' , headed by Salvador Cisneros and Bartolom\u00e9 Mas\u00f3 . After some time of consolidation in the three eastern provinces , the liberation armies headed for Camag\u00fcey and then Matanzas , outmaneuvering and deceiving the Spanish Army several times . They defeated Spanish Gen. Arsenio Mart\u00ednez - Campos y Ant\u00f3n , who had gained victory in the Ten - Year War , and killed his most trusted general at Peralejo .

\n

\n Campos tried the same strategy he had employed in the Ten Years ' War , constructing a broad belt across the island , called the trocha , about 80 km long and 200 m wide . This defense line was to confine rebel activities to the eastern provinces . The belt was developed along a railroad from Jucaro in the south to Mor\u00f3n in the north . Campos built fortifications along this railroad at various points , and at intervals , 12 meters of posts and 400 meters of barbed wire . In addition , booby traps were placed at locations most likely to be attacked .

\n

\n The rebels believed they had to take the war to the western provinces of Matanzas , Havana and Pinar del Rio , where the island 's government and wealth were located . The Ten - Year War had failed because it had not managed to proceed beyond the eastern provinces . In a successful cavalry campaign overcoming the trochas , the revolutionaries invaded every province . Surrounding all larger cities and well - fortified towns , they arrived at the westernmost tip of the island on January 22 , 1896 , exactly three months after the invasion near Baragu\u00e1 .

\n

\n Campos was replaced by Gen. Valeriano Weyler . He reacted to the rebels ' successes by introducing terror methods : periodic executions , mass exile of residents and forced concentration of them in certain cities or areas , and destruction of farms and crops . Weyler 's methods reached their height on October 21 , 1896 , when he ordered all countryside residents and their livestock to gather within eight days in various fortified areas and towns occupied by his troops .

\n Death of Maceo in 1896

\n Hundreds of thousands of people had to leave their homes and were subjected to appalling and inhumane conditions in the crowded towns and cities . Together with the forced reconcentrations done by the rebels in the eastern provinces , it is estimated that 25 to 30 percent of the civilian population subjected to it died during the three years of warfare . Using a variety of sources , Tone estimates that civilian losses totaled 155,000 to 170,000 deaths , representing nearly 10 percent of the total population .

\n

\n Starting in the early 1880s , Spain had also suppressed an independence movement in the Philippines , which was intensifying . In effect , Spain was now fighting two wars , a heavy burden on its economy . In 1896 it turned down offers in secret negotiations by the United States to buy Cuba from Spain .

\n

\n Maceo was killed December 7 , 1896 , in Havana province while returning from the west . As the war went on , the major obstacle to Cuban success was weapons supply . Although weapons and funding came from within the Cuban exile community and supporters in the United States , the supply operation violated American laws . These were enforced by the U.S. Coast Guard : of 71 attempted re-supply missions , only 27 got through ; 5 were stopped by the Spanish , but 33 were stopped by the U.S. Coast Guard .

\n

\n In 1897 , the liberation army maintained a privileged position in Camag\u00fcey and Oriente , where the Spanish controlled only a few cities . Spanish Liberal leader Pr\u00e1xedes Mateo Sagasta admitted in May 1897 : `` After having sent 200,000 men and shed so much blood , we do n't own more land on the island than what our soldiers are stepping on '' . The rebel force of 3,000 defeated the Spanish in various encounters , such as the Battle of La Reforma , and forcing the surrender of Las Tunas on August 30 . The Spaniards were kept on the defensive . Las Tunas had been guarded by over 1,000 well - armed and well - supplied men .

\n

\n As stipulated at the Jimaguay\u00fc Assembly two years earlier , a second Constituent Assembly met in La Yaya , Camag\u00fcey , on October 10 , 1897 . The newly adopted constitution provided that military command was to be subordinated to civilian rule . The government was confirmed , naming Bartolom\u00e9 Mas\u00f3 President and Domingo M\u00e9ndez Capote Vice President .

\n

\n Madrid decided to change its policy towards Cuba , and replaced Weyler . It also drew up a colonial constitution for Cuba and Puerto Rico , and installed a new government in Havana . But with half the country out of its control and the other half in arms , the colonial government was powerless and these changes were rejected by the rebels .

\n

\n The Maine incident

\n Main article : USS Maine ( ACR - 1 ) Wreckage of the Maine , 1898

\n The Cuban struggle for independence had captured the American imagination for years . Some newspapers had agitated for US intervention , especially because of its large financial investment , and featured sensational stories of Spanish atrocities against the native Cuban population , which were exaggerated for propaganda .

\n

\n Such coverage continued after Spain had replaced Weyler and changed its policies . American public opinion was very much in favor of intervening on behalf of the Cubans .

\n

\n In January 1898 , a riot by Cuban Spanish loyalists against the new autonomous government broke out in Havana . They destroyed the printing presses of four local newspapers that had published articles critical of Spanish Army atrocities . The U.S. Consul - General cabled Washington with fears for the lives of Americans living in Havana . In response , the battleship USS Maine was sent to Havana in the last week of January . On February 15 , 1898 , the Maine was rocked by an explosion , killing 258 of the crew and sinking the ship in the harbor . At the time , a military Board of Investigations decided that the Maine had exploded due to the detonation of a mine underneath the hull . However , later investigations decided that it was likely something inside the ship , though the cause of the explosion has not been clearly established to this day .

\n

\n In an attempt to appease the United States , the colonial government took two steps that had been demanded by President William McKinley : it ended forced relocation of residents from their homes and offered negotiations with the independence fighters . But the truce was rejected by the rebels .

\n

\n The Spanish -- American war

\n Main article : Spanish -- American War

\n The sinking of the Maine sparked a wave of public indignation in the United States . Newspaper owners such as William R. Hearst leaped to the conclusion that Spanish officials in Cuba were to blame , and they widely publicized the conspiracy . Realistically , Spain could have had no interest in drawing the United States into the conflict . Yellow journalism fueled American anger by publishing `` atrocities '' committed by Spain in Cuba . Hearst , when informed by Frederic Remington , whom he had hired to furnish illustrations for his newspaper , that conditions in Cuba were not bad enough to warrant hostilities , allegedly replied , `` You furnish the pictures and I 'll furnish the war '' . President McKinley , Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed , and the business community opposed the growing public demand for war , which was lashed to fury by the yellow journalism . The American cry of the hour became , Remember the Maine , To Hell with Spain !

\n

\n The decisive event was probably the speech of Senator Redfield Proctor , delivered on March 17 , 1898 , analyzing the situation and concluding that war was the only answer . The business and religious communities switched sides , leaving McKinley and Reed almost alone in their opposition to the war . `` Faced with a revved up , war - ready population , and all the editorial encouragement the two competitors could muster , the United States jumped at the opportunity to get involved and showcase its new steam - powered Navy '' .

\n

\n On April 11 , McKinley asked Congress for authority to send American troops to Cuba for the purpose of ending the civil war there . On April 19 , Congress passed joint resolutions ( by a vote of 311 to 6 in the House and 42 to 35 in the Senate ) supporting Cuban independence and disclaiming any intention to annex Cuba , demanding Spanish withdrawal , and authorizing the president to use as much military force as he thought necessary to help Cuban patriots gain independence from Spain . This was adopted by resolution of Congress and included the Teller Amendment , named after Colorado Senator Henry Moore Teller , which passed unanimously , stipulating that `` the island of Cuba is , and by right should be , free and independent '' . The amendment disclaimed any intention on the part of the United States to exercise jurisdiction or control over Cuba for other than pacification reasons , and confirmed that the armed forces would be removed once the war is over . The amendment , pushed through at the last minute by anti-imperialists in the Senate , made no mention of the Philippines , Guam , or Puerto Rico . Congress formally declared war on April 25 . The Senate and House passed the amendment April 19 , McKinley signed the joint resolution on April 20 , and the ultimatum was forwarded to Spain . War was declared on April 20 / 21 , 1898 .

\n

\n `` It 's been suggested that a major reason for the U.S. war against Spain was the fierce competition emerging between Joseph Pulitzer 's New York World and William Randolph Hearst 's New York Journal '' . Joseph E. Wisan wrote in an essay titled `` The Cuban Crisis As Reflected In The New York Press '' , published in `` American Imperialism '' in 1898 : `` In the opinion of the writer , the Spanish -- American War would not have occurred had not the appearance of Hearst in New York journalism precipitated a bitter battle for newspaper circulation . '' It has also been argued that the main reason the United States entered the war was its failed attempt to purchase Cuba from Spain .

\n Further information : Propaganda of the Spanish -- American War

\n Hostilities started hours after the declaration of war when a contingent of US Navy ships under Admiral William T. Sampson blockaded several Cuban ports . The Americans decided to invade Cuba and to start in Oriente , where the Cubans had almost absolute control . They cooperated by establishing a beachhead and protecting the U.S. landing in Daiquiri . The first U.S. objective was to capture the city of Santiago de Cuba in order to destroy Linares ' army and Cervera 's fleet . To reach Santiago , the Americans had to pass through concentrated Spanish defences in the San Juan Hills and a small town in El Caney . Between June 22 and 24 , 1898 , the Americans landed under General William R. Shafter at Daiquir\u00ed and Siboney , east of Santiago , and established a base .

\n

\n The port of Santiago became the main target of naval operations . The U.S. fleet attacking Santiago needed shelter from the summer hurricane season , thus nearby Guant\u00e1namo Bay , with its excellent harbor , was chosen for this purpose and attacked on June 6 ( 1898 invasion of Guant\u00e1namo Bay ) . The Battle of Santiago de Cuba on July 3 , 1898 was the largest naval engagement during the Spanish -- American War , resulting in the destruction of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron ( Flota de Ultramar ) .

\n

\n Resistance in Santiago consolidated around Fort Canosa , All the while , major battles between Spaniards and Americans took place at Las Guasimas on June 24 , El Caney and San Juan Hill on July 1 , 1898 , outside of Santiago . after which the American advance ground to a halt . Spanish troops successfully defended Fort Canosa , allowing them to stabilize their line and bar the entry to Santiago . The Americans and Cubans forcibly began a bloody , strangling siege of the city which eventually surrendered on July 16 , after the defeat of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron . Thus , Oriente was under control of Americans , but U.S. General Nelson A. Miles would not allow Cuban troops to enter Santiago , claiming that he wanted to prevent clashes between Cubans and Spaniards . Thus , Cuban General Calixto Garc\u00eda , head of the Mambi forces in the Eastern department , ordered his troops to hold their respective areas . He resigned over being excluded from entering Santiago , writing a letter of protest to General Shafter .

\n

\n Peace

\n

\n After losing the Philippines and Puerto Rico , which had also been invaded by the United States , and with no hope of holding on to Cuba , Spain sued for peace on July 17 , 1898 . On August 12 , the United States and Spain signed a protocol of Peace , in which Spain agreed to relinquish all claim of sovereignty and title over Cuba . On December 10 , 1898 , the United States and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris , which recognized Cuban independence .

\n

\n Although the Cubans had participated in the liberation efforts , the United States prevented Cuba from participating in the Paris peace talks and signing the treaty . The treaty set no time limit for U.S. occupation and the Isle of Pines was excluded from Cuba . The treaty officially granted Cuba 's independence , but U.S. General William R. Shafter refused to allow Cuban General Calixto Garc\u00eda and his rebel forces to participate in the surrender ceremonies in Santiago de Cuba .

\n

\n Analysis

\n

\n Most Spanish historians argue that the insurgency could not have succeeded on its own . Cuban historians argue the Cubans were on the verge of winning in 1898 and needed no outside help .

\n

\n See also

\n \n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People , Volume II : Since 1863 , Concise Edition ''
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Clodfelter , Michael , Warfare and Armed Conflict : A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures , 1618 -- 1991
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Dept. of Defense , 1991 Information Please , World Almanac 1984
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Sheina , Robert L. , Latin America 's Wars : The Age of the Caudillo , 1791 -- 1899 ( 2003 )
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ COWP : Correlates of War Project , University of Michigan
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Navarro ( 1998 ) . History of Cuba . Havana . pp. 55 -- 57
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Foner , Philip : The Spanish -- Cuban -- American War and the Birth of American Imperialism quoted in : ( 1 ) , History of Cuba
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Spanish -- Cuban -- American War -- History of Cuba
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : Krohn , Jonathan . ( May 2008 ) Review : `` Caught in the Middle '' John Lawrence Tone . War and Genocide in Cuba 1895 -- 1898 ( 2006 ) , H - Net , accessed 26 December 2014
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Navarro , Jos\u00e9 Cant\u00f3n 1998 . History of Cuba . Havana . p69
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ PBS , Crucible of Empire : The Spanish -- American War , pbs.org , retrieved 2007 - 12 - 15
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 20 .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : Navarro , Jos\u00e9 Cant\u00f3n : History of Cuba , Havana , Cuba , 1998 , p. 71
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ W. Joseph Campbell ( Summer 2000 ) . `` Not likely sent : The Remington -- Hearst `` telegrams '' `` . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Offner 1992 pp. 131 -- 35
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Davis , Michelle Bray & Quimby , Rollin W. ( 1969 ) , `` Senator Proctor 's Cuban Speech : Speculations on a Cause of the Spanish -- American War '' , Quarterly Journal of Speech , 55 ( 2 ) : 131 -- 41 , doi : 10.1080 / 00335636909382938 , ISSN 0033 - 5630 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Daley # , L. 2000 . El Fortin Canosa en la Cuba del 1898 . in Los Ultimos Dias del Comienzo . Ensayos sobre la Guerra Hispano - Cubana - Estadounidense . B.E. Aguirre and E. Espina eds . RiL Editores , Santiago de Chile pp. 161 -- 71 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ The Battles at El Caney and San Juan Hills , HomeOfHeroes.com .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Daley 2000 , pp. 161 -- 71
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ The Spanish -- American War Centennial Website ! , spanamwar.com , retrieved 2007 - 11 - 02
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Protocol of Peace Embodying the Terms of a Basis for the Establishment of Peace Between the Two Countries , Washington , D.C. , August 12 , 1898 , retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Treaty of peace between the United States and Spain , The Avalon project at Yale law School , December 10 , 1898 , archived from the original on November 6 , 2007 , retrieved 2007 - 10 - 30
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Navarro , Jos\u00e9 Cant\u00f3n : History of Cuba , Havana , Cuba , 1998 , p. 77
    25. \n
\n

\n Further reading

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Cuba topics
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n History
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Pre-Revolution \n
    \n
  • \n Timeline
    • \n
  • \n Colonial governors
    • \n
  • \n Slavery
    • \n
  • \n Ten Years ' War
    • \n
  • \n Little War
    • \n
  • \n Cuban War of Independence
    • \n
  • \n Sinking of the USS Maine
    • \n
  • \n Spanish -- American War
    • \n
  • \n Platt Amendment
    • \n
  • \n World War I
    • \n
  • \n Republic
    • \n
  • \n 1932 hurricane
    • \n
  • \n World War II
    • \n
  • \n Revolution
    • \n
\n
\n Post-Revolution \n
    \n
  • \n Escambray Rebellion
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Pigs Invasion
    • \n
  • \n Cuban Missile Crisis
    • \n
  • \n Cuban intervention in Angola
    • \n
  • \n Mariel boatlift
    • \n
  • \n Special Period
    • \n
  • \n Fidel 's transfer of power
    • \n
  • \n United States -- Cuban thaw
    • \n
\n
\n Cities \n
    \n
  • \n History of Havana
      \n
    • \n Timeline
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Other cities
      \n
    • \n Timelines : Camag\u00fcey , Cienfuegos , Guant\u00e1namo , Holgu\u00edn , Matanzas , Santiago de Cuba
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Geography
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Cities \n
    \n
  • \n Bayamo
    • \n
  • \n Camag\u00fcey
    • \n
  • \n Ciego de \u00c1vila
    • \n
  • \n Cienfuegos
    • \n
  • \n Guant\u00e1namo
    • \n
  • \n Havana
    • \n
  • \n Holgu\u00edn
    • \n
  • \n Las Tunas
    • \n
  • \n Matanzas
    • \n
  • \n Pinar del R\u00edo
    • \n
  • \n Sancti Sp\u00edritus
    • \n
  • \n Santa Clara
    • \n
  • \n Santiago de Cuba
    • \n
\n
\n Provinces \n
    \n
  • \n Artemisa
    • \n
  • \n Camag\u00fcey
    • \n
  • \n Ciego de \u00c1vila
    • \n
  • \n Cienfuegos
    • \n
  • \n Ciudad de La Habana
    • \n
  • \n Granma
    • \n
  • \n Guant\u00e1namo
    • \n
  • \n Holgu\u00edn
    • \n
  • \n Isla de la Juventud
    • \n
  • \n Las Tunas
    • \n
  • \n Matanzas
    • \n
  • \n Mayabeque
    • \n
  • \n Pinar del R\u00edo
    • \n
  • \n Sancti Sp\u00edritus
    • \n
  • \n Santiago de Cuba
    • \n
  • \n Villa Clara
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Almendares River
    • \n
  • \n Earthquakes
    • \n
  • \n List of islands
    • \n
  • \n Sierra Maestra
    • \n
  • \n Tropical cyclones
    • \n
  • \n World Heritage Sites
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Governance
    • \n
  • \n Security
    • \n
  • \n Economy
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Governance \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Armed Forces
    • \n
  • \n Castroism
    • \n
  • \n Constitution
    • \n
  • \n Elections
    • \n
  • \n Foreign relations
    • \n
  • \n Law
    • \n
  • \n Politics
    • \n
  • \n Presidency
    • \n
\n
\n Cuba -- United States relations \n
    \n
  • \n Bay of Pigs Invasion
    • \n
  • \n Brothers to the Rescue
    • \n
  • \n Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba
    • \n
  • \n Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations
    • \n
  • \n Cuban American
    • \n
  • \n Cuban - American lobby
    • \n
  • \n Cuban dissident movement
    • \n
  • \n Cuban Five
    • \n
  • \n Cuban Missile Crisis
    • \n
  • \n Eli\u00e1n Gonz\u00e1lez affair
    • \n
  • \n Fair Play for Cuba Committee
    • \n
  • \n Guantanamo Bay Naval Base
    • \n
  • \n Helms -- Burton Act
    • \n
  • \n Cuba -- United States hijackings
    • \n
  • \n Luis Posada Carriles
    • \n
  • \n Mariel boatlift
    • \n
  • \n Orlando Bosch
    • \n
  • \n Operation Northwoods
    • \n
  • \n Operation Peter Pan
    • \n
  • \n Platt Amendment
    • \n
  • \n Spanish -- American War
    • \n
  • \n United States ambassador
    • \n
  • \n United States embargo
    • \n
  • \n United States Interests Section
    • \n
\n
\n Political parties \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Current \n
    \n
  • \n Communist Party
    • \n
  • \n Christian Democratic
    • \n
  • \n Democratic Social - Revolutionary
    • \n
  • \n Democratic Socialist Current
    • \n
  • \n Democratic Solidarity
    • \n
  • \n Liberal
    • \n
  • \n Liberal Movement
    • \n
  • \n Social Democratic Co-ordination
    • \n
\n
\n Former \n
    \n
  • \n Aut\u00e9ntico
    • \n
  • \n Cuban National
    • \n
  • \n Democratic Union
    • \n
  • \n Independent Republican
    • \n
  • \n Ortodoxo
    • \n
  • \n Popular Socialist
    • \n
  • \n Republican ( Havana )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Security \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Military \n
    \n
  • \n Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces ( MINFAR )
    • \n
  • \n Air Force
    • \n
  • \n Army
    • \n
  • \n Navy
    • \n
  • \n Territorial Troops Militia
    • \n
\n
\n Law enforcement \n
    \n
  • \n National Revolutionary Police Force
    • \n
\n
\n Intelligence \n
    \n
  • \n Direcci\u00f3n General de Inteligencia
    • \n
  • \n Military Counterintelligence Directorate
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Economy \n
    \n
  • \n Agriculture
      \n
    • \n Agrarian reform
      • \n
    • \n Cooperatives
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Central bank
    • \n
  • \n Peso ( currency )
    • \n
  • \n Convertible peso
    • \n
  • \n International rankings
    • \n
  • \n Telecommunications
    • \n
  • \n Tourism
    • \n
  • \n Transport
      \n
    • \n airline
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Society
    • \n
  • \n Culture
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Society \n
    \n
  • \n Censorship
    • \n
  • \n Committees for the Defense of the Revolution
    • \n
  • \n Education
    • \n
  • \n Health care
    • \n
  • \n Human rights
      \n
    • \n LGBT
      • \n
    • \n LGBT history
      • \n
    • \n Women
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Language
    • \n
  • \n Rationing
    • \n
  • \n Scouting and Guiding
    • \n
  • \n Sociolismo
    • \n
\n
\n Culture \n
    \n
  • \n Art
    • \n
  • \n Cinema
    • \n
  • \n Cuisine
    • \n
  • \n Internet
    • \n
  • \n Literature
    • \n
  • \n Media
      \n
    • \n Newspapers
      • \n
    • \n TV
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Music
    • \n
  • \n Musical theater
    • \n
  • \n Festivals
    • \n
  • \n Public holidays
    • \n
  • \n Radio
    • \n
  • \n Religion
    • \n
  • \n Santer\u00eda
    • \n
  • \n Sport
      \n
    • \n baseball
      • \n
    • \n boxing
      • \n
    • \n football
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Universities
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Demographics
    • \n
  • \n People
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Demographics \n
    \n
  • \n Cubans
    • \n
  • \n Afro - Cubans
    • \n
  • \n Americans
    • \n
  • \n Cape Verdean
    • \n
  • \n Chinese
    • \n
  • \n Ciboney
    • \n
  • \n Filipino
    • \n
  • \n French
    • \n
  • \n German
    • \n
  • \n Haitian
    • \n
  • \n Isle\u00f1os
    • \n
  • \n Italian
    • \n
  • \n Japanese
    • \n
  • \n Jews
    • \n
  • \n Koreans
    • \n
  • \n Lebanese
    • \n
  • \n Mexicans
    • \n
  • \n Spanish
    • \n
  • \n White
    • \n
\n
\n People \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n By name \n
    \n
  • \n Desi Arnaz
    • \n
  • \n Fulgencio Batista
    • \n
  • \n Leo Brouwer
    • \n
  • \n Fidel Castro
    • \n
  • \n Ra\u00fal Castro
    • \n
  • \n Celia Cruz
    • \n
  • \n Ibrahim Ferrer
    • \n
  • \n Osmani Garc\u00eda
    • \n
  • \n M\u00e1ximo G\u00f3mez
    • \n
  • \n Eli\u00e1n Gonz\u00e1lez
    • \n
  • \n Nicol\u00e1s Guill\u00e9n
    • \n
  • \n Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed
    • \n
  • \n Pablo Milan\u00e9s
    • \n
  • \n Omara Portuondo
    • \n
  • \n Silvio Rodr\u00edguez
    • \n
  • \n Compay Segundo
    • \n
  • \n F\u00e9lix Varela
    • \n
\n
\n By occupation \n
    \n
  • \n Architects
    • \n
  • \n Artists
    • \n
  • \n Athletes
      \n
    • \n baseball players
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Painters
      \n
    • \n abstract
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Writers
      \n
    • \n women
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuban_War_of_Independence&oldid=832765040 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "the cuban revolt against spain was led by", "long_answers": ["Mart\u00ed was killed shortly after landing on May 19 , 1895 , at Dos Rios , but M\u00e1ximo Gomez and Antonio Maceo fought on , taking the war to all parts of Oriente . By the end of June , all of Camag\u00fcey was at war . Based on new research in Cuban sources , historian John Lawrence Tone demonstrated that Gomez and Maceo were the first to force the civilian forces to choose sides . `` Either they relocated to the east side of the islands , where the Cubans controlled the mountainous terrain , or they would be accused of supporting the Spanish and be subject to immediate trial and execution . '' Continuing west , they were joined by 1868 war veterans , such as Polish internationalist General Carlos Roloff and Seraf\u00edn S\u00e1nchez in Las Villas , who brought weapons , men and experience to the revolutionaries ' arsenal .\n", "During the years 1869 -- 1888 of the so - called `` Rewarding Truce '' , lasting for 17 years from the end of the Ten Years ' War in 1878 , there were fundamental social changes in Cuban society . With the abolition of slavery in October 1886 , freedmen joined the ranks of farmers and the urban working class . The economy could no longer sustain itself with the shift and changes ; therefore , many wealthy Cubans lost their property , and joined the urban middle class . The number of sugar mills dropped and efficiency increased : only companies , and the most powerful plantation owners , remained in business followed by the Central Board of Artisans in 1879 , and many more across the island . After his second deportation to Spain in 1878 , Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed moved to the United States in 1881 . There he mobilized the support of the Cuban exile community , especially in Ybor City ( Tampa area ) and Key West , Florida . His goal was revolution in order to achieve independence from Spain . Mart\u00ed lobbied against the U.S. annexation of Cuba , which was desired by some politicians in both the U.S. and Cuba .\n", "Cuban War of Independence An estimated 200,000 Cubans died in Spanish concentration camps . Date February 24 , 1895 -- February 15 , 1898 ( 2 years , 11 months , 3 weeks and 1 day ) Location Cuba ( Caribbean ) Result Cuban victory American Intervention ; Expulsion of the Spanish colonial government during Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) . Treaty of Paris United States Military Government in Cuba Cuban independence Belligerents Spain Spanish Cuba Spanish Philippines Cuban nationalists United States Commanders and leaders Arsenio Linares Manuel Mac\u00edas Ram\u00f3n Blanco Valeriano Weyler Patricio Montojo Pascual Cervera M\u00e1ximo G\u00f3mez Calixto Garc\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed \u2020 Antonio Maceo \u2020 Nelson A. Miles William Shafter George Dewey William T. Sampson Strength 196,000 53,774 rebels 28,000 -- 60,000 US regulars and 200,000 + volunteers Casualties and losses 786 killed in action 8,627 DOW 53,313 dead from disease 900 killed in action ( 1898 ) 5,180 Cuban insurgents died in combat 3,437 Cuban insurgents dead from disease 385 US soldiers died in combat 2,061 US soldiers dead from disease 300,000 total Cubans dead ( most of them civilian fatalities in the concentration camps )\n"], "short_answers": ["M\u00e1ximo Gomez\n", "Antonio Maceo\n", "Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed\n"]} {"text": "Forensic firearm examination - wikipedia

\n Forensic firearm examination

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Part of a series on
\n Forensic science
\n
\n Physiological ( show )
    \n
  • \n Anthropology
    • \n
  • \n Biology
    • \n
  • \n Bloodstain pattern analysis
    • \n
  • \n Botany
    • \n
  • \n Dentistry
    • \n
  • \n DNA phenotyping
    • \n
  • \n DNA profiling
    • \n
  • \n Entomology
    • \n
  • \n Epidemiology
    • \n
  • \n Medicine
    • \n
  • \n Palynology
    • \n
  • \n Pathology
    • \n
  • \n Podiatry
    • \n
  • \n Toxicology
    • \n
\n
\n Social ( show )
    \n
  • \n Psychiatry
    • \n
  • \n Psychology
    • \n
  • \n Psychotherapy
    • \n
  • \n Social work
    • \n
\n
\n Criminalistics ( hide )
    \n
  • \n Accounting
    • \n
  • \n Body identification
    • \n
  • \n Chemistry
    • \n
  • \n Facial reconstruction
    • \n
  • \n Fingerprint analysis
    • \n
  • \n Firearm examination
    • \n
  • \n Footwear evidence
    • \n
  • \n Forensic arts
    • \n
  • \n Profiling
    • \n
  • \n Gloveprint analysis
    • \n
  • \n Palmprint analysis
    • \n
  • \n Questioned document examination
    • \n
  • \n Vein matching
    • \n
\n
\n Digital forensics ( show )
    \n
  • \n Computer exams
    • \n
  • \n Data analysis
    • \n
  • \n Database study
    • \n
  • \n Mobile devices
    • \n
  • \n Network analysis
    • \n
  • \n Photography
    • \n
  • \n Video analysis
    • \n
  • \n Audio analysis
    • \n
\n
\n Related disciplines ( show )
    \n
  • \n Electrical engineering
    • \n
  • \n Engineering
    • \n
  • \n Fire investigation
    • \n
  • \n Fire accelerant detection
    • \n
  • \n Fractography
    • \n
  • \n Linguistics
    • \n
  • \n Materials engineering
    • \n
  • \n Polymer engineering
    • \n
  • \n Statistics
    • \n
  • \n Traffic collision reconstruction
    • \n
\n
\n Related articles ( show )
    \n
  • \n Crime scene
    • \n
  • \n CSI effect
    • \n
  • \n Perry Mason syndrome
    • \n
  • \n Pollen calendar
    • \n
  • \n Skid mark
    • \n
  • \n Trace evidence
    • \n
  • \n Use of DNA in forensic entomology
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Outline
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Forensic firearm examination is the forensic process of examining the characteristics of firearms as well as any cartridges or bullets left behind at a crime scene . Specialists in this field are tasked with linking bullets and cartridges to weapons and weapons to individuals . Obliterated serial numbers can be raised and recorded in an attempt to find the registered owner of the weapon . Examiners can also look for fingerprints on the weapon and cartridges , and then viable prints can be processed through fingerprint databases for a potential match .

\n

\n By examining unique striations , or markings , left behind on the bullet as it passes through the barrel and on the cartridge as it is hit by the firing pin , individual spent rounds can be linked back to a specific weapon . Known exemplars taken from a seized weapon can be directly compared to samples recovered from the scene using a comparison microscope . Striation images can also be uploaded to any existing national databases . Furthermore , these markings can be compared to other images in an attempt to link one weapon to multiple crime scenes . Like all forensic specialties , forensic firearm examiners are subject to being called to testify in court as expert witnesses .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n The ability to compare ammunition is a direct result of the invention of rifling around the turn of the 16th century . By forcing the bullet to spin as it travels down the barrel of the weapon the bullet 's accuracy greatly increases . At the same time , the rifling leaves marks on the bullet that are indicative of that particular barrel . Prior to mass production of firearms , each barrel and bullet mold was hand made by gunsmiths making them unique . The first successful documented case of forensic firearm examination occurred in 1835 when a member of the Bow Street Runners in London matched a recovered bullet from a murder victim to a specific mold in a suspect 's home confirming that he made the bullet . Further evidence that the bullet maker was the perpetrator was found in his home and he was convicted . As manufacturing and automation replaced hand tools , the ability to compare bullets became impossible due to the standardization of molds within a specific company . However , experts in the field postulated that there were microscopic differences on each barrel left during the manufacturing process . These differences were a result of wear on the machines and since each new weapon caused a tiny amount of wear , each barrel would be slightly different from every other barrel produced by that company . Also , each bullet fired from a specific barrel would be printed with the same marks , allowing investigators to identify the weapon that fired a specific bullet .

\n

\n One of the first uses of this knowledge was in 1915 to exonerate Charles Stielow of the murder of his neighbors . Stielow was sentenced to death and appealed to Charles S. Whitman , the Governor of New York , who was not convinced by the evidence used to convict Stielow . Whitman halted the execution until an inquiry could be conducted and after further examination it was shown that Stielow 's firearm could not have fired the bullets recovered from the victims . The invention of the comparison microscope by Calvin Goddard and Phillip O. Gravelle in 1925 modernized the forensic examination of firearms . Simultaneous comparison of two different objects at the same time allowed to closely examine striations for matches and therefore make a more definitive statement as to whether or not they matched .

\n

\n One of the first true tests of this new technology was in the aftermath of the Saint Valentine 's Day Massacre in 1929 . During the Prohibition Era , competing gang members were fighting over bootlegging operations within the city of Chicago . Members of the Chicago Outfit and the Egan 's Rats led by Al Capone attempted to remove all competition from Chicago by eliminating the North Side Gang leader Bugs Moran . The massacre missed Moran , who was not present , but killed seven members of the North Side Gang . The murderers attempted to cover up their crime by posing as police officers , even dressing in police uniforms . Witnesses saw two `` officers '' leaving the scene , which implicated the Chicago police department as the perpetrators of the massacre . High levels of police corruption during that time period made it seem likely that the police department committed the killings . The investigation stalled until December 1929 when Fred Burke , a member of the Egan 's Rats , shot and killed a police officer in St. Joseph , Michigan . Officers searching for Burke were led to a home in nearby Stevensville . While Burke was not there , inside officers found an arsenal of weapons including two Thompson submachine guns . The Chicago police department was contacted and the weapons were brought back to Chicago for testing . Goddard was asked to compare the weapons to collected evidence found at the massacre using his new `` ballistic - forensics '' technique . After test firing the guns , Goddard proved that the weapons were those used to kill the members of the North Side Gang , absolving the Chicago police department of all involvement . The successful use of Goddard 's technique resulted in the solidification of his place as the father of forensic firearm examination .

\n

\n Examination of the firearm ( edit )

\n Multiple serial numbers provide redundancy and make it difficult to fully remove the numbers from a weapon .

\n Any firearm collected during the course of an investigation could yield viable evidence if examined . For forensic firearm examination specific evidence that can be recovered include weapon serial numbers and potentially fingerprints left on the weapon 's surface .

\n

\n Fingerprint recovery ( edit )

\n

\n Fingerprint recovery from the surface of firearms is done with cyanoacrylate ( more commonly known as superglue ) fuming . Firearms are placed in a specially designed fume hood designed to evenly distribute fumes instead of removing them . Liquid superglue is placed in a container and heated until it is in a gaseous state . The circulating fumes adhere to the oils left behind by the fingerprint , turning the print white . The resulting white print can be enhanced with fingerprint powder to increase the contrast of the white print against the weapon 's finish . While using the fuming technique on recovered guns is commonplace , the recovery of fingerprints from the surfaces of a firearm is challenging due to the textured grip and the general condition of recovered weapons . If fingerprints are recovered , they can be processed through fingerprint databases such as the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System ( IAFIS ) . Various parts of the recovered weapon can also be tested for touch DNA left by whomever handled it . However , the low levels of DNA that can be recovered presents numerous issues such as contamination and analysis anomalies such as allele drop - out and drop - in .

\n

\n Serial number recovery ( edit )

\n

\n Serial numbers became commonplace after the United States passed the Gun Control Act of 1968 . This law mandated that all guns manufactured or imported into the country have a serial number . Prior to 1968 , many firearms either did not have a serial number or the serial numbers were not unique and were reused by a manufacturer on multiple firearms . If a recovered weapon has had the serial numbers altered or destroyed , examiners can attempt to recover the original numbers . The two main methods for the restoration of serial numbers are magnetic particle inspection and chemical restoration . It is recommended that magnetic particle inspection be performed first due to the nondestructive nature of the method . If magnetic particle inspection fails , chemical restoration is the next step in the forensic analysis .

\n

\n If the serial number is successfully restored it can be used to help investigators track the weapon 's history , as well as potentially determine who owns the weapon . Firearm databases such as the National Crime Information Center of the United States and INTERPOL 's Firearm Reference Table can be used by investigators to track weapons that have been lost , stolen , or used previously in other crimes .

\n Magnetic particle inspection ( edit )

\n Originally developed as a method to detect flaws or irregularities in magnetic materials , magnetic particle inspection can be used on firearms to visualize the serial number underneath the obliterated area . When performing this technique , examiners place the weapon in a magnetic field . The irregularities in the metal , in this case the serial number , cause the field to deform . When a solution of ferrous particles is added to the weapon 's magnetized surface they will be attracted to the area where the magnetic field has deformed and will build up in the area . If fluorescent particles are added to the ferrous solution , ultraviolet light can be used to make it easier to visualize any recovered serial number .

\n Chemical restoration ( edit )

\n Chemical restoration is a type of chemical milling . Typically , chemical milling is used to slowly remove material to create a desired shape . In serial number restoration , small amounts of metal are removed until the serial number is brought back to the surface . This can be performed due to the depth that serial numbers are engraved into the weapon . However , chemical restoration is limited by that depth and is only successful when the obliteration of the serial number is superficial . Examiners performing a restoration first sand the area where the serial number used to be . This removes any debris from the area left when the serial number was obliterated . The examiner then chooses a chemical , usually an acid , that will be used to slowly bring the number back to the surface . The type of chemical that is used depends on the material the weapon is made of . These acids can range from Fry 's Reagent for a magnetic metal , which is a mixture of hydrochloric acid , cupric chloride , and distilled water , to an acidic ferric chloride solution for a non-magnetic , non-aluminum material .

\n

\n Examination of cartridges ( edit )

\n Two test - fired cartridges under magnification . Matching striations can be seen .

\n Spent cartridges found at a scene can be examined for physical evidence such as fingerprints or compared to samples that match them to a weapon . The examination of the cartridge relies on the unique tool marks left by the various parts of the weapon including the firing pin and the ejector in semi and fully automatic firearms . These markings can be compared and matched to known exemplars fired from the same weapon using the same parts . The examination of the marks left on the cartridge is done using a comparison microscope . Examiners view the questioned cartridge and the known exemplar simultaneously , looking for similar microscopic marks left during the firing process .

\n Example of microstamping . Insert shows a close up of the serial number imprinted into the cartridge .

\n Cartridges are also routinely examined for fingerprints as the act of loading the ammunition into the magazine , or chamber , leaves recoverable impressions . These fingerprints can survive the firing processes and , while a rare occurrence , fingerprints have been obtained from cartridges recovered from the scene . Cartridges are subjected to cyanoacrylate fuming and examined for any usable prints . Usable prints are photographed and can be uploaded to fingerprint databases such as IAFIS for comparison with known exemplars . Cartridges can also be swabbed for trace DNA left by the individual who loaded the magazine . The extremely low levels of recoverable DNA present the same issues as swabbing a firearm for DNA .

\n

\n Advancements in microscopic stamping have led to a push for the inclusion of firing pin microstamping . The microstamp is etched onto the firing pin and is transferred to the cartridge during the firing process . Each firing pin would have a unique serial number allowing investigators to trace casings found at a crime scene to a known firearm . The practice is not in use as of 2018 , although California has enacted legislation that requires microstamping on all newly sold firearms . The law , and microstamping in general , has received significant opposition from gun manufacturers due to increased costs associated with introducing the microstamps into the manufacturing lines .

\n

\n Examination of bullets ( edit )

\n Rifing pattern for a Remington rifle showing a clockwise ( right - handed ) twist .

\n Class characteristics ( edit )

\n

\n Preliminary examination of the bullet can exclude a large number of weapons by examining the general characteristics of a recovered bullet . By determining general aspects of the fired ammunition , a number of weapons can be immediately excluded as being incapable of firing that type of bullet . The make and model of the weapon can also be inferred from the combination of different class characteristics that are common to specific manufactures . The three main class characteristics of all bullets are the lands and grooves , the caliber of the bullet , and the rifling twist . All three can be tied directly to the type of barrel that was used to fire the bullet . The lands and grooves of barrel are the bumps and valleys created when the rifling is created . The caliber is the diameter of the barrel . The twist is the direction of the striations left by the barrel 's rifling , clockwise ( right - handed ) or counterclockwise ( left - handed ) . Most barrels will have a right - handed twist with the exception of weapons created by the Colt 's Manufacturing Company which uses left - handed twists . Weapon barrels that match the class characteristics of recovered bullets can be examined further for individual characteristics to determine if the bullet came from that particular weapon .

\n

\n Individual characteristics ( edit )

\n

\n In order to compare individual striations , examiners must obtain a known sample using the seized weapon . For slower - traveling bullets , such as pistols or revolvers , known bullet exemplars are created by firing the weapon into a water tank . The spent bullet can be recovered , intact , as the water slows down the bullet before it can reach the tank walls , allowing for it to be recovered . For faster traveling bullets , such as those fired from high - powered rifles and military style weapons , water tanks can not be used as the tank will not provide enough stopping power for the projectiles . To examine these weapons , investigators must fire them at a target at a controlled range with enough backing to stop the bullet and collect the spent round after it has been fired .

\n

\n Once a known exemplar is produced , the evidence sample can be compared to the known by examining both at the same time with a comparison microscope . Striations that line up are examined more closely , looking for multiple consecutive matches . There is no set number of consecutive matches that equates to a match declaration , and examiners are trained to use the phrase `` sufficient agreement '' when testifying . The degree to which an examiner can make that determination is based on their training and expertise . All findings by examiners are subject to questioning by both sides , prosecution and defense , during testimony in court .

\n

\n Striation databasing ( edit )

\n

\n Bullets and casings found at a scene require a known example to compare to in order to match them to a weapon . Without a weapon , the striation pattern can be uploaded to a database such as the National Integrated Ballistic Identification Network ( NIBIN ) maintained by the ATF or the United Kingdom 's National Ballistics Intelligence Service ( NABIS ) . Information uploaded to these databases can be used to track gun crimes and to link crimes together . Maintainers of these databases recommend that every recovered firearm be test fired and the resulting known exemplar be uploaded into the database .

\n

\n Criticisms ( edit )

\n

\n Firearm examiners have attempted to determine the shooter 's position by the location of spent bullet casings . The use of ejection pattern studies were originally part of incident reconstruction and methods for determining shooter location continue to be explained in major crime scene examination books . However , the validity of ejection pattern analysis has been brought into question by multiple studies that look at the reproducibility and end determination of shooter position by qualified examiners . Studies have shown that over 25 % of spent casings land somewhere other than to the right and rear of the shooter . This is the most commonly accepted location for where spent cartridge casings should fall , and the large percentage of casings that end up somewhere else raises concerns for the validity of the examination technique . Investigators should only present a location gained from an ejection pattern study as a tentative estimate when using the information in a courtroom setting .

\n

\n Prior to September 2005 , comparative bullet - lead analysis was performed on bullets found at a scene that were too destroyed for striation comparison . The technique would attempt to determine the unique elemental breakdown of the bullet and compare it to seized bullets possessed by a suspect . Review of the method found that the breakdown of elements found in bullets could be significantly different enough to potentially allow for two bullets from separate sources to be correlated to each other . However , there are not enough differences to definitely match a bullet from a crime scene to one taken from a suspect 's possession . An additional report in 2004 from the National Academy of Sciences ( NAS ) found that the testimony given regarding comparative bullet - lead analysis was overstated and potentially `` misleading under the federal rules of evidence '' . In 2005 , the Federal Bureau of Investigation indicated that they would no longer be performing this type of analysis .

\n

\n Further criticism came from the 2009 NAS report on the current state of various forensic fields in the United States . The report 's section on firearm examination focused on the lack of defined requirements that are necessary in order to determine `` matches '' between known and unknown striations . The NAS stated that , `` sufficient studies have not been done to understand the reliability and repeatability of the methods . '' Without defined procedures on what is and what is n't considered `` sufficient agreement '' the report states that forensic firearm examination contains fundamental problems that need to be addressed by the forensic community through a set of repeatable scientific studies that outline standard operating procedures that should be adopted by all firearm examiners . Another report issued in 2016 by the United States President 's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology confirmed the NAS 's findings , finding only one appropriately designed study that examined the rate of false positives and reliability amongst firearm examiners .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Hamby , James ( Summer 1999 ) . `` The History of Firearm and Toolmark Identification '' . Association of Firearm and Tool Mark Examiners Journal . 31 ( 3 ) . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Steele , Lisa ( 2008 ) . `` Ballistics '' ( PDF ) . Science for Lawyers . American Bar Association . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Thompson , Robert ( 2010 ) . `` Firearm Identification in the Forensic Science Laboratory '' ( PDF ) . National District Attorneys Association . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Borchard , Edwin ( 1932 ) . `` Stielow and Green '' ( PDF ) . Convicting the Innocent : Errors of Criminal Justice . New Haven Yale University Press . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Comparison Microscopy '' . National Forensic Science Technology Center . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ O'Brien , John ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` The St. Valentine 's Day Massacre '' . The Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Ashcroft , Brent . `` St. Valentine 's Day Massacre : Tale of two guns '' . WZZM13 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Frederick N. ( February 12 , 2011 ) . `` Baltimore native helped solve 1929 St. Valentine 's Day Massacre '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : `` In the Public Eye : Finding Fingerprints on Firearms is Actually Very Rare '' . Forensic Magazine . September 2 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` CYANOACRYLATE ( SUPERGLUE ) FUMING '' . Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Gulick , Gary ( May -- June 2008 ) . `` Lifting Latent Fingerprints from Difficult Surfaces '' . Evidence Technology Magazine . 6 ( 3 ) . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Development of STR profiles from firearms and fired cartridge cases '' . Forensic Science International : Genetics . 3 ( 4 ) : 242 -- 250 . September 2009 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fsigen. 2009.02. 007 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Public Law 90 - 618 : To amend title 18 , United States Code , to provide for better control of the interstate traffic in firearms '' ( PDF ) . October 22 , 1968 . pp. 1213 -- 1236 . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` Firearms Tracing Guide '' . Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms , and Explosives . November 2011 . Retrieved January 9 , 2016 .
    15. \n
  15. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Technical Procedure for Serial Number Restoration '' . North Carolina State Crime Laboratory . September 5 , 2014 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : Walker , Robert E. ( 2013 ) . Cartridges and Firearm Identification . CRC Press . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` INTERPOL Firearms Reference Table ( IFRT ) '' . INTERPOL . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` NCIC Files '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 .
    19. \n
  19. \n ^ Jump up to : Utrata , Dave ; Johnson , Marcus ( October 2003 ) . `` Magnetic Particle Recovery of Serial Numbers '' . Midwest Forensics Resource Center . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Iowa Division of Criminal Investigation Criminalistics Laboratory Firearm & Toolmark Section Restoration of Obliterated Serial Numbers '' . Iowa Division of Criminal Investigation . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 .
    21. \n
  21. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Serial Number Restoration '' . Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` FEU08 -- SOP for Serial Number Restoration of Obliterated Stampings in Various Metal Surfaces '' ( PDF ) . District of Columbia Department of Forensic Sciences . November 26 , 2013 . p. 2 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 .
    23. \n
  23. \n ^ Jump up to : National Research Council ( 2009 ) . Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States : A Path Forward ( PDF ) . National Academies Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 13131 - 6 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Randerson , James ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` Forensics : Fingerprints can be recovered from fired bullet casings '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 .
    25. \n
  25. \n ^ Jump up to : Cracking the Case : The Crime - Solving Promise of Ballistic Identification ( PDF ) ( Report ) . The Education Fund to Stop Gun Violence . June 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Crime Gun Identification , Bill No. 1471 of 2007 . Retrieved on June 18 , 2016 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Mather , Kate ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Smith & Wesson says it wo n't follow California ' microstamping ' law '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 18 , 2016 .
    28. \n
  28. \n ^ Jump up to : DiMaio , Vincent J.M. ( 2016 ) . Gunshot Wounds : Practical Aspects of Firearms , Ballistics , and Forensic Techniques ( 3rd ed . ) . CRC Press . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 .
    29. \n
  29. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Firearms & Tool Mark '' . North Carolina Department of Justice . Retrieved June 4 , 2016 .
    30. \n
  30. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Firearms and Toolmarks in the FBI Laboratory '' . Forensic Science Communications . 2 ( 2 ) . April 2000 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Fisher , Barry A.J. ; Tilstone , William J. ; Woytowicz , Catherine ( 2009 ) . Introduction to Criminalistics : The Foundation of Forensic Science . Elsevier Academic Press . p. 39 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Thomas , Dylan ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` A high - tech approach to tracking gun crimes '' . Southwest Journal . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` Intelligence service links 350 guns to crimes '' . BBC News . January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Bullets , Casings , and You '' . Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Gardner , Ross ( 2012 ) . Practical Crime Scene Processing and Investigation ( 2nd ed . ) . CRC Press . pp. 300 -- 301 . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 .
    36. \n
  36. \n ^ Jump up to : Lewinski , William ; Hudson , William ; Karwoski , David ; Redmann , Christa ( November 2010 ) . `` Fired Cartridge Case Ejection Patterns From Semi-Automatic Firearms '' ( PDF ) . Investigative Sciences Journal . 2 ( 3 ) . Retrieved May 28 , 2016 .
    37. \n
  37. \n ^ Jump up to : Solomon , John ( November 18 , 2007 ) . `` FBI 's Forensic Test Full of Holes '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Randich , Erik ; Duerfeldt , Wayne ; McLendon , Wade ; Tobin , William ( July 17 , 2002 ) . `` A Metallurgical Review of the Interpretation of Bullet Lead Compositional Analysis '' . Forensic Science International . 127 ( 3 ) : 174 -- 191 . doi : 10.1016 / S0379 - 0738 ( 02 ) 00118 - 4 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` FBI Laboratory Announces Discontinuation of Bullet Lead Examinations '' ( Press release ) . FBI National Press Office . September 1 , 2005 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Forensic Science in Criminal Courts : Ensuring Scientific Validity of Feature - Comparison Methods ( PDF ) ( Report ) . President 's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology . September 2016 . pp. 104 -- 114 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 .
    41. \n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forensic_firearm_examination&oldid=835623412 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "when was the first documented case of tool mark identification", "long_answers": ["The ability to compare ammunition is a direct result of the invention of rifling around the turn of the 16th century . By forcing the bullet to spin as it travels down the barrel of the weapon the bullet 's accuracy greatly increases . At the same time , the rifling leaves marks on the bullet that are indicative of that particular barrel . Prior to mass production of firearms , each barrel and bullet mold was hand made by gunsmiths making them unique . The first successful documented case of forensic firearm examination occurred in 1835 when a member of the Bow Street Runners in London matched a recovered bullet from a murder victim to a specific mold in a suspect 's home confirming that he made the bullet . Further evidence that the bullet maker was the perpetrator was found in his home and he was convicted . As manufacturing and automation replaced hand tools , the ability to compare bullets became impossible due to the standardization of molds within a specific company . However , experts in the field postulated that there were microscopic differences on each barrel left during the manufacturing process . These differences were a result of wear on the machines and since each new weapon caused a tiny amount of wear , each barrel would be slightly different from every other barrel produced by that company . Also , each bullet fired from a specific barrel would be printed with the same marks , allowing investigators to identify the weapon that fired a specific bullet .\n"], "short_answers": ["1835\n"]} {"text": "Dead Sea - wikipedia

\n Dead Sea

\n Jump to : navigation , search For the novel , see Dead Sea ( novel ) . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Dead Sea \u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05d7 \u202c ( in Hebrew ) \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a ( in Arabic )
\n A view of the sea from the Israeli shore
\n Location \n Israel Jordan Palestine
\n Coordinates \n 31 \u00b0 30 \u2032 N 35 \u00b0 30 \u2032 E \ufeff / \ufeff 31.500 \u00b0 N 35.500 \u00b0 E \ufeff / 31.500 ; 35.500 Coordinates : 31 \u00b0 30 \u2032 N 35 \u00b0 30 \u2032 E \ufeff / \ufeff 31.500 \u00b0 N 35.500 \u00b0 E \ufeff / 31.500 ; 35.500
\n Lake type \n Endorheic Hypersaline
\n Primary inflows \n Jordan River
\n Primary outflows \n None
\n Catchment area \n 41,650 km ( 16,080 sq mi )
\n Basin countries \n Israel Jordan Palestine
\n
\n Max. length \n 50 km ( 31 mi ) ( northern basin only )
\n Max . width \n 15 km ( 9.3 mi )
\n Surface area \n 605 km ( 234 sq mi ) ( 2016 )
\n Average depth \n 199 m ( 653 ft )
\n Max . depth \n 298 m ( 978 ft ) ( elevation of deepest point , 728 m BSL ( below sea level ) , minus current surface elevation )
\n Water volume \n 114 km ( 27 cu mi )
\n Shore length \n 135 km ( 84 mi )
\n Surface elevation \n \u2212 430.5 m ( \u2212 1,412 ft ) ( 2016 )
\n
\n References \n
\n Shore length is not a well - defined measure .
\n Play media Short video about the Dead Sea from the Israeli News Company

\n The Dead Sea ( Hebrew : \u05d9\u05b8\u05dd \u05d4\u05b7\u05de\u05b6\u05bc\u05dc\u05b7\u05d7 \u202c Yam ha - Melah lit . Sea of Salt ; Arabic : \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a \u200e Al - Bahr al - Mayyit ) is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and Palestine to the west . Its surface and shores are 430.5 metres ( 1,412 ft ) below sea level , Earth 's lowest elevation on land . The Dead Sea is 304 m ( 997 ft ) deep , the deepest hypersaline lake in the world . With a salinity of 342 g / kg , or 34.2 % , ( in 2011 ) , it is 9.6 times as salty as the ocean and one of the world 's saltiest bodies of water . This salinity makes for a harsh environment in which plants and animals can not flourish , hence its name . The Dead Sea is 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) long and 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) wide at its widest point . It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley , and its main tributary is the Jordan River .

\n

\n The Dead Sea has attracted visitors from around the Mediterranean basin for thousands of years . It was one of the world 's first health resorts ( for Herod the Great ) , and it has been the supplier of a wide variety of products , from asphalt for Egyptian mummification to potash for fertilisers . People also use the salt and the minerals from the Dead Sea to create cosmetics and herbal sachets .

\n

\n The Dead Seawater has a density of 1.24 kg / litre , which makes swimming similar to floating .

\n

\n The Dead Sea is receding at an alarming rate . Multiple canals and pipelines were proposed to reduce its recession , which had begun causing many problems . The Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance project , carried out by Jordan , will provide water to neighbouring countries , while the brine will be carried to the Dead Sea to help stabilise its levels . The first phase of the project is scheduled to begin in 2018 and be completed in 2021 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Etymology and toponymy

\n

\n In Hebrew , the Dead Sea is Y\u0101m ha - Mela\u1e25 ( help info ) ( \u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05d7 \u202c ) , meaning `` sea of salt '' ( Genesis 14 : 3 ) . The Bible uses this term alongside two others : the Sea of the Arabah ( Y\u0101m ha - ' \u0102r\u0101v\u00e2 \u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1\u05d4 \u202c ) , and the Eastern Sea ( Y\u0101m ha - Mizra\u1e25\u00ee \u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05d6\u05e8\u05d7\u05d9 \u202c ) . The designation `` Dead Sea '' never appears in the Bible .

\n

\n In prose sometimes the term Y\u0101m ha - M\u0101vet ( \u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u202c , `` sea of death '' ) is used , due to the scarcity of aquatic life there . In Arabic the Dead Sea is called al - Bahr al - Mayyit ( help info ) ( `` the Dead Sea '' ) , or less commonly ba\u1e25ru l\u016b\u1e6da ( \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0637 , `` the Sea of Lot '' ) . Another historic name in Arabic was the `` Sea of Zo\u02bcar '' , after a nearby town in biblical times . The Greeks called it Lake Asphaltites ( Attic Greek \u1f21 \u0398\u03ac\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03c4\u03b1 \u1f00\u03c3\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03c4\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 , h\u0113 Th\u00e1latta asphalt\u0129t\u0113s , `` the Asphaltite sea '' ) .

\n

\n Geography

\n Satellite photograph showing the location of the Dead Sea east of the Mediterranean Sea

\n The Dead Sea is an endorheic lake located in the Jordan Rift Valley , a geographic feature formed by the Dead Sea Transform ( DST ) . This left lateral - moving transform fault lies along the tectonic plate boundary between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate . It runs between the East Anatolian Fault zone in Turkey and the northern end of the Red Sea Rift offshore of the southern tip of Sinai . It is here that the Upper Jordan River / Sea of Galilee / Lower Jordan River water system comes to an end .

\n

\n The Jordan River is the only major water source flowing into the Dead Sea , although there are small perennial springs under and around the Dead Sea , forming pools and quicksand pits along the edges . There are no outlet streams .

\n

\n The Mujib River , biblical Arnon , is one the larger water sources of the Dead Sea other than the Jordan . The Wadi Mujib valley , 420 m below the sea level in the southern of Jordan valley , is a biosphere reserve , with an area of 212 km ( 82 sq mi ) . Other more substantial sources are Wadi Darajeh ( Arabic ) / Nahal Dragot ( Hebrew ) , and Nahal Arugot . Wadi Hasa ( biblical Zered ) is another wadi flowing into the Dead Sea .

\n

\n Rainfall is scarcely 100 mm ( 4 in ) per year in the northern part of the Dead Sea and barely 50 mm ( 2 in ) in the southern part . The Dead Sea zone 's aridity is due to the rainshadow effect of the Judaean Mountains . The highlands east of the Dead Sea receive more rainfall than the Dead Sea itself .

\n

\n To the west of the Dead Sea , the Judaean mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the east . Along the southwestern side of the lake is a 210 m ( 700 ft ) tall halite formation called `` Mount Sodom '' .

\n

\n Natural History

\n

\n There are two contending hypotheses about the origin of the low elevation of the Dead Sea . The older hypothesis is that the Dead Sea lies in a true rift zone , an extension of the Red Sea Rift , or even of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa . A more recent hypothesis is that the Dead Sea basin is a consequence of a `` step - over '' discontinuity along the Dead Sea Transform , creating an extension of the crust with consequent subsidence .

\n

\n Around 3.7 million years ago , what is now the valley of the Jordan River , Dead Sea , and the northern Wadi Arabah was repeatedly inundated by waters from the Mediterranean Sea . The waters formed in a narrow , crooked bay that is called by geologists the Sedom Lagoon , which was connected to the sea through what is now the Jezreel Valley . The floods of the valley came and went depending on long - scale climate change . The Sedom Lagoon deposited beds of salt that eventually became 2.5 km ( 1.55 mi ) thick .

\n

\n Approximately two million years ago , the land between the Rift Valley and the Mediterranean Sea rose to such an extent that the ocean could no longer flood the area . Thus , the long lagoon became a landlocked lake . The Sedom Lagoon extended at its maximum from the Sea of Galilee in the north to somewhere around 50 km ( 30 mi ) south of the current southern end of the Dead Sea , and the subsequent lakes obviously never surpassed this expanse . The Hula Depression was never part of any of these water bodies due to its higher elevation and the high threshold of the Korazim block separating it from the Sea of Galilee basin .

\n

\n The first prehistoric lake to follow the Sedom Lagoon is named Lake Amora , followed by Lake Lisan and finally by the Dead Sea . The water levels and salinity of these lakes have either risen or fallen as an effect of the tectonic dropping of the valley bottom , and due to climate variation . As the climate became more arid , Lake Lisan finally shrank and became saltier , leaving the Dead Sea as its last remainder .

\n Pebbles cemented with halite on the western shore of the Dead Sea near Ein Gedi .

\n In prehistoric times , great amounts of sediment collected on the floor of Lake Amora . The sediment was heavier than the salt deposits and squeezed the salt deposits upwards into what are now the Lisan Peninsula and Mount Sodom ( on the southwest side of the lake ) . Geologists explain the effect in terms of a bucket of mud into which a large flat stone is placed , forcing the mud to creep up the sides of the bucket . When the floor of the Dead Sea dropped further due to tectonic forces , the salt mounts of Lisan and Mount Sodom stayed in place as high cliffs ( see salt dome ) .

\n

\n From 70,000 to 12,000 years ago , the lake 's level was 100 m ( 330 ft ) to 250 m ( 820 ft ) higher than its current level . This lake , Lake Lisan , fluctuated dramatically , rising to its highest level around 26,000 years ago , indicating a very wet climate in the Near East . Around 10,000 years ago , the lake 's level dropped dramatically , probably to even lower than today 's . During the last several thousand years , the lake has fluctuated approximately 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) , with some significant drops and rises . Current theories as to the cause of this dramatic drop in levels rule out volcanic activity ; therefore , it may have been a seismic event .

\n

\n Climate

\n

\n The Dead Sea 's climate offers year - round sunny skies and dry air . It has less than 50 millimetres ( 2 in ) mean annual rainfall and a summer average temperature between 32 and 39 \u00b0 C ( 90 and 102 \u00b0 F ) . Winter average temperatures range between 20 and 23 \u00b0 C ( 68 and 73 \u00b0 F ) . The region has weaker ultraviolet radiation , particularly the UVB ( erythrogenic rays ) . Given the higher atmospheric pressure , the air has a slightly higher oxygen content ( 3.3 % in summer to 4.8 % in winter ) as compared to oxygen concentration at sea level . Barometric pressures at the Dead Sea were measured between 1061 and 1065 hPa and clinically compared with health effects at higher altitude . ( This barometric measure is about 5 % higher than sea level standard atmospheric pressure of 1013.25 hPa , which is the global ocean mean or ATM . ) The Dead Sea affects temperatures nearby because of the moderating effect a large body of water has on climate . During the winter , sea temperatures tend to be higher than land temperatures , and vice versa during the summer months . This is the result of the water 's mass and specific heat capacity . On average , there are 192 days above 30C ( 86F ) annually .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide ) Climate data for Dead Sea , Sedom ( 390 m below sea level )
\n Month \n Jan \n Feb \n Mar \n Apr \n May \n Jun \n Jul \n Aug \n Sep \n Oct \n Nov \n Dec \n Year
\n Record high \u00b0 C ( \u00b0 F ) \n 26.4 ( 79.5 ) \n 30.4 ( 86.7 ) \n 33.8 ( 92.8 ) \n 42.5 ( 108.5 ) \n 45.0 ( 113 ) \n 46.4 ( 115.5 ) \n 47.0 ( 116.6 ) \n 44.5 ( 112.1 ) \n 43.6 ( 110.5 ) \n 40.0 ( 104 ) \n 35.0 ( 95 ) \n 28.5 ( 83.3 ) \n 47.0 ( 116.6 )
\n Average high \u00b0 C ( \u00b0 F ) \n 20.5 ( 68.9 ) \n 21.7 ( 71.1 ) \n 24.8 ( 76.6 ) \n 29.9 ( 85.8 ) \n 34.1 ( 93.4 ) \n 37.6 ( 99.7 ) \n 39.7 ( 103.5 ) \n 39.0 ( 102.2 ) \n 36.5 ( 97.7 ) \n 32.4 ( 90.3 ) \n 26.9 ( 80.4 ) \n 21.7 ( 71.1 ) \n 30.4 ( 86.7 )
\n Daily mean \u00b0 C ( \u00b0 F ) \n 16.6 ( 61.9 ) \n 17.7 ( 63.9 ) \n 20.8 ( 69.4 ) \n 25.4 ( 77.7 ) \n 29.4 ( 84.9 ) \n 32.6 ( 90.7 ) \n 34.7 ( 94.5 ) \n 34.5 ( 94.1 ) \n 32.4 ( 90.3 ) \n 28.6 ( 83.5 ) \n 23.1 ( 73.6 ) \n 17.9 ( 64.2 ) \n 26.1 ( 79 )
\n Average low \u00b0 C ( \u00b0 F ) \n 12.7 ( 54.9 ) \n 13.7 ( 56.7 ) \n 16.7 ( 62.1 ) \n 20.9 ( 69.6 ) \n 24.7 ( 76.5 ) \n 27.6 ( 81.7 ) \n 29.6 ( 85.3 ) \n 29.9 ( 85.8 ) \n 28.3 ( 82.9 ) \n 24.7 ( 76.5 ) \n 19.3 ( 66.7 ) \n 14.1 ( 57.4 ) \n 21.9 ( 71.4 )
\n Record low \u00b0 C ( \u00b0 F ) \n 5.4 ( 41.7 ) \n 6.0 ( 42.8 ) \n 8.0 ( 46.4 ) \n 11.5 ( 52.7 ) \n 19.0 ( 66.2 ) \n 23.0 ( 73.4 ) \n 26.0 ( 78.8 ) \n 26.8 ( 80.2 ) \n 24.2 ( 75.6 ) \n 17.0 ( 62.6 ) \n 9.8 ( 49.6 ) \n 6.0 ( 42.8 ) \n 5.4 ( 41.7 )
\n Average precipitation mm ( inches ) \n 7.8 ( 0.307 ) \n 9.0 ( 0.354 ) \n 7.6 ( 0.299 ) \n 4.3 ( 0.169 ) \n 0.2 ( 0.008 ) \n 0.0 ( 0 ) \n 0.0 ( 0 ) \n 0.0 ( 0 ) \n 0.0 ( 0 ) \n ( 0.047 ) \n 3.5 ( 0.138 ) \n 8.3 ( 0.327 ) \n 41.9 ( 1.65 )
\n Average precipitation days \n 3.3 \n 3.5 \n 2.5 \n 1.3 \n 0.2 \n 0.0 \n 0.0 \n 0.0 \n 0.0 \n 0.4 \n 1.6 \n 2.8 \n 15.6
\n Average relative humidity ( % ) \n 41 \n 38 \n 33 \n 27 \n 24 \n 23 \n 24 \n 27 \n 31 \n 33 \n 36 \n 41 \n 31.5
\n Source : Israel Meteorological Service
\n

\n Chemistry

\n Halite deposits ( and teepee structure ) along the western Dead Sea coast . Beach pebbles made of halite ; western Dead Sea coast .

\n With 34.2 % salinity ( in 2011 ) , it is one of the world 's saltiest bodies of water , though Lake Vanda in Antarctica ( 35 % ) , Lake Assal in Djibouti ( 34.8 % ) , Lagoon Garabogazk\u00f6l in the Caspian Sea ( up to 35 % ) and some hypersaline ponds and lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica ( such as Don Juan Pond ( 44 % ) ) have reported higher salinities .

\n

\n Until the winter of 1978 -- 79 , when a major mixing event took place , the Dead Sea was composed of two stratified layers of water that differed in temperature , density , age , and salinity . The topmost 35 meters ( 115 ft ) or so of the Dead Sea had an average salinity of 342 parts per thousand ( in 2002 ) , and a temperature that swung between 19 \u00b0 C ( 66 \u00b0 F ) and 37 \u00b0 C ( 99 \u00b0 F ) . Underneath a zone of transition , the lowest level of the Dead Sea had waters of a consistent 22 \u00b0 C ( 72 \u00b0 F ) temperature and complete saturation of sodium chloride ( NaCl ) . Since the water near the bottom is saturated , the salt precipitates out of solution onto the sea floor .

\n

\n Beginning in the 1960s , water inflow to the Dead Sea from the Jordan River was reduced as a result of large - scale irrigation and generally low rainfall . By 1975 , the upper water layer was saltier than the lower layer . Nevertheless , the upper layer remained suspended above the lower layer because its waters were warmer and thus less dense . When the upper layer cooled so its density was greater than the lower layer , the waters mixed ( 1978 -- 79 ) . For the first time in centuries , the lake was a homogeneous body of water . Since then , stratification has begun to redevelop .

\n

\n The mineral content of the Dead Sea is very different from that of ocean water . The exact composition of the Dead Sea water varies mainly with season , depth and temperature . In the early 1980s , the concentration of ionic species ( in g / kg ) of Dead Sea surface water was Cl ( 181.4 ) , Br ( 4.2 ) , SO ( 0.4 ) , HCO ( 0.2 ) , Ca ( 14.1 ) , Na ( 32.5 ) , K ( 6.2 ) and Mg ( 35.2 ) . The total salinity was 276 g / kg . These results show that the composition of the salt , as anhydrous chlorides on a weight percentage basis , was calcium chloride ( CaCl ) 14.4 % , potassium chloride ( KCl ) 4.4 % , magnesium chloride ( MgCl ) 50.8 % and sodium chloride ( NaCl ) 30.4 % . In comparison , the salt in the water of most oceans and seas is approximately 85 % sodium chloride . The concentration of sulfate ions ( SO ) is very low , and the concentration of bromide ions ( Br ) is the highest of all waters on Earth .

\n

\n The salt concentration of the Dead Sea fluctuates around 31.5 % . This is unusually high and results in a nominal density of 1.24 kg / l . Anyone can easily float in the Dead Sea because of natural buoyancy . In this respect the Dead Sea is similar to the Great Salt Lake in Utah in the United States .

\n

\n An unusual feature of the Dead Sea is its discharge of asphalt . From deep seeps , the Dead Sea constantly spits up small pebbles and blocks of the black substance . Asphalt - coated figurines and bitumen - coated Neolithic skulls from archaeological sites have been found . Egyptian mummification processes used asphalt imported from the Dead Sea region .

\n

\n Putative therapies

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) \n
\n

\n The Dead Sea area has become a location for health research and potential treatment for several reasons . The mineral content of the water , the low content of pollens and other allergens in the atmosphere , the reduced ultraviolet component of solar radiation , and the higher atmospheric pressure at this great depth each may have specific health effects . For example , persons experiencing reduced respiratory function from diseases such as cystic fibrosis seem to benefit from the increased atmospheric pressure .

\n

\n The region 's climate and low elevation have made it a popular center for assessment of putative therapies :

\n \n

\n Psoriasis

\n

\n Climatotherapy at the Dead Sea may be a therapy for psoriasis by sunbathing for long periods in the area due to its position below sea level and subsequent result that UV rays are partially blocked by the increased cloud cover over the Dead Sea .

\n

\n Rhinosinusitis

\n

\n Rhinosinusitis patients receiving Dead Sea saline nasal irrigation exhibited improved symptom relief compared to standard hypertonic saline spray in one study .

\n

\n Osteoarthritis

\n

\n Dead Sea mud pack therapy has been suggested to temporarily relieve pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knees . According to researchers of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev , treatment with mineral - rich mud compresses can be used to augment conventional medical therapy .

\n Panorama of the Dead Sea from the M\u00f6venpick Resort , Jordan .

\n Fauna and flora

\n Dead Sea in the morning , seen from Masada

\n The sea is called `` dead '' because its high salinity prevents macroscopic aquatic organisms , such as fish and aquatic plants , from living in it , though minuscule quantities of bacteria and microbial fungi are present .

\n

\n In times of flood , the salt content of the Dead Sea can drop from its usual 35 % to 30 % or lower . The Dead Sea temporarily comes to life in the wake of rainy winters . In 1980 , after one such rainy winter , the normally dark blue Dead Sea turned red . Researchers from Hebrew University of Jerusalem found the Dead Sea to be teeming with a type of alga called Dunaliella . Dunaliella in turn nourished carotenoid - containing ( red - pigmented ) halobacteria , whose presence caused the color change . Since 1980 , the Dead Sea basin has been dry and the algae and the bacteria have not returned in measurable numbers .

\n

\n In 2011 a group of scientists from Be'er Sheva , Israel and Germany discovered fissures in the floor of the Dead Sea by scuba diving and observing the surface . These fissures allow fresh and brackish water to enter the Dead Sea . They sampled biofilms surrounding the fissures and discovered numerous species of bacteria and archaea .

\n

\n Many animal species live in the mountains surrounding the Dead Sea . Hikers can see ibex , hares , hyraxes , jackals , foxes , and even leopards . Hundreds of bird species inhabit the zone as well . Both Jordan and Israel have established nature reserves around the Dead Sea .

\n

\n The delta of the Jordan River was formerly a jungle of papyrus and palm trees . The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus described Jericho as `` the most fertile spot in Judea '' . In Roman and Byzantine times , sugarcane , henna , and sycamore fig all made the lower Jordan valley wealthy . One of the most valuable products produced by Jericho was the sap of the balsam tree , which could be made into perfume . By the 19th century , Jericho 's fertility had disappeared .

\n

\n Human settlement

\n

\n There are several small communities near the Dead Sea . These include Ein Gedi , Neve Zohar and the Israeli settlements in the Megilot Regional Council : Kalya , Mitzpe Shalem and Avnat . There is a nature preserve at Ein Gedi , and several Dead Sea hotels are located on the southwest end at Ein Bokek near Neve Zohar . Highway 90 runs north - south on the Israeli side for a total distance of 565 km ( 351 mi ) from Metula on the Lebanese border in the north to its southern terminus at the Egyptian border near the Red Sea port of Eilat .

\n

\n Potash City is a small community on the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea , and others including Suweima . Highway 65 runs north - south on the Jordanian side from near Jordan 's northern tip down past the Dead Sea to the port of Aqaba .

\n

\n Human History

\n Mount Sodom , Israel , showing the so - called `` Lot 's Wife '' pillar ( made of halite like the rest of the mountain ) A cargo boat on the Dead Sea as seen on the Madaba Map , from the 6th century AD

\n Biblical period

\n

\n Dwelling in caves near the Dead Sea is recorded in the Hebrew Bible as having taken place before the Israelites came to Canaan , and extensively at the time of King David .

\n

\n Just northwest of the Dead Sea is Jericho . Somewhere , perhaps on the southeastern shore , would be the cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis which were said to have been destroyed in the time of Abraham : Sodom and Gomorra ( Genesis 18 ) and the three other `` Cities of the Plain '' , Admah , Zeboim and Zoar ( Deuteronomy 29 : 23 ) . Zoar escaped destruction when Abraham 's nephew Lot escaped to Zoar from Sodom ( Genesis 19 : 21 - 22 ) . Before the destruction , the Dead Sea was a valley full of natural tar pits , which was called the vale of Siddim . King David was said to have hidden from Saul at Ein Gedi nearby .

\n

\n In Ezekiel 47 : 8 - 9 there is a specific prophecy that the sea will `` be healed and made fresh '' , becoming a normal lake capable of supporting marine life . A similar prophecy is stated in Zechariah 14 : 8 , which says that `` living waters will go out from Jerusalem , half of them to the eastern sea ( likely the Dead Sea ) and half to the western sea ( the Mediterranean ) . ''

\n

\n Greek and Roman period

\n

\n Aristotle wrote about the remarkable waters . The Nabateans and others discovered the value of the globs of natural asphalt that constantly floated to the surface where they could be harvested with nets . The Egyptians were steady customers , as they used asphalt in the embalming process that created mummies . The Ancient Romans knew the Dead Sea as `` Palus Asphaltites '' ( Asphalt Lake ) .

\n

\n King Herod the Great built or rebuilt several fortresses and palaces on the western bank of the Dead Sea . The most famous was Masada , where in 70 CE a small group of Jewish zealots fled after the fall of the destruction of the Second Temple . The zealots survived until 73 CE , when a siege by the X Legion ended in the deaths by suicide of its 960 inhabitants . Another historically important fortress was Machaerus ( \u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05d5\u05e8 ) , on the eastern bank , where , according to Josephus , John the Baptist was imprisoned by Herod Antipas and died .

\n

\n Also in Roman times , some Essenes settled on the Dead Sea 's western shore ; Pliny the Elder identifies their location with the words , `` on the west side of the Dead Sea , away from the coast ... ( above ) the town of Engeda '' ( Natural History , Bk 5.73 ) ; and it is therefore a hugely popular but contested hypothesis today , that same Essenes are identical with the settlers at Qumran and that `` the Dead Sea Scrolls '' discovered during the 20th century in the nearby caves had been their own library .

\n

\n Josephus identified the Dead Sea in geographic proximity to the ancient Biblical city of Sodom . However , he referred to the lake by its Greek name , Asphaltites .

\n

\n Various sects of Jews settled in caves overlooking the Dead Sea . The best known of these are the Essenes of Qumran , who left an extensive library known as the Dead Sea Scrolls . The town of Ein Gedi , mentioned many times in the Mishna , produced persimmon for the temple 's fragrance and for export , using a secret recipe . `` Sodomite salt '' was an essential mineral for the temple 's holy incense , but was said to be dangerous for home use and could cause blindness . The Roman camps surrounding Masada were built by Jewish slaves receiving water from the towns around the lake . These towns had drinking water from the Ein Feshcha springs and other sweetwater springs in the vicinity .

\n

\n Byzantine period

\n

\n Intimately connected with the Judean wilderness to its northwest and west , the Dead Sea was a place of escape and refuge . The remoteness of the region attracted Greek Orthodox monks since the Byzantine era . Their monasteries , such as Saint George in Wadi Kelt and Mar Saba in the Judaean Desert , are places of pilgrimage .

\n

\n Modern times

\n

\n In the 19th century the River Jordan and the Dead Sea were explored by boat primarily by Christopher Costigan in 1835 , Thomas Howard Molyneux in 1847 , William Francis Lynch in 1848 , and John MacGregor in 1869 . The full text of W.F. Lynch 's 1949 book Narrative of the United States ' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea is available online . Charles Leonard Irby and James Mangles travelled along the shores of the Dead Sea already in 1817 - 18 , but did n't navigate on its waters .

\n World 's lowest ( dry ) point , Jordan , 1971

\n Explorers and scientists arrived in the area to analyze the minerals and research the unique climate .

\n

\n After the find of the `` Moabite Stone '' in 1868 on the plateau east of the Dead Sea , Moses Wilhelm Shapira and his partner Salim al - Khouri forged and sold a whole range of presumed `` Moabite '' antiquities , and in 1883 Shapira presented what is now known as the `` Shapira Strips '' , a supposedly ancient scroll written on leather strips which he claimed had been found near the Dead Sea . The strips were declared to be forgeries and Shapira took his own life in disgrace .

\n

\n In the late 1940s and early 1950s , hundreds of religious documents dated between 150 BCE and 70 CE were found in caves near the ancient settlement of Qumran , about one mile ( 1.6 kilometres ) inland from the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea ( presently in the West Bank ) . They became known and famous as the Dead Sea Scrolls .

\n

\n The world 's lowest roads , Highway 90 , run along the Israeli and West Bank shores of the Dead Sea , along with Highway 65 on the Jordanian side , at 393 m ( 1,289 ft ) below sea level .

\n

\n Tourism and leisure

\n Ein Bokek , a resort on the Israeli shore

\n British mandate period

\n

\n A golf course named for Sodom and Gomorrah was built by the British at Kalia on the northern shore .

\n

\n Israel

\n

\n The first major Israeli hotels were built in nearby Arad , and since the 1960s at the Ein Bokek resort complex .

\n

\n Israel has 15 hotels along the Dead Sea shore , generating total revenues of $291 million in 2012 . Most Israeli hotels and resorts on the Dead Sea are on a six - kilometre ( 3.7 - mile ) stretch of the southern shore .

\n

\n Jordan

\n Kempinski Hotel , one of the many hotels on the Jordanian shore

\n On the Jordanian side , nine international franchises have opened seaside resort hotels near the King Hussein Bin Talal Convention Center , along with resort apartments , on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea . The 9 hotels have boosted the Jordanian side 's capacity to 2,800 rooms .

\n

\n On November 22 , 2015 , the Dead Sea panorama road was included along with 40 archaeological locations in Jordan , to become live on Google Street View .

\n

\n West Bank

\n

\n The Palestinian Dead Sea Coast is about 40 kilometres ( 25 miles ) long . The World Bank estimates that a Palestinian Dead Sea tourism industry could generate $290 million of revenues per year and 2,900 jobs . However , Palestinians have been unable to obtain construction permits for tourism - related investments on the Dead Sea . According to the World Bank , Officials in the Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities state that the only way to apply for such permits is through the Joint Committees established under the Oslo Agreement , but the relevant committee has not met with any degree of regularity since 2000 .

\n

\n Chemical industry

\n The southern basin of the Dead Sea as of 1817 - 18 , with the Lisan Peninsula and its ford ( now named Lynch Strait ) . North is to the right . View of salt evaporation pans on the Dead Sea , taken in 1989 from the Space Shuttle Columbia ( STS - 28 ) . The southern half is separated from the northern half at what used to be the Lisan Peninsula because of the fall in level of the Dead Sea . View of the mineral evaporation ponds almost 12 years later ( STS - 102 ) . A northern and small southeastern extension were added and the large polygonal ponds subdivided . The dwindling water level of the Dead Sea

\n British mandate period

\n

\n In the early part of the 20th century , the Dead Sea began to attract interest from chemists who deduced the sea was a natural deposit of potash ( potassium chloride ) and bromine . The Palestine Potash Company was chartered in 1929 , after its founder , Siberian Jewish engineer and pioneer of Lake Baikal exploitation , Moses Novomeysky , worked for the charter for over ten years . The first plant was on the north shore of the Dead Sea at Kalya and produced potash by solar evaporation of the brine . Employing Arabs and Jews , it was an island of peace in turbulent times . The company quickly grew into the largest industrial site in the Middle East , and in 1934 built a second plant on the southwest shore , in the Mount Sodom area , south of the ' Lashon ' region of the Dead Sea . Palestine Potash Company supplied half of Britain 's potash during World War II . Both plants were destroyed by the Jordanians in the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War .

\n

\n Israel

\n

\n The Dead Sea Works was founded in 1952 as a state - owned enterprise based on the remnants of the Palestine Potash Company . In 1995 , the company was privatized and it is now owned by Israel Chemicals . From the Dead Sea brine , Israel produces ( 2001 ) 1.77 million tons potash , 206,000 tons elemental bromine , 44,900 tons caustic soda , 25,000 tons magnesium metal , and sodium chloride . Israeli companies generate around US $3 billion annually from the sale of Dead Sea minerals ( primarily potash and bromine ) , and from other products that are derived from Dead Sea Minerals .

\n

\n Jordan

\n

\n On the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea , Arab Potash ( APC ) , formed in 1956 , produces 2.0 million tons of potash annually , as well as sodium chloride and bromine . The plant is located at Safi , South Aghwar Department , in the Karak Governorate .

\n

\n Jordanian Dead Sea mineral industries generate about $1.2 billion in sales ( equivalent to 4 percent of Jordan 's GDP ) .

\n

\n West Bank

\n

\n The Palestinian Dead Sea Coast is about 40 kilometres ( 25 miles ) long . The Palestinian economy is unable to benefit from Dead Sea chemicals due to restricted access , permit issues and the uncertainties of the investment climate . The World Bank estimates that a Palestinian Dead Sea chemicals industry could generate $918 m incremental value added per year , `` almost equivalent to the contribution of the entire manufacturing sector of Palestinian territories today '' .

\n

\n Extraction

\n

\n Both companies , Dead Sea Works Ltd. and Arab Potash , use extensive salt evaporation pans that have essentially diked the entire southern end of the Dead Sea for the purpose of producing carnallite , potassium magnesium chloride , which is then processed further to produce potassium chloride . The ponds are separated by a central dike that runs roughly north - south along the international border . The power plant on the Israeli side allows production of magnesium metal ( by a subsidiary , Dead Sea Magnesium Ltd . ) .

\n

\n Due to the popularity of the sea 's therapeutic and healing properties , several companies have also shown interest in the manufacturing and supplying of Dead Sea salts as raw materials for body and skin care products .

\n

\n Recession and environmental concerns

\n The planned Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance , whose first phase will begin construction in 2018 , will work towards stabilizing the falling levels of the Dead Sea .

\n Since 1930 , when its surface was 1,050 km ( 410 sq mi ) and its level was 390 m ( 1,280 ft ) below sea level , the Dead Sea has been monitored continuously . In recent decades , the Dead Sea has been rapidly shrinking because of diversion of incoming water from the Jordan River to the north . The southern end is fed by a canal maintained by the Dead Sea Works , a company that converts the sea 's raw materials . From a water surface of 395 m ( 1,296 ft ) below sea level in 1970 it fell 22 m ( 72 ft ) to 418 m ( 1,371 ft ) below sea level in 2006 , reaching a drop rate of 1 m ( 3 ft ) per year . As the water level decreases , the characteristics of the Sea and surrounding region may substantially change .

\n

\n The Dead Sea level drop has been followed by a groundwater level drop , causing brines that used to occupy underground layers near the shoreline to be flushed out by freshwater . This is believed to be the cause of the recent appearance of large sinkholes along the western shore -- incoming freshwater dissolves salt layers , rapidly creating subsurface cavities that subsequently collapse to form these sinkholes .

\n Gully in unconsolidated Dead Sea sediments exposed by recession of water levels . It was excavated by floods from the Judean Mountains in less than a year .

\n In May 2009 at the World Economic Forum , Jordan announced its plans to construct the `` Jordan National Red Sea Development Project '' ( JRSP ) . This is a plan to convey seawater from the Red Sea near Aqaba to the Dead Sea . Water would be desalinated along the route to provide fresh water to Jordan , with the brine discharge sent to the Dead Sea for replenishment . The early planning called for developer and financier selection to be completed by year 's end , with detailed design to begin in early 2010 , and water delivery by 2017 . Israel expressed its support and will likely benefit from some of the water delivery to its Negev region . Some hydro - power will be collected near the Dead Sea from the dramatic change in elevation on the downhill side of the project .

\n

\n At a regional conference in July 2009 , officials expressed concern about the declining water levels . Some suggested industrial activities around the Dead Sea might need to be reduced . Others advised environmental measures to restore conditions such as increasing the volume of flow from the Jordan River to replenish the Dead Sea . Currently , only sewage and effluent from fish ponds run in the river 's channel . Experts also stressed the need for strict conservation efforts . They said agriculture should not be expanded , sustainable support capabilities should be incorporated into the area and pollution sources should be reduced .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Water level ( m ) \n Surface ( km )
\n 1930 \n \u2212 390 \n 1050
\n 1980 \n \u2212 400 \n 680
\n \n \u2212 407 \n 675
\n \n \u2212 411 \n 670
\n \n \u2212 417 \n 662
\n \n \u2212 423 \n 655
\n 2016 \n \u2212 430.5 \n 605
\n

\n Sources : Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research , Haaretz , Jewish Virtual Library , Jordan Valley Authority .

\n

\n In October 2009 , the Jordanians announced accelerated plans to extract around 300 million cubic metres ( 11 billion cubic feet ) of water per year from the Red Sea , desalinate it for use as fresh water and send the waste water to the Dead Sea by tunnel , despite concerns about inadequate time to assess the potential environmental impact . According to Jordan 's minister for water , General Maysoun Zu'bi , this project could be considered as the first phase of the Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance .

\n

\n In December 2013 , Israel , Jordan and the Palestinian Authority signed an agreement for laying a water pipeline to link the Red Sea with the Dead Sea . The pipeline will be 180 km ( 110 mi ) long and is estimated to take up to five years to complete . In January 2015 it was reported that the level of water is now dropping by 1 m ( 3 ft ) a year .

\n

\n On 27 November 2016 , it was announced that the Jordanian government is shortlisting five consortiums to implement the project . Jordan 's ministry of Water and Irrigation said that the $100 million first phase of the project will begin construction in the first quarter of 2018 , and will be completed by 2021 .

\n Views in 1972 , 1989 , and 2011 compared

\n See also

\n \n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Virtual Israel Experience : The Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 21 January 2013 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The Dead Sea Is Dying Fast : Is It Too Late to Save It , or Was It Always a Lost Cause ? '' . Haaretz. 7 October 2016 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Dead Sea Data Summary 2015. Water Authority of Israel . The World Bank - ' The Red Sea - Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program ' - 2013 Archived 2013 - 09 - 15 at the Wayback Machine ...
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Long - Term changes in the Dead Sea '' . Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research - Israel Marine Data Center ( ISRAMAR ) .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : The first article al - is unnecessary and usually not used .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Israel and Jordan Sign ' Historic ' $900 Million Deal to Save the Dead Sea '' . Newsweek .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Goetz , P.W. , ed. ( 1986 ) . `` The New Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica ( 15th ed . ) '' . 3 . Chicago : 937 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ RW McColl , ed. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of world geography . Facts on File . p. 237 . ISBN 9780816072293 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Dead Sea - Composition of Dead Sea Water '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 04 .
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : `` 5 alliances shortlisted to execute Red - Dead 's phase I '' . The Jordan Times . 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 3 December 2016 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ David Bridger ; Samuel Wolk ( September 1976 ) . The New Jewish Encyclopedia . Behrman House , Inc. p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87441 - 120 - 1 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . It was named the `` Dead Sea '' because of the fact that no living thing can exist there , since the water is extremely salty and bitter .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ See bitumen and asphalt for more about asphaltite .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` Springs and quicksand at the Dead Sea '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study ( RSDSC ) Program : Dead Sea Study , July 2010 , p. 64
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Mujib '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 7 May 2016 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Dead Sea '' . Exact Me.org . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2013 .
    17. \n
  17. \n ^ Jump up to : Mordechai Stein . `` The limnological history of late Pleistocene -- Holocene water bodies in the Dead Sea basin '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 13 .
    18. \n
  18. \n ^ Jump up to : Uri Kafri ; Yoseph Yechieli ( 2010 ) . Groundwater Base Level Changes and Adjoining Hydrological Systems . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 3642139444 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Geochemical Society ; Meteoritical Society ( 1971 ) . Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta . Pergamon Press . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Natural Resources '' . Dead Sea Research Center . Retrieved 27 October 2013 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` Lowest Elevation : Dead Sea '' . Extreme Science . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Kramer , MR ; Springer C ; Berkman N ; Glazer M ; Bublil M ; Bar - Yishay E ; Godfrey S ( March 1998 ) . `` Rehabilitation of hypoxemic patients with COPD at low altitude at the Dead Sea , the lowest place on earth '' ( PDF ) . Chest. 113 ( 3 ) : 571 -- 575 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 113.3. 571 . PMID 9515826 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 10 - 29 . PMID 9515826
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Climatological Averages for Dead Sea '' . IMS . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 9 , 2011 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Averages and Records for several places in Israel '' . Israel Meteorological Service . June 2011 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 14 .
    25. \n
  25. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Dead Sea Canal '' . American.edu. 1996 - 12 - 09 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ I. Steinhorn , In Situ Salt Precipitation at the Dead Sea , Limnol . Oceanogr. 28 ( 3 ) , 1983 , 580 - 583
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Bein , A. ; O. Amit ( 2007 ) . `` The evolution of the Dead Sea floating asphalt blocks : simulations by pyrolisis '' . Journal of Petroleum Geology . Journal of Petroleum Geology. 2 ( 4 ) : 439 -- 447 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1747 - 5457.1980. tb00971. x .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Niemi , Tina M. , Zvi Ben - Avraham and Joel Gat , eds. , The Dead Sea : the lake and its setting , 1997 , Oxford University Press , p. 251 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508703 - 1
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ J. Rullk\u00f6tter ; A. Nissenbaum ( December 1988 ) . `` Dead sea asphalt in Egyptian mummies : Molecular evidence '' . Naturwissenschaften. 75 ( 12 ) : 618 . Bibcode : 1988NW ... 75 ... 618R . doi : 10.1007 / BF00366476 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` Asthma , Cystic Fibrosis , Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease '' . Dead Sea Research Center . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Cohen , Arnon D. ; Van \u2010 Dijk , Dina ; Naggan , Lechaim ; Vardy , Daniel A. ( 2005 ) . `` Effectiveness of climatotherapy at the Dead Sea for psoriasis vulgaris : A community - oriented study introducing the Beer Sheva Psoriasis Severity Score '' . Dermatological Treatment . 16 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 308 -- 313 . doi : 10.1080 / 09546630500375841 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ S. Halevy ; et al. `` Dead sea bath salt for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris : a double - blind controlled study '' . 9 ( 3 ) . Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : 237 -- 242 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Michael Friedman ; Ramakrishnan Vidyasagar ; Ninos Joseph ( June 2006 ) . A Randomized , Prospective , Double - Blind Study on the Efficacy of Dead Sea Salt Nasal Irrigations. 116 . The Laryngoscope . pp. 878 -- 882 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. mlg. 0000216798.10007. 76 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Flusser , Daniel ; Abu - Shakra , Mahmoud ; Friger , Michael ; Codish , Shlomi ; Sukenik , Shaul ( August 2002 ) . `` Therapy With Mud Compresses for Knee Osteoarthritis : Comparison of Natural Mud Preparations With Mineral - Depleted Mud '' ( PDF ) . 8 ( 4 ) . Journal of Clinical Rheumatology : 197 -- 203 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 08 - 16 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` PLOS ONE '' .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Asphaltites examples from ancient sources '' . Wordnik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 22 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Josephus , Antiquities of the Jews 18.119 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Josephus. `` 9 '' . Antiquities of the Jews . 1 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Found today in the Shrine of the Book at the Israel Museum of Jerusalem
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` Sodomite salt could cause blindness '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 15 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ A synagogue mosaic floor ( circa 100 BCE ) at Ein Gedi repeats the Mishna , portraying a curse on whoever reveals the town 's secret persimmon recipe . Papyrus parchments found in caves near the Dead Sea document the vast amount of cultivated land in the area , especially persimmon trees , but also olive and date trees
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` History of the Dead Sea - Discover the Dead Sea with Us ! '' . 1 July 2016 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` ' The unfortunate Costigan ' , first surveyor of the Dead Sea '' . 25 February 2013 .
    44. \n
  44. \n ^ Jump up to : World Bank , Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Department , Area C and the Future of the Palestinian Economy , October 2 , 2013
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` Dead Sea , Aqaba hotels packed during Eid Al Fitr holiday '' . The Jordan Times . 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` Google Street View '' .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Wealth From The Dead Sea '' . Popular Mechanics . Chicago : Hearst Magazines . 54 ( 5 ) : 794 -- 798 . November 1930 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Hurlbert , Stuart H. ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Saline Lakes V : Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium on Inland Saline Lakes , held in Bolivia , 22 -- 29 March 1991 '' . Springer Science & Business Media -- via Google Books .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Schechter , Asher ( 14 April 2013 ) . `` Who Really Owns the Dead Sea ? '' -- via Haaretz .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` Overview of Middle East Water Resources_Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . December 1998 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ C. Klein ; A. Flohn . Contribution to the Knowledge in the Fluctuations of the Dead Sea Level . 38 . Theoretical and Applied Climatology . pp. 151 -- 156 , 1987 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ M. Abelson ; Y . Yechieli ; O. Crouvi ; G. Baer ; D. Wachs ; A. Bein ; V. Shtivelman ( 2006 ) . Evolution of the Dead Sea Sinkholes in . special paper 401 . Geological Society of America . pp. 241 -- 253 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Ehud Zion Waldoks ( July 8 , 2009 ) . ( tp://www.jpost.com/Features/Article.aspx?id=148034 `` Back from the Dead ? '' ) . The Jerusalem Post .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ `` Water level of the Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 31 May 2014 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ `` Water level and surface area of the Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 31 May 2014 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Eng . Sa'ad Abu Hammour , JVA . `` River Basin Management '' ( PDF ) . Jordan Valley Authority . Retrieved 31 May 2014 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ `` Jordan to refill shrinking Dead Sea '' . Daily Telegraph . 10 October 2009 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Sherwood , Harriet ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Dead Sea neighbours agree to pipeline to pump water from Red Sea '' . The Guardian .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Catholic Online . `` Dead Sea Dying : Levels of salt water are dropping by three feet annually '' .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` The Dead Sea : Image of the Day '' .
    61. \n
\n

\n Further reading

\n \n

\n External links

\n \n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Earth 's oceans and seas
\n Arctic Ocean \n
    \n
  • \n Amundsen Gulf
    • \n
  • \n Barents Sea
    • \n
  • \n Beaufort Sea
    • \n
  • \n Chukchi Sea
    • \n
  • \n East Siberian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Greenland Sea
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Boothia
    • \n
  • \n Kara Sea
    • \n
  • \n Laptev Sea
    • \n
  • \n Lincoln Sea
    • \n
  • \n Prince Gustav Adolf Sea
    • \n
  • \n Pechora Sea
    • \n
  • \n Queen Victoria Sea
    • \n
  • \n Wandel Sea
    • \n
  • \n White Sea
    • \n
\n
\n Atlantic Ocean \n
    \n
  • \n Adriatic Sea
    • \n
  • \n Aegean Sea
    • \n
  • \n Alboran Sea
    • \n
  • \n Archipelago Sea
    • \n
  • \n Argentine Sea
    • \n
  • \n Baffin Bay
    • \n
  • \n Balearic Sea
    • \n
  • \n Baltic Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Biscay
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Bothnia
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Campeche
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Fundy
    • \n
  • \n Black Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bothnian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Caribbean Sea
    • \n
  • \n Celtic Sea
    • \n
  • \n English Channel
    • \n
  • \n Foxe Basin
    • \n
  • \n Greenland Sea
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Bothnia
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Finland
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Lion
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Maine
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Saint Lawrence
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Sidra
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Venezuela
    • \n
  • \n Hudson Bay
    • \n
  • \n Ionian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Irish Sea
    • \n
  • \n Irminger Sea
    • \n
  • \n James Bay
    • \n
  • \n Labrador Sea
    • \n
  • \n Levantine Sea
    • \n
  • \n Libyan Sea
    • \n
  • \n Ligurian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Marmara Sea
    • \n
  • \n Mediterranean Sea
    • \n
  • \n Myrtoan Sea
    • \n
  • \n North Sea
    • \n
  • \n Norwegian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Sargasso Sea
    • \n
  • \n Sea of \u00c5land
    • \n
  • \n Sea of Azov
    • \n
  • \n Sea of Crete
    • \n
  • \n Sea of the Hebrides
    • \n
  • \n Thracian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Tyrrhenian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Wadden Sea
    • \n
\n
\n Indian Ocean \n
    \n
  • \n Andaman Sea
    • \n
  • \n Arabian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bali Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Bengal
    • \n
  • \n Flores Sea
    • \n
  • \n Great Australian Bight
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Aden
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Aqaba
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Khambhat
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Kutch
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Oman
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Suez
    • \n
  • \n Java Sea
    • \n
  • \n Laccadive Sea
    • \n
  • \n Mozambique Channel
    • \n
  • \n Persian Gulf
    • \n
  • \n Red Sea
    • \n
  • \n Timor Sea
    • \n
\n
\n Pacific Ocean \n
    \n
  • \n Arafura Sea
    • \n
  • \n Banda Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bering Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bismarck Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bohai Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bohol Sea
    • \n
  • \n Camotes Sea
    • \n
  • \n Celebes Sea
    • \n
  • \n Ceram Sea
    • \n
  • \n Chilean Sea
    • \n
  • \n Coral Sea
    • \n
  • \n East China Sea
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Alaska
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Anadyr
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of California
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Carpentaria
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Fonseca
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Panama
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Thailand
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Tonkin
    • \n
  • \n Halmahera Sea
    • \n
  • \n Koro Sea
    • \n
  • \n Mar de Grau
    • \n
  • \n Molucca Sea
    • \n
  • \n Moro Gulf
    • \n
  • \n Philippine Sea
    • \n
  • \n Salish Sea
    • \n
  • \n Savu Sea
    • \n
  • \n Sea of Japan
    • \n
  • \n Sea of Okhotsk
    • \n
  • \n Seto Inland Sea
    • \n
  • \n Shantar Sea
    • \n
  • \n Sibuyan Sea
    • \n
  • \n Solomon Sea
    • \n
  • \n South China Sea
    • \n
  • \n Sulu Sea
    • \n
  • \n Tasman Sea
    • \n
  • \n Visayan Sea
    • \n
  • \n Yellow Sea
    • \n
\n
\n Southern Ocean \n
    \n
  • \n Amundsen Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bellingshausen Sea
    • \n
  • \n Cooperation Sea
    • \n
  • \n Cosmonauts Sea
    • \n
  • \n Davis Sea
    • \n
  • \n D'Urville Sea
    • \n
  • \n King Haakon VII Sea
    • \n
  • \n Lazarev Sea
    • \n
  • \n Mawson Sea
    • \n
  • \n Riiser - Larsen Sea
    • \n
  • \n Ross Sea
    • \n
  • \n Scotia Sea
    • \n
  • \n Somov Sea
    • \n
  • \n Weddell Sea
    • \n
\n
\n Landlocked seas \n
    \n
  • \n Aral Sea
    • \n
  • \n Caspian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Dead Sea
    • \n
  • \n Salton Sea
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Regions of the world
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Regions of Africa
\n Central Africa \n
    \n
  • \n Guinea region
      \n
    • \n Gulf of Guinea
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Cape Lopez
    • \n
  • \n Mayombe
    • \n
  • \n Igboland
      \n
    • \n Mbaise
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Maputaland
    • \n
  • \n Pool Malebo
    • \n
  • \n Congo Basin
    • \n
  • \n Chad Basin
    • \n
  • \n Congolese rainforests
    • \n
  • \n Ouadda\u00ef highlands
    • \n
  • \n Ennedi Plateau
    • \n
\n
\n East Africa \n
    \n
  • \n African Great Lakes
      \n
    • \n Albertine Rift
      • \n
    • \n East African Rift
      • \n
    • \n Great Rift Valley
      • \n
    • \n Gregory Rift
      • \n
    • \n Rift Valley lakes
      • \n
    • \n Swahili coast
      • \n
    • \n Virunga Mountains
      • \n
    • \n Zanj
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Horn of Africa
      \n
    • \n Afar Triangle
      • \n
    • \n Al - Habash
      • \n
    • \n Barbara
      • \n
    • \n Danakil Alps
      • \n
    • \n Danakil Desert
      • \n
    • \n Ethiopian Highlands
      • \n
    • \n Gulf of Aden
      • \n
    • \n Gulf of Tadjoura
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Indian Ocean islands
      \n
    • \n Comoros Islands
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n North Africa \n
    \n
  • \n Maghreb
      \n
    • \n Barbary Coast
      • \n
    • \n Bashmur
      • \n
    • \n Ancient Libya
      • \n
    • \n Atlas Mountains
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Nile Valley
      \n
    • \n Cataracts of the Nile
      • \n
    • \n Darfur
      • \n
    • \n Gulf of Aqaba
      • \n
    • \n Lower Egypt
      • \n
    • \n Lower Nubia
      • \n
    • \n Middle Egypt
      • \n
    • \n Nile Delta
      • \n
    • \n Nuba Mountains
      • \n
    • \n Nubia
      • \n
    • \n The Sudans
      • \n
    • \n Upper Egypt
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Western Sahara
    • \n
\n
\n West Africa \n
    \n
  • \n Pepper Coast
    • \n
  • \n Gold Coast
    • \n
  • \n Slave Coast
    • \n
  • \n Ivory Coast
    • \n
  • \n Cape Palmas
    • \n
  • \n Cape Mesurado
    • \n
  • \n Guinea region
      \n
    • \n Gulf of Guinea
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Niger Basin
    • \n
  • \n Guinean Forests of West Africa
    • \n
  • \n Niger Delta
    • \n
  • \n Inner Niger Delta
    • \n
\n
\n Southern Africa \n
    \n
  • \n Madagascar
      \n
    • \n Central Highlands ( Madagascar )
      • \n
    • \n Northern Highlands
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Rhodesia
      \n
    • \n North
      • \n
    • \n South
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Thembuland
    • \n
  • \n Succulent Karoo
    • \n
  • \n Nama Karoo
    • \n
  • \n Bushveld
    • \n
  • \n Highveld
    • \n
  • \n Fynbos
    • \n
  • \n Cape Floristic Region
    • \n
  • \n Kalahari Desert
    • \n
  • \n Okavango Delta
    • \n
  • \n False Bay
    • \n
  • \n Hydra Bay
    • \n
\n
\n Macro-regions \n
    \n
  • \n Aethiopia
    • \n
  • \n Arab world
    • \n
  • \n Commonwealth realm
    • \n
  • \n East African montane forests
    • \n
  • \n Eastern Desert
    • \n
  • \n Equatorial Africa
    • \n
  • \n Fran\u00e7afrique
    • \n
  • \n Gibraltar Arc
    • \n
  • \n Greater Middle East
    • \n
  • \n Islands of Africa
    • \n
  • \n List of countries where Arabic is an official language
    • \n
  • \n Mediterranean Basin
    • \n
  • \n MENA
    • \n
  • \n MENASA
    • \n
  • \n Middle East
    • \n
  • \n Mittelafrika
    • \n
  • \n Negroland
    • \n
  • \n Northeast Africa
    • \n
  • \n Portuguese - speaking African countries
    • \n
  • \n Sahara
    • \n
  • \n Sahel
    • \n
  • \n Sub-Saharan Africa
    • \n
  • \n Sudan ( region )
    • \n
  • \n Sudanian Savanna
    • \n
  • \n Tibesti Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Tropical Africa
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Regions of Asia
\n Central \n
    \n
  • \n Greater Middle East
    • \n
  • \n Aral Sea
      \n
    • \n Aralkum Desert
      • \n
    • \n Caspian Sea
      • \n
    • \n Dead Sea
      • \n
    • \n Sea of Galilee
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Transoxiana
      \n
    • \n Turan
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Greater Khorasan
    • \n
  • \n Ariana
    • \n
  • \n Khwarezm
    • \n
  • \n Sistan
    • \n
  • \n Kazakhstania
    • \n
  • \n Eurasian Steppe
      \n
    • \n Asian Steppe
      • \n
    • \n Kazakh Steppe
      • \n
    • \n Pontic -- Caspian steppe
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Mongolian - Manchurian grassland
    • \n
  • \n Wild Fields
      \n
    • \n Yedisan
      • \n
    • \n Muravsky Trail
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ural
      \n
    • \n Ural Mountains
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Volga region
    • \n
  • \n Idel - Ural
    • \n
  • \n Kolyma
    • \n
  • \n Transbaikal
    • \n
  • \n Pryazovia
    • \n
  • \n Bjarmaland
    • \n
  • \n Kuban
    • \n
  • \n Zalesye
    • \n
  • \n Ingria
    • \n
  • \n Novorossiya
    • \n
  • \n Gornaya Shoriya
    • \n
  • \n Tulgas
    • \n
  • \n Iranian Plateau
    • \n
  • \n Altai Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Pamir Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Tian Shan
    • \n
  • \n Badakhshan
    • \n
  • \n Wakhan Corridor
    • \n
  • \n Wakhjir Pass
    • \n
  • \n Mount Imeon
    • \n
  • \n Mongolian Plateau
    • \n
  • \n Western Regions
    • \n
  • \n Taklamakan Desert
    • \n
  • \n Karakoram
      \n
    • \n Trans - Karakoram Tract
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Siachen Glacier
    • \n
\n
\n North \n
    \n
  • \n Inner Asia
    • \n
  • \n Northeast
    • \n
  • \n Far East
      \n
    • \n Russian Far East
      • \n
    • \n Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Extreme North
    • \n
  • \n Siberia
      \n
    • \n Baikalia ( Lake Baikal )
      • \n
    • \n Transbaikal
      • \n
    • \n Khatanga Gulf
      • \n
    • \n Baraba steppe
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Kamchatka Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Amur Basin
    • \n
  • \n Yenisei Gulf
    • \n
  • \n Yenisei Basin
    • \n
  • \n Beringia
    • \n
  • \n Sikhote - Alin
    • \n
\n
\n East \n
    \n
  • \n Japanese archipelago
      \n
    • \n Northeastern Japan Arc
      • \n
    • \n Sakhalin Island Arc
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Korean Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Gobi Desert
    • \n
  • \n Taklamakan Desert
    • \n
  • \n Greater Khingan
    • \n
  • \n Mongolian Plateau
    • \n
  • \n Inner Asia
    • \n
  • \n Inner Mongolia
    • \n
  • \n Outer Mongolia
    • \n
  • \n China proper
    • \n
  • \n Manchuria
      \n
    • \n Outer Manchuria
      • \n
    • \n Inner Manchuria
      • \n
    • \n Northeast China Plain
      • \n
    • \n Mongolian - Manchurian grassland
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n North China Plain
      \n
    • \n Yan Mountains
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Kunlun Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Liaodong Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Himalayas
    • \n
  • \n Tibetan Plateau
      \n
    • \n Tibet
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Tarim Basin
    • \n
  • \n Northern Silk Road
    • \n
  • \n Hexi Corridor
    • \n
  • \n Nanzhong
    • \n
  • \n Lingnan
    • \n
  • \n Liangguang
    • \n
  • \n Jiangnan
    • \n
  • \n Jianghuai
    • \n
  • \n Guanzhong
    • \n
  • \n Huizhou
    • \n
  • \n Wu
    • \n
  • \n Jiaozhou
    • \n
  • \n Zhongyuan
    • \n
  • \n Shaannan
    • \n
  • \n Ordos Loop
      \n
    • \n Loess Plateau
      • \n
    • \n Shaanbei
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Hamgyong Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Central Mountain Range
    • \n
  • \n Japanese Alps
    • \n
  • \n Suzuka Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Leizhou Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Tonkin
    • \n
  • \n Yangtze River Delta
    • \n
  • \n Pearl River Delta
    • \n
  • \n Yenisei Basin
    • \n
  • \n Altai Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Wakhan Corridor
    • \n
  • \n Wakhjir Pass
    • \n
\n
\n West \n
    \n
  • \n Greater Middle East
      \n
    • \n MENA
      • \n
    • \n MENASA
      • \n
    • \n Middle East
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Red Sea
    • \n
  • \n Caspian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Mediterranean Sea
    • \n
  • \n Zagros Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Persian Gulf
      \n
    • \n Pirate Coast
      • \n
    • \n Strait of Hormuz
      • \n
    • \n Greater and Lesser Tunbs
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Al - Faw Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Oman
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Aqaba
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Aden
    • \n
  • \n Balochistan
    • \n
  • \n Arabian Peninsula
      \n
    • \n Najd
      • \n
    • \n Hejaz
      • \n
    • \n Tihamah
      • \n
    • \n Eastern Arabia
      • \n
    • \n South Arabia
        \n
      • \n Hadhramaut
        • \n
      • \n Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Tigris -- Euphrates
    • \n
  • \n Mesopotamia
      \n
    • \n Upper Mesopotamia
      • \n
    • \n Lower Mesopotamia
      • \n
    • \n Sawad
      • \n
    • \n Nineveh plains
      • \n
    • \n Akkad ( region )
      • \n
    • \n Babylonia
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Canaan
    • \n
  • \n Aram
    • \n
  • \n Eber - Nari
    • \n
  • \n Suhum
    • \n
  • \n Eastern Mediterranean
    • \n
  • \n Mashriq
    • \n
  • \n Kurdistan
    • \n
  • \n Levant
      \n
    • \n Southern Levant
      • \n
    • \n Transjordan
      • \n
    • \n Jordan Rift Valley
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Israel
    • \n
  • \n Levantine Sea
    • \n
  • \n Golan Heights
    • \n
  • \n Hula Valley
    • \n
  • \n Galilee
    • \n
  • \n Gilead
    • \n
  • \n Judea
    • \n
  • \n Samaria
    • \n
  • \n Arabah
    • \n
  • \n Anti-Lebanon Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Sinai Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Arabian Desert
    • \n
  • \n Syrian Desert
    • \n
  • \n Fertile Crescent
    • \n
  • \n Azerbaijan
    • \n
  • \n Syria
    • \n
  • \n Palestine
    • \n
  • \n Iranian Plateau
    • \n
  • \n Armenian Highlands
    • \n
  • \n Caucasus
      \n
    • \n Caucasus Mountains
        \n
      • \n Greater Caucasus
        • \n
      • \n Lesser Caucasus
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n North Caucasus
      • \n
    • \n South Caucasus
        \n
      • \n Kur - Araz Lowland
        • \n
      • \n Lankaran Lowland
        • \n
      • \n Alborz
        • \n
      • \n Absheron Peninsula
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Anatolia
    • \n
  • \n Cilicia
    • \n
  • \n Cappadocia
    • \n
  • \n Alpide belt
    • \n
\n
\n South \n
    \n
  • \n Greater India
    • \n
  • \n Indian subcontinent
    • \n
  • \n Himalayas
    • \n
  • \n Hindu Kush
    • \n
  • \n Western Ghats
    • \n
  • \n Eastern Ghats
    • \n
  • \n Ganges Basin
    • \n
  • \n Ganges Delta
    • \n
  • \n Pashtunistan
    • \n
  • \n Punjab
    • \n
  • \n Balochistan
    • \n
  • \n Kashmir
      \n
    • \n Kashmir Valley
      • \n
    • \n Pir Panjal Range
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Thar Desert
    • \n
  • \n Indus Valley
    • \n
  • \n Indus River Delta
    • \n
  • \n Indus Valley Desert
    • \n
  • \n Indo - Gangetic Plain
    • \n
  • \n Eastern coastal plains
    • \n
  • \n Western Coastal Plains
    • \n
  • \n Meghalaya subtropical forests
    • \n
  • \n MENASA
    • \n
  • \n Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests
    • \n
  • \n Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
    • \n
  • \n Doab
    • \n
  • \n Bagar tract
    • \n
  • \n Great Rann of Kutch
    • \n
  • \n Little Rann of Kutch
    • \n
  • \n Deccan Plateau
    • \n
  • \n Coromandel Coast
    • \n
  • \n Konkan
    • \n
  • \n False Divi Point
    • \n
  • \n Hindi Belt
    • \n
  • \n Ladakh
    • \n
  • \n Aksai Chin
    • \n
  • \n Gilgit - Baltistan
      \n
    • \n Baltistan
      • \n
    • \n Shigar Valley
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Karakoram
      \n
    • \n Saltoro Mountains
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Siachen Glacier
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Bengal
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Khambhat
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Kutch
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Mannar
    • \n
  • \n Trans - Karakoram Tract
    • \n
  • \n Wakhan Corridor
    • \n
  • \n Wakhjir Pass
    • \n
  • \n Lakshadweep
    • \n
  • \n Andaman and Nicobar Islands
      \n
    • \n Andaman Islands
      • \n
    • \n Nicobar Islands
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Maldive Islands
    • \n
  • \n Alpide belt
    • \n
\n
\n Southeast \n
    \n
  • \n Mainland
      \n
    • \n Indochina
      • \n
    • \n Malay Peninsula
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Maritime
      \n
    • \n Peninsular Malaysia
      • \n
    • \n Sunda Islands
      • \n
    • \n Greater Sunda Islands
      • \n
    • \n Lesser Sunda Islands
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Indonesian Archipelago
    • \n
  • \n Timor
    • \n
  • \n New Guinea
      \n
    • \n Bonis Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Papuan Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Huon Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Huon Gulf
      • \n
    • \n Bird 's Head Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Gazelle Peninsula
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Philippine Archipelago
      \n
    • \n Luzon
      • \n
    • \n Visayas
      • \n
    • \n Mindanao
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Leyte Gulf
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Thailand
    • \n
  • \n East Indies
    • \n
  • \n Nanyang
    • \n
  • \n Alpide belt
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Asia - Pacific
    • \n
  • \n Tropical Asia
    • \n
  • \n Ring of Fire
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Regions of Europe
\n North \n
    \n
  • \n Nordic
    • \n
  • \n Northwestern
    • \n
  • \n Scandinavia
    • \n
  • \n Scandinavian Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Fennoscandia
    • \n
  • \n Baltoscandia
    • \n
  • \n S\u00e1pmi
    • \n
  • \n West Nordic
    • \n
  • \n Baltic
    • \n
  • \n Baltic Sea
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Bothnia
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Finland
    • \n
  • \n Iceland
    • \n
  • \n Faroe Islands
    • \n
\n
\n East \n
    \n
  • \n Danubian countries
    • \n
  • \n Prussia
    • \n
  • \n Galicia
    • \n
  • \n Volhynia
    • \n
  • \n Donbass
    • \n
  • \n Sloboda Ukraine
    • \n
  • \n Sambia Peninsula
      \n
    • \n Amber Coast
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Curonian Spit
    • \n
  • \n Izyum Trail
    • \n
  • \n Lithuania Minor
    • \n
  • \n Nemunas Delta
    • \n
  • \n Baltic
    • \n
  • \n Baltic Sea
    • \n
  • \n Vyborg Bay
    • \n
  • \n Karelia
      \n
    • \n East Karelia
      • \n
    • \n Karelian Isthmus
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Lokhaniemi
    • \n
  • \n Southeastern
      \n
    • \n Balkans
      • \n
    • \n Aegean Islands
      • \n
    • \n Gulf of Chania
      • \n
    • \n North Caucasus
      • \n
    • \n Greater Caucasus
      • \n
    • \n Kabardia
      • \n
    • \n European Russia
        \n
      • \n Southern Russia
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Central \n
    \n
  • \n Baltic
    • \n
  • \n Baltic Sea
    • \n
  • \n Alpine states
    • \n
  • \n Alpide belt
    • \n
  • \n Mitteleuropa
    • \n
  • \n Visegr\u00e1d Group
    • \n
\n
\n West \n
    \n
  • \n Benelux
    • \n
  • \n Low Countries
    • \n
  • \n Northwest
    • \n
  • \n British Isles
    • \n
  • \n English Channel
    • \n
  • \n Channel Islands
    • \n
  • \n Cotentin Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Normandy
    • \n
  • \n Brittany
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Lion
    • \n
  • \n Iberia
      \n
    • \n Al - Andalus
      • \n
    • \n Baetic System
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Pyrenees
    • \n
  • \n Alpide belt
    • \n
\n
\n South \n
    \n
  • \n Italian Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Insular Italy
    • \n
  • \n Tuscan Archipelago
    • \n
  • \n Aegadian Islands
    • \n
  • \n Iberia
      \n
    • \n Al - Andalus
      • \n
    • \n Baetic System
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Gibraltar Arc
    • \n
  • \n Southeastern
    • \n
  • \n Mediterranean
    • \n
  • \n Crimea
    • \n
  • \n Alpide belt
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Germanic
    • \n
  • \n Celtic
    • \n
  • \n Slavic countries
    • \n
  • \n Uralic
    • \n
  • \n European Plain
    • \n
  • \n Eurasian Steppe
    • \n
  • \n Pontic -- Caspian steppe
    • \n
  • \n Wild Fields
    • \n
  • \n Pannonian Basin
      \n
    • \n Great Hungarian Plain
      • \n
    • \n Little Hungarian Plain
      • \n
    • \n Eastern Slovak Lowland
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Regions of North America
\n Northern \n
    \n
  • \n Eastern Canada
    • \n
  • \n Western Canada
    • \n
  • \n Canadian Prairies
    • \n
  • \n Central Canada
    • \n
  • \n Northern Canada
    • \n
  • \n Atlantic Canada
    • \n
  • \n The Maritimes
    • \n
  • \n French Canada
    • \n
  • \n English Canada
    • \n
  • \n Acadia
      \n
    • \n Acadian Peninsula
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor
    • \n
  • \n Peace River Country
    • \n
  • \n Cypress Hills
    • \n
  • \n Palliser 's Triangle
    • \n
  • \n Canadian Shield
    • \n
  • \n Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga
    • \n
  • \n Newfoundland ( island )
    • \n
  • \n Vancouver Island
    • \n
  • \n Gulf Islands
    • \n
  • \n Strait of Georgia
    • \n
  • \n Canadian Arctic Archipelago
    • \n
  • \n Labrador Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Gasp\u00e9 Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Avalon Peninsula
      \n
    • \n Bay de Verde Peninsula
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Brodeur Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Melville Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Bruce Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut )
    • \n
  • \n Cook Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Boothia
    • \n
  • \n Georgian Bay
    • \n
  • \n Hudson Bay
    • \n
  • \n James Bay
    • \n
  • \n Greenland
    • \n
  • \n Pacific Northwest
    • \n
  • \n Inland Northwest
    • \n
  • \n Northeast
      \n
    • \n New England
      • \n
    • \n Mid-Atlantic
      • \n
    • \n Commonwealth
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n West
      \n
    • \n Midwest
      • \n
    • \n Upper Midwest
      • \n
    • \n Mountain States
      • \n
    • \n Intermountain West
      • \n
    • \n Basin and Range Province
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Oregon Trail
    • \n
  • \n Mormon Corridor
    • \n
  • \n Calumet Region
    • \n
  • \n Southwest
      \n
    • \n Old Southwest
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Llano Estacado
    • \n
  • \n Central United States
      \n
    • \n Tallgrass prairie
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n South
      \n
    • \n South Central
      • \n
    • \n Deep South
      • \n
    • \n Upland South
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Four Corners
    • \n
  • \n East Coast
    • \n
  • \n West Coast
    • \n
  • \n Gulf Coast
    • \n
  • \n Third Coast
    • \n
  • \n Coastal states
    • \n
  • \n Eastern United States
      \n
    • \n Appalachia
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Trans - Mississippi
    • \n
  • \n Great North Woods
    • \n
  • \n Great Plains
    • \n
  • \n Interior Plains
    • \n
  • \n Great Lakes
    • \n
  • \n Great Basin
      \n
    • \n Great Basin Desert
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Acadia
    • \n
  • \n Ozarks
    • \n
  • \n Ark - La - Tex
    • \n
  • \n Waxhaws
    • \n
  • \n Siouxland
    • \n
  • \n Twin Tiers
    • \n
  • \n Driftless Area
    • \n
  • \n Palouse
    • \n
  • \n Piedmont
    • \n
  • \n Atlantic coastal plain
    • \n
  • \n Outer Lands
    • \n
  • \n Black Dirt Region
    • \n
  • \n Blackstone Valley
    • \n
  • \n Piney Woods
    • \n
  • \n Rocky Mountains
    • \n
  • \n Mojave Desert
    • \n
  • \n The Dakotas
    • \n
  • \n The Carolinas
    • \n
  • \n Shawnee Hills
    • \n
  • \n San Fernando Valley
    • \n
  • \n Tornado Alley
    • \n
  • \n North Coast
    • \n
  • \n Lost Coast
    • \n
  • \n Emerald Triangle
    • \n
  • \n San Francisco Bay Area
      \n
    • \n San Francisco Bay
      • \n
    • \n North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area )
      • \n
    • \n East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area )
      • \n
    • \n Silicon Valley
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Lower Colorado River Valley
    • \n
  • \n Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta
    • \n
  • \n Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta
    • \n
  • \n Colville Delta
    • \n
  • \n Arkansas Delta
    • \n
  • \n Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta
    • \n
  • \n Mississippi Delta
    • \n
  • \n Mississippi River Delta
    • \n
  • \n Columbia River Estuary
    • \n
  • \n Great Basin
    • \n
  • \n High Desert
    • \n
  • \n Monterey Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Upper Peninsula of Michigan
    • \n
  • \n Lower Peninsula of Michigan
    • \n
  • \n Virginia Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Keweenaw Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Middle Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Delmarva Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Alaska Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Kenai Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Niagara Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Beringia
    • \n
  • \n Belt regions
      \n
    • \n Bible Belt
      • \n
    • \n Black Belt
      • \n
    • \n Corn Belt
      • \n
    • \n Cotton Belt
      • \n
    • \n Frost Belt
      • \n
    • \n Rice Belt
      • \n
    • \n Rust Belt
      • \n
    • \n Sun Belt
      • \n
    • \n Snow Belt
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Latin \n
    \n
  • \n Northern Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Baja California Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of California
      \n
    • \n Colorado River Delta
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Soconusco
    • \n
  • \n Tierra Caliente
    • \n
  • \n La Mixteca
    • \n
  • \n La Huasteca
    • \n
  • \n Baj\u00edo
    • \n
  • \n Valley of Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Mezquital Valley
    • \n
  • \n Sierra Madre de Oaxaca
    • \n
  • \n Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Basin and Range Province
    • \n
  • \n Western Caribbean Zone
    • \n
  • \n Isthmus of Panama
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Panama
      \n
    • \n Pearl Islands
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Azuero Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Mosquito Coast
    • \n
  • \n West Indies
    • \n
  • \n Antilles
      \n
    • \n Greater Antilles
      • \n
    • \n Lesser Antilles
        \n
      • \n Leeward
        • \n
      • \n Leeward Antilles
        • \n
      • \n Windward
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Lucayan Archipelago
    • \n
  • \n Southern Caribbean
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Aridoamerica
    • \n
  • \n Mesoamerica
    • \n
  • \n Oasisamerica
    • \n
  • \n Northern
    • \n
  • \n Middle
    • \n
  • \n Anglo
    • \n
  • \n Latin
      \n
    • \n French
      • \n
    • \n Hispanic
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n American Cordillera
    • \n
  • \n Ring of Fire
    • \n
  • \n LAC
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Regions of Oceania
\n Australasia \n
    \n
  • \n Gulf of Carpentaria
    • \n
  • \n New Guinea
      \n
    • \n Bonis Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Papuan Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Huon Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Huon Gulf
      • \n
    • \n Bird 's Head Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Gazelle Peninsula
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
      \n
    • \n South Island
      • \n
    • \n North Island
        \n
      • \n Coromandel Peninsula
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Zealandia
    • \n
  • \n New Caledonia
    • \n
  • \n Solomon Islands ( archipelago )
    • \n
  • \n Vanuatu
      \n
    • \n Kula Gulf
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Australia
      \n
    • \n Capital Country
      • \n
    • \n Eastern Australia
      • \n
    • \n Lake Eyre basin
      • \n
    • \n Murray -- Darling basin
      • \n
    • \n Northern Australia
      • \n
    • \n Nullarbor Plain
      • \n
    • \n Outback
      • \n
    • \n Southern Australia
        \n
      • \n Maralinga
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Sunraysia
      • \n
    • \n Great Victoria Desert
      • \n
    • \n Gulf of Carpentaria
      • \n
    • \n Gulf St Vincent
      • \n
    • \n Lefevre Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Fleurieu Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Yorke Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Eyre Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Mornington Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Bellarine Peninsula
      • \n
    • \n Mount Henry Peninsula
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Melanesia \n
    \n
  • \n Islands Region
      \n
    • \n Bismarck Archipelago
      • \n
    • \n Solomon Islands Archipelago
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Fiji
    • \n
  • \n New Caledonia
    • \n
  • \n Papua New Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Vanuatu
    • \n
\n
\n Micronesia \n
    \n
  • \n Caroline Islands
      \n
    • \n Federated States of Micronesia
      • \n
    • \n Palau
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Guam
    • \n
  • \n Kiribati
    • \n
  • \n Marshall Islands
    • \n
  • \n Nauru
    • \n
  • \n Northern Mariana Islands
    • \n
  • \n Wake Island
    • \n
\n
\n Polynesia \n
    \n
  • \n Easter Island
    • \n
  • \n Hawaiian Islands
    • \n
  • \n Cook Islands
    • \n
  • \n French Polynesia
      \n
    • \n Austral Islands
      • \n
    • \n Gambier Islands
      • \n
    • \n Marquesas Islands
      • \n
    • \n Society Islands
      • \n
    • \n Tuamotu
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Kermadec Islands
    • \n
  • \n Mangareva Islands
    • \n
  • \n Samoa
    • \n
  • \n Tokelau
    • \n
  • \n Tonga
    • \n
  • \n Tuvalu
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Ring of Fire
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Regions of South America
\n East \n
    \n
  • \n Amazon basin
    • \n
  • \n Atlantic Forest
    • \n
  • \n Caatinga
    • \n
  • \n Cerrado
    • \n
\n
\n North \n
    \n
  • \n Caribbean South America
    • \n
  • \n West Indies
    • \n
  • \n Los Llanos
    • \n
  • \n The Guianas
    • \n
  • \n Amazon basin
      \n
    • \n Amazon rainforest
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Paria
    • \n
  • \n Paria Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Paraguan\u00e1 Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n Orinoco Delta
    • \n
\n
\n South \n
    \n
  • \n Tierra del Fuego
    • \n
  • \n Patagonia
    • \n
  • \n Pampas
    • \n
  • \n Pantanal
    • \n
  • \n Gran Chaco
    • \n
  • \n Chiquitano dry forests
    • \n
  • \n Valdes Peninsula
    • \n
\n
\n West \n
    \n
  • \n Andes
      \n
    • \n Tropical Andes
      • \n
    • \n Wet Andes
      • \n
    • \n Dry Andes
      • \n
    • \n Pariacaca mountain range
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Altiplano
    • \n
  • \n Atacama Desert
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Latin
    • \n
  • \n Hispanic
    • \n
  • \n American Cordillera
    • \n
  • \n Ring of Fire
    • \n
  • \n LAC
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Polar regions
\n Antarctic \n
    \n
  • \n Antarctic Peninsula
    • \n
  • \n East Antarctica
    • \n
  • \n West Antarctica
    • \n
  • \n Eklund Islands
    • \n
  • \n Ecozone
    • \n
  • \n Extreme points
    • \n
  • \n Islands
    • \n
\n
\n Arctic \n
    \n
  • \n Arctic Alaska
    • \n
  • \n British Arctic Territories
    • \n
  • \n Canadian Arctic Archipelago
    • \n
  • \n Finnmark
    • \n
  • \n Greenland
    • \n
  • \n Northern Canada
    • \n
  • \n Northwest Territories
    • \n
  • \n Nunavik
    • \n
  • \n Nunavut
    • \n
  • \n Russian Arctic
    • \n
  • \n Sakha
    • \n
  • \n S\u00e1pmi
    • \n
  • \n Yukon
    • \n
  • \n North American Arctic
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Earth 's oceans and seas
\n Arctic Ocean \n
    \n
  • \n Amundsen Gulf
    • \n
  • \n Barents Sea
    • \n
  • \n Beaufort Sea
    • \n
  • \n Chukchi Sea
    • \n
  • \n East Siberian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Greenland Sea
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Boothia
    • \n
  • \n Kara Sea
    • \n
  • \n Laptev Sea
    • \n
  • \n Lincoln Sea
    • \n
  • \n Prince Gustav Adolf Sea
    • \n
  • \n Pechora Sea
    • \n
  • \n Queen Victoria Sea
    • \n
  • \n Wandel Sea
    • \n
  • \n White Sea
    • \n
\n
\n Atlantic Ocean \n
    \n
  • \n Adriatic Sea
    • \n
  • \n Aegean Sea
    • \n
  • \n Alboran Sea
    • \n
  • \n Archipelago Sea
    • \n
  • \n Argentine Sea
    • \n
  • \n Baffin Bay
    • \n
  • \n Balearic Sea
    • \n
  • \n Baltic Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Biscay
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Bothnia
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Campeche
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Fundy
    • \n
  • \n Black Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bothnian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Caribbean Sea
    • \n
  • \n Celtic Sea
    • \n
  • \n English Channel
    • \n
  • \n Foxe Basin
    • \n
  • \n Greenland Sea
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Bothnia
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Finland
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Lion
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Maine
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Saint Lawrence
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Sidra
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Venezuela
    • \n
  • \n Hudson Bay
    • \n
  • \n Ionian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Irish Sea
    • \n
  • \n Irminger Sea
    • \n
  • \n James Bay
    • \n
  • \n Labrador Sea
    • \n
  • \n Levantine Sea
    • \n
  • \n Libyan Sea
    • \n
  • \n Ligurian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Marmara Sea
    • \n
  • \n Mediterranean Sea
    • \n
  • \n Myrtoan Sea
    • \n
  • \n North Sea
    • \n
  • \n Norwegian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Sargasso Sea
    • \n
  • \n Sea of \u00c5land
    • \n
  • \n Sea of Azov
    • \n
  • \n Sea of Crete
    • \n
  • \n Sea of the Hebrides
    • \n
  • \n Thracian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Tyrrhenian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Wadden Sea
    • \n
\n
\n Indian Ocean \n
    \n
  • \n Andaman Sea
    • \n
  • \n Arabian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bali Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bay of Bengal
    • \n
  • \n Flores Sea
    • \n
  • \n Great Australian Bight
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Aden
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Aqaba
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Khambhat
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Kutch
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Oman
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Suez
    • \n
  • \n Java Sea
    • \n
  • \n Laccadive Sea
    • \n
  • \n Mozambique Channel
    • \n
  • \n Persian Gulf
    • \n
  • \n Red Sea
    • \n
  • \n Timor Sea
    • \n
\n
\n Pacific Ocean \n
    \n
  • \n Arafura Sea
    • \n
  • \n Banda Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bering Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bismarck Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bohai Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bohol Sea
    • \n
  • \n Camotes Sea
    • \n
  • \n Celebes Sea
    • \n
  • \n Ceram Sea
    • \n
  • \n Chilean Sea
    • \n
  • \n Coral Sea
    • \n
  • \n East China Sea
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Alaska
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Anadyr
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of California
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Carpentaria
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Fonseca
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Panama
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Thailand
    • \n
  • \n Gulf of Tonkin
    • \n
  • \n Halmahera Sea
    • \n
  • \n Koro Sea
    • \n
  • \n Mar de Grau
    • \n
  • \n Molucca Sea
    • \n
  • \n Moro Gulf
    • \n
  • \n Philippine Sea
    • \n
  • \n Salish Sea
    • \n
  • \n Savu Sea
    • \n
  • \n Sea of Japan
    • \n
  • \n Sea of Okhotsk
    • \n
  • \n Seto Inland Sea
    • \n
  • \n Shantar Sea
    • \n
  • \n Sibuyan Sea
    • \n
  • \n Solomon Sea
    • \n
  • \n South China Sea
    • \n
  • \n Sulu Sea
    • \n
  • \n Tasman Sea
    • \n
  • \n Visayan Sea
    • \n
  • \n Yellow Sea
    • \n
\n
\n Southern Ocean \n
    \n
  • \n Amundsen Sea
    • \n
  • \n Bellingshausen Sea
    • \n
  • \n Cooperation Sea
    • \n
  • \n Cosmonauts Sea
    • \n
  • \n Davis Sea
    • \n
  • \n D'Urville Sea
    • \n
  • \n King Haakon VII Sea
    • \n
  • \n Lazarev Sea
    • \n
  • \n Mawson Sea
    • \n
  • \n Riiser - Larsen Sea
    • \n
  • \n Ross Sea
    • \n
  • \n Scotia Sea
    • \n
  • \n Somov Sea
    • \n
  • \n Weddell Sea
    • \n
\n
\n Landlocked seas \n
    \n
  • \n Aral Sea
    • \n
  • \n Caspian Sea
    • \n
  • \n Dead Sea
    • \n
  • \n Salton Sea
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n VIAF : 239922660
    • \n
  • \n GND : 4106540 - 2
    • \n
  • \n SELIBR : 143283
    • \n
  • \n SUDOC : 027708403
    • \n
  • \n BNF : cb15367124k ( data )
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 00636059
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea&oldid=834273252 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where is the dead sea located in jordan", "long_answers": ["The Dead Sea ( Hebrew : \u05d9\u05b8\u05dd \u05d4\u05b7\u05de\u05b6\u05bc\u05dc\u05b7\u05d7 \u202c Yam ha - Melah lit . Sea of Salt ; Arabic : \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a \u200e Al - Bahr al - Mayyit ) is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and Palestine to the west . Its surface and shores are 430.5 metres ( 1,412 ft ) below sea level , Earth 's lowest elevation on land . The Dead Sea is 304 m ( 997 ft ) deep , the deepest hypersaline lake in the world . With a salinity of 342 g / kg , or 34.2 % , ( in 2011 ) , it is 9.6 times as salty as the ocean and one of the world 's saltiest bodies of water . This salinity makes for a harsh environment in which plants and animals can not flourish , hence its name . The Dead Sea is 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) long and 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) wide at its widest point . It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley , and its main tributary is the Jordan River .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "World population - wikipedia

\n World population

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n An editor has expressed concern that this article may have a number of irrelevant citations . Please help improve this article by verifying these references and challenge any that are not reliable or do not support the article . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n World population estimates from 1800 to 2100 , based on `` high '' , `` medium '' and `` low '' United Nations projections in 2015 and UN historical estimates for pre-1950 data Population growth graph generated with data supplied by World Bank , via Google World population percentage by country

\n In demographics , the world population is the total number of humans currently living , and was estimated to have reached 7.6 billion as of March 2018 .

\n

\n World population has experienced continuous growth since the end of the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 and the Black Death in 1350 , when it was near 370 million . The highest population growth rates -- global population increases above 1.8 % per year -- occurred between 1955 and 1975 , peaking to 2.06 % between 1965 and 1970 . The growth rate has declined to 1.18 % between 2010 and 2015 and is projected to decline further in the course of the 21st century .

\n

\n Total annual births were highest in the late 1980s at about 139 million , and as of 2011 were expected to remain essentially constant at a level of 135 million , while deaths numbered 56 million per year and were expected to increase to 80 million per year by 2040 . The median age of the world 's population was estimated to be 30.1 years in 2016 .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n World population ( millions , UN estimates )
\n # \n Top ten most populous countries \n 2000 \n 2015 \n 2030 *
\n \n China * \n 1,270 \n 1,376 \n 1,416
\n \n India \n 1,053 \n 1,311 \n 1,528
\n \n United States \n 283 \n 322 \n 356
\n \n Indonesia \n 212 \n 258 \n 295
\n 5 \n Brazil \n 176 \n 208 \n 229
\n 6 \n Pakistan \n 138 \n 189 \n 245
\n 7 \n Nigeria \n 123 \n 182 \n 263
\n 8 \n Bangladesh \n 131 \n 161 \n 186
\n 9 \n Russia \n 146 \n 146 \n 149
\n 10 \n Mexico \n 103 \n 127 \n 148
\n \n World total \n 6,127 \n 7,349 \n 8,501
\n Notes :
    \n
  • \n China = excludes Hong Kong and Macau
    • \n
  • \n 2030 = Medium variant
    • \n
\n
\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Population by region ( edit )

\n

\n Six of the Earth 's seven continents are permanently inhabited on a large scale . Asia is the most populous continent , with its 4.3 billion inhabitants accounting for 60 % of the world population . The world 's two most populated countries , China and India , together constitute about 37 % of the world 's population . Africa is the second most populated continent , with around 1 billion people , or 15 % of the world 's population . Europe 's 733 million people make up 12 % of the world 's population as of 2012 , while the Latin American and Caribbean regions are home to around 600 million ( 9 % ) . Northern America , primarily consisting of the United States and Canada , has a population of around 352 million ( 5 % ) , and Oceania , the least - populated region , has about 35 million inhabitants ( 0.5 % ) . Though it is not permanently inhabited by any fixed population , Antarctica has a small , fluctuating international population based mainly in polar science stations . This population tends to rise in the summer months and decrease significantly in winter , as visiting researchers return to their home countries .

\n

\n Population by continent ( edit )

\n \n Population by continent ( 2016 estimates ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Continent \n Density ( inhabitants / km ) \n Population ( millions ) \n Most populous country \n Most populous city ( metropolitan area )
\n Asia \n 96.4 \n 4,436 \n 1,382,300,000 - China \n 35,676,000 / 13,634,685 - Greater Tokyo Area / Tokyo Metropolis
\n Africa \n 36.7 \n 1,216 \n 0186,987,000 - Nigeria \n 21,000,000 - Lagos
\n Europe \n 72.9 \n 738 \n 0145,939,000 - Russia ; approx. 112 million in Europe ) \n 19,468,664 - Moscow
\n North America \n 22.9 \n 579 \n 0324,991,600 - United States \n 23,723,696 / 08,537,673 - New York Metropolitan Area / New York City
\n South America \n 22.8 \n 422 \n 0209,567,000 - Brazil \n 27,640,577 / 11,316,149 - Metro Area / S\u00e3o Paulo City
\n Oceania \n 4.5 \n 39.9 \n 0024,458,800 - Australia \n 05,005,400 - Sydney
\n Antarctica \n 0.0003 ( varies ) \n 0.004 in summer ( non-permanent , varies ) \n N / A \n 0000001,200 ( non-permanent , varies ) - McMurdo Station
\n

\n History ( edit )

\n See also : World population estimates and History of the world

\n Estimates of world population by their nature are an aspect of modernity , possible only since the Age of Discovery . Early estimates for the population of the world date to the 17th century : William Petty in 1682 estimated world population at 320 million ( modern estimates ranging close to twice this number ) ; by the late 18th century , estimates ranged close to one billion ( consistent with modern estimates ) . More refined estimates , broken down by continents , were published in the first half of the 19th century , at 600 to 1000 million in the early 1800s and at 800 to 1000 million in the 1840s .

\n

\n Antiquity and Middle ages ( edit )

\n Main articles : Classical demography and Medieval demography

\n Estimates of the population of the world at the time agriculture emerged in around 10,000 BC have ranged between 1 million and 15 million . Even earlier , genetic evidence suggests humans may have gone through a population bottleneck of between 1,000 and 10,000 people about 70,000 BC , according to the Toba catastrophe theory . By contrast , it is estimated that around 50 -- 60 million people lived in the combined eastern and western Roman Empire in the 4th century AD .

\n

\n The Plague of Justinian , which first emerged during the reign of the Roman emperor Justinian , caused Europe 's population to drop by around 50 % between the 6th and 8th centuries AD . The population of Europe was more than 70 million in 1340 . The Black Death pandemic of the 14th century may have reduced the world 's population from an estimated 450 million in 1340 to between 350 and 375 million in 1400 ; it took 200 years for population figures to recover . The population of China decreased from 123 million in 1200 to 65 million in 1393 , presumably due to a combination of Mongol invasions , famine , and plague .

\n

\n Starting in AD 2 , the Han Dynasty of ancient China kept consistent family registers in order to properly assess the poll taxes and labor service duties of each household . In that year , the population of Western Han was recorded as 57,671,400 individuals in 12,366,470 households , decreasing to 47,566,772 individuals in 9,348,227 households by AD 146 , towards the End of the Han Dynasty . At the founding of the Ming Dynasty in 1368 , China 's population was reported to be close to 60 million ; toward the end of the dynasty in 1644 , it may have approached 150 million . England 's population reached an estimated 5.6 million in 1650 , up from an estimated 2.6 million in 1500 . New crops that were brought to Asia and Europe from the Americas by Portuguese and Spanish colonists in the 16th century are believed to have contributed to population growth . Since their introduction to Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century , maize and cassava have similarly replaced traditional African crops as the most important staple food crops grown on the continent .

\n

\n The pre-Columbian North American population probably numbered somewhere between 2 million and 18 million . Encounters between European explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced local epidemics of extraordinary virulence . According to the most extreme scholarly claims , as many as 90 % of the Native American population of the New World died due to Old World diseases such as smallpox , measles and influenza . Over the centuries , the Europeans had developed high degrees of immunity to these diseases , while the indigenous peoples had no such immunity .

\n

\n Modern era ( edit )

\n Map showing urban areas with at least one million inhabitants in 2006 . Only 3 % of the world 's population lived in urban areas in 1800 ; this proportion had risen to 47 % by 2000 , and reached 50.5 % by 2010 . By 2050 , the proportion may reach 70 % .

\n During the European Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions , the life expectancy of children increased dramatically . The percentage of the children born in London who died before the age of five decreased from 74.5 % in 1730 -- 1749 to 31.8 % in 1810 -- 1829 . Between 1700 and 1900 , Europe 's population increased from about 100 million to over 400 million . Altogether , the areas populated by people of European descent comprised 36 % of the world 's population in 1900 .

\n

\n Population growth in the West became more rapid after the introduction of vaccination and other improvements in medicine and sanitation . Improved material conditions led to the population of Britain increasing from 10 million to 40 million in the 19th century . The population of the United Kingdom reached 60 million in 2006 . The United States saw its population grow from around 5.3 million in 1800 to 106 million in 1920 , exceeding 307 million in 2010 .

\n

\n The first half of the 20th century in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of major wars , famines and other disasters which caused large - scale population losses ( approximately 60 million excess deaths ) . After the collapse of the Soviet Union , Russia 's population declined significantly -- from 150 million in 1991 to 143 million in 2012 -- but by 2013 this decline appeared to have halted .

\n

\n Many countries in the developing world have experienced extremely rapid population growth since the early 20th century , due to economic development and improvements in public health . China 's population rose from approximately 430 million in 1850 to 580 million in 1953 , and now stands at over 1.3 billion . The population of the Indian subcontinent , which was about 125 million in 1750 , increased to 389 million in 1941 ; today , India , Pakistan and Bangladesh are collectively home to about 1.63 billion people . Java had about 5 million inhabitants in 1815 ; its present - day successor , Indonesia , now has a population of over 140 million . In just one hundred years , the population of Brazil decupled ( x10 ) , from about 17 million in 1900 , or about 1 % of the world population in that year , to about 176 million in 2000 , or almost 3 % of the global population in the very early 21st century . Mexico 's population grew from 13.6 million in 1900 to about 112 million in 2010 . Between the 1920s and 2000s , Kenya 's population grew from 2.9 million to 37 million .

\n

\n Milestones by the billions ( edit )

\n Main article : World population milestones \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n World population milestones in billions
\n Population \n \n \n \n \n 5 \n 6 \n 7 \n 8 \n 9
\n Year \n 1804 \n 1927 \n 1960 \n \n \n 1999 \n 2011 \n 2024 \n 2042
\n Years elapsed \n -- -- \n 123 \n 33 \n 14 \n 13 \n 12 \n 12 \n 13 \n 18
\n

\n It is estimated that the world population reached one billion for the first time in 1804 . It was another 123 years before it reached two billion in 1927 , but it took only 33 years to reach three billion in 1960 . Thereafter , the global population reached four billion in 1974 , five billion in 1987 , six billion in 1999 and , according to the United States Census Bureau , seven billion in March 2012 . The United Nations , however , estimated that the world population reached seven billion in October 2011 .

\n

\n According to current projections , the global population will reach eight billion by 2024 , and will likely reach around nine billion by 2042 . Alternative scenarios for 2050 range from a low of 7.4 billion to a high of more than 10.6 billion . Projected figures vary depending on underlying statistical assumptions and the variables used in projection calculations , especially the fertility variable . Long - range predictions to 2150 range from a population decline to 3.2 billion in the `` low scenario '' , to `` high scenarios '' of 24.8 billion . One extreme scenario predicted a massive increase to 256 billion by 2150 , assuming the global fertility rate remained at its 1995 level of 3.04 children per woman ; however , by 2010 the global fertility rate had declined to 2.52 .

\n

\n There is no estimation for the exact day or month the world 's population surpassed one or two billion . The points at which it reached three and four billion were not officially noted , but the International Database of the United States Census Bureau placed them in July 1959 and April 1974 respectively . The United Nations did determine , and commemorate , the `` Day of 5 Billion '' on July 11 , 1987 , and the `` Day of 6 Billion '' on October 12 , 1999 . The Population Division of the United Nations declared the `` Day of 7 Billion '' to be October 31 , 2011 .

\n

\n Global Demographics ( edit )

\n Main article : Demographics of the world 2012 map showing average life expectancy by country in years . In 2012 , the World Health Organization estimated the average global life expectancy as 70.5 years . \n \n \n \n \n
\n 80 + 77.5 + 75 + 72.5 + 70 + 67.5 + 65 + \n 60 + 55 + 50 + 45 + 40 + less than 40
\n

\n As of 2012 , the global sex ratio is approximately 1.01 males to 1 female . The greater number of men is possibly due to the significant sex imbalances evident in the Indian and Chinese populations . Approximately 26.3 % of the global population is aged under 15 , while 65.9 % is aged 15 -- 64 and 7.9 % is aged 65 or over . The median age of the world 's population was estimated to be 29.7 years in 2014 , and is expected to rise to 37.9 years by 2050 .

\n

\n According to the World Health Organization , the global average life expectancy is 70.5 years as of 2012 , with women living an average of 73 years and men approximately 68 years . In 2010 , the global fertility rate was estimated at 2.52 children per woman . In June 2012 , British researchers calculated the total weight of Earth 's human population as approximately 287 million tonnes , with the average person weighing around 62 kilograms ( 137 lb ) .

\n

\n The CIA estimated nominal 2013 gross world product at US $74.31 trillion , giving an annual global per capita figure of around US $10,500 . Around 1.29 billion people ( 18.4 % of the world population ) live in extreme poverty , subsisting on less than US $1.25 per day ; approximately 870 million people ( 12.25 % ) are undernourished. 83 % of the world 's over-15s are considered literate . In June 2014 , there were around 3.03 billion global Internet users , constituting 42.3 % of the world population .

\n

\n The Han Chinese are the world 's largest single ethnic group , constituting over 19 % of the global population in 2011 . The world 's most - spoken first languages are Mandarin Chinese ( spoken by 12.44 % of the world 's population ) , Spanish ( 4.85 % ) , English ( 4.83 % ) , Arabic ( 3.25 % ) and Hindustani ( 2.68 % ) . The world 's largest religion is Christianity , whose adherents account for 31 % of the global population ; Islam is the second - largest religion , accounting for 24.1 % , and Hinduism the third , accounting for 13.78 % . In 2005 , around 16 % of the global population were reported to be non-religious .

\n

\n Largest populations by country ( edit )

\n Further information : List of countries and dependencies by population A map of world population in 2014 \n 10 most populous countries \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Rank \n Country / Territory \n Population \n Date \n Approx. % of world population \n Source
\n \n China \n 1,390,570,000 \n April 26 , 2018 \n 18.3 % \n
\n \n India \n 1,330,950,000 \n April 26 , 2018 \n 17.5 % \n
\n \n United States \n 327,029,000 \n April 26 , 2018 \n 4.29 % \n
\n \n Indonesia \n 261,600,000 \n October 31 , 2016 \n 3.43 % \n
\n 5 \n Pakistan \n 211,367,000 \n April 26 , 2018 \n 2.77 % \n
\n 6 \n Brazil \n 208,968,000 \n April 26 , 2018 \n 2.74 % \n
\n 7 \n Nigeria \n 188,500,000 \n October 31 , 2016 \n 2.47 % \n
\n 8 \n Bangladesh \n 164,394,000 \n April 26 , 2018 \n 2.16 % \n
\n 9 \n Russia \n 146,773,226 \n June 1 , 2017 \n 1.93 % \n
\n 10 \n Japan \n 126,670,000 \n September 1 , 2017 \n 1.66 % \n
\n

\n Approximately 4.3 billion people live in these ten countries , representing around 58 % of the world 's population as of March 2016 . Approximately 3.7 billion people , or half of the world population , live in the six most populous countries .

\n

\n Most densely populated countries ( edit )

\n Further information : List of countries and dependencies by population density

\n The tables below list the world 's most densely populated countries , both in absolute terms and in comparison to their total populations .

\n Population density ( people per km ) map of the world in 1994 . Red and pink areas denote regions of highest population density . \n 10 most densely populated countries ( with population above 5 million ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Rank \n Country \n Population \n Area ( km ) \n Density ( Pop . per km )
\n \n Singapore \n 5,612,300 \n 710 \n 7,905
\n \n Bangladesh \n 164,390,000 \n 143,998 \n 1,142
\n \n Taiwan \n 23,562,318 \n 36,190 \n 651
\n \n South Korea \n 51,446,201 \n 99,538 \n 517
\n 5 \n Lebanon \n 6,082,000 \n 10,452 \n 582
\n 6 \n Rwanda \n 11,809,295 \n 26,338 \n 448
\n 7 \n Netherlands \n 17,220,000 \n 41,526 \n 415
\n 8 \n Haiti \n 10,911,819 \n 27,065 \n 403
\n 9 \n India \n 1,330,950,000 \n 3,287,240 \n 405
\n 10 \n Israel \n 8,850,000 \n 22,072 \n 401
\n \n Countries ranking highly in both total population ( more than 20 million people ) and population density ( more than 250 people per square kilometer ) : \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Rank \n Country \n Population \n Area ( km ) \n Density ( Pop . per km ) \n Notes
\n \n India \n 1,330,950,000 \n 3,287,240 \n 405 \n Growing population
\n \n Pakistan \n 211,370,000 \n 803,940 \n 263 \n Rapidly growing population
\n \n Bangladesh \n 164,390,000 \n 143,998 \n 1,142 \n Rapidly growing population
\n \n Japan \n 126,670,000 \n 377,873 \n 335 \n Declining population
\n 5 \n Philippines \n 105,780,000 \n 300,000 \n 353 \n Growing population
\n 6 \n Vietnam \n 93,700,000 \n 331,689 \n 282 \n Growing population
\n 7 \n United Kingdom \n 65,648,100 \n 243,610 \n 269 \n Slowly growing population
\n 8 \n South Korea \n 51,446,201 \n 99,538 \n 517 \n Slowly growing population
\n 9 \n Taiwan \n 23,562,318 \n 36,190 \n 651 \n Steady population
\n 10 \n Sri Lanka \n 21,444,000 \n 65,610 \n 327 \n Growing population
\n

\n Fluctuation ( edit )

\n Main articles : World population growth , Population growth , and Projections of population growth Estimates of population evolution in different continents between 1950 and 2050 , according to the United Nations . The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions of people .

\n Population size fluctuates at differing rates in differing regions . Nonetheless , population growth is the long - standing trend on all inhabited continents , as well as in most individual states . During the 20th century , the global population saw its greatest increase in known history , rising from about 1.6 billion in 1900 to over 6 billion in 2000 . A number of factors contributed to this increase , including the lessening of the mortality rate in many countries by improved sanitation and medical advances , and a massive increase in agricultural productivity attributed to the Green Revolution .

\n

\n In 2000 , the United Nations estimated that the world 's population was growing at an annual rate of 1.14 % ( equivalent to around 75 million people ) , down from a peak of 88 million per year in 1989 . By 2000 , there were approximately ten times as many people on Earth as there had been in 1700 . Globally , the population growth rate has been steadily declining from its peak of 2.19 % in 1963 , but growth remains high in Latin America , the Middle East , and Sub-Saharan Africa .

\n A world map showing global variations in fertility rate per woman , according to the CIA World Factbook 's 2015 data . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 7 -- 8 children 6 -- 7 children \n 5 -- 6 children 4 -- 5 children \n 3 -- 4 children 2 -- 3 children \n 1 -- 2 children 0 -- 1 children
\n

\n During the 2010s , Japan and some countries in Europe began to encounter negative population growth ( i.e. a net decrease in population over time ) , due to sub-replacement fertility rates .

\n

\n In 2006 , the United Nations stated that the rate of population growth was visibly diminishing due to the ongoing global demographic transition . If this trend continues , the rate of growth may diminish to zero by 2050 , concurrent with a world population plateau of 9.2 billion . However , this is only one of many estimates published by the UN ; in 2009 , UN population projections for 2050 ranged between around 8 billion and 10.5 billion . An alternative scenario is given by the statistician Jorgen Randers , who argues that traditional projections insufficiently take into account the downward impact of global urbanization on fertility . Randers ' `` most likely scenario '' reveals a peak in the world population in the early 2040s at about 8.1 billion people , followed by decline . Adrian Raftery , a University of Washington professor of statistics and of sociology , states that `` there 's a 70 percent probability the world population will not stabilize this century . Population , which had sort of fallen off the world 's agenda , remains a very important issue . ''

\n \n

\n Population growth by region ( edit )

\n Main article : World population growth Further information : Total fertility rate and Birth rate

\n The table below shows historical and predicted regional population figures in millions . The availability of historical population figures varies by region .

\n \n World historical and predicted populations ( in millions ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Region \n 1500 \n 1600 \n 1700 \n 1750 \n 1800 \n 1850 \n 1900 \n 1950 \n 1999 \n 2008 \n \n 2012 \n 2050 \n 2150
\n World \n 585 \n 660 \n 710 \n 791 \n 978 \n 1,262 \n 1,650 \n 2,521 \n 6,008 \n 6,707 \n 6,896 \n 7,052 \n 9,725 \n 9,746
\n Africa \n 86 \n 114 \n 106 \n 106 \n 107 \n 111 \n 133 \n 221 \n 783 \n 973 \n 1,022 \n 1,052 \n 2,478 \n 2,308
\n Asia \n 282 \n 350 \n 411 \n 502 \n 635 \n 809 \n 947 \n 1,402 \n 3,700 \n 4,054 \n 4,164 \n 4,250 \n 5,267 \n 5,561
\n Europe \n 168 \n 170 \n 178 \n 190 \n 203 \n 276 \n 408 \n 547 \n 675 \n 732 \n 738 \n 740 \n 734 \n 517
\n Latin America \n 40 \n 20 \n 10 \n 16 \n 24 \n 38 \n 74 \n 167 \n 508 \n 577 \n 590 \n 603 \n 784 \n 912
\n North America \n 6 \n \n \n \n 7 \n 26 \n 82 \n 172 \n 312 \n 337 \n 345 \n 351 \n 433 \n 398
\n Oceania \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 6 \n 13 \n 30 \n 34 \n 37 \n 38 \n 57 \n 51
\n \n World historical and predicted populations by percentage distribution \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Region \n 1500 \n 1600 \n 1700 \n 1750 \n 1800 \n 1850 \n 1900 \n 1950 \n 1999 \n 2008 \n \n 2012 \n 2050 \n 2150
\n World \n 100 \n 100 \n 100 \n 100 \n 100 \n 100 \n 100 \n 100 \n 100 \n 100 \n 100 \n 100 \n 100 \n 100
\n Africa \n 14.7 \n 17.3 \n 14.9 \n 13.4 \n 10.9 \n 8.8 \n 8.1 \n 8.8 \n 13.0 \n 14.5 \n 14.8 \n 15.2 \n 25.48 \n 23.7
\n Asia \n 48.2 \n 53.0 \n 57.9 \n 63.5 \n 64.9 \n 64.1 \n 57.4 \n 55.6 \n 61.6 \n 60.4 \n 60.4 \n 60.3 \n 54.16 \n 57.1
\n Europe \n 28.7 \n 25.8 \n 25.1 \n 20.6 \n 20.8 \n 21.9 \n 24.7 \n 21.7 \n 11.2 \n 10.9 \n 10.7 \n 10.5 \n 7.55 \n 5.3
\n Latin America \n 6.8 \n 3.0 \n 1.4 \n 2.0 \n 2.5 \n 3.0 \n 4.5 \n 6.6 \n 8.5 \n 8.6 \n 8.6 \n 8.6 \n 8.06 \n 9.4
\n North America \n 1.0 \n 0.5 \n 0.3 \n 0.3 \n 0.7 \n 2.1 \n 5.0 \n 6.8 \n 5.2 \n 5.0 \n 5.0 \n 5.0 \n 4.45 \n 4.1
\n Oceania \n 0.5 \n 0.5 \n 0.4 \n 0.3 \n 0.2 \n 0.2 \n 0.4 \n 0.5 \n 0.5 \n 0.5 \n 0.5 \n 0.5 \n 0.59 \n 0.5
\n

\n Past population ( edit )

\n

\n The following table gives estimates , in millions , of population in the past . The data for 1750 to 1900 are from the UN report `` The World at Six Billion '' whereas the data from 1950 to 2015 are from a UN data sheet .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n World \n Africa \n Asia \n Europe \n Latin America & Carib . \n North America \n Oceania \n Notes
\n 70,000 BC \n < 0.015 \n \n \n \n 0 \n 0 \n \n
\n 10,000 BC \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 8000 BC \n 5 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 6500 BC \n 5 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 5000 BC \n 5 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 4000 BC \n 7 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 3000 BC \n 14 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 2000 BC \n 27 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 1000 BC \n 50 \n 7 \n 33 \n 9 \n \n \n \n
\n 500 BC \n 100 \n 14 \n 66 \n 16 \n \n \n \n
\n AD 1 \n 200 \n 23 \n 141 \n 28 \n \n \n \n
\n 1000 \n 400 \n 70 \n 269 \n 50 \n 8 \n \n \n
\n 1500 \n 458 \n 86 \n 243 \n 84 \n 39 \n \n \n
\n 1600 \n 580 \n 114 \n 339 \n 111 \n 10 \n \n \n
\n 1700 \n 682 \n 106 \n 436 \n 125 \n 10 \n \n \n
\n 1750 \n 791 \n 106 \n 502 \n 163 \n 16 \n \n \n
\n 1800 \n 1,000 \n 107 \n 656 \n 203 \n 24 \n 7 \n \n
\n 1850 \n 1,262 \n 111 \n 809 \n 276 \n 38 \n 26 \n \n
\n 1900 \n 1,650 \n 133 \n 947 \n 408 \n 74 \n 82 \n 6 \n
\n 1950 \n 2,525 \n 229 \n 1,394 \n 549 \n 169 \n 172 \n 12.7 \n
\n 1955 \n 2,758 \n 254 \n 1,534 \n 577 \n 193 \n 187 \n 14.2 \n
\n 1960 \n 3,018 \n 285 \n 1,687 \n 606 \n 221 \n 204 \n 15.8 \n
\n 1965 \n 3,322 \n 322 \n 1,875 \n 635 \n 254 \n 219 \n 17.5 \n
\n 1970 \n 3,682 \n 366 \n 2,120 \n 657 \n 288 \n 231 \n 19.7 \n
\n \n 4,061 \n 416 \n 2,378 \n 677 \n 326 \n 242 \n 21.5 \n
\n 1980 \n 4,440 \n 478 \n 2,626 \n 694 \n 365 \n 254 \n 23.0 \n
\n 1985 \n 4,853 \n 550 \n 2,897 \n 708 \n 406 \n 267 \n 24.9 \n
\n \n 5,310 \n 632 \n 3,202 \n 721 \n 447 \n 281 \n 27.0 \n
\n 1995 \n 5,735 \n 720 \n 3,475 \n 728 \n 487 \n 296 \n 29.1 \n
\n 2000 \n 6,127 \n 814 \n 3,714 \n 726 \n 527 \n 314 \n 31.1 \n
\n 2005 \n 6,520 \n 920 \n 3,945 \n 729 \n 564 \n 329 \n 33.4 \n
\n \n 6,930 \n 1,044 \n 4,170 \n 735 \n 600 \n 344 \n 36.4 \n
\n 2015 \n 7,349 \n 1,186 \n 4,393 \n 738 \n 634 \n 358 \n 39.3 \n
\n

\n Using the above figures , the change in population from 2010 to 2015 was :

\n \n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Northern America comprises the northern-most countries and territories of North America : Canada , the United States , Greenland , Bermuda , and St. Pierre and Miquelon . Latin America comprises Mexico , Central America , the Caribbean , and South America .
    2. \n
\n

\n Projections ( edit )

\n Main articles : World population estimates and Projections of population growth

\n Long - term global population growth is difficult to predict . The United Nations and the US Census Bureau both give different estimates -- according to the UN , the world population reached seven billion in late 2011 , while the USCB asserted that this occurred in March 2012 . The UN has issued multiple projections of future world population , based on different assumptions . From 2000 to 2005 , the UN consistently revised these projections downward , until the 2006 revision , issued on March 14 , 2007 , revised the 2050 mid-range estimate upwards by 273 million .

\n

\n Average global birth rates are declining fast , but vary greatly between developed countries ( where birth rates are often at or below replacement levels ) and developing countries ( where birth rates typically remain high ) . Different ethnicities also display varying birth rates . Death rates can change rapidly due to disease epidemics , wars and other mass catastrophes , or advances in medicine .

\n

\n 2012 United projections show a continued increase in population in the near future with a steady decline in population growth rate ; the global population is expected to reach between 8.3 and 10.9 billion by 2050 . 2003 UN Population Division population projections for the year 2150 range between 3.2 and 24.8 billion . One of many independent mathematical models supports the lower estimate , while a 2014 estimate forecasts between 9.3 and 12.6 billion in 2100 , and continued growth thereafter . Some analysts have questioned the sustainability of further world population growth , highlighting the growing pressures on the environment , global food supplies , and energy resources .

\n \n UN ( medium variant -- 2012 revision ) and US Census Bureau ( June 2015 ) estimates \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n UN est . ( millions ) \n Difference \n USCB est . ( millions ) \n Difference
\n 2005 \n 6,514 \n -- \n 6,473 \n --
\n \n 6,916 \n 402 \n 6,866 \n 393
\n 2015 \n 7,324 \n 408 \n 7,256 \n 390
\n 2020 \n 7,717 \n 393 \n 7,643 \n 380
\n 2025 \n 8,083 \n 366 \n 8,007 \n 363
\n 2030 \n 8,425 \n 342 \n 8,341 \n 334
\n 2035 \n 8,743 \n 318 \n 8,646 \n 306
\n 2040 \n 9,039 \n 296 \n 8,926 \n 280
\n 2045 \n 9,308 \n 269 \n 9,180 \n 254
\n 2050 \n 9,551 \n 243 \n 9,408 \n 228
\n \n UN 2012 estimates and medium variant projections ( in millions ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n World \n Asia \n Africa \n Europe \n Latin America / Caribbean \n Northern America \n Oceania
\n \n 6,916 \n 4,165 ( 60.2 % ) \n 1,031 ( 14.9 % ) \n 740 ( 10.7 % ) \n 596 ( 8.6 % ) \n 347 ( 5.0 % ) \n 37 ( 0.5 % )
\n 2015 \n 7,324 \n 4,385 ( 59.9 % ) \n 1,166 ( 15.9 % ) \n 743 ( 10.1 % ) \n 630 ( 8.6 % ) \n 361 ( 4.9 % ) \n 39 ( 0.5 % )
\n 2020 \n 7,717 \n 4,582 ( 59.4 % ) \n 1,312 ( 17.0 % ) \n 744 ( 9.6 % ) \n 662 ( 8.6 % ) \n 376 ( 4.9 % ) \n 42 ( 0.5 % )
\n 2025 \n 8,083 \n 4,749 ( 58.8 % ) \n 1,468 ( 18.2 % ) \n 741 ( 9.2 % ) \n 691 ( 8.5 % ) \n 390 ( 4.8 % ) \n 45 ( 0.6 % )
\n 2030 \n 8,425 \n 4,887 ( 58.0 % ) \n 1,634 ( 19.4 % ) \n 736 ( 8.7 % ) \n 717 ( 8.5 % ) \n 403 ( 4.8 % ) \n 47 ( 0.6 % )
\n 2035 \n 8,743 \n 4,997 ( 57.2 % ) \n 1,812 ( 20.7 % ) \n 730 ( 8.3 % ) \n 739 ( 8.5 % ) \n 415 ( 4.8 % ) \n 50 ( 0.6 % )
\n 2040 \n 9,039 \n 5,080 ( 56.2 % ) \n 1,999 ( 22.1 % ) \n 724 ( 8.0 % ) \n 757 ( 8.4 % ) \n 426 ( 4.8 % ) \n 52 ( 0.6 % )
\n 2045 \n 9,308 \n 5,136 ( 55.2 % ) \n 2,194 ( 23.6 % ) \n 717 ( 7.7 % ) \n 771 ( 8.3 % ) \n 436 ( 4.7 % ) \n 55 ( 0.6 % )
\n 2050 \n 9,551 \n 5,164 ( 54.1 % ) \n 2,393 ( 25.1 % ) \n 709 ( 7.4 % ) \n 782 ( 8.2 % ) \n 446 ( 4.7 % ) \n 57 ( 0.6 % )
\n 2055 \n 9,766 \n 5,168 ( 52.9 % ) \n 2,595 ( 26.6 % ) \n 700 ( 7.2 % ) \n 788 ( 8.1 % ) \n 456 ( 4.7 % ) \n 59 ( 0.6 % )
\n 2060 \n 9,957 \n 5,152 ( 51.7 % ) \n 2,797 ( 28.1 % ) \n 691 ( 6.9 % ) \n 791 ( 7.9 % ) \n 465 ( 4.7 % ) \n 61 ( 0.6 % )
\n 2065 \n 10,127 \n 5,120 ( 50.6 % ) \n 2,998 ( 29.6 % ) \n 681 ( 6.7 % ) \n 791 ( 7.8 % ) \n 474 ( 4.7 % ) \n 63 ( 0.6 % )
\n 2070 \n 10,277 \n 5,075 ( 49.4 % ) \n 3,195 ( 31.1 % ) \n 673 ( 6.5 % ) \n 788 ( 7.6 % ) \n 482 ( 4.7 % ) \n 64 ( 0.6 % )
\n 2075 \n 10,409 \n 5,019 ( 48.2 % ) \n 3,387 ( 32.5 % ) \n 665 ( 6.4 % ) \n 783 ( 7.5 % ) \n 490 ( 4.7 % ) \n 66 ( 0.6 % )
\n 2080 \n 10,524 \n 4,957 ( 47.1 % ) \n 3,570 ( 33.9 % ) \n 659 ( 6.3 % ) \n 776 ( 7.4 % ) \n 496 ( 4.7 % ) \n 67 ( 0.6 % )
\n 2085 \n 10,626 \n 4,894 ( 46.1 % ) \n 3,742 ( 35.2 % ) \n 653 ( 6.1 % ) \n 767 ( 7.2 % ) \n 502 ( 4.7 % ) \n 68 ( 0.6 % )
\n 2090 \n 10,717 \n 4,833 ( 45.1 % ) \n 3,903 ( 36.4 % ) \n 649 ( 6.1 % ) \n 757 ( 7.1 % ) \n 506 ( 4.7 % ) \n 69 ( 0.6 % )
\n 2095 \n 10,794 \n 4,773 ( 44.2 % ) \n 4,051 ( 37.6 % ) \n 644 ( 6.0 % ) \n 747 ( 6.9 % ) \n 510 ( 4.7 % ) \n 69 ( 0.6 % )
\n 2100 \n 10,854 \n 4,712 ( 43.4 % ) \n 4,185 ( 38.6 % ) \n 639 ( 5.9 % ) \n 736 ( 6.8 % ) \n 513 ( 4.7 % ) \n 70 ( 0.6 % )
\n

\n Mathematical approximations ( edit )

\n

\n In 1975 , Sebastian von Hoerner proposed a formula for population growth which represented hyperbolic growth with an infinite population in 2025 . The hyperbolic growth of the world population observed until the 1970s was later correlated to a non-linear second order positive feedback between demographic growth and technological development . This feedback can be described as follows : technological advance \u2192 increase in the carrying capacity of land for people \u2192 demographic growth \u2192 more people \u2192 more potential inventors \u2192 acceleration of technological advance \u2192 accelerating growth of the carrying capacity \u2192 faster population growth \u2192 accelerating growth of the number of potential inventors \u2192 faster technological advance \u2192 hence , the faster growth of the Earth 's carrying capacity for people , and so on . The transition from hyperbolic growth to slower rates of growth is related to the demographic transition .

\n

\n According to the Russian demographer Sergey Kapitsa , the world population grew between 67,000 BC and 1965 according to the following formula :

\n
\n
\n N = C \u03c4 arccot \u2061 T 0 \u2212 T \u03c4 ( \\ displaystyle N = ( \\ frac ( C ) ( \\ tau ) ) \\ operatorname ( arccot ) ( \\ frac ( T_ ( 0 ) - T ) ( \\ tau ) ) )
\n
\n

\n where

\n \n

\n Years for world population to double ( edit )

\n

\n According to linear interpolation and extrapolation of UNDESA population estimates , the world population has doubled , or will double , in the years listed in the tables below ( with two different starting points ) . During the 2nd millennium , each doubling took roughly half as long as the previous doubling , fitting the hyperbolic growth model mentioned above . However , after 2024 , it is unlikely that there will be another doubling of the global population in the 21st century .

\n Historic chart showing the periods of time the world population has taken to double , from 1700 to 2000 \n Starting at 500 million \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Population ( in billions ) \n 0.5 \n \n \n \n 8
\n Year \n 1500 \n 1804 \n 1927 \n \n 2024
\n Years elapsed \n 304 \n 123 \n 47 \n 50
\n \n Starting at 375 million \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Population ( in billions ) \n 0.375 \n 0.75 \n 1.5 \n \n 6
\n Year \n 1171 \n 1715 \n 1881 \n 1960 \n 1999
\n Years elapsed \n 544 \n 166 \n 79 \n 39
\n

\n Overpopulation ( edit )

\n Main articles : Human overpopulation and Malthusian catastrophe

\n Predictions of scarcity ( edit )

\n Greater Los Angeles lies on a coastal mediterranean savannah with a small watershed that is able to support at most one million people on its own water ; as of 2015 , the area has a population of over 18 million . Researchers predict that similar cases of resource scarcity will grow more common as the world population increases .

\n In his 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population , the British scholar Thomas Malthus incorrectly predicted that continued population growth would exhaust the global food supply by the mid-19th century . Malthus wrote the essay to refute what he considered the unattainable utopian ideas of William Godwin and Marquis de Condorcet , as presented in Political Justice and The Future Progress of the Human Mind . In 1968 , Paul R. Ehrlich reprised Malthus ' argument in The Population Bomb , predicting that mass global famine would occur in the 1970s and 1980s .

\n

\n The predictions of Ehrlich and other neo-Malthusians were vigorously challenged by a number of economists , notably Julian Lincoln Simon , and advances in agriculture , collectively known as the Green Revolution , forestalled any potential global famine in the late 20th century . Between 1950 and 1984 , as the Green Revolution transformed agriculture around the world , grain production increased by over 250 % . The world population has grown by over four billion since the beginning of the Green Revolution , but food production has so far kept pace with population growth . Most scholars believe that , without the Revolution , there would be greater levels of famine and malnutrition than the UN presently documents . However , neo-Malthusians point out that fossil fuels provided the energy for the Green Revolution , in the form of natural gas - derived fertilizers , oil - derived pesticides , and hydrocarbon - fueled irrigation , and that many crops have become so genetically uniform that a crop failure in any one country could potentially have global repercussions .

\n

\n In 2004 , a meta - analysis of 70 quantitative studies estimating a sustainable limit to the world population generated a meta - estimate of 7.7 billion people .

\n Graph of the global human population from 10,000 BC to AD 2000 , from the US Census Bureau . The graph shows the extremely rapid growth in the world population that has taken place since the 18th century . The human population has been growing rapidly since the mid-1800s .

\n In May 2008 , the price of grain was pushed up severely by the increased cultivation of biofuels , the increase of world oil prices to over $140 per barrel ( $880 / m ) , global population growth , the effects of climate change , the loss of agricultural land to residential and industrial development , and growing consumer demand in the population centres of China and India . Food riots subsequently occurred in some countries . However , oil prices then fell sharply . Resource demands are expected to ease as population growth declines , but it is unclear whether mass food wastage and rising living standards in developing countries will once again create resource shortages .

\n

\n David Pimentel , professor of ecology and agriculture at Cornell University , estimates that the sustainable agricultural carrying capacity for the United States is about 200 million people ; its population as of 2015 is over 300 million . In 2009 , the UK government 's chief scientific advisor , Professor John Beddington , warned that growing populations , falling energy reserves and food shortages would create a `` perfect storm '' of shortages of food , water , and energy by 2030 . According to a 2009 report by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation ( FAO ) , the world will have to produce 70 % more food by 2050 to feed a projected extra 2.3 billion people .

\n

\n The observed figures for 2007 showed an actual increase in absolute numbers of undernourished people in the world , with 923 million undernourished in 2007 , versus 832 million in 1995 . The 2009 FAO estimates showed an even more dramatic increase , to 1.02 billion .

\n

\n Environmental impacts ( edit )

\n Illegal slash - and - burn agriculture in Madagascar , 2010

\n A number of scientists have argued that the current global population expansion and accompanying increase in resource consumption threatens the world 's ecosystem . The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Growth , which was ratified by 58 member national academies in 1994 , states that `` unprecedented '' population growth aggravates many environmental problems , including rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide , global warming , and pollution . Indeed , some analysts claim that overpopulation 's most serious impact is its effect on the environment . The situation has continued to worsen , as at the time of the 1994 IAP statement , the world population stood at 5.5 billion and lower - bound scenarios predicted a peak of 7.8 billion by 2050 , a number that current estimates state will be reached in the late 2020s .

\n

\n Scientists contend that human overpopulation , continued human population growth and overconsumption , particularly by the wealthy , are the primary drivers of mass species extinction . By 2050 population growth , along with profligate consumption , could result in oceans containing more plastic than fish by weight . In November 2017 , a statement by 15,364 scientists from 184 countries asserted that rapid human population growth is the `` primary driver behind many ecological and even societal threats . ''

\n

\n A July 2017 study published in Environmental Research Letters argued that the most significant way individuals could mitigate their own carbon footprint is to have fewer children , followed by living without a vehicle , forgoing air travel and adopting a plant - based diet .

\n

\n Population control ( edit )

\n Main article : Human population planning India is predicted to overtake China as the world 's most populous country by 2022 .

\n Human population control is the practice of intervening to alter the rate of population growth . Historically , human population control has been implemented by limiting a region 's birth rate , by voluntary contraception or by government mandate . It has been undertaken as a response to factors including high or increasing levels of poverty , environmental concerns , and religious reasons . The use of abortion in some population control strategies has caused controversy , with religious organizations such as the Roman Catholic Church explicitly opposing any intervention in the human reproductive process .

\n

\n The University of Nebraska publication Green Illusions argues that population control to alleviate environmental pressures need not be coercive . It states that `` Women who are educated , economically engaged , and in control of their own bodies can enjoy the freedom of bearing children at their own pace , which happens to be a rate that is appropriate for the aggregate ecological endowment of our planet . '' The book Fatal Misconception by Matthew Connelly similarly points to the importance of supporting the rights of women in bringing population levels down over time .

\n

\n Overpopulation skepticism ( edit )

\n

\n The Population Research Institute ( PRI ) , an anti-abortion , anti-contraception advocacy group , has criticised predictions of overpopulation and attendant resource scarcity , with some describing overpopulation as a `` myth '' . The PRI argues that advances in agricultural , medical , and industrial technology have allowed global economic productivity to keep pace with rising populations despite Malthusian predictions to the contrary . PRI further says that family sizes are naturally declining worldwide due to higher living standards , increased availability of contraception and better economic opportunities for women . However , other commentators have described PRI 's arguments on overpopulation as deceptive .

\n

\n

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n Lists :

\n \n

\n Historical :

\n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Excluding its Special Administrative Regions ( SARs ) of Hong Kong and Macau .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Including Central America and the Caribbean .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ The Antarctic Treaty System limits the nature of national claims in Antarctica . Of the territorial claims in Antarctica , the Ross Dependency has the largest population .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Figure refers to Mainland China only . It excludes Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Figure including Crimea and Sevastopol .
    6. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` World Population Clock : 7.6 Billion People ( 2017 ) - Worldometers '' . www.worldometers.info . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 08 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Jean - No\u00ebl Biraben ( 1980 ) , `` An Essay Concerning Mankind 's Evolution '' . Population , Selected Papers . Vol. 4 . pp. 1 -- 13 . Original paper in French : ( b ) Jean - No\u00ebl Biraben ( 1979 ). `` Essai sur l'\u00e9volution du nombre des hommes '' . Population . Vol. 34 ( no . 1 ) . pp. 13 -- 25 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations '' . esa.un.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects , 2012 revision ( 697 million births from 1985 -- 1990 ) '' . United Nations . 2012 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Annual number of births -- World '' . United Nations Population Division . 2011 . Retrieved March 27 , 2015 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` World Population estimates by the US Census Bureau '' . USCB . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ male 29.4 , female 30.9 years . `` CIA , The World Factbook : Field Listing : Median Age '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 15 September 2016 .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2015 Revision '' . UN Population Division . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 ... Linked to at Download Files , where it states that the figures are for July 1 of the given year .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2010 Revision Population Database '' . United Nations . April 15 , 2011 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 .
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Antarctica '' . CIA World Factbook . June 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ the compound `` world population '' becomes common from c. the 1930s , adapted from early 20th - century `` world 's population '' ; pre-20th century authors use `` population of the world '' .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` The population of the world , which Sir W.P. in 1682 , stated at only 320 millions , has been estimated by some writers at about 730 millions , by others , at upwards of 900 millions ; Mr. Wallace , of Edinburgh , conjectured it might amount to 1000 millions , and this number has since generally been adopted who have noticed the subject ; '' The Monthly Magazine 4 ( July -- December 1797 ) , p. 167 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ 600 million : Simon Gray , The Happiness of States ( 1818 ) , p. 356 . 800 million : Gordon Hall , Samuel Newell , The Conversion of the World ( 1818 ) , p. 10 . 800 to 1000 million : John Redman Coxe , Considerations Respecting the Recognition of Friends in Another World ( 1845 ) , p. 21 ( footnote with references ) .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Luc - Normand Tellier ( 2009 ) . Urban world history : an economic and geographical perspective . PUQ via Google Books . p. 26 . ISBN 2 - 7605 - 1588 - 5 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Ralph Thomlinson , 1975 , Demographic Problems : Controversy over population control , 2nd Ed. , Dickenson Publishing Company , Ecino , CA , ISBN 0 - 8221 - 0166 - 1 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Dr. Kenneth W. Harl ( 1998 ) . `` Population estimates of the Roman Empire '' . Tulane.edu . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Plague , Plague Information , Black Death Facts , News , Photos '' . National Geographic . Retrieved November 3 , 2008 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` History of Europe -- Demographic and agricultural growth '' . Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` Historical Estimates of World Population '' . Census.gov . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Jay , Peter ( July 17 , 2000 ) . `` A Distant Mirror '' . TIME Europe . 156 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved August 9 , 2014 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Horst R. Thieme ( 2003 ) . Mathematics in population biology . Princeton University Press via Google Books . p. 285 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 09291 - 5 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Graziella Caselli ; Gillaume Wunsch & Jacques Vallin ( 2005 ) . Demography : Analysis and Synthesis , Four Volume Set : A Treatise in Population . Academic Press via Google Books . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 765660 - X .
    23. \n
  23. \n ^ Jump up to : Nishijima , Sadao ( 1986 ) , `` The economic and social history of Former Han '' , in Twitchett , Denis ; Loewe , Michael , Cambridge History of China : Volume I : the Ch'in and Han Empires , 221 B.C. -- A.D. 220 , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , pp 595 - 96 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Qing China 's Internal Crisis : Land Shortage , Famine , Rural Poverty '' . Columbia University : Asia for Educators. 2009 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` History of Europe -- Demographics '' . Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` China 's Population : Readings and Maps '' . Columbia University : East Asian Curriculum Project . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` The Columbian Exchange '' . University of North Carolina . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Collingham , Lizzie ( 2006 ) . Vindaloo : the Portuguese and the chilli pepper . Curry : A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 47 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 988381 - 3 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Super-Sized Cassava Plants May Help Fight Hunger In Africa '' . Ohio State University . May 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2013 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ James Brabazon ( 2000 ) . Albert Schweitzer : a biography . Syracuse University Press via Google Books . p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0675 - 3 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Snow , D. R ( June 16 , 1995 ) . `` Microchronology and Demographic Evidence Relating to the Size of Pre-Columbian North American Indian Populations '' . Science . 268 ( 5217 ) : 1601 -- 1604 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 268.1601 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 268.5217. 1601 . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Arthur C. Aufderheide ; Conrado Rodr\u00edguez - Mart\u00edn & Odin Langsjoen ( 1998 ) . The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology . Cambridge University Press via Google Books . p. 205 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 55203 - 6 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` The Story Of ... Smallpox -- and other Deadly Eurasian Germs '' . Public Broadcasting Service . 2005 . Retrieved April 24 , 2013 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Austin Alchon , Suzanne ( 2003 ) . A pest in the land : new world epidemics in a global perspective . University of New Mexico Press . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 2871 - 7 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` World Demographics Profile 2012 '' . Index Mundi . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` By 2050 , 70 % of the world 's population will be urban . Is that a good thing ? '' . Fast Co . Design . 2012 . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Population crises and cycles in history -- A review by Claire Russell and W.M.S. Russell , Vicnet.net.au , archived from the original on April 5 , 2011 , retrieved March 26 , 2015
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Buer , Mabel C. ( 1926 ) . Health , Wealth and Population in the Early Days of the Industrial Revolution . London : George Routledge & Sons . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 38218 - 1 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` The Foundling Hospital '' . BBC History . October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` Modernization -- Population Change '' . Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Graziella Caselli ; Gillaume Wunsch & Jacques Vallin ( 2005 ) . Demography : Analysis and Synthesis , Four Volume Set : A Treatise in Population . Academic Press via Google Books . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 765660 - X .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Victorian Medicine -- From Fluke to Theory '' . BBC History . February 1 , 2002 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` A portrait of Britain in 2031 '' . The Independent . October 24 , 2007 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` UK population breaks through 60m '' . BBC News . August 24 , 2006 . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` US population through history '' . About.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Jay Winter , Emmanuel Sivan ( 2000 ) . War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century . Cambridge University Press . p. 64 . ISBN 0521794366 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Mark Harrison ( 2002 ) . Accounting for War : Soviet Production , Employment , and the Defence Burden , 1940 -- 1945 . Cambridge University Press via Google Books . p. 167 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 89424 - 7 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Vladimir Putin vows to reverse Russian population decline '' . The Daily Telegraph . February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` Russia 's Population Decline Said To Have ' Stopped ' '' . Radio Free Europe . May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` China 's demographic evolution 1850 -- 1953 reconsidered '' . The China Quarterly . JSTOR : 639 -- 646 . 1978 . JSTOR 652987 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Reintegrating India with the World Economy '' ( PDF ) . Peterson Institute for International Economics . 2003 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Central Intelligence Agency '' . www.cia.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 08 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` Java ( island , Indonesia ) '' . Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Jorge Durand ( March 2004 ) . `` From Traitors to Heroes : 100 Years of Mexican Migration Policies '' . University of Guadalajara . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Census : Mexico 2010 '' ( PDF ) . University of Minnesota . March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Gunnar Heinsohn ( January 7 , 2008 ) . `` Kenya 's Violence : Exploding population '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ `` The World at Six Billion : Introduction '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . 1999 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau -- World POPClock Projection '' . July 2013 . The number on this page is automatically updated daily .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` Population seven billion : UN sets out challenges '' . BBC News . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Coleman , Jasmine ( October 31 , 2011 ) . `` World 's ' seven billionth baby ' is born '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` 7 billion people is a ' serious challenge '' . UPI . October 31 , 2011 . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 .
    62. \n
  62. \n ^ Jump up to : \n
    63. \n
  63. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Key Findings '' . Long - Range Population Projections ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the United Nations Technical Working Group on Long - Range Population Projections . New York : United Nations : Department of Economic and Social Affairs . 2003 . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 .
    64. \n
  64. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Total fertility estimates , 1950 -- 2010 '' . UN Population Division . April 2011 . Retrieved June 14 , 2012 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects , the 2008 Revision -- Frequently Asked Questions '' . Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat . November 10 , 2010 . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 .
    66. \n
  66. \n ^ Jump up to : `` World Health Statistics 2014 : Large gains in life expectancy '' . World Health Organization . May 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 14 , 2015 .
    67. \n
  67. \n ^ Jump up to : `` World Demographics Profile 2011 '' . Index Mundi . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` Sex - ratio imbalance in Asia : Trends , consequences and policy responses '' ( PDF ) . UNFPA. 2007 . Retrieved May 20 , 2012 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` World Demographics Profile 2014 '' . Index Mundi . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Janneh , Abdoulie ( April 2012 ) . `` General debate on national experience in population matters : adolescents and youth '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Economic Commission for Africa . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` Global weight gain more damaging than rising numbers '' . BBC . June 18 , 2012 . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ `` World '' . CIA World Factbook. 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ `` What It Will Take to ' Graduate ' 1.2 Billion People Out of Extreme Poverty '' . The Huffington Post . April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations , The State of Food Insecurity in the World . WorldHunger.org. 2012 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . Internet World Stats . June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ `` World 's Most Typical Person : Han Chinese Man '' . Wall Street Journal . March 4 , 2011 . Retrieved November 18 , 2011 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Religions by adherents . Adherents.com. 2005 data . Retrieved December 19 , 2011 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ `` Chinese Official Population Clock ( updated daily , in Chinese ) '' . National Bureau of Statistics of China . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ `` Official population clock '' .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ `` United States Official Population Clock ( updated daily ) '' . USCB .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ `` Penduduk Indonesia Tengah Tahun menurut Jenis Kelamin '' . BI.go.id . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ `` Official Pakistani Population Clock '' . Population Census Organization of Pakistan .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` Official population clock '' . IBGE.gov.br .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` Population , total '' . World Bank . 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ `` Official population clock '' . BBS.gov.bd . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ `` Official estimate ( including Crimea and Sevastopol ) '' . GKS.ru . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ `` Japan population '' . Official Japan Statistics Bureau . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Hackett , C. ( 11 July 2014 ) . `` Which six countries hold half the world 's population ? '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 13 March 2015 .
    89. \n
  89. \n ^ Jump up to : Demetriou , Danielle ( April 17 , 2013 ) . `` Japan 's population suffers biggest fall in history '' . Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` The limits of a Green Revolution ? '' . BBC News . March 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ `` The Real Green Revolution '' . Energybulletin.net . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2008 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ `` World Population to 2300 '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs . 2004 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ `` International Programs '' . USCB . January 7 , 2009 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ Ron Nielsen ( 2006 ) . The Little Green Handbook . New York : Picador . ISBN 0 - 312 - 42581 - 3 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ `` 2006 report highlights '' ( PDF ) . United Nations . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ `` UN population estimates and projections , database query , August 2009 '' . United Nations . March 11 , 2009 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Randers , Jorgen ( 2012 ) . 2052 : A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years . Vermont : Chelsea Green Publishing . p. 62 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ World population to keep growing this century , hit 11 billion by 2100 . UWToday . September 18 , 2014
    99. \n
  99. \n ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2008 Revision '' ( PDF ) . Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat . June 2009 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ `` The World at Six Billion '' . United Nations . October 12 , 1999 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ `` Population Growth over Human History '' . University of Michigan . January 4 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2011 . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 .
    102. \n
  102. \n ^ Jump up to : Figures include the former Soviet countries in Europe . Caselli , Graziella ; Gillaume Wunsch ; Jacques Vallin ( December 20 , 2005 ) . Demography : Analysis and Synthesis , Four Volume Set : A Treatise in Population . Academic Press . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 765660 - 1 .
    103. \n
  103. \n ^ Jump up to : `` UN report -- 2004 data '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects The 2015 Revision '' ( PDF ) .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ `` The World at Six Billion '' . UN Population Division . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2016 . , Table 2
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ Fewer than 15,000 individuals , according to the Toba catastrophe theory , though this theory has been criticized by some scientists . See : `` Toba super-volcano catastrophe idea `` dismissed '' `` . BBC News . April 30 , 2013 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Historical Estimates of World Population ; see also * Kremer , Michael ( 1993 ) . `` Population Growth and Technological Change : One Million B.C. to 1990 '' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 108 ( 3 ) : 681 -- 716 . doi : 10.2307 / 2118405 . JSTOR 2118405 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ An approximation based on figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau 's Total Midyear Population for the World : 1950 - 2050
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ `` Notes on the World POPClock and World Vital Events '' . US Census Bureau . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects , the 2012 Revision -- `` Low variant '' and `` High variant '' values `` . UN. 2012 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ `` World population projected to reach 9.6 billion by 2050 -- UN report '' . UN News Centre . June 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ `` A model predicts that the world 's populations will stop growing in 2050 '' . ScienceDaily.com. April 4 , 2013 . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ Carrington , Damien ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` World population to hit 12bn in 2100 -- with 70 % chance of continuous rise '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ Gerland , P. ; Raftery , A.E. ; Ev Ikova , H. ; Li , N. ; Gu , D. ; Spoorenberg , T. ; Alkema , L. ; Fosdick , B.K. ; Chunn , J. ; Lalic , N. ; Bay , G. ; Buettner , T. ; Heilig , G.K. ; Wilmoth , J. ( September 14 , 2014 ) . `` World population stabilization unlikely this century '' . Science . AAAS. 346 ( 6206 ) : 234 -- 7 . Bibcode : 2014Sci ... 346 ... 234G . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1257469 . ISSN 1095 - 9203 . PMC 4230924 . PMID 25301627 . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ Peter P. Rogers ; Kazi F. Jalal & John A. Boyd ( 2008 ) . An Introduction To Sustainable Development . Earthscan via Google Books . p. 53 . ISBN 9781849770477 .
    116. \n
  116. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Overpopulation 's Real Victim Will Be the Environment '' . TIME . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ Zehner , Ozzie ( 2012 ) . Green Illusions . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska Press . pp. 187 -- 331 .
    118. \n
  118. \n ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2012 Revision '' ( XLS ) . Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat . June 2013 . Retrieved August 7 , 2013 .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ `` World Population -- Total Midyear Population for the World : 1950 -- 2050 '' . Census.gov . July 2015 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 .
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ Sebastien von Hoerner ( 1975 ) . `` Population Explosion and Interstellar Expansion '' . Journal of the British Interplanetary Society ( 28 ) : 691 -- 712 .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ Introduction to Social Macrodynamics . Andrey Korotayev et al . For a rigorous mathematical analysis of this issue , see `` A Compact Mathematical Model of the World System Economic and Demographic Growth , 1 CE -- 1973 CE '' .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ Kapitsa , Sergei P. ( 1996 ) . `` The phenomenological theory of world population growth '' . Physics - Uspekhi. 39 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 71 . doi : 10.1070 / pu1996v039n01abeh000127 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 26 .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ Lutz , Wolfgang ; Sanderson , Warren ; Scherbov , Sergei ( 1997 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Doubling of world population unlikely '' . Nature . 387 ( 6635 ) : 803 -- 805 . doi : 10.1038 / 42935 . PMID 9194559 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 23 .
    124. \n
  124. \n ^ Jump up to : `` World faces ' perfect storm ' of problems by 2030 , chief scientist to warn '' . The Guardian . March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 .
    125. \n
  125. \n Jump up ^ Jowit , Juliette ( October 23 , 2011 ) . `` Paul Ehrlich , a prophet of global population doom who is gloomier than ever '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved July 22 , 2013 .
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ Kindall , Henery W & Pimentel , David ( May 1994 ) . `` Constraints on the Expansion of the Global Food Supply '' . Ambio. 23 ( 3 ) .
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ `` The limits of a Green Revolution ? '' . BBC News . March 29 , 2007 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 .
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ `` Host Plant Resistance and Conservation of Genetic Diversity '' . Radcliffe 's IPM World Textbook . University of Minnesota . March 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 .
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ van den Bergh , Jeroen C.J.M. ; Rietveld , Piet ( 2004 ) . `` Reconsidering the Limits to World Population : Meta - analysis and Meta - prediction '' . BioScience. 54 ( 3 ) : 195 . doi : 10.1641 / 0006 - 3568 ( 2004 ) 054 ( 0195 : RTLTWP ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 0006 - 3568 .
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ `` The global grain bubble '' . Christian Science Monitor . January 18 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 .
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ James Randerson , science correspondent ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Food crisis will take hold before climate change , warns chief scientist '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 .
    132. \n
  132. \n Jump up ^ John Vidal , environment editor ( November 3 , 2007 ) . `` Global food crisis looms as climate change and fuel shortages bite '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link )
    133. \n
  133. \n Jump up ^ Walsoft ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` Experts : Global Food Shortages Could ' Continue for Decades ' '' . Marketoracle.co.uk . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 .
    134. \n
  134. \n Jump up ^ Moya K. Mason . `` Has Urbanization Caused a Loss to Agricultural Land ? '' . Moyak.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2013 .
    135. \n
  135. \n Jump up ^ Walt , Vivienne ( February 27 , 2008 ) . `` The World 's Growing Food - Price Crisis '' . Time . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 .
    136. \n
  136. \n Jump up ^ `` The cost of food : Facts and figures '' . BBC . October 16 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 .
    137. \n
  137. \n Jump up ^ Julian Borger ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` Feed the world ? We are fighting a losing battle , UN admits '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 .
    138. \n
  138. \n Jump up ^ Buchanan , Emily ( April 22 , 2008 ) . `` Assessing the global food crisis '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 6 , 2010 .
    139. \n
  139. \n Jump up ^ `` Half of all food ' wasted ' report claims '' . BBC . January 10 , 2013 . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 .
    140. \n
  140. \n Jump up ^ `` Oil shock could push world food prices higher '' . CNN Money . March 3 , 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 .
    141. \n
  141. \n Jump up ^ P. Crabb\u00e8 ( 2000 ) . Implementing ecological integrity : restoring regional and global environmental and human health . North Atlantic Treaty Organization Scientific Affairs Division / Springer . p. 411 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 6351 - 5 .
    142. \n
  142. \n Jump up ^ `` Global crisis ' to strike by 2030 '' . BBC News . March 19 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 .
    143. \n
  143. \n Jump up ^ `` Global food production will have to increase 70 % for additional 2.3 billion people by 2050 '' . Finfacts.com . September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 .
    144. \n
  144. \n Jump up ^ `` The State of Food Insecurity in the World , 2008 : High food prices and food security -- threats and opportunities '' . UN Food and Agriculture Organization -- Economic and Social Development Department . 2008 . p. 2 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 .
    145. \n
  145. \n Jump up ^ `` One sixth of humanity undernourished -- more than ever before '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . 2009 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 .
    146. \n
  146. \n Jump up ^ `` Ecological Debt Day '' . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 .
    147. \n
  147. \n Jump up ^ `` Planetary Boundaries : Specials '' . Nature . September 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 .
    148. \n
  148. \n Jump up ^ `` IAP ( login required ) '' . InterAcademies.net . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2010 . Retrieved February 18 , 2013 .
    149. \n
  149. \n Jump up ^ Pimm , S.L. ; Jenkins , C.N. ; Abell , R. ; Brooks , T.M. ; Gittleman , J.L. ; Joppa , L.N. ; Raven , P.H. ; Roberts , C.M. ; Sexton , J.O. ( 30 May 2014 ) . `` The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction , distribution , and protection '' ( PDF ) . Science . 344 ( 6187 ) : 1246752 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1246752 . PMID 24876501 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption .
    150. \n
  150. \n Jump up ^ Ceballos , Gerardo ; Ehrlich , Paul R. ; Barnosky , Anthony D. ; Garc\u00eda , Andr\u00e9s ; Pringle , Robert M. ; Palmer , Todd M. ( 2015 ) . `` Accelerated modern human -- induced species losses : Entering the sixth mass extinction '' . Science Advances. 1 ( 5 ) : e1400253 . Bibcode : 2015SciA ... 1E0253C . doi : 10.1126 / sciadv. 1400253 .
    151. \n
  151. \n ^ Jump up to : Sutter , John D. ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` How to stop the sixth mass extinction '' . CNN . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 .
    152. \n
  152. \n Jump up ^ Ceballos , Gerardo ; Ehrlich , Paul R ; Dirzo , Rodolfo ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines '' . PNAS. 114 : 201704949 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1704949114 . PMC 5544311 . PMID 28696295 . Much less frequently mentioned are , however , the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction , namely , human overpopulation and continued population growth , and overconsumption , especially by the rich . These drivers , all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet , are themselves increasing rapidly .
    153. \n
  153. \n Jump up ^ Ripple WJ , Wolf C , Newsome TM , Galetti M , Alamgir M , Crist E , Mahmoud MI , Laurance WF ( 13 November 2017 ) . `` World Scientists ' Warning to Humanity : A Second Notice '' . BioScience . doi : 10.1093 / biosci / bix125 .
    154. \n
  154. \n Jump up ^ Perkins , Sid ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` The best way to reduce your carbon footprint is one the government is n't telling you about '' . Science . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 .
    155. \n
  155. \n Jump up ^ Some population control programs , such as China 's one - child policy , entail the use of forced late - term abortions , sparking domestic anger and international condemnation : `` China one - child policy leads to forced abortions , mothers ' deaths '' . Los Angeles Times . June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 .
    156. \n
  156. \n Jump up ^ `` Fighting poverty to build peace '' . Vatican . January 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 .
    157. \n
  157. \n Jump up ^ Zehmer , Ozzie ( 2012 ) . Green lllusions . Lincoln and London : University of Nebraska . p. 188 .
    158. \n
  158. \n Jump up ^ Connelly , Matthew ( 2008 ) . Fatal Misconception : The Struggle to Control World Population . Harvard University Press via Google Books . ISBN 9780674029835 .
    159. \n
  159. \n Jump up ^ `` Debunking the Myth of Overpopulation '' . Population Research Institute . 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 .
    160. \n
  160. \n Jump up ^ `` IAP Statement on Population and Consumption '' . InterAcademy Panel : The Global Network of Science Academies ( IAP ) . June 14 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 .
    161. \n
  161. \n Jump up ^ `` A Response to Critics of Family Planning Programs '' . Guttmacher.org . March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 .
    162. \n
  162. \n Jump up ^ `` Global Environment Outlook -- Environment for the future we want '' ( PDF ) . UNEP . May 2012 . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 .
    163. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to World population statistics .
\n

\n Further reading

\n \n

\n Organizations

\n \n

\n Statistics and maps

\n \n

\n Population clocks

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Global human population
\n Major topics \n
    \n
  • \n Biocapacity
    • \n
  • \n Optimum population
    • \n
  • \n Overpopulation
      \n
    • \n Malthusian catastrophe
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Population
    • \n
  • \n Population ethics
    • \n
  • \n Population momentum
    • \n
  • \n Sustainable development
    • \n
  • \n Women 's reproductive rights
    • \n
  • \n Zero population growth
    • \n
\n
\n Biological and related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Family planning
      \n
    • \n Pledge two or fewer
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Human population planning
      \n
    • \n One - child policy
      • \n
    • \n Two - child policy
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Population biology
    • \n
  • \n Population decline
    • \n
  • \n Population density
      \n
    • \n Physiological density
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Population dynamics
    • \n
  • \n Population growth
    • \n
  • \n Population model
    • \n
  • \n Population pyramid
    • \n
  • \n Projections of population growth
    • \n
\n
\n Human impact on the environment \n
    \n
  • \n Deforestation
    • \n
  • \n Desalination
    • \n
  • \n Desertification
    • \n
  • \n Environmental impact
      \n
    • \n of agriculture
      • \n
    • \n of aviation
      • \n
    • \n of biodiesel
      • \n
    • \n of concrete
      • \n
    • \n of electricity generation
      • \n
    • \n of the energy industry
      • \n
    • \n of fishing
      • \n
    • \n of irrigation
      • \n
    • \n of mining
      • \n
    • \n of off - roading
      • \n
    • \n of oil shale industry
      • \n
    • \n of palm oil
      • \n
    • \n of paper
      • \n
    • \n of the petroleum industry
      • \n
    • \n of reservoirs
      • \n
    • \n of shipping
      • \n
    • \n of war
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Industrialisation
    • \n
  • \n Land degradation
    • \n
  • \n Land reclamation
    • \n
  • \n Overconsumption
    • \n
  • \n Pollution
    • \n
  • \n Quarrying
    • \n
  • \n Urbanization
      \n
    • \n Loss of green belts
      • \n
    • \n Urban sprawl
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Waste
    • \n
  • \n Water scarcity
      \n
    • \n Overdrafting
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Population ecology \n
    \n
  • \n Carrying capacity
    • \n
  • \n Deep ecology
    • \n
  • \n Earth 's energy budget
    • \n
  • \n Food security
    • \n
  • \n Habitat destruction
    • \n
  • \n I = P \u00d7 A \u00d7 T
    • \n
  • \n Malthusian growth model
    • \n
  • \n Overshoot ( population )
    • \n
  • \n World energy consumption
    • \n
  • \n World energy resources
    • \n
  • \n World3 model
    • \n
\n
\n Literature \n
    \n
  • \n A Modest Proposal
    • \n
  • \n Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind , Peopling of Countries , etc .
    • \n
  • \n An Essay on the Principle of Population
    • \n
  • \n `` How Much Land Does a Man Need ? ''
    • \n
  • \n Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth
    • \n
  • \n Population Control : Real Costs , Illusory Benefits
    • \n
  • \n The Limits to Growth
    • \n
  • \n The Population Bomb
    • \n
  • \n The Skeptical Environmentalist
    • \n
  • \n The Ultimate Resource
    • \n
\n
\n Publications \n
    \n
  • \n Population and Environment
    • \n
  • \n Population and Development Review
    • \n
\n
\n Lists \n
    \n
  • \n Population and housing censuses by country
    • \n
  • \n Metropolitan areas by population
    • \n
  • \n Population milestone babies
    • \n
\n
\n Events and organizations \n
    \n
  • \n 7 Billion Actions
    • \n
  • \n International Conference on Population and Development
    • \n
  • \n Population Action International
    • \n
  • \n Population Connection
    • \n
  • \n Population Matters
    • \n
  • \n Population Research Institute
    • \n
  • \n United Nations Population Fund
    • \n
  • \n Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
    • \n
  • \n World Population Day
    • \n
  • \n World Population Foundation
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Classic Maya collapse
    • \n
  • \n Fertility and intelligence
    • \n
  • \n Green Revolution
    • \n
  • \n Holocene extinction
    • \n
  • \n Migration
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Commons
    • \n
  • \n Human overpopulation
    • \n
  • \n Human activities with impact on the environment
    • \n
  • \n Human migration
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Articles related to the world 's population
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Human impact on the environment
\n General \n
    \n
  • \n Anthropocene
    • \n
  • \n Environmental issues
      \n
    • \n List of issues
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Human impact
    • \n
  • \n Impact assessment
    • \n
  • \n Planetary boundaries
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Causes \n
    \n
  • \n Agriculture
      \n
    • \n fishing
      • \n
    • \n irrigation
      • \n
    • \n meat production
      • \n
    • \n palm oil
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Energy industry
      \n
    • \n biofuels
      • \n
    • \n biodiesel
      • \n
    • \n coal
      • \n
    • \n electricity generation
      • \n
    • \n nuclear power
      • \n
    • \n oil shale
      • \n
    • \n petroleum
      • \n
    • \n reservoirs
      • \n
    • \n wind power
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Genetic pollution
    • \n
  • \n Industrialization
    • \n
  • \n Land use
    • \n
  • \n Manufacturing
      \n
    • \n cleaning agents
      • \n
    • \n concrete
      • \n
    • \n plastics
      • \n
    • \n nanotechnology
      • \n
    • \n paint
      • \n
    • \n paper
      • \n
    • \n pesticides
      • \n
    • \n pharmaceuticals and personal care
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Mining
    • \n
  • \n Overdrafting
    • \n
  • \n Overfishing
    • \n
  • \n Overgrazing
    • \n
  • \n Overexploitation
    • \n
  • \n Overpopulation
    • \n
  • \n Particulates
    • \n
  • \n Pollution
    • \n
  • \n Quarrying
    • \n
  • \n Reservoirs
    • \n
  • \n Tourism
    • \n
  • \n Transport
      \n
    • \n aviation
      • \n
    • \n roads
      • \n
    • \n shipping
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Urbanization
      \n
    • \n urban sprawl
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n war
    • \n
\n
\n Effects \n
    \n
  • \n Biodiversity threats
      \n
    • \n Biodiversity loss
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Climate change
      \n
    • \n Global warming
      • \n
    • \n Runaway climate change
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Coral reefs
    • \n
  • \n Deforestation
    • \n
  • \n Defaunation
    • \n
  • \n Desertification
    • \n
  • \n Ecocide
    • \n
  • \n Erosion
    • \n
  • \n Environmental degradation
    • \n
  • \n Freshwater cycle
    • \n
  • \n Habitat destruction
    • \n
  • \n Holocene extinction
    • \n
  • \n Nitrogen cycle
    • \n
  • \n Land degradation
    • \n
  • \n Land surface effects on climate
    • \n
  • \n Loss of green belts
    • \n
  • \n Phosphorus cycle
    • \n
  • \n Ocean acidification
    • \n
  • \n Ozone depletion
    • \n
  • \n Resource depletion
    • \n
  • \n Water degradation
    • \n
  • \n Water scarcity
    • \n
\n
\n Mitigation \n
    \n
  • \n Birth control
    • \n
  • \n Cleaner production
    • \n
  • \n Climate change mitigation
    • \n
  • \n Climate engineering
    • \n
  • \n Ecological engineering
    • \n
  • \n Environmental engineering
    • \n
  • \n Environmental mitigation
    • \n
  • \n Industrial ecology
    • \n
  • \n Mitigation banking
    • \n
  • \n Organic farming
    • \n
  • \n Reforestation
      \n
    • \n urban
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Restoration ecology
    • \n
  • \n Sustainable consumption
    • \n
  • \n Waste minimization
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Commons
    • \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
  • \n by country
    • \n
  • \n assessment
    • \n
  • \n mitigation
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Lists of countries by population statistics
\n Global \n
    \n
  • \n Current population
    • \n
  • \n Current population ( United Nations )
    • \n
\n
\n ( Sub - ) Continents \n
    \n
  • \n Africa
    • \n
  • \n Asia
    • \n
  • \n Europe
    • \n
  • \n North America
      \n
    • \n Caribbean
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Oceania
    • \n
  • \n South America
    • \n
\n
\n Intercontinental \n
    \n
  • \n Americas
    • \n
  • \n Arab world
    • \n
  • \n Commonwealth of Nations
    • \n
  • \n Eurasia
    • \n
  • \n European Union
    • \n
  • \n Islands
    • \n
  • \n Latin America
    • \n
  • \n Middle East
    • \n
\n
\n Cities / urban regions \n
    \n
  • \n National capitals
    • \n
  • \n Cities proper
    • \n
  • \n Metropolitan areas
    • \n
  • \n Urban areas
    • \n
  • \n Megacities
    • \n
  • \n Megalopolises
    • \n
\n
\n Past and future \n
    \n
  • \n Past population ( United Nations )
    • \n
  • \n Past and future population
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1000
    • \n
  • \n 1500
    • \n
  • \n 1600
    • \n
  • \n 1700
    • \n
  • \n 1800
    • \n
  • \n 1900
    • \n
  • \n 1907
    • \n
  • \n 1939
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2000
    • \n
  • \n 2005
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Future population
    • \n
\n
\n Population density \n
    \n
  • \n Current density
    • \n
  • \n Current real density based on food growing capacity
    • \n
\n
\n Growth indicators \n
    \n
  • \n Population growth rate
    • \n
  • \n Natural increase
    • \n
  • \n Birth rate
    • \n
  • \n Mortality rate
    • \n
  • \n Fertility rate
    • \n
\n
\n Other demographics \n
    \n
  • \n Age at first marriage
    • \n
  • \n Divorce rate
    • \n
  • \n Ethnic and cultural diversity level
    • \n
  • \n Foreign - born population
    • \n
  • \n Immigrant population
    • \n
  • \n Linguistic diversity
    • \n
  • \n Median age
    • \n
  • \n Net migration rate
    • \n
  • \n Number of households
    • \n
  • \n Sex ratio
    • \n
  • \n Urban population
    • \n
  • \n Urbanization
    • \n
\n
\n Health \n
    \n
  • \n Antiviral medications for pandemic influenza
    • \n
  • \n HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate
    • \n
  • \n Infant and under - five mortality rates
    • \n
  • \n Life expectancy
    • \n
  • \n Percentage suffering from undernourishment
    • \n
  • \n Health expenditure covered by government
    • \n
  • \n Suicide rate
    • \n
  • \n Total health expenditure per capita
    • \n
  • \n Body Mass Index ( BMI )
    • \n
\n
\n Education and innovation \n
    \n
  • \n Bloomberg Innovation Index
    • \n
  • \n Education Index
    • \n
  • \n International Innovation Index
    • \n
  • \n Innovation Union Scoreboard
    • \n
  • \n Literacy rate
    • \n
  • \n Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies
    • \n
  • \n Progress in International Reading Literacy Study
    • \n
  • \n Student skills
    • \n
  • \n Tertiary education attainment
    • \n
  • \n Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
    • \n
  • \n Women 's average years in school
    • \n
  • \n World Intellectual Property Indicators
    • \n
\n
\n Economic \n
    \n
  • \n Development aid given
      \n
    • \n Official Development Assistance received
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Employment rate
    • \n
  • \n Irrigated land area
    • \n
  • \n Human Development Index
      \n
    • \n by country
      • \n
    • \n inequality - adjusted
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Human Poverty Index
    • \n
  • \n Imports
    • \n
  • \n Income equality
    • \n
  • \n Job security
    • \n
  • \n Labour force
    • \n
  • \n Number of millionaires ( US dollars )
    • \n
  • \n Number of billionaires ( US dollars )
    • \n
  • \n Percentage living in poverty
    • \n
  • \n Public sector
    • \n
  • \n Sen social welfare function
    • \n
  • \n Unemployment rate
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n List of international rankings
    • \n
  • \n List of top international rankings by country
    • \n
  • \n Lists by country
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Hierarchy of life
\n
    \n
  • \n Biosphere > Biome > Ecosystem > Biocoenosis > Population > Organism > Organ system > Organ > Tissue > Cell > Organelle > Biomolecular complex > Macromolecule > Biomolecule
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Globalization
\n
    \n
  • \n Journals
    • \n
  • \n Outline
    • \n
  • \n Studies
    • \n
\n
\n Aspects \n
    \n
  • \n Alter - globalization
    • \n
  • \n Anti-globalization
    • \n
  • \n Counter-hegemonic globalization
    • \n
  • \n Cultural globalization
    • \n
  • \n Deglobalization
    • \n
  • \n Democratic globalization
    • \n
  • \n Economic globalization
    • \n
  • \n Environmental globalization
    • \n
  • \n Financial globalization
    • \n
  • \n Global citizenship
      \n
    • \n education
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Global governance
    • \n
  • \n Global health
    • \n
  • \n History of
      \n
    • \n archaic
      • \n
    • \n early modern
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Military globalization
    • \n
  • \n Political globalization
    • \n
  • \n Trade globalization
    • \n
  • \n Workforce globalization
    • \n
\n
\n Issues \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Global \n
    \n
  • \n Disease
    • \n
  • \n Digital divide
    • \n
  • \n Labor arbitrage
    • \n
  • \n Population
    • \n
  • \n Warming
    • \n
  • \n Water crisis
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Brain drain
      \n
    • \n reverse
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Climate change
    • \n
  • \n Climate justice
    • \n
  • \n Development aid
    • \n
  • \n Economic inequality
    • \n
  • \n Endangered languages
    • \n
  • \n Fair trade
    • \n
  • \n Forced migration
    • \n
  • \n Human rights
    • \n
  • \n Illicit financial flows
    • \n
  • \n Invasive species
    • \n
  • \n Investor - state disputes
    • \n
  • \n New international division of labour
    • \n
  • \n North -- South divide
    • \n
  • \n Offshoring
    • \n
  • \n Race to the bottom
      \n
    • \n pollution havens
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Transnational crime
    • \n
  • \n McDonaldization
    • \n
  • \n Westernization
    • \n
  • \n American imperialism
    • \n
  • \n British Empire
    • \n
  • \n World war
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Theories \n
    \n
  • \n Capital accumulation
    • \n
  • \n Dependency
    • \n
  • \n Development
    • \n
  • \n Earth system
    • \n
  • \n Fiscal localism
    • \n
  • \n Modernization
      \n
    • \n ecological
      • \n
    • \n history of
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Primitive accumulation
    • \n
  • \n Social change
    • \n
  • \n World history
    • \n
  • \n World - systems
    • \n
\n
\n Notable scholars \n
    \n
  • \n Samir Amin
    • \n
  • \n Arjun Appadurai
    • \n
  • \n K. Anthony Appiah
    • \n
  • \n Daniele Archibugi
    • \n
  • \n Giovanni Arrighi
    • \n
  • \n Ravi Batra
    • \n
  • \n Jean Baudrillard
    • \n
  • \n Zygmunt Bauman
    • \n
  • \n Ulrich Beck
    • \n
  • \n Walden Bello
    • \n
  • \n Jagdish Bhagwati
    • \n
  • \n Robert Brenner
    • \n
  • \n Manuel Castells
    • \n
  • \n Noam Chomsky
    • \n
  • \n Alfred Crosby
    • \n
  • \n Christopher Chase - Dunn
    • \n
  • \n Andre G. Frank
    • \n
  • \n Thomas Friedman
    • \n
  • \n Anthony Giddens
    • \n
  • \n Peter Gowan
    • \n
  • \n Michael Hardt
    • \n
  • \n David Harvey
    • \n
  • \n David Held
    • \n
  • \n Paul Hirst
    • \n
  • \n Michael Hudson
    • \n
  • \n Paul James
    • \n
  • \n Ibn Khaldun
    • \n
  • \n Naomi Klein
    • \n
  • \n Antonio Negri
    • \n
  • \n George Ritzer
    • \n
  • \n Dani Rodrik
    • \n
  • \n Jeffrey Sachs
    • \n
  • \n Saskia Sassen
    • \n
  • \n John R. Saul
    • \n
  • \n Vandana Shiva
    • \n
  • \n Joseph Stiglitz
    • \n
  • \n John Urry
    • \n
  • \n Immanuel Wallerstein
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_population&oldid=838237335 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "it took 130 years for the human population to double from 1 billion to 2 billion", "long_answers": ["Starting at 500 million Population ( in billions ) 0.5 8 Year 1500 1804 1927 2024 Years elapsed 304 123 47 50\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "2018 Australian Open -- men 's singles - wikipedia

\n 2018 Australian Open -- men 's singles

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Men 's Singles
\n 2018 Australian Open
\n Champion \n Roger Federer
\n Runner - up \n Marin \u010cili\u0107
\n Final score \n 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1
\n Details
\n Draw \n 128 ( 16 Q / 8 WC )
\n Seeds \n 32
\n Events
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Singles \n men \n women \n \n boys \n girls
\n Doubles \n men \n women \n mixed \n boys \n girls
\n Legends \n men \n women \n mixed
\n WC Singles \n men \n women \n quad
\n WC Doubles \n men \n women \n quad
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \u2190 2017 \n Australian Open \n 2019 \u2192
\n
\n Main article : 2018 Australian Open

\n Roger Federer was the defending champion and successfully defended his title , defeating Marin \u010cili\u0107 in the final , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 . It was Federer 's 20th Grand Slam singles title and record - equalling sixth Australian Open men 's singles title ( tied with Roy Emerson and Novak Djokovic ) . With the win , Federer became the first male player to win at least six titles at two Grand Slam tournaments ( six at the Australian Open and eight at Wimbledon ) . Federer became the oldest man to win a Grand Slam singles title in the Open era since Ken Rosewall in 1972 . The time span between Federer 's first Grand slam glory at Wimbledon and this latest , almost 15 years , is an Open era record in the men 's singles field . This was also the 10th time that Federer has defended a Grand Slam title , with the previous time being at the 2008 US Open . \u010cili\u0107 became the first Croatian player to reach a singles final at the Australian Open .

\n

\n Federer and Rafael Nadal were in contention for the ATP no . 1 singles ranking at the start of the tournament . Nadal retained the top ranking by reaching the quarterfinals .

\n

\n This was the first time since the 2008 Wimbledon Championships that two unseeded players ( Chung Hyeon and Kyle Edmund ) reached the semifinals of the men 's singles event at a Grand Slam tournament , and the first time at the Australian Open since 1999 . Chung became the first South Korean player to reach the quarterfinals and semifinals of a Grand Slam event .

\n

\n Djokovic 's fourth - round loss to Chung was his first straight - sets loss at the Australian Open since 2007 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Seeds ( edit )

\n
\n
\n 01 . Rafael Nadal ( Quarterfinals , retired )
\n
\n 02 . Roger Federer ( Champion )
\n
\n 03 . Grigor Dimitrov ( Quarterfinals )
\n
\n 04 . Alexander Zverev ( Third round )
\n
\n 05 . Dominic Thiem ( Fourth round )
\n
\n 06 . Marin \u010cili\u0107 ( Final )
\n
\n 07 . David Goffin ( Second round )
\n
\n 08 . Jack Sock ( First round )
\n
\n 09 . Stan Wawrinka ( Second round )
\n
\n 10 . Pablo Carre\u00f1o Busta ( Fourth round )
\n
\n 11 . Kevin Anderson ( First round )
\n
\n 12 . Juan Mart\u00edn del Potro ( Third round )
\n
\n 13 . Sam Querrey ( Second round )
\n
\n 14 . Novak Djokovic ( Fourth round )
\n
\n 15 . Jo - Wilfried Tsonga ( Third round )
\n
\n 16 . John Isner ( First round )
\n
\n
\n
\n 17 . Nick Kyrgios ( Fourth round )
\n
\n 18 . Lucas Pouille ( First round )
\n
\n 19 . Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych ( Quarterfinals )
\n
\n 20 . Roberto Bautista Agut ( First round )
\n
\n 21 . Albert Ramos - Vi\u00f1olas ( Third round )
\n
\n 22 . Milos Raonic ( First round )
\n
\n 23 . Gilles M\u00fcller ( Third round )
\n
\n 24 . Diego Schwartzman ( Fourth round )
\n
\n 25 . Fabio Fognini ( Fourth round )
\n
\n 26 . Adrian Mannarino ( Third round )
\n
\n 27 . Philipp Kohlschreiber ( First round )
\n
\n 28 . Damir D\u017eumhur ( Third round )
\n
\n 29 . Richard Gasquet ( Third round )
\n
\n 30 . Andrey Rublev ( Third round )
\n
\n 31 . Pablo Cuevas ( Second round )
\n
\n 32 . Mischa Zverev ( First round , retired )
\n
\n

\n Click on the seed number of a player to go to their draw section .

\n

\n Qualifying ( edit )

\n Main article : 2018 Australian Open -- Men 's Singles Qualifying

\n Wildcards ( edit )

\n Main article : 2018 Australian Open -- Main Draw Wildcard Entries

\n Draw ( edit )

\n

\n Key ( edit )

\n \n

\n Finals ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Quarterfinals \n \n \n Semifinals \n \n \n Final \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n
\n \n \n Rafael Nadal \n 6 \n \n 7 \n \n 0 \n
\n
\n \n 6 \n Marin \u010cili\u0107 \n \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n
\n \n \n 6 \n Marin \u010cili\u0107 \n 6 \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n Kyle Edmund \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n Grigor Dimitrov \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n
\n \n
\n \n \n Kyle Edmund \n 6 \n \n 6 \n 6 \n \n
\n \n \n 6 \n Marin \u010cili\u0107 \n \n 7 \n \n 6 \n \n
\n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n Roger Federer \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n 6 \n
\n \n \n Tennys Sandgren \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
\n \n \n Chung Hyeon \n 6 \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n Chung Hyeon \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n Roger Federer \n 6 \n 5 \n \n \n \n
\n \n 19 \n Tom\u00e1\u0161 Berdych \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
\n \n \n Roger Federer \n 7 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n
\n
\n

\n Top half ( edit )

\n Section 1 ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n First Round \n \n \n Second Round \n \n \n Third Round \n \n \n Fourth Round \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n R Nadal \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n V Estrella Burgos \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n R Nadal \n 6 \n 6 \n 7 \n \n \n
\n \n \n N Jarry \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n L Mayer \n \n \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n \n L Mayer \n 6 \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n R Nadal \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n PR \n J Millman \n 7 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n 28 \n D D\u017eumhur \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n B \u0106ori\u0107 \n 5 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n PR \n J Millman \n 5 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n P Lorenzi \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n 28 \n D D\u017eumhur \n 7 \n \n 6 \n 6 \n \n
\n \n 28 \n D D\u017eumhur \n \n \n 7 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n R Nadal \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n
\n \n 24 \n D Schwartzman \n \n 6 \n 5 \n 6 \n 11 \n \n \n \n \n 24 \n D Schwartzman \n \n 7 \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n D Lajovi\u0107 \n 6 \n \n 7 \n \n 9 \n \n \n 24 \n D Schwartzman \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n
\n \n Q \n C Ruud \n 6 \n \n 6 \n 7 \n 11 \n \n \n Q \n C Ruud \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Q \n Q Halys \n \n 6 \n 7 \n 5 \n 9 \n \n \n \n 24 \n D Schwartzman \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n
\n \n \n A Dolgopolov \n 7 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Dolgopolov \n 7 \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n PR \n A Haider - Maurer \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Dolgopolov \n 7 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n M Ebden \n 6 \n \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n M Ebden \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n 16 \n J Isner \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n
\n Section 2 ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n First Round \n \n \n Second Round \n \n \n Third Round \n \n \n Fourth Round \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n 10 \n P Carre\u00f1o Busta \n 7 \n \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n WC \n J Kubler \n 5 \n 6 \n 5 \n \n \n \n \n 10 \n P Carre\u00f1o Busta \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n G Simon \n 7 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n G Simon \n \n 0 \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n M Copil \n 5 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 10 \n P Carre\u00f1o Busta \n 7 \n \n 7 \n 7 \n \n
\n \n Q \n S Caruso \n 7 \n 6 \n \n 5 \n \n \n \n \n 23 \n G M\u00fcller \n 6 \n 6 \n 5 \n 5 \n \n
\n \n \n M Jaziri \n 6 \n \n 6 \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n \n M Jaziri \n 5 \n \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n \n F Delbonis \n 5 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 23 \n G M\u00fcller \n 7 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n 6 \n
\n \n 23 \n G M\u00fcller \n 7 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n 10 \n P Carre\u00f1o Busta \n 7 \n \n 6 \n 6 \n \n
\n \n 31 \n P Cuevas \n 7 \n 6 \n 7 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 6 \n M \u010cili\u0107 \n 6 \n 6 \n 7 \n 7 \n \n
\n \n \n M Youzhny \n 6 \n \n 5 \n \n \n \n \n 31 \n P Cuevas \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n D Sela \n \n 7 \n 6 \n 5 \n \n \n \n \n R Harrison \n 6 \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n \n R Harrison \n 6 \n 5 \n \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n R Harrison \n 6 \n \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n Q \n D Brown \n \n \n 6 \n 7 \n \n \n \n \n 6 \n M \u010cili\u0107 \n 7 \n 6 \n 7 \n \n \n
\n \n \n J Sousa \n 6 \n 6 \n \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n J Sousa \n \n 5 \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Q \n V Pospisil \n \n \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n 6 \n M \u010cili\u0107 \n 6 \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n 6 \n M \u010cili\u0107 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n 7 \n \n \n
\n Section 3 ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n First Round \n \n \n Second Round \n \n \n Third Round \n \n \n Fourth Round \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n G Dimitrov \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Q \n D Novak \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n G Dimitrov \n \n 6 \n 6 \n 0 \n 8 \n
\n \n Q \n M McDonald \n 6 \n 6 \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n Q \n M McDonald \n 6 \n \n \n 6 \n 6 \n
\n \n Q \n E Ymer \n \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n G Dimitrov \n 6 \n \n 6 \n 6 \n \n
\n \n \n M Baghdatis \n 7 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n 30 \n A Rublev \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n
\n \n Q \n Y Bhambri \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n M Baghdatis \n \n 7 \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n D Ferrer \n 5 \n 7 \n \n 7 \n \n \n \n 30 \n A Rublev \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n
\n \n 30 \n A Rublev \n 7 \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n G Dimitrov \n 7 \n 7 \n \n 7 \n \n
\n \n 17 \n N Kyrgios \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 17 \n N Kyrgios \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n
\n \n \n R Dutra Silva \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 17 \n N Kyrgios \n 7 \n 6 \n 7 \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n V Troicki \n 6 \n \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n V Troicki \n 5 \n \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n WC \n A Bolt \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 17 \n N Kyrgios \n 7 \n \n 7 \n 7 \n \n
\n \n \n S Tsitsipas \n \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n 15 \n J-W Tsonga \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n
\n \n \n D Shapovalov \n 6 \n 6 \n 7 \n \n \n \n \n \n D Shapovalov \n 6 \n \n 6 \n 6 \n 5 \n \n
\n \n Q \n K King \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 15 \n J-W Tsonga \n \n 6 \n \n 7 \n 7 \n
\n \n 15 \n J-W Tsonga \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n
\n Section 4 ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n First Round \n \n \n Second Round \n \n \n Third Round \n \n \n Fourth Round \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n 11 \n K Anderson \n 7 \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n K Edmund \n 6 \n 6 \n \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n K Edmund \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n \n P-H Herbert \n \n \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n D Istomin \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n D Istomin \n 6 \n 6 \n 5 \n 7 \n \n \n \n \n \n K Edmund \n 7 \n \n \n 6 \n 7 \n
\n \n \n G Melzer \n \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n N Basilashvili \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n 0 \n 5 \n
\n \n \n N Basilashvili \n 6 \n 6 \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n N Basilashvili \n 7 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n
\n \n Q \n R Bemelmans \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n 7 \n \n \n \n Q \n R Bemelmans \n 5 \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n 18 \n L Pouille \n \n \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n K Edmund \n 6 \n 7 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n
\n \n 27 \n P Kohlschreiber \n \n 6 \n 0 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Seppi \n 7 \n 5 \n \n \n \n
\n \n PR \n Y Nishioka \n 6 \n \n 6 \n \n 6 \n \n \n PR \n Y Nishioka \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n A Seppi \n \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n A Seppi \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n WC \n C Moutet \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Seppi \n 6 \n 7 \n 6 \n 6 \n 9 \n
\n \n \n I Karlovi\u0107 \n 7 \n 6 \n 7 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n I Karlovi\u0107 \n \n 6 \n 7 \n 7 \n 7 \n
\n \n \n L \u0110ere \n 6 \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n I Karlovi\u0107 \n 7 \n 6 \n 7 \n \n 12 \n \n
\n \n \n Y Sugita \n 6 \n 7 \n 5 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n Y Sugita \n 6 \n 7 \n 5 \n 6 \n 10 \n
\n \n 8 \n J Sock \n \n 6 \n 7 \n \n \n \n
\n

\n Bottom half ( edit )

\n Section 5 ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n First Round \n \n \n Second Round \n \n \n Third Round \n \n \n Fourth Round \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n 5 \n D Thiem \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n G Pella \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 5 \n D Thiem \n 6 \n \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n
\n \n \n S Johnson \n 7 \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n Q \n D Kudla \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n \n
\n \n Q \n D Kudla \n 6 \n 6 \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n 5 \n D Thiem \n 6 \n 6 \n 7 \n \n \n
\n \n Q \n V \u0160afr\u00e1nek \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 26 \n A Mannarino \n \n \n 5 \n \n \n
\n \n \n J Vesel\u00fd \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n J Vesel\u00fd \n \n 6 \n 7 \n \n \n \n
\n \n LL \n M Berrettini \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 26 \n A Mannarino \n 6 \n 7 \n 5 \n 6 \n \n
\n \n 26 \n A Mannarino \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n 5 \n D Thiem \n \n 6 \n 6 \n 7 \n \n
\n \n 20 \n R Bautista Agut \n \n 5 \n 5 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n T Sandgren \n 6 \n \n 7 \n 6 \n 6 \n
\n \n \n F Verdasco \n 6 \n 7 \n 7 \n \n \n \n \n \n F Verdasco \n \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n \n C-M Stebe \n 0 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n M Marterer \n 6 \n \n 7 \n \n 6 \n
\n \n \n M Marterer \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n M Marterer \n 7 \n \n 5 \n 6 \n \n
\n \n \n J Chardy \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n T Sandgren \n 5 \n 6 \n 7 \n 7 \n \n
\n \n \n T Sandgren \n 6 \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n T Sandgren \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n
\n \n PR \n R Berankis \n \n \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n 9 \n S Wawrinka \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n 9 \n S Wawrinka \n 6 \n 6 \n \n 7 \n \n \n
\n Section 6 ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n First Round \n \n \n Second Round \n \n \n Third Round \n \n \n Fourth Round \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n 14 \n N Djokovic \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n D Young \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 14 \n N Djokovic \n \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n
\n \n \n G Monfils \n 6 \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n G Monfils \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Q \n J Munar \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 14 \n N Djokovic \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n WC \n T Smyczek \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n 21 \n A Ramos Vi\u00f1olas \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n WC \n A Popyrin \n \n 7 \n \n \n \n \n \n WC \n T Smyczek \n \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n J Donaldson \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 21 \n A Ramos Vi\u00f1olas \n 6 \n 6 \n 7 \n \n \n
\n \n 21 \n A Ramos Vi\u00f1olas \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n 14 \n N Djokovic \n 6 \n 5 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n 32 \n M Zverev \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n H Chung \n 7 \n 7 \n 7 \n \n \n
\n \n \n H Chung \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n H Chung \n 7 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n
\n \n WC \n T Kokkinakis \n \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n D Medvedev \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n D Medvedev \n 6 \n 6 \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n H Chung \n 5 \n 7 \n \n 6 \n 6 \n
\n \n \n M Kukushkin \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n A Zverev \n 7 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n 0 \n
\n \n \n P Gojowczyk \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n P Gojowczyk \n \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n T Fabbiano \n \n 6 \n 5 \n \n \n \n \n \n A Zverev \n 6 \n 6 \n \n 6 \n \n
\n \n \n A Zverev \n 6 \n 7 \n 7 \n \n \n \n
\n Section 7 ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n First Round \n \n \n Second Round \n \n \n Third Round \n \n \n Fourth Round \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n 7 \n D Goffin \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Q \n M Bachinger \n 7 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 7 \n D Goffin \n 6 \n 6 \n \n 6 \n \n
\n \n \n J Benneteau \n 6 \n 7 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n J Benneteau \n \n 7 \n 6 \n 7 \n \n
\n \n \n T Daniel \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n J Benneteau \n 6 \n \n \n 6 \n \n
\n \n \n E Donskoy \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n 25 \n F Fognini \n \n 6 \n 6 \n \n 6 \n
\n \n \n F Mayer \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n E Donskoy \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n H Zeballos \n \n \n 5 \n \n \n \n \n 25 \n F Fognini \n \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n
\n \n 25 \n F Fognini \n 6 \n 6 \n 7 \n \n \n \n \n \n 25 \n F Fognini \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n 19 \n T Berdych \n 6 \n \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n 19 \n T Berdych \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n WC \n A de Minaur \n \n 6 \n 0 \n \n \n \n \n 19 \n T Berdych \n 6 \n \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n \n G Garc\u00eda L\u00f3pez \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n G Garc\u00eda L\u00f3pez \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n B Paire \n 0 \n 7 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 19 \n T Berdych \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n \n K Khachanov \n 7 \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n 12 \n JM del Potro \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n LL \n P Polansky \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n K Khachanov \n \n 6 \n 7 \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n F Tiafoe \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 12 \n JM del Potro \n 6 \n 7 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n
\n \n 12 \n JM del Potro \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n
\n Section 8 ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n First Round \n \n \n Second Round \n \n \n Third Round \n \n \n Fourth Round \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n 13 \n S Querrey \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n F L\u00f3pez \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 13 \n S Querrey \n \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n \n R Albot \n \n \n 6 \n 5 \n \n \n \n \n M Fucsovics \n 6 \n 7 \n \n 6 \n \n
\n \n \n M Fucsovics \n 6 \n 6 \n \n 7 \n \n \n \n \n \n M Fucsovics \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n \n N Kicker \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n N Kicker \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n J Thompson \n \n \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n N Kicker \n 6 \n 7 \n \n 7 \n \n \n
\n \n \n L Lacko \n 6 \n 7 \n 6 \n 7 \n \n \n \n \n L Lacko \n \n 5 \n 6 \n 5 \n \n
\n \n 22 \n M Raonic \n 7 \n 5 \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n M Fucsovics \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n
\n \n 29 \n R Gasquet \n 6 \n 6 \n 7 \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n R Federer \n 6 \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n \n B Kav\u010di\u010d \n \n \n 5 \n \n \n \n \n 29 \n R Gasquet \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n
\n \n Q \n L Sonego \n 6 \n 7 \n 6 \n 7 \n \n \n \n Q \n L Sonego \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n R Haase \n \n 5 \n 7 \n 5 \n \n \n \n \n 29 \n R Gasquet \n \n 5 \n \n \n \n
\n \n WC \n S-w Kwon \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n R Federer \n 6 \n 7 \n 6 \n \n \n
\n \n \n J-L Struff \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n \n \n J-L Struff \n \n \n 6 \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n A Bedene \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n R Federer \n 6 \n 6 \n 7 \n \n \n
\n \n \n R Federer \n 6 \n 6 \n 6 \n \n \n \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
\n
\n General
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Specific
\n
\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer wins sixth Australian Open and 20th Grand Slam title '' . BBC Sport. 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Federer wins record 20th Grand Slam title with five - set win over Cilic '' . tennis.com. 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer wins Australian Open and 20th major after beating Marin Cilic '' . CNN.com. 29 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Roger Federer beats Marin Cilic to win Australian Open 2018 men 's singles final -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 28 January 2018 . Retrieved 7 February 2018 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` From Milan To Melbourne , Chung Keeps Surging '' . atpworldtour.com. 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 24 January 2018 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Ryan , Peter ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Hyeon Chung takes South Korean tennis to the world '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 24 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Five takeaways from Hyeon Chung 's Aussie Open win over Novak Djokovic '' . Tennis.com. 22 January 2018 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 .
    8. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Australian Open ( Open Era ) singles drawsheets
\n Men 's singles \n
    \n
  • \n 1969
    • \n
  • \n 1970
    • \n
  • \n 1971
    • \n
  • \n 1972
    • \n
  • \n 1973
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1976
    • \n
  • \n 1977
      \n
    • \n Jan
      • \n
    • \n Dec
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n 1978
    • \n
  • \n 1979
    • \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n 1981
    • \n
  • \n 1982
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1984
    • \n
  • \n 1985
    • \n
  • \n 1986
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1988
    • \n
  • \n 1989
    • \n
  • \n 1990
    • \n
  • \n 1991
    • \n
  • \n 1992
    • \n
  • \n 1993
    • \n
  • \n 1994
    • \n
  • \n 1995
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1997
    • \n
  • \n 1998
    • \n
  • \n 1999
    • \n
  • \n 2000
    • \n
  • \n 2001
    • \n
  • \n 2002
    • \n
  • \n 2003
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2005
    • \n
  • \n 2006
    • \n
  • \n 2007
    • \n
  • \n 2008
    • \n
  • \n 2009
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2011
    • \n
  • \n 2012
    • \n
  • \n 2013
    • \n
  • \n 2014
    • \n
  • \n 2015
    • \n
  • \n 2016
    • \n
  • \n 2017
    • \n
  • \n 2018
    • \n
\n
\n Women 's singles \n
    \n
  • \n 1969
    • \n
  • \n 1970
    • \n
  • \n 1971
    • \n
  • \n 1972
    • \n
  • \n 1973
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1976
    • \n
  • \n 1977
      \n
    • \n Jan
      • \n
    • \n Dec
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n 1978
    • \n
  • \n 1979
    • \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n 1981
    • \n
  • \n 1982
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1984
    • \n
  • \n 1985
    • \n
  • \n 1986
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1988
    • \n
  • \n 1989
    • \n
  • \n 1990
    • \n
  • \n 1991
    • \n
  • \n 1992
    • \n
  • \n 1993
    • \n
  • \n 1994
    • \n
  • \n 1995
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1997
    • \n
  • \n 1998
    • \n
  • \n 1999
    • \n
  • \n 2000
    • \n
  • \n 2001
    • \n
  • \n 2002
    • \n
  • \n 2003
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2005
    • \n
  • \n 2006
    • \n
  • \n 2007
    • \n
  • \n 2008
    • \n
  • \n 2009
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2011
    • \n
  • \n 2012
    • \n
  • \n 2013
    • \n
  • \n 2014
    • \n
  • \n 2015
    • \n
  • \n 2016
    • \n
  • \n 2017
    • \n
  • \n 2018
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Australian Open men 's singles drawsheets
\n Pre-Open era \n
    \n
  • \n 1905
    • \n
  • \n 1906
    • \n
  • \n 1907
    • \n
  • \n 1908
    • \n
  • \n 1909
    • \n
  • \n 1910
    • \n
  • \n 1911
    • \n
  • \n 1912
    • \n
  • \n 1913
    • \n
  • \n 1914
    • \n
  • \n 1915
    • \n
  • \n 1916 -- 1918 ( WWI )
    • \n
  • \n 1919
    • \n
  • \n 1920
    • \n
  • \n 1921
    • \n
  • \n 1922
    • \n
  • \n 1923
    • \n
  • \n 1924
    • \n
  • \n 1925
    • \n
  • \n 1926
    • \n
  • \n 1927
    • \n
  • \n 1928
    • \n
  • \n 1929
    • \n
  • \n 1930
    • \n
  • \n 1931
    • \n
  • \n 1932
    • \n
  • \n 1933
    • \n
  • \n 1934
    • \n
  • \n 1935
    • \n
  • \n 1936
    • \n
  • \n 1937
    • \n
  • \n 1938
    • \n
  • \n 1939
    • \n
  • \n 1940
    • \n
  • \n 1941 -- 1945 ( WWII )
    • \n
  • \n 1946
    • \n
  • \n 1947
    • \n
  • \n 1948
    • \n
  • \n 1949
    • \n
  • \n 1950
    • \n
  • \n 1951
    • \n
  • \n 1952
    • \n
  • \n 1953
    • \n
  • \n 1954
    • \n
  • \n 1955
    • \n
  • \n 1956
    • \n
  • \n 1957
    • \n
  • \n 1958
    • \n
  • \n 1959
    • \n
  • \n 1960
    • \n
  • \n 1961
    • \n
  • \n 1962
    • \n
  • \n 1963
    • \n
  • \n 1964
    • \n
  • \n 1965
    • \n
  • \n 1966
    • \n
  • \n 1967
    • \n
  • \n 1968
    • \n
\n
\n Open era \n
    \n
  • \n 1969
    • \n
  • \n 1970
    • \n
  • \n 1971
    • \n
  • \n 1972
    • \n
  • \n 1973
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1976
    • \n
  • \n 1977
    • \n
  • \n 1977
    • \n
  • \n 1978
    • \n
  • \n 1979
    • \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n 1981
    • \n
  • \n 1982
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1984
    • \n
  • \n 1985
    • \n
  • \n 1986
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1988
    • \n
  • \n 1989
    • \n
  • \n 1990
    • \n
  • \n 1991
    • \n
  • \n 1992
    • \n
  • \n 1993
    • \n
  • \n 1994
    • \n
  • \n 1995
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1997
    • \n
  • \n 1998
    • \n
  • \n 1999
    • \n
  • \n 2000
    • \n
  • \n 2001
    • \n
  • \n 2002
    • \n
  • \n 2003
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2005
    • \n
  • \n 2006
    • \n
  • \n 2007
    • \n
  • \n 2008
    • \n
  • \n 2009
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2011
    • \n
  • \n 2012
    • \n
  • \n 2013
    • \n
  • \n 2014
    • \n
  • \n 2015
    • \n
  • \n 2016
    • \n
  • \n 2017
    • \n
  • \n 2018
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Australian Open men 's singles champions
\n
    \n
  • \n ( 1969 ) Rod Laver
    • \n
  • \n ( 1970 ) Arthur Ashe
    • \n
  • \n ( 1971 ) Ken Rosewall
    • \n
  • \n ( 1972 ) Ken Rosewall
    • \n
  • \n ( 1973 ) John Newcombe
    • \n
  • \n ( 1974 ) Jimmy Connors
    • \n
  • \n ( 1975 ) John Newcombe
    • \n
  • \n ( 1976 ) Mark Edmondson
    • \n
  • \n ( 1977 ( Jan ) ) Roscoe Tanner
    • \n
  • \n ( 1977 ( Dec ) ) Vitas Gerulaitis
    • \n
  • \n ( 1978 ) Guillermo Vilas
    • \n
  • \n ( 1979 ) Guillermo Vilas
    • \n
  • \n ( 1980 ) Brian Teacher
    • \n
  • \n ( 1981 ) Johan Kriek
    • \n
  • \n ( 1982 ) Johan Kriek
    • \n
  • \n ( 1983 ) Mats Wilander
    • \n
  • \n ( 1984 ) Mats Wilander
    • \n
  • \n ( 1985 ) Stefan Edberg
    • \n
  • \n ( 1986 ) Not Held
    • \n
  • \n ( 1987 ) Stefan Edberg
    • \n
  • \n ( 1988 ) Mats Wilander
    • \n
  • \n ( 1989 ) Ivan Lendl
    • \n
  • \n ( 1990 ) Ivan Lendl
    • \n
  • \n ( 1991 ) Boris Becker
    • \n
  • \n ( 1992 ) Jim Courier
    • \n
  • \n ( 1993 ) Jim Courier
    • \n
  • \n ( 1994 ) Pete Sampras
    • \n
  • \n ( 1995 ) Andre Agassi
    • \n
  • \n ( 1996 ) Boris Becker
    • \n
  • \n ( 1997 ) Pete Sampras
    • \n
  • \n ( 1998 ) Petr Korda
    • \n
  • \n ( 1999 ) Yevgeny Kafelnikov
    • \n
  • \n ( 2000 ) Andre Agassi
    • \n
  • \n ( 2001 ) Andre Agassi
    • \n
  • \n ( 2002 ) Thomas Johansson
    • \n
  • \n ( 2003 ) Andre Agassi
    • \n
  • \n ( 2004 ) Roger Federer
    • \n
  • \n ( 2005 ) Marat Safin
    • \n
  • \n ( 2006 ) Roger Federer
    • \n
  • \n ( 2007 ) Roger Federer
    • \n
  • \n ( 2008 ) Novak Djokovic
    • \n
  • \n ( 2009 ) Rafael Nadal
    • \n
  • \n ( 2010 ) Roger Federer
    • \n
  • \n ( 2011 ) Novak Djokovic
    • \n
  • \n ( 2012 ) Novak Djokovic
    • \n
  • \n ( 2013 ) Novak Djokovic
    • \n
  • \n ( 2014 ) Stanislas Wawrinka
    • \n
  • \n ( 2015 ) Novak Djokovic
    • \n
  • \n ( 2016 ) Novak Djokovic
    • \n
  • \n ( 2017 ) Roger Federer
    • \n
  • \n ( 2018 ) Roger Federer
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n 2018 ATP World Tour `` 2017 2019 ''
\n Grand Slam events \n
    \n
  • \n Australian Open ( S , D , X )
    • \n
  • \n French Open ( S , D , X )
    • \n
  • \n Wimbledon ( S , D , X )
    • \n
  • \n US Open ( S , D , X )
    • \n
\n
\n ATP World Tour Masters 1000 \n
    \n
  • \n Indian Wells ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Miami ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Monte Carlo ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Madrid ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Rome ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Montreal ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Cincinnati ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Shanghai ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Paris ( S , D )
    • \n
\n
\n ATP World Tour 500 series \n
    \n
  • \n Rotterdam ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Rio de Janeiro ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Dubai ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Acapulco ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Barcelona ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n London ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Halle ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Hamburg ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Washington D.C. ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Beijing ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Tokyo ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Vienna ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Basel ( S , D )
    • \n
\n
\n ATP World Tour 250 series \n
    \n
  • \n Brisbane ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Doha ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Pune ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Auckland ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Sydney ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Montpellier ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Sofia ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Quito ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Buenos Aires ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Uniondale ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Delray Beach ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Marseille ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n S\u00e3o Paulo ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Houston ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Marrakesh ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Budapest ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Estoril ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Istanbul ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Munich ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Geneva ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Lyon ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n ' s - Hertogenbosch ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Stuttgart ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Antalya ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Eastbourne ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n B\u00e5stad ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Newport ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Umag ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Atlanta ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Gstaad ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Kitzb\u00fchel ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Los Cabos ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Winston - Salem ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Metz ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n St. Petersburg ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Chengdu ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Shenzhen ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Antwerp ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Moscow ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Stockholm ( S , D )
    • \n
\n
\n Team events \n
    \n
  • \n Davis Cup ( World Group + Play - offs
    • \n
  • \n Americas
    • \n
  • \n Asia / Oceania
    • \n
  • \n Europe / Africa )
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n ATP Finals , London ( S , D )
    • \n
  • \n Next Generation ATP Finals , Milan
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Australian_Open_ -- _Men % 27s_Singles&oldid = 833748370 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who has won the mens singles title in the australian open tennis tournament", "long_answers": ["Roger Federer was the defending champion and successfully defended his title , defeating Marin \u010cili\u0107 in the final , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 . It was Federer 's 20th Grand Slam singles title and record - equalling sixth Australian Open men 's singles title ( tied with Roy Emerson and Novak Djokovic ) . With the win , Federer became the first male player to win at least six titles at two Grand Slam tournaments ( six at the Australian Open and eight at Wimbledon ) . Federer became the oldest man to win a Grand Slam singles title in the Open era since Ken Rosewall in 1972 . The time span between Federer 's first Grand slam glory at Wimbledon and this latest , almost 15 years , is an Open era record in the men 's singles field . This was also the 10th time that Federer has defended a Grand Slam title , with the previous time being at the 2008 US Open . \u010cili\u0107 became the first Croatian player to reach a singles final at the Australian Open .\n", "Men 's Singles 2018 Australian Open Champion Roger Federer Runner - up Marin \u010cili\u0107 Final score 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 Details Draw 128 ( 16 Q / 8 WC ) Seeds 32 Events Singles men women boys girls Doubles men women mixed boys girls Legends men women mixed WC Singles men women quad WC Doubles men women quad \u2190 2017 Australian Open 2019 \u2192\n"], "short_answers": ["Roger Federer\n", "Roger Federer\n", "Roger Federer\n", "Roger Federer\n", "Roger Federer\n"]} {"text": "FIFA World rankings - wikipedia

\n FIFA World rankings

\n This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 25 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's rankings . For the women 's rankings , see FIFA Women 's World Rankings . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Top 20 rankings as of 16 October 2017
\n Rank \n Change \n Team \n Points
\n \n \n Germany \n 1631
\n \n \n Brazil \n 1619
\n \n \n Portugal \n 1446
\n \n \n Argentina \n 1445
\n 5 \n \n Belgium \n 1333
\n 6 \n \n Poland \n 1323
\n 7 \n \n France \n 1226
\n 8 \n \n Spain \n 1218
\n 9 \n \n Chile \n 1173
\n 10 \n \n Peru \n 1160
\n 11 \n \n Switzerland \n 1134
\n 12 \n \n England \n 1116
\n 13 \n \n Colombia \n 1095
\n 14 \n \n Wales \n 1072
\n 15 \n \n Italy \n 1066
\n 16 \n \n Mexico \n 1060
\n 17 \n \n Uruguay \n 1034
\n 18 \n \n Croatia \n 1013
\n 19 \n 7 \n Denmark \n 1001
\n 20 \n 9 \n Netherlands \n 931
\n * Change from 14 September 2017
\n Complete rankings at FIFA.com
\n

\n The FIFA World Ranking is a ranking system for men 's national teams in association football , currently led by Germany . The teams of the member nations of FIFA , football 's world governing body , are ranked based on their game results with the most successful teams being ranked highest . The rankings were introduced in December 1992 , and eight teams ( Argentina , Belgium , Brazil , France , Germany , Italy , the Netherlands and Spain ) have held the top position , of which Brazil have spent longest ranked first .

\n

\n A points system is used , with points being awarded based on the results of all FIFA - recognised full international matches . Under the existing system , rankings are based on a team 's performance over the last four years , with more recent results and more significant matches being more heavily weighted to help reflect the current competitive state of a team .

\n

\n The ranking system was most recently revamped after the 2006 World Cup , with the first edition of the new series of rankings issued on 12 July 2006 . The most significant change is that the rankings are now based on results over the previous four years instead of the previous eight years . The change is perceived to respond to criticisms that the FIFA World Rankings , based upon the previous calculation method in use from January 1999 to June 2006 , did not effectively reflect the relative strengths of the national teams .

\n

\n Alternative systems have been devised , such as the World Football Elo Ratings , based on the Elo rating system used in chess and Go , ranking teams .

\n

\n In September 2017 , FIFA announced they were reviewing the ranking system and will decide after the end of the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification if any changes are to be made to improve the ranking .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n In December 1992 , FIFA first published a listing in rank order of its member associations to provide a basis for comparison of the relative strengths of these teams . From the following August , this list was more frequently updated , to be published most months . Significant changes were implemented in January 1999 and again in July 2006 , as a reaction to criticisms of the system . Historical records of the rankings , such as listed at FIFA.com , reflect the method of calculation in use at the time , as the current method has not been applied retrospectively to rankings prior to July 2006 . Membership of FIFA has expanded from 167 to 209 since the rankings began ; all 209 members are currently included in the rankings .

\n

\n 1993 -- 1998 calculation method ( edit )

\n

\n The ranking formula used from August 1993 until December 1998 was very simplistic and quickly became noticed for its lack of supporting factors . When the rankings were initially introduced , a team received one point for a draw or three for a victory in FIFA - recognised matches -- much the same as a traditional league scoring system . This was a quite simplistic approach , however , and FIFA quickly realised that there were many factors affecting international matches .

\n

\n 1999 ranking system update ( edit )

\n

\n In order to meet the objective of fairly and accurately comparing the relative strengths of various national sides , the system was updated in 1999 . The major changes were as follows :

\n \n

\n Two new awards were introduced as part of the system :

\n \n

\n The changes made the ranking system more complex , but helped improve its accuracy by making it more comprehensive .

\n

\n 1999 -- 2006 calculation method ( edit )

\n Main article : FIFA World Ranking system ( 1999 -- 2006 )

\n In January 1999 , FIFA introduced a revised system of ranking calculation , incorporating many changes in response to criticism of inappropriate rankings . For the ranking all matches , their scores and importance were all recorded , and were used in the calculation procedure . Only matches for the senior men 's national team were included . Separate ranking systems were used for other representative national sides such as women 's and junior teams , for example the FIFA Women 's World Rankings . The women 's rankings were , and still are , based on a procedure which is a simplified version of the Football Elo Ratings .

\n

\n 2006 ranking system update ( edit )

\n

\n FIFA announced that the ranking system would be updated following the 2006 World Cup . The evaluation period was cut from eight to four years , and a simpler method of calculation is now used to determine rankings . Goals scored and home or away advantage are no longer taken into account , and other aspects of the calculations , including the importance attributed to different types of match , have been revised . The first set of revised rankings and the calculation methodology were announced on 12 July 2006 .

\n

\n This change is rooted at least in part in widespread criticism of the previous ranking system . Many football enthusiasts felt it was inaccurate , especially when compared to other ranking systems and that it was not sufficiently responsive to changes in the performance of individual teams .

\n

\n Rank leaders ( edit )

\n FIFA World Ranking Leaders

\n When the system was introduced , Germany d\u00e9buted as the top - ranked team following their extended period of dominance in which they had reached the three previous FIFA World Cup finals , winning one of them . Brazil took the lead in the run up to the 1994 FIFA World Cup after winning eight and losing only one of nine qualification matches , while on the way scoring twenty goals and conceding just four . Italy then led for a short time on the back of their own equally successful World Cup qualifying campaign , after which the top place was re-claimed by Germany .

\n

\n Brazil 's success in their lengthy qualifying campaign returned them to the lead for a brief period . Germany led again during the 1994 World Cup , until Brazil 's victory in that competition gave them a large lead that would stand up for nearly seven years , until they were surpassed by a strong France team that captured both the 1998 FIFA World Cup and the 2000 European Football Championship .

\n

\n Success at the 2002 FIFA World Cup restored Brazil to the top position , where they remained until February 2007 , when Italy returned to the top for the first time since 1993 following their 2006 FIFA World Cup win in Germany . Just one month later , Argentina replaced them , reaching the top for the first time , but Italy regained its place in April . After winning the Copa Am\u00e9rica 2007 in July , Brazil returned to the top , but were replaced by Italy in September and then Argentina in October .

\n

\n In July 2008 , Spain took over the lead for the first time , having won UEFA Euro 2008 . Brazil began a sixth stint at the top of the rankings in July 2009 after winning the 2009 Confederations Cup , and Spain regained the title in November 2009 after winning every match in qualification for the 2010 FIFA World Cup .

\n

\n In April 2010 , Brazil returned to the top of the table . After winning the 2010 World Cup , Spain regained the top position and held it until August 2011 , when The Netherlands reached the top spot for the first time , only to relinquish it the following month .

\n

\n In July 2014 , Germany took over the lead once again , having won the 2014 FIFA World Cup . In July 2015 , Argentina reached the top spot for the first time since 2008 , after reaching both the 2014 FIFA World Cup Final , as well as the 2015 Copa America Final . In November 2015 , Belgium became the leader in the FIFA rankings for the first time , after topping their Euro 2016 qualifying group . Belgium led the rankings until April 2016 , when Argentina returned to the top . On April 6 , 2017 , Brazil returned to the No. 1 spot for the first time since just prior to the 2010 World Cup , but Germany regained the top spot in July after winning the Confederations Cup .

\n

\n Uses of the rankings ( edit )

\n

\n The rankings are used by FIFA to rank the progression and current ability of the national football teams of its member nations , and claims that they create `` a reliable measure for comparing national A-teams '' . They are used as part of the calculation , or the entire grounds to seed competitions . In the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification tournament , the rankings were used to seed the groups in the competitions involving CONCACAF members ( using the May rankings ) , CAF ( with the July set of data ) , and UEFA , using the specially postponed November 2007 ranking positions .

\n

\n The October 2009 ranking was used to determine the seeds for the 2010 FIFA World Cup final draw . The March 2011 ranking was used to seed the draw for the 2012 CAF Men 's Pre-Olympic Tournament second qualifying round .

\n

\n The rankings are also used to determine the winners of the two annual awards national teams receive on the basis of their performance in the rankings .

\n

\n Criticism ( edit )

\n

\n Since their introduction in 1992 , the FIFA World Rankings have been the subject of much debate , particularly regarding the calculation procedure and the resulting disparity between generally perceived quality and world ranking of some teams . For example , Norway was ranked second in October 1993 and July -- August 1995 , and the United States reached fourth in 2006 , to the surprise of even their own players . However , criticism regarding the unrealistic ranking continued even after the introduction of the new formula . Israel 's climb to 15th in November 2008 raised a few eyebrows even in the Israeli press , with the team missing a huge opportunity to break into the top 10 after conceding a last gasp equaliser against Latvia . Similarly , Belgium 's rank of world number 1 in November 2015 was met with skepticism in the press , given that Belgium had only played in one tournament final stage in the past 13 years .

\n

\n Prior to July 2006 , one of the main criticisms was that the rankings considered the performances of teams over an eight - year period , and that teams ' ranking positions did not correlate to their recent performances . This criticism has lessened somewhat with the introduction of a new formula , reflecting results over a four - year period , introduced in July 2006 . However , problems remain , particularly that hosts of some major tournaments do not take part in qualifying rounds , and instead participate only in friendlies which offer fewer points .

\n

\n This has been a factor which has resulted in 2014 World Cup hosts Brazil falling to a record low ranking of 22nd in the world . The perceived flaws in the FIFA system have led to the creation of a number of alternative rankings from football statisticians , including the World Football Elo Ratings and the rec. sport. soccer Statistics Foundation rankings .

\n

\n The current system has been criticised for being open to abuse . National teams can maintain a higher average score by playing fewer friendly matches , particularly against weaker opponents . For example , Switzerland were seeded for the 2014 World Cup draw , largely thanks to only playing three friendly matches in the previous year . Switzerland would have reduced their rating if they had played any more friendlies , as their average score was greater than the maximum possible score from winning a friendly match against the top - ranked nation .

\n

\n Romania were one of the surprise seeds for the 2018 World Cup preliminary draw after taking advice from a consultant and playing only one friendly in the year before the draw .

\n

\n Lastly , the use of regional strength multiplier in the ranking determination formula has been accused of further reinforcing and perpetuating the bias for and against certain regions . FIFA 's use of regional multiplier has been cited as a primary reason why most teams in AFC and CONCACAF have significantly lower FIFA rankings compared to their Elo rating based rankings .

\n

\n Current calculation method ( edit )

\n

\n After the 2006 FIFA World Cup , a revised calculation procedure for the FIFA rankings was introduced , with a significantly simplified procedure . The new rankings were compiled in response to criticism from the media . Meetings were attended by FIFA staff and external experts and a large amount of research was conducted by this group , resulting in the new ranking system . The new system was confirmed in Leipzig on 7 December 2005 by a committee of FIFA executives . Notable changes include the dropping of the home or away advantage and number of goals from the calculation , and the simplification of many aspects of the system .

\n

\n The system , like the previous ones , is extremely similar to that of a league , though with changes made to ensure that it is still representative of the teams ' performance despite playing differing numbers of matches per annum , and the differing strength of opposition that teams have to face . The factors taken into account are as follows :

\n \n

\n Teams ' actual scores are a result of the average points gained over each calendar year ; matches from the previous four years are considered , with more weight being given to recent ones .

\n

\n International `` a '' matches ( edit )

\n

\n In October 2012 , FIFA released a press circular defining what is considered to be an international `` A '' match .

\n

\n For the purposes of the ranking , FIFA defines an international `` A '' match as a match between two FIFA members for which both members field their first representative team ( `` A '' team ) .

\n

\n The FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking is based on a list of all international `` A '' matches that are recognised by FIFA .

\n

\n International `` A '' matches include matches played as part of the FIFA World Cup , FIFA World Cup qualifiers , FIFA Confederations Cup , continental final tournaments , continental qualifying competitions and international friendlies .

\n -- J\u00e9r\u00f4me Valcke , FIFA.com

\n Win , draw or defeat ( edit )

\n

\n In previous years a complicated system of points allocation was used , depending on how strong the opponent was , and how large the loss margin , which allowed weaker losing teams to gain points when playing a much stronger opposition , if they managed to put up a decent match . With the new system , the points allocation is simpler : three points for a win , one point for a draw , and zero points for a loss , in line with most league systems around the world .

\n

\n In the event of a match being decided by a penalty shootout , the winning team receives two points , and the losing team one point .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Result \n Points
\n Win ( no penalty shootout ) \n
\n Win ( penalty shootout ) \n
\n Draw \n
\n Loss ( penalty shootout ) \n
\n Loss ( no penalty shootout ) \n 0
\n

\n Until November 2012 , in two - legged play - offs , if Team A lost the first leg 2 -- 0 , then matched the result in the return leg and won after a penalty shootout , it received two points . However , if Team A won the return leg by one goal only , being eliminated in the process , it received 3 points . FIFA fixed this flaw starting with the November 2012 ranking .

\n

\n Match status ( edit )

\n

\n Different matches have different importance to teams , and FIFA has tried to respect this by using a weighting system , where the most significant matches are in the World Cup finals , and the lowest weighted are friendly matches . FIFA states that it wishes to recognise that friendlies are still important , since they make up half of the competitive matches counted in the rankings . FIFA also stated , however , that it did not plan to make any adjustment for teams that qualify directly for major tournaments .

\n

\n The match status multipliers are as follows :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Match status \n Multiplier
\n Friendly match \n x 1.0
\n FIFA World Cup and Continental cup qualifiers \n x 2.5
\n Continental cup and Confederations Cup finals \n x 3.0
\n World Cup finals match \n x 4.0
\n

\n Opponent strength ( edit )

\n

\n A win against a very highly ranked opponent is a considerably greater achievement than a win against a low - rated opponent , thus the strength of the opposing team is an important factor .

\n

\n The new system uses an opposition strength factor based on team rankings . The previous system was based on points difference .

\n

\n The formula used is :

\n
\n
\n Opposition strength multiplier = ( 200 \u2212 ranking position ) / 100 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ text ( Opposition strength multiplier ) ) = ( ( 200 - ( \\ text ( ranking position ) ) ) / 100 ) )
\n
\n

\n with the exceptions that the team ranked # 1 is given a multiplier of 2 , and teams ranked 150th and below are assigned the minimum multiplier of 0.5 .

\n

\n The ranking position is taken from the opposition 's ranking in the most recently published FIFA World Ranking before the match is included in the ranking calculation .

\n

\n The rankings published before July 2006 are purely historical and are not used for the new ranking calculation . Instead , FIFA went back as far as 1996 to apply the new formula and is using those new rankings for the current calculations .

\n

\n See the detailed break - down of point totals for teams from the top 20 in the October 2007 rankings .

\n

\n Regional strength ( edit )

\n

\n In addition to the opposition strength multiplier , FIFA considers the relative strength of entire confederations in the calculation . Each confederation is assigned a weighting between 0.85 and 1.0 , based on the relative performance of the confederations in the last three World Cups . Their values are as follows :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Confederation \n After 2014 World Cup \n After 2010 World Cup \n After 2006 World Cup \n Up to and including 2006 World Cup
\n UEFA ( Europe ) \n 0.99 \n 1.00 \n 1.00 \n 1.00
\n CONMEBOL ( South America ) \n 1.00 \n 1.00 \n 0.98 \n 1.00
\n CONCACAF ( North and Central America and Caribbean ) \n 0.85 \n 0.88 \n 0.85 \n 0.88
\n AFC ( Asia ) \n 0.85 \n 0.86 \n 0.85 \n 0.85
\n CAF ( Africa ) \n 0.85 \n 0.86 \n 0.85 \n 0.85
\n OFC ( Oceania ) \n 0.85 \n 0.85 \n 0.85 \n 0.85
\n

\n The multiplier used in the calculation is the average of the regional strength weighting of the two teams :

\n
\n
\n Regional strength multiplier = Team 1 regional weighting + Team 2 regional weighting 2 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ text ( Regional strength multiplier ) ) = ( \\ frac ( ( \\ text ( Team 1 regional weighting ) ) + ( \\ text ( Team 2 regional weighting ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) )
\n
\n

\n FIFA changed the formula used to compute the confederation weightings after the 2010 FIFA World Cup without public announcement . Without this modification , UEFA 's multiplier would have dropped for the first time below 1 , with CONMEBOL remaining the only confederation with a multiplier of 1 .

\n

\n The confederation weighting for AFC was increased in August 2011 from 0.85 to 0.86 after a computer programmer found an error in FIFA 's calculations .

\n

\n Assessment period ( edit )

\n

\n Matches played over the last four years ( 48 months ) are included in the calculation , but there is a weighting to put more emphasis on recent results . Previously an eight - year period was used . The date weighting is as follows :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Date of match \n Multiplier
\n Within the last 12 months \n \u00d7 1.0
\n 12 -- 24 months ago \n \u00d7 0.5
\n 24 -- 36 months ago \n \u00d7 0.3
\n 36 -- 48 months ago \n \u00d7 0.2
\n

\n If a team exceeds the assessment period without playing a match , it is temporarily removed from the rankings , and is reinstated as soon as it plays a match again . The most recent team to be temporarily absent from the rankings is S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe ( reinstated in November 2011 , after having been removed in December 2007 ) .

\n

\n Ranking formula ( edit )

\n

\n The final ranking points figure for a single match is multiplied by 100 and rounded to the nearest whole number .

\n
\n
\n Ranking points = Result points \u00d7 Match status \u00d7 Opposition strength \u00d7 Regional strength ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ text ( Ranking points ) ) = ( \\ text ( Result points ) ) \\ times ( \\ text ( Match status ) ) \\ times ( \\ text ( Opposition strength ) ) \\ times ( \\ text ( Regional strength ) ) )
\n
\n

\n Results for all matches played in the year are averaged together ( assuming at least five matches have been played ) . The average ranking points for the four previous years , weighted by their multiplier mentioned above , are added together to arrive at the final ranking points .

\n

\n Examples ( edit )

\n

\n The following examples use these hypothetical teams and confederations , and assume the games are played within the last 12 months :

\n \n

\n A friendly match is played between Amplistan and Bestrudia . Amplistan wins 2 -- 1 .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Match \n Team \n Result points \n Match status \n Opposition strength \n Regional strength \n Ranking points
\n Amplistan vs. Bestrudia ( friendly ) Result : 2 -- 1 \n Amplistan Bestrudia \n 0 \n 1.0 1.0 \n 0.50 1.98 \n 0.94 0.94 \n 141 0
\n

\n Bestrudia gets no ranking points because it lost the game , so all factors are multiplied by zero .

\n

\n Amplistan 's 141 ranking points are calculated like this :

\n \n

\n More examples :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Match \n Team \n Result points \n Match status \n Opposition strength \n Regional strength \n Ranking points
\n Amplistan vs. Bestrudia ( friendly ) Result : 1 -- 2 \n Amplistan Bestrudia \n 0 \n 1.0 1.0 \n 0.50 1.98 \n 0.94 0.94 \n 0 558
\n Amplistan vs. Bestrudia ( friendly ) Result : 1 -- 1 \n Amplistan Bestrudia \n \n 1.0 1.0 \n 0.50 1.98 \n 0.94 0.94 \n 47 186
\n Amplistan vs. Bestrudia ( World Cup finals ) Result : 2 -- 1 \n Amplistan Bestrudia \n 0 \n 4.0 4.0 \n 0.50 1.98 \n 0.94 0.94 \n 564 0
\n Amplistan vs. Bestrudia ( World Cup finals ) Result : 1 -- 1 ( Bestrudia wins on penalties ) \n Amplistan Bestrudia \n \n 4.0 4.0 \n 0.50 1.98 \n 0.94 0.94 \n 188 1488
\n Amplistan vs. Conesto ( friendly ) Result : 1 -- 2 \n Amplistan Conesto \n 0 \n 1.0 1.0 \n 1.61 1.98 \n 0.99 0.99 \n 0 588
\n Conesto vs. Delphiz ( Continental cup qualifiers ) Result : 4 -- 0 \n Conesto Delphiz \n 0 \n 2.5 2.5 \n 1.70 1.61 \n 0.96 0.96 \n 1224 0
\n Conesto vs. Delphiz ( Continental cup qualifiers ) Result : 0 -- 1 \n Conesto Delphiz \n 0 \n 2.5 2.5 \n 1.70 1.61 \n 0.96 0.96 \n 0 1159
\n Conesto vs. Amplistan ( World Cup finals ) Result : 0 -- 0 ( Amplistan wins on penalties ) \n Conesto Amplistan \n \n 4.0 4.0 \n 1.98 1.61 \n 0.99 0.99 \n 784 1275
\n

\n Conesto gets more points than Bestrudia for defeating the same team ( Amplistan ) because of the higher weighting of its confederation .

\n

\n Awards ( edit )

\n

\n Each year FIFA hands out two awards to its member nations , based on their performance in the rankings . They are :

\n

\n Team of the Year ( edit )

\n

\n Team of the Year is awarded to the team that finishes top of the FIFA World Ranking . Argentina are the Team of the Year for the second time in the 23 - year history of the rankings . Brazil hold the records for most consecutive wins ( seven , between 1994 and 2000 ) and most wins overall ( twelve ) . The table below shows the three best teams of each year .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n First place \n Second place \n Third place
\n 1993 \n Germany \n Italy \n Brazil
\n 1994 \n Brazil \n Spain \n Sweden
\n 1995 \n Brazil \n Germany \n Italy
\n \n Brazil \n Germany \n France
\n 1997 \n Brazil \n Germany \n Czech Republic
\n 1998 \n Brazil \n France \n Germany
\n 1999 \n Brazil \n Czech Republic \n France
\n 2000 \n Brazil \n France \n Argentina
\n 2001 \n France \n Argentina \n Brazil
\n 2002 \n Brazil \n France \n Spain
\n 2003 \n Brazil \n France \n Spain
\n \n Brazil \n France \n Argentina
\n 2005 \n Brazil \n Czech Republic \n Netherlands
\n 2006 \n Brazil \n Italy \n Argentina
\n 2007 \n Argentina \n Brazil \n Italy
\n 2008 \n Spain \n Germany \n Netherlands
\n 2009 \n Spain \n Brazil \n Netherlands
\n \n Spain \n Netherlands \n Germany
\n 2011 \n Spain \n Netherlands \n Germany
\n 2012 \n Spain \n Germany \n Argentina
\n 2013 \n Spain \n Germany \n Argentina
\n 2014 \n Germany \n Argentina \n Colombia
\n 2015 \n Belgium \n Argentina \n Spain
\n 2016 \n Argentina \n Brazil \n Germany
\n Performances by countries ( edit ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Team \n First place \n Second place \n Third place
\n Brazil \n 12 ( 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 & 2006 ) \n 3 ( 2007 , 2009 & 2016 ) \n 2 ( 1993 & 2001 )
\n Spain \n 6 ( 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 & 2013 ) \n 1 ( 1994 ) \n 3 ( 2002 , 2003 & 2015 )
\n Germany \n 2 ( 1993 & 2014 ) \n 6 ( 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2008 , 2012 & 2013 ) \n 4 ( 1998 , 2010 , 2011 & 2016 )
\n Argentina \n 2 ( 2007 & 2016 ) \n 3 ( 2001 , 2014 & 2015 ) \n 5 ( 2000 , 2004 , 2006 , 2012 & 2013 )
\n France \n 1 ( 2001 ) \n 5 ( 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 & 2004 ) \n 2 ( 1996 & 1999 )
\n Belgium \n 1 ( 2015 ) \n 0 \n 0
\n Netherlands \n 0 \n 2 ( 2010 & 2011 ) \n 3 ( 2005 , 2008 & 2009 )
\n Italy \n 0 \n 2 ( 1993 & 2006 ) \n 2 ( 1995 & 2007 )
\n Czech Republic \n 0 \n 2 ( 1999 & 2005 ) \n 1 ( 1997 )
\n Sweden \n 0 \n 0 \n 1 ( 1994 )
\n Colombia \n 0 \n 0 \n 1 ( 2014 )
\n

\n Best Mover of the year ( edit )

\n

\n The Best Mover of the Year was awarded to the team who made the best progress up the rankings over the course of the year . In the FIFA rankings , this is not simply the team that has risen the most places , but a calculation is performed in order to account for the fact that it becomes progressively harder to earn more points the higher up the rankings a team is .

\n

\n The calculation used is the number of points the team has at the end of the year ( z ) multiplied by the number of points it earned during the year ( y ) . The team with the highest index on this calculation received the award . The table below shows the top three best movers from each year .

\n

\n The award has not been an official part of the awards since 2006 .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n First place \n Second place \n Third place
\n 1993 \n Colombia \n Portugal \n Morocco
\n 1994 \n Croatia \n Brazil \n Uzbekistan
\n 1995 \n Jamaica \n Trinidad and Tobago \n Czech Republic
\n \n South Africa \n Paraguay \n Canada
\n 1997 \n Yugoslavia \n Bosnia and Herzegovina \n Iran
\n 1998 \n Croatia \n France \n Argentina
\n 1999 \n Slovenia \n Cuba \n Uzbekistan
\n 2000 \n Nigeria \n Honduras \n Cameroon
\n 2001 \n Costa Rica \n Australia \n Honduras
\n 2002 \n Senegal \n Wales \n Brazil
\n 2003 \n Bahrain \n Oman \n Turkmenistan
\n \n China PR \n Uzbekistan \n Ivory Coast
\n 2005 \n Ghana \n Ethiopia \n Switzerland
\n 2006 \n Italy \n Germany \n France
\n

\n While an official award has not been made for movements since 2006 , FIFA has released a list of the ' Best Movers ' in the rankings since 2007 .

\n

\n An example of the informal on - going `` Mover of the Year '' award is the recognition made by FIFA to Colombia in 2012 in an official press release . However , the calculation methodology had changed to the difference in ranking points over the course of the year ( rather than the methodology used in the official award from 1993 to 2006 ) . The results for latter years are based on a similar methodology .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Best mover \n Second best \n Third best
\n 2007 \n Mozambique \n Norway \n New Caledonia
\n 2008 \n Spain \n Montenegro \n Russia
\n 2009 \n Brazil \n Algeria \n Slovenia
\n \n Netherlands \n Montenegro \n Botswana
\n 2011 \n Wales \n Sierra Leone \n Bosnia and Herzegovina
\n 2012 \n Colombia \n Ecuador \n Mali
\n 2013 \n Ukraine \n Armenia \n United States
\n 2014 \n Germany \n Slovakia \n Belgium
\n 2015 \n Turkey \n Hungary \n Nicaragua
\n 2016 \n France \n Peru \n Poland
\n

\n Ranking schedule ( edit )

\n

\n Rankings are published monthly , usually on a Thursday . The deadline for the matches to be considered is usually the Thursday prior to the release date , but after major tournaments , all games up to the final are included .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Rankings schedule 2017
\n Release date
\n 12 January
\n 9 February
\n 9 March
\n 6 April
\n 4 May
\n 1 June
\n 6 July
\n 10 August
\n 14 September
\n 16 October
\n 23 November
\n 21 December
\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n Notes and references ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking - Ranking Table '' . FIFA . Retrieved 16 October 2017 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Ben Rumsby ( 4 September 2017 ) . `` Fifa to review rankings system after friendlies harm England 's World Cup seeding '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 4 October 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking Procedure '' . FIFA . Retrieved 28 March 2008 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Revised FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking '' . FIFA. 6 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2008 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Women 's World Ranking Procedure '' . FIFA . Retrieved 28 March 2008 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Great expectations '' . FIFA. 17 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2008 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` FIFA Ranking : Netherlands dethrone Spain '' . Football-Rankings.info. 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Brazil back on top of FIFA Ranking , Netherlands slump to record low '' . ESPN . 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 29 March 2017 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Fifa rankings : Northern Ireland reach highest point as Germany lead the way '' . BBC news . 6 July 2017 . Retrieved 8 July 2017 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` FIFA Organising Committee approves Final Draw procedure '' . FIFA. 2 December 2009 . Archived from the original on 25 December 2011 . Retrieved 13 April 2011 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Olympics -- updated draw procedure , with teams '' . CAFOnline.com . Confederation of African Football . 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 April 2011 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : `` The world rankings riddle '' . BBC Sport. 21 December 2000 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` FIFA adapting new world rankings '' ( PDF ) . Associated Press . 2 June 2006 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` FIFA chief praises IFA 's work '' . The Jerusalem Post . 29 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 27 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 February 2009 . Blatter was also asked about Israel 's unrealistic FIFA ranking . Despite failing to qualify for a major tournament in 38 years , the national team is currently ranked number 16 in the world , ahead of such team as Greece , Sweden and Denmark , and just two places below England .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Soccer : Quirky FIFA rankings system sees Israel climb to # 15 '' . The Jerusalem Post . 13 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2008 . Retrieved 13 February 2009 . Israel continued its baffling rise up the FIFA rankings on Wednesday , climbing one more position to a best - ever 15th in the world . Amazingly , the national team , which has n't reached a major tournament since the 1970 World Cup , is ahead of such teams as Greece ( 18 ) , Nigeria ( 22 ) , Sweden ( 29 ) , Scotland ( 33 ) , Denmark ( 34 ) and the Republic of Ireland ( 36 )
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` The Last Word : It 's time to get rid of the FIFA rankings '' . The Jerusalem Post . 14 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 November 2008 . Retrieved 13 February 2009 . So the news this week that Israel has risen another place to number 15 in the latest FIFA rankings , above Mexico ( 25 ) , Nigeria ( 22 ) , the US ( 24 ) and Colombia ( 40 ) , only serves to underline the futility of the ranking system .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` FIFA Ranking : November 2008 preview ( II ) '' . Football-Rankings.info. 20 October 2008 . Retrieved 13 February 2009 . Israel will improve ( again ! ) their best ever ranking , climbing one place to 15th . With a win ( instead of a draw ) against Latvia they would have been tied for 8th place with Russia .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Alistair Tweedale ( 13 October 2015 ) . `` Belgium rise to No1 in Fifa world rankings after they beat Israel -- despite playing one tournament in 13 years '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 14 November 2015 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` FIFA Rankings '' . Travour.com. 1 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2006 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Cummings , Michael . `` FIFA World Rankings Place Brazil 18th , Reinforce Flawed Nature of System '' . Retrieved 21 May 2013 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Freitas , Paulo . `` Scolari blames FIFA for Brazil 's poor ranking '' . Retrieved 16 June 2013 .
    22. \n
  22. \n ^ Jump up to : Burnton , Simon ( 17 October 2013 ) . `` With a bit of planning England could have been seeded ahead of the Swiss '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 June 2015 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Romania , Wales set to be surprise World Cup top seeds '' . USA Today . Associated Press . 23 July 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Romania took advice from a consultant who decoded some mysteries of a ranking system used by FIFA since 1992 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Gavril , Victor ( 5 July 2015 ) . `` Burleanu : `` Am consultat speciali\u0219ti \u00een clasamentul FIFA . '' Cum a urcat Rom\u00e2nia \u00een TOP 10 mondial '' ( Burleanu : `` We have consulted FIFA ranking specialists . '' How Romania climbed in the World Top 10 ) . Rom\u00e2nia Liber\u0103 ( in Romanian ) . Retrieved 29 July 2015 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup : Preliminary draw pots for UEFA '' . Football-Rankings.info. 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . I 've told Romanian FA officials in the spring of 2014 to avoid playing friendlies . Surprisingly , they heeded my advice .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Soccer rankings : farewell FIFA , hello Elo ? '' . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 07 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Circular no. 1324 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Retrieved 20 December 2012 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` FIFA Ranking : Flaw in the calculation '' . Football-Rankings.info. 14 September 2009 . Retrieved 9 October 2009 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` FIFA Ranking : November 2012 differences '' . Football-Rankings.info. 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2013 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` FIFA Ranking : Penalty shoot - out matches '' . Football-Rankings.info. 2 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 July 2013 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Finals is used in this sense to mean the ' final tournament ' ( as opposed to the qualifying tournament )
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking : In focus '' ( PDF ) . FIFA. 7 July 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 21 June 2007 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` 2006 revision of the FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking : Frequently Asked Questions About the FIFA World Ranking '' ( PDF ) . F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Football Association . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 21 June 2007 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ However , 2010 FIFA World Cup hosts South Africa competed in CAF qualifying despite automatically qualifying for the World Cup ; this is because CAF chose to combine the 2010 World Cup qualifying tournament with the qualifiers for the 2010 African Cup of Nations , an event for which South Africa had to separately qualify . South Africa failed to qualify for the 2010 African Cup of Nations .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` FIFA Rankings : September 2008 errors ( II ) '' . Football-rankings.info . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` FIFA miscalculated the rankings ... or did they ? '' . Football-rankings.info. 14 November 2007 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` Calculation FIFA Coca - Cola world ranking October 2007 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 23 June 2014 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` How are points calculated in the FIFA World Ranking ? '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 23 June 2014 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` FIFA Fact Sheet : How are points calculated in the FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking ? '' ( PDF ) . Fifa.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` FIFA Fact Sheet : How are points calculated in the FIFA / Coca - Cola World Ranking ? '' ( PDF ) . Fifa.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 20 .
    41. \n
  41. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Confederation weightings : One answer , more questions '' . Football-Rankings.info. 26 August 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Confederation weighting : Are the official values wrong ? '' . Football-Rankings.info. 11 August 2011 . Retrieved 4 July 2014 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Dutch dethrone Spain , Uruguay rise '' . FIFA. 24 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2011 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Team of the Year Award 2010 Archived 18 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . on the FIFA website
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Best Mover of the Year Archived 20 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine . on the FIFA website
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Spain on top and Wales highest climber on the FIFA website
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Top Team and the Best Mover of the Year on the FIFA website ( PDF )
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Spain finish 2012 on top , Colombia in fifth . FIFA.com . Retrieved on 12 August 2013 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` Spain on top , Ukraine highest climber '' . fifa.com. 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 19 December 2013 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` Germany conquer 2014 , Belgium , Slovakia impress '' . fifa.com. 18 December 2014 . Retrieved 18 December 2014 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Belgium and Turkey claim awards , Hungary return '' . fifa.com. 3 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2016 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ `` Argentina and France take Ranking awards '' . fifa.com. 22 December 2016 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2016 . Retrieved 12 December 2016 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Men 's Ranking Procedure on the FIFA website
    54. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n FIFA
\n
    \n
  • \n History of FIFA
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Anthem
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Congress
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Council
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Ethics Committee
    • \n
  • \n FIFA headquarters
    • \n
  • \n Football at the Summer Olympics
    • \n
  • \n List of football federations
    • \n
  • \n International Football Association Board
    • \n
  • \n Timeline of association football
    • \n
\n
\n Football codes \n
    \n
  • \n Association football
    • \n
  • \n Beach soccer
    • \n
  • \n Futsal
    • \n
\n
\n Confederations \n
    \n
  • \n AFC
    • \n
  • \n CAF
    • \n
  • \n CONCACAF
    • \n
  • \n CONMEBOL
    • \n
  • \n OFC
    • \n
  • \n UEFA
    • \n
\n
\n Men 's tournaments \n
    \n
  • \n FIFA World Cup
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Confederations Cup
    • \n
  • \n FIFA U-20 World Cup
    • \n
  • \n FIFA U-17 World Cup
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Club World Cup
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Futsal World Cup
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup
    • \n
  • \n Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup
    • \n
\n
\n Women 's tournaments \n
    \n
  • \n FIFA Women 's World Cup
    • \n
  • \n FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup
    • \n
  • \n FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Women 's Club World Cup
    • \n
\n
\n Other tournaments \n
    \n
  • \n FIFA Interactive World Cup
    • \n
\n
\n Presidents \n
    \n
  • \n Robert Gu\u00e9rin ( 1904 -- 1906 )
    • \n
  • \n Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 )
    • \n
  • \n Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 )
    • \n
  • \n Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 )
    • \n
  • \n Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 )
    • \n
  • \n Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 )
    • \n
  • \n Jo\u00e3o Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting )
    • \n
  • \n Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present )
    • \n
\n
\n General Secretaries \n
    \n
  • \n Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 )
    • \n
  • \n Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 )
    • \n
  • \n Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 )
    • \n
  • \n Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 )
    • \n
  • \n Helmut K\u00e4ser ( 1961 -- 1981 )
    • \n
  • \n Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n Michel Zen - Ruffinen ( 1998 -- 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n Urs Linsi ( 2002 -- 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n J\u00e9r\u00f4me Valcke ( 2007 -- 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Markus Kattner ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting )
    • \n
  • \n Fatma Samoura ( 2016 -- present )
    • \n
\n
\n Awards \n
    \n
  • \n FIFA 100
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Ballon d'Or
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Club of the Century
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Development Award
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Fair Play Award
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Female Player of the Century
    • \n
  • \n FIFA FIFPro World XI
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Order of Merit
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Player of the Century
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Presidential Award
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Pusk\u00e1s Award
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Women 's World Cup awards
    • \n
  • \n FIFA World Coach of the Year
    • \n
  • \n FIFA World Cup All - Time Team
    • \n
  • \n FIFA World Cup Dream Team
    • \n
  • \n FIFA World Cup awards
    • \n
  • \n FIFA World Player of the Year
    • \n
  • \n The Best FIFA Football Awards
    • \n
\n
\n Rankings \n
    \n
  • \n FIFA World Rankings
    • \n
  • \n FIFA World Ranking system ( 1999 -- 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Women 's World Rankings
    • \n
\n
\n Congresses \n
    \n
  • \n 51st ( Paris 1998 )
    • \n
  • \n 53rd ( Seoul 2002 )
    • \n
  • \n 61st ( Z\u00fcrich 2011 )
    • \n
  • \n 65th ( Z\u00fcrich 2015 )
    • \n
  • \n Extraordinary ( Z\u00fcrich 2016 )
    • \n
\n
\n Corruption \n
    \n
  • \n `` FIFA 's Dirty Secrets ''
    • \n
  • \n Garcia Report
    • \n
  • \n 2015 FIFA corruption case
    • \n
  • \n List of banned football officials
    • \n
\n
\n Others \n
    \n
  • \n FIFA ( video game series )
    • \n
  • \n List of FIFA country codes
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Disciplinary Code
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Fan Fest
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Futbol Mundial
    • \n
  • \n FIFA eligibility rules
    • \n
  • \n FIFA International Match Calendar
    • \n
  • \n FIFA International Referees List
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Master
    • \n
  • \n FIFA Transfer Matching System
    • \n
  • \n FIFA World Cup Trophy
    • \n
  • \n Non-FIFA
    • \n
  • \n United Passions
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n International association football
\n
    \n
  • \n FIFA
    • \n
  • \n Federations
    • \n
  • \n Teams
    • \n
  • \n Competitions
    • \n
  • \n World Cup
      \n
    • \n U-17
      • \n
    • \n U-20
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Confederations Cup
    • \n
  • \n Olympics
    • \n
  • \n Youth Olympics
    • \n
  • \n Universiade
    • \n
  • \n World Rankings
    • \n
  • \n The Best FIFA Football Awards
    • \n
  • \n Timeline of association football
    • \n
  • \n Comparison of association football and futsal
    • \n
\n
\n Africa \n
    \n
  • \n CAF -- Africa Cup of Nations
    • \n
  • \n U-23
    • \n
  • \n U-20
    • \n
  • \n U-17
    • \n
  • \n Regional ( CECAFA , CEMAC , COSAFA , WAFU )
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Asia \n
    \n
  • \n AFC -- Asian Cup
    • \n
  • \n U-23
    • \n
  • \n U-19
    • \n
  • \n U-16
    • \n
  • \n U-14
    • \n
  • \n Regional ( ASEAN , EAFF , SAFF , WAFF )
    • \n
\n
\n Europe \n
    \n
  • \n UEFA -- European Championship
    • \n
  • \n U-21
    • \n
  • \n U-19
    • \n
  • \n U-17
    • \n
\n
\n North America , Central America and the Caribbean \n
    \n
  • \n CONCACAF -- Gold Cup
    • \n
  • \n U-20
    • \n
  • \n U-17
    • \n
  • \n U-15
    • \n
  • \n Regional ( CFU , UNCAF )
    • \n
\n
\n Oceania \n
    \n
  • \n OFC -- Nations Cup
    • \n
  • \n U-20
    • \n
  • \n U-17
    • \n
\n
\n South America \n
    \n
  • \n CONMEBOL -- Copa Am\u00e9rica
    • \n
  • \n U-20
    • \n
  • \n U-17
    • \n
  • \n U-15
    • \n
\n
\n Non-FIFA \n
    \n
  • \n NF - Board -- Viva World Cup
    • \n
  • \n CONIFA - ConIFA World Football Cup
    • \n
  • \n ConIFA European Football Cup
    • \n
  • \n IGA - Island Games
    • \n
\n
\n Games \n
    \n
  • \n African Games
    • \n
  • \n Asian Games
    • \n
  • \n Central America
    • \n
  • \n Central America and Caribbean
    • \n
  • \n East Asian Games
    • \n
  • \n Francophonie Games
    • \n
  • \n Indian Ocean Island
    • \n
  • \n Lusophony Games
    • \n
  • \n Mediterranean Games
    • \n
  • \n Pan American Games
    • \n
  • \n Pan Arab Games
    • \n
  • \n Pacific Games
    • \n
  • \n South Asian Games
    • \n
  • \n Southeast Asian Games
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n See also
\n
\n Geography
\n
\n Codes
\n
\n Player / Club of the Century
\n
\n Women 's football
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Sports world rankings
\n
    \n
  • \n Archery
    • \n
  • \n Badminton ( junior )
    • \n
  • \n Beach soccer
    • \n
  • \n Baseball & softball
    • \n
  • \n Basketball
    • \n
  • \n Boxing
    • \n
  • \n Chess
    • \n
  • \n Cricket
      \n
    • \n Test
      • \n
    • \n ODI
      • \n
    • \n T20I
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Curling
    • \n
  • \n Cycling ( road )
    • \n
  • \n Darts
      \n
    • \n PDC
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Floorball
    • \n
  • \n Football
      \n
    • \n men
      • \n
    • \n women
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Golf
      \n
    • \n men
      • \n
    • \n women
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Field hockey
    • \n
  • \n Ice hockey
    • \n
  • \n Korfball
    • \n
  • \n Netball
    • \n
  • \n Rugby league
    • \n
  • \n Rugby union
    • \n
  • \n Snooker
    • \n
  • \n Squash
      \n
    • \n men
      • \n
    • \n women
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Table tennis
    • \n
  • \n Tennis
      \n
    • \n men
      • \n
    • \n women
      • \n
    • \n team
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Volleyball
      \n
    • \n beach
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Rankings&oldid=807045288 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who has been ranked no. 1 in the latest football rankings announced by fifa", "long_answers": ["Top 20 rankings as of 16 October 2017 Rank Change Team Points Germany 1631 Brazil 1619 Portugal 1446 Argentina 1445 5 Belgium 1333 6 Poland 1323 7 France 1226 8 Spain 1218 9 Chile 1173 10 Peru 1160 11 Switzerland 1134 12 England 1116 13 Colombia 1095 14 Wales 1072 15 Italy 1066 16 Mexico 1060 17 Uruguay 1034 18 Croatia 1013 19 7 Denmark 1001 20 9 Netherlands 931 * Change from 14 September 2017 Complete rankings at FIFA.com\n"], "short_answers": ["Germany\n", "Germany\n", "Germany\n"]} {"text": "All I Want for Christmas is You , a Night of Joy and Festivity - wikipedia

\n All I Want for Christmas is You , a Night of Joy and Festivity

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n All I Want for Christmas Is You , a Night of Joy and Festivity \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Residency by Mariah Carey
\n
\n Location \n
    \n
  • \n North America
    • \n
  • \n Europe
    • \n
\n
\n Venue \n Various
\n Associated albums \n Merry Christmas & Merry Christmas II You
\n Start date \n December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 )
\n End date \n December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 )
\n Legs \n 6
\n No. of shows \n
    \n
  • \n 6 in 2014
    • \n
  • \n 8 in 2015
    • \n
  • \n 9 in 2016
    • \n
  • \n 11 in 2017
    • \n
  • \n 34 in total
    • \n
\n
\n Attendance \n 65,195 ( 93 % )
\n Box office \n $7,335,589
\n Mariah Carey concert chronology
\n
    \n
  • \n The Elusive Chanteuse Show ( 2014 )
    • \n
  • \n All I Want for Christmas Is You , a Night of Joy & Festivity ( 2014 - 17 )
    • \n
  • \n Number 1 to Infinity ( 2015 -- 17 )
    • \n
\n
\n

\n All I Want for Christmas Is You , a Night of Joy and Festivity is the first concert residency by American singer Mariah Carey . Performed annually at the Beacon Theatre in Manhattan , New York , the residency began on December 15 , 2014 , and will conclude on December 22 , 2017 , after completing six legs and thirty - four shows . Billboard revealed that the six dates had sold out with a total of 16,196 tickets while grossing $1.5 million during the first leg of the residency . The main set list for the show encompassed songs from Merry Christmas and Merry Christmas II You , with additional non-holiday tracks . The show also included `` a cast of forty , including a gospel choir , a clutch of carolers , several acrobats and a hyperactive round of kid singer / dancers . ''

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Background and development ( edit )

\n

\n Mariah Carey released her fourteenth studio album , titled Me . I Am Mariah ... The Elusive Chanteuse , on May 27 , 2014 . It debuted at number three on the Billboard 200 album chart with opening week sales of 58,000 copies in the United States , and number one on the Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums chart . Carey embarked on her eighth concert tour called The Elusive Chanteuse Show in October and November later that year , whereby she performed concerts throughout East Asia , South East Asia and Australasia . During the Australasian leg , Carey announced that she would take up residency at the Beacon Theatre in the New York City borough of Manhattan to be performed annually in December , as a twentieth anniversary celebration of the release of her first Christmas album , Merry Christmas , in 1994 , as well as her second Christmas album , Merry Christmas II You ( 2010 ) . Carey said in an announcement `` I ca n't imagine being anywhere more special than live on stage , in my hometown , celebrating with my fans during the Christmas season , my most treasured time of the year , I ca n't wait ! ''

\n

\n Critical reception ( edit )

\n

\n Jim Farber of the New York Daily News stated that while Carey `` seemed nervous and out - of - breath , '' the show had `` a strange allure . '' Steven J. Horowitz from Billboard praised the singer 's first performance at the venue , writing : `` Carey accomplished what she came to do : spread Christmas cheer . '' Jon Caramanica from The New York Times who also reviewed the first show wrote the singer felt `` utterly at ease '' and commended her engagement with the audience .

\n

\n Commercial performance ( edit )

\n

\n Following the announcement of the residency in October 2014 , tickets for shows on December 15 , 16 , 18 and 20 went on pre-sale on November 3 for Citigroup cardholders , while general release followed a week later on November 10 . Additional dates for December 21 and 22 were later released . Billboard later announced that the six dates generated a 100 % attendance , with Carey playing to a total of 16,196 people and the shows grossing $1,563,173 in total .

\n

\n In October 2015 , a new string of dates were announced once again at the Beacon Theatre with tickets available on October 17 via Ticketmaster .

\n

\n Set list ( edit )

\n

\n This set list is representative of the performance on December 18 , 2014 . It is not necessarily representative of all concerts for the duration of the shows .

\n
    \n
  1. \n `` Hark ! The Herald Angels Sing '' / `` Gloria ( In Excelsis Dio ) ''
    2. \n
  2. \n `` Charlie Brown Christmas ''
    3. \n
  3. \n `` Oh Santa ! ''
    4. \n
  4. \n `` Christmas ( Baby Please Come Home ) ''
    5. \n
  5. \n `` Silent Night ''
    6. \n
  6. \n `` Joy to the World ''
    7. \n
  7. \n `` When Christmas Comes ''
    8. \n
  8. \n `` Here Comes Santa Claus ( Right Down Santa Claus Lane ) '' / `` Housetop Celebration ''
    9. \n
  9. \n `` Christmas Time Is in the Air Again ''
    10. \n
  10. \n `` O Holy Night ''
    11. \n
  11. \n `` Emotions ''
    12. \n
  12. \n `` We Belong Together ''
    13. \n
  13. \n `` Hero ''
    14. \n
  14. \n `` All I Want for Christmas Is You ''
    15. \n
\n
\n
\n Guest performers
\n
\n \n

\n Residency dates ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Date \n Venue \n City \n Country \n Sellouts / Shows \n Attendance / Capacity \n Revenue
\n Leg 1 -- North America
\n December 15 , 2014 \n Beacon Theatre \n New York City \n United States \n 6 / 6 \n 16,196 / 16,196 ( 100 % ) \n $1,563,173
\n December 16 , 2014
\n December 18 , 2014
\n December 20 , 2014
\n December 21 , 2014
\n December 22 , 2014
\n Leg 2 -- North America
\n December 8 , 2015 \n Beacon Theatre \n New York City \n United States \n N / A \n N / A \n N / A
\n December 9 , 2015
\n December 11 , 2015
\n December 12 , 2015
\n December 14 , 2015
\n December 15 , 2015
\n December 17 , 2015
\n December 18 , 2015
\n Leg 3 -- North America
\n December 5 , 2016 \n Beacon Theatre \n New York City \n United States \n 7 / 9 \n 23,392 / 24,169 ( 96 % ) \n $2,369,921
\n December 7 , 2016
\n December 8 , 2016
\n December 10 , 2016
\n December 11 , 2016
\n December 13 , 2016
\n December 14 , 2016
\n December 16 , 2016
\n December 17 , 2016
\n Leg 4 -- North America
\n December 2 , 2017 \n Beacon Theatre \n New York City \n United States \n N / A \n N / A \n N / A
\n December 4 , 2017
\n December 5 , 2017
\n Leg 5 -- Europe
\n December 9 , 2017 \n AccorHotels Arena \n Paris \n France \n N / A \n N / A \n N / A
\n December 10 , 2017 \n Manchester Arena \n Manchester \n England
\n December 11 , 2017 \n The O2 Arena \n London \n 0 / 1 \n 15,074 / 16,290 ( 92 % ) \n $1,525,000
\n Leg 6 -- North America
\n December 14 , 2017 \n The Colosseum at Caesars Palace \n Las Vegas \n United States \n 0 / 5 \n 14,533 / 17,434 ( 83 % ) \n $1,897,495
\n December 16 , 2017
\n December 17 , 2017
\n December 20 , 2017
\n December 22 , 2017
\n Total \n 13 / 21 \n 69,195 / 74,089 ( 93 % ) \n $7,335,589
\n

\n Cancelled shows ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Date \n Venue \n City \n Country \n Reason
\n 2017
\n November 17 , 2017 \n Caesars Windsor \n Windsor \n Canada \n `` Artist illness '' ( Upper respiratory infection )
\n November 18 , 2017 \n Chicago Theatre \n Chicago \n United States
\n November 20 , 2017 \n Sands Bethlehem Event Center \n Bethlehem
\n November 21 , 2017 \n Seneca Niagara Events Center \n Niagara Falls
\n November 22 , 2017 \n Hard Rock Rocksino Northfield Park \n Cleveland
\n November 24 , 2017 \n MGM National Harbor \n Washington , D.C.
\n November 25 , 2017 \n Borgata Hotel Casino & Spa \n Atlantic City
\n November 28 , 2017 \n Beacon Theatre \n New York City
\n December 1 , 2017
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Lopez , Francisco ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey 's ' All I Want For Christmas Is You ' performance at the Beacon NYC '' . AXS.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Gamboa , Glenn ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey sets holiday shows at Beacon Theatre '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Farber , Jim ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey overdoes herself at wavering Beacon Theatre show : concert review '' . Daily News . New York . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Stern , Bradley ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey Announces ' The Elusive Chanteuse Show ' : See The First Tour Dates '' . Idolator . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Brandle , Lars ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey Announces ' Elusive Chanteuse ' Tour of Australia '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Gamboa , Glen ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey sets holiday shows at Beacon Theatre '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Smith , Courtney E. ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey Announces NYC Christmas Concerts '' . Radio.com . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Horowitz , Steven J. ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey Brings Christmas Cheer to NYC 's Beacon Theater '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Caramanica , Jon ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` A Diva and a Holiday , Intertwined '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Mariah Carey kicks off Christmas extravaganza in NYC '' . Rap - Up . December 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard Boxscore : : Current Scores '' . Billboard . January 28 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2015 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Jessica ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` Mariah Carey announces second annual Christmas concert series '' . E ! News . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` Mariah Carey Basks in Christmas Chart Reign at NYC 's Beacon Theater : Concert Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ http://www.etonline.com/news/204548_john_legend_makes_a_surprise_appearance_at_mariah_carey_nyc_concert_watch/
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ http://www.rap-up.com/2016/12/09/mariah-carey-r-kelly-perform-the-christmas-song/
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Current Boxscore '' . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2017 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Current Boxscore '' . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2018 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Current Boxscore '' . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2018 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ http://www.torontosun.com/2017/07/19/mariah-carey-brings-christmas-concert-series-to-las-vegas
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ http://windsorstar.com/news/local-news/mariah-carey-cancels-caesars-windsor-show
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ http://www.etonline.com/mariah-carey-cancels-first-shows-christmas-concert-due-respiratory-infection-91147
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8038463/mariah-carey-cancels-shows-christmas-tour
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ http://metro.co.uk/2017/11/25/mariah-carey-cancels-more-christmas-tour-shows-for-a-few-extra-days-rest-7107422/
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ http://www.eonline.com/news/896163/mariah-carey-further-postpones-christmas-tour-over-health-issues
    25. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n Book : Merry Christmas II You
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Mariah Carey
\n
    \n
  • \n Albums
    • \n
  • \n Songs
    • \n
  • \n Awards and nominations
    • \n
  • \n Singles
    • \n
  • \n Videography
    • \n
  • \n Performances
    • \n
\n
\n Studio albums \n
    \n
  • \n Mariah Carey
    • \n
  • \n Emotions
    • \n
  • \n Music Box
    • \n
  • \n Merry Christmas
    • \n
  • \n Daydream
    • \n
  • \n Butterfly
    • \n
  • \n Rainbow
    • \n
  • \n Charmbracelet
    • \n
  • \n The Emancipation of Mimi
    • \n
  • \n E = MC2
    • \n
  • \n Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel
    • \n
  • \n Merry Christmas II You
    • \n
  • \n Me . I Am Mariah ... The Elusive Chanteuse
    • \n
\n
\n Live albums \n
    \n
  • \n MTV Unplugged
    • \n
\n
\n Compilation albums \n
    \n
  • \n # 1 's
    • \n
  • \n Greatest Hits
    • \n
  • \n The Remixes
    • \n
  • \n The Ballads
    • \n
  • \n The Essential Mariah Carey
    • \n
  • \n # 1 to Infinity
    • \n
\n
\n Soundtrack albums \n
    \n
  • \n Glitter
    • \n
\n
\n Video albums \n
    \n
  • \n The First Vision
    • \n
  • \n MTV Unplugged + 3
    • \n
  • \n Here Is Mariah Carey
    • \n
  • \n Fantasy : Mariah Carey at Madison Square Garden
    • \n
  • \n Around the World
    • \n
  • \n # 1 's
    • \n
  • \n The Adventures of Mimi
    • \n
\n
\n Television \n
    \n
  • \n VH1 Divas
    • \n
  • \n American Idol
    • \n
  • \n A Christmas Melody
    • \n
  • \n Mariah 's World
    • \n
\n
\n Concert tours \n
    \n
  • \n Music Box Tour
    • \n
  • \n Daydream World Tour
    • \n
  • \n Butterfly World Tour
    • \n
  • \n Rainbow World Tour
    • \n
  • \n Charmbracelet World Tour
    • \n
  • \n The Adventures of Mimi
    • \n
  • \n Angels Advocate Tour
    • \n
  • \n The Elusive Chanteuse Show
    • \n
  • \n The Sweet Sweet Fantasy Tour
    • \n
  • \n All the Hits Tour
    • \n
  • \n The # 1 's Tour
    • \n
\n
\n Concert residencies \n
    \n
  • \n Live at the Pearl
    • \n
  • \n All I Want for Christmas Is You , a Night of Joy and Festivity
    • \n
  • \n # 1 to Infinity
    • \n
\n
\n Fragrances \n
    \n
  • \n M by Mariah Carey
    • \n
  • \n Luscious Pink
    • \n
  • \n Forever
    • \n
\n
\n Companies \n
    \n
  • \n Monarc Entertainment
    • \n
  • \n Butterfly MC Records
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Tommy Mottola
    • \n
  • \n Nick Cannon
    • \n
  • \n Lionel Cole
    • \n
  • \n James Packer
    • \n
  • \n VH1 Divas
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_I_Want_for_Christmas_Is_You,_a_Night_of_Joy_and_Festivity&oldid=819618785 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "all i want for christmas is you mariah carey tour", "long_answers": ["All I Want for Christmas Is You , a Night of Joy and Festivity is the first concert residency by American singer Mariah Carey . Performed annually at the Beacon Theatre in Manhattan , New York , the residency began on December 15 , 2014 , and will conclude on December 22 , 2017 , after completing six legs and thirty - four shows . Billboard revealed that the six dates had sold out with a total of 16,196 tickets while grossing $1.5 million during the first leg of the residency . The main set list for the show encompassed songs from Merry Christmas and Merry Christmas II You , with additional non-holiday tracks . The show also included `` a cast of forty , including a gospel choir , a clutch of carolers , several acrobats and a hyperactive round of kid singer / dancers . ''\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Bed - wikipedia

\n Bed

\n This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 10 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Bed ( disambiguation ) . Bedroom on the Detmold Open - air Museum premises

\n A bed is a piece of furniture which is used as a place to sleep or relax .

\n

\n Most modern beds consist of a soft , cushioned mattress on a bed frame , the mattress resting either on a solid base , often wood slats , or a sprung base . Many beds include a box spring inner - sprung base , which is a large mattress - sized box containing wood and springs that provide additional support and suspension for the mattress . Beds are available in many sizes , ranging from infant - sized bassinets and cribs , to small beds for a single person or adult , to large queen and king - size beds designed for two people . While most beds are single mattresses on a fixed frame , there are other varieties , such as the murphy bed , which folds into a wall , the sofa bed , which folds out of a sofa , and the bunk bed , which provides two mattresses on two tiers . Temporary beds include the inflatable air mattress and the folding camp cot . Some beds contain neither a padded mattress nor a bed frame , such as the hammock , which is considered one of the most comfortable places to rest while swaying side to side . Some beds are made especially for animals .

\n

\n Beds may have a headboard for resting against , and may have side rails and footboards ( or `` footers '' ) . `` Headboard only '' beds may incorporate a `` dust ruffle '' , `` bed skirt '' , or `` valance sheet '' to hide the bed frame . To support the head , a pillow made of a soft , padded material is usually placed on the top of the mattress . Some form of covering blanket is often used to insulate the sleeper , often bed sheets , a quilt , or a duvet , collectively referred to as bedding . Bedding is the removable non-furniture portion of a bed , which enables these components to be washed or aired out .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History

\n

\n Ancient world

\n Tutankhamun 's gilded bed from the 14th century BC

\n Early beds were little more than piles of straw or some other natural material ( e.g. a heap of palm leaves , animal skins , or dried bracken ) . An important change was raising them off the ground , to avoid drafts , dirt , and pests . Bedding dated around to 3600 BC was discovered in Sibudu Cave , South Africa . The bedding consists of sedge and other monocotyledons topped with the leaves of Cryptocarya woodii Engl . Beds found in a preserved northern Scottish village , which were raised boxes made of stone and likely topped with comfortable fillers , were dated to between 3200 BC and 2200 BC . The Egyptians had high bedsteads which were ascended by steps , with bolsters or pillows , and curtains to hang around . The elite of Egyptian society such as its pharaohs and queens even had beds made of wood , sometimes gilded . Often there was a head - rest as well , semi-cylindrical and made of stone , wood , or metal . Ancient Assyrians , Medes , and Persians had beds of a similar kind , and frequently decorated their furniture with inlays or appliques of metal , mother - of - pearl , and ivory .

\n Headrest with Two Images of the God Bes , ca . 1539 - 1190 B.C.E. , 37.435 E , Brooklyn Museum

\n The image to the right showcases a headrest . Headrests like this were used in life to support the head while sleeping . They are also found supporting a mummy 's head in the coffin . This headrest perhaps was made specifically for the tomb , since the offering prayer has been inscribed on the supporting column , although the prayer may have been added after the death of the owner .

\n

\n The oldest account of a bed is probably that of Odysseus : a charpoy woven of rope plays a role in the Odyssey . A similar bed can be seen at the St Fagans National History Museum in Wales . Odysseus also gives an account of how he crafted the nuptial bed for himself and Penelope , out of an ancient , huge olive tree trunk that used to grow on the spot before the bridal chamber was built . His detailed description finally persuades the doubting Penelope that the shipwrecked , aged man is indeed her long - lost husband . Homer also mentions the inlaying of the woodwork of beds with gold , silver , and ivory . The Greek bed had a wooden frame , with a board at the head and bands of hide laced across , upon which skins were placed . At a later period the bedstead was often veneered with expensive woods ; sometimes it was of solid ivory veneered with tortoise - shell and with silver feet ; often it was of bronze . The pillows and coverings also became more costly and beautiful ; the most celebrated places for their manufacture were Miletus , Corinth and Carthage . Folding beds , too , appear in the famous Ancient Greek vase paintings .

\n

\n Roman mattresses were stuffed with reeds , hay , or wool . Feathers were used towards the end of the Republic , when custom demanded luxury . Small cushions were placed at the head and sometimes at the back . The bedsteads were high and could only be ascended by the help of steps . They were often arranged for two people , and had a board or railing at the back , as well as the raised portion at the head . The counterpanes were sometimes very costly , generally purple embroidered with figures in gold ; and rich hangings fell to the ground masking the front . The bedsteads themselves were often of bronze inlaid with silver , and Elagabalus had one of solid silver . In the walls of some houses at Pompeii bed niches are found which were probably closed by curtains or sliding partitions . Ancient Romans had various kinds of beds for repose . These included :

\n \n

\n Medieval Europe

\n

\n The ancient Germans lay on the floor on beds of leaves covered with skins , or in a kind of shallow chest filled with leaves and moss . In the early Middle Ages they laid carpets on the floor or on a bench against the wall , placed upon them mattresses stuffed with feathers , wool , or hair , and used skins as a covering . Curtains were hung from the ceiling or from an iron arm projecting from the wall . They appear to have generally lain naked in bed , wrapping themselves in large linen sheets which were stretched over the cushions .

\n Southampton Medieval Merchant 's House bedroom

\n In the 12th century , luxury increased and bedsteads were made of wood much decorated with inlaid , carved , and painted ornamentation . They also used folding beds , which served as couches by day and had cushions covered with silk laid upon leather . At night a linen sheet was spread and pillows placed , while silk - covered skins served as coverlets . The Carolingian manuscripts show metal bedsteads much higher at the head than at the feet , and this shape continued in use until the 13th century in France , many cushions being added to raise the body to a sloping position . In 12th - century manuscripts , the bedsteads appear much richer , with inlays , carving , and painting , and with embroidered coverlets and mattresses in harmony . Curtains were hung above the bed and a small hanging lamp is often shown .

\n

\n In the 14th century the woodwork became of less importance , generally being entirely covered by hangings of rich materials . Silk , velvet , and even cloth of gold were frequently used . Inventories from the beginning of the 14th century give details of these hangings lined with fur and richly embroidered . It was then that the Four poster bed ( also known as a tester bed ) made its first appearance , the bed being slung from the ceiling or fastened to the walls , a form which developed later into a room within a room , shut in by double curtains , sometimes even to exclude all drafts . The space between bed and wall was called the ruelle , and very intimate friends were received there . The 14th century is also the time when feather beds became highly prized possessions .

\n

\n In the 15th century beds became very large , reaching 7 to 8 feet ( 2.1 to 2.4 m ) by 6 to 7 feet ( 1.8 to 2.1 m ) . The mattresses were often filled with pea - shucks , straw , or feathers . At this time great personages were in the habit of carrying most of their property about with them , including beds and bed - hangings , and for this reason the bedsteads were for the most part mere frameworks to be covered up ; but about the beginning of the 16th century bedsteads were made lighter and more decorative , since the lords remained in the same place for longer periods .

\n

\n Renaissance and modern Europe

\n

\n In the 17th century , which has been called `` the century of magnificent beds '' , the style a la duchesse , with tester and curtains only at the head , replaced the more enclosed beds in France , though they lasted much longer in England . Louis XIV had an enormous number of sumptuous beds , as many as 413 being described in the inventories of his palaces . Some of them had embroideries enriched with pearls , and figures on a silver or golden ground . The great bed at Versailles had crimson velvet curtains on which `` The Triumph of Venus '' was embroidered . So much gold was used that the velvet scarcely showed .

\n Napoleon I 's bed

\n In the 18th century feather pillows were first used as coverings in Germany , which in the fashions of the bed and the curious etiquette connected with the bedchamber followed France for the most part . The beds were a la duchesse , but in France itself there was great variety both of name and shape . The custom of the `` bed of justice '' upon which the king of France reclined when he was present in parliament , the princes being seated , the great officials standing , and the lesser officials kneeling , was held to denote the royal power even more than the throne .

\n

\n Louis XI is credited with its first use and the custom lasted till the end of the monarchy . In the chambre de parade , where the ceremonial bed was placed , certain persons , such as ambassadors or great lords , whom it was desired to honour , were received in a more intimate fashion than the crowd of courtiers . At Versailles women received their friends in their beds , both before and after childbirth , during periods of mourning , and even directly after marriage -- in fact in any circumstances which were thought deserving of congratulation or condolence . During the 17th century this curious custom became general , perhaps to avoid the tiresome details of etiquette . Portable beds were used in high society in France till the end of the Ancien R\u00e9gime . The earliest of which mention has been found belonged to Charles the Bold . They had curtains over a light framework , and were in their way as fine as the stationary beds .

\n

\n Iron beds appear in the 18th century ; the advertisements declare them as free from the insects which sometimes infested wooden bedsteads . Elsewhere , there was also the closed bed with sliding or folding shutters , and in England -- where beds were commonly quite simple in form -- the four poster was the usual citizen 's bed until the middle of the 19th century .

\n

\n Bed sizes

\n Main article : Bed size

\n Bed sizes vary considerably around the world , with most countries having their own standards and terminology . While the `` double '' size appears to be standard among English speaking countries , based on the imperial measurement of 4 ft 6 in by 6 ft 3 in ( 137 cm x 190 cm ) , the sizes for other bed types tend to vary . The mainland European sizes differ , not merely because of the use of the metric system .

\n

\n In the mid-1950s , the United States bedding industry introduced a new size : the king size . A king - sized bed differs from the other sizes in implementation , as it is not common to have a king - sized box spring ; rather , two smaller box - springs are used under a king - sized mattress . It is a common misconception that in a US `` standard '' or `` Eastern king '' , the box springs are identical in size to a `` twin extra-long '' ; however , `` twin extra-long '' mattresses next to each other add up to 78 inches ( 200 cm ) wide instead of the 76 inches ( 190 cm ) width that is standard for an `` eastern king '' . Another size variant in the United States is the `` California king '' , which measures 72 by 84 inches ( 180 cm \u00d7 210 cm ) long ( narrower but longer than the standard king ) .

\n

\n What is referred to as a `` single bed '' in many parts of the world may also be known in US terminology as a `` twin bed . '' In some countries , a `` twin bed '' may also be used to describe one of two single beds in the same room . As another example , in some cultures , the `` full mattress '' is referred to as a `` master size bed . ''

\n

\n When a mattress is available in fixed size ( for example , twin or queen ) , and the description does not specify the exact size , this table may be used .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Mattress size \n Size in inches \n Size in cm
\n Cot size \n 30 '' wide x 74 '' long \n 76x188
\n Twin \n 39 '' wide x 75 '' long \n 99x190
\n Twin extra long \n 39 '' wide x 80 '' long \n 99x203
\n Full size \n 54 '' wide x 75 '' long \n 137x190
\n Full extra long \n 54 '' wide x 80 '' long \n 137x203
\n Queen size \n 60 '' wide x 80 '' long \n 153x203
\n Cal - king \n 72 '' wide x 84 '' long \n 183x214
\n King size \n 76 '' wide x 80 '' long \n 193x203
\n

\n All mattresses are made according to certain standards , but different brands sometimes have exceptions . Most often , the difference is 2 - 5 inches .

\n

\n Notable examples

\n The Great Bed of Ware , one of the largest beds in the world

\n One of the largest beds in the world is the Great Bed of Ware , made in about 1580 . It is 3.26 metres ( 10.7 ft ) wide , 3.38 metres ( 11.1 ft ) long . The bed is mentioned by Shakespeare in Twelfth Night . It is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum ( V&A ) in London . Another bed in the V&A is the Golden Bed created by William Burges in 1879 .

\n

\n In 1882 , an Indian Maharajah had a bed made of solid silver . At each corner of the bed there was a life - sized statue of a naked woman holding a fan . When the Maharajah lay on the bed , his weight started a mechanism that made the women wave their fans .

\n

\n In 1865 , a convertible bed in the form of an upright piano was available , which could provide home entertainment while saving space .

\n

\n Types

\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n See also : Category : Beds Lit \u00e0 la Polonaise ( Polish style bed ) , Royal Castle in Warsaw , 18th century . Patent # 322,177 , on 14 July 1885 issued to Sarah E. Goode for a cabinet bed Drawing of a candle - lit mourning bed ( Trauerger\u00fcst ) for abbess Franziska Christine von Pfalz - Sulzbach , 1776 Chinese style beds

\n There are many varieties of beds :

\n \n

\n Frames

\n Main article : Bed frame

\n Bed frames , also called bed steads , are made of wood or metal . The frame is made up of head , foot , and side rails . For heavy duty or larger frames ( such as for queen - and king - sized beds ) , the bed frame also includes a center support rail . These rails are assembled to create a box for the mattress or mattress / box spring to sit on .

\n

\n Types include :

\n \n

\n Though not truly parts of a bed frame , headboards , footboards , and bed rails can be included in the definition . Headboards and footboards can be wood or metal . They can be stained , painted , or covered in fabric or leather .

\n

\n Bed rails are made of wood or metal and are attached to a headboard and footboard . Wooden slats are placed perpendicular to the bed rails to support the mattress / mattress box spring . Bed rails and frames are often attached to the bed post using knock - down fittings . A knock - down fitting enables the bed to be easily dismantled for removal . Primary knock - down fittings for bed rails are as follows :

\n \n

\n Safety rails , or cot sides , can be added to the sides of a bed ( normally a child or elderly person 's bed ) to stop anyone falling out of the sides of the bed . A safety rail is normally a piece of wood that attaches to the side rails on one or both sides of the bed . They are made so that they can be easily removed when no longer required .

\n

\n See also

\n \n \n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Bed '' . The Free Dictionary By Farlex . Retrieved 16 May 2012 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Bed '' . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved 16 May 2012 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Wadley L , Sievers C , Bamford M , Goldberg P , Berna F , Miller C. ( 2011 ) . Middle Stone Age Bedding Construction and Settlement Patterns at Sibudu , South Africa . Science 9 December 2011 : Vol. 334 no . 6061 pp. 1388 - 1391
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Skara Brae -- The Furniture '' . orkneyjar.com .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Headrest with Two Images of the God Bes '' . Retrieved 8 July 2014 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Definition of CHARPOY '' . Retrieved 30 December 2016 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chambers , Ephraim , ed. ( 1728 ) . `` `` . Cyclop\u00e6dia , or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences ( first ed . ) . James and John Knapton , et al. `` BED '' . History of Science and Technology .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Medieval Furniture & Home Decor '' . furniturestyles.net . Retrieved 26 November 2010 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` TCTerms - Standard - double vs. Standard - twin ( English ) '' . www.translatorscafe.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Even Beds Go King - Size '' Popular Mechanics , December 1954 , p. 128 , bottom of page .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` The Golden Bed '' . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 26 May 2013 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Independent . `` India 's royal riches : The maharajas ' opulent lifestyle '' . Retrieved 31 July 2017 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Brooklyn Museum . `` Decorative Arts : Convertible Bed in Form of Upright Piano '' . Retrieved 11 March 2012 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ ( in English ) `` Bed ( Lit \u00e0 la Polonaise ) '' . getty.edu . Archived from the original on 1 March 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2009 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Captain 's bed '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 26 May 2012 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Historical Guide : Bed Hardware '' . whitechapel-ltd.com . Archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 12 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Bed Rail Fastener Options '' . home-improvement-and-financing.com .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Picture '' . srbworld.com . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 .
    19. \n
\n

\n External links

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beds
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Look up bed in Wiktionary , the free dictionary .
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beds .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Bedding
\n Bed types ( Bed sizes ) \n
    \n
  • \n Banig
    • \n
  • \n Bassinet
    • \n
  • \n Box - bed
    • \n
  • \n Bunk bed
    • \n
  • \n Cage bed
    • \n
  • \n Camp bed
    • \n
  • \n Canopy bed
    • \n
  • \n Couch bed
    • \n
  • \n Cradle ( bed )
    • \n
  • \n Daybed
    • \n
  • \n Four - poster bed
    • \n
  • \n Futon
    • \n
  • \n Hammock
    • \n
  • \n Hospital bed
    • \n
  • \n Infant bed
    • \n
  • \n Kang bed - stove
    • \n
  • \n Lit a la turque
    • \n
  • \n Loft bed
    • \n
  • \n Charpai
    • \n
  • \n Murphy bed
    • \n
  • \n Petate
    • \n
  • \n Platform bed
    • \n
  • \n Sleigh bed
    • \n
  • \n Sofa bed
    • \n
  • \n Toddler bed
    • \n
  • \n Trundle bed
    • \n
\n
\n Bed components \n
    \n
  • \n Bed frame
    • \n
  • \n Bed sheet
    • \n
  • \n Bed skirt
    • \n
  • \n Cot side
    • \n
  • \n Footboard
    • \n
  • \n Headboard
    • \n
\n
\n Mattresses \n
    \n
  • \n Air mattress
    • \n
  • \n Featherbed
    • \n
  • \n Mattress pad
    • \n
  • \n Mattress protector
    • \n
  • \n Memory foam
    • \n
  • \n Orthopedic mattress
    • \n
  • \n Waterbed
    • \n
\n
\n Bed bases \n
    \n
  • \n Box - spring
    • \n
  • \n Bunkie board
    • \n
\n
\n Blankets \n
    \n
  • \n Afghan
    • \n
  • \n Comforter
    • \n
  • \n Duvet
    • \n
  • \n Duvet cover
    • \n
  • \n Electric blanket
    • \n
  • \n Hudson 's Bay point blanket
    • \n
  • \n Patchwork quilt
    • \n
  • \n Photo blanket
    • \n
  • \n Quilt
    • \n
  • \n Razai
    • \n
  • \n Security blanket
    • \n
  • \n Silk comforter
    • \n
  • \n Sleeping bag
    • \n
\n
\n Pillows \n
    \n
  • \n Acupressure pillow
    • \n
  • \n Bamboo wife
    • \n
  • \n Bolster
    • \n
  • \n Contour leg pillow
    • \n
  • \n Cushion
    • \n
  • \n Dakimakura
    • \n
  • \n Eye pillow
    • \n
  • \n Orthopedic pillow
    • \n
  • \n Phonetic pillow
    • \n
  • \n Sex pillow
    • \n
  • \n Speaker pillow
    • \n
  • \n Throw pillow
    • \n
\n
\n Related items \n
    \n
  • \n Bed warmer
    • \n
  • \n Couch
    • \n
  • \n Nightstand
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Psychophysiology : Sleep and sleep disorders ( F51 and G47 / 307.4 and 327 )
\n Sleep stages \n
    \n
  • \n Rapid eye movement ( REM )
      \n
    • \n Non-rapid eye movement
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Slow - wave
    • \n
\n
\n Brain waves \n
    \n
  • \n Alpha wave
    • \n
  • \n Beta wave
    • \n
  • \n Delta wave
    • \n
  • \n Gamma wave
    • \n
  • \n K - complex
    • \n
  • \n Mu rhythm
    • \n
  • \n Sensorimotor rhythm
    • \n
  • \n Sleep spindle
    • \n
  • \n Theta wave
    • \n
\n
\n Sleep disorders \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Dyssomnia \n
    \n
  • \n Hypersomnia
    • \n
  • \n Insomnia
    • \n
  • \n Kleine -- Levin syndrome
    • \n
  • \n Narcolepsy
    • \n
  • \n Sleep apnea
      \n
    • \n Central hypoventilation syndrome
      • \n
    • \n Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Sleep state misperception
    • \n
\n
\n Circadian rhythm disorder \n
    \n
  • \n Advanced sleep phase disorder
    • \n
  • \n Delayed sleep phase disorder
    • \n
  • \n Irregular sleep -- wake rhythm
    • \n
  • \n Jet lag
    • \n
  • \n Non-24 - hour sleep -- wake disorder
    • \n
  • \n Shift work sleep disorder
    • \n
\n
\n Parasomnia \n
    \n
  • \n Catathrenia
    • \n
  • \n Night terror
    • \n
  • \n Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
    • \n
  • \n Sleepwalking
    • \n
  • \n Somniloquy
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Bruxism
    • \n
  • \n Night eating syndrome
    • \n
  • \n Nocturia
    • \n
  • \n Nocturnal myoclonus
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Benign phenomena \n
    \n
  • \n Dream
    • \n
  • \n Exploding head syndrome
    • \n
  • \n False awakening
    • \n
  • \n Hypnagogia / Sleep onset
    • \n
  • \n Hypnic jerk
    • \n
  • \n Lucid dream
    • \n
  • \n Nightmare
    • \n
  • \n Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
    • \n
  • \n Nocturnal emission
    • \n
  • \n Nocturnal penile tumescence
    • \n
  • \n Sleep paralysis
    • \n
  • \n Somnolence
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Bed
      \n
    • \n Bunk bed
      • \n
    • \n Daybed
      • \n
    • \n Four - poster bed
      • \n
    • \n Futon
      • \n
    • \n Hammock
      • \n
    • \n Mattress
      • \n
    • \n Sleeping bag
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Bed bug
    • \n
  • \n Bedding
    • \n
  • \n Bedroom
    • \n
  • \n Bedtime
    • \n
  • \n Bedtime story
    • \n
  • \n Bedtime toy
    • \n
  • \n Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
    • \n
  • \n Chronotype
    • \n
  • \n Dream journal
    • \n
  • \n Excessive daytime sleepiness
    • \n
  • \n Hypnopompic state
    • \n
  • \n Lullaby
    • \n
  • \n Microsleep
    • \n
  • \n Nap
    • \n
  • \n Nightwear
    • \n
  • \n Polysomnography
    • \n
  • \n Power nap
    • \n
  • \n Second wind
    • \n
  • \n Siesta
    • \n
  • \n Sleep and creativity
    • \n
  • \n Sleep and learning
    • \n
  • \n Sleep debt
    • \n
  • \n Sleep deprivation
    • \n
  • \n Sleep diary
    • \n
  • \n Sleep hygiene
    • \n
  • \n Sleep induction
    • \n
  • \n Sleep inertia
    • \n
  • \n Sleep medicine
    • \n
  • \n `` Sleeping sickness ''
    • \n
  • \n Sleeping while on duty
    • \n
  • \n Sleepover
    • \n
  • \n Snoring
    • \n
  • \n Somnology
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Not a sleep disorder .
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n GND : 4006250 - 8
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 00576741
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bed&oldid=819667927 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "when did beds become popular in france and germany", "long_answers": ["In the 12th century , luxury increased and bedsteads were made of wood much decorated with inlaid , carved , and painted ornamentation . They also used folding beds , which served as couches by day and had cushions covered with silk laid upon leather . At night a linen sheet was spread and pillows placed , while silk - covered skins served as coverlets . The Carolingian manuscripts show metal bedsteads much higher at the head than at the feet , and this shape continued in use until the 13th century in France , many cushions being added to raise the body to a sloping position . In 12th - century manuscripts , the bedsteads appear much richer , with inlays , carving , and painting , and with embroidered coverlets and mattresses in harmony . Curtains were hung above the bed and a small hanging lamp is often shown .\n"], "short_answers": ["the 12th century\n"]} {"text": "The Glory of Love ( song ) - wikipedia

\n The Glory of Love ( song )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n For the song by Peter Cetera , see Glory of Love . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` The Glory of Love ''
\n Single by Benny Goodman
\n Released \n 1936
\n Format \n 78 rpm vinyl
\n Recorded \n 1936
\n Genre \n Pop
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n Billy Hill
\n
\n Benny Goodman singles chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n `` The Glory of Love ' '' ( 1936 ) The Glory of Love'1936 \n
\n
\n
\n The Five Keys singles chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n `` The Glory of Love ' '' ( 1951 ) The Glory of Love'1951 \n `` Yes Sir , That 's My Baby '' ( 1952 ) Yes Sir , That 's My Baby1952
\n
\n
\n

\n `` The Glory of Love '' is a song written by Billy Hill , recorded by Benny Goodman in 1936 , whose version was a number one pop hit . In 1951 , R&B vocal group , The Five Keys , had their biggest R&B hit with their version of the song , hitting number one on the R&B chart for four non-consecutive weeks . Although The Five Keys recording sold a reported million copies pressed recordings are very rare .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Charts ( edit )

\n

\n Weekly charts ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 1951 ) \n Peak position
\n US Billboard Hot Rhythm & Blues Songs \n
\n

\n Otis Redding version ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` The Glory of Love ''
\n Single by Otis Redding
\n from the album The Dock of the Bay
\n B - side \n `` I 'm Coming Home ''
\n Released \n 1967
\n Format \n 7 '' vinyl
\n Recorded \n December , 1967
\n Genre \n Soul , Pop
\n Length \n 2 : 38
\n Label \n Volt S419
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n Billy Hill
\n Producer ( s ) \n Steve Cropper
\n Otis Redding singles chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Shake '' ( 1967 ) \n `` The Glory of Love '' ( 1967 ) \n `` Tramp '' ( 1967 )
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Shake '' ( 1967 ) \n `` The Glory of Love '' ( 1967 ) \n `` Tramp '' ( 1967 )
\n
\n

\n In 1967 , Otis Redding recorded a cover version for his 1968 album , The Dock of the Bay . Redding 's cover became a top 20 hit and reached number nineteen on the Billboard R&B Songs chart and number sixty on the Billboard Hot 100 .

\n

\n Charts ( edit )

\n

\n Weekly charts ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 1967 ) \n Peak position
\n US Billboard Hot 100 \n 60
\n US Billboard Hot Rhythm & Blues Songs \n 19
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 205 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Propes , Steve ( 1973 ) . Those Oldies But Goodies : A Guide to 50 's Record Collecting . The Macmillan Company , New York . p. 42 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 486 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` allmusic ( ( ( Otis Redding > Awards ) ) ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Billboard R&B Singles Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 .
    6. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Preceded by `` Sixty Minute Man '' by The Dominoes \n Billboard Best Selling Retail Rhythm & Blues Records number - one single ( The Five Keys version ) September 22 , 1951 \n Succeeded by `` Sixty Minute Man '' by The Dominoes
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Glory_of_Love_(song)&oldid=814898703 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who wrote the song the glory of love", "long_answers": ["`` The Glory of Love '' is a song written by Billy Hill , recorded by Benny Goodman in 1936 , whose version was a number one pop hit . In 1951 , R&B vocal group , The Five Keys , had their biggest R&B hit with their version of the song , hitting number one on the R&B chart for four non-consecutive weeks . Although The Five Keys recording sold a reported million copies pressed recordings are very rare .\n", "`` The Glory of Love '' Single by Benny Goodman Released 1936 Format 78 rpm vinyl Recorded 1936 Genre Pop Songwriter ( s ) Billy Hill Benny Goodman singles chronology `` The Glory of Love ' '' ( 1936 ) The Glory of Love'1936 The Five Keys singles chronology `` The Glory of Love ' '' ( 1951 ) The Glory of Love'1951 `` Yes Sir , That 's My Baby '' ( 1952 ) Yes Sir , That 's My Baby1952\n"], "short_answers": ["Billy Hill\n", "Billy Hill\n", "Billy Hill\n", "Billy Hill\n"]} {"text": "Brain - wikipedia

\n Brain

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the brains of all types of animals , including humans . For information specific to the human brain , see Human brain . For other uses , see Brain ( disambiguation ) and Brains ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Brane . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Brain
\n A chimpanzee brain
\n Identifiers
\n MeSH \n D001921
\n NeuroNames \n 21
\n TA \n A14. 1.03. 001
\n FMA \n 50801
\n Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )
\n

\n The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals . The brain is located in the head , usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as vision . The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrate 's body . In a human , the cerebral cortex contains approximately 15 -- 33 billion neurons , each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons . These neurons communicate with one another by means of long protoplasmic fibers called axons , which carry trains of signal pulses called action potentials to distant parts of the brain or body targeting specific recipient cells .

\n

\n Physiologically , the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body . The brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones . This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment . Some basic types of responsiveness such as reflexes can be mediated by the spinal cord or peripheral ganglia , but sophisticated purposeful control of behavior based on complex sensory input requires the information integrating capabilities of a centralized brain .

\n

\n The operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved . Recent models in modern neuroscience treat the brain as a biological computer , very different in mechanism from an electronic computer , but similar in the sense that it acquires information from the surrounding world , stores it , and processes it in a variety of ways .

\n

\n This article compares the properties of brains across the entire range of animal species , with the greatest attention to vertebrates . It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains . The ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article . Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because much more can be said about them in a human context . The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage , that are covered in the human brain article .

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n Anatomy

\n Cross section of the olfactory bulb of a rat , stained in two different ways at the same time : one stain shows neuron cell bodies , the other shows receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA .

\n The shape and size of the brain varies greatly between species , and identifying common features is often difficult . Nevertheless , there are a number of principles of brain architecture that apply across a wide range of species . Some aspects of brain structure are common to almost the entire range of animal species ; others distinguish `` advanced '' brains from more primitive ones , or distinguish vertebrates from invertebrates .

\n

\n The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection , but many more sophisticated techniques have been developed . Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with , but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives , and then sliced apart for examination of the interior . Visually , the interior of the brain consists of areas of so - called grey matter , with a dark color , separated by areas of white matter , with a lighter color . Further information can be gained by staining slices of brain tissue with a variety of chemicals that bring out areas where specific types of molecules are present in high concentrations . It is also possible to examine the microstructure of brain tissue using a microscope , and to trace the pattern of connections from one brain area to another .

\n

\n Cellular structure

\n Neurons generate electrical signals that travel along their axons . When a pulse of electricity reaches a junction called a synapse , it causes a neurotransmitter chemical to be released , which binds to receptors on other cells and thereby alters their electrical activity .

\n The brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells : neurons and glial cells . Glial cells ( also known as glia or neuroglia ) come in several types , and perform a number of critical functions , including structural support , metabolic support , insulation , and guidance of development . Neurons , however , are usually considered the most important cells in the brain . The property that makes neurons unique is their ability to send signals to specific target cells over long distances . They send these signals by means of an axon , which is a thin protoplasmic fiber that extends from the cell body and projects , usually with numerous branches , to other areas , sometimes nearby , sometimes in distant parts of the brain or body . The length of an axon can be extraordinary : for example , if a pyramidal cell , ( an excitatory neuron ) of the cerebral cortex were magnified so that its cell body became the size of a human body , its axon , equally magnified , would become a cable a few centimeters in diameter , extending more than a kilometer . These axons transmit signals in the form of electrochemical pulses called action potentials , which last less than a thousandth of a second and travel along the axon at speeds of 1 -- 100 meters per second . Some neurons emit action potentials constantly , at rates of 10 -- 100 per second , usually in irregular patterns ; other neurons are quiet most of the time , but occasionally emit a burst of action potentials .

\n

\n Axons transmit signals to other neurons by means of specialized junctions called synapses . A single axon may make as many as several thousand synaptic connections with other cells . When an action potential , traveling along an axon , arrives at a synapse , it causes a chemical called a neurotransmitter to be released . The neurotransmitter binds to receptor molecules in the membrane of the target cell .

\n Neurons often have extensive networks of dendrites , which receive synaptic connections . Shown is a pyramidal neuron from the hippocampus , stained for green fluorescent protein .

\n Synapses are the key functional elements of the brain . The essential function of the brain is cell - to - cell communication , and synapses are the points at which communication occurs . The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses ; even the brain of a fruit fly contains several million . The functions of these synapses are very diverse : some are excitatory ( exciting the target cell ) ; others are inhibitory ; others work by activating second messenger systems that change the internal chemistry of their target cells in complex ways . A large number of synapses are dynamically modifiable ; that is , they are capable of changing strength in a way that is controlled by the patterns of signals that pass through them . It is widely believed that activity - dependent modification of synapses is the brain 's primary mechanism for learning and memory .

\n

\n Most of the space in the brain is taken up by axons , which are often bundled together in what are called nerve fiber tracts . A myelinated axon is wrapped in a fatty insulating sheath of myelin , which serves to greatly increase the speed of signal propagation . ( There are also unmyelinated axons ) . Myelin is white , making parts of the brain filled exclusively with nerve fibers appear as light - colored white matter , in contrast to the darker - colored grey matter that marks areas with high densities of neuron cell bodies .

\n

\n Evolution

\n Main article : Evolution of the brain Generic bilaterian nervous system Nervous system of a generic bilaterian animal , in the form of a nerve cord with segmental enlargements , and a `` brain '' at the front .

\n Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges ( which have no nervous system ) and cnidarians ( which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net ) , all living multicellular animals are bilaterians , meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape ( that is , left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other ) . All bilaterians are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that appeared early in the Cambrian period , 485 - 540 million years ago , and it has been hypothesized that this common ancestor had the shape of a simple tubeworm with a segmented body . At a schematic level , that basic worm - shape continues to be reflected in the body and nervous system architecture of all modern bilaterians , including vertebrates . The fundamental bilateral body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus , and a nerve cord with an enlargement ( a ganglion ) for each body segment , with an especially large ganglion at the front , called the brain . The brain is small and simple in some species , such as nematode worms ; in other species , including vertebrates , it is the most complex organ in the body . Some types of worms , such as leeches , also have an enlarged ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord , known as a `` tail brain '' .

\n

\n There are a few types of existing bilaterians that lack a recognizable brain , including echinoderms and tunicates . It has not been definitively established whether the existence of these brainless species indicates that the earliest bilaterians lacked a brain , or whether their ancestors evolved in a way that led to the disappearance of a previously existing brain structure .

\n Invertebrates Fruit flies ( Drosophila ) have been extensively studied to gain insight into the role of genes in brain development .

\n This category includes tardigrades , arthropods , molluscs , and numerous types of worms . The diversity of invertebrate body plans is matched by an equal diversity in brain structures .

\n

\n Two groups of invertebrates have notably complex brains : arthropods ( insects , crustaceans , arachnids , and others ) , and cephalopods ( octopuses , squids , and similar molluscs ) . The brains of arthropods and cephalopods arise from twin parallel nerve cords that extend through the body of the animal . Arthropods have a central brain , the supraesophageal ganglion , with three divisions and large optical lobes behind each eye for visual processing . Cephalopods such as the octopus and squid have the largest brains of any invertebrates .

\n

\n There are several invertebrate species whose brains have been studied intensively because they have properties that make them convenient for experimental work :

\n \n Vertebrates The brain of a shark .

\n The first vertebrates appeared over 500 million years ago ( Mya ) , during the Cambrian period , and may have resembled the modern hagfish in form . Sharks appeared about 450 Mya , amphibians about 400 Mya , reptiles about 350 Mya , and mammals about 200 Mya . Each species has an equally long evolutionary history , but the brains of modern hagfishes , lampreys , sharks , amphibians , reptiles , and mammals show a gradient of size and complexity that roughly follows the evolutionary sequence . All of these brains contain the same set of basic anatomical components , but many are rudimentary in the hagfish , whereas in mammals the foremost part ( the telencephalon ) is greatly elaborated and expanded .

\n

\n Brains are most simply compared in terms of their size . The relationship between brain size , body size and other variables has been studied across a wide range of vertebrate species . As a rule , brain size increases with body size , but not in a simple linear proportion . In general , smaller animals tend to have larger brains , measured as a fraction of body size . For mammals , the relationship between brain volume and body mass essentially follows a power law with an exponent of about 0.75 . This formula describes the central tendency , but every family of mammals departs from it to some degree , in a way that reflects in part the complexity of their behavior . For example , primates have brains 5 to 10 times larger than the formula predicts . Predators tend to have larger brains than their prey , relative to body size .

\n The main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain , which later differentiate into the forebrain , midbrain and hindbrain .

\n All vertebrate brains share a common underlying form , which appears most clearly during early stages of embryonic development . In its earliest form , the brain appears as three swellings at the front end of the neural tube ; these swellings eventually become the forebrain , midbrain , and hindbrain ( the prosencephalon , mesencephalon , and rhombencephalon , respectively ) . At the earliest stages of brain development , the three areas are roughly equal in size . In many classes of vertebrates , such as fish and amphibians , the three parts remain similar in size in the adult , but in mammals the forebrain becomes much larger than the other parts , and the midbrain becomes very small .

\n

\n The brains of vertebrates are made of very soft tissue . Living brain tissue is pinkish on the outside and mostly white on the inside , with subtle variations in color . Vertebrate brains are surrounded by a system of connective tissue membranes called meninges that separate the skull from the brain . Blood vessels enter the central nervous system through holes in the meningeal layers . The cells in the blood vessel walls are joined tightly to one another , forming the blood -- brain barrier , which blocks the passage of many toxins and pathogens ( though at the same time blocking antibodies and some drugs , thereby presenting special challenges in treatment of diseases of the brain ) .

\n

\n Neuroanatomists usually divide the vertebrate brain into six main regions : the telencephalon ( cerebral hemispheres ) , diencephalon ( thalamus and hypothalamus ) , mesencephalon ( midbrain ) , cerebellum , pons , and medulla oblongata . Each of these areas has a complex internal structure . Some parts , such as the cerebral cortex and the cerebellar cortex , consist of layers that are folded or convoluted to fit within the available space . Other parts , such as the thalamus and hypothalamus , consist of clusters of many small nuclei . Thousands of distinguishable areas can be identified within the vertebrate brain based on fine distinctions of neural structure , chemistry , and connectivity .

\n

\n Although the same basic components are present in all vertebrate brains , some branches of vertebrate evolution have led to substantial distortions of brain geometry , especially in the forebrain area . The brain of a shark shows the basic components in a straightforward way , but in teleost fishes ( the great majority of existing fish species ) , the forebrain has become `` everted '' , like a sock turned inside out . In birds , there are also major changes in forebrain structure . These distortions can make it difficult to match brain components from one species with those of another species .

\n The main anatomical regions of the vertebrate brain , shown for shark and human . The same parts are present , but they differ greatly in size and shape .

\n Here is a list of some of the most important vertebrate brain components , along with a brief description of their functions as currently understood :

\n See also : List of regions in the human brain \n Mammals

\n The most obvious difference between the brains of mammals and other vertebrates is in terms of size . On average , a mammal has a brain roughly twice as large as that of a bird of the same body size , and ten times as large as that of a reptile of the same body size .

\n

\n Size , however , is not the only difference : there are also substantial differences in shape . The hindbrain and midbrain of mammals are generally similar to those of other vertebrates , but dramatic differences appear in the forebrain , which is greatly enlarged and also altered in structure . The cerebral cortex is the part of the brain that most strongly distinguishes mammals . In non-mammalian vertebrates , the surface of the cerebrum is lined with a comparatively simple three - layered structure called the pallium . In mammals , the pallium evolves into a complex six - layered structure called neocortex or isocortex . Several areas at the edge of the neocortex , including the hippocampus and amygdala , are also much more extensively developed in mammals than in other vertebrates .

\n

\n The elaboration of the cerebral cortex carries with it changes to other brain areas . The superior colliculus , which plays a major role in visual control of behavior in most vertebrates , shrinks to a small size in mammals , and many of its functions are taken over by visual areas of the cerebral cortex . The cerebellum of mammals contains a large portion ( the neocerebellum ) dedicated to supporting the cerebral cortex , which has no counterpart in other vertebrates .

\n Primates \n Encephalization Quotient \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Species \n EQ
\n Human \n 7.4 -- 7.8
\n Chimpanzee \n 2.2 -- 2.5
\n Rhesus monkey \n
\n Bottlenose dolphin \n 4.14
\n Elephant \n 1.13 -- 2.36
\n Dog \n 1.2
\n Horse \n 0.9
\n Rat \n 0.4
\n See also : Human brain

\n The brains of humans and other primates contain the same structures as the brains of other mammals , but are generally larger in proportion to body size . The encephalization quotient ( EQ ) is used to compare brain sizes across species . It takes into account the nonlinearity of the brain - to - body relationship . Humans have an average EQ in the 7 - to - 8 range , while most other primates have an EQ in the 2 - to - 3 range . Dolphins have values higher than those of primates other than humans , but nearly all other mammals have EQ values that are substantially lower .

\n

\n Most of the enlargement of the primate brain comes from a massive expansion of the cerebral cortex , especially the prefrontal cortex and the parts of the cortex involved in vision . The visual processing network of primates includes at least 30 distinguishable brain areas , with a complex web of interconnections . It has been estimated that visual processing areas occupy more than half of the total surface of the primate neocortex . The prefrontal cortex carries out functions that include planning , working memory , motivation , attention , and executive control . It takes up a much larger proportion of the brain for primates than for other species , and an especially large fraction of the human brain .

\n

\n Development

\n Main article : Neural development Brain of a human embryo in the sixth week of development .

\n The brain develops in an intricately orchestrated sequence of stages . It changes in shape from a simple swelling at the front of the nerve cord in the earliest embryonic stages , to a complex array of areas and connections . Neurons are created in special zones that contain stem cells , and then migrate through the tissue to reach their ultimate locations . Once neurons have positioned themselves , their axons sprout and navigate through the brain , branching and extending as they go , until the tips reach their targets and form synaptic connections . In a number of parts of the nervous system , neurons and synapses are produced in excessive numbers during the early stages , and then the unneeded ones are pruned away .

\n

\n For vertebrates , the early stages of neural development are similar across all species . As the embryo transforms from a round blob of cells into a wormlike structure , a narrow strip of ectoderm running along the midline of the back is induced to become the neural plate , the precursor of the nervous system . The neural plate folds inward to form the neural groove , and then the lips that line the groove merge to enclose the neural tube , a hollow cord of cells with a fluid - filled ventricle at the center . At the front end , the ventricles and cord swell to form three vesicles that are the precursors of the forebrain , midbrain , and hindbrain . At the next stage , the forebrain splits into two vesicles called the telencephalon ( which will contain the cerebral cortex , basal ganglia , and related structures ) and the diencephalon ( which will contain the thalamus and hypothalamus ) . At about the same time , the hindbrain splits into the metencephalon ( which will contain the cerebellum and pons ) and the myelencephalon ( which will contain the medulla oblongata ) . Each of these areas contains proliferative zones where neurons and glial cells are generated ; the resulting cells then migrate , sometimes for long distances , to their final positions .

\n

\n Once a neuron is in place , it extends dendrites and an axon into the area around it . Axons , because they commonly extend a great distance from the cell body and need to reach specific targets , grow in a particularly complex way . The tip of a growing axon consists of a blob of protoplasm called a growth cone , studded with chemical receptors . These receptors sense the local environment , causing the growth cone to be attracted or repelled by various cellular elements , and thus to be pulled in a particular direction at each point along its path . The result of this pathfinding process is that the growth cone navigates through the brain until it reaches its destination area , where other chemical cues cause it to begin generating synapses . Considering the entire brain , thousands of genes create products that influence axonal pathfinding .

\n

\n The synaptic network that finally emerges is only partly determined by genes , though . In many parts of the brain , axons initially `` overgrow '' , and then are `` pruned '' by mechanisms that depend on neural activity . In the projection from the eye to the midbrain , for example , the structure in the adult contains a very precise mapping , connecting each point on the surface of the retina to a corresponding point in a midbrain layer . In the first stages of development , each axon from the retina is guided to the right general vicinity in the midbrain by chemical cues , but then branches very profusely and makes initial contact with a wide swath of midbrain neurons . The retina , before birth , contains special mechanisms that cause it to generate waves of activity that originate spontaneously at a random point and then propagate slowly across the retinal layer . These waves are useful because they cause neighboring neurons to be active at the same time ; that is , they produce a neural activity pattern that contains information about the spatial arrangement of the neurons . This information is exploited in the midbrain by a mechanism that causes synapses to weaken , and eventually vanish , if activity in an axon is not followed by activity of the target cell . The result of this sophisticated process is a gradual tuning and tightening of the map , leaving it finally in its precise adult form .

\n

\n Similar things happen in other brain areas : an initial synaptic matrix is generated as a result of genetically determined chemical guidance , but then gradually refined by activity - dependent mechanisms , partly driven by internal dynamics , partly by external sensory inputs . In some cases , as with the retina - midbrain system , activity patterns depend on mechanisms that operate only in the developing brain , and apparently exist solely to guide development .

\n

\n In humans and many other mammals , new neurons are created mainly before birth , and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain . There are , however , a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life . The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well established are the olfactory bulb , which is involved in the sense of smell , and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus , where there is evidence that the new neurons play a role in storing newly acquired memories . With these exceptions , however , the set of neurons that is present in early childhood is the set that is present for life . Glial cells are different : as with most types of cells in the body , they are generated throughout the lifespan .

\n

\n There has long been debate about whether the qualities of mind , personality , and intelligence can be attributed to heredity or to upbringing -- this is the nature and nurture controversy . Although many details remain to be settled , neuroscience research has clearly shown that both factors are important . Genes determine the general form of the brain , and genes determine how the brain reacts to experience . Experience , however , is required to refine the matrix of synaptic connections , which in its developed form contains far more information than the genome does . In some respects , all that matters is the presence or absence of experience during critical periods of development . In other respects , the quantity and quality of experience are important ; for example , there is substantial evidence that animals raised in enriched environments have thicker cerebral cortices , indicating a higher density of synaptic connections , than animals whose levels of stimulation are restricted .

\n

\n Physiology.

\n

\n The functions of the brain depend on the ability of neurons to transmit electrochemical signals to other cells , and their ability to respond appropriately to electrochemical signals received from other cells . The electrical properties of neurons are controlled by a wide variety of biochemical and metabolic processes , most notably the interactions between neurotransmitters and receptors that take place at synapses .

\n

\n Neurotransmitters and receptors

\n

\n Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are released at synapses when an action potential activates them -- neurotransmitters attach themselves to receptor molecules on the membrane of the synapse 's target cell , and thereby alter the electrical or chemical properties of the receptor molecules . With few exceptions , each neuron in the brain releases the same chemical neurotransmitter , or combination of neurotransmitters , at all the synaptic connections it makes with other neurons ; this rule is known as Dale 's principle . Thus , a neuron can be characterized by the neurotransmitters that it releases . The great majority of psychoactive drugs exert their effects by altering specific neurotransmitter systems . This applies to drugs such as cannabinoids , nicotine , heroin , cocaine , alcohol , fluoxetine , chlorpromazine , and many others .

\n

\n The two neurotransmitters that are used most widely in the vertebrate brain are glutamate , which almost always exerts excitatory effects on target neurons , and gamma - aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) , which is almost always inhibitory . Neurons using these transmitters can be found in nearly every part of the brain . Because of their ubiquity , drugs that act on glutamate or GABA tend to have broad and powerful effects . Some general anesthetics act by reducing the effects of glutamate ; most tranquilizers exert their sedative effects by enhancing the effects of GABA .

\n

\n There are dozens of other chemical neurotransmitters that are used in more limited areas of the brain , often areas dedicated to a particular function . Serotonin , for example -- the primary target of antidepressant drugs and many dietary aids -- comes exclusively from a small brainstem area called the raphe nuclei . Norepinephrine , which is involved in arousal , comes exclusively from a nearby small area called the locus coeruleus . Other neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine have multiple sources in the brain , but are not as ubiquitously distributed as glutamate and GABA .

\n

\n Electrical activity

\n Brain electrical activity recorded from a human patient during an epileptic seizure .

\n As a side effect of the electrochemical processes used by neurons for signaling , brain tissue generates electric fields when it is active . When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity , the electric fields that they generate can be large enough to detect outside the skull , using electroencephalography ( EEG ) or magnetoencephalography ( MEG ) . EEG recordings , along with recordings made from electrodes implanted inside the brains of animals such as rats , show that the brain of a living animal is constantly active , even during sleep . Each part of the brain shows a mixture of rhythmic and nonrhythmic activity , which may vary according to behavioral state . In mammals , the cerebral cortex tends to show large slow delta waves during sleep , faster alpha waves when the animal is awake but inattentive , and chaotic - looking irregular activity when the animal is actively engaged in a task . During an epileptic seizure , the brain 's inhibitory control mechanisms fail to function and electrical activity rises to pathological levels , producing EEG traces that show large wave and spike patterns not seen in a healthy brain . Relating these population - level patterns to the computational functions of individual neurons is a major focus of current research in neurophysiology .

\n

\n Metabolism

\n

\n All vertebrates have a blood -- brain barrier that allows metabolism inside the brain to operate differently from metabolism in other parts of the body . Glial cells play a major role in brain metabolism by controlling the chemical composition of the fluid that surrounds neurons , including levels of ions and nutrients .

\n

\n Brain tissue consumes a large amount of energy in proportion to its volume , so large brains place severe metabolic demands on animals . The need to limit body weight in order , for example , to fly , has apparently led to selection for a reduction of brain size in some species , such as bats . Most of the brain 's energy consumption goes into sustaining the electric charge ( membrane potential ) of neurons . Most vertebrate species devote between 2 % and 8 % of basal metabolism to the brain . In primates , however , the percentage is much higher -- in humans it rises to 20 -- 25 % . The energy consumption of the brain does not vary greatly over time , but active regions of the cerebral cortex consume somewhat more energy than inactive regions ; this forms the basis for the functional brain imaging methods PET , fMRI , and NIRS . The brain typically gets most of its energy from oxygen - dependent metabolism of glucose ( i.e. , blood sugar ) , but ketones provide a major alternative source , together with contributions from medium chain fatty acids ( caprylic and heptanoic acids ) , lactate , acetate , and possibly amino acids .

\n

\n Functions

\n Model of a neural circuit in the cerebellum , as proposed by James S. Albus .

\n Information from the sense organs is collected in the brain . There it is used to determine what actions the organism is to take . The brain processes the raw data to extract information about the structure of the environment . Next it combines the processed information with information about the current needs of the animal and with memory of past circumstances . Finally , on the basis of the results , it generates motor response patterns . These signal - processing tasks require intricate interplay between a variety of functional subsystems .

\n

\n The function of the brain is to provide coherent control over the actions of an animal . A centralized brain allows groups of muscles to be co-activated in complex patterns ; it also allows stimuli impinging on one part of the body to evoke responses in other parts , and it can prevent different parts of the body from acting at cross-purposes to each other .

\n

\n Perception

\n Diagram of signal processing in the auditory system .

\n The human brain is provided with information about light , sound , the chemical composition of the atmosphere , temperature , head orientation , limb position , the chemical composition of the bloodstream , and more . In other animals additional senses are present , such as the infrared heat - sense of snakes , the magnetic field sense of some birds , or the electric field sense of some types of fish .

\n

\n Each sensory system begins with specialized receptor cells , such as light - receptive neurons in the retina of the eye , or vibration - sensitive neurons in the cochlea of the ear . The axons of sensory receptor cells travel into the spinal cord or brain , where they transmit their signals to a first - order sensory nucleus dedicated to one specific sensory modality . This primary sensory nucleus sends information to higher - order sensory areas that are dedicated to the same modality . Eventually , via a way - station in the thalamus , the signals are sent to the cerebral cortex , where they are processed to extract the relevant features , and integrated with signals coming from other sensory systems .

\n

\n Motor control

\n

\n Motor systems are areas of the brain that are involved in initiating body movements , that is , in activating muscles . Except for the muscles that control the eye , which are driven by nuclei in the midbrain , all the voluntary muscles in the body are directly innervated by motor neurons in the spinal cord and hindbrain . Spinal motor neurons are controlled both by neural circuits intrinsic to the spinal cord , and by inputs that descend from the brain . The intrinsic spinal circuits implement many reflex responses , and contain pattern generators for rhythmic movements such as walking or swimming . The descending connections from the brain allow for more sophisticated control .

\n

\n The brain contains several motor areas that project directly to the spinal cord . At the lowest level are motor areas in the medulla and pons , which control stereotyped movements such as walking , breathing , or swallowing . At a higher level are areas in the midbrain , such as the red nucleus , which is responsible for coordinating movements of the arms and legs . At a higher level yet is the primary motor cortex , a strip of tissue located at the posterior edge of the frontal lobe . The primary motor cortex sends projections to the subcortical motor areas , but also sends a massive projection directly to the spinal cord , through the pyramidal tract . This direct corticospinal projection allows for precise voluntary control of the fine details of movements . Other motor - related brain areas exert secondary effects by projecting to the primary motor areas . Among the most important secondary areas are the premotor cortex , basal ganglia , and cerebellum .

\n \n Major areas involved in controlling movement \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Area \n Location \n Function
\n Ventral horn \n Spinal cord \n Contains motor neurons that directly activate muscles
\n Oculomotor nuclei \n Midbrain \n Contains motor neurons that directly activate the eye muscles
\n Cerebellum \n Hindbrain \n Calibrates precision and timing of movements
\n Basal ganglia \n Forebrain \n Action selection on the basis of motivation
\n Motor cortex \n Frontal lobe \n Direct cortical activation of spinal motor circuits
\n Premotor cortex \n Frontal lobe \n Groups elementary movements into coordinated patterns
\n Supplementary motor area \n Frontal lobe \n Sequences movements into temporal patterns
\n Prefrontal cortex \n Frontal lobe \n Planning and other executive functions
\n

\n In addition to all of the above , the brain and spinal cord contain extensive circuitry to control the autonomic nervous system , which works by secreting hormones and by modulating the `` smooth '' muscles of the gut .

\n

\n Arousal

\n See also : Sleep

\n Many animals alternate between sleeping and waking in a daily cycle . Arousal and alertness are also modulated on a finer time scale by a network of brain areas .

\n

\n A key component of the arousal system is the suprachiasmatic nucleus ( SCN ) , a tiny part of the hypothalamus located directly above the point at which the optic nerves from the two eyes cross . The SCN contains the body 's central biological clock . Neurons there show activity levels that rise and fall with a period of about 24 hours , circadian rhythms : these activity fluctuations are driven by rhythmic changes in expression of a set of `` clock genes '' . The SCN continues to keep time even if it is excised from the brain and placed in a dish of warm nutrient solution , but it ordinarily receives input from the optic nerves , through the retinohypothalamic tract ( RHT ) , that allows daily light - dark cycles to calibrate the clock .

\n

\n The SCN projects to a set of areas in the hypothalamus , brainstem , and midbrain that are involved in implementing sleep - wake cycles . An important component of the system is the reticular formation , a group of neuron - clusters scattered diffusely through the core of the lower brain . Reticular neurons send signals to the thalamus , which in turn sends activity - level - controlling signals to every part of the cortex . Damage to the reticular formation can produce a permanent state of coma .

\n

\n Sleep involves great changes in brain activity . Until the 1950s it was generally believed that the brain essentially shuts off during sleep , but this is now known to be far from true ; activity continues , but patterns become very different . There are two types of sleep : REM sleep ( with dreaming ) and NREM ( non-REM , usually without dreaming ) sleep , which repeat in slightly varying patterns throughout a sleep episode . Three broad types of distinct brain activity patterns can be measured : REM , light NREM and deep NREM . During deep NREM sleep , also called slow wave sleep , activity in the cortex takes the form of large synchronized waves , whereas in the waking state it is noisy and desynchronized . Levels of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin drop during slow wave sleep , and fall almost to zero during REM sleep ; levels of acetylcholine show the reverse pattern .

\n

\n Homeostasis

\n Cross-section of a human head , showing location of the hypothalamus .

\n For any animal , survival requires maintaining a variety of parameters of bodily state within a limited range of variation : these include temperature , water content , salt concentration in the bloodstream , blood glucose levels , blood oxygen level , and others . The ability of an animal to regulate the internal environment of its body -- the milieu int\u00e9rieur , as pioneering physiologist Claude Bernard called it -- is known as homeostasis ( Greek for `` standing still '' ) . Maintaining homeostasis is a crucial function of the brain . The basic principle that underlies homeostasis is negative feedback : any time a parameter diverges from its set - point , sensors generate an error signal that evokes a response that causes the parameter to shift back toward its optimum value . ( This principle is widely used in engineering , for example in the control of temperature using a thermostat . )

\n

\n In vertebrates , the part of the brain that plays the greatest role is the hypothalamus , a small region at the base of the forebrain whose size does not reflect its complexity or the importance of its function . The hypothalamus is a collection of small nuclei , most of which are involved in basic biological functions . Some of these functions relate to arousal or to social interactions such as sexuality , aggression , or maternal behaviors ; but many of them relate to homeostasis . Several hypothalamic nuclei receive input from sensors located in the lining of blood vessels , conveying information about temperature , sodium level , glucose level , blood oxygen level , and other parameters . These hypothalamic nuclei send output signals to motor areas that can generate actions to rectify deficiencies . Some of the outputs also go to the pituitary gland , a tiny gland attached to the brain directly underneath the hypothalamus . The pituitary gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream , where they circulate throughout the body and induce changes in cellular activity .

\n

\n Motivation

\n Components of the basal ganglia , shown in two cross-sections of the human brain . Blue : caudate nucleus and putamen . Green : globus pallidus . Red : subthalamic nucleus . Black : substantia nigra .

\n The individual animals need to express survival - promoting behaviors , such as seeking food , water , shelter , and a mate . The motivational system in the brain monitors the current state of satisfaction of these goals , and activates behaviors to meet any needs that arise . The motivational system works largely by a reward -- punishment mechanism . When a particular behavior is followed by favorable consequences , the reward mechanism in the brain is activated , which induces structural changes inside the brain that cause the same behavior to be repeated later , whenever a similar situation arises . Conversely , when a behavior is followed by unfavorable consequences , the brain 's punishment mechanism is activated , inducing structural changes that cause the behavior to be suppressed when similar situations arise in the future .

\n

\n Most organisms studied to date utilize a reward -- punishment mechanism : for instance , worms and insects can alter their behavior to seek food sources or to avoid dangers . In vertebrates , the reward - punishment system is implemented by a specific set of brain structures , at the heart of which lie the basal ganglia , a set of interconnected areas at the base of the forebrain . The basal ganglia are the central site at which decisions are made : the basal ganglia exert a sustained inhibitory control over most of the motor systems in the brain ; when this inhibition is released , a motor system is permitted to execute the action it is programmed to carry out . Rewards and punishments function by altering the relationship between the inputs that the basal ganglia receive and the decision - signals that are emitted . The reward mechanism is better understood than the punishment mechanism , because its role in drug abuse has caused it to be studied very intensively . Research has shown that the neurotransmitter dopamine plays a central role : addictive drugs such as cocaine , amphetamine , and nicotine either cause dopamine levels to rise or cause the effects of dopamine inside the brain to be enhanced .

\n

\n Learning and memory

\n

\n Almost all animals are capable of modifying their behavior as a result of experience -- even the most primitive types of worms . Because behavior is driven by brain activity , changes in behavior must somehow correspond to changes inside the brain . Already in the late 19th century theorists like Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal argued that the most plausible explanation is that learning and memory are expressed as changes in the synaptic connections between neurons . Until 1970 , however , experimental evidence to support the synaptic plasticity hypothesis was lacking . In 1971 Tim Bliss and Terje L\u00f8mo published a paper on a phenomenon now called long - term potentiation : the paper showed clear evidence of activity - induced synaptic changes that lasted for at least several days . Since then technical advances have made these sorts of experiments much easier to carry out , and thousands of studies have been made that have clarified the mechanism of synaptic change , and uncovered other types of activity - driven synaptic change in a variety of brain areas , including the cerebral cortex , hippocampus , basal ganglia , and cerebellum . Brain - derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF ) and physical activity appear to play a beneficial role in the process .

\n

\n Neuroscientists currently distinguish several types of learning and memory that are implemented by the brain in distinct ways :

\n \n

\n Research

\n Main article : Neuroscience The Human Brain Project is a large scientific research project , starting in 2013 , which aims to simulate the complete human brain .

\n The field of neuroscience encompasses all approaches that seek to understand the brain and the rest of the nervous system . Psychology seeks to understand mind and behavior , and neurology is the medical discipline that diagnoses and treats diseases of the nervous system . The brain is also the most important organ studied in psychiatry , the branch of medicine that works to study , prevent , and treat mental disorders . Cognitive science seeks to unify neuroscience and psychology with other fields that concern themselves with the brain , such as computer science ( artificial intelligence and similar fields ) and philosophy .

\n

\n The oldest method of studying the brain is anatomical , and until the middle of the 20th century , much of the progress in neuroscience came from the development of better cell stains and better microscopes . Neuroanatomists study the large - scale structure of the brain as well as the microscopic structure of neurons and their components , especially synapses . Among other tools , they employ a plethora of stains that reveal neural structure , chemistry , and connectivity . In recent years , the development of immunostaining techniques has allowed investigation of neurons that express specific sets of genes . Also , functional neuroanatomy uses medical imaging techniques to correlate variations in human brain structure with differences in cognition or behavior .

\n

\n Neurophysiologists study the chemical , pharmacological , and electrical properties of the brain : their primary tools are drugs and recording devices . Thousands of experimentally developed drugs affect the nervous system , some in highly specific ways . Recordings of brain activity can be made using electrodes , either glued to the scalp as in EEG studies , or implanted inside the brains of animals for extracellular recordings , which can detect action potentials generated by individual neurons . Because the brain does not contain pain receptors , it is possible using these techniques to record brain activity from animals that are awake and behaving without causing distress . The same techniques have occasionally been used to study brain activity in human patients suffering from intractable epilepsy , in cases where there was a medical necessity to implant electrodes to localize the brain area responsible for epileptic seizures . Functional imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging are also used to study brain activity ; these techniques have mainly been used with human subjects , because they require a conscious subject to remain motionless for long periods of time , but they have the great advantage of being noninvasive .

\n Design of an experiment in which brain activity from a monkey was used to control a robotic arm .

\n Another approach to brain function is to examine the consequences of damage to specific brain areas . Even though it is protected by the skull and meninges , surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid , and isolated from the bloodstream by the blood -- brain barrier , the delicate nature of the brain makes it vulnerable to numerous diseases and several types of damage . In humans , the effects of strokes and other types of brain damage have been a key source of information about brain function . Because there is no ability to experimentally control the nature of the damage , however , this information is often difficult to interpret . In animal studies , most commonly involving rats , it is possible to use electrodes or locally injected chemicals to produce precise patterns of damage and then examine the consequences for behavior .

\n

\n Computational neuroscience encompasses two approaches : first , the use of computers to study the brain ; second , the study of how brains perform computation . On one hand , it is possible to write a computer program to simulate the operation of a group of neurons by making use of systems of equations that describe their electrochemical activity ; such simulations are known as biologically realistic neural networks . On the other hand , it is possible to study algorithms for neural computation by simulating , or mathematically analyzing , the operations of simplified `` units '' that have some of the properties of neurons but abstract out much of their biological complexity . The computational functions of the brain are studied both by computer scientists and neuroscientists .

\n

\n Computational neurogenetic modeling is concerned with the study and development of dynamic neuronal models for modeling brain functions with respect to genes and dynamic interactions between genes .

\n

\n Recent years have seen increasing applications of genetic and genomic techniques to the study of the brain and a focus on the roles of neurotrophic factors and physical activity in neuroplasticity . The most common subjects are mice , because of the availability of technical tools . It is now possible with relative ease to `` knock out '' or mutate a wide variety of genes , and then examine the effects on brain function . More sophisticated approaches are also being used : for example , using Cre - Lox recombination it is possible to activate or deactivate genes in specific parts of the brain , at specific times .

\n

\n History

\n Illustration by Ren\u00e9 Descartes of how the brain implements a reflex response . See also : History of neuroscience

\n The oldest brain to have been discovered was in Armenia in the Areni - 1 cave complex . The brain , estimated to be over 5,000 years old , was found in the skull of a 12 to 14 - year - old girl . Although the brains were shriveled , they were well preserved due to the climate found inside the cave .

\n

\n Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart . Aristotle favored the heart , and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood . Democritus , the inventor of the atomic theory of matter , argued for a three - part soul , with intellect in the head , emotion in the heart , and lust near the liver . Hippocrates , the `` father of medicine '' , came down unequivocally in favor of the brain . In his treatise on epilepsy he wrote :

\n

\n Men ought to know that from nothing else but the brain come joys , delights , laughter and sports , and sorrows , griefs , despondency , and lamentations ... And by the same organ we become mad and delirious , and fears and terrors assail us , some by night , and some by day , and dreams and untimely wanderings , and cares that are not suitable , and ignorance of present circumstances , desuetude , and unskillfulness . All these things we endure from the brain , when it is not healthy ...

\n
\n
\n Hippocrates , On the Sacred Disease
\n
\n Andreas Vesalius ' Fabrica , published in 1543 , showing the base of the human brain , including optic chiasma , cerebellum , olfactory bulbs , etc .

\n The Roman physician Galen also argued for the importance of the brain , and theorized in some depth about how it might work . Galen traced out the anatomical relationships among brain , nerves , and muscles , demonstrating that all muscles in the body are connected to the brain through a branching network of nerves . He postulated that nerves activate muscles mechanically by carrying a mysterious substance he called pneumata psychikon , usually translated as `` animal spirits '' . Galen 's ideas were widely known during the Middle Ages , but not much further progress came until the Renaissance , when detailed anatomical study resumed , combined with the theoretical speculations of Ren\u00e9 Descartes and those who followed him . Descartes , like Galen , thought of the nervous system in hydraulic terms . He believed that the highest cognitive functions are carried out by a non-physical res cogitans , but that the majority of behaviors of humans , and all behaviors of animals , could be explained mechanistically .

\n

\n The first real progress toward a modern understanding of nervous function , though , came from the investigations of Luigi Galvani , who discovered that a shock of static electricity applied to an exposed nerve of a dead frog could cause its leg to contract . Since that time , each major advance in understanding has followed more or less directly from the development of a new technique of investigation . Until the early years of the 20th century , the most important advances were derived from new methods for staining cells . Particularly critical was the invention of the Golgi stain , which ( when correctly used ) stains only a small fraction of neurons , but stains them in their entirety , including cell body , dendrites , and axon . Without such a stain , brain tissue under a microscope appears as an impenetrable tangle of protoplasmic fibers , in which it is impossible to determine any structure . In the hands of Camillo Golgi , and especially of the Spanish neuroanatomist Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal , the new stain revealed hundreds of distinct types of neurons , each with its own unique dendritic structure and pattern of connectivity .

\n Drawing by Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal of two types of Golgi - stained neurons from the cerebellum of a pigeon .

\n In the first half of the 20th century , advances in electronics enabled investigation of the electrical properties of nerve cells , culminating in work by Alan Hodgkin , Andrew Huxley , and others on the biophysics of the action potential , and the work of Bernard Katz and others on the electrochemistry of the synapse . These studies complemented the anatomical picture with a conception of the brain as a dynamic entity . Reflecting the new understanding , in 1942 Charles Sherrington visualized the workings of the brain waking from sleep :

\n

\n The great topmost sheet of the mass , that where hardly a light had twinkled or moved , becomes now a sparkling field of rhythmic flashing points with trains of traveling sparks hurrying hither and thither . The brain is waking and with it the mind is returning . It is as if the Milky Way entered upon some cosmic dance . Swiftly the head mass becomes an enchanted loom where millions of flashing shuttles weave a dissolving pattern , always a meaningful pattern though never an abiding one ; a shifting harmony of subpatterns .

\n
\n
\n -- Sherrington , 1942 , Man on his Nature
\n
\n

\n The invention of electronic computers in the 1940s , along with the development of mathematical information theory , led to a realization that brains can potentially be understood as information processing systems . This concept formed the basis of the field of cybernetics , and eventually gave rise to the field now known as computational neuroscience . The earliest attempts at cybernetics were somewhat crude in that they treated the brain as essentially a digital computer in disguise , as for example in John von Neumann 's 1958 book , The Computer and the Brain . Over the years , though , accumulating information about the electrical responses of brain cells recorded from behaving animals has steadily moved theoretical concepts in the direction of increasing realism .

\n

\n One of the most influential early contributions was a 1959 paper titled What the frog 's eye tells the frog 's brain : the paper examined the visual responses of neurons in the retina and optic tectum of frogs , and came to the conclusion that some neurons in the tectum of the frog are wired to combine elementary responses in a way that makes them function as `` bug perceivers '' . A few years later David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel discovered cells in the primary visual cortex of monkeys that become active when sharp edges move across specific points in the field of view -- a discovery for which they won a Nobel Prize . Follow - up studies in higher - order visual areas found cells that detect binocular disparity , color , movement , and aspects of shape , with areas located at increasing distances from the primary visual cortex showing increasingly complex responses . Other investigations of brain areas unrelated to vision have revealed cells with a wide variety of response correlates , some related to memory , some to abstract types of cognition such as space .

\n

\n Theorists have worked to understand these response patterns by constructing mathematical models of neurons and neural networks , which can be simulated using computers . Some useful models are abstract , focusing on the conceptual structure of neural algorithms rather than the details of how they are implemented in the brain ; other models attempt to incorporate data about the biophysical properties of real neurons . No model on any level is yet considered to be a fully valid description of brain function , though . The essential difficulty is that sophisticated computation by neural networks requires distributed processing in which hundreds or thousands of neurons work cooperatively -- current methods of brain activity recording are only capable of isolating action potentials from a few dozen neurons at a time .

\n

\n Furthermore , even single neurons appear to be complex and capable of performing computations . So , brain models that do n't reflect this are too abstract to be representative of brain operation ; models that do try to capture this are very computationally expensive and arguably intractable with present computational resources . However , the Human Brain Project is trying to build a realistic , detailed computational model of the entire human brain . The wisdom of this approach has been publicly contested , with high - profile scientists on both sides of the argument .

\n

\n In the second half of the 20th century , developments in chemistry , electron microscopy , genetics , computer science , functional brain imaging , and other fields progressively opened new windows into brain structure and function . In the United States , the 1990s were officially designated as the `` Decade of the Brain '' to commemorate advances made in brain research , and to promote funding for such research .

\n

\n In the 21st century , these trends have continued , and several new approaches have come into prominence , including multielectrode recording , which allows the activity of many brain cells to be recorded all at the same time ; genetic engineering , which allows molecular components of the brain to be altered experimentally ; genomics , which allows variations in brain structure to be correlated with variations in DNA properties and neuroimaging .

\n

\n Other uses

\n

\n As food

\n Gulai otak , cattle 's brain curry from Indonesia

\n Animal brains are used as food in numerous cuisines .

\n

\n In rituals

\n

\n Some archaeological evidence suggests that the mourning rituals of European Neanderthals also involved the consumption of the brain .

\n

\n The Fore people of Papua New Guinea are known to eat human brains . In funerary rituals , those close to the dead would eat the brain of the deceased to create a sense of immortality . A prion disease called kuru has been traced to this .

\n

\n For Tanning

\n

\n The brain can be useful to hunters : most animals have enough brain matter for use in the tanning of their own hides .

\n

\n See also

\n \n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Pelvig , DP ; Pakkenberg , H ; Stark , AK ; Pakkenberg , B ( 2008 ) . `` Neocortical glial cell numbers in human brains '' . Neurobiology of Aging. 29 ( 11 ) : 1754 -- 1762 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neurobiolaging. 2007.04. 013 . PMID 17544173 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Yuste , Rafael ; Church , George M. ( March 2014 ) . `` The new century of the brain '' ( PDF ) . Scientific American . 310 ( 3 ) : 38 -- 45 . Bibcode : 2014SciAm. 310c ... 38Y . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0314 - 38 . PMID 24660326 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 07 - 14 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , GM ( 1994 ) . Neurobiology . Oxford University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508843 - 4 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Sporns , O ( 2010 ) . Networks of the Brain . MIT Press . p. 143 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 01469 - 4 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Ba\u015far , E ( 2010 ) . Brain - Body - Mind in the Nebulous Cartesian System : A Holistic Approach by Oscillations . Springer . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4419 - 6134 - 1 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Singh , I ( 2006 ) . `` A Brief Review of the Techniques Used in the Study of Neuroanatomy '' . Textbook of Human Neuroanatomy . Jaypee Brothers . p. 24 . ISBN 9788180618086 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Kandel , Eric R. ; Schwartz , James Harris ; Jessell , Thomas M. ( 2000 ) . Principles of neural science . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8385 - 7701 - 1 . OCLC 42073108 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Douglas , RJ ; Martin , KA ( 2004 ) . `` Neuronal circuits of the neocortex '' . Annual Review of Neuroscience. 27 : 419 -- 451 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. neuro. 27.070203. 144152 . PMID 15217339 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Barnett , MW ; Larkman , PM ( 2007 ) . `` The action potential '' . Practical Neurology . 7 ( 3 ) : 192 -- 197 . PMID 17515599 .
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , GM ( 2004 ) . `` Ch. 1 : Introduction to synaptic circuits '' . The Synaptic Organization of the Brain . Oxford University Press US . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515956 - 1 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Williams , RW ; Herrup , K ( 1988 ) . `` The control of neuron number '' . Annual Review of Neuroscience. 11 : 423 -- 453 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ne. 11.030188. 002231 . PMID 3284447 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Heisenberg , M ( 2003 ) . `` Mushroom body memoir : from maps to models '' . Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 4 ( 4 ) : 266 -- 275 . doi : 10.1038 / nrn1074 . PMID 12671643 .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , DK ; Nakanishi , N ; Yuan , D ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Evolution of sensory structures in basal metazoa '' . Integrative and Comparative Biology . 47 ( 5 ) : 712 -- 723 . doi : 10.1093 / icb / icm094 . PMID 21669752 .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : Balavoine , G ( 2003 ) . `` The segmented Urbilateria : A testable scenario '' . Integrative and Comparative Biology . 43 ( 1 ) : 137 -- 147 . doi : 10.1093 / icb / 43.1. 137 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Schmidt - Rhaesa , A ( 2007 ) . The Evolution of Organ Systems . Oxford University Press . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 856669 - 4 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Kristan Jr , WB ; Calabrese , RL ; Friesen , WO ( 2005 ) . `` Neuronal control of leech behavior '' . Prog Neurobiology. 76 ( 5 ) : 279 -- 327 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pneurobio. 2005.09. 004 . PMID 16260077 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Barnes , RD ( 1987 ) . Invertebrate Zoology ( 5th ed . ) . Saunders College Pub . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 008914 - 5 .
    18. \n
  18. \n ^ Jump up to : Butler , AB ( 2000 ) . `` Chordate Evolution and the Origin of Craniates : An Old Brain in a New Head '' . Anatomical Record . 261 ( 3 ) : 111 -- 125 . doi : 10.1002 / 1097 - 0185 ( 20000615 ) 261 : 3 < 111 : : AID - AR6 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - F. PMID 10867629 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Bulloch , TH ; Kutch , W ( 1995 ) . `` Are the main grades of brains different principally in numbers of connections or also in quality ? '' . In Breidbach O . The nervous systems of invertebrates : an evolutionary and comparative approach . Birkh\u00e4user . p. 439 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7643 - 5076 - 5 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Flybrain : An online atlas and database of the drosophila nervous system '' . Archived from the original on 1998 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Konopka , RJ ; Benzer , S ( 1971 ) . `` Clock Mutants of Drosophila melanogaster '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 68 ( 9 ) : 2112 -- 6 . Bibcode : 1971PNAS ... 68.2112 K . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 68.9. 2112 . PMC 389363 . PMID 5002428 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Shin , Hee - Sup ; et al. ( 1985 ) . `` An unusual coding sequence from a Drosophila clock gene is conserved in vertebrates '' . Nature . 317 ( 6036 ) : 445 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1985Natur. 317 ... 445S . doi : 10.1038 / 317445a0 . PMID 2413365 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Heisenberg , M ; Heusipp , M ; Wanke , C. ( 1995 ) . `` Structural plasticity in the Drosophila brain '' . J. Neurosci. 15 : 1951 -- 1960 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` WormBook : The online review of C. elegans biology '' . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Hobert , O ( 2005 ) . The C. elegans Research Community , ed . `` Specification of the nervous system '' . WormBook : 1 -- 19 . doi : 10.1895 / wormbook. 1.12. 1 . PMC 4781215 . PMID 18050401 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ White , JG ; Southgate , E ; Thomson , JN ; Brenner , S ( 1986 ) . `` The Structure of the Nervous System of the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 314 ( 1165 ) : 1 -- 340 . Bibcode : 1986RSPTB. 314 ... 1W . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 1986.0056 . PMID 22462104 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Jabr , Ferris ( 2012 - 10 - 02 ) . `` The Connectome Debate : Is Mapping the Mind of a Worm Worth It ? '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 18 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Hodgkin , J ( 2001 ) . `` Caenorhabditis elegans '' . In Brenner S , Miller JH . Encyclopedia of Genetics . Elsevier . pp. 251 -- 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 227080 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link )
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Kandel , ER ( 2007 ) . In Search of Memory : The Emergence of a New Science of Mind . WW Norton . pp. 145 -- 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32937 - 7 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Shu , D. - G. ; Conway Morris , S. ; Han , J. ; Zhang , Z. - F. ; Yasui , K. ; Janvier , P. ; Chen , L. ; Zhang , X. - L. ; Liu , J. - N. ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys '' . Nature . 421 ( 6922 ) : 526 -- 529 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 421 ... 526S . doi : 10.1038 / nature01264 . PMID 12556891 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Striedter , GF ( 2005 ) . `` Ch. 3 : Conservation in vertebrate brains '' . Principles of Brain Evolution . Sinauer Associates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 820 - 9 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Armstrong , E ( 1983 ) . `` Relative brain size and metabolism in mammals '' . Science . 220 ( 4603 ) : 1302 -- 1304 . Bibcode : 1983Sci ... 220.1302 A . doi : 10.1126 / science. 6407108 . PMID 6407108 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Jerison , HJ ( 1973 ) . Evolution of the Brain and Intelligence . Academic Press . pp. 55 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 385250 - 2 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Parent , A ; Carpenter , MB ( 1995 ) . `` Ch. 1 '' . Carpenter 's Human Neuroanatomy . Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 683 - 06752 - 1 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Pardridge , W ( 2005 ) . `` The Blood - Brain Barrier : Bottleneck in Brain Drug Development '' . NeuroRx. 2 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 14 . doi : 10.1602 / neurorx. 2.1. 3 . PMC 539316 . PMID 15717053 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Northcutt , RG ( 2008 ) . `` Forebrain evolution in bony fishes '' . Brain Research Bulletin . 75 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 191 -- 205 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brainresbull. 2007.10. 058 . PMID 18331871 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Reiner , A ; Yamamoto , K ; Karten , HJ ( 2005 ) . `` Organization and evolution of the avian forebrain '' . The Anatomical Record Part A : Discoveries in Molecular , Cellular , and Evolutionary Biology . 287 ( 1 ) : 1080 -- 1102 . doi : 10.1002 / ar. a. 20253 . PMID 16206213 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Siegel , A ; Sapru , HN ( 2010 ) . Essential Neuroscience . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 184 -- 189 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 8383 - 5 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Swaab , DF ; Boller , F ; Aminoff , MJ ( 2003 ) . The Human Hypothalamus . Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 444 - 51357 - 1 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Jones , EG ( 1985 ) . The Thalamus . Plenum Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 41856 - 3 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Knierim , James . `` Cerebellum ( Section 3 , Chapter 5 ) Neuroscience Online : An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston . '' Cerebellum ( Section 3 , Chapter 5 ) Neuroscience Online : An Electronic Textbook for the Neurosciences Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy - The University of Texas Medical School at Houston . The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston ( UTHealth ) , 2015 . Web . 2 June 2015 . < http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s3/chapter05.html > .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Saitoh , K ; M\u00e9nard , A ; Grillner , S ( 2007 ) . `` Tectal control of locomotion , steering , and eye movements in lamprey '' . Journal of Neurophysiology. 97 ( 4 ) : 3093 -- 3108 . doi : 10.1152 / jn. 00639.2006 . PMID 17303814 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Richard Swann Lull ; Harry Burr Ferris ; George Howard Parker ; James Rowland Angell ; Albert Galloway Keller ; Edwin Grant Conklin ( 1922 ) . The evolution of man : a series of lectures delivered before the Yale chapter of the Sigma xi during the academic year 1921 -- 1922 . Yale University Press . p. 50 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Puelles , L ( 2001 ) . `` Thoughts on the development , structure and evolution of the mammalian and avian telencephalic pallium '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 356 ( 1414 ) : 1583 -- 1598 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2001.0973 . PMC 1088538 . PMID 11604125 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Salas , C ; Broglio , C ; Rodr\u00edguez , F ( 2003 ) . `` Evolution of forebrain and spatial cognition in vertebrates : conservation across diversity '' . Brain , Behavior and Evolution. 62 ( 2 ) : 72 -- 82 . doi : 10.1159 / 000072438 . PMID 12937346 .
    46. \n
  46. \n ^ Jump up to : Grillner , S ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Mechanisms for selection of basic motor programs -- roles for the striatum and pallidum '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 28 ( 7 ) : 364 -- 370 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tins. 2005.05. 004 . PMID 15935487 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Northcutt , RG ( 1981 ) . `` Evolution of the telencephalon in nonmammals '' . Annual Review of Neuroscience. 4 : 301 -- 350 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. ne. 04.030181. 001505 . PMID 7013637 .
    48. \n
  48. \n ^ Jump up to : Northcutt , RG ( 2002 ) . `` Understanding vertebrate brain evolution '' . Integrative and Comparative Biology . 42 ( 4 ) : 743 -- 756 . doi : 10.1093 / icb / 42.4. 743 . PMID 21708771 .
    49. \n
  49. \n ^ Jump up to : Barton , RA ; Harvey , PH ( 2000 ) . `` Mosaic evolution of brain structure in mammals '' . Nature . 405 ( 6790 ) : 1055 -- 1058 . doi : 10.1038 / 35016580 . PMID 10890446 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Aboitiz , F ; Morales , D ; Montiel , J ( 2003 ) . `` The evolutionary origin of the mammalian isocortex : Towards an integrated developmental and functional approach '' . Behavioral and Brain Sciences . 26 ( 5 ) : 535 -- 552 . doi : 10.1017 / S0140525X03000128 . PMID 15179935 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 07 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Romer , AS ; Parsons , TS ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Holt - Saunders International . p. 531 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X .
    52. \n
  52. \n ^ Jump up to : Roth , G ; Dicke , U ( 2005 ) . `` Evolution of the brain and Intelligence '' . Trends in Cognitive Sciences . 9 ( 5 ) : 250 -- 257 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tics. 2005.03. 005 . PMID 15866152 .
    53. \n
  53. \n ^ Jump up to : Marino , Lori ( 2004 ) . `` Cetacean Brain Evolution : Multiplication Generates Complexity '' ( PDF ) . International Society for Comparative Psychology ( 17 ) : 1 -- 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 29 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Shoshani , J ; Kupsky , WJ ; Marchant , GH ( 2006 ) . `` Elephant brain Part I : Gross morphology , functions , comparative anatomy , and evolution '' . Brain Research Bulletin . 70 ( 2 ) : 124 -- 157 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brainresbull. 2006.03. 016 . PMID 16782503 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Finlay , BL ; Darlington , RB ; Nicastro , N ( 2001 ) . `` Developmental structure in brain evolution '' . Behavioral and Brain Sciences . 24 ( 2 ) : 263 -- 308 . doi : 10.1017 / S0140525X01003958 . PMID 11530543 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Calvin , WH ( 1996 ) . How Brains Think . Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 07278 - 1 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Sereno , MI ; Dale , AM ; Reppas , AM ; Kwong , KK ; Belliveau , JW ; Brady , TJ ; Rosen , BR ; Tootell , RBH ( 1995 ) . `` Borders of multiple visual areas in human revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging '' ( PDF ) . Science . AAAS. 268 ( 5212 ) : 889 -- 893 . Bibcode : 1995Sci ... 268 ... 889S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 7754376 . PMID 7754376 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Fuster , JM ( 2008 ) . The Prefrontal Cortex . Elsevier . pp. 1 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 373644 - 4 .
    59. \n
  59. \n ^ Jump up to : Purves , Dale. ; Lichtman , Jeff W. ( 1985 ) . Principles of neural development . Sunderland , Mass. : Sinauer Associates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 744 - 8 . OCLC 10798963 .
    60. \n
  60. \n ^ Jump up to : Wong , R ( 1999 ) . `` Retinal waves and visual system development '' . Annual Review of Neuroscience. 22 : 29 -- 47 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. neuro. 22.1. 29 . PMID 10202531 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Rakic , P ( 2002 ) . `` Adult neurogenesis in mammals : an identity crisis '' . Journal of Neuroscience. 22 ( 3 ) : 614 -- 618 . PMID 11826088 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Ridley , M ( 2003 ) . Nature via Nurture : Genes , Experience , and What Makes Us Human . Forth Estate . pp. 1 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 000678 - 5 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Wiesel , T ( 1982 ) . `` Postnatal development of the visual cortex and the influence of environment '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 299 ( 5884 ) : 583 -- 591 . Bibcode : 1982Natur. 299 ... 583W . doi : 10.1038 / 299583a0 . PMID 6811951 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ van Praag , H ; Kempermann , G ; Gage , FH ( 2000 ) . `` Neural consequences of environmental enrichment '' . Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 1 ( 3 ) : 191 -- 198 . doi : 10.1038 / 35044558 . PMID 11257907 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Cooper , JR ; Bloom , FE ; Roth , RH ( 2003 ) . The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology . Oxford University Press US . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514008 - 8 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ McGeer , PL ; McGeer , EG ( 1989 ) . `` Chapter 15 , Amino acid neurotransmitters '' . In G. Siegel ; et al. Basic Neurochemistry . Raven Press . pp. 311 -- 332 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88167 - 343 - 2 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Foster , AC ; Kemp , JA ( 2006 ) . `` Glutamate - and GABA - based CNS therapeutics '' . Current Opinion in Pharmacology . 6 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 17 . doi : 10.1016 / j. coph. 2005.11. 005 . PMID 16377242 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Frazer , A ; Hensler , JG ( 1999 ) . `` Understanding the neuroanatomical organization of serotonergic cells in the brain provides insight into the functions of this neurotransmitter '' . In Siegel , GJ . Basic Neurochemistry ( Sixth ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 397 - 51820 - X .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Mehler , MF ; Purpura , DP ( 2009 ) . `` Autism , fever , epigenetics and the locus coeruleus '' . Brain Research Reviews . 59 ( 2 ) : 388 -- 392 . doi : 10.1016 / j. brainresrev. 2008.11. 001 . PMC 2668953 . PMID 19059284 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Rang , HP ( 2003 ) . Pharmacology . Churchill Livingstone . pp. 476 -- 483 . ISBN 0 - 443 - 07145 - 4 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Speckmann , E-J ; Elger , CE ( 2004 ) . `` Introduction to the neurophysiological basis of the EEG and DC potentials '' . In Niedermeyer E , Lopes da Silva FH . Electroencephalography : Basic Principles , Clinical Applications , and Related Fields . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 17 -- 31 . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 5126 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link )
    72. \n
  72. \n ^ Jump up to : Buzs\u00e1ki , G ( 2006 ) . Rhythms of the Brain . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530106 - 9 . OCLC 63279497 .
    73. \n
  73. \n ^ Jump up to : Nieuwenhuys , R ; Donkelaar , HJ ; Nicholson , C ( 1998 ) . The Central Nervous System of Vertebrates , Volume 1 . Springer . pp. 11 -- 14 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 56013 - 5 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ Safi , K ; Seid , MA ; Dechmann , DK ( 2005 ) . `` Bigger is not always better : when brains get smaller '' . Biology Letters. 1 ( 3 ) : 283 -- 286 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2005.0333 . PMC 1617168 . PMID 17148188 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ Mink , JW ; Blumenschine , RJ ; Adams , DB ( 1981 ) . `` Ratio of central nervous system to body metabolism in vertebrates : its constancy and functional basis '' . American Journal of Physiology. 241 ( 3 ) : R203 -- 212 . PMID 7282965 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Raichle , M ; Gusnard , DA ( 2002 ) . `` Appraising the brain 's energy budget '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 ( 16 ) : 10237 -- 10239 . Bibcode : 2002PNAS ... 9910237R . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 172399499 . PMC 124895 . PMID 12149485 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Mehagnoul - Schipper , DJ ; Van Der Kallen , BF ; Colier , WNJM ; Van Der Sluijs , MC ; Van Erning , LJ ; Thijssen , HO ; Oeseburg , B ; Hoefnagels , WH ; Jansen , RW ( 2002 ) . `` Simultaneous measurements of cerebral oxygenation changes during brain activation by near - infrared spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy young and elderly subjects '' . Hum Brain Mapp. 16 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 23 . doi : 10.1002 / hbm. 10026 . PMID 11870923 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Ebert , D. ; Haller , RG. ; Walton , ME . ( Jul 2003 ) . `` Energy contribution of octanoate to intact rat brain metabolism measured by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy '' . J Neurosci. 23 ( 13 ) : 5928 -- 35 . PMID 12843297 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ Marin - Valencia , I. ; Good , LB. ; Ma , Q. ; Malloy , CR. ; Pascual , JM . ( Feb 2013 ) . `` Heptanoate as a neural fuel : energetic and neurotransmitter precursors in normal and glucose transporter I - deficient ( G1D ) brain '' . J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 33 ( 2 ) : 175 -- 82 . doi : 10.1038 / jcbfm. 2012.151 . PMC 3564188 . PMID 23072752 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ Boumezbeur , F. ; Petersen , KF. ; Cline , GW. ; Mason , GF. ; Behar , KL. ; Shulman , GI. ; Rothman , DL. ( Oct 2010 ) . `` The contribution of blood lactate to brain energy metabolism in humans measured by dynamic 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy '' . J Neurosci. 30 ( 42 ) : 13983 -- 91 . doi : 10.1523 / JNEUROSCI. 2040 - 10.2010 . PMC 2996729 . PMID 20962220 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Deelchand , DK. ; Shestov , AA. ; Koski , DM. ; U\u011furbil , K. ; Henry , PG . ( May 2009 ) . `` Acetate transport and utilization in the rat brain '' . J Neurochem. 109 Suppl 1 ( Suppl 1 ) : 46 -- 54 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1471 - 4159.2009. 05895. x . PMC 2722917 . PMID 19393008 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Soengas , JL ; Aldegunde , M ( 2002 ) . `` Energy metabolism of fish brain '' . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B. 131 ( 3 ) : 271 -- 296 . doi : 10.1016 / S1096 - 4959 ( 02 ) 00022 - 2 . PMID 11959012 .
    83. \n
  83. \n ^ Jump up to : Carew , TJ ( 2000 ) . `` Ch. 1 '' . Behavioral Neurobiology : the Cellular Organization of Natural Behavior . Sinauer Associates . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 092 - 0 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ Dafny , N. `` Anatomy of the spinal cord '' . Neuroscience Online . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 10 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ Dragoi , V. `` Ocular motor system '' . Neuroscience Online . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 10 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Gurney , K ; Prescott , TJ ; Wickens , JR ; Redgrave , P ( 2004 ) . `` Computational models of the basal ganglia : from robots to membranes '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 27 ( 8 ) : 453 -- 459 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tins. 2004.06. 003 . PMID 15271492 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ Shima , K ; Tanji , J ( 1998 ) . `` Both supplementary and presupplementary motor areas are crucial for the temporal organization of multiple movements '' . Journal of Neurophysiology. 80 ( 6 ) : 3247 -- 3260 . PMID 9862919 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Miller , EK ; Cohen , JD ( 2001 ) . `` An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function '' . Annual Review of Neuroscience. 24 ( 1 ) : 167 -- 202 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. neuro. 24.1. 167 . PMID 11283309 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ Antle , MC ; Silver , R ( 2005 ) . `` Orchestrating time : arrangements of the brain circadian clock '' ( PDF ) . Trends in Neurosciences. 28 ( 3 ) : 145 -- 151 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tins. 2005.01. 003 . PMID 15749168 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 31 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ Kleitman , N ( 1938 ) . Sleep and Wakefulness . revised 1963 , reprinted 1987 . The University of Chicago Press , Midway Reprints series . ISBN 0 - 226 - 44073 - 7 .
    91. \n
  91. \n ^ Jump up to : Dougherty , P. `` Hypothalamus : structural organization '' . Neuroscience Online . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 11 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ Gross , CG ( 1998 ) . `` Claude Bernard and the constancy of the internal environment '' ( PDF ) . The Neuroscientist. 4 ( 5 ) : 380 -- 385 . doi : 10.1177 / 107385849800400520 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Dougherty , P. `` Hypothalamic control of pituitary hormone '' . Neuroscience Online . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 11 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ Chiel , HJ ; Beer , RD ( 1997 ) . `` The brain has a body : adaptive behavior emerges from interactions of nervous system , body , and environment '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 20 ( 12 ) : 553 -- 557 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 2236 ( 97 ) 01149 - 1 . PMID 9416664 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ Berridge , KC ( 2004 ) . `` Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience '' . Physiology & Behavior . 81 ( 2 ) : 179 -- 209 . doi : 10.1016 / j. physbeh. 2004.02. 004 . PMID 15159167 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ Ardiel , EL ; Rankin , CH ( 2010 ) . `` An elegant mind : learning and memory in Caenorhabditis elegans '' . Learning and Memory . 17 ( 4 ) : 191 -- 201 . doi : 10.1101 / lm. 960510 . PMID 20335372 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Hyman , SE ; Malenka , RC ( 2001 ) . `` Addiction and the brain : the neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence '' . Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2 ( 10 ) : 695 -- 703 . doi : 10.1038 / 35094560 . PMID 11584307 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Ram\u00f3n y Cajal , S ( 1894 ) . `` The Croonian Lecture : La Fine Structure des Centres Nerveux '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society . 55 ( 331 -- 335 ) : 444 -- 468 . doi : 10.1098 / rspl. 1894.0063 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ L\u00f8mo , T ( 2003 ) . `` The discovery of long - term potentiation '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 358 ( 1432 ) : 617 -- 620 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2002.1226 . PMC 1693150 . PMID 12740104 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ Malenka , R ; Bear , M ( 2004 ) . `` LTP and LTD : an embarrassment of riches '' . Neuron. 44 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 21 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neuron. 2004.09. 012 . PMID 15450156 .
    101. \n
  101. \n ^ Jump up to : Bos , I ; De Boever , P ; Int Panis , L ; Meeusen , R ( August 2014 ) . `` Physical Activity , Air Pollution and the Brain '' . Sports Medicine . 44 : 1505 -- 1518 . doi : 10.1007 / s40279 - 014 - 0222 - 6 . PMID 25119155 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ Curtis , CE ; D'Esposito , M ( 2003 ) . `` Persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex during working memory '' . Trends in Cognitive Sciences . 7 ( 9 ) : 415 -- 423 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.457. 9723 . doi : 10.1016 / S1364 - 6613 ( 03 ) 00197 - 9 . PMID 12963473 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ Tulving , E ; Markowitsch , HJ ( 1998 ) . `` Episodic and declarative memory : role of the hippocampus '' . Hippocampus. 8 ( 3 ) : 198 -- 204 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1098 - 1063 ( 1998 ) 8 : 3 < 198 : : AID - HIPO2 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - G. PMID 9662134 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ Martin , A ; Chao , LL ( 2001 ) . `` Semantic memory and the brain : structures and processes '' . Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 11 ( 2 ) : 194 -- 201 . doi : 10.1016 / S0959 - 4388 ( 00 ) 00196 - 3 . PMID 11301239 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ Balleine , BW ; Liljeholm , Mimi ; Ostlund , SB ( 2009 ) . `` The integrative function of the basal ganglia in instrumental learning '' . Behavioral Brain Research . 199 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 52 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbr. 2008.10. 034 . PMID 19027797 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ Doya , K ( 2000 ) . `` Complementary roles of basal ganglia and cerebellum in learning and motor control '' . Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 10 ( 6 ) : 732 -- 739 . doi : 10.1016 / S0959 - 4388 ( 00 ) 00153 - 7 . PMID 11240282 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ Storrow , Hugh A. ( 1969 ) . Outline of clinical psychiatry . New York : Appleton - Century - Crofts , Educational Division . ISBN 978 - 0 - 390 - 85075 - 1 . OCLC 47198 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ Thagard , P ( 2008 ) . Zalta , EN , ed . `` Cognitive Science '' . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 14 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ Bear , MF ; Connors , BW ; Paradiso , MA ( 2007 ) . `` Ch. 2 '' . Neuroscience : Exploring the Brain . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 6003 - 4 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ Dowling , JE ( 2001 ) . Neurons and Networks . Harvard University Press . pp. 15 -- 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00462 - 7 .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ Wyllie , E ; Gupta , A ; Lachhwani , DK ( 2005 ) . `` Ch. 77 '' . The Treatment of Epilepsy : Principles and Practice . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 4995 - 4 .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ Laureys , S ; Boly , M ; Tononi , G ( 2009 ) . `` Functional neuroimaging '' . In Laureys S , Tononi G . The Neurology of Consciousness : Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropathology . Academic Press . pp. 31 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 374168 - 4 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link )
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ Carmena , JM ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Learning to Control a Brain -- Machine Interface for Reaching and Grasping by Primates '' . PLoS Biology . 1 ( 2 ) : 193 -- 208 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0000042 . PMC 261882 . PMID 14624244 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ Kolb , B ; Whishaw , I ( 2008 ) . `` Ch. 1 '' . Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 9586 - 5 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ Abbott , LF ; Dayan , P ( 2001 ) . `` Preface '' . Theoretical Neuroscience : Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 54185 - 5 .
    116. \n
  116. \n ^ Jump up to : Tonegawa , S ; Nakazawa , K ; Wilson , MA ( 2003 ) . `` Genetic neuroscience of mammalian learning and memory '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 358 ( 1432 ) : 787 -- 795 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2002.1243 . PMC 1693163 . PMID 12740125 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ Bower , Bruce ( 12 January 2009 ) . `` Armenian cave yields ancient human brain '' . ScienceNews .
    118. \n
  118. \n ^ Jump up to : Finger , S ( 2001 ) . Origins of Neuroscience . Oxford University Press . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514694 - 3 .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ * Hippocrates ( 2006 ) ( 400 BCE ) , On the Sacred Disease , Translated by Francis Adams , Internet Classics Archive : The University of Adelaide Library , archived from the original on September 26 , 2007
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ Finger , S ( 2001 ) . Origins of Neuroscience . Oxford University Press . pp. 193 -- 195 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514694 - 3 .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ Bloom , FE ( 1975 ) . Schmidt FO , Worden FG , Swazey JP , Adelman G , eds . The Neurosciences , Paths of Discovery . MIT Press . p. 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 23072 - 8 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link )
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ Shepherd , GM ( 1991 ) . `` Ch. 1 : Introduction and Overview '' . Foundations of the Neuron Doctrine . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 506491 - 9 .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ Piccolino , M ( 2002 ) . `` Fifty years of the Hodgkin - Huxley era '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 25 ( 11 ) : 552 -- 553 . doi : 10.1016 / S0166 - 2236 ( 02 ) 02276 - 2 . PMID 12392928 .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ Sherrington , CS ( 1942 ) . Man on his nature . Cambridge University Press . p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8385 - 7701 - 1 .
    125. \n
  125. \n ^ Jump up to : Churchland , PS ; Koch , C ; Sejnowski , TJ ( 1993 ) . `` What is computational neuroscience ? '' . In Schwartz EL . Computational Neuroscience . MIT Press . pp. 46 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 69164 - 2 .
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ von Neumann , J ; Churchland , PM ; Churchland , PS ( 2000 ) . The Computer and the Brain . Yale University Press . pp. xi -- xxii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08473 - 3 .
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ Lettvin , JY ; Maturana , HR ; McCulloch , WS ; Pitts , WH ( 1959 ) . `` What the frog 's eye tells the frog 's brain '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers . 47 : 1940 -- 1951 . doi : 10.1109 / jrproc. 1959.287207 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 2011 - 09 - 28 .
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ Hubel , DH ; Wiesel , TN ( 2005 ) . Brain and visual perception : the story of a 25 - year collaboration . Oxford University Press US . pp. 657 -- 704 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517618 - 6 .
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ Farah , MJ ( 2000 ) . The Cognitive Neuroscience of Vision . Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 1 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 21403 - 8 .
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ Engel , AK ; Singer , W ( 2001 ) . `` Temporal binding and the neural correlates of sensory awareness '' . Trends in Cognitive Sciences . 5 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 25 . doi : 10.1016 / S1364 - 6613 ( 00 ) 01568 - 0 . PMID 11164732 .
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ Dayan , P ; Abbott , LF ( 2005 ) . `` Ch. 7 : Network models '' . Theoretical Neuroscience . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 54185 - 5 .
    132. \n
  132. \n Jump up ^ Averbeck , BB ; Lee , D ( 2004 ) . `` Coding and transmission of information by neural ensembles '' . Trends in Neurosciences. 27 ( 4 ) : 225 -- 230 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tins. 2004.02. 006 . PMID 15046882 .
    133. \n
  133. \n Jump up ^ Forrest , MD ( 2014 ) . `` Intracellular Calcium Dynamics Permit a Purkinje Neuron Model to Perform Toggle and Gain Computations Upon its Inputs '' . Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience. 8 : 86 . doi : 10.3389 / fncom. 2014.00086 . PMC 4138505 . PMID 25191262 .
    134. \n
  134. \n Jump up ^ Jones , EG ; Mendell , LM ( 1999 ) . `` Assessing the Decade of the Brain '' . Science . 284 ( 5415 ) : 739 . Bibcode : 1999Sci ... 284 ... 739J . doi : 10.1126 / science. 284.5415. 739 . PMID 10336393 .
    135. \n
  135. \n Jump up ^ Buzs\u00e1ki , G ( 2004 ) . `` Large - scale recording of neuronal ensembles '' ( PDF ) . Nature Neuroscience. 7 ( 5 ) : 446 -- 451 . doi : 10.1038 / nn1233 . PMID 15114356 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 09 - 10 .
    136. \n
  136. \n Jump up ^ Geschwind , DH ; Konopka , G ( 2009 ) . `` Neuroscience in the era of functional genomics and systems biology '' . Nature . 461 ( 7266 ) : 908 -- 915 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 461 ... 908G . doi : 10.1038 / nature08537 . PMC 3645852 . PMID 19829370 .
    137. \n
  137. \n Jump up ^ Connell , Evan S. ( 2001 ) . The Aztec Treasure House . Counterpoint Press . ISBN 1 - 58243 - 162 - 0 .
    138. \n
  138. \n Jump up ^ Collins , S ; McLean CA ; Masters CL ( 2001 ) . `` Gerstmann - Straussler - Scheinker syndrome , fatal familial insomnia , and kuru : a review of these less common human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies '' . Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 8 ( 5 ) : 387 -- 97 . doi : 10.1054 / jocn. 2001.0919 . PMID 11535002 .
    139. \n
  139. \n Jump up ^ `` The History of Brain Tan : page 1 '' . Braintan.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 .
    140. \n
  140. \n Jump up ^ Mammals ( 2008 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Brain Tanning : Animal Planet '' . Animal.discovery.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 .
    141. \n
  141. \n Jump up ^ `` Tanning Deer Hides and Small Fur Skins '' ( PDF ) . The Official Site of the Tennessee Government . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 07 .
    142. \n
\n

\n External links

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikiquote has quotations related to : Brain
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brain .
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica article Brain .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n GND : 4019752 - 9
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 00568735
    • \n
  • \n NKC : ph123008
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brain&oldid=837303090 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where does the brain get its energy from", "long_answers": ["Brain tissue consumes a large amount of energy in proportion to its volume , so large brains place severe metabolic demands on animals . The need to limit body weight in order , for example , to fly , has apparently led to selection for a reduction of brain size in some species , such as bats . Most of the brain 's energy consumption goes into sustaining the electric charge ( membrane potential ) of neurons . Most vertebrate species devote between 2 % and 8 % of basal metabolism to the brain . In primates , however , the percentage is much higher -- in humans it rises to 20 -- 25 % . The energy consumption of the brain does not vary greatly over time , but active regions of the cerebral cortex consume somewhat more energy than inactive regions ; this forms the basis for the functional brain imaging methods PET , fMRI , and NIRS . The brain typically gets most of its energy from oxygen - dependent metabolism of glucose ( i.e. , blood sugar ) , but ketones provide a major alternative source , together with contributions from medium chain fatty acids ( caprylic and heptanoic acids ) , lactate , acetate , and possibly amino acids .\n"], "short_answers": ["most of its energy from oxygen - dependent metabolism of glucose ( i.e. , blood sugar ) , but ketones provide a major alternative source , together with contributions from medium chain fatty acids ( caprylic and heptanoic acids ) , lactate , acetate , and possibly amino acids\n", "most of its energy from oxygen - dependent metabolism of glucose ( i.e. , blood sugar )\n"]} {"text": "On the Origin of species - wikipedia

\n On the Origin of species

\n Jump to : navigation , search `` Origin of Species '' redirects here . For other uses , see Origin of Species ( disambiguation ) . \n On the Origin of Species \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n The title page of the 1859 edition of On the Origin of Species
\n Author \n Charles Darwin
\n Country \n United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
\n Language \n English
\n Subject \n Natural selection Evolutionary biology
\n Published \n 24 November 1859 ( John Murray )
\n Media type \n Print ( Hardback )
\n Pages \n 502
\n OCLC \n 352242
\n Preceded by \n On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection
\n Followed by \n Fertilisation of Orchids
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Part of a series on
\n Evolutionary biology
\n Key topics ( show )
    \n
  • \n Introduction to evolution
    • \n
  • \n Common descent
    • \n
  • \n Evidence of common descent
    • \n
\n
\n Processes and outcomes ( show )
    \n
  • \n Population genetics
    • \n
  • \n Variation
    • \n
  • \n Diversity
    • \n
  • \n Mutation
    • \n
  • \n Natural selection
    • \n
  • \n Adaptation
    • \n
  • \n Polymorphism
    • \n
  • \n Genetic drift
    • \n
  • \n Gene flow
    • \n
  • \n Speciation
    • \n
  • \n Adaptive radiation
    • \n
  • \n Co-operation
    • \n
  • \n Coevolution
    • \n
  • \n Divergence
    • \n
  • \n Convergence
    • \n
  • \n Parallel evolution
    • \n
  • \n Extinction
    • \n
\n
\n Natural history ( show )
    \n
  • \n Origin of life
    • \n
  • \n History of life
    • \n
  • \n Timeline of evolution
    • \n
  • \n Human evolution
    • \n
  • \n Phylogeny
    • \n
  • \n Biodiversity
    • \n
  • \n Biogeography
    • \n
  • \n Classification
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary taxonomy
    • \n
  • \n Cladistics
    • \n
  • \n Transitional fossil
    • \n
  • \n Extinction event
    • \n
\n
\n History of evolutionary theory ( show )
    \n
  • \n Overview
    • \n
  • \n Renaissance
    • \n
  • \n Before Darwin
    • \n
  • \n Darwin
    • \n
  • \n Origin of Species
    • \n
  • \n Before synthesis
    • \n
  • \n Modern synthesis
    • \n
  • \n Molecular evolution
    • \n
  • \n Evo - devo
    • \n
  • \n Current research
    • \n
  • \n History of speciation
    • \n
  • \n History of paleontology ( timeline )
    • \n
\n
\n Fields and applications ( show )
    \n
  • \n Applications of evolution
    • \n
  • \n Biosocial criminology
    • \n
  • \n Ecological genetics
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary aesthetics
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary anthropology
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary computation
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary ecology
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary economics
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary epistemology
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary ethics
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary game theory
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary linguistics
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary medicine
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary neuroscience
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary physiology
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary psychology
    • \n
  • \n Experimental evolution
    • \n
  • \n Phylogenetics
    • \n
  • \n Paleontology
    • \n
  • \n Selective breeding
    • \n
  • \n Speciation experiments
    • \n
  • \n Sociobiology
    • \n
  • \n Systematics
    • \n
  • \n Universal Darwinism
    • \n
\n
\n Social implications ( show )
    \n
  • \n Evolution as fact and theory
    • \n
  • \n Social effects
    • \n
  • \n Creation -- evolution controversy
    • \n
  • \n Objections to evolution
    • \n
  • \n Level of support
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Evolutionary biology portal
    • \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n Related topics
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n On the Origin of Species ( or more completely , On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life ) , published on 24 November 1859 , is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology . Darwin 's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection . It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution . Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research , correspondence , and experimentation .

\n

\n Various evolutionary ideas had already been proposed to explain new findings in biology . There was growing support for such ideas among dissident anatomists and the general public , but during the first half of the 19th century the English scientific establishment was closely tied to the Church of England , while science was part of natural theology . Ideas about the transmutation of species were controversial as they conflicted with the beliefs that species were unchanging parts of a designed hierarchy and that humans were unique , unrelated to other animals . The political and theological implications were intensely debated , but transmutation was not accepted by the scientific mainstream .

\n

\n The book was written for non-specialist readers and attracted widespread interest upon its publication . As Darwin was an eminent scientist , his findings were taken seriously and the evidence he presented generated scientific , philosophical , and religious discussion . The debate over the book contributed to the campaign by T. H. Huxley and his fellow members of the X Club to secularise science by promoting scientific naturalism . Within two decades there was widespread scientific agreement that evolution , with a branching pattern of common descent , had occurred , but scientists were slow to give natural selection the significance that Darwin thought appropriate . During `` the eclipse of Darwinism '' from the 1880s to the 1930s , various other mechanisms of evolution were given more credit . With the development of the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s , Darwin 's concept of evolutionary adaptation through natural selection became central to modern evolutionary theory , and it has now become the unifying concept of the life sciences .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Summary of Darwin 's theory ( edit )

\n Darwin pictured shortly before publication

\n Darwin 's theory of evolution is based on key facts and the inferences drawn from them , which biologist Ernst Mayr summarised as follows :

\n
\n
\n \n
\n
\n

\n Background ( edit )

\n See also : History of evolutionary thought and History of biology

\n Developments before Darwin 's theory ( edit )

\n

\n In later editions of the book , Darwin traced evolutionary ideas as far back as Aristotle ; the text he cites is a summary by Aristotle of the ideas of the earlier Greek philosopher Empedocles . Early Christian Church Fathers and Medieval European scholars interpreted the Genesis creation narrative allegorically rather than as a literal historical account ; organisms were described by their mythological and heraldic significance as well as by their physical form . Nature was widely believed to be unstable and capricious , with monstrous births from union between species , and spontaneous generation of life .

\n Cuvier 's 1799 paper on living and fossil elephants helped establish the reality of extinction .

\n The Protestant Reformation inspired a literal interpretation of the Bible , with concepts of creation that conflicted with the findings of an emerging science seeking explanations congruent with the mechanical philosophy of Ren\u00e9 Descartes and the empiricism of the Baconian method . After the turmoil of the English Civil War , the Royal Society wanted to show that science did not threaten religious and political stability . John Ray developed an influential natural theology of rational order ; in his taxonomy , species were static and fixed , their adaptation and complexity designed by God , and varieties showed minor differences caused by local conditions . In God 's benevolent design , carnivores caused mercifully swift death , but the suffering caused by parasitism was a puzzling problem . The biological classification introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1735 also viewed species as fixed according to the divine plan . In 1766 , Georges Buffon suggested that some similar species , such as horses and asses , or lions , tigers , and leopards , might be varieties descended from a common ancestor . The Ussher chronology of the 1650s had calculated creation at 4004 BC , but by the 1780s geologists assumed a much older world . Wernerians thought strata were deposits from shrinking seas , but James Hutton proposed a self - maintaining infinite cycle , anticipating uniformitarianism .

\n

\n Charles Darwin 's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s , and Jean - Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809 . Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity , adapting to the environment by inheriting changes in adults caused by use or disuse . This process was later called Lamarckism . Lamarck thought there was an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity , in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction . Geoffroy contended that embryonic development recapitulated transformations of organisms in past eras when the environment acted on embryos , and that animal structures were determined by a constant plan as demonstrated by homologies . Georges Cuvier strongly disputed such ideas , holding that unrelated , fixed species showed similarities that reflected a design for functional needs . His pal\u00e6ontological work in the 1790s had established the reality of extinction , which he explained by local catastrophes , followed by repopulation of the affected areas by other species .

\n

\n In Britain , William Paley 's Natural Theology saw adaptation as evidence of beneficial `` design '' by the Creator acting through natural laws . All naturalists in the two English universities ( Oxford and Cambridge ) were Church of England clergymen , and science became a search for these laws . Geologists adapted catastrophism to show repeated worldwide annihilation and creation of new fixed species adapted to a changed environment , initially identifying the most recent catastrophe as the biblical flood . Some anatomists such as Robert Grant were influenced by Lamarck and Geoffroy , but most naturalists regarded their ideas of transmutation as a threat to divinely appointed social order .

\n

\n Inception of Darwin 's theory ( edit )

\n See also : Charles Darwin 's education and Inception of Darwin 's theory

\n Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine . In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant 's research into marine invertebrates . Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species , but Darwin rejected it . Starting in 1827 , at Cambridge University , Darwin learnt science as natural theology from botanist John Stevens Henslow , and read Paley , John Herschel and Alexander von Humboldt . Filled with zeal for science , he studied catastrophist geology with Adam Sedgwick .

\n In mid-July 1837 Darwin started his `` B '' notebook on Transmutation of Species , and on page 36 wrote `` I think '' above his first evolutionary tree .

\n In December 1831 , he joined the Beagle expedition as a gentleman naturalist and geologist . He read Charles Lyell 's Principles of Geology and from the first stop ashore , at St. Jago , found Lyell 's uniformitarianism a key to the geological history of landscapes . Darwin discovered fossils resembling huge armadillos , and noted the geographical distribution of modern species in hope of finding their `` centre of creation '' . The three Fuegian missionaries the expedition returned to Tierra del Fuego were friendly and civilised , yet to Darwin their relatives on the island seemed `` miserable , degraded savages '' , and he no longer saw an unbridgeable gap between humans and animals . As the Beagle neared England in 1836 , he noted that species might not be fixed .

\n

\n Richard Owen showed that fossils of extinct species Darwin found in South America were allied to living species on the same continent . In March 1837 , ornithologist John Gould announced that Darwin 's rhea was a separate species from the previously described rhea ( though their territories overlapped ) , that mockingbirds collected on the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands represented three separate species each unique to a particular island , and that several distinct birds from those islands were all classified as finches . Darwin began speculating , in a series of notebooks , on the possibility that `` one species does change into another '' to explain these findings , and around July sketched a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree , discarding Lamarck 's independent lineages progressing to higher forms . Unconventionally , Darwin asked questions of fancy pigeon and animal breeders as well as established scientists . At the zoo he had his first sight of an ape , and was profoundly impressed by how human the orangutan seemed .

\n

\n In late September 1838 , he started reading Thomas Malthus 's An Essay on the Principle of Population with its statistical argument that human populations , if unrestrained , breed beyond their means and struggle to survive . Darwin related this to the struggle for existence among wildlife and botanist de Candolle 's `` warring of the species '' in plants ; he immediately envisioned `` a force like a hundred thousand wedges '' pushing well - adapted variations into `` gaps in the economy of nature '' , so that the survivors would pass on their form and abilities , and unfavourable variations would be destroyed . By December 1838 , he had noted a similarity between the act of breeders selecting traits and a Malthusian Nature selecting among variants thrown up by `` chance '' so that `` every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected '' .

\n

\n Darwin now had the basic framework of his theory of natural selection , but he was fully occupied with his career as a geologist and held back from compiling it until his book on The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs was completed . As he recalled in his autobiography , he had `` at last got a theory by which to work '' , but it was only in June 1842 that he allowed himself `` the satisfaction of writing a very brief abstract of my theory in pencil '' .

\n

\n Further development ( edit )

\n See also : Development of Darwin 's theory

\n Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage . He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842 ; then in June he roughed out a 35 - page `` Pencil Sketch '' of his theory . Darwin began correspondence about his theorising with the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in January 1844 , and by July had rounded out his `` sketch '' into a 230 - page `` Essay '' , to be expanded with his research results and published if he died prematurely .

\n Darwin researched how the skulls of different pigeon breeds varied , as shown in his Variation of Plants and Animals Under Domestication of 1868 .

\n In November 1844 , the anonymously published popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation , written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers , widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species . Vestiges used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time . But it proposed a linear progression rather than the branching common descent theory behind Darwin 's work in progress , and it ignored adaptation . Darwin read it soon after publication , and scorned its amateurish geology and zoology , but he carefully reviewed his own arguments after leading scientists , including Adam Sedgwick , attacked its morality and scientific errors . Vestiges had significant influence on public opinion , and the intense debate helped to pave the way for the acceptance of the more scientifically sophisticated Origin by moving evolutionary speculation into the mainstream . While few naturalists were willing to consider transmutation , Herbert Spencer became an active proponent of Lamarckism and progressive development in the 1850s .

\n

\n Hooker was persuaded to take away a copy of the `` Essay '' in January 1847 , and eventually sent a page of notes giving Darwin much needed feedback . Reminded of his lack of expertise in taxonomy , Darwin began an eight - year study of barnacles , becoming the leading expert on their classification . Using his theory , he discovered homologies showing that slightly changed body parts served different functions to meet new conditions , and he found an intermediate stage in the evolution of distinct sexes .

\n

\n Darwin 's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances . In 1854 , he completed the last part of his Beagle - related writing and began working full - time on evolution . He now realised that the branching pattern of evolutionary divergence was explained by natural selection working constantly to improve adaptation . His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only , as on islands , to an emphasis on speciation without isolation ; that is , he saw increasing specialisation within large stable populations as continuously exploiting new ecological niches . He conducted empirical research focusing on difficulties with his theory . He studied the developmental and anatomical differences between different breeds of many domestic animals , became actively involved in fancy pigeon breeding , and experimented ( with the help of his son Francis ) on ways that plant seeds and animals might disperse across oceans to colonise distant islands . By 1856 , his theory was much more sophisticated , with a mass of supporting evidence .

\n

\n Publication ( edit )

\n Main article : Publication of Darwin 's theory

\n Time taken to publish ( edit )

\n

\n In his autobiography , Darwin said he had `` gained much by my delay in publishing from about 1839 , when the theory was clearly conceived , to 1859 ; and I lost nothing by it '' . On the first page of his 1859 book he noted that , having begun work on the topic in 1837 , he had drawn up `` some short notes '' after five years , had enlarged these into a sketch in 1844 , and `` from that period to the present day I have steadily pursued the same object . ''

\n

\n Various biographers have proposed that Darwin avoided or delayed making his ideas public for personal reasons . Reasons suggested have included fear of religious persecution or social disgrace if his views were revealed , and concern about upsetting his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma . Charles Darwin 's illness caused repeated delays . His paper on Glen Roy had proved embarrassingly wrong , and he may have wanted to be sure he was correct . David Quammen has suggested all these factors may have contributed , and notes Darwin 's large output of books and busy family life during that time .

\n

\n A more recent study by science historian John van Wyhe has determined that the idea that Darwin delayed publication only dates back to the 1940s , and Darwin 's contemporaries thought the time he took was reasonable . Darwin always finished one book before starting another . While he was researching , he told many people about his interest in transmutation without causing outrage . He firmly intended to publish , but it was not until September 1854 that he could work on it full - time . His 1846 estimate that writing his `` big book '' would take five years proved optimistic .

\n

\n Events leading to publication : `` big book '' manuscript ( edit )

\n A photograph of Alfred Russel Wallace ( 1823 -- 1913 ) taken in Singapore in 1862

\n An 1855 paper on the `` introduction '' of species , written by Alfred Russel Wallace , claimed that patterns in the geographical distribution of living and fossil species could be explained if every new species always came into existence near an already existing , closely related species . Charles Lyell recognised the implications of Wallace 's paper and its possible connection to Darwin 's work , although Darwin did not , and in a letter written on 1 -- 2 May 1856 Lyell urged Darwin to publish his theory to establish priority . Darwin was torn between the desire to set out a full and convincing account and the pressure to quickly produce a short paper . He met Lyell , and in correspondence with Joseph Dalton Hooker affirmed that he did not want to expose his ideas to review by an editor as would have been required to publish in an academic journal . He began a `` sketch '' account on 14 May 1856 , and by July had decided to produce a full technical treatise on species as his `` big book '' on Natural Selection . His theory including the principle of divergence was complete by 5 September 1857 when he sent Asa Gray a brief but detailed abstract of his ideas .

\n

\n Joint publication of papers by Wallace and Darwin ( edit )

\n

\n Darwin was hard at work on the manuscript for his `` big book '' on Natural Selection , when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace , who stayed on the Maluku Islands ( Ternate and Gilolo ) . It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism , a response to Darwin 's recent encouragement , with a request to send it on to Lyell if Darwin thought it worthwhile . The mechanism was similar to Darwin 's own theory . Darwin wrote to Lyell that `` your words have come true with a vengeance , ... forestalled '' and he would `` of course , at once write and offer to send ( it ) to any journal '' that Wallace chose , adding that `` all my originality , whatever it may amount to , will be smashed '' . Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint publication putting together Wallace 's pages with extracts from Darwin 's 1844 Essay and his 1857 letter to Gray should be presented at the Linnean Society , and on 1 July 1858 , the papers entitled On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection , by Wallace and Darwin respectively , were read out but drew little reaction . While Darwin considered Wallace 's idea to be identical to his concept of natural selection , historians have pointed out differences . Darwin described natural selection as being analogous to the artificial selection practised by animal breeders , and emphasised competition between individuals ; Wallace drew no comparison to selective breeding , and focused on ecological pressures that kept different varieties adapted to local conditions . Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation .

\n

\n Abstract of species book ( edit )

\n

\n Soon after the meeting , Darwin decided to write `` an abstract of my whole work '' in the form of one or more papers to be published by the Linnean Society , but was concerned about `` how it can be made scientific for a Journal , without giving facts , which would be impossible . '' He asked Hooker how many pages would be available , but `` If the Referees were to reject it as not strictly scientific I would , perhaps publish it as pamphet . '' He began his `` abstract of Species book '' on 20 July 1858 , while on holiday at Sandown , and wrote parts of it from memory , while sending the manuscripts to his friends for checking .

\n

\n By early October , he began to `` expect my abstract will run into a small volume , which will have to be published separately . '' Over the same period , he continued to collect information and write large fully detailed sections of the manuscript for his `` big book '' on Species , Natural Selection .

\n

\n Murray as publisher ; choice of title ( edit )

\n

\n By mid March 1859 Darwin 's abstract had reached the stage where he was thinking of early publication ; Lyell suggested the publisher John Murray , and met with him to find if he would be willing to publish . On 28 March Darwin wrote to Lyell asking about progress , and offering to give Murray assurances `` that my Book is not more un-orthodox , than the subject makes inevitable . '' He enclosed a draft title sheet proposing An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection , with the year shown as `` 1859 '' .

\n

\n Murray 's response was favourable , and a very pleased Darwin told Lyell on 30 March that he would `` send shortly a large bundle of M.S. but unfortunately I can not for a week , as the three first chapters are in three copyists ' hands '' . He bowed to Murray 's objection to `` abstract '' in the title , though he felt it excused the lack of references , but wanted to keep `` natural selection '' which was `` constantly used in all works on Breeding '' , and hoped `` to retain it with Explanation , somewhat as thus '' , -- Through Natural Selection or the preservation of favoured races . On 31 March Darwin wrote to Murray in confirmation , and listed headings of the 12 chapters in progress : he had drafted all except `` XII . Recapitulation & Conclusion '' . Murray responded immediately with an agreement to publish the book on the same terms as he published Lyell , without even seeing the manuscript : he offered Darwin \u200b \u2044 of the profits . Darwin promptly accepted with pleasure , insisting that Murray would be free to withdraw the offer if , having read the chapter manuscripts , he felt the book would not sell well . ( eventually Murray paid \u00a3 180 to Darwin for the 1st edition and by Darwin 's death in 1882 the book was in its 6th edition , earning Darwin nearly \u00a3 3000 . )

\n

\n On 5 April , Darwin sent Murray the first three chapters , and a proposal for the book 's title . An early draft title page suggests On the Mutability of Species . Murray cautiously asked Whitwell Elwin to review the chapters . At Lyell 's suggestion , Elwin recommended that , rather than `` put forth the theory without the evidence '' , the book should focus on observations upon pigeons , briefly stating how these illustrated Darwin 's general principles and preparing the way for the larger work expected shortly : `` Every body is interested in pigeons . '' Darwin responded that this was impractical : he had only the last chapter still to write . In September the main title still included `` An essay on the origin of species and varieties '' , but Darwin now proposed dropping `` varieties '' .

\n

\n With Murray 's persuasion , the title was eventually agreed as On the Origin of Species , with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life . In this extended title ( and elsewhere in the book ) Darwin used the biological term `` races '' interchangeably with `` varieties '' , meaning varieties within a species . He used the term broadly , and as well as discussions of `` the several races , for instance , of the cabbage '' and `` the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants '' , there are three instances in the book where the phrase `` races of man '' is used , referring to races of humans .

\n

\n Publication and subsequent editions ( edit )

\n

\n On the Origin of Species was first published on Thursday 24 November 1859 , priced at fifteen shillings with a first printing of 1250 copies . The book had been offered to booksellers at Murray 's autumn sale on Tuesday 22 November , and all available copies had been taken up immediately . In total , 1,250 copies were printed but after deducting presentation and review copies , and five for Stationers ' Hall copyright , around 1,170 copies were available for sale . Significantly , 500 were taken by Mudie 's Library , ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library . The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860 , and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii , a quotation from Charles Kingsley , and the phrase `` by the Creator '' added to the closing sentence . During Darwin 's lifetime the book went through six editions , with cumulative changes and revisions to deal with counter-arguments raised . The third edition came out in 1861 , with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix , An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species , while the fourth in 1866 had further revisions . The fifth edition , published on 10 February 1869 , incorporated more changes and for the first time included the phrase `` survival of the fittest '' , which had been coined by the philosopher Herbert Spencer in his Principles of Biology ( 1864 ) .

\n

\n In January 1871 , George Jackson Mivart 's On the Genesis of Species listed detailed arguments against natural selection , and claimed it included false metaphysics . Darwin made extensive revisions to the sixth edition of the Origin ( this was the first edition in which he used the word `` evolution '' which had commonly been associated with embryological development , though all editions concluded with the word `` evolved '' ) , and added a new chapter VII , Miscellaneous objections , to address Mivart 's arguments .

\n

\n The sixth edition was published by Murray on 19 February 1872 as The Origin of Species , with `` On '' dropped from the title . Darwin had told Murray of working men in Lancashire clubbing together to buy the 5th edition at fifteen shillings and wanted it made more widely available ; the price was halved to 7 s 6 d by printing in a smaller font . It includes a glossary compiled by W.S. Dallas . Book sales increased from 60 to 250 per month .

\n

\n Publication outside great Britain ( edit )

\n American botanist Asa Gray ( 1810 -- 1888 )

\n In the United States , botanist Asa Gray , an American colleague of Darwin , negotiated with a Boston publisher for publication of an authorised American version , but learnt that two New York publishing firms were already planning to exploit the absence of international copyright to print Origin . Darwin was delighted by the popularity of the book , and asked Gray to keep any profits . Gray managed to negotiate a 5 % royalty with Appleton 's of New York , who got their edition out in mid January 1860 , and the other two withdrew . In a May letter , Darwin mentioned a print run of 2,500 copies , but it is not clear if this referred to the first printing only as there were four that year .

\n

\n The book was widely translated in Darwin 's lifetime , but problems arose with translating concepts and metaphors , and some translations were biased by the translator 's own agenda . Darwin distributed presentation copies in France and Germany , hoping that suitable applicants would come forward , as translators were expected to make their own arrangements with a local publisher . He welcomed the distinguished elderly naturalist and geologist Heinrich Georg Bronn , but the German translation published in 1860 imposed Bronn 's own ideas , adding controversial themes that Darwin had deliberately omitted . Bronn translated `` favoured races '' as `` perfected races '' , and added essays on issues including the origin of life , as well as a final chapter on religious implications partly inspired by Bronn 's adherence to Naturphilosophie . In 1862 , Bronn produced a second edition based on the third English edition and Darwin 's suggested additions , but then died of a heart attack . Darwin corresponded closely with Julius Victor Carus , who published an improved translation in 1867 . Darwin 's attempts to find a translator in France fell through , and the translation by Cl\u00e9mence Royer published in 1862 added an introduction praising Darwin 's ideas as an alternative to religious revelation and promoting ideas anticipating social Darwinism and eugenics , as well as numerous explanatory notes giving her own answers to doubts that Darwin expressed . Darwin corresponded with Royer about a second edition published in 1866 and a third in 1870 , but he had difficulty getting her to remove her notes and was troubled by these editions . He remained unsatisfied until a translation by Edmond Barbier was published in 1876 . A Dutch translation by Tiberius Cornelis Winkler was published in 1860 . By 1864 , additional translations had appeared in Italian and Russian . In Darwin 's lifetime , Origin was published in Swedish in 1871 , Danish in 1872 , Polish in 1873 , Hungarian in 1873 -- 1874 , Spanish in 1877 and Serbian in 1878 . By 1977 , it had appeared in an additional 18 languages .

\n

\n Content ( edit )

\n

\n Title pages and introduction ( edit )

\n John Gould 's illustration of Darwin 's rhea was published in 1841 . The existence of two rhea species with overlapping ranges influenced Darwin .

\n Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws , harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton 's belief in a rational God who established a law - abiding cosmos . In the second edition , Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could work through scientific laws as much as through miracles , in a nod to the religious concerns of his oldest friends . The Introduction establishes Darwin 's credentials as a naturalist and author , then refers to John Herschel 's letter suggesting that the origin of species `` would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process '' :

\n

\n WHEN on board HMS Beagle , as naturalist , I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the inhabitants of South America , and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent . These facts seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species -- that mystery of mysteries , as it has been called by one of our greatest philosophers .

\n

\n Darwin refers specifically to the distribution of the species rheas , and to that of the Gal\u00e1pagos tortoises and mockingbirds . He mentions his years of work on his theory , and the arrival of Wallace at the same conclusion , which led him to `` publish this Abstract '' of his incomplete work . He outlines his ideas , and sets out the essence of his theory :

\n

\n As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive ; and as , consequently , there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence , it follows that any being , if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself , under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life , will have a better chance of surviving , and thus be naturally selected . From the strong principle of inheritance , any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form .

\n

\n Starting with the third edition , Darwin prefaced the introduction with a sketch of the historical development of evolutionary ideas . In that sketch he acknowledged that Patrick Matthew had , unknown to Wallace or himself , anticipated the concept of natural selection in an appendix to a book published in 1831 ; in the fourth edition he mentioned that William Charles Wells had done so as early as 1813 .

\n

\n Variation under Domestication and under nature ( edit )

\n

\n Chapter I covers animal husbandry and plant breeding , going back to ancient Egypt . Darwin discusses contemporary opinions on the origins of different breeds under cultivation to argue that many have been produced from common ancestors by selective breeding . As an illustration of artificial selection , he describes fancy pigeon breeding , noting that `` ( t ) he diversity of the breeds is something astonishing '' , yet all were descended from one species of rock pigeon . Darwin saw two distinct kinds of variation : ( 1 ) rare abrupt changes he called `` sports '' or `` monstrosities '' ( example : Ancon sheep with short legs ) , and ( 2 ) ubiquitous small differences ( example : slightly shorter or longer bill of pigeons ) . Both types of hereditary changes can be used by breeders . However , for Darwin the small changes were most important in evolution .

\n

\n In Chapter II , Darwin specifies that the distinction between species and varieties is arbitrary , with experts disagreeing and changing their decisions when new forms were found . He concludes that `` a well - marked variety may be justly called an incipient species '' and that `` species are only strongly marked and permanent varieties '' . He argues for the ubiquity of variation in nature . Historians have noted that naturalists had long been aware that the individuals of a species differed from one another , but had generally considered such variations to be limited and unimportant deviations from the archetype of each species , that archetype being a fixed ideal in the mind of God . Darwin and Wallace made variation among individuals of the same species central to understanding the natural world .

\n

\n Struggle for existence , natural selection , and divergence ( edit )

\n

\n In Chapter III , Darwin asks how varieties `` which I have called incipient species '' become distinct species , and in answer introduces the key concept he calls `` natural selection '' ; in the fifth edition he adds , `` But the expression often used by Mr. Herbert Spencer , of the Survival of the Fittest , is more accurate , and is sometimes equally convenient . ''

\n

\n Owing to this struggle for life , any variation , however slight and from whatever cause proceeding , if it be in any degree profitable to an individual of any species , in its infinitely complex relations to other organic beings and to external nature , will tend to the preservation of that individual , and will generally be inherited by its offspring ... I have called this principle , by which each slight variation , if useful , is preserved , by the term of Natural Selection , in order to mark its relation to man 's power of selection .

\n

\n He notes that both A.P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition . Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase `` struggle for existence '' in `` a large and metaphorical sense , including dependence of one being on another '' ; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling against drought to plants competing for birds to eat their fruit and disseminate their seeds . He describes the struggle resulting from population growth : `` It is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms . '' He discusses checks to such increase including complex ecological interdependencies , and notes that competition is most severe between closely related forms `` which fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature '' .

\n

\n Chapter IV details natural selection under the `` infinitely complex and close - fitting ... mutual relations of all organic beings to each other and to their physical conditions of life '' . Darwin takes as an example a country where a change in conditions led to extinction of some species , immigration of others and , where suitable variations occurred , descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions . He remarks that the artificial selection practised by animal breeders frequently produced sharp divergence in character between breeds , and suggests that natural selection might do the same , saying :

\n

\n But how , it may be asked , can any analogous principle apply in nature ? I believe it can and does apply most efficiently , from the simple circumstance that the more diversified the descendants from any one species become in structure , constitution , and habits , by so much will they be better enabled to seize on many and widely diversified places in the polity of nature , and so be enabled to increase in numbers .

\n

\n Historians have remarked that here Darwin anticipated the modern concept of an ecological niche . He did not suggest that every favourable variation must be selected , nor that the favoured animals were better or higher , but merely more adapted to their surroundings .

\n This tree diagram , used to show the divergence of species , is the only illustration in the Origin of Species .

\n Darwin proposes sexual selection , driven by competition between males for mates , to explain sexually dimorphic features such as lion manes , deer antlers , peacock tails , bird songs , and the bright plumage of some male birds . He analysed sexual selection more fully in The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex ( 1871 ) . Natural selection was expected to work very slowly in forming new species , but given the effectiveness of artificial selection , he could `` see no limit to the amount of change , to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings , one with another and with their physical conditions of life , which may be effected in the long course of time by nature 's power of selection '' . Using a tree diagram and calculations , he indicates the `` divergence of character '' from original species into new species and genera . He describes branches falling off as extinction occurred , while new branches formed in `` the great Tree of life ... with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications '' .

\n

\n Variation and heredity ( edit )

\n

\n In Darwin 's time there was no agreed - upon model of heredity ; in Chapter I Darwin admitted , `` The laws governing inheritance are quite unknown . '' He accepted a version of the inheritance of acquired characteristics ( which after Darwin 's death came to be called Lamarckism ) , and Chapter V discusses what he called the effects of use and disuse ; he wrote that he thought `` there can be little doubt that use in our domestic animals strengthens and enlarges certain parts , and disuse diminishes them ; and that such modifications are inherited '' , and that this also applied in nature . Darwin stated that some changes that were commonly attributed to use and disuse , such as the loss of functional wings in some island dwelling insects , might be produced by natural selection . In later editions of Origin , Darwin expanded the role attributed to the inheritance of acquired characteristics . Darwin also admitted ignorance of the source of inheritable variations , but speculated they might be produced by environmental factors . However , one thing was clear : whatever the exact nature and causes of new variations , Darwin knew from observation and experiment that breeders were able to select such variations and produce huge differences in many generations of selection . The observation that selection works in domestic animals is not destroyed by lack of understanding of the underlying hereditary mechanism .

\n

\n Breeding of animals and plants showed related varieties varying in similar ways , or tending to revert to an ancestral form , and similar patterns of variation in distinct species were explained by Darwin as demonstrating common descent . He recounted how Lord Morton 's mare apparently demonstrated telegony , offspring inheriting characteristics of a previous mate of the female parent , and accepted this process as increasing the variation available for natural selection .

\n

\n More detail was given in Darwin 's 1868 book on The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication , which tried to explain heredity through his hypothesis of pangenesis . Although Darwin had privately questioned blending inheritance , he struggled with the theoretical difficulty that novel individual variations would tend to blend into a population . However , inherited variation could be seen , and Darwin 's concept of selection working on a population with a range of small variations was workable . It was not until the modern evolutionary synthesis in the 1930s and 1940s that a model of heredity became completely integrated with a model of variation . This modern evolutionary synthesis had been dubbed Neo Darwinian Evolution because it encompasses Charles Darwin 's theories of evolution with Gregor Mendel 's theories of genetic inheritance .

\n

\n Difficulties for the theory ( edit )

\n

\n Chapter VI begins by saying the next three chapters will address possible objections to the theory , the first being that often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found , though the theory implies such forms must have existed . As Darwin noted , `` Firstly , why , if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations , do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms ? Why is not all nature in confusion , instead of the species being , as we see them , well defined ? '' Darwin attributed this to the competition between different forms , combined with the small number of individuals of intermediate forms , often leading to extinction of such forms . This difficulty can be referred to as the absence or rarity of transitional varieties in habitat space .

\n

\n Another difficulty , related to the first one , is the absence or rarity of transitional varieties in time . Darwin commented that by the theory of natural selection `` innumerable transitional forms must have existed , '' and wondered `` why do we not find them embedded in countless numbers in the crust of the earth ? '' ( for further discussion of these difficulties , see Speciation # Darwin 's dilemma : Why do species exist ? and Bernstein et al. and Michod )

\n

\n The chapter then deals with whether natural selection could produce complex specialised structures , and the behaviours to use them , when it would be difficult to imagine how intermediate forms could be functional . Darwin said :

\n

\n Secondly , is it possible that an animal having , for instance , the structure and habits of a bat , could have been formed by the modification of some animal with wholly different habits ? Can we believe that natural selection could produce , on the one hand , organs of trifling importance , such as the tail of a giraffe , which serves as a fly - flapper , and , on the other hand , organs of such wonderful structure , as the eye , of which we hardly as yet fully understand the inimitable perfection ?

\n

\n His answer was that in many cases animals exist with intermediate structures that are functional . He presented flying squirrels , and flying lemurs as examples of how bats might have evolved from non-flying ancestors . He discussed various simple eyes found in invertebrates , starting with nothing more than an optic nerve coated with pigment , as examples of how the vertebrate eye could have evolved . Darwin concludes : `` If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed , which could not possibly have been formed by numerous , successive , slight modifications , my theory would absolutely break down . But I can find out no such case . ''

\n

\n In a section on `` organs of little apparent importance '' , Darwin discusses the difficulty of explaining various seemingly trivial traits with no evident adaptive function , and outlines some possibilities such as correlation with useful features . He accepts that we `` are profoundly ignorant of the causes producing slight and unimportant variations '' which distinguish domesticated breeds of animals , and human races . He suggests that sexual selection might explain these variations :

\n

\n I might have adduced for this same purpose the differences between the races of man , which are so strongly marked ; I may add that some little light can apparently be thrown on the origin of these differences , chiefly through sexual selection of a particular kind , but without here entering on copious details my reasoning would appear frivolous .

\n

\n Chapter VII ( of the first edition ) addresses the evolution of instincts . His examples included two he had investigated experimentally : slave - making ants and the construction of hexagonal cells by honey bees . Darwin noted that some species of slave - making ants were more dependent on slaves than others , and he observed that many ant species will collect and store the pupae of other species as food . He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps . He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells , under pressure from natural selection to economise wax . Darwin concluded :

\n

\n Finally , it may not be a logical deduction , but to my imagination it is far more satisfactory to look at such instincts as the young cuckoo ejecting its foster - brothers , -- ants making slaves , -- the larv\u00e6 of ichneumonid\u00e6 feeding within the live bodies of caterpillars , -- not as specially endowed or created instincts , but as small consequences of one general law , leading to the advancement of all organic beings , namely , multiply , vary , let the strongest live and the weakest die .

\n

\n Chapter VIII addresses the idea that species had special characteristics that prevented hybrids from being fertile in order to preserve separately created species . Darwin said that , far from being constant , the difficulty in producing hybrids of related species , and the viability and fertility of the hybrids , varied greatly , especially among plants . Sometimes what were widely considered to be separate species produced fertile hybrid offspring freely , and in other cases what were considered to be mere varieties of the same species could only be crossed with difficulty . Darwin concluded : `` Finally , then , the facts briefly given in this chapter do not seem to me opposed to , but even rather to support the view , that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties . ''

\n

\n In the sixth edition Darwin inserted a new chapter VII ( renumbering the subsequent chapters ) to respond to criticisms of earlier editions , including the objection that many features of organisms were not adaptive and could not have been produced by natural selection . He said some such features could have been by - products of adaptive changes to other features , and that often features seemed non-adaptive because their function was unknown , as shown by his book on Fertilisation of Orchids that explained how their elaborate structures facilitated pollination by insects . Much of the chapter responds to George Jackson Mivart 's criticisms , including his claim that features such as baleen filters in whales , flatfish with both eyes on one side and the camouflage of stick insects could not have evolved through natural selection because intermediate stages would not have been adaptive . Darwin proposed scenarios for the incremental evolution of each feature .

\n

\n Geologic record ( edit )

\n

\n Chapter IX deals with the fact that the geologic record appears to show forms of life suddenly arising , without the innumerable transitional fossils expected from gradual changes . Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell 's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occurrence , spread over vast periods of time ; since few areas had been geologically explored , there could only be fragmentary knowledge of geological formations , and fossil collections were very poor . Evolved local varieties which migrated into a wider area would seem to be the sudden appearance of a new species . Darwin did not expect to be able to reconstruct evolutionary history , but continuing discoveries gave him well founded hope that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms . To show that there had been enough time for natural selection to work slowly , he cited the example of The Weald as discussed in Principles of Geology together with other observations from Hugh Miller , James Smith of Jordanhill and Andrew Ramsay . Combining this with an estimate of recent rates of sedimentation and erosion , Darwin calculated that erosion of The Weald had taken around 300 million years . The initial appearance of entire groups of well developed organisms in the oldest fossil - bearing layers , now known as the Cambrian explosion , posed a problem . Darwin had no doubt that earlier seas had swarmed with living creatures , but stated that he had no satisfactory explanation for the lack of fossils . Fossil evidence of pre-Cambrian life has since been found , extending the history of life back for billions of years .

\n

\n Chapter X examines whether patterns in the fossil record are better explained by common descent and branching evolution through natural selection , than by the individual creation of fixed species . Darwin expected species to change slowly , but not at the same rate -- some organisms such as Lingula were unchanged since the earliest fossils . The pace of natural selection would depend on variability and change in the environment . This distanced his theory from Lamarckian laws of inevitable progress . It has been argued that this anticipated the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis , but other scholars have preferred to emphasise Darwin 's commitment to gradualism . He cited Richard Owen 's findings that the earliest members of a class were a few simple and generalised species with characteristics intermediate between modern forms , and were followed by increasingly diverse and specialised forms , matching the branching of common descent from an ancestor . Patterns of extinction matched his theory , with related groups of species having a continued existence until extinction , then not reappearing . Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras , and as he had seen in South America , and William Clift had shown in Australia , fossils from recent geological periods resembled species still living in the same area .

\n

\n Geographic distribution ( edit )

\n

\n Chapter XI deals with evidence from biogeography , starting with the observation that differences in flora and fauna from separate regions can not be explained by environmental differences alone ; South America , Africa , and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes , but those regions have very different plants and animals . The species found in one area of a continent are more closely allied with species found in other regions of that same continent than to species found on other continents . Darwin noted that barriers to migration played an important role in the differences between the species of different regions . The coastal sea life of the Atlantic and Pacific sides of Central America had almost no species in common even though the Isthmus of Panama was only a few miles wide . His explanation was a combination of migration and descent with modification . He went on to say : `` On this principle of inheritance with modification , we can understand how it is that sections of genera , whole genera , and even families are confined to the same areas , as is so commonly and notoriously the case . '' Darwin explained how a volcanic island formed a few hundred miles from a continent might be colonised by a few species from that continent . These species would become modified over time , but would still be related to species found on the continent , and Darwin observed that this was a common pattern . Darwin discussed ways that species could be dispersed across oceans to colonise islands , many of which he had investigated experimentally .

\n

\n Chapter XII continues the discussion of biogeography . After a brief discussion of freshwater species , it returns to oceanic islands and their peculiarities ; for example on some islands roles played by mammals on continents were played by other animals such as flightless birds or reptiles . The summary of both chapters says :

\n

\n ... I think all the grand leading facts of geographical distribution are explicable on the theory of migration ( generally of the more dominant forms of life ) , together with subsequent modification and the multiplication of new forms . We can thus understand the high importance of barriers , whether of land or water , which separate our several zoological and botanical provinces . We can thus understand the localisation of sub-genera , genera , and families ; and how it is that under different latitudes , for instance in South America , the inhabitants of the plains and mountains , of the forests , marshes , and deserts , are in so mysterious a manner linked together by affinity , and are likewise linked to the extinct beings which formerly inhabited the same continent ... On these same principles , we can understand , as I have endeavoured to show , why oceanic islands should have few inhabitants , but of these a great number should be endemic or peculiar ; ...

\n

\n Classification , morphology , embryology , rudimentary organs ( edit )

\n

\n Chapter XIII starts by observing that classification depends on species being grouped together in a Taxonomy , a multilevel system of groups and sub groups based on varying degrees of resemblance . After discussing classification issues , Darwin concludes :

\n

\n All the foregoing rules and aids and difficulties in classification are explained , if I do not greatly deceive myself , on the view that the natural system is founded on descent with modification ; that the characters which naturalists consider as showing true affinity between any two or more species , are those which have been inherited from a common parent , and , in so far , all true classification is genealogical ; that community of descent is the hidden bond which naturalists have been unconsciously seeking , ...

\n

\n Darwin discusses morphology , including the importance of homologous structures . He says , `` What can be more curious than that the hand of a man , formed for grasping , that of a mole for digging , the leg of the horse , the paddle of the porpoise , and the wing of the bat , should all be constructed on the same pattern , and should include the same bones , in the same relative positions ? '' This made no sense under doctrines of independent creation of species , as even Richard Owen had admitted , but the `` explanation is manifest on the theory of the natural selection of successive slight modifications '' showing common descent . He notes that animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos . Darwin discusses rudimentary organs , such as the wings of flightless birds and the rudiments of pelvis and leg bones found in some snakes . He remarks that some rudimentary organs , such as teeth in baleen whales , are found only in embryonic stages . These factors also supported his theory of descent with modification .

\n

\n Concluding remarks ( edit )

\n

\n The final chapter `` Recapitulation and Conclusion '' reviews points from earlier chapters , and Darwin concludes by hoping that his theory might produce revolutionary changes in many fields of natural history . He suggests that psychology will be put on a new foundation and implies the relevance of his theory to the first appearance of humanity with the sentence that `` Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history . '' Darwin ends with a passage that became well known and much quoted :

\n

\n It is interesting to contemplate an entangled bank , clothed with many plants of many kinds , with birds singing on the bushes , with various insects flitting about , and with worms crawling through the damp earth , and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms , so different from each other , and dependent on each other in so complex a manner , have all been produced by laws acting around us ... Thus , from the war of nature , from famine and death , the most exalted object which we are capable of conceiving , namely , the production of the higher animals , directly follows . There is grandeur in this view of life , with its several powers , having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one ; and that , whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity , from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been , and are being , evolved .

\n

\n As discussed under religious attitudes , Darwin added the phrase `` by the Creator '' from the 1860 second edition onwards , so that the ultimate sentence began `` There is grandeur in this view of life , with its several powers , having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one '' .

\n

\n Structure , style , and themes ( edit )

\n

\n Nature and structure of Darwin 's argument ( edit )

\n

\n Darwin 's aims were twofold : to show that species had not been separately created , and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change . He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges , and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism . Therefore , the first four chapters lay out his case that selection in nature , caused by the struggle for existence , is analogous to the selection of variations under domestication , and that the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation .

\n

\n Later chapters provide evidence that evolution has occurred , supporting the idea of branching , adaptive evolution without directly proving that selection is the mechanism . Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines , showing that his theory could explain a myriad of observations from many fields of natural history that were inexplicable under the alternate concept that species had been individually created . The structure of Darwin 's argument showed the influence of John Herschel , whose philosophy of science maintained that a mechanism could be called a vera causa ( true cause ) if three things could be demonstrated : its existence in nature , its ability to produce the effects of interest , and its ability to explain a wide range of observations .

\n

\n Literary style ( edit )

\n

\n The Examiner review of 3 December 1859 commented , `` Much of Mr. Darwin 's volume is what ordinary readers would call ' tough reading ; ' that is , writing which to comprehend requires concentrated attention and some preparation for the task . All , however , is by no means of this description , and many parts of the book abound in information , easy to comprehend and both instructive and entertaining . ''

\n

\n While the book was readable enough to sell , its dryness ensured that it was seen as aimed at specialist scientists and could not be dismissed as mere journalism or imaginative fiction . Unlike the still - popular Vestiges , it avoided the narrative style of the historical novel and cosmological speculation , though the closing sentence clearly hinted at cosmic progression . Darwin had long been immersed in the literary forms and practices of specialist science , and made effective use of his skills in structuring arguments . David Quammen has described the book as written in everyday language for a wide audience , but noted that Darwin 's literary style was uneven : in some places he used convoluted sentences that are difficult to read , while in other places his writing was beautiful . Quammen advised that later editions were weakened by Darwin making concessions and adding details to address his critics , and recommended the first edition . James T. Costa said that because the book was an abstract produced in haste in response to Wallace 's essay , it was more approachable than the big book on natural selection Darwin had been working on , which would have been encumbered by scholarly footnotes and much more technical detail . He added that some parts of Origin are dense , but other parts are almost lyrical , and the case studies and observations are presented in a narrative style unusual in serious scientific books , which broadened its audience .

\n

\n Human evolution ( edit )

\n

\n From his early transmutation notebooks in the late 1830s onwards , Darwin considered human evolution as part of the natural processes he was investigating , and rejected divine intervention . In 1856 , his `` big book on species '' titled Natural Selection was to include a `` note on Man '' , but when Wallace enquired in December 1857 , Darwin replied ; `` You ask whether I shall discuss ' man ' ; -- I think I shall avoid whole subject , as so surrounded with prejudices , though I fully admit that it is the highest & most interesting problem for the naturalist . '' On 28 March 1859 , with his manuscript for the book well under way , Darwin wrote to Lyell offering the suggested publisher John Murray assurances `` That I do not discuss origin of man '' .

\n

\n In the final chapter of On the Origin of Species , `` Recapitulation and Conclusion '' , Darwin briefly highlights the human implications of his theory :

\n

\n In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches . Psychology will be based on a new foundation , that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation . Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history . ''

\n

\n Discussing this in January 1860 , Darwin assured Lyell that `` by the sentence ( Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history ) I show that I believe man is in same predicament with other animals . Many modern writers have seen this sentence as Darwin 's only reference to humans in the book ; Janet Browne describes it as his only discussion there of human origins , while noting that the book makes other references to humanity .

\n

\n Some other statements in the book are quietly effective at pointing out the implication that humans are simply another species , evolving through the same processes and principles affecting other organisms . For example , in Chapter III : `` Struggle for Existence '' Darwin includes `` slow - breeding man '' among other examples of Malthusian population growth . In his discussions on morphology , Darwin compares and comments on bone structures that are homologous between humans and other mammals .

\n

\n Darwin 's early notebooks discussed how non-adaptive characteristics could be selected when animals or humans chose mates , with races of humans differing over ideas of beauty . In his 1856 notes responding to Robert Knox 's The Races of Man : A Fragment , he called this effect sexual selection . He added notes on sexual selection to his `` big book on species '' , and in mid-1857 he added a section heading ; `` Theory applied to Races of Man '' , but did not add text on this topic .

\n

\n In On the Origin of Species , Chapter VI : `` Difficulties on Theory '' Darwin mentions this in the context of `` slight and unimportant variations '' :

\n

\n I might have adduced for this same purpose the differences between the races of man , which are so strongly marked ; I may add that some little light can apparently be thrown on the origin of these differences , chiefly through sexual selection of a particular kind , but without here entering on copious details my reasoning would appear frivolous . ''

\n

\n When Darwin published The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex twelve years later , he said that he had not gone into detail on human evolution in the Origin as he thought that would `` only add to the prejudices against my views '' . He had not completely avoided the topic :

\n

\n It seemed to me sufficient to indicate , in the first edition of my ' Origin of Species , ' that by this work ' light would be thrown on the origin of man and his history ; ' and this implies that man must be included with other organic beings in any general conclusion respecting his manner of appearance on this earth .

\n

\n He also said that he had `` merely alluded '' in that book to sexual selection differentiating human races .

\n

\n Reception ( edit )

\n See also : Reactions to On the Origin of Species In the 1870s , British caricatures of Darwin with a non-human ape body contributed to the identification of evolutionism with Darwinism .

\n The book aroused international interest and a widespread debate , with no sharp line between scientific issues and ideological , social and religious implications . Much of the initial reaction was hostile , in a large part because very few reviewers actually understood his theory , but Darwin had to be taken seriously as a prominent and respected name in science . There was much less controversy than had greeted the 1844 publication Vestiges of Creation , which had been rejected by scientists , but had influenced a wide public readership into believing that nature and human society were governed by natural laws . The Origin of Species as a book of wide general interest became associated with ideas of social reform . Its proponents made full use of a surge in the publication of review journals , and it was given more popular attention than almost any other scientific work , though it failed to match the continuing sales of Vestiges . Darwin 's book legitimised scientific discussion of evolutionary mechanisms , and the newly coined term Darwinism was used to cover the whole range of evolutionism , not just his own ideas . By the mid-1870s , evolutionism was triumphant .

\n

\n While Darwin had been somewhat coy about human origins , not identifying any explicit conclusion on the matter in his book , he had dropped enough hints about human 's animal ancestry for the inference to be made , and the first review claimed it made a creed of the `` men from monkeys '' idea from Vestiges . Human evolution became central to the debate and was strongly argued by Huxley who featured it in his popular `` working - men 's lectures '' . Darwin did not publish his own views on this until 1871 .

\n

\n The naturalism of natural selection conflicted with presumptions of purpose in nature and while this could be reconciled by theistic evolution , other mechanisms implying more progress or purpose were more acceptable . Herbert Spencer had already incorporated Lamarckism into his popular philosophy of progressive free market human society . He popularised the terms evolution and survival of the fittest , and many thought Spencer was central to evolutionary thinking .

\n

\n Impact on the scientific community ( edit )

\n See also : History of evolutionary thought

\n Scientific readers were already aware of arguments that species changed through processes that were subject to laws of nature , but the transmutational ideas of Lamarck and the vague `` law of development '' of Vestiges had not found scientific favour . Darwin presented natural selection as a scientifically testable mechanism while accepting that other mechanisms such as inheritance of acquired characters were possible . His strategy established that evolution through natural laws was worthy of scientific study , and by 1875 , most scientists accepted that evolution occurred but few thought natural selection was significant . Darwin 's scientific method was also disputed , with his proponents favouring the empiricism of John Stuart Mill 's A System of Logic , while opponents held to the idealist school of William Whewell 's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences , in which investigation could begin with the intuitive truth that species were fixed objects created by design . Early support for Darwin 's ideas came from the findings of field naturalists studying biogeography and ecology , including Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1860 , and Asa Gray in 1862 . Henry Walter Bates presented research in 1861 that explained insect mimicry using natural selection . Alfred Russel Wallace discussed evidence from his Malay archipelago research , including an 1864 paper with an evolutionary explanation for the Wallace line .

\n Huxley used illustrations to show that humans and apes had the same basic skeletal structure .

\n Evolution had less obvious applications to anatomy and morphology , and at first had little impact on the research of the anatomist Thomas Henry Huxley . Despite this , Huxley strongly supported Darwin on evolution ; though he called for experiments to show whether natural selection could form new species , and questioned if Darwin 's gradualism was sufficient without sudden leaps to cause speciation . Huxley wanted science to be secular , without religious interference , and his article in the April 1860 Westminster Review promoted scientific naturalism over natural theology , praising Darwin for `` extending the domination of Science over regions of thought into which she has , as yet , hardly penetrated '' and coining the term `` Darwinism '' as part of his efforts to secularise and professionalise science . Huxley gained influence , and initiated the X Club , which used the journal Nature to promote evolution and naturalism , shaping much of late Victorian science . Later , the German morphologist Ernst Haeckel would convince Huxley that comparative anatomy and palaeontology could be used to reconstruct evolutionary genealogies .

\n

\n The leading naturalist in Britain was the anatomist Richard Owen , an idealist who had shifted to the view in the 1850s that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a divine plan . Owen 's review of the Origin in the April 1860 Edinburgh Review bitterly attacked Huxley , Hooker and Darwin , but also signalled acceptance of a kind of evolution as a teleological plan in a continuous `` ordained becoming '' , with new species appearing by natural birth . Others that rejected natural selection , but supported `` creation by birth '' , included the Duke of Argyll who explained beauty in plumage by design . Since 1858 , Huxley had emphasised anatomical similarities between apes and humans , contesting Owen 's view that humans were a separate sub-class . Their disagreement over human origins came to the fore at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting featuring the legendary 1860 Oxford evolution debate . In two years of acrimonious public dispute that Charles Kingsley satirised as the `` Great Hippocampus Question '' and parodied in The Water - Babies as the `` great hippopotamus test '' , Huxley showed that Owen was incorrect in asserting that ape brains lacked a structure present in human brains . Others , including Charles Lyell and Alfred Russel Wallace , thought that humans shared a common ancestor with apes , but higher mental faculties could not have evolved through a purely material process . Darwin published his own explanation in the Descent of Man ( 1871 ) .

\n Impact outside great Britain ( edit ) Haeckel showed a main trunk leading to mankind with minor branches to various animals , unlike Darwin 's branching evolutionary tree .

\n Evolutionary ideas , although not natural selection , were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe 's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy . Bronn 's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives , but enthused political radicals . Ernst Haeckel was particularly ardent , aiming to synthesise Darwin 's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie . Their ambitious programme to reconstruct the evolutionary history of life was joined by Huxley and supported by discoveries in palaeontology . Haeckel used embryology extensively in his recapitulation theory , which embodied a progressive , almost linear model of evolution . Darwin was cautious about such histories , and had already noted that von Baer 's laws of embryology supported his idea of complex branching .

\n

\n Asa Gray promoted and defended Origin against those American naturalists with an idealist approach , notably Louis Agassiz who viewed every species as a distinct fixed unit in the mind of the Creator , classifying as species what others considered merely varieties . Edward Drinker Cope and Alpheus Hyatt reconciled this view with evolutionism in a form of neo-Lamarckism involving recapitulation theory .

\n

\n French - speaking naturalists in several countries showed appreciation of the much modified French translation by Cl\u00e9mence Royer , but Darwin 's ideas had little impact in France , where any scientists supporting evolutionary ideas opted for a form of Lamarckism . The intelligentsia in Russia had accepted the general phenomenon of evolution for several years before Darwin had published his theory , and scientists were quick to take it into account , although the Malthusian aspects were felt to be relatively unimportant . The political economy of struggle was criticised as a British stereotype by Karl Marx and by Leo Tolstoy , who had the character Levin in his novel Anna Karenina voice sharp criticism of the morality of Darwin 's views .

\n Challenges to natural selection ( edit )

\n There were serious scientific objections to the process of natural selection as the key mechanism of evolution , including Karl von N\u00e4geli 's insistence that a trivial characteristic with no adaptive advantage could not be developed by selection . Darwin conceded that these could be linked to adaptive characteristics . His estimate that the age of the Earth allowed gradual evolution was disputed by William Thomson ( later awarded the title Lord Kelvin ) , who calculated that it had cooled in less than 100 million years . Darwin accepted blending inheritance , but Fleeming Jenkin calculated that as it mixed traits , natural selection could not accumulate useful traits . Darwin tried to meet these objections in the 5th edition . Mivart supported directed evolution , and compiled scientific and religious objections to natural selection . In response , Darwin made considerable changes to the sixth edition . The problems of the age of the Earth and heredity were only resolved in the 20th century .

\n

\n By the mid-1870s , most scientists accepted evolution , but relegated natural selection to a minor role as they believed evolution was purposeful and progressive . The range of evolutionary theories during `` the eclipse of Darwinism '' included forms of `` saltationism '' in which new species were thought to arise through `` jumps '' rather than gradual adaptation , forms of orthogenesis claiming that species had an inherent tendency to change in a particular direction , and forms of neo-Lamarckism in which inheritance of acquired characteristics led to progress . The minority view of August Weismann , that natural selection was the only mechanism , was called neo-Darwinism . It was thought that the rediscovery of Mendelian inheritance invalidated Darwin 's views .

\n

\n Impact on economic and political debates ( edit )

\n

\n While some , like Spencer , used analogy from natural selection as an argument against government intervention in the economy to benefit the poor , others , including Alfred Russel Wallace , argued that action was needed to correct social and economic inequities to level the playing field before natural selection could improve humanity further . Some political commentaries , including Walter Bagehot 's Physics and Politics ( 1872 ) , attempted to extend the idea of natural selection to competition between nations and between human races . Such ideas were incorporated into what was already an ongoing effort by some working in anthropology to provide scientific evidence for the superiority of Caucasians over non white races and justify European imperialism . Historians write that most such political and economic commentators had only a superficial understanding of Darwin 's scientific theory , and were as strongly influenced by other concepts about social progress and evolution , such as the Lamarckian ideas of Spencer and Haeckel , as they were by Darwin 's work . Darwin objected to his ideas being used to justify military aggression and unethical business practices as he believed morality was part of fitness in humans , and he opposed polygenism , the idea that human races were fundamentally distinct and did not share a recent common ancestry .

\n

\n Religious attitudes ( edit )

\n

\n The book produced a wide range of religious responses at a time of changing ideas and increasing secularisation . The issues raised were complex and there was a large middle ground . Developments in geology meant that there was little opposition based on a literal reading of Genesis , but defence of the argument from design and natural theology was central to debates over the book in the English - speaking world .

\n The liberal theologian Baden Powell defended evolutionary ideas by arguing that the introduction of new species should be considered a natural rather than a miraculous process .

\n Natural theology was not a unified doctrine , and while some such as Louis Agassiz were strongly opposed to the ideas in the book , others sought a reconciliation in which evolution was seen as purposeful . In the Church of England , some liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God 's design , with the cleric Charles Kingsley seeing it as `` just as noble a conception of Deity '' . In the second edition of January 1860 , Darwin quoted Kingsley as `` a celebrated cleric '' , and added the phrase `` by the Creator '' to the closing sentence , which from then on read `` life , with its several powers , having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one '' . While some commentators have taken this as a concession to religion that Darwin later regretted , Darwin 's view at the time was of God creating life through the laws of nature , and even in the first edition there are several references to `` creation '' .

\n

\n Baden Powell praised `` Mr Darwin 's masterly volume ( supporting ) the grand principle of the self - evolving powers of nature '' . In America , Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect , or modus operandi , of the first cause , design , and published a pamphlet defending the book in terms of theistic evolution , Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology . Theistic evolution became a popular compromise , and St. George Jackson Mivart was among those accepting evolution but attacking Darwin 's naturalistic mechanism . Eventually it was realised that supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation , and naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism were favoured over natural selection as being more compatible with purpose .

\n

\n Even though the book did not explicitly spell out Darwin 's beliefs about human origins , it had dropped a number of hints about human 's animal ancestry and quickly became central to the debate , as mental and moral qualities were seen as spiritual aspects of the immaterial soul , and it was believed that animals did not have spiritual qualities . This conflict could be reconciled by supposing there was some supernatural intervention on the path leading to humans , or viewing evolution as a purposeful and progressive ascent to mankind 's position at the head of nature . While many conservative theologians accepted evolution , Charles Hodge argued in his 1874 critique `` What is Darwinism ? '' that `` Darwinism '' , defined narrowly as including rejection of design , was atheism though he accepted that Asa Gray did not reject design . Asa Gray responded that this charge misrepresented Darwin 's text . By the early 20th century , four noted authors of The Fundamentals were explicitly open to the possibility that God created through evolution , but fundamentalism inspired the American creation -- evolution controversy that began in the 1920s . Some conservative Roman Catholic writers and influential Jesuits opposed evolution in the late 19th and early 20th century , but other Catholic writers , starting with Mivart , pointed out that early Church Fathers had not interpreted Genesis literally in this area . The Vatican stated its official position in a 1950 papal encyclical , which held that evolution was not inconsistent with Catholic teaching .

\n

\n Modern influence ( edit )

\n A modern phylogenetic tree based on genome analysis shows the three - domain system .

\n Various alternative evolutionary mechanisms favoured during `` the eclipse of Darwinism '' became untenable as more was learned about inheritance and mutation . The full significance of natural selection was at last accepted in the 1930s and 1940s as part of the modern evolutionary synthesis . During that synthesis biologists and statisticians , including R.A. Fisher , Sewall Wright and J.B.S. Haldane , merged Darwinian selection with a statistical understanding of Mendelian genetics .

\n

\n Modern evolutionary theory continues to develop . Darwin 's theory of evolution by natural selection , with its tree - like model of branching common descent , has become the unifying theory of the life sciences . The theory explains the diversity of living organisms and their adaptation to the environment . It makes sense of the geologic record , biogeography , parallels in embryonic development , biological homologies , vestigiality , cladistics , phylogenetics and other fields , with unrivalled explanatory power ; it has also become essential to applied sciences such as medicine and agriculture . Despite the scientific consensus , a religion - based political controversy has developed over how evolution is taught in schools , especially in the United States .

\n

\n Interest in Darwin 's writings continues , and scholars have generated an extensive literature , the Darwin Industry , about his life and work . The text of Origin itself has been subject to much analysis including a variorum , detailing the changes made in every edition , first published in 1959 , and a concordance , an exhaustive external index published in 1981 . Worldwide commemorations of the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species and the bicentenary of Darwin 's birth were scheduled for 2009 . They celebrated the ideas which `` over the last 150 years have revolutionised our understanding of nature and our place within it '' .

\n

\n In a survey conducted by a group of academic booksellers , publishers and librarians in advance of Academic Book Week in the United Kingdom , On the Origin of Species was voted the most influential academic book ever written . It was hailed as `` the supreme demonstration of why academic books matter '' and `` a book which has changed the way we think about everything '' .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n Book : Evolution
    • \n
\n
\n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. iii
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Freeman 1977
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : The book 's full original title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life . In the 1872 sixth edition `` On '' was omitted , so the full title is The origin of species by means of natural selection , or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . This edition is usually known as The Origin of Species . The 6th is Darwin 's final edition ; there were minor modifications in the text of certain subsequent issues . See Freeman , R.B. `` The works of Charles Darwin : an annotated bibliographical handlist . '' In Van Wyhe , John , ed . Darwin Online : On the Origin of Species , 2002 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , p. 477 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Darwin Manuscripts ( Digitised notes on Origin ) '' . Cambridge Digital Library . Retrieved 24 November 2014 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Mayr 1982 , pp. 479 -- 480
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1872 , p. xiii
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Aristotle , Physics , translated by Hardie , R.P. and Gayle , R.K. and hosted by MIT 's Internet Classics Archive , retrieved 23 April 2009
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Forster & Marston 1999 , pp. 26 -- 27
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 27 , 43 , 45
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 27 -- 36 , 39 -- 42 , 57 -- 62 , 67 , 70 , 77 -- 80
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 84 -- 90
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Desmond 1989 , pp. 47 -- 54
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 111 -- 114
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Browne 1995 , pp. 91 , 129
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 115 -- 117
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , pp. 34 -- 35
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Browne 1995 , pp. 80 -- 88
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 148 -- 149
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Browne 1995 , pp. 133 -- 140
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , pp. 56 -- 62
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1845 , pp. 205 -- 208
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Browne 1995 , pp. 244 -- 250
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Keynes 2000 , pp. xix -- xx
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Eldredge 2006
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , pp. 24 -- 25
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Herbert 1980 , pp. 7 -- 10
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ van Wyhe 2008 , p. 44
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 's Notebook B : Transmutation of species . pp. 1 -- 13 , 26 , 36 , 74 , retrieved 16 March 2009
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , pp. 240 -- 244
    31. \n
  31. \n ^ Jump up to : van Wyhe 2009
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , pp. 66 -- 70
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 's Notebook D: Transmutation of species . pp. 134 -- 135 , retrieved 8 April 2009
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 's Notebook E : Transmutation of species . p. 75 , retrieved 14 March 2009
    35. \n
  35. \n ^ Jump up to : van Wyhe 2007 , pp. 186 -- 187
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Browne 1995 , p. 436
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1958 , p. 120
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , p. 292
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Browne 1995 , pp. 436 -- 437
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ van Wyhe 2007 , p. 188
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Darwin Correspondence Project -- Letter 814 -- Darwin , C.R. to Hooker , J.D. , ( 7 January 1845 ) , retrieved 24 November 2008
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Browne 1995 , pp. 461 -- 465
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 135 -- 140
    44. \n
  44. \n ^ Jump up to : Bowler 2003 , pp. 169 -- 173
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1958 , pp. 117 -- 121
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , pp. 138 -- 142
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1958 , p. 124
    48. \n
  48. \n ^ Jump up to : van Wyhe 2007
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 1 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , pp. 84 -- 92
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Wallace , Alfred R. ( 1855 ) , `` On the law which has regulated the introduction of new species '' , Annals and Magazine of Natural History , 16 ( 93 ) : 184 -- 196 , doi : 10.1080 / 037454809495509
    52. \n
  52. \n ^ Jump up to : Quammen 2006 , pp. 135 -- 158
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` Darwin in letters , 1856 -- 1857 : the ' Big Book ' '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . `` Letter 1870 -- Darwin , C.R. , to Hooker , J.D. , 9 May ( 1856 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 21 March 2016 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Darwin Correspondence Project -- Letter 2285 -- Darwin to Lyell ( June 1858 ) , archived from the original on 28 August 2007 , retrieved 15 March 2008
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , pp. 74 -- 75
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , pp. 162 -- 163
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 175 -- 176
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2013 , pp. 61 -- 63
    59. \n
  59. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Darwin in letters , 1858 - 1859 : Origin '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . 2 June 2015 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` Letter 2303 -- Darwin , C.R. to Hooker , J.D. , 5 July ( 1858 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 7 September 2010 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 2006 , pp. 36 verso
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` Letter 2432 -- Darwin , C.R. to Hooker , J.D. , 15 March ( 1859 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 7 September 2010 . It ( geographical distribution ) was nearly all written from memory
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` Letter 2339 -- Darwin , C.R. to Hooker , J.D. , 12 ( October 1858 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . See letter to T.C. Eyton , 4 October ( 1858 ) , in which CD first mentioned the possibility that his ' abstract ' would form a small volume .
    64. \n
  64. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Letter 2437 -- Darwin , C.R. to Lyell , Charles , 28 March ( 1859 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Would you advise me to tell Murray that my Book is not more un-orthodox , than the subject makes inevitable . That I do not discuss origin of man. -- That I do not bring in any discussions about Genesis &c , & only give facts , & such conclusions from them , as seem to me fair . Darwin , C.R. proposed title page for Origin of species draft . ( 1859 ) APS - B - D25. L (. 38 ) Transcribed by Kees Rookmaaker , edited by John van Wyhe
    65. \n
  65. \n ^ Jump up to : Desmond & Moore 2009 , p. 306 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` Letter 2439 -- Darwin , C.R. to Lyell , Charles , 30 March ( 1859 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 16 January 2017 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ `` Letter 2441 -- Darwin , C.R. to Murray , John ( b ) , 31 March ( 1859 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 16 January 2017 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ `` Letter 2443 -- Murray , John ( b ) to Darwin , C.R. , 1 April 1859 '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 16 January 2017 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` Letter 2445 -- Darwin , C.R. to Murray , John ( b ) , 2 April ( 1859 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 16 January 2017 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ `` Charles Darwin and his publisher '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . 2010 . Archived from the original on 7 October 2010 . Retrieved 7 September 2010 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` Letter 2447 -- Darwin , C.R. to Murray , John ( b ) , 5 April ( 1859 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 16 January 2017 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Darwin , C.R. ( early draft title of Origin ) On the mutability of species ( & other notes ) CUL - DAR205. 1.70 Transcribed by Kees Rookmaaker , edited by John van Wyhe
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ `` Letter 2457A -- Elwin , Whitwell , to Murray , John ( b ) , 3 May 1859 '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 16 January 2017 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` Letter 2459 -- Darwin , C.R. to Murray , John ( b ) , 6 May ( 1859 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 16 January 2017 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ `` Letter 2448 -- Darwin , C.R. to Murray , John ( b ) , 10 September ( 1859 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 16 January 2017 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ `` Defining Evolution '' . National Center for Science Education . 24 August 2000 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Robert Bernasconi ; Tommy Lee Lott ( 2000 ) . The Idea of Race . Hackett Publishing . p. 54 . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 458 - 8 . The full title ( of the book ) employs the term ' race ' only in the broad biological use of the word , which refers to varieties throughout organic life ; however , speculation about the implications of his views specifically for the question of the human races began almost as soon as the book was published .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Sober 2011 , p. 45 , Quote : `` There nonetheless are a few cases in which Darwin does discuss selection processes in which groups are the units , and these will be the focus of the present chapter . But even here it does not matter whether the groups are from different ' races ' or from the same race . It is nests of honeybees that compete with each other , and human tribes that compete with other human tribes . For Darwin , the question of group selection had nothing special to do with ' race . ' Still , writing in the heyday of empire , Darwin saw European nations outcompeting the nations , kingdoms , and tribes that occupy the rest of the globe . In this one very salient example , Darwin did see races struggling with each other . In any event , the word race in Darwin 's subtitle needs to be understood very broadly ; it encompasses competition among individuals , competition among groups in the same ' race , ' and competition from groups from different ' races . ' This is a much broader meaning than the word ' race ' tends to have today . ''
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 15
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ the three instances of the phrase `` races of man '' are found on Darwin 1859 , pp. 199 , 382 and 422 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Dupree , A. Hunter ( 1988 ) . Asa Gray , American Botanist , Friend of Darwin . Baltimore , MD : Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 267 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 801 - 83741 - 8 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Browne 2002 , p. 89
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1958 , p. 122
    84. \n
  84. \n ^ Jump up to : Browne 2002 , pp. 95 -- 96
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1861 , p. xiii
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ `` This survival of the fittest , which I have here sought to express in mechanical terms , is that which Mr. Darwin has called ' natural selection ' , or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life . '' Spencer 1864 , pp. 444 -- 445
    87. \n
  87. \n ^ Jump up to : Mivart 1871
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Browne 2002 , p. 59
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ Freeman 1977 , pp. 79 -- 80 . `` Evolution '' in the transformist sense had been used by Charles Lyell in 1832 , Principles of Geology vol 2 , p. 11 ; and was used by Darwin in The Descent of Man in 1871 , p. 2 onwards .
    90. \n
  90. \n ^ Jump up to : Desmond & Moore 1991 , pp. 577 , 582 , 590 , 592 -- 593
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ Darwin Correspondence Project -- Letter 2592 -- Darwin , C.R. to Gray , Asa , 21 December ( 1859 ) , archived from the original on 13 February 2009 , retrieved 6 December 2008
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ Darwin Correspondence Project -- Letter 2665 -- Darwin , C.R. to Gray , Asa , 28 January ( 1860 ) , archived from the original on 13 February 2009 , retrieved 6 December 2008
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Darwin Correspondence Project -- Letter 2706 -- Gray , Asa to Darwin , C.R. , 20 February 1860 , archived from the original on 13 February 2009 , retrieved 6 December 2008
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , p. 492
    95. \n
  95. \n ^ Jump up to : Browne 2002 , pp. 256 -- 259
    96. \n
  96. \n ^ Jump up to : Browne 2002 , pp. 140 -- 142
    97. \n
  97. \n ^ Jump up to : Darwin Correspondence Project -- The correspondence of Charles Darwin , volume 10 : 1862 , archived from the original on 5 June 2010 , retrieved 6 March 2009
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Darwin Correspondence Project -- The correspondence of Charles Darwin , volume 14 : 1866 , retrieved 6 March 2009
    99. \n
  99. \n ^ Jump up to : Browne 2002 , pp. 142 -- 144
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ Ch . Darwin , Het ontstaan der soorten van dieren en planten door middel van de natuurkeus of het bewaard blijven van bevoorregte rassen in de strijd des levens , transl . by T.C. Winkler ( Haarlem 1860 ) Source : Teyler , Winkler , Darwin Lecture by Marijn van Hoorn MA at the Congress of the European Botanical and Horticultural Libraries Group , Prague , 23 April 2009
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ `` Freeman Bibliographic Database '' .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ Freeman 1977 , pp. 101 -- 111
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. ii .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ Phipps 1983
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ Secord 2000 , p. 510
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ van Wyhe 2007 , p. 197
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 1 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 5 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , p. 1
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1861 , p. xiii .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1866 , p. xiv -- xv .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , p. 7
    113. \n
  113. \n ^ Jump up to : Quammen 2006 , pp. 184 -- 186
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 20 -- 28
    115. \n
  115. \n ^ Jump up to : David Reznick ( 2009 ) The Origin Then and Now , Princeton University Press , p. 49 .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 44 -- 59 Chap. II .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , p. 44
    118. \n
  118. \n ^ Jump up to : Darwin 1859 , pp. 60 -- 61 Chap . III
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1869 , pp. 72
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 62 -- 76
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 80
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 112
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , p. 189
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 87 -- 101
    125. \n
  125. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 117 -- 130 .
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , p. 85
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 13
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 134 .
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , pp. 86 -- 87
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 131 -- 150
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , pp. 159 -- 167
    132. \n
  132. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 159 -- 167
    133. \n
  133. \n Jump up ^ Richard Dawkins ( 8 February 2003 ) . `` An early flowering of genetics , Books '' . The Guardian . UK . Retrieved 24 October 2010 .
    134. \n
  134. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 200 -- 201
    135. \n
  135. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 1989
    136. \n
  136. \n Jump up ^ McBride , P.D. , Gillman , L.N. , & Wright , S.D. ( 2009 ) . Current debates on the origin of species . Journal of Biological Education , 43 ( 3 ) , 104 -- 107 .
    137. \n
  137. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. page 171
    138. \n
  138. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 171 -- 178
    139. \n
  139. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. page 172
    140. \n
  140. \n Jump up ^ Bernstein H , Byerly HC , Hopf FA , Michod RE ; Byerly ; Hopf ; Michod ( December 1985 ) . `` Sex and the emergence of species '' . J. Theor. Biol. 117 ( 4 ) : 665 -- 90 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 5193 ( 85 ) 80246 - 0 . PMID 4094459 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link )
    141. \n
  141. \n Jump up ^ Michod , Richard E. ( 1995 ) . Eros and evolution : a natural philosophy of sex . Reading , Mass : Addison - Wesley Pub. Co . ISBN 0 - 201 - 44232 - 9 .
    142. \n
  142. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 171 -- 172
    143. \n
  143. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 180 -- 181
    144. \n
  144. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 187 -- 190
    145. \n
  145. \n Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , pp. 194 -- 199 Darwin 1859 , pp. 197 -- 199 , Quote : `` We are profoundly ignorant of the causes producing slight and unimportant variations ; and we are immediately made conscious of this by reflecting on the differences in the breeds of our domesticated animals in different countries ''
    146. \n
  146. \n Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , p. 199 Darwin 1874 , p. vi , Quote : `` ... I gave , however , a tolerably clear sketch of this principle in the first edition of the ' Origin of Species , ' and I there stated that it was applicable to man . ''
    147. \n
  147. \n Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 2009 , p. 310 .
    148. \n
  148. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 199
    149. \n
  149. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 243 -- 244
    150. \n
  150. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 245 -- 278
    151. \n
  151. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1872 , pp. 168 -- 205
    152. \n
  152. \n ^ Jump up to : Bowler 2003 , p. 182
    153. \n
  153. \n ^ Jump up to : Wesley R. Elsberry ( 1996 ) , Punctuated Equilibria , retrieved 30 April 2009
    154. \n
  154. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 282 -- 287
    155. \n
  155. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 306 -- 308
    156. \n
  156. \n Jump up ^ Schopf 2000
    157. \n
  157. \n ^ Jump up to : Darwin 1859 , pp. 312 -- 345
    158. \n
  158. \n Jump up ^ Rhodes 1987
    159. \n
  159. \n Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , p. 108
    160. \n
  160. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 350 -- 351
    161. \n
  161. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 346 -- 382
    162. \n
  162. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 408 -- 409
    163. \n
  163. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 420
    164. \n
  164. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 434 -- 435
    165. \n
  165. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 450 -- 451
    166. \n
  166. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 484 -- 488 . Quote : `` When the views entertained in this volume on the origin of species , or when analogous views are generally admitted , we can dimly foresee that there will be a considerable revolution in natural history ... ''
    167. \n
  167. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 488 Darwin 1871 , p. 1 , Quote : `` ... this implies that man must be included with other organic beings in any general conclusion respecting his manner of appearance on this earth . ''
    168. \n
  168. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , pp. 489 -- 490
    169. \n
  169. \n ^ Jump up to : Darwin 1860 , p. 490 .
    170. \n
  170. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1871 , p. 152
    171. \n
  171. \n ^ Jump up to : Secord 2000 , pp. 508 -- 511
    172. \n
  172. \n Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , pp. 183 -- 188
    173. \n
  173. \n ^ Jump up to : Bowler 2003 , pp. 180 -- 181
    174. \n
  174. \n Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , pp. 190 , 200 -- 201
    175. \n
  175. \n Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , pp. 88 -- 89
    176. \n
  176. \n Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , p. xvii
    177. \n
  177. \n Jump up ^ Crawford 1859
    178. \n
  178. \n Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , pp. 176 -- 181
    179. \n
  179. \n Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , p. ix
    180. \n
  180. \n ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Joseph ( 2003 ) . On the Origin of Species / Charles Darwin . Broadview Press . pp. 51 -- 52 . ISBN 1 - 55111 - 337 - 6 . Following Darwin 's lead , most commentators cite this one passage as the only reference to man in the Origin , but they thus overlook , as did Darwin himself , two sentences that are , in their own quiet way , even more effective .
    181. \n
  181. \n Jump up ^ Browne 2007 , p. 42 , quoting Darwin , C.R. Notebook C ( February to July 1838 ) pp. 196 -- 197 `` Man in his arrogance thinks himself a great work worthy the interposition of a deity , more humble & I believe truer to consider him created from animals . ''
    182. \n
  182. \n Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , pp. 412 -- 441 , 457 -- 458 , 462 -- 463 Desmond & Moore 2009 , pp. 283 -- 284 , 290 -- 292 , 295
    183. \n
  183. \n Jump up ^ `` Letter 2192 -- Darwin , C.R. to Wallace , A.R. , 22 December 1857 '' . Darwin Correspondence Project .
    184. \n
  184. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1871 , p. 488
    185. \n
  185. \n Jump up ^ `` Letter 2647 -- Darwin , C.R. to Charles Lyell , 10 January ( 1860 ) '' . Darwin Correspondence Project . Retrieved 18 September 2017 .
    186. \n
  186. \n Jump up ^ For example , Browne 2002 , p. 60 , `` In this book , he was completely silent on the subject of human origins , although he did refer in several places to mankind as an example of biological details . The only words he allowed himself -- and these out of a sense of duty that he must somewhere refer to human beings -- were gnomic in their brevity . ' Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history ' . ''
    187. \n
  187. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1859 , p. 64 , Quote : `` There is no exception to the rule that every organic being naturally increases at so high a rate , that if not destroyed , the earth would soon be covered by the progeny of a single pair . Even slow - breeding man has doubled in twenty - five years , and at this rate , in a few thousand years , there would literally not be standing room for his progeny . ''
    188. \n
  188. \n Jump up ^ van Wyhe 2008 Darwin 1859 , p. 434 , Quote : `` What can be more curious than that the hand of a man , formed for grasping , that of a mole for digging , the leg of the horse , the paddle of the porpoise , and the wing of the bat , should all be constructed on the same pattern , and should include the same bones , in the same relative positions ? '' Darwin 1859 , p. 479 , Quote : `` The framework of bones being the same in the hand of a man , wing of a bat , fin of the porpoise , and leg of the horse ... at once explain themselves on the theory of descent with slow and slight successive modifications . ''
    189. \n
  189. \n Jump up ^ Darwin , C.R. Notebook C , CUL - DAR122. - Transcribed by Kees Rookmaaker . ( Darwin Online ) , notes from de Beer , Gavin ed. 1960 . Darwin 's notebooks on transmutation of species . Part II . Second notebook ( C ) ( February to July 1838 ) . Bulletin of the British Museum ( Natural History ) . Historical Series 2 , No. 3 ( May ) : pp. 79
    190. \n
  190. \n Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 2009 , pp. 139 -- 141 , quotes `` our acquiring the instinct one notion of beauty & negroes another '' from Darwin , C.R. Notebook M : ( Metaphysics on morals and speculations on expression ( 1838 ) ) . CUL - DAR125. - Transcribed by Kees Rookmaaker , edited by Paul Barrett . ( Darwin Online , p. 32
    191. \n
  191. \n Jump up ^ Richards 2017 , pp. 315 , 323 -- 324 .
    192. \n
  192. \n Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 2009 , pp. 290 -- 291Stauffer , R.C. ed. 1975 . Charles Darwin 's Natural Selection ; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . p. 213 Chapter Vi On Natural Selection first draft , completed on March 31 , 1857 , ( The outline of this original form of the chapter appears in the original table of contents ) `` 63 ( pencil addition ) Theory applied to Races of Man . ''
    193. \n
  193. \n ^ Jump up to : Darwin 1859 , pp. 197 -- 199
    194. \n
  194. \n ^ Jump up to : Darwin 1871 , p. 1 , Quote : `` During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man , without any intention of publishing on the subject , but rather with the determination not to publish , as I thought that I should thus only add to the prejudices against my views . ''
    195. \n
  195. \n Jump up ^ See also Darwin 1958 , pp. 130 -- 131 , Quote : `` My Descent of Man was published in Feb. 1871 . As soon as I had become , in the year 1837 or 1838 , convinced that species were mutable productions , I could not avoid the belief that man must come under the same law . Accordingly I collected notes on the subject for my own satisfaction , and not for a long time with any intention of publishing . Although in the Origin of Species , the derivation of any particular species is never discussed , yet I thought it best , in order that no honourable man should accuse me of concealing my views , to add that by the work in question ' light would be thrown on the origin of man and his history . ' It would have been useless and injurious to the success of the book to have paraded without giving any evidence my conviction with respect to his origin . ''
    196. \n
  196. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 1871 , pp. 4 -- 5 , Quote : `` During many years it has seemed to me highly probable that sexual selection has played an important part in differentiating the races of man ; but in my ' Origin of Species ' ( first edition , p. 199 ) I contented myself by merely alluding to this belief . ''
    197. \n
  197. \n Jump up ^ Browne 2002 , pp. 376 -- 379
    198. \n
  198. \n ^ Jump up to : van Wyhe 2008 , pp. 48 -- 49
    199. \n
  199. \n ^ Jump up to : Bowler 2003 , pp. 177 -- 180
    200. \n
  200. \n Jump up ^ Darwin in letters , 1860 : Answering critics
    201. \n
  201. \n Jump up ^ Browne 2002 , pp. 102 -- 103
    202. \n
  202. \n Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , p. 488
    203. \n
  203. \n ^ Jump up to : Radick 2013 , pp. 174 -- 175 Huxley & Kettlewell 1965 , p. 88
    204. \n
  204. \n Jump up ^ Browne 2002 , p. 87
    205. \n
  205. \n Jump up ^ Leifchild 1859
    206. \n
  206. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 207 -- 209
    207. \n
  207. \n Jump up ^ Huxley 1863
    208. \n
  208. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 203 -- 207 , 220 -- 222
    209. \n
  209. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 179 -- 180 , 197 -- 198
    210. \n
  210. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 183 -- 184 , 189
    211. \n
  211. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , p. 208
    212. \n
  212. \n ^ Jump up to : Bowler 2003 , pp. 184 -- 185
    213. \n
  213. \n Jump up ^ Browne 2002 , pp. 105 -- 106
    214. \n
  214. \n Jump up ^ Huxley 1860
    215. \n
  215. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , p. 184
    216. \n
  216. \n Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , p. 108
    217. \n
  217. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 124 -- 126
    218. \n
  218. \n Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , pp. 490 -- 491 , 545 -- 547
    219. \n
  219. \n Jump up ^ Secord 2000 , p. 512
    220. \n
  220. \n Jump up ^ Lucas 1979
    221. \n
  221. \n Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , pp. 464 -- 465 , 493 -- 499
    222. \n
  222. \n Jump up ^ Browne 2002 , pp. 160 -- 161
    223. \n
  223. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 208 -- 211 , 214 -- 216
    224. \n
  224. \n ^ Jump up to : Bowler 2003 , pp. 169 -- 170 , 190 -- 192
    225. \n
  225. \n ^ Jump up to : Bowler 2003 , pp. 186 -- 187 , 237 , 241
    226. \n
  226. \n Jump up ^ Dupree , pp. 216 -- 232
    227. \n
  227. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 198 -- 200 , 234 -- 236
    228. \n
  228. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , p. 225
    229. \n
  229. \n ^ Jump up to : Quammen 2006 , pp. 205 -- 234
    230. \n
  230. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 294 -- 307
    231. \n
  231. \n ^ Jump up to : Bowler 2003 , pp. 202 -- 208
    232. \n
  232. \n Jump up ^ Dewey 1994 , p. 26
    233. \n
  233. \n Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , pp. 89 -- 92
    234. \n
  234. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , p. 139
    235. \n
  235. \n ^ Jump up to : Darwin and design : historical essay , Darwin Correspondence Project , 2007 , archived from the original on 21 October 2014 , retrieved 17 September 2008
    236. \n
  236. \n Jump up ^ Darwin Correspondence Project -- Letter 2534 -- Kingsley , Charles to Darwin , C.R. , 18 November 1859 , archived from the original on 29 June 2009 , retrieved 11 April 2009
    237. \n
  237. \n Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , p. 119
    238. \n
  238. \n Jump up ^ Moore 2006
    239. \n
  239. \n Jump up ^ Barlow 1963 , p. 207 .
    240. \n
  240. \n Jump up ^ Desmond & Moore 1991 , pp. 487 -- 488 , 500
    241. \n
  241. \n Jump up ^ Dewey 1994 , p. 27
    242. \n
  242. \n Jump up ^ Miles 2001
    243. \n
  243. \n Jump up ^ Gray , Asa ( 1860 ) , `` Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology '' , Atlantic Monthly , Darwin Correspondence Project -- Essay : Natural selection & natural theology , archived from the original on 20 February 2009 , retrieved 11 April 2009
    244. \n
  244. \n Jump up ^ Forster & Marston 1999 , pp. 37 -- 40
    245. \n
  245. \n Jump up ^ Hodge 1874 , p. 177
    246. \n
  246. \n Jump up ^ Gray , Asa ( 28 May 1874 ) , `` What is Darwinism ? '' , The Nation , Darwin Correspondence Project , archived from the original on 26 February 2009 , retrieved 3 March 2009
    247. \n
  247. \n Jump up ^ Forster & Marston 1999 , pp. 41 -- 43
    248. \n
  248. \n Jump up ^ Bowler 2003 , pp. 323 -- 324
    249. \n
  249. \n Jump up ^ Pius XII ( 1950 ) , Humani generis , Vatican , retrieved 8 June 2009
    250. \n
  250. \n Jump up ^ Kreeft 2001 , p. 49
    251. \n
  251. \n Jump up ^ Biography , The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online , 21 January 2009 , retrieved 23 April 2009
    252. \n
  252. \n Jump up ^ Larson 2004 , pp. 287 -- 288 , 295
    253. \n
  253. \n Jump up ^ Darwin & Costa 2009 , p. x
    254. \n
  254. \n Jump up ^ Peckham 1959 , recently reprinted .
    255. \n
  255. \n Jump up ^ Quammen 2006 , pp. 179 , 271 -- 283
    256. \n
  256. \n Jump up ^ The ISTC of On the Origin of Species is A02 - 2009 - 00000001 - 4 . As a tribute to its influence , this work has been the first one to be registered by The International ISTC Agency .
    257. \n
  257. \n Jump up ^ Darwin 200 : Celebrating Charles Darwin 's bicentenary -- What is Darwin200 ? , The Natural History Museum , archived from the original on 28 February 2009 , retrieved 23 April 2009
    258. \n
  258. \n Jump up ^ `` Darwin 's ' Origin of Species ' Voted Most Influential Academic Book '' . Tia Ghose . Retrieved 2 February 2017 .
    259. \n
  259. \n Jump up ^ `` On the Origin of Species voted most influential academic book in history '' . Alison Flood . Retrieved 2 February 2017 .
    260. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n \n

\n Sober , Elliott ( 2011 ) , Did Darwin Write the Origin Backwards ? : Philosophical Essays on Darwin 's Theory , Amherst : Prometheus Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 61614 - 278 - 0

\n \n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n Contemporary reviews ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Origin of Species .
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikisource has original text related to this article : On the Origin of Species
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Library resources about On the origin of species
\n
    \n
  • \n Online books
    • \n
  • \n Resources in your library
    • \n
  • \n Resources in other libraries
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Charles Darwin
\n Life \n
    \n
  • \n Darwin -- Wedgwood family
    • \n
  • \n Education
    • \n
  • \n Voyage on HMS Beagle
    • \n
  • \n Inception of theory
    • \n
  • \n Development of theory
    • \n
  • \n Publication of theory
    • \n
  • \n Reactions to On the Origin of Species
    • \n
  • \n Orchids to Variation
    • \n
  • \n Descent of Man to Emotions
    • \n
  • \n Insectivorous Plants to Worms
    • \n
  • \n Portraits of Darwin
    • \n
  • \n Religious views
    • \n
  • \n Health
    • \n
  • \n Women
    • \n
\n
\n Writings \n
    \n
  • \n Extracts from Letters to Henslow
    • \n
  • \n The Voyage of the Beagle
    • \n
  • \n Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle
    • \n
  • \n The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs
    • \n
  • \n On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection
    • \n
  • \n On the Origin of Species
    • \n
  • \n Fertilisation of Orchids
    • \n
  • \n Geological Observations on South America
    • \n
  • \n Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands
    • \n
  • \n The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication
    • \n
  • \n The Descent of Man , and Selection in Relation to Sex
    • \n
  • \n The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
    • \n
  • \n Insectivorous Plants
    • \n
  • \n The Power of Movement in Plants
    • \n
  • \n The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms
    • \n
  • \n Autobiography
    • \n
  • \n Correspondence
      \n
    • \n The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin
      • \n
    • \n More Letters of Charles Darwin
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n List of described taxa
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation
    • \n
  • \n History of evolutionary thought
    • \n
  • \n Pangenesis
    • \n
  • \n Darwin Industry
    • \n
  • \n Commemoration
      \n
    • \n Things named for Darwin
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Darwinism
      \n
    • \n Alternatives
      • \n
    • \n Eclipse
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Social Darwinism
    • \n
  • \n HMS Beagle
    • \n
  • \n Darwin Medal
    • \n
  • \n Darwin Awards
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Evolutionary biology
\n
    \n
  • \n Evolutionary history of life
    • \n
  • \n Index of evolutionary biology articles
    • \n
  • \n Introduction
    • \n
  • \n Outline of evolution
    • \n
  • \n Timeline of evolution
    • \n
\n
\n Evolution \n
    \n
  • \n Abiogenesis
    • \n
  • \n Adaptation
    • \n
  • \n Adaptive radiation
    • \n
  • \n Cladistics
    • \n
  • \n Coevolution
    • \n
  • \n Common descent
    • \n
  • \n Convergence
    • \n
  • \n Divergence
    • \n
  • \n Earliest known life forms
    • \n
  • \n Evidence of common descent
    • \n
  • \n Extinction
      \n
    • \n Event
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Gene - centered view
    • \n
  • \n Homology
    • \n
  • \n Last universal common ancestor
    • \n
  • \n Macroevolution
    • \n
  • \n Microevolution
    • \n
  • \n Origin of life
    • \n
  • \n Panspermia
    • \n
  • \n Parallel evolution
    • \n
  • \n Prehistoric Autopsy
    • \n
  • \n Speciation
    • \n
  • \n Taxonomy
    • \n
\n
\n Population genetics \n
    \n
  • \n Biodiversity
    • \n
  • \n Gene flow
    • \n
  • \n Genetic drift
    • \n
  • \n Mutation
    • \n
  • \n Natural selection
    • \n
  • \n Variation
    • \n
\n
\n Development \n
    \n
  • \n Canalisation
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary developmental biology
    • \n
  • \n Inversion
    • \n
  • \n Modularity
    • \n
  • \n Phenotypic plasticity
    • \n
\n
\n Of taxa \n
    \n
  • \n Birds
      \n
    • \n origin
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Brachiopods
    • \n
  • \n Molluscs
      \n
    • \n Cephalopods
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Dinosaurs
    • \n
  • \n Fish
    • \n
  • \n Fungi
    • \n
  • \n Insects
      \n
    • \n butterflies
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Life
    • \n
  • \n Mammals
      \n
    • \n cats
      • \n
    • \n canids
        \n
      • \n wolves
        • \n
      • \n dogs
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n hyenas
      • \n
    • \n dolphins and whales
      • \n
    • \n horses
      • \n
    • \n primates
        \n
      • \n humans
        • \n
      • \n lemurs
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n sea cows
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Plants
    • \n
  • \n Reptiles
    • \n
  • \n Spiders
    • \n
  • \n Tetrapods
    • \n
  • \n Viruses
      \n
    • \n influenza
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Of organs \n
    \n
  • \n Cell
    • \n
  • \n DNA
    • \n
  • \n Flagella
    • \n
  • \n Eukaryotes
      \n
    • \n symbiogenesis
      • \n
    • \n chromosome
      • \n
    • \n endomembrane system
      • \n
    • \n mitochondria
      • \n
    • \n nucleus
      • \n
    • \n plastids
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n In animals
      \n
    • \n eye
      • \n
    • \n hair
      • \n
    • \n auditory ossicle
      • \n
    • \n nervous system
      • \n
    • \n brain
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Of processes \n
    \n
  • \n Aging
      \n
    • \n Death
      • \n
    • \n Programmed cell death
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Avian flight
    • \n
  • \n Biological complexity
    • \n
  • \n Cooperation
    • \n
  • \n Color vision
      \n
    • \n in primates
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Emotion
    • \n
  • \n Empathy
    • \n
  • \n Ethics
    • \n
  • \n Eusociality
    • \n
  • \n Immune system
    • \n
  • \n Metabolism
    • \n
  • \n Monogamy
    • \n
  • \n Morality
    • \n
  • \n Mosaic evolution
    • \n
  • \n Multicellularity
    • \n
  • \n Sexual reproduction
      \n
    • \n Gamete differentiation / sexes
      • \n
    • \n Life cycles / nuclear phases
      • \n
    • \n Mating types
      • \n
    • \n Sex - determination
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Snake venom
    • \n
\n
\n Tempo and modes \n
    \n
  • \n Gradualism / Punctuated equilibrium / Saltationism
    • \n
  • \n Micromutation / Macromutation
    • \n
  • \n Uniformitarianism / Catastrophism
    • \n
\n
\n Speciation \n
    \n
  • \n Allopatric
    • \n
  • \n Anagenesis
    • \n
  • \n Catagenesis
    • \n
  • \n Cladogenesis
    • \n
  • \n Cospeciation
    • \n
  • \n Ecological
    • \n
  • \n Hybrid
    • \n
  • \n Parapatric
    • \n
  • \n Peripatric
    • \n
  • \n Reinforcement
    • \n
  • \n Sympatric
    • \n
\n
\n History \n
    \n
  • \n Renaissance and Enlightenment
    • \n
  • \n Transmutation of species
    • \n
  • \n Charles Darwin
      \n
    • \n On the Origin of Species
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n History of paleontology
    • \n
  • \n Transitional fossil
    • \n
  • \n Blending inheritance
    • \n
  • \n Mendelian inheritance
    • \n
  • \n The eclipse of Darwinism
    • \n
  • \n Modern synthesis
    • \n
  • \n History of molecular evolution
    • \n
  • \n Extended evolutionary synthesis
    • \n
\n
\n Philosophy \n
    \n
  • \n Darwinism
    • \n
  • \n Alternatives
      \n
    • \n Catastrophism
      • \n
    • \n Lamarckism
      • \n
    • \n Orthogenesis
      • \n
    • \n Mutationism
      • \n
    • \n Saltationism
      • \n
    • \n Structuralism
        \n
      • \n Spandrel
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Theistic
      • \n
    • \n Vitalism
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Teleology in biology
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Biogeography
    • \n
  • \n Ecological genetics
    • \n
  • \n Molecular evolution
    • \n
  • \n Phylogenetics
      \n
    • \n Tree
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Polymorphism
    • \n
  • \n Protocell
    • \n
  • \n Systematics
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
  • \n Commons
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
  • \n WikiProject
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Natural history
\n Pioneering naturalists \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Classical antiquity \n
    \n
  • \n Aristotle ( History of Animals )
    • \n
  • \n Theophrastus ( Historia Plantarum )
    • \n
  • \n Aelian ( De Natura Animalium )
    • \n
  • \n Pliny the Elder ( Natural History )
    • \n
  • \n Dioscorides ( De Materia Medica )
    • \n
\n
\n Renaissance \n
    \n
  • \n Gaspard Bauhin ( Pinax theatri botanici )
    • \n
  • \n Otto Brunfels
    • \n
  • \n Hieronymus Bock
    • \n
  • \n Andrea Cesalpino
    • \n
  • \n Valerius Cordus
    • \n
  • \n Leonhart Fuchs
    • \n
  • \n Conrad Gessner ( Historia animalium )
    • \n
  • \n Frederik Ruysch
    • \n
  • \n William Turner ( Avium Praecipuarum , New Herball )
    • \n
  • \n John Gerard ( Herball , or Generall Historie of Plantes )
    • \n
\n
\n Enlightenment \n
    \n
  • \n Robert Hooke ( Micrographia )
    • \n
  • \n Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
    • \n
  • \n William Derham
    • \n
  • \n Hans Sloane
    • \n
  • \n Jan Swammerdam
    • \n
  • \n Carl Linnaeus ( Systema Naturae )
    • \n
  • \n Georg Steller
    • \n
  • \n Joseph Banks
    • \n
  • \n Johan Christian Fabricius
    • \n
  • \n James Hutton
    • \n
  • \n John Ray ( Historia Plantarum )
    • \n
  • \n Comte de Buffon ( Histoire Naturelle )
    • \n
  • \n Bernard Germain de Lac\u00e9p\u00e8de
    • \n
  • \n Gilbert White ( The Natural History of Selborne )
    • \n
  • \n Thomas Bewick ( A History of British Birds )
    • \n
  • \n Jean - Baptiste Lamarck ( Philosophie Zoologique )
    • \n
\n
\n 19th century \n
    \n
  • \n George Montagu ( Ornithological Dictionary )
    • \n
  • \n Georges Cuvier ( Le R\u00e8gne Animal )
    • \n
  • \n William Smith
    • \n
  • \n Charles Darwin ( On the Origin of Species )
    • \n
  • \n Alfred Russel Wallace ( The Malay Archipelago )
    • \n
  • \n Henry Walter Bates ( The Naturalist on the River Amazons )
    • \n
  • \n Alexander von Humboldt
    • \n
  • \n John James Audubon ( The Birds of America )
    • \n
  • \n William Buckland
    • \n
  • \n Charles Lyell
    • \n
  • \n Mary Anning
    • \n
  • \n Jean - Henri Fabre
    • \n
  • \n Louis Agassiz
    • \n
  • \n Philip Henry Gosse
    • \n
  • \n Asa Gray
    • \n
  • \n William Jackson Hooker
    • \n
  • \n Joseph Dalton Hooker
    • \n
  • \n William Jardine ( The Naturalist 's Library )
    • \n
  • \n Ernst Haeckel ( Kunstformen der Natur )
    • \n
  • \n Richard Lydekker ( The Royal Natural History )
    • \n
\n
\n 20th century \n
    \n
  • \n Abbott Thayer ( Concealing - Coloration in the Animal Kingdom )
    • \n
  • \n Hugh B. Cott ( Adaptive Coloration in Animals )
    • \n
  • \n Niko Tinbergen ( The Study of Instinct )
    • \n
  • \n Konrad Lorenz ( On Aggression )
    • \n
  • \n Karl von Frisch ( The Dancing Bees )
    • \n
  • \n Ronald Lockley ( Shearwaters )
    • \n
\n
\n 		\n
\n Topics \n
    \n
  • \n Natural history museums ( List )
    • \n
  • \n Parson - naturalists ( List )
    • \n
  • \n Natural History Societies
    • \n
  • \n List of natural history dealers
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n History of biology
\n Fields , disciplines \n
    \n
  • \n Agricultural science
    • \n
  • \n Anatomy
    • \n
  • \n Biochemistry
    • \n
  • \n Biotechnology
    • \n
  • \n Botany
    • \n
  • \n Ecology
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary thought
    • \n
  • \n Genetics
    • \n
  • \n Geology
    • \n
  • \n Immunology
    • \n
  • \n Medicine
    • \n
  • \n Model organisms
    • \n
  • \n Molecular biology
    • \n
  • \n Molecular evolution
    • \n
  • \n Paleontology
    • \n
  • \n Phycology
    • \n
  • \n Plant systematics
    • \n
  • \n RNA biology
    • \n
  • \n Zoology ( since 1859 )
    • \n
  • \n Zoology ( through 1859 )
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Institutions \n
    \n
  • \n Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
    • \n
  • \n Laboratory of Molecular Biology
    • \n
  • \n Marine Biological Laboratory
    • \n
  • \n Max Planck Society
    • \n
  • \n Pasteur Institute
    • \n
  • \n Rockefeller University
    • \n
  • \n Rothamsted Experimental Station
    • \n
  • \n Stazione Zoologica
    • \n
  • \n Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute
    • \n
\n
\n Theories , concepts \n
    \n
  • \n Germ theory of disease
    • \n
  • \n Central dogma of molecular biology
    • \n
  • \n Darwinism
    • \n
  • \n Great chain of being
    • \n
  • \n Hierarchy of life
    • \n
  • \n Lamarckism
    • \n
  • \n One gene -- one enzyme hypothesis
    • \n
  • \n Protocell
    • \n
  • \n RNA world hypothesis
    • \n
  • \n Sequence hypothesis
    • \n
  • \n Spontaneous generation
    • \n
\n
\n History \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Classical antiquity \n
    \n
  • \n Aristotle
      \n
    • \n Aristotle 's biology
      • \n
    • \n On Generation and Corruption
      • \n
    • \n History of Animals
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Theophrastus
      \n
    • \n Historia Plantarum
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Dioscorides
      \n
    • \n De Materia Medica
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Galen
    • \n
\n
\n Renaissance , Early Modern \n
    \n
  • \n Conrad Gessner
      \n
    • \n Historia animalium
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Andreas Vesalius
      \n
    • \n De humani corporis fabrica
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n William Harvey
      \n
    • \n De Motu Cordis
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Frederik Ruysch
    • \n
  • \n Jan Swammerdam
    • \n
  • \n Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
    • \n
  • \n Robert Hooke
      \n
    • \n Micrographia
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Francesco Redi
    • \n
\n
\n Evolution \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 19th century \n
    \n
  • \n Linnaeus
      \n
    • \n Systema Naturae
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Buffon
      \n
    • \n Histoire Naturelle
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Lamarck
      \n
    • \n Philosophie Zoologique
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Humboldt
    • \n
  • \n Charles Lyell
      \n
    • \n Principles of Geology
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Charles Darwin
      \n
    • \n On the Origin of Species
      • \n
    • \n The Descent of Man
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Gregor Mendel
    • \n
  • \n Alfred Russel Wallace
    • \n
  • \n Martinus Beijerinck
    • \n
  • \n Henry Walter Bates
    • \n
\n
\n Modern synthesis \n
    \n
  • \n William Bateson
    • \n
  • \n Theodosius Dobzhansky
      \n
    • \n Genetics and the Origin of Species
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n R.A. Fisher
    • \n
  • \n E.B. Ford
    • \n
  • \n J.B.S. Haldane
    • \n
  • \n Ernst Mayr
    • \n
  • \n Thomas Hunt Morgan
    • \n
  • \n George Gaylord Simpson
    • \n
  • \n Hugo de Vries
    • \n
  • \n Sewall Wright
    • \n
\n
\n Recent \n
    \n
  • \n Stephen Jay Gould
    • \n
  • \n W.D. Hamilton
    • \n
  • \n Lynn Margulis
    • \n
  • \n Aleksandr Oparin
    • \n
  • \n George C. Williams
    • \n
  • \n Carl Woese
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Microbiology \n
    \n
  • \n Ferdinand Cohn
    • \n
  • \n Alexander Fleming
    • \n
  • \n Felix d'Herelle
    • \n
  • \n Robert Koch
    • \n
  • \n Louis Pasteur
    • \n
  • \n Lazzaro Spallanzani
    • \n
  • \n Sergei Winogradsky
    • \n
\n
\n Develop . biol. , Evo - devo \n
    \n
  • \n Karl Ernst von Baer
    • \n
  • \n Gavin de Beer
    • \n
  • \n Sean B. Carroll
    • \n
  • \n Scott F. Gilbert
    • \n
  • \n Walter Gehring
    • \n
  • \n Ernst Haeckel
    • \n
  • \n Fran\u00e7ois Jacob
    • \n
  • \n Edward B. Lewis
    • \n
  • \n Jacques Monod
    • \n
  • \n Christiane N\u00fcsslein - Volhard
    • \n
  • \n Eric Wieschaus
    • \n
  • \n E.B. Wilson
    • \n
\n
\n Genetics , Molecular biology \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Experiments \n
    \n
  • \n Griffith 's ( 1928 )
    • \n
  • \n Luria -- Delbr\u00fcck ( 1943 )
    • \n
  • \n Avery -- MacLeod -- McCarty ( 1944 )
    • \n
  • \n Miller -- Urey ( 1952 )
    • \n
  • \n Hershey -- Chase ( 1952 )
    • \n
  • \n Meselson -- Stahl ( 1958 )
    • \n
  • \n Crick , Brenner et al. ( 1961 )
    • \n
  • \n Nirenberg -- Matthaei ( 1961 )
    • \n
  • \n Nirenberg -- Leder ( 1964 )
    • \n
\n
\n People \n
    \n
  • \n Barbara McClintock
    • \n
  • \n George Beadle
    • \n
  • \n Seymour Benzer
    • \n
  • \n Rosalind Franklin
      \n
    • \n Photo 51
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n James D. Watson and Francis Crick
      \n
    • \n `` Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids ''
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Linus Pauling
      \n
    • \n `` Sickle Cell Anemia , a Molecular Disease ''
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Fred Sanger
    • \n
  • \n Max Perutz
    • \n
  • \n John Kendrew
    • \n
  • \n Sydney Brenner
    • \n
  • \n Joshua Lederberg
    • \n
  • \n Walter Gilbert
    • \n
  • \n Kary Mullis
    • \n
  • \n Emmanuelle Charpentier
    • \n
  • \n Jennifer Doudna
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Ecology \n
    \n
  • \n Rachel Carson
    • \n
  • \n Frederic Clements
    • \n
  • \n Charles Elton
    • \n
  • \n Henry Gleason
    • \n
  • \n Arthur Tansley
    • \n
  • \n Eugenius Warming
    • \n
\n
\n Ethology \n
    \n
  • \n Niko Tinbergen
    • \n
  • \n Karl von Frisch
    • \n
  • \n Konrad Lorenz
    • \n
  • \n Frans de Waal
    • \n
  • \n Jane Goodall
    • \n
  • \n Ivan Pavlov
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n History of science
    • \n
  • \n Philosophy of biology
      \n
    • \n Teleology
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ethnobotany
    • \n
  • \n Eugenics
    • \n
  • \n History of the creation - evolution controversy
    • \n
  • \n Human Genome Project
    • \n
  • \n Humboldtian science
    • \n
  • \n Natural history
    • \n
  • \n Natural philosophy
    • \n
  • \n Natural theology
    • \n
  • \n Relationship between religion and science
    • \n
  • \n Timeline of biology and organic chemistry
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Category
    • \n
  • \n Commons
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n VIAF : 313683363
    • \n
  • \n LCCN : n81105854
    • \n
  • \n GND : 4303201 - 1
    • \n
  • \n SELIBR : 261642
    • \n
  • \n SUDOC : 031705685
    • \n
  • \n BNF : cb122870840 ( data )
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 00627375
    • \n
  • \n BNE : XX2039885
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=On_the_Origin_of_Species&oldid=836566097 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who wrote the book the origin of species", "long_answers": ["On the Origin of Species ( or more completely , On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection , or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life ) , published on 24 November 1859 , is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology . Darwin 's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection . It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution . Darwin included evidence that he had gathered on the Beagle expedition in the 1830s and his subsequent findings from research , correspondence , and experimentation .\n", "On the Origin of Species The title page of the 1859 edition of On the Origin of Species Author Charles Darwin Country United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Language English Subject Natural selection Evolutionary biology Published 24 November 1859 ( John Murray ) Media type Print ( Hardback ) Pages 502 OCLC 352242 Preceded by On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties ; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection Followed by Fertilisation of Orchids\n"], "short_answers": ["Charles Darwin\n", "Charles Darwin\n", "Charles Darwin\n", "Charles Darwin\n", "Charles Darwin\n"]} {"text": "Westward expansion trails - wikipedia

\n Westward expansion trails

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n In the American Old West , overland trails were popular means of travel used by pioneers and immigrants throughout the 19th century and especially between 1830 and 1870 as an alternative to sea and railroad transport . These immigrants began to settle various regions of North America west of the Great Plains as part of the mass overland migrations of the mid-19th century . Settlers emigrating from the eastern United States were spurred by various motives , among them religious persecution , economic incentives , and the prospect of new wealth and new freedoms in what was then a largely unspoiled and unregulated country . By the 1840s , several popular and well - established routes had been blazed through the continental interior to destinations in the far west , including the Oregon Trail , California Trail , and Mormon Trail . After the end of the Mexican -- American War in 1849 , vast new American conquests again enticed mass immigration . Legislation like the Donation Land Claim Act and significant events like the California Gold Rush further lured colonists to travel overland to the west .

\n

\n Two major wagon - based transportation networks , one typically starting in Missouri and the other in the Mexican province of Santa Fe de Nuevo M\u00e9xico , served the majority of migrants during the era of westward expansion . Three of the Missouri - based routes -- the Oregon , Mormon , and California Trails -- were collectively known as the Emigrant Trails . Historians have estimated at least 500,000 emigrants used these three trails between 1843 and 1869 , and despite growing competition from transcontinental railroads , some use even continued into the early 20th century . The major southern routes were the Santa Fe Trail , the Southern Emigrant Trail , and the Old Spanish Trail , as well as its wagon road successor the Mormon Road , a southern spur of the California Trail used in the winter that also made use of the western half of the Old Spanish Trail . Regardless of the trail used , the journey was often slow and arduous , fraught with risks from infectious diseases , dehydration , malnutrition , injury , and harsh weather , with as many as one in ten travelers dying along the way , usually as a result of disease .

\n

\n The history of these trails and the pioneers who traveled them have since become deeply embedded in the culture and folklore of the United States as some of the most significant influences to shape the content and character of the nation . The remains of many trail ruts can still be observed in various locations throughout the American West . Travelers may loosely follow various routes of the emigrant trails on modern highways through the use of byway signs across the western states .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Trail choices ( edit )

\n

\n Travelers across what became the Western United States in the 19th century had the choice of several routes . Some of the earliest were those of the Mexicans in the southwest . American trade with Northern Mexico created the Santa Fe Trail between St. Louis and Santa Fe following an 18th - century route pioneered by the Spanish Empire . From Santa Fe , American traders followed the old El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro southward to Chihuahua by way of El Paso del Norte . The Old Spanish Trail from Santa Fe , in Mexican New Mexico Territory to Los Angeles , in Mexican Alta California , developed in 1829 - 1830 to support the trade of New Mexican wool products for California horses and mules and carried parties of fur traders and emigrants from New Mexico to Southern California .

\n

\n Following the trails pioneered by fur traders , the Oregon Trail from Independence , Missouri to the Oregon Territory developed crossing the central Great Plains , Rocky Mountains and northern Great Basin . Branching off from that route , some settlers traveled southwestward on the California Trail from Fort Hall , Oregon Territory to Sutters Fort , in Mexican Alta California . Also branching off to the south was the Mormon Trail from Nauvoo , Illinois to Salt Lake City , Utah Territory . During the twenty - five years 1841 -- 1866 , 250,000 to 650,000 people `` pulled up stakes , '' and headed west along these trails . About one - third immigrated to Oregon , one - third to California and one - third to Utah , Colorado , and Montana .

\n

\n Although it is often stated that the Northern trails began in certain cities on the Missouri River , emigrants following any of the three trails typically left from one of three `` jumping off '' points on the Missouri 's steamboat serviced river ports : Independence , Missouri or Saint Joseph , Missouri , or Council Bluffs , Iowa . ( Once known as Kanesville , Iowa until 1852 ; after river dredging in the early 1850s , the latter town at the Missouri - Platte confluence became the most common departure point since it was close in proximity to the River Platte -- along which the eastern trails ascend to South Pass above Fort Laramie. ) The trails from these cities ( and several others ) converged in the mostly empty flatlands of central Nebraska near present - day Kearney , in the vicinity of Fort Kearney . From their confluence there the combined trails followed in succession the Platte , North Platte , and Sweetwater rivers westward across the full widths of Nebraska and Wyoming , and crossed the continental divide south of the Wind River Range through South Pass in southwestern Wyoming .

\n

\n The most common vehicle for Oregon and California - bound settlers was a covered wagon pulled by a team of oxen or mules ( which were greatly preferred for their endurance and strength over horses ) in the dry semi-arid terrain common to the high plains in the heat of summer . In later years , following the advice of Brigham Young , many Mormon emigrants made the crossing to Utah with handcarts . For all emigrants , the scarcity of potable water and fuel for fires was a common brutal challenge on the trip , which was exacerbated by the wide ranging temperature changes common to the mountain highlands and high plains where a daylight reading in the eighties or nineties can drop precipitously to a frigid seeming nighttime temperature in the low 40s . In many treeless areas , buffalo chips were the most common source of fuel .

\n Routes of the California , Mormon and Oregon Trails west of the Rocky Mountains

\n During the Mexican -- American War , the wagon to California road known as Cooke 's Wagon Road , or Sonora Road , was built across Nuevo Mexico , Sonora and Alta California from Santa Fe , New Mexico to San Diego . It crossed what was then the northernmost part of Mexico until the 1853 Gadsden Purchase . During the California Gold Rush the routes to California used were increased by the Siskiyou Trail from Oregon . In the south the forty - niners used the Cooke Wagon Road , until some found a short cut , the Tucson Cutoff . This route , not closed to travel in winter , permitted travelers coming to New Mexico Territory on the Santa Fe Trail or on the San Antonio - El Paso Road developed in 1849 , across West Texas to El Paso where it followed the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro north to link up to the Cooke 's Wagon Road / Southern Emigrant Trail at the cutoff through the San Diego Crossing . In 1856 , as part of an improvement of the route as a military road , a cutoff was built to Cooke 's Spring from Mesilla , ( part of Mexico until 1853 ) . From Cooke 's Spring the road ran to the Yuma Crossing into California and on to Los Angeles . This route became the Southern Emigrant Trail . From Los Angeles the goldfields could be reached by land over the two routes north , the old El Camino Viejo or by what became the Stockton -- Los Angeles Road . During the Gold Rush era it was these routes by which many herds of sheep and cattle were driven to California and the goldfields .

\n

\n With the passes of the Sierras and the Rocky Mountains blocked in winter , another winter route , the Mormon Road between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles was developed by a Mormon expedition from their new settlements at and around Salt Lake City , and by some Mormon Battalion soldiers returning to Utah in 1847 -- 48 . The first significant use of the route was by parties of Forty - Niners late in 1849 , and by some Mormon trains , to avoid crossing the snow bound Sierra Nevada Mountains by linking up with the Old Spanish Trail in southern Utah and closely following it , with alterations to the route of the mule trails only to allow wagons to traverse it for the first time . Soon afterward it was the route Mormon colonists followed to settle southwestern Utah , a mission in Las Vegas and a colony in San Bernardino , California . This wagon route , also called by some of its early travelers the Southern Route , of the California Trail , remained a minor migration route and in the early 1850s a mail route . After some alterations of the route between Cajon Pass and the border of California and in southern Utah , in 1855 , it became a significant seasonal trade route between California and Utah , until 1869 , when the transcontinental railroad ended Utah 's winter isolation .

\n

\n Up to 50,000 people , or one - tenth of the emigrants who attempted the crossing continent , died during the trip , most from infectious disease such as cholera , spread by poor sanitation : with thousands traveling along or near the same watercourses each summer , downstream travelers were susceptible to ingesting upstream wastewater including bodily waste . Hostile confrontations with Native Americans , although often feared by the emigrants , were comparatively rare , prior to the American Civil War . Most emigrants traveled in large parties or `` trains '' of up to several hundred wagons led by a wagon master . In 1859 the government published a guidebook written by Captain Randolph B. Marcy , called The Prairie Traveler , in order to help emigrants prepare for the journey. >

\n

\n Santa Fe Trail ( edit )

\n Main article : Santa Fe Trail

\n The Santa Fe Trail was a 19th - century transportation route through central North America that connected Independence , Missouri with Santa Fe , New Mexico . Pioneered in 1821 by William Becknell , it served as a vital commercial highway until the introduction of the railroad to Santa Fe in 1880 . Santa Fe was near the end of the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro which carried trade from Mexico City .

\n

\n The route skirted the northern edge and crossed the north - western corner of Comancheria , the territory of the Comanches , who demanded compensation for granting passage to the trail , and represented another market for American traders . Comanche raiding farther south in Mexico isolated New Mexico , making it more dependent on the American trade , and provided the Comanches with a steady supply of horses for sale . By the 1840s trail traffic along the Arkansas Valley was so heavy that bison herds could not reach important seasonal grazing land , contributing to their collapse which in turn hastened the decline of Comanche power in the region . The Trail was used as the 1846 U.S. invasion route of New Mexico during the Mexican -- American War .

\n

\n After the U.S. acquisition of the Southwest ending the Mexican -- American War , the trail helped open the region to U.S. economic development and settlement , playing a vital role in the expansion of the U.S. into the lands it had acquired . The road route is commemorated today by the National Park Service as the Santa Fe National Historic Trail . A highway route that roughly follows the trail 's path through the entire length of Kansas , the southeast corner of Colorado and northern New Mexico has been designated as the Santa Fe Trail National Scenic Byway .

\n

\n Old Spanish Trail ( edit )

\n Main article : Old Spanish Trail

\n The Old Spanish Trail witnessed a brief but furious heyday between 1830 and 1848 as a trade route linking Santa Fe , New Mexico and Los Angeles , California . During that period , Mexican and American traders took woolen goods west over the trail by mule train , and returned eastward with California mules and horses for the New Mexico and Missouri markets . Between 1598 and 1830 , Spanish ( 1598 -- 1821 ) and later Mexican ( 1821 -- 1830 ) , and American ( 1821 -- 1830 ) traders connected the native trade routes that started to Old Spanish Trail and completed it .

\n

\n The Trail left Santa Fe and split into two routes . The South or Main Branch headed northwest past Colorado 's San Juan mountains to near Green River , Utah . The North Branch proceeded due north into Colorado 's San Luis Valley and crossed west over Cochetepa Pass to follow the Gunnison and Colorado rivers to meet the Southern Branch near Green River . From central Utah the trail trended southwest to an area now shared by Utah , Nevada and Arizona . It crossed southern Nevada and passed through the Mojave Desert to San Gabriel Mission and Los Angeles

\n

\n Oregon Trail ( edit )

\n Main article : Oregon Trail

\n The Oregon Trail , was the longest of the overland routes used in the westward expansion of the United States , was first traced by explorers and fur traders for traveling to the Oregon Country . The main route of the Oregon Trail stopped at the Hudson 's Bay Company Fort Hall , a major resupply route along the trail near present - day Pocatello and where the California Trail split off to the south . Then the Oregon Trail crossed the Snake River Plain of present - day southern Idaho and the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon before reaching the Willamette Valley . It was the only practical way for settlers in wagons without tools , livestock , or supplies to cross the mountains and usually thought critical to the colonization of the American West . Some of the first to travel the Oregon Trail were Christian missionaries , members of the Methodist Episcopal Church who established the Methodist Mission in 1834 . Even though they did n't make many converts , they were impressed by the short amount of time needed to reach the Pacific Coast . Rumors about how the sun always shone there and wheat grew as tall as a man attracted American settlers .

\n

\n American settlers began following the trail in 1841 , with the first recorded colonist wagon traingroup being the 1843 `` Great Migration '' of about 900 colonists , led by Marcus Whitman . The Provisional Government of Oregon was established by such colonists in 1843 , generally limited to the Willamette Valley . The Oregon Treaty of 1846 divided the Oregon Country between Great Britain and the United States , mostly along the 49th parallel . The Territory of Oregon was established shortly afterwards , in 1848 , and over 12,000 American settlers made the journey there during the decade .

\n

\n Families usually began their journey at Independence , Missouri , near the Missouri River with the best time to travel being from April to September . The journey to cross the entire Oregon Trail in a covered wagon took from four to six months , following a winding trail 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) through prairies , deserts , and across mountains to the Pacific Northwest . The journey was a severe test of strength and endurance so travelers often joined wagon trains traveling about 12 -- 15 miles ( 19 -- 24 km ) per day . Settlers often had to cross flooded rivers . Indians attacked the wagon trains ; however , of the 10,000 deaths that occurred from 1835 to 1855 , only 4 percent resulted from Indian attacks . Cholera , smallpox , and firearms accidents were the chief causes of death on the trail . Food , water , and wood were always scarce , and the travelers often encountered contaminated water holes . During summer , the trail was crowded with wagon trains , army units , missionaries , hunting parties , traders , and even sightseeing tours . Some travelers complained that they sometimes had to stop early in the day in order to find a good campsite ahead of the crowd . Others spoke of the need to wear masks for protection against the dust kicked up by the heavy traffic .

\n

\n California Trail ( edit )

\n Main article : California Trail

\n The main route of the California Trail branched from the Oregon Trail west of Fort Hall , as immigrants went on forward going southwestward into present - day Nevada , then down along the Humboldt River to the Sierra Nevada . The California Trail came into heavy use after the California Gold Rush enticed over 250,000 gold - seekers and farmers to travel overland the gold fields and rich farmlands of California during the 1840s and 1850s . Today , more than 1,000 miles of trail ruts and traces can still be seen in the vast undeveloped lands between Capers Wyoming and the West Coast , reminders of the sacrifices , struggles , and triumphs of early American travelers and settlers . More than 240 historic sites along the trail will eventually be available for public use and interpretation .

\n

\n Early emigrants once called the California Trail an elephant , due to the difficult journey . If you wanted to get to California in pre-railroad times , you were guaranteed an arduous trek . California emigrants faced the greatest challenges of all the pioneer emigrants of the mid-19th century . In addition to the Rockies , these emigrants faced the barren deserts of Nevada and the imposing Sierra Nevada Range . The travelers of the California Trail often quipped that if you had `` seen the elephant , '' then you had hit some hard traveling .

\n

\n Mormon Trail ( edit )

\n Main article : Mormon Trail

\n The Mormon Trail was created by pioneer members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints , called `` Mormons , '' who settled in what is now the Great Salt Lake in Utah . The Mormon Trail followed part of the Oregon Trail and then branched off at the fur trading post called Fort Bridger , founded by famed mountain man Jim Bridger . Heading south and following river valleys southwestward to the valley of the Great Salt Lake , Brigham Young led the first Mormons into present - day Utah during 1847 . The Mormon Trail is 1,300 miles long and extends from Nauvoo , Illinois to Salt Lake City , Utah . The Mormon Trail was used for more than 20 years after the Mormons used it and has been reserved for sightseeing . The initial movement of the Mormons from Nauvoo , Illinois to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake occurred in two segments : one in 1846 and one in 1847 . The first segment , across Iowa to the Missouri River , covered around 265 miles . The second segment , from the Missouri River to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake , covered about 1,032 miles .

\n

\n From 1846 to 1869 , more than 4,600 Mormons traveled along an integral part of the road west , the Mormon Pioneer Trail . The trail started in Nauvoo , Illinois , traveled across Iowa , connected with the Great Platte River Road at the Missouri River , and ended near the Great Salt Lake in Utah . Generally following pre-existing routes , the trail carried tens of thousands of Mormon emigrants to a new home and refuge in the Great Basin . From their labors arose the State of Deseret , later to become the Utah Territory , and finally the State of Utah .

\n

\n The Mormon pioneers shared similar experiences with others traveling west : the drudgery of walking hundreds of miles , suffocating dust , violent thunderstorms , mud , temperature extremes , bad water , poor forage , sickness , and death . They recorded their experiences in journals , diaries , and letters . The Mormons , however , were a unique part of this migration . Their move to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake was a response to their violent expulsion from Missouri and Illinois . As it was also motivated by a desire to maintain a religious and cultural identity it was necessary to find an isolated area where they could permanently settle and practice their religion in peace .

\n

\n Southern Emigrant Trail ( edit )

\n Main article : Southern Emigrant Trail

\n The Southern Emigrant Trail was a major land route for immigration into California from the eastern United States that followed the Santa Fe Trail to New Mexico during the California Gold Rush . Unlike the more northern routes , pioneer wagons could travel year round , mountain passes not being blocked by snows , however it had the disadvantage of summer heat and lack of water in the desert regions through which it passed in New Mexico Territory and the Colorado Desert of California . Subsequently , it was a route of travel and commerce between the eastern United States and California . Many herds of cattle and sheep were driven along this route and it was followed by the San Antonio - San Diego Mail Line in 1857 -- 1858 and then the Butterfield Overland Mail from 1858 -- 1861 .

\n

\n In 1846 , General Stephen Watts Kearny and his dragoons with their scout Kit Carson found the route . One year later , Colonel Philip St. George Cooke and the Mormon Battalion followed Kearny 's route establishing the first wagon road . This wagon road became known as Cooke 's Wagon Road , or Sonora Road , until the discovery of gold brought a flood of Americans westward in 1849 . The discovery of the Tucson Cutoff later that year shortened the route bringing it fully within the territory of the United States . From this date on , the route was called the Southern Emigrant Trail .

\n

\n Tied in with the Santa Fe Trail and the San Antonio - El Paso Road , by the El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro the Southern Emigrant Trail route in 1849 ran from westward from the El Camino Real to San Diego Crossing and after 1855 Mesilla , New Mexico , westward to Tucson , Arizona , then followed the Gila River to the ferries on the Colorado River near what became Fort Yuma , crossed the Colorado Desert to Vallecito , then up to Warner 's Ranch . From Warner 's the road then ran either northwest to Los Angeles or west southwest to San Diego . From either of these towns the traveler could continue north by land to the gold fields on the coast via the El Camino Real or over the Tejon Pass into the San Joaquin Valley by what would become the Stockton -- Los Angeles Road or El Camino Viejo . Alternatively they could take ships to San Francisco from San Diego or San Pedro .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Marcy , Randolph B. ( 1859 ) . The Prairie Traveler : A Hand - book for Overland Expeditions , with Maps , Illustrations , and Itineraries of the Principal Routes Between the Mississippi and the Pacific . New York : Harper & Brothers , Franklin Square . United States Department of War . ISBN 978 - 1602067738 . Retrieved 2 October 2017 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Marcy ( 1859 ) List of Itineraries : XIV. -- Wagon - road from San Antonia , Texas , to El Paso , N.M. , and Fort Yuma , Cal .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Marcy ( 1859 ) List of Itineraries : XV. -- From Fort Yuma to San Diego , California .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Marcy ( 1859 ) List of Itineraries : XXI. -- From Fort Yuma to Benicia , California
    5. \n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westward_Expansion_Trails&oldid=821149083 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "the settlers were attracted to oregon for all of the following reasons except", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Rip It Up ( Orange Juice song ) - wikipedia

\n Rip It Up ( Orange Juice song )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` Rip It Up ''
\n
\n Single by Orange Juice
\n from the album Rip It Up
\n B - side \n `` Snake Charmer '' `` A Sad Lament ''
\n Released \n February 1983
\n Format \n 7 '' 12 ''
\n Recorded \n Berwick Street Studios , London
\n Genre \n Post-punk
\n Label \n Polydor
\n Songwriter ( s ) \n Edwyn Collins
\n Producer ( s ) \n Martin Hayles
\n Orange Juice singles chronology
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` I Ca n't Help Myself '' ( 1982 ) \n `` Rip It Up '' ( 1983 ) \n `` Flesh of My Flesh '' ( 1983 )
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n `` I Ca n't Help Myself '' ( 1982 ) \n `` Rip It Up '' ( 1983 ) \n `` Flesh of My Flesh '' ( 1983 )
\n
\n

\n `` Rip It Up '' was a 1983 single by Scottish post-punk band Orange Juice . It was the second single to be released from their 1982 album of the same name . The song became the band 's only UK top 40 success , reaching no . 8 in the chart . `` Rip It Up '' signalled a departure from the sound of the band 's earlier singles , with Chic - influenced guitars and using a synthesiser to create a more disco - oriented sound .

\n

\n The song was sampled in 2009 by British soul singer Beverley Knight on her song `` In Your Shoes '' from the album 100 % .

\n

\n In 2014 , NME ranked it at number 216 in its list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . It was also included by Pitchfork at number 157 in a list of The Best 200 Songs of the 1980s .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Recording and influences ( edit )

\n Roland TB - 303

\n The song was recorded as part of the sessions for Orange Juice 's second studio album and would go on to become the title track of said album . It marked a departure from their previous guitar - pop based material , instead utilising Chic style guitar - funk and a bubbling Roland TB - 303 synthesiser bassline , becoming the first chart single to feature the instrument . The song also features a snatch of the guitar riff from `` Boredom '' , a song by Buzzcocks that featured on their debut Spiral Scratch EP . The riff chimes briefly in , just as Collins namechecks the song in the lyrics claiming that `` ... and my favourite song is entitled ' Boredom ' . '' Backing vocals on the song were provided by Paul Quinn , the lead singer of fellow Scottish band Bourgie Bourgie , with whom Collins would later record a single in 1984 , a cover of the Velvet Underground song `` Pale Blue Eyes . ''

\n

\n Music video ( edit )

\n

\n The video opens with the band in a futuristic , but cheaply constructed , control room as they sing , dance and operate various controls . The band then watch themselves on a monitor screen as they walk down a rainy British high street dressed in incongruous , brightly coloured summer clothes . The video then cuts back to the control room , this time with the band playing their instruments superimposed over it , before returning to more scenes of a British city in torrential rain as the band walk around in scuba diving gear . The video finally cuts back to the band playing in a silver foil covered room , before superimposing them over a pile of random photographs .

\n

\n UK single release ( edit )

\n

\n `` Rip It Up '' was released as a single in the UK in February 1983 . The seven inch vinyl version of the single was available in three versions , a double pack including a second seven - inch and a fold out poster , along with two versions of the standard release , initially with a silver injection moulded labels , and then subsequently with paper printed labels . The song was also released on twelve inch vinyl , with extended versions of the title track and B - side . All versions were housed in a paper sleeve depicting a US P - 40 Warhawk fighter plane ( decorated with eyes and teeth ) partially submerged , tail first , in the sea , drawn by Edwyn Collins .

\n

\n Track listing ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Single 7 ''
\n No . \n Title \n Writer ( s ) \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` Rip It Up '' \n Edwyn Collins \n 3 : 51
\n 2 . \n `` Snake Charmer '' \n Malcolm Ross \n 4 : 43
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Double 7 ''
\n No . \n Title \n Writer ( s ) \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` Rip It Up '' \n Edwyn Collins \n
\n 2 . \n `` Snake Charmer '' \n Malcolm Ross \n
\n 3 . \n `` Love Sick '' ( Live ) \n Edwyn Collins \n
\n 4 . \n `` A Sad Lament '' \n Edwyn Collins \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 12 ''
\n No . \n Title \n Writer ( s ) \n Length
\n 1 . \n `` Rip It Up '' ( Long Version ) \n Edwyn Collins \n
\n 2 . \n `` A Sad Lament '' ( Long Version ) \n Edwyn Collins \n
\n

\n Chart positions ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chart ( 1983 ) \n Peak position
\n UK Singles Chart \n 8
\n New Zealand Singles Chart \n 42
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/nme_500_greatest_songs_2014.htm
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ http://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/9700-the-200-best-songs-of-the-1980s/?page=3
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Buzzcocks : Boredom / Orange Juice : Rip It Up '' . Stylus Magazine . 25 August 2004 . Retrieved 26 May 2013 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Juice - Rip It Up 12 '' . Discogs . Retrieved 26 May 2013 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Orange Juice - Rip It Up '' . Discogs . Retrieved 26 May 2013 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Orange Juice - Rip It Up '' . Discogs . Retrieved 26 May 2013 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Juice - Rip It Up ( Song ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved 26 May 2013 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Orange Juice - Rip It Up '' . Discogs . Retrieved 26 May 2013 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Orange Juice '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 26 May 2013 .
    10. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Orange Juice
\n
    \n
  • \n Edwyn Collins
    • \n
  • \n James Kirk
    • \n
  • \n David McClymont
    • \n
  • \n Steven Daly
    • \n
  • \n Malcolm Ross
    • \n
  • \n Zeke Manyika
    • \n
\n
\n Studio albums \n
    \n
  • \n You Ca n't Hide Your Love Forever
    • \n
  • \n Rip It Up
    • \n
  • \n Texas Fever
    • \n
  • \n The Orange Juice
    • \n
\n
\n Singles \n
    \n
  • \n `` Falling and Laughing ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Rip It Up ''
    • \n
\n
\n Compilations \n
    \n
  • \n Ostrich Churchyard
    • \n
  • \n The Heather 's on Fire
    • \n
  • \n The Glasgow School
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rip_It_Up_(Orange_Juice_song)&oldid=751734896 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Add links \n \n \n", "question": "who sang rip it up and start again", "long_answers": ["`` Rip It Up '' Single by Orange Juice from the album Rip It Up B - side `` Snake Charmer '' `` A Sad Lament '' Released February 1983 Format 7 '' 12 '' Recorded Berwick Street Studios , London Genre Post-punk Label Polydor Songwriter ( s ) Edwyn Collins Producer ( s ) Martin Hayles Orange Juice singles chronology `` I Ca n't Help Myself '' ( 1982 ) `` Rip It Up '' ( 1983 ) `` Flesh of My Flesh '' ( 1983 ) `` I Ca n't Help Myself '' ( 1982 ) `` Rip It Up '' ( 1983 ) `` Flesh of My Flesh '' ( 1983 )\n", "`` Rip It Up '' was a 1983 single by Scottish post-punk band Orange Juice . It was the second single to be released from their 1982 album of the same name . The song became the band 's only UK top 40 success , reaching no . 8 in the chart . `` Rip It Up '' signalled a departure from the sound of the band 's earlier singles , with Chic - influenced guitars and using a synthesiser to create a more disco - oriented sound .\n"], "short_answers": ["Orange Juice\n", "Orange Juice\n", "Scottish post-punk band Orange Juice\n"]} {"text": "2018 Winter Olympics - wikipedia

\n 2018 Winter Olympics

\n This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 January 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` PyeongChang 2018 '' redirects here . For the Winter Paralympics , see 2018 Winter Paralympics . \n XXIII Olympic Winter Games \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Host city \n Pyeongchang , South Korea
\n Motto \n Passion . Connected . Korean : \ud558\ub098 \ub41c \uc5f4\uc815 . ( Hanadoen Yeoljeong )
\n Nations participating \n 90 ( estimated )
\n Events \n 102 in 7 sports ( 15 disciplines )
\n Opening ceremony \n 9 February ( 31 days from now )
\n Closing ceremony \n 25 February
\n Stadium \n Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium
\n Winter
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n < Sochi 2014 \n Beijing 2022 >
\n
\n Summer
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n < Rio de Janeiro 2016 \n Tokyo 2020 >
\n
\n Pyeongchang Location in South Korea \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Pyeongchang Winter Olympics
\n Hangul \n \ud3c9\ucc3d \ub3d9\uacc4 \uc62c\ub9bc\ud53d
\n Hanja \n \u5e73 \u660c \u51ac\u5b63 \uc62c\ub9bc\ud53d
\n Revised Romanization \n Pyeongchang Donggye Ollimpik
\n McCune -- Reischauer \n P'y\u014fngch'ang Tonggye Ollimp'ik
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n Part of a series on
\n 2018 Winter Olympics ( show )
    \n
  • \n Bid process ( bid details )
    • \n
  • \n Venues
    • \n
  • \n Torch relay
    • \n
  • \n Mascots
    • \n
  • \n Broadcasters
    • \n
  • \n Opening ceremony ( flag bearers )
    • \n
  • \n Chronological summary
    • \n
  • \n Medal table ( medalists )
    • \n
  • \n World and Olympic records
    • \n
  • \n Concerns and controversies
    • \n
  • \n Closing ceremony ( flag bearers )
    • \n
  • \n Paralympics
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n IOC
    • \n
  • \n KOC
    • \n
  • \n POCOG
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIII\u00e8mes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Hangul : \uc81c 23 \ud68c \ub3d9\uacc4 \uc62c\ub9bc\ud53d ; RR : Je - isipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 ( ( phj\u028c\u014b. t\u0255ha\u014b ) ) , is a major international multi-sport event scheduled to take place from 9 to 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , South Korea .

\n

\n The elected host city was announced on 6 July 2011 by the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) after the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , South Africa . Pyeongchang won its bid on the first round of voting , receiving more votes than both Munich , Germany and Annecy , France combined .

\n

\n These will be South Korea 's second Olympic Games and its first Winter Games ; Seoul hosted the Summer Games in 1988 . Pyeongchang will be the third Asian city to host the Winter Games ; the first two were in Japan , at Sapporo ( 1972 ) and Nagano ( 1998 ) .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Bidding ( edit )

\n Main article : Bids for the 2018 Winter Olympics

\n Pyeongchang bid to host both the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympic Games but lost in the final rounds of voting by three and four votes respectively . Pyeongchang won its bid for the 2018 Winter Olympic Games in the first round of voting , receiving 63 of the 95 votes cast , giving it the majority required to be elected host city .

\n

\n Munich also launched a bid to host these Games . Prior to Beijing 's successful 2022 Winter Olympics bid , Munich would have become the first city to host both the Winter and the Summer Games , having previously hosted the 1972 Summer Olympics , but received 25 votes . Annecy ( in southeastern France ) launched a bid , but failed to secure public support from local citizens . Their bid received seven votes .

\n

\n Host city election ( edit )

\n

\n Pyeongchang was elected as the host city at the 123rd IOC Session in Durban , earning the necessary majority of at least 48 votes in just one round of voting .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 2018 Winter Olympics bidding results
\n City \n Nation \n Votes
\n Pyeongchang \n South Korea \n 63
\n Munich \n Germany \n 25
\n Annecy \n France \n 7
\n

\n Tickets ( edit )

\n

\n Ticket prices for the 2018 Winter Olympics were announced in April 2016 and went on sale in October 2016 , ranging from \u20a9 20,000 ( approximately US $ 17 ) to \u20a9 900,000 ( US $776 ) . Tickets for the opening and closing ceremonies range from \u20a9 220,000 ( US $190 ) to \u20a9 1.5 million ( US $1293 ) . The exact prices were determined through market research ; around 50 % of the tickets are expected to cost about \u20a9 80,000 ( US $69 ) or less , and tickets in sports that are relatively unknown in the region , such as biathlon and luge , will be made cheaper in order to encourage attendance . By contrast , figure skating and the men 's hockey gold - medal game carry the most expensive tickets of the Games .

\n

\n As of 11 October 2017 , domestic ticket sales for the Games have been slow . Of the 750,000 seats allocated to South Koreans , only 20.7 % have been sold . International sales have been better , with 59.7 % of the 320,000 allocated tickets sold . In total , 61 % of tickets have been sold . Sales of tickets to the Paralympic Games are increasing slowly , with 37 % of them sold .

\n

\n Preparations ( edit )

\n

\n On 5 August 2011 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) announced the formation of the Pyeongchang 2018 Coordination Commission . On 4 October 2011 , it was announced that the Organizing Committee for the 2018 Winter Olympics would be headed by Kim Jin - sun . The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games ( POCOG ) was launched at its inaugural assembly on 19 October 2011 . The first tasks of the organizing committee were putting together a master plan for the games as well as forming a design for the venues . The IOC Coordination Commission for the 2018 Winter Olympics made their first visit to Pyeongchang in March 2012 . By then , construction was already underway on the Olympic Village . In June 2012 , construction began on a high - speed rail line that will connect Pyeongchang to Seoul .

\n Olympic venues 2018

\n The International Paralympic Committee met for an orientation with the Pyeongchang 2018 organizing committee in July 2012 . Then - IOC President Jacques Rogge visited Pyeongchang for the first time in February 2013 .

\n

\n On 27 June 2014 the Pyeongchang Olympic Committee announced their mascot selection contest . The contest ran from 15 September 2014 to 30 September 2014 . The 2013 Special Olympics World Winter Games were held in Pyeongchang .

\n

\n The Pyeongchang Organizing Committee for the 2018 Olympic & Paralympic Winter Games created Pyeongchang WINNERS in 2014 by recruiting university students living in South Korea to spread awareness of the Olympic Games through social networking services and news articles .

\n

\n Torch relay ( edit )

\n Main article : 2018 Winter Olympics torch relay

\n Venues ( edit )

\n Main article : Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics Dragon Valley Ski Resort

\n Pyeongchang ( mountain cluster ) ( edit )

\n Alpensia sports park ( edit )

\n The Alpensia Resort in Daegwallyeong - myeon will be the focus of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics .

\n \n Stand - alone venues ( edit ) \n

\n Gangneung ( coastal cluster ) ( edit )

\n

\n The coastal cluster is located in the city of Gangneung . The Gangneung Olympic Park will include the following four venues :

\n \n

\n In addition , a stand - alone venue is located on the grounds of Catholic Kwandong University :

\n \n

\n Sports ( edit )

\n

\n The 2018 Winter Olympics will feature 102 events in 15 sports . Four new disciplines in existing sports will be introduced in Pyeongchang , including big air snowboarding , mixed doubles curling , mass start speed skating , and mixed team alpine skiing .

\n

\n For the first time since 1998 , the National Hockey League will not provide accommodations ( including a break in the season for all teams during the Olympics ) to allow its players to participate in the men 's ice hockey tournament . The NHL 's decision stemmed from their demands that the IOC cover the cost of insuring the NHL players who participate in the Games . Although it did pay to insure NHL players in Sochi , the IOC was unwilling to do so for Pyeongchang , and was concerned that the NHL 's demand could set a precedent for other professional sports bodies to follow . NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman added that a factor in the decision was that the IOC did not allow the NHL to promote the involvement of its players in the Olympics . The NHL secured the cooperation of the International Ice Hockey Federation and the IOC , who agreed to establish a blacklist forbidding national teams from nominating or accepting players under NHL contract to their Olympic rosters .

\n

\n Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sports discipline .

\n \n

\n Participating national Olympic committees ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide ) Participating National Olympic Committees
\n
    \n
  • \n Albania
    • \n
  • \n Andorra
    • \n
  • \n Argentina
    • \n
  • \n Armenia
    • \n
  • \n Australia
    • \n
  • \n Austria
    • \n
  • \n Azerbaijan
    • \n
  • \n Belarus
    • \n
  • \n Belgium
    • \n
  • \n Bermuda
    • \n
  • \n Bolivia
    • \n
  • \n Bosnia and Herzegovina
    • \n
  • \n Brazil
    • \n
  • \n Bulgaria
    • \n
  • \n Canada
    • \n
  • \n Chile
    • \n
  • \n China
    • \n
  • \n Colombia
    • \n
  • \n Croatia
    • \n
  • \n Cyprus
    • \n
  • \n Czech Republic
    • \n
  • \n Denmark
    • \n
  • \n Dominica
    • \n
  • \n Ecuador
    • \n
  • \n Eritrea
    • \n
  • \n Estonia
    • \n
  • \n Finland
    • \n
  • \n France
    • \n
  • \n Georgia
    • \n
  • \n Germany
    • \n
  • \n Great Britain
    • \n
  • \n Greece
    • \n
  • \n Hong Kong
    • \n
  • \n Hungary
    • \n
  • \n Iceland
    • \n
  • \n India
    • \n
  • \n Iran
    • \n
  • \n Ireland
    • \n
  • \n Israel
    • \n
  • \n Italy
    • \n
  • \n Japan
    • \n
  • \n Kazakhstan
    • \n
  • \n Kenya
    • \n
  • \n Kosovo
    • \n
  • \n Kyrgyzstan
    • \n
  • \n Latvia
    • \n
  • \n Lebanon
    • \n
  • \n Liechtenstein
    • \n
  • \n Lithuania
    • \n
  • \n Luxembourg
    • \n
  • \n Macedonia
    • \n
  • \n Madagascar
    • \n
  • \n Malaysia
    • \n
  • \n Malta
    • \n
  • \n Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Moldova
    • \n
  • \n Monaco
    • \n
  • \n Mongolia
    • \n
  • \n Montenegro
    • \n
  • \n Morocco
    • \n
  • \n Netherlands
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
    • \n
  • \n North Korea
    • \n
  • \n Norway
    • \n
  • \n Olympic Athletes from Russia
    • \n
  • \n Pakistan
    • \n
  • \n Peru
    • \n
  • \n Philippines
    • \n
  • \n Poland
    • \n
  • \n Portugal
    • \n
  • \n Puerto Rico
    • \n
  • \n Romania
    • \n
  • \n San Marino
    • \n
  • \n Serbia
    • \n
  • \n Singapore
    • \n
  • \n Slovakia
    • \n
  • \n Slovenia
    • \n
  • \n South Africa
    • \n
  • \n South Korea ( host )
    • \n
  • \n Spain
    • \n
  • \n Sweden
    • \n
  • \n Switzerland
    • \n
  • \n Chinese Taipei
    • \n
  • \n Thailand
    • \n
  • \n Timor - Leste
    • \n
  • \n Togo
    • \n
  • \n Turkey
    • \n
  • \n Ukraine
    • \n
  • \n United States
    • \n
  • \n Uzbekistan
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Calendar ( edit )

\n
\n
\n All dates are KST ( UTC + 9 )
\n
\n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n OC \n Opening ceremony \n \n Event competitions \n \n Event finals \n EG \n Exhibition gala \n CC \n Closing ceremony
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n February \n 8th Thu \n 9th Fri \n 10th Sat \n 11th Sun \n 12th Mon \n 13th Tue \n 14th Wed \n 15th Thu \n 16th Fri \n 17th Sat \n 18th Sun \n 19th Mon \n 20th Tue \n 21st Wed \n 22nd Thu \n 23rd Fri \n 24th Sat \n 25th Sun \n Events
\n Ceremonies \n \n OC \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n CC \n N / A
\n Alpine skiing \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 11
\n Biathlon \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 11
\n Bobsleigh \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Cross country skiing \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 12
\n Curling \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Figure skating \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n EG \n 5
\n Freestyle skiing \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 10
\n Ice hockey \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Luge \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Nordic combined \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Short track speed skating \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 8
\n Skeleton \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Ski jumping \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Snowboarding \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 10
\n Speed skating \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 14
\n Total events \n \n \n 5 \n 7 \n 8 \n 8 \n 6 \n 7 \n 5 \n 9 \n 6 \n \n 5 \n 7 \n 8 \n 6 \n 8 \n \n 102
\n Cumulative total \n \n \n 5 \n 12 \n 20 \n 28 \n 34 \n 41 \n 46 \n 55 \n 61 \n 64 \n 69 \n 76 \n 84 \n 90 \n 98 \n 102 \n
\n February \n 8th Thu \n 9th Fri \n 10th Sat \n 11th Sun \n 12th Mon \n 13th Tue \n 14th Wed \n 15th Thu \n 16th Fri \n 17th Sat \n 18th Sun \n 19th Mon \n 20th Tue \n 21st Wed \n 22nd Thu \n 23rd Fri \n 24th Sat \n 25th Sun \n 102 events
\n

\n

\n

\n Marketing ( edit )

\n Gold medal of the 2018 Olympics

\n Branding ( edit )

\n

\n The emblem for the Games was unveiled on 3 May 2013 . It is a stylized representation of the hangul letters \u1111 p and \u110e ch , being the initial sounds of \ud3c9\ucc3d Pyeongchang . Additionally the left symbol is said to represent the Korean philosophical triad of heaven , earth and humanity ( Korean : \ucc9c\uc9c0\uc778 cheon - ji - in ) , and the right symbol a crystal of ice .

\n

\n The name of the host city has been intentionally formatted in all official materials as `` PyeongChang '' , rather than `` Pyeongchang '' . This is to alleviate potential confusion with Pyongyang , the similarly - named capital of neighbouring North Korea .

\n

\n The official pictograms for 24 sports across 15 disciplines were revealed in January 2017 and are designed using the Korean alphabet as inspiration .

\n

\n Mascots ( edit )

\n Main article : Soohorang and Bandabi

\n The official mascots for the Games , Soohorang ( \uc218 \ud638\ub791 ) , a white tiger , and Bandabi ( \ubc18 \ub2e4\ube44 ) , an Asiatic black bear , were unveiled on 2 June 2016 .

\n

\n Broadcasting rights ( edit )

\n Main article : List of 2018 Winter Olympics broadcasters

\n Broadcast rights to the 2018 Winter Olympics in some countries were already sold as part of long - term broadcast rights deals , including the Games ' local rightsholder SBS -- which extended its rights to the Olympics in July 2011 through 2024 .

\n

\n On 29 June 2015 , the IOC announced that Discovery Communications had acquired exclusive rights to the Olympics across Europe , excluding Russia , from 2018 through 2024 on all platforms . Discovery 's rights deal will , initially , not cover France due to pre-existing rights deals with France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions that run through the 2020 Games . Unlike previous pan-European deals , such as with the European Broadcasting Union and Sportfive , Discovery will not serve solely as a reseller , as it intends to carry coverage on its regional properties , such as Eurosport and DMAX , but it has committed to sub-license at least 100 hours of coverage to free - to - air networks . In the United Kingdom , Discovery will hold exclusive pay television rights under license from the BBC ; in return , the BBC will sub-license the free - to - air rights to the 2022 and 2024 Olympics from Discovery .

\n

\n In the United States , the Games will once again be broadcast by NBC under a long - term contract with NBCUniversal ; it will be NBC 's first Olympics without long - time primary host Bob Costas , who announced on 7 February 2017 his retirement from the role in favour of Mike Tirico . On 28 March 2017 , NBC also announced that it would air most primetime coverage simultaneously in all time zones in the United States , rather than tape - delayed for the West Coast .

\n

\n Concerns and controversies ( edit )

\n Main article : Concerns and controversies at the 2018 Winter Olympics

\n Security ( edit )

\n

\n On 20 September 2017 , South Korea 's President Moon Jae - in said the country is pushing to ensure security at the Pyeongchang Winter Olympic Games amid rising tensions over North Korea 's nuclear tests and a series of missile launches . However , on the next day , French Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports Laura Flessel - Colovic said France 's Winter Olympics team will boycott the games unless South Korea 's security is guaranteed .

\n

\n On 22 September 2017 , Austria and Germany joined France in considering not attending the Games . Karl Stoss , head of Austria 's national Olympic committee , said that `` if the situation worsens and the security of our athletes is no longer guaranteed , we will not go to South Korea . '' The German interior ministry said the security question and the possibility of keeping the German team at home would be addressed `` in good time '' by the government . Several days later , Laura Flessel - Colovic reaffirmed France 's participation in the games . Both countries have yet to decide on reaffirming .

\n

\n In early December 2017 , United States Ambassador to the United Nations , Nikki Haley , told Fox News that it was an `` open question '' whether the United States was going to participate in the games , citing security concerns in the region . However , days later the White House Press Secretary , Sarah Huckabee Sanders , stated that the United States `` looks forward to participating '' and will attend .

\n

\n Jeongseon Alpine Centre ecological issues ( edit )

\n

\n Environmental groups have raised concerns surrounding the deforestation from the slopes of Gariwang mountain to build the Jeongseon Alpine Centre . Officials claim it is necessary as it is the only slope that will accommodate Olympic requirements and the forest will be restored after the games are done . Environmental groups are sceptical as the forest includes old growth of ancient and rare species .

\n

\n Russian doping ( edit )

\n Main articles : Doping in Russia , McLaren Report , Oswald Commission , Russia at the 2016 Summer Olympics , and Olympic Athletes from Russia at the 2018 Winter Olympics Official sanctions ( edit ) Proposed OAR logo

\n On 5 December 2017 , the IOC announced that the Russian Olympic Committee had been suspended effective immediately from the 2018 Winter Olympics . Athletes who had no previous drug violations and a consistent history of drug testing were to be allowed to compete under the Olympic Flag as an `` Olympic Athlete from Russia '' ( OAR ) . Under the terms of the decree , Russian government officials were barred from the Games , and neither the country 's flag nor anthem would be present . The Olympic Flag and Olympic Anthem will be used instead , and on 20 December 2017 the IOC proposed an alternate logo for the uniforms ( seen at right ) . IOC President Thomas Bach said that `` after following due process ( the IOC ) has issued proportional sanctions for this systematic manipulation while protecting the clean athletes . ''

\n Reaction in Russia ( edit )

\n In the past , Vladimir Putin , the President of Russia , and other officials had said that it would be a humiliation for Russia if its athletes were not allowed to compete under the Russian flag . However , his spokesman later said that no boycott had been discussed . After the IOC decision was announced , Ramzan Kadyrov , the head of Chechnya , announced that no Chechen athletes would participate under a neutral flag . On 6 December , Putin stated that the Russian government would not prevent any athletes from participating at the Games as individuals , but there were calls from other politicians for a boycott .

\n Criticism ( edit )

\n The IOC 's decision was criticized by Jack Robertson , primary investigator of the Russian doping program on behalf of the World Anti-Doping Agency , who said that the IOC has issued `` a non-punitive punishment meant to save face while protecting the ( IOC 's ) and Russia 's commercial and political interests '' . He also emphasized that Russian whistleblowers provided empirical evidence that `` 99 percent of ( their ) national - level teammates were doping . '' According to Robertson , `` ( WADA ) has discovered that when a Russian athlete ( reaches ) the national level , he or she ( has ) no choice in the matter : ( it is ) either dope , or you 're done '' . `` There is currently no intelligence I have seen or heard about that indicates the state - sponsored doping program has ceased '' , he added . It was also reported that Russian officials intensively lobbied US politicians in an apparent attempt to achieve Grigory Rodchenkov 's ( main whistleblower ) extradition to Russia .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n Notes and references ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Olympics : 2018 Winter Olympics ... not in Pyongyang '' . The Manila Bulletin . Agence France - Presse. 26 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2016 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Longman , Jer\u00e9 ; Sang - hun , Choe ( 6 July 2011 ) . `` 2018 Winter Games to Be Held in Pyeongchang , South Korea '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 7 June 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 reveal ticket prices for Winter Olympic Games '' .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang Olympics ticket sales get icy reception '' . The Korea Herald . Herald Media Inc. 11 October 2017 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Gunilla Lindberg to Chair PyeongChang 2018 Coordination Commission '' . Archived from the original on 18 September 2011 . Retrieved 4 October 2011 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Coordination Commissions '' . Olympic.org . Retrieved 8 August 2012 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Organizing Committee Launched '' . GamesBids.com . Archived from the original on 20 October 2011 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Praised '' . Gamesbids.com . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 have `` good grasp of what is expected '' says Lindberg after first IOC Coordination Commission visit `` . Insidethegames.biz. 22 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Construction Begins on High - Speed Railway , Critical for PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Games '' . Gamesbids.com . Archived from the original on 19 June 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` IPC Orientates PyeongChang 2018 '' . Gamesbids.com . Archived from the original on 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 on `` right track '' declares Rogge after first visit `` . Insidethegames.biz. 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` 2018 \ud3c9\ucc3d \ub3d9\uacc4 \uc62c\ub9bc\ud53d \ub300\ud68c \ubc0f \uc7a5\uc560\uc778 \ub3d9\uacc4 \uc62c\ub9bc\ud53d \ub300\ud68c \ub9c8\uc2a4\ucf54\ud2b8 \uc544\uc774\ub514\uc5b4 \uacf5\ubaa8 '' .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 recruits college student reporters : WINNERS '' . 18 June 2015 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Alpensia Resort and water park complete and full for summer season '' . Sportsfeatures.com . Archived from the original on 12 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang2018 Volume 2 ( Sport and Venues ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 .
    17. \n
  17. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Pyeongchang 2018 move venue for Opening and Closing Ceremonies Winter Olympics 2018 '' . insidethegames.biz. 6 July 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2012 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Winter Olympics : Big air , mixed curling among new 2018 events '' . BBC Sport . BBC . Retrieved 21 June 2017 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` NHL will not participate in 2018 Pyeongchang Olympic Games '' . Sportsnet. Rogers Media . Retrieved 3 April 2017 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Olympics and N.H.L. Face Off Over Who Pays to Insure Players '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . 19 May 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` IOC decides not to cover costs for NHL players at Olympics '' . Sportsnet. Rogers Media . 23 April 2016 . Retrieved 21 May 2016 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Whyno , Stephen ( 15 September 2017 ) . `` Capitals ' Ovechkin says Olympic decision out of his hands '' . Associated Press . Retrieved 15 September 2017 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Alex Ovechkin , other NHL players reluctantly accept 2018 Olympics decision '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved 30 November 2017 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 : Athletes to travel through demilitarised zone '' . BBC News . 18 May 2017 . Retrieved 8 June 2017 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` North Korean skaters qualify for Pyeongchang 2018 '' . insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media Company Limited .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Sang - Hun , Choe ( 8 January 2018 ) . `` North Korea to Send Athletes to Olympics in South Korea Breakthrough '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 January 2018 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` With one year until 2018 Winter Games , Russia 's status murky '' . 9 February 2017 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` IOC suspends Russian NOC and creates a path for clean individual athletes to compete in Pyeongchang 2018 under the Olympic flag '' . IOC. 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Quota allocation for Alpine skiing '' . www.data.fis-ski.com/ . International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` 2018 Winter Olympics '' . IIHF . iihf.com . Retrieved 18 May 2015 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` Quota allocation for Cross-country skiing '' . www.data.fis-ski.com/ . International Ski Federation ( FIS ) . 8 August 2017 . Retrieved 8 August 2017 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics '' . worldcurling.org . Retrieved 23 July 2016 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` ISU Communication no . 2136 '' . International Skating Union . Retrieved 31 December 2017 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Launches Official Emblem '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 12 August 2016 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` PyeongChang 2018 Pictograms '' . The PyeongChang 2018 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games . 25 January 2017 . Retrieved 30 May 2017 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Tiger and bear mascots unveiled for Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics and Paralympics '' . insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media Company Limited . 2 June 2016 . Retrieved 16 November 2017 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` IOC awards SBS broadcast rights for 2018 , 2020 , 2022 and 2024 Olympic Games - Olympic News '' . International Olympic Committee . 9 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 August 2017 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` DMAX emitir\u00e1 los Juegos Ol\u00edmpicos de invierno de Pyeongchang 2018 . Noticias de Televisi\u00f3n '' . El Confidencial ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 28 December 2017 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` IOC awards European broadcast rights to SPORTFIVE '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . 18 February 2009 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` Discovery Lands European Olympic Rights Through ' 24 '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 1 July 2015 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` BBC dealt another blow after losing control of TV rights for Olympics '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 30 June 2015 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Olympics coverage to remain on BBC after Discovery deal '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 7 June 2016 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Bob Costas steps down as NBC host of Olympics ; Mike Tirico to replace him '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved 9 February 2017 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` Brennan : Bob Costas has been the face of the Olympics for Americans '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved 9 February 2017 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` NBC to Broadcast Winter Olympics Live Across All Time Zones '' . Variety . PMC . Retrieved 28 March 2017 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` South Korea 's Moon says pushing to guarantee safety at Pyeongchang Olympics '' . Reuters. 20 September 2017 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` Olympics - France to skip 2018 Winter Games if security not assured '' . Reuters. 22 September 2017 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Olympics : North Korea triggers 2018 Winter Olympics security scare '' . The Straits Times . 23 September 2017 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` US ambassador to UN says it 's an ' open question ' whether U.S. athletes will participate in Winter Olympics over safety concerns '' . Business Insider. 7 December 2017 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Mitchell , Ellen ( 7 December 2017 ) . `` White House walks back remarks that US athletes might not participate in 2018 Olympics '' . The Hill . Retrieved 4 January 2018 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Olympics : Olympic organisers destroy ' sacred ' South Korean forest to create ski run '' . The Guardian . 03 January 2018 . Check date values in : date = ( help )
    52. \n
  52. \n ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference : 0 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) .
    53. \n
  53. \n ^ Jump up to : Ruiz , Rebecca C. ; Panja , Tariq ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` Russia Banned From Winter Olympics by I.O.C '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 December 2017 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ `` IOC 's OAR implementation group releases guidelines for uniforms accessories and equipment 's '' . olympic.org. 20 December 2017 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ `` IOC Bars Russian Athletes and Officials From Winter Olympic Games '' . The Moscow Times . 5 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` Putin says US pressured IOC to ban Russia from Winter Games '' . Yahoo Sports . Agence France - Presse. 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ `` \u041a\u0430\u0434\u044b\u0440\u043e\u0432 : \u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0447\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0444\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043c '' . Championat.com ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 6 December 2017 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d : `` \u041d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0434\u044b \u041e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0438\u0430\u0434\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 '' . \u041e\u041b\u0418\u041c\u041f\u0418\u0410\u0414\u0410 - \u041f\u0445\u0435\u043d\u0447\u0445\u0430\u043d - 2018 . \u0421\u041f\u041e\u0420\u0422 - \u042d\u041a\u0421\u041f\u0420\u0415\u0421\u0421 '' ( in Russian ) . Sport-express.ru . Retrieved 6 December 2017 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d : \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c `` \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0434\u044b '' \u041e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0438\u0430\u0434\u044b - BBC \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0430 '' ( in Russian ) . BBC . Retrieved 6 December 2017 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` \u0416\u0438\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u043b \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u041e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043f\u0438\u0430\u0434\u0435 - 2018 '' ( in Russian ) . Interfax.ru . Retrieved 6 December 2017 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` Vladimir Putin wo n't tell Russian athletes to boycott Winter Olympics '' . CNN . 6 December 2017 . Retrieved 6 December 2017 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` The 2018 Winter Olympics Are Already Tainted '' . The New York Times . 27 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` IOC accused of cowardice for failing to address Russian retaliation against Rodchenkov '' . Inside the Games . 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 27 December 2017 .
    64. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 Winter Olympics .
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Pyeongchang 2018 Winter Olympics .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Preceded by Sochi \n Winter Olympics Pyeongchang XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( 2018 ) \n Succeeded by Beijing
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Olympic Games
\n
    \n
  • \n Ceremonies
    • \n
  • \n Charter
    • \n
  • \n Participating nations
      \n
    • \n Summer Olympics
      • \n
    • \n Winter Olympics
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Host cities
      \n
    • \n Bids
      • \n
    • \n Venues
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n IOC
      \n
    • \n NOCs
      • \n
    • \n Country codes
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Medal
      \n
    • \n Medal tables
      • \n
    • \n Medalists
      • \n
    • \n Ties
      • \n
    • \n Diploma
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Scandals and controversies
      \n
    • \n Colonialism
      • \n
    • \n Doping
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Sports
    • \n
  • \n Symbols
      \n
    • \n Torch relays
      • \n
    • \n Pierre de Coubertin medal
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Women
    • \n
  • \n Deaths
      \n
    • \n WWI
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Olympic video games
    • \n
\n
\n Summer Games \n
    \n
  • \n 1896 Athens
    • \n
  • \n 1900 Paris
    • \n
  • \n 1904 St. Louis
    • \n
  • \n 1908 London
    • \n
  • \n 1912 Stockholm
    • \n
  • \n 1916 Berlin
    • \n
  • \n 1920 Antwerp
    • \n
  • \n 1924 Paris
    • \n
  • \n 1928 Amsterdam
    • \n
  • \n 1932 Los Angeles
    • \n
  • \n 1936 Berlin
    • \n
  • \n 1940 Tokyo
    • \n
  • \n 1944 London
    • \n
  • \n 1948 London
    • \n
  • \n 1952 Helsinki
    • \n
  • \n 1956 Melbourne
    • \n
  • \n 1960 Rome
    • \n
  • \n 1964 Tokyo
    • \n
  • \n 1968 Mexico City
    • \n
  • \n 1972 Munich
    • \n
  • \n 1976 Montreal
    • \n
  • \n 1980 Moscow
    • \n
  • \n 1984 Los Angeles
    • \n
  • \n 1988 Seoul
    • \n
  • \n 1992 Barcelona
    • \n
  • \n 1996 Atlanta
    • \n
  • \n 2000 Sydney
    • \n
  • \n 2004 Athens
    • \n
  • \n 2008 Beijing
    • \n
  • \n 2012 London
    • \n
  • \n 2016 Rio de Janeiro
    • \n
  • \n 2020 Tokyo
    • \n
  • \n 2024 Paris
    • \n
  • \n 2028 Los Angeles
    • \n
  • \n 2032 TBD
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Winter Games \n
    \n
  • \n 1924 Chamonix
    • \n
  • \n 1928 St. Moritz
    • \n
  • \n 1932 Lake Placid
    • \n
  • \n 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen
    • \n
  • \n 1940 Sapporo
    • \n
  • \n 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo
    • \n
  • \n 1948 St. Moritz
    • \n
  • \n 1952 Oslo
    • \n
  • \n 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
    • \n
  • \n 1960 Squaw Valley
    • \n
  • \n 1964 Innsbruck
    • \n
  • \n 1968 Grenoble
    • \n
  • \n 1972 Sapporo
    • \n
  • \n 1976 Innsbruck
    • \n
  • \n 1980 Lake Placid
    • \n
  • \n 1984 Sarajevo
    • \n
  • \n 1988 Calgary
    • \n
  • \n 1992 Albertville
    • \n
  • \n 1994 Lillehammer
    • \n
  • \n 1998 Nagano
    • \n
  • \n 2002 Salt Lake City
    • \n
  • \n 2006 Turin
    • \n
  • \n 2010 Vancouver
    • \n
  • \n 2014 Sochi
    • \n
  • \n 2018 Pyeongchang
    • \n
  • \n 2022 Beijing
    • \n
  • \n 2026 TBD
    • \n
  • \n 2030 TBD
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Ancient Olympic Games
    • \n
  • \n Intercalated Games
      \n
    • \n 1906
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Paralympic Games
    • \n
  • \n Youth Olympic Games
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Events at the 2018 Winter Olympics ( PyeongChang , South Korea )
\n
    \n
  • \n Alpine skiing
    • \n
  • \n Biathlon
    • \n
  • \n Bobsleigh
    • \n
  • \n Cross-country skiing
    • \n
  • \n Curling
    • \n
  • \n Figure skating
    • \n
  • \n Freestyle skiing
    • \n
  • \n Ice hockey
      \n
    • \n men
      • \n
    • \n women
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Luge
    • \n
  • \n Nordic combined
    • \n
  • \n Short track speed skating
    • \n
  • \n Skeleton
    • \n
  • \n Ski jumping
    • \n
  • \n Snowboarding
    • \n
  • \n Speed skating
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Nations at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang , South Korea
\n Africa \n
    \n
  • \n Eritrea
    • \n
  • \n Kenya
    • \n
  • \n Madagascar
    • \n
  • \n Morocco
    • \n
  • \n South Africa
    • \n
  • \n Togo
    • \n
\n
\n Americas \n
    \n
  • \n Argentina
    • \n
  • \n Bermuda
    • \n
  • \n Bolivia
    • \n
  • \n Brazil
    • \n
  • \n Canada
    • \n
  • \n Chile
    • \n
  • \n Colombia
    • \n
  • \n Dominica
    • \n
  • \n Ecuador
    • \n
  • \n Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Peru
    • \n
  • \n Puerto Rico
    • \n
  • \n United States
    • \n
\n
\n Asia \n
    \n
  • \n China
    • \n
  • \n Hong Kong
    • \n
  • \n India
    • \n
  • \n Iran
    • \n
  • \n Japan
    • \n
  • \n Kazakhstan
    • \n
  • \n Kyrgyzstan
    • \n
  • \n Lebanon
    • \n
  • \n Malaysia
    • \n
  • \n Mongolia
    • \n
  • \n North Korea
    • \n
  • \n Pakistan
    • \n
  • \n Philippines
    • \n
  • \n Singapore
    • \n
  • \n South Korea
    • \n
  • \n Chinese Taipei
    • \n
  • \n Thailand
    • \n
  • \n Timor - Leste
    • \n
  • \n Uzbekistan
    • \n
\n
\n Europe \n
    \n
  • \n Albania
    • \n
  • \n Andorra
    • \n
  • \n Armenia
    • \n
  • \n Austria
    • \n
  • \n Azerbaijan
    • \n
  • \n Belarus
    • \n
  • \n Belgium
    • \n
  • \n Bosnia and Herzegovina
    • \n
  • \n Bulgaria
    • \n
  • \n Croatia
    • \n
  • \n Cyprus
    • \n
  • \n Czech Republic
    • \n
  • \n Denmark
    • \n
  • \n Estonia
    • \n
  • \n Finland
    • \n
  • \n France
    • \n
  • \n Georgia
    • \n
  • \n Germany
    • \n
  • \n Great Britain
    • \n
  • \n Greece
    • \n
  • \n Hungary
    • \n
  • \n Iceland
    • \n
  • \n Ireland
    • \n
  • \n Israel
    • \n
  • \n Italy
    • \n
  • \n Kosovo
    • \n
  • \n Latvia
    • \n
  • \n Liechtenstein
    • \n
  • \n Lithuania
    • \n
  • \n Luxembourg
    • \n
  • \n Macedonia
    • \n
  • \n Malta
    • \n
  • \n Moldova
    • \n
  • \n Monaco
    • \n
  • \n Montenegro
    • \n
  • \n Netherlands
    • \n
  • \n Norway
    • \n
  • \n Poland
    • \n
  • \n Portugal
    • \n
  • \n Romania
    • \n
  • \n San Marino
    • \n
  • \n Serbia
    • \n
  • \n Slovakia
    • \n
  • \n Slovenia
    • \n
  • \n Spain
    • \n
  • \n Sweden
    • \n
  • \n Switzerland
    • \n
  • \n Turkey
    • \n
  • \n Ukraine
    • \n
\n
\n Oceania \n
    \n
  • \n Australia
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Olympic Athletes from Russia
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Venues of the 2018 Winter Olympics
\n Pyeongchang Mountain Cluster \n
    \n
  • \n Alpensia
      \n
    • \n Biathlon Centre
      • \n
    • \n Cross-Country Centre
      • \n
    • \n Ski Jumping Centre
      • \n
    • \n Convention Centre
      • \n
    • \n IBC
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Alpensia Sliding Centre
    • \n
  • \n Yongpyong Alpine Centre
    • \n
  • \n Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium
    • \n
  • \n Pyeongchang Olympic Village
    • \n
  • \n Bokwang Phoenix Park
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Stand - alone venues : Jeongseon Alpine Centre
    • \n
  • \n Phoenix Snow Park
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Gangneung Coastal Cluster \n
    \n
  • \n Gangneung Olympic Park
      \n
    • \n Gangneung Curling Centre
      • \n
    • \n Gangneung Hockey Centre
      • \n
    • \n Gangneung Ice Arena
      • \n
    • \n Gangneung Oval
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Kwandong Hockey Centre
    • \n
  • \n Gangneung Olympic Village
    • \n
\n
\n Italics indicate non-competition venues .
\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Winter_Olympics&oldid=819510807 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where are the winter olympics and when do they start", "long_answers": ["XXIII Olympic Winter Games Host city Pyeongchang , South Korea Motto Passion . Connected . Korean : \ud558\ub098 \ub41c \uc5f4\uc815 . ( Hanadoen Yeoljeong ) Nations participating 90 ( estimated ) Events 102 in 7 sports ( 15 disciplines ) Opening ceremony 9 February ( 31 days from now ) Closing ceremony 25 February Stadium Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium Winter < Sochi 2014 Beijing 2022 > Summer < Rio de Janeiro 2016 Tokyo 2020 >\n", "The 2018 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XXIII Olympic Winter Games ( French : Les XXIII\u00e8mes Jeux olympiques d'hiver ; Hangul : \uc81c 23 \ud68c \ub3d9\uacc4 \uc62c\ub9bc\ud53d ; RR : Je - isipsamhoe Donggye Ollimpik ) and commonly known as PyeongChang 2018 ( ( phj\u028c\u014b. t\u0255ha\u014b ) ) , is a major international multi-sport event scheduled to take place from 9 to 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , South Korea .\n"], "short_answers": ["Pyeongchang County , South Korea\n", "9 to 25 February 2018\n", "Pyeongchang , South Korea\n", "9 February\n", "from 9 to 25 February 2018 in Pyeongchang County , South Korea\n"]} {"text": "Singapore -- South Africa relations - Wikipedia

\n Singapore -- South Africa relations

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article has been translated from the article \u65b0\u52a0\u5761 - \u5357\u975e \u95dc\u4fc2 in the Chinese Wikipedia , and requires proofreading . If you are confident enough in your fluency of English and Chinese , please feel free to join this translation .
\n \n Singapore -- South Africa relations \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
\n
\n \n
\n Singapore \n South Africa
\n
\n

\n The Republic of Singapore and the Republic of South Africa are independent countries which achieved independence from Great Britain and maintain friendly bilateral relations . The connections between the two countries are mainly based on their membership in the Commonwealth of Nations , and their interactions in trade and sight - seeing . Both countries cooperate in social and economic development issues .

\n

\n Singapore has a High Commission in Pretoria while South Africa has a High Commission in Singapore .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n On August 9 , 1965 , Singapore was expelled from Malaysia and became an independent state . However , due to the apartheid policy , it did not establish diplomatic relations with South Africa until 1992 , when the two countries signed agreements to do so . In 1994 , South Africa joined the Commonwealth , resulting in the Embassies of both countries being renamed High Commissions and the Ambassadors becoming High Commissioner s .

\n

\n On March 5 , 1997 , Nelson Mandela became the first President of South Africa to visit Singapore , where he met President Ong Teng Cheong and Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew . In 2007 , S.R. Nathan became the first President of Singapore to visit South Africa .

\n

\n In January 2013 , International Enterprise Singapore set up a centre in Johannesburg , its first overseas centre in Sub-Saharan Africa .

\n

\n Trade relations ( edit )

\n Singapore products export to South Africa in 2012 South Africa products export to Singapore in 2012

\n In 2011 , the total trade value between Singapore and South Africa was worth S $ 2.54 billion ( or R 16 billion ) . In 2012 , the export value from Singapore to South Africa was worth US $ 1.31 billion , The export value from South Africa to Singapore was worth US $950 million .

\n

\n Singapore exports were mainly communication equipment , electrical machines , office and data machines , manufactured articles , general industrial machines , plastics , crude rubber , textiles , coffee and spices to South Africa .

\n

\n During the same period , South Africa mainly exported organic chemicals , petroleum and its products , iron and steels , non-ferrous metals , metal manufactures , vegetables , inorganic chemicals , metallic ores and scraps and paper manufactures to Singapore .

\n

\n In 2011 , the direct investment value from Singapore to South Africa was worth S $491 million ( or R3. 23 billion ) , while the direct investment value from South Africa to Singapore was worth 19.04 million Singapore dollars ( or R125 million ) .

\n

\n Singapore Airlines operates a flight between Singapore Changi Airport and Cape Town International Airport in South Africa , via O.R. Tambo International Airport in Johannesburg . During the 1990s , South African Airways also operated direct flights to Singapore . It later established a codeshare with Singapore Airlines on daily flights between Singapore and Johannesburg .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Srimal Fernando . South Africa and Singapore partnership continues to grow stronger . The Diplomacy Society . ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Singapore ( Republic of ) . Department of International Relations and Cooperation , Republic of South Africa . Department of International Relations and Cooperation , Republic of South Africa . ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ SINGAPORE : SOUTH AFRICA 'S PRESIDENT NELSON MANDELA VISIT . The Associated Press . 1997 - 03 - 05 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Bilateral Relations Department of International Relations and Cooperation ( 2015 - 04 - 11 ) .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` Africa '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Singapore . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Singapore . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 10 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : What did Singapore export to South Africa in 2012 ? . Center for International Development of Harvard University . Center for International Development of Harvard University . ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Where we fly . Singapore Airlines . Singapore Airlines . ( 2015 - 04 - 11 ) .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of African Airlines , Ben R. Guttery , McFarland & Company , 1998 , page 192
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ SAA customers can now fly to Singapore , South African Airways , 31 August 2006
    10. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Foreign relations of Singapore
\n Africa \n
    \n
  • \n South Africa
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Americas \n
    \n
  • \n Canada
    • \n
  • \n Mexico
    • \n
  • \n United States
    • \n
\n
\n Asia \n
    \n
  • \n Armenia
    • \n
  • \n Brunei
    • \n
  • \n Cambodia
    • \n
  • \n China ( Hong Kong )
    • \n
  • \n India
    • \n
  • \n Indonesia
    • \n
  • \n Israel
    • \n
  • \n Japan
    • \n
  • \n Malaysia
    • \n
  • \n Mongolia
    • \n
  • \n North Korea
    • \n
  • \n Pakistan
    • \n
  • \n Philippines
    • \n
  • \n South Korea
    • \n
  • \n Taiwan
    • \n
  • \n Thailand
    • \n
  • \n Vietnam
    • \n
\n
\n Europe \n
    \n
  • \n France
    • \n
  • \n Germany
    • \n
  • \n Kosovo
    • \n
  • \n Netherlands
    • \n
  • \n Russia
    • \n
  • \n Turkey
    • \n
  • \n United Kingdom
    • \n
\n
\n Oceania \n
    \n
  • \n Australia
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
    • \n
\n
\n International organisations \n
    \n
  • \n Commonwealth of Nations
    • \n
  • \n United Nations ( UN relations )
    • \n
  • \n APEC
    • \n
  • \n ASEAN
    • \n
\n
\n Treaties \n
    \n
  • \n Agreement between New Zealand and Singapore on a Closer Economic Partnership
    • \n
  • \n ASEAN -- China Free Trade Agreement
    • \n
  • \n Five Power Defence Arrangements
    • \n
  • \n Malaysia -- Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990
    • \n
  • \n Singapore Treaty on the Law of Trademarks
    • \n
  • \n Southeast Asian Nuclear - Weapon - Free Zone Treaty
    • \n
  • \n Straits Settlement and Johore Territorial Waters Agreement of 1927
    • \n
  • \n Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership
    • \n
  • \n United Nations Charter
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Diplomatic missions of / in Singapore
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Foreign relations of South Africa
\n Africa \n
    \n
  • \n Algeria
    • \n
  • \n Angola
    • \n
  • \n Botswana
    • \n
  • \n Republic of the Congo
    • \n
  • \n Egypt
    • \n
  • \n Ghana
    • \n
  • \n Kenya
    • \n
  • \n Lesotho
    • \n
  • \n Libya
    • \n
  • \n Malawi
    • \n
  • \n Mauritius
    • \n
  • \n Mozambique
    • \n
  • \n Namibia
    • \n
  • \n Nigeria
    • \n
  • \n Sahrawi Republic
    • \n
  • \n Swaziland
    • \n
  • \n Zambia
    • \n
  • \n Zimbabwe
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Americas \n
    \n
  • \n Argentina
    • \n
  • \n Bolivia
    • \n
  • \n Brazil
    • \n
  • \n Canada
    • \n
  • \n Cuba
    • \n
  • \n Mexico
    • \n
  • \n United States
    • \n
  • \n Uruguay
    • \n
\n
\n Asia \n
    \n
  • \n Bangladesh
    • \n
  • \n China
    • \n
  • \n Hong Kong
    • \n
  • \n India
    • \n
  • \n Indonesia
    • \n
  • \n Iran
    • \n
  • \n Israel
    • \n
  • \n Japan
    • \n
  • \n Malaysia
    • \n
  • \n Pakistan
    • \n
  • \n Palestine
    • \n
  • \n Philippines
    • \n
  • \n Singapore
    • \n
  • \n Sri Lanka
    • \n
  • \n Taiwan
    • \n
  • \n Turkey
    • \n
\n
\n Europe \n
    \n
  • \n Bulgaria
    • \n
  • \n Denmark
    • \n
  • \n European Union
    • \n
  • \n Finland
    • \n
  • \n France
    • \n
  • \n Germany
    • \n
  • \n Greece
    • \n
  • \n Ireland
    • \n
  • \n Italy
    • \n
  • \n Netherlands
    • \n
  • \n Poland
    • \n
  • \n Portugal
    • \n
  • \n Russia
    • \n
  • \n Serbia
    • \n
  • \n Switzerland
    • \n
  • \n Ukraine
    • \n
  • \n United Kingdom
    • \n
\n
\n Oceania \n
    \n
  • \n Australia
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
    • \n
\n
\n International organisations \n
    \n
  • \n Commonwealth of Nations
    • \n
  • \n BRICS
    • \n
  • \n G8 + 5
    • \n
  • \n G20
    • \n
  • \n IBSA
    • \n
  • \n SACU
    • \n
  • \n Africa -- India Forum Summit
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Department of International Relations and Cooperation
    • \n
  • \n Diplomatic missions of / in South Africa
    • \n
  • \n South African diaspora
    • \n
\n
\n Department of International Relations and Cooperation , official website
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singapore -- South_Africa_relations&oldid = 783722887 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "how do you think south africa compared with singapore", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Maryse Ouellet - wikipedia

\n Maryse Ouellet

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Maryse Ouellet
\n Ouellet in April 2016
\n Birth name \n Maryse Ouellet
\n \n ( 1983 - 01 - 21 ) January 21 , 1983 ( age 35 ) Montr\u00e9al , Quebec , Canada
\n Residence \n Austin , Texas , United States
\n Spouse ( s ) \n The Miz ( m . 2014 )
\n Children \n
\n Professional wrestling career
\n Ring name ( s ) \n Maryse
\n Billed height \n 5 ft 8 in ( 1.73 m )
\n Billed weight \n 116 lb ( 53 kg )
\n Billed from \n Montreal , Quebec , Canada
\n Trained by \n Al Snow Dave Finlay Steve Keirn Tom Prichard Ricky Steamboat
\n Debut \n August 24 , 2006
\n

\n Maryse Mizanin ( / m\u0259\u02c8ri\u02d0s / ; n\u00e9e Ouellet ; born January 21 , 1983 ) is a French Canadian professional wrestler , professional wrestling manager , actress , businesswoman and glamour model currently signed to WWE under the ring name Maryse , performing on the SmackDown brand as the manager of her real - life husband The Miz . She is currently inactive due to her maternity leave .

\n

\n After spending years modeling , including winning Miss Hawaiian Tropic Canada in 2003 , Ouellet was hired by the professional wrestling promotion WWE in August 2006 , after she participated in the WWE Diva Search competition . She spent time in Ohio Valley Wrestling and Florida Championship Wrestling , WWE 's developmental territories , before being assigned to the SmackDown brand in 2008 . In December 2008 , Maryse won her first WWE Divas Championship and held it for seven months , which is the third longest reign in the championship 's history . In April 2009 , she was drafted to the Raw brand , and won the WWE Divas Championship for the second time in February 2010 , making her the first wrestler to have held the championship on more than one occasion . In mid-2010 , she became the co-host of NXT and the manager of Ted DiBiase , prior to her release from the company in October 2011 . In April 2016 , she returned to the company and became the manager of her husband The Miz , managing him to three Intercontinental Championship reigns .

\n

\n In late - 2011 , she announced plans for a clothing and jewelry line called House of Maryse , and later began working as a realtor . In November 2016 , she began starring in the reality television series Total Divas on E ! as part of the main cast . She and her husband The Miz will also star in their own reality show titled Miz & Mrs. that will premiere in 2018 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Early life and career ( edit )

\n

\n Ouellet was born in Montreal , Quebec , but grew up in Edmundston , New Brunswick . In high school , Ouellet was the only girl in her class , and ran the school 's fashion show . She also began developing a range of makeup products . Ouellet began her modelling career as a beauty pageant contestant , winning Miss Hawaiian Tropic Canada 2003 and finishing second at the International Finals of Miss Hawaiian Tropic 2004 . She was also on the cover of Playboy 's 2007 Girls of Canada calendar .

\n

\n Professional Wrestling career ( edit )

\n

\n World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE ( edit )

\n Diva Search and developmental territories ( 2006 -- 2007 ) ( edit )

\n In mid-2006 , Ouellet tried out for World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) 's Diva Search . She made the final cut and was one of the top eight contestants , but was the second person eliminated on July 24 . Despite her elimination , she was invited to observe workouts and the training facility at WWE 's developmental territory , Ohio Valley Wrestling ( OVW ) , along with Brooke Adams . Ouellet later said that she was `` very , very excited '' , as it was her `` dream to become a WWE Diva '' .

\n

\n Ouellet was officially signed to a WWE developmental contract on August 24 , 2006 and was assigned to OVW for training . She made her in - ring debut at an OVW live event in December 2006 . In March 2007 , she began wrestling in dark matches prior to the OVW television tapings . In mid-2007 , Ouellet began managing Sylvain Grenier . When Florida Championship Wrestling ( FCW ) opened in mid-2007 , Ouellet was transferred to the new developmental facility , and on September 25 , she made her FCW debut as the valet of Ryan O'Reilly along with Lacey Von Erich . Ouellet then started competing in singles and tag team competition , before managing Ted DiBiase , Jr. in December 2007 , and was at ringside when he captured the FCW Southern Heavyweight Championship . She continued making sporadic appearances in FCW until January 2008 .

\n Early feuds ( 2006 -- 2008 ) ( edit )

\n On the September 22 , 2006 episode of SmackDown ! , Ouellet , known as simply Maryse , was shown on the TitanTron welcoming the Montreal viewers in French to the season premiere of SmackDown ! on the CW Network . Maryse made her first official televised appearance on the May 21 , 2007 episode of Raw to present American rapper Timbaland 's new music video for the single `` Throw It on Me '' , in which she had appeared .

\n Maryse in 2008

\n By the time she began appearing regularly on SmackDown at the beginning of 2008 , she had adopted a snobby attitude and become a villainous character . On the March 7 , 2008 episode of SmackDown , Maryse competed in a swimsuit contest against Victoria , Michelle McCool , Cherry , and Eve Torres , which ended in a brawl between Maryse and Torres . The following week , she was the first eliminated from another swimsuit competition . On March 28 , Maryse competed in a `` Wet and Wild '' match , teaming with Victoria against Cherry and McCool in a losing effort . On a `` SmackDown after the bell '' video on WWE 's website , the tag team Deuce ' n Domino dumped Cherry , who had been their manager , and replaced her with Maryse . Maryse then insulted Cherry , only for Cherry to slap her . On the May 16 episode of SmackDown , Maryse made her in - ring debut in a loss to Cherry , though she defeated Cherry in a rematch the following week . On the June 6 episode of SmackDown ! , SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero announced the creation of the WWE Divas Championship , and that same night the Divas competed in a Golden Dreams match to qualify for the championship match at The Great American Bash , which was won by Natalya . On the July 4 , 2008 episode of SmackDown ! , she competed again in another Golden Dreams match to face Natalya for the championship , however she failed to win . For several weeks , Maryse competed in six - person tag team matches with Victoria and Natalya against Cherry , Michelle McCool and Maria . She suffered a minor broken nose after receiving a bulldog from Maria in August 2008 .

\n Divas Champion ( 2008 -- 2010 ) ( edit )

\n Maryse began a rivalry with Michelle McCool in September 2008 , challenging her for the WWE Divas Championship at Unforgiven , and in a rematch the following week on SmackDown , but failed to win on both occasions . On the September 23 episode of ECW , Maryse defeated McCool in a non-title match . After a month - long absence , Maryse returned at Survivor Series pay - per - view event in November , participating in a five - on - five Divas elimination tag team match , eliminating Kelly Kelly , Mickie James and Candice Michelle ; Maryse was the sole survivor of her team , but was ultimately eliminated by Beth Phoenix . At the Armageddon pay - per - view on December 14 , Maryse teamed up with Jillian Hall , Victoria and Natalya in a losing effort to McCool , Maria , Kelly Kelly and Mickie James in an Eight - Diva Santa 's Little Helper tag team match . On December 19 , Maryse pinned Maria to become the number one contender for Michelle McCool 's Divas Championship . The following week on SmackDown , Maryse defeated McCool , with Maria as the special guest referee , to win her first Divas Championship . On December 28 , at a house show in Raleigh , North Carolina , Maryse dislocated her knee in a tag team match against The Bella Twins ( Nikki and Brie ) . It was later announced that the injury was not major , and therefore only missed a few weeks action . On the January 23 , 2009 episode of SmackDown , Maryse returned and sat at ringside commentating during a Divas ' tag team match . She returned to in - ring action on February 20 , teaming with Michelle McCool in a win against Maria and Eve Torres , where she pinned Torres .

\n Maryse wrestling during the WrestleMania XXV event in April 2009

\n Maryse made her first appearance on Raw on March 2 , as a commentator for a match involving the WWE Women 's Champion Melina , with Maryse attacking her after the match . The following week , Maryse made her in - ring debut on Raw in a champion vs champion lumberjill match , which she defeated Melina . The rivalry extended to a tag team match on SmackDown on March 13 , where Melina and Maria defeated McCool and Maryse . On March 27 episode of SmackDown , Maryse made her first championship defense , losing by disqualification after the returning Gail Kim attacked Maryse and McCool , and thus retained the championship . On April 5 , Maryse competed in a 25 - Diva Miss WrestleMania battle royal at WrestleMania XXV , but she was eliminated by Beth Phoenix and the match was won by Santina Marella ( Santino Marella dressed in drag ) . Maryse made her last appearance on SmackDown on April 24 , retaining her championship against Gail Kim .

\n

\n As part of the 2009 WWE Draft on April 13 , Maryse was drafted to the Raw brand , and in the process , the Divas Championship became exclusive to Raw . She made her first appearance as part of the brand on April 27 , teaming with Beth Phoenix , Rosa Mendes , and Jillian Hall in a loss to Santina Marella , Mickie James , Brie Bella and Kelly Kelly . Maryse then began feuding with Mickie James after she cost James a number one contender 's battle royal , which was eventually won by Kelly Kelly , by spraying hairspray in her eyes . The following week , Maryse lost a championship match against Kelly by disqualification , meaning the championship did not change hands , and won a subsequent rematch by pinfall two weeks later on June 8 . At Night of Champions on July 26 , Maryse lost the Divas Championship to James . Despite being only the second Divas champion , her reign of 216 days remained the longest in the title 's history for nearly five years , until AJ Lee surpassed her reign in January 2014 .

\n

\n After losing the championship , Maryse underwent to a legitimate knee surgery . She returned on the November 23 episode of Raw , disguised as The Gobbledy Gooker , as the guest timekeeper for a Thanksgiving - themed 6 - Divas tag team match . After the match , she revealed herself by attacking the Divas Champion Melina . The following week , Maryse made her in - ring return teamed with Jillian Hall in a tag team match against Melina and Gail Kim , where Maryse pinned Melina . On the December 7 episode of Raw , Maryse defeated Gail Kim by dirty tactics , and following the match , Maryse proceed to attack Kelly Kelly , who was working as ring announcer , ordering her to announce she was the next Divas Champion , but was stopped by Melina .

\n

\n In early 2010 , a tournament was held for the newly vacated WWE Divas Championship due to Melina 's injury . Maryse entered the tournament , and defeated Brie Bella and Eve Torres in the first round and semi-finals , respectively , to advance to the finals . The tournament 's finals were originally scheduled for Elimination Chamber on February 21 ; instead , the match was changed by the SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero to a interbrand tag team match , where Maryse teamed with her scheduled opponent Gail Kim against LayCool ( Michelle McCool and Layla ) , which was won by LayCool as a result of Maryse abandoning Kim during the match . The following night on Raw , Maryse defeated Kim in the finals to win the championship , becoming the first Diva to have held it twice .

\n

\n On March 15 episode of Raw , Maryse defeated Kelly Kelly in a non-title match , attacking her after the match before being attacked by Eve Torres and Gail Kim , and saved by LayCool , then joining with them and Vickie Guerrero . On March 26 episode of SmackDown , Maryse teamed up with LayCool , Guerrero and Alicia Fox defeating Beth Phoenix in a 5 - on - 1 handicap match before being attacked by Kim , Eve , Kelly and Mickie James . At WrestleMania XXVI , on March 28 , she was part of the winning team of a 10 - Diva tag team match with LayCool , Fox and Guerrero against Phoenix , James , Kim , Torres and Kelly Kelly , but the following night on Raw , she was pinned by Torres in a rematch . Maryse lost the Divas Championship two weeks later to Eve Torres on the April 12 episode of Raw , and was unsuccessful to regain it at Over the Limit pay - per - view in May . At Fatal 4 - Way on June 20 , Maryse failed to regain the title in a Fatal Four - Way match that also involved then - champion Eve , Gail Kim , and Alicia Fox , which Fox would win pinning her to become the champion .

\n Managing Ted DiBiase and departure ( 2010 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) Maryse at the 2010 Tribute to the Troops event .

\n On the June 21 episode of Raw , after Ted DiBiase fired Virgil , Maryse became DiBiase 's new personal assistant . At Money in the Bank , on July 18 , Maryse accompanied DiBiase in his Money in the Bank ladder match for the WWE Championship contract , which she tried to pick the briefcase , but was stopped by John Morrison . Along with DiBiase , Maryse was announced as a mentor for Brodus Clay for the fourth season of NXT on November 30 . On Raw , on December 13 , Maryse was involved in a battle royal to determine the winner of the Diva of the Year Slammy Award , but was eliminated by Natalya . Clay traded his mentors , Maryse and DiBiase , for Alberto Del Rio on the January 25 , 2011 episode of NXT . In late September 2010 , Maryse was involved in an storyline with Goldust , in which he stole the Million Dollar Championship from DiBiase , and lost a subsequent mixed tag team match against Goldust and Aksana on October 26 .

\n

\n On March 8 , Maryse became the co-host of NXT , alongside Matt Striker . As part of NXT Redemption , Maryse was involved in several romantic storylines , most notably with Yoshi Tatsu , Lucky Cannon , and Hornswoggle . In April , DiBiase made an ultimatum to Maryse for her to choose to continue on the NXT or continue with him . The following week , Maryse chose to continue appearing on NXT , disbanding their alliance in the process . In August , Maryse underwent surgery for an abdominal hernia and took time off WWE programming . After two months of inactivity , Maryse was released from her WWE contract on October 28 .

\n

\n Independent circuit ( 2012 ) ( edit )

\n

\n On October 5 , 2012 , Maryse appeared at the Family Wrestling Entertainment ( FWE ) event Back 2 Brooklyn , performing live commentary . She began appearing regularly for FWE , where she commentated during women 's matches .

\n

\n Return to WWE ( edit )

\n Managing the Miz ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) Maryse celebrating along The Miz after winning the Intercontinental Championship at a Raw event in April 2016

\n On April 4 , 2016 episode of Raw , the episode after WrestleMania 32 , Maryse returned during a WWE Intercontinental Championship match between the champion Zack Ryder and her husband , The Miz . During the match , Maryse slapped Ryder 's father , who was in the front row , in order to distract Ryder and allowed Miz to capture the championship for the fifth time , thus becoming his manager in the process , where the two then became an on - screen power couple . She formally re-introduced herself three days later on the April 7 episode of SmackDown before once more helping Miz to retain his championship over Ryder . She then began to cut various promos with Miz as his host during the `` Miz TV '' segments , while calling themselves the `` It '' Couple .

\n

\n Following a hiatus due to the shoot of a WWE film , Maryse returned to WWE television on the June 27 episode of Raw , where she helped Miz to retain his championship against Kane after she faked an ankle injury . After being drafted to Smackdown as part of the 2016 WWE draft which took place on July 19 , Ouellet made her first appearance for the brand on July 26 , where she co-hosted a Miz TV segment along her husband before being interrupted by Randy Orton , who challenged Miz to a non-title match , in which he was subsequently defeated . At Backlash , Maryse successfully helped Miz to retain the Intercontinental Championship by spraying something at Dolph Ziggler whilst Miz distracted the referee . The following week , SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan announced a rematch for the championship due Maryse 's interference at Backlash . On September 20 , Miz retained the championship over Ziggler . On October 9 , at No Mercy Miz lost the Intercontinental Championship to Ziggler in a title vs career match when Maryse was banned from the ringside along with The Spirit Squad ( Kenny and Mikey ) , who was contracted by her to help Miz , ending Miz 's reign at 188 days . On November 8 episode of SmackDown , Maryse went on to speak in Miz 's name due Miz refuse to speak with Daniel Bryan . At that night , Maryse accepted Bryan 's offer to Miz face Ziggler the following week for the Intercontinental Championship in the 900th episode of SmackDown . Later that night , Bryan would state on Talking Smack that if Ziggler successfully retains his championship , The Miz and Maryse would be traded to Raw for someone else . On November 15 at the 900th episode of SmackDown , Maryse helped Miz to win the championship for the sixth time and also retain it at Survivor Series against Sami Zayn .

\n

\n On December 20 , episode of SmackDown , Maryse was banned from the ringside after an attempt to apply a eye poke on Apollo Crews during a championship match for Miz 's Intercontinental Championship ; After the match , Miz was interviewed by Renee Young who slapped him after a joke involving her and Dean Ambrose . On December 27 , episode of SmackDown , Maryse confronted Renee Young in a backstage segment before Ambrose attacked Miz . On January 3 , 2017 , episode of SmackDown , Maryse slapped both Ambrose and Young in different occasions , before interfering in the championship match between Miz and Ambrose , slapping Ambrose again and being banned from ringside before Ambrose defeated Miz for the championship . Later on Talking Smack , Maryse was fined $5,000 for slapping Young .

\n

\n On February 12 at the Elimination Chamber pay - per - view , Maryse was accidentally hit by Nikki Bella when Natalya pushed Nikki into her during a backstage brawl . On February 21 episode of SmackDown , Maryse was again hit by Nikki and Natalya backstage during their Falls Count Anywhere match , leading to Maryse attacking Bella with a lead pipe and causing her to lose the match . On February 28 episode of SmackDown , during the Miz TV segment , Maryse slapped Nikki 's then real - life boyfriend John Cena , causing Nikki to confront her . On March 7 episode of SmackDown , Maryse and Miz attacked Nikki and Cena after they won a match against James Ellsworth and Carmella . On March 14 episode of SmackDown , after another showdown between the couples , SmackDown General Manager Daniel Bryan announced a mixed tag team match at WrestleMania 33 . Maryse and Miz would ultimately lose in what was Maryse 's first match in over six years .

\n

\n On April 10 , Maryse was drafted to the Raw brand along with Miz as part of the `` Superstar Shake Up '' , where they made their debut on the same night dressed as Bella and Cena , before being confronted by the Intercontinental Champion Dean Ambrose . On June 4 , at Extreme Rules , Maryse was in Miz 's corner when he won the WWE Intercontinental Championship for the seventh time by defeating Ambrose . In September , following her pregnancy announcement , Maryse stopped appearing on television .

\n

\n On January 22 , 2018 , in the Raw 25 Years special episode , Maryse was honored as part of a segment involving women considered legends that contributed to the company 's success , including the Bella Twins , Kelly Kelly , Lilian Garcia , Torrie Wilson , Michelle McCool , Terri Runnels , Maria Kanellis and the Hall of Famers Jacqueline and Trish Stratus .

\n

\n Other media ( edit )

\n Maryse and Miz in July 2016

\n In April 2007 , she appeared alongside fellow WWE Divas Ashley , Torrie Wilson , Brooke Adams , Layla , and Kelly Kelly in Timbaland 's music video `` Throw It On Me '' featuring The Hives .

\n

\n Ouellet also appeared in the January 2009 issue of Muscle & Fitness , along with Eve Torres and Michelle McCool . She and John Morrison were interviewed on Eurosport in the same year . She also made a special appearance on Redemption Song , which was hosted by WWE wrestler Chris Jericho , along with Candice Michelle , Mickie James , and Eve Torres . She has also appeared in several newspaper interviews , including Tokyo Headline , and was on the cover of Sessions Magazine in October 2010 .

\n

\n In 2012 , Maryse was featured on the cover of Le Journal de Montr\u00e9al , and on MDA Show of Strength with The Miz and other celebrities . In 2015 , Ouellet had roles in Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! and in Santa 's Little Helper , the latter starring Ouellet 's husband , The Miz . In the same year , she appeared on the E ! reality television series WAGS . In 2016 , it was announced that Maryse would appear as a main cast member on the sixth season of Total Divas , which prompted her return to WWE . In June 2017 , Maryse along with Miz were cover of the DUB Magazine with a Jeep car . In 2018 , Maryse along with The Miz will star in a reality television series titled Miz & Mrs .

\n

\n Maryse has appeared in four WWE video games . She made her in - game debut at WWE Smackdown vs. Raw 2010 , later appearing in WWE Smackdown vs. Raw 2011 , WWE ' 12 , and returned in WWE 2K18 .

\n

\n Filmography ( edit )

\n

\n Film ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Title \n Role \n Notes
\n \n Octobre \n Pouilleuse \n Film debut
\n 2015 \n Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! \n Officer Davis \n TV Movie
\n 2015 \n Karla \n Sidney \n
\n 2015 \n Santa 's Little Helper \n Melody \n Straight - to - DVD
\n 2016 \n Enter the Fist and the Golden Fleecing \n Macy Does \n Post-production
\n 2016 \n Delilah \n Amy Lannigan \n
\n 2016 \n Isle of the Dead \n Mikaela Usylvich \n Post-production
\n 2017 \n The Marine 5 : Battleground \n Ana \n
\n

\n Television ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Title \n Role \n Notes
\n 2008 \n Redemption Song \n Herself \n Guest appearance
\n \n Mus\u00e9e Eden \n Religieuse auditorium \n 1 episode
\n 2011 \n Trauma \n Femme de Lemire \n 1 episode
\n 2012 \n Unit\u00e9 9 \n Infirmi\u00e8re d'Yvon \n 2 episodes
\n 2015 \n WAGS \n Herself \n Episode : `` Never Have I Ever ''
\n 2016 -- present \n Total Divas \n Main cast ( season 6 -- present )
\n

\n Other endeavors ( edit )

\n

\n Following her release from WWE in 2011 , Ouellet announced her plans for a clothing and jewelry line named House of Maryse .

\n

\n Beginning in late 2013 , Ouellet began working as a realtor in Los Angeles after spending a year earning her real estate license .

\n

\n Personal life ( edit )

\n

\n Ouellet is a native speaker of French , fluent in English , and she is able to read Spanish , although she can not speak it . Ouellet has a tattoo of her late father 's name , Guy , on her left wrist . She has a degree in business administration , and holds a black belt in martial arts . Her favorite actress is Scarlett Johansson , her favorite bands are Simple Plan and Nickelback , and she loves techno music . Ouellet is a vegan and an avid supporter of animal rights and gay rights , and posed for the NOH8 campaign in 2011 . Ouellet is Catholic .

\n

\n Ouellet was inspired to become a professional wrestler by Lita . She cites Lita and Victoria as her dream opponents .

\n

\n In 2013 , Ouellet got engaged to longtime boyfriend and fellow wrestler Mike Mizanin , best known by his ring name The Miz . The two were married in The Bahamas on February 20 , 2014 . The couple reside in Austin , Texas . The couple announced on September 11th episode of RAW that they are expecting their first child .

\n

\n On March 27 , 2018 , Maryse gave birth to their first child , a daughter named Monroe Sky Mizanin .

\n

\n In wrestling ( edit )

\n \n

\n Championships and accomplishments ( edit )

\n Maryse is a two - time Divas Champion \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Kamchen , Richard . `` Maryse Ouellet '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Maryse Mizanin 's Blog : How The Miz and I Are Preparing for Our Daughter 's Birth '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Maryse 's profile '' . Ohio Valley Wrestling . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2007 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Maryse '' . WWE . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Kapur , Bob ( December 12 , 2009 ) . `` Maryse answers SLAM ! Wrestling reader questions '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Maryse Ouellet '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Rote , Andrew ( July 22 , 2008 ) . `` Making life beautiful '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Medalis , Kara A. `` More Diva dreams come True '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2006 . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Maryse Ouellet profile '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( May 21 , 2007 ) . `` Caldwell 's WWE Raw Report 5 / 21 : Ongoing virtual time coverage of live show '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : Wood , Darren ( November 25 , 2011 ) . `` Maryse happy to be moving on '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ McNamara , Andy ( March 8 , 2008 ) . `` Smackdown : Numbers game too much for ' Taker '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ McNamara , Andy ( March 15 , 2008 ) . `` Smackdown : Edge escapes the cage '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ McNamara , Andy ( February 29 , 2008 ) . `` Smackdown : Last stop before Orlando '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` WWE.com Exclusive : Cherry 's night goes from bad to worse '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . May 2 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2009 . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Waldman , Jon ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` Smackdown : Lucky seven before J - Day '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Campbell , Brandon ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Cherry receives Maryse 's sweet kick '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Passero , Mitch ( June 6 , 2008 ) . `` California dreamin ' '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved March 4 , 2009 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Adam , Martin ( July 5 , 2008 ) . `` Smackdown Results - 7 / 4 / 08 - Tulsa , OK ( Edge & Vickie wedding off ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Medalis , Kara A. ( August 15 , 2008 ) . `` Diva Dish : Celebrate SummerFest '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved December 23 , 2008 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Bishop , Matt ( September 8 , 2008 ) . `` Scramble matches make for wild Unforgiven '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( September 16 , 2008 ) . `` Attack of the Moscow Mauler '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Leggo my ego '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ; Tylwalk , Nick ( November 24 , 2011 ) . `` Two new world champs at dull Survivor Series '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Rote , Andrew ( December 14 , 2008 ) . `` Results : Michelle and mistletoe '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 14 , 2008 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( November 19 , 2008 ) . `` With destiny Arma - gotten , Superstars lookin ' to Rumble '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Kamchen , Richard ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` Maryse oozes sex appeal and panache '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( December 26 , 2008 ) . `` Toronto title quest '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 .
    29. \n
  29. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Divas Champion Maryse returns to SmackDown '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . January 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ McNamara , Andy ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Smackdown : Edge dominates thanks to some brotherly love '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( 2009 ) . `` Divas singles match '' . Online world of wrestling.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( 2009 ) . `` Champion vs. Champion match '' . Wrestleview . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( 2009 ) . `` Divas tag team match '' . WWE.com . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Parks , Greg ( March 28 , 2009 ) . `` Parks ' WWE SmackDown report 3 / 27 : Coverage of the MyNetwork TV Show , including HBK 's tribute to Undertaker '' . PW Torch . TDH Communications Inc . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` '' Santina '' Marella wins 25 - Diva Battle Royal for title of `` Miss WrestleMania '' `` . WWE. April 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Parks , Greg ( April 24 , 2009 ) . `` Parks ' WWE SmackDown report 4 / 24 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of the show , including Dibiase & Rhodes vs. Batista & Shane `` . PW Torch . TDH Communications Inc . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( April 14 , 2009 ) . `` Raw : Drafting a fresh start for the WWE '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( April 28 , 2009 ) . `` Raw : Batista next for the Orton Era '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved April 29 , 2009 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` RAW : Vince uses his podium ; `` Lakers '' win `` . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` RAW : Batista hurt , Vicki quits , Triple H returns '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Elliott , Bryan ( July 26 , 2009 ) . `` Night of Champions : Punk loses title , but keeps star performer tag '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved July 31 , 2009 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` WWE Newswire : A.J. sets record '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Aldren , Mike ( September 3 , 2009 ) . `` Daily wrestling news & gossip '' . The Sun . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` RAW : The Body hosts a Thanksgiving wrestling feast '' . SLam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved November 24 , 2009 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Adkins , Greg ( November 30 , 2009 ) . `` '' Mini Me , '' mega show `` . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved December 1 , 2009 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Stone , Tom Van ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` Melina vacates Divas title due to injury '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` RAW : Bret Hart returns '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` RAW : Getting Psych - ed for the Rumble '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( February 21 , 2010 ) . `` Card for WWE Elimination Chamber '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Plummer , Dave ; Tylwalk , Nick ( August 12 , 2010 ) . `` Batista , Jericho and Michaels capitalize on Elimination Chamber opportunities '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved September 6 , 2010 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` RAW : Finding a Jewel on the Road to Wrestlemania '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Kandeler , Derek ( March 15 , 2010 ) . `` WWE RAW Results -- March 15th , 2010 '' . Wrestle Zone . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Nemer , Paul ( March 27 , 2010 ) . `` Smackdown Results -- 3 / 26 / 10 '' . Wrestle View . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ; Tylwalk , Nick ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` Undertaker ends Shawn Michaels ' career in thrilling rematch to cap off Wrestlemania XXVI '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` RAW : HBK says farewell to the WWE Universe '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale ( April 12 , 2010 ) . `` RAW : Do n't Hassel the Hoff '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Bishop , Matt ( May 23 , 2010 ) . `` Batista quits to end disappointing Over The Limit '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved May 24 , 2010 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( June 20 , 2010 ) . `` WWE News : Fatal Four - Way PPV News & Notes -- three new champions , bonus matches , Vince McMahon appearance '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Tylwalk , Nick ( June 2 , 2010 ) . `` Raw : Vince inserts himself into the NXT saga '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved June 2 , 2010 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` Results : '' Miz - ter '' Money in the Bank `` . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved July 19 , 2010 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Bishop , Matt ( November 30 , 2010 ) . `` WWE NXT : Season 3 mercifully ends with new breakout diva crowned '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( December 14 , 2010 ) . `` Keller 's WWE Raw Report 12 / 13 : Slammy Awards , David Arquette Returns , Verdict by Barrett on Cena Reinstatement , TLC Hype , much more '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved April 1 , 2011 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Bishop , Matt ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` WWE NXT : Rookies battle for chance at new pro '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( October 4 , 2010 ) . `` Keller 's WWE Raw report 10 / 4 : John Cena joins The Nexus , wrestles as Nexus , reads statement regarding joining Nexus '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved October 20 , 2010 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Sokol , Bryan ( October 25 , 2010 ) . `` Cena central to Bragging Rights ; Smackdown wins again '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` WWE NXT : October 26 , 2010 '' . WWE . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Bishop , Matt ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` WWE NXT : Redemption beings ( sic ) for 6 former rookies '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Bishop , Matt ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` WWE NXT : Regal finally gets match with Novak '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Bishop , Matt ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` WWE NXT : Ryder makes surprise appearance '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ WrestlingNewsWorld.com . `` WWE NXT Results ( 4 / 12 / 11 ) - Yoshi Tatsu Gets The Girl '' . Wrestling News World . Retrieved April 12 , 2011 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` WWE Diva undergoes surgery '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . August 25 , 2011 . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( August 25 , 2011 ) . `` WWE Diva scheduled for surgery on Wednesday '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2011 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ `` Maryse released '' . WWE . October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` Back 2 Brooklyn '' . Family Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2013 . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ Johnson , Mike ( July 28 , 2012 ) . `` Tommy Dreamer Wins Gold : Complete FWE `` X '' Coverage From Long Island `` . PWInsider . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Johnson , Mike . `` Complete FWE : No Limits IPPV coverage '' . PWInsider . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ `` Show Results -- 10 / 12 FWE in Brooklyn , N.Y. : Morgan vs. J - Mo main event , DiBiase returns to the ring vs. Cabana , Jarrett , A-Love , Masters , Young Bucks , Carlito , more '' .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Richard , Trionfo ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` WWE RAW REPORT : WHO IS THE NUMBER ONE CONTENDER ? , WHO DID NOT MAKE THEIR DEBUT FROM NXT TONIGHT ? , A CELEBRATION OF WOMEN 'S WRESTLING ... AND A WALK OUT , AND MORE '' . PWInsider . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 .
    79. \n
  79. \n ^ Jump up to : Richard , Trionfo ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT : OWENS AND JERICHO VERSUS STYLES AND CESARO , CORBIN TALKS , REIGNS AND STYLES FACE OFF , VAUDEVILLAINS DEBUT , AND MORE '' . PWInsider . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ `` WWE SMACKDOWN RESULTS -- 4 / 14 / 16 ( SAMI ZAYN VS . CHRIS JERICHO IN MAIN EVENT , NO . 1 CONTENDERS TAG TEAM TOURNAMENT CONTINUES ) '' . wrestleview.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Richard , Trionfo ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` WWE RAW REPORT : WILL THE MAIN EVENT OF BATTLEGROUND CHANGE ? , SOME RETURNS TO ACTION , BECKY USES TITUS ; ACTIONS FOR MOTIVATION , AND MORE '' . PWInsider . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Richard , Trionfo ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` COMPLETE SMACKDOWN DRAFT REPORT : WHO WENT WHERE ? , WHICH NXT WRESTLERS GOT PROMOTED ? , WHO IS THE WWE CHAMPION GOING INTO BATTLEGROUND , AND MORE '' . PWInsider . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ `` 2016 WWE Draft results : WWE officially ushers in New Era '' . WWE.com . July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ Richard , Trionfo ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT : AMBROSE 'S OPPONENT IS DETERMINED , A NEW FACE ON SMACKDOWN , SAY HELLO TO THE WOMEN 'S DIVISION , A BATTLE ROYAL , AND MORE '' . PWInsider . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ Caldwell , James ( September 11 , 2016 ) . `` 9 / 11 WWE Backlash Results -- CALDWELL 'S Ongoing PPV Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Clapp , John . `` SmackDown Tag Team Champions Rhyno & Heath Slater vs. The Usos '' . WWE . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ Melok , Bobby . `` Dolph Ziggler def . Intercontinental Champion The Miz ( Title vs. Career Match ) '' . WWE . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Parks , Greg ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` 11 / 8 WWE Smackdown LIVE -- Parks 's Ongoing , Real - Time Report '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ Martin , Adam . `` WWE Smackdown Results -- 11 / 15 / 16 ( Live from Wilkes - Barre , 900th episode , The Undertaker and Edge return ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` Intercontinental Champion The Miz def . Apollo Crews '' . WWE.com . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ `` 12 / 27 WWE Smackdown LIVE -- Parks 's Complete , Real - Time Report , including three title matches , John Cena 's return '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ Parks , Greg . `` 1 / 3 WWE Smackdown LIVE -- Parks 's Ongoing , Real - Time Report , including Miz vs. Ambrose for the I.C. Title '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ `` Maryse fined $5,000 for slapping Renee Young - WWE '' . www.wwe.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` 2 / 12 Powell 's WWE Elimination Chamber 2017 live review : John Cena vs. AJ Styles vs. Dean Ambrose vs. The Miz vs. Baron Corbin vs. Bray Wyatt in an Elimination Chamber match for the WWE Championship '' . Pro Wreslting Dot Net . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 2 / 21 : Results of Battle Royal to determine a new no . 1 contender for WWE Championship at WrestleMania '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ `` Matters on `` Miz TV '' get explosive between John Cena , The Miz , Maryse and Nikki Bella `` . WWE . February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Keller , Wade . `` KELLER 'S WWE SMACKDOWN REPORT 3 / 7 : Styles vs. Orton to earn WWE Title shot at WM33 , Cena & Nikki vs. Ellsworth & Carmella '' . PWTorch . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Pappolla , Ryan ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` John Cena & Nikki Bella vs. The Miz & Maryse '' . WWE . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael . `` John Cena & Nikki Bella def . Miz & Maryse ; Cena asks Nikki to marry him '' . WWE . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` WWE RAW Results -- 4 / 10 / 17 ( Night # 1 of the Superstar Shake Up ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ Powell , Jason . `` 6 / 4 Powell 's WWE Extreme Rules Live Review : Finn Balor vs. Samoa Joe vs. Bray Wyatt vs. Roman Reigns vs. Seth Rollins in a five - way to become No. 1 contender to the WWE Universal Championship , The Hardys vs. Sheamus and Cesaro in a cage match for the Raw Tag Titles '' . Pro Wrestling Dot Net . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ `` On March 28 , 2018 Mizanin welcomed a baby girl named Monroe Sky Mizanin '' .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ `` WWE honors female WWE Legends : Raw 25 , Jan. 22 , 2018 '' . WWE . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 .
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ Medalis , Kara A. ( April 20 , 2007 ) . `` The Sexiest Women in L.A. '' World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2007 . Retrieved April 21 , 2007 .
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ Medalis , Kara A. ( December 8 , 2008 ) . `` SmackDown Divas crank up the heat in ' Muscle & Fitness ' '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 .
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ Maryse and Morrison Talking on `` Eurosport '' in 2009
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ Stevens , Lee ( April 20 , 2009 ) . `` Under The Microscope -- 4 / 17 WWE Smackdown : Brand Split delay , Matt Hardy 's Leg Drop on Jeff , Karaoke records , Bruce Pearl raps instead of R - Truth ( w / Video ) '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved September 16 , 2009 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ `` Hidden Effort of WWE Maryse '' . Tokyo Headline . Japan Style . August 5 , 2010 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 .
    109. \n
  109. \n Jump up ^ `` Sessions Magazine Featuring Maryse Ouellet '' . Sessions Magazine . October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ `` Le Journal de Monstr\u00e9al Featuring Maryse Ouellet '' . Celebrity . January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 .
    111. \n
  111. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Maryse Ouellet '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Total Bellas ' coming to E ! , new ' Total Divas ' cast announced '' . WWE.com. April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ Magazine , DUB ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` dubmagazine on Instagram : Check out @ mikethemiz as featured in the latest issue of DUB Magazine at dubmagazine.com '' . Instagram . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ Ouellet , Maryse ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` marysemizanin on Instagram : The # ItCouple graces the cover of @ dubmagazine '' . Instagram . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ Ouellet , Maryse ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` marysemizanin on Instagram : WCheck us out in @ dubmagazine this month ! ! ! ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ Ouellet , Maryse ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` marysemizanin on Instagram : Hubby & I in @ dubmagazine this month ! ! ! ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ Mike , Mizanin ( June 10 , 2017 ) . `` mikethemiz on Instagram : I ca n't tell which pic from @ dubmagazine is my favorite '' . Instagram . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` WWE ' Miz & Mrs . ' Docuseries Set At USA Network '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ Corey , Clayton ( September 2 , 2011 ) . `` Superstar roster revealed for THQ 's `` WWE ' 12 '' `` . WWE.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 .
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ Linder , Zack ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive interview : Catching up with the lovely and talented Maryse '' . WWE.com .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ Zack , Zeigler ( July 5 , 2006 ) . `` Getting to know your Diva Search Contestants : Maryse Ouellet '' . WWE.com . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ `` Maryse Convinces Her Husband to Become Vegetarian For One Week '' . E ! Online . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ `` Maryse Ouellet profile on famousVcard '' .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ `` Maryse talks WWE release , restraining order , Divas Legend she wants to work with '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . January 5 , 2012 . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 .
    125. \n
  125. \n Jump up ^ `` More Diva dreams come true '' . WWE . August 24 , 2006 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 .
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ Nesbitt , Cherylann . `` Mike `` The Miz '' Mizanin Knows His Fiance is hotter `` . MTV . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 .
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ Donnelly , Matthew Scott . `` Mike ' The Miz ' Mizanin ties the knot with a fellow WWE Champ '' . MTV . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 .
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ `` WWE Superstar The Miz -- My Wedding Was Awesome ! '' . TMZ . February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 .
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ `` The Miz and Maryse are expecting their first child '' . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 .
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ Waldman , Jon ( April 25 , 2009 ) . `` Smackdown : UK gets a strong episode of SD ! '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 .
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ David , Stephens ( January 4 , 2010 ) . `` WWE Raw Results -- 1 / 4 / 10 '' . WrestleView . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 .
    132. \n
  132. \n Jump up ^ David , Stephens ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` WWE Raw Results -- 5 / 17 / 10 '' . WrestleView . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 .
    133. \n
  133. \n Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike ( December 26 , 2008 ) . `` Smackdown Results -- 12 / 26 / 08 -- Toronto , ON '' . Wrestleview . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 .
    134. \n
  134. \n Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike . `` Smackdown Results -- 12 / 19 / 08 -- Baltimore , MD '' . Wrestleview . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Maryse hits the Stroke and I 'm sure Kurt Angle is happy about that ... Maryse hits a forearm to the face and a spinning backbreaker , which was executed nicely !
    135. \n
  135. \n Jump up ^ Tedesco , Mike . `` Smackdown Results -- 2 / 20 / 09 '' . Wrestleview . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 .
    136. \n
  136. \n Jump up ^ Martin , Todd ( May 4 , 2009 ) . `` WWE Raw TV report for May 4 '' . Wrestling Observer / Figure Four Online . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 .
    137. \n
  137. \n Jump up ^ Mulligan , Ryan ( December 13 , 2008 ) . `` Ryan Mulligan 's Smackdown TV report for December 12 '' . Wrestling Observer / Figure Four Online . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 .
    138. \n
  138. \n Jump up ^ Keller , Wade ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Keller 's WWE Night Of Champions PPV Report 7 / 26 : Results , star ratings , thoughts , observations , nitpicks , quotebook '' . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 .
    139. \n
  139. \n Jump up ^ David , Stephens ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` WWE Raw Results -- 12 / 6 / 10 '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 .
    140. \n
  140. \n Jump up ^ David , Stephens ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` WWE Raw Results -- 1 / 17 / 11 '' . WrestleView . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 .
    141. \n
  141. \n ^ Jump up to : Adam , Martin ( May 16 , 2008 ) . `` Smackdown Results -- 5 / 16 / 08 -- Grand Rapids , MI -- ( 6 on 1 Handicap ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 .
    142. \n
  142. \n Jump up ^ Lennie , DiFino ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Smackdown Results - 5 / 23 / 08 - Des Moines , IA ( Undertaker / Chavo ) '' . WrestleView . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 .
    143. \n
  143. \n Jump up ^ `` OWW : The Miz '' . Online World of Wrestling . Retrieved February 26 , 2008 .
    144. \n
  144. \n Jump up ^ `` All Summer Long ( R ' N ' B Pop 2 ) '' . APM Music . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 .
    145. \n
  145. \n Jump up ^ `` Lounge Lizard ( Glamazon ) '' . FirstCom Music . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 .
    146. \n
  146. \n Jump up ^ `` WWE : Pourquoi ? ( Maryse ) - Single '' . iTunes . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 .
    147. \n
  147. \n Jump up ^ Martin , Adam ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` PWI Top 50 Female Wrestlers list '' . WrestleView . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 .
    148. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maryse Ouellet .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n WWE personnel
\n Raw \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Male wrestlers \n
    \n
  • \n Akam
    • \n
  • \n Apollo Crews
    • \n
  • \n Baron Corbin
    • \n
  • \n Big Show
    • \n
  • \n Bo Dallas
    • \n
  • \n Bobby Lashley
    • \n
  • \n Bobby Roode
    • \n
  • \n Braun Strowman
    • \n
  • \n Bray Wyatt
    • \n
  • \n Brock Lesnar
    • \n
  • \n Chad Gable
    • \n
  • \n Curt Hawkins
    • \n
  • \n Curtis Axel
    • \n
  • \n Dash Wilder
    • \n
  • \n Dean Ambrose
    • \n
  • \n Dolph Ziggler
    • \n
  • \n Drew McIntyre
    • \n
  • \n Elias
    • \n
  • \n Fandango
    • \n
  • \n Finn B\u00e1lor
    • \n
  • \n Goldust
    • \n
  • \n Heath Slater
    • \n
  • \n Jason Jordan
    • \n
  • \n Jinder Mahal
    • \n
  • \n Kane
    • \n
  • \n Kevin Owens
    • \n
  • \n Konnor
    • \n
  • \n Matt Hardy
    • \n
  • \n Mike Kanellis
    • \n
  • \n Mojo Rawley
    • \n
  • \n No Way Jose
    • \n
  • \n Rezar
    • \n
  • \n Rhyno
    • \n
  • \n Roman Reigns
    • \n
  • \n Sami Zayn
    • \n
  • \n Scott Dawson
    • \n
  • \n Seth Rollins
    • \n
  • \n Titus O'Neil
    • \n
  • \n Tyler Breeze
    • \n
  • \n Viktor
    • \n
  • \n Zack Ryder
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 205 Live ( Cruiserweights ) \n
    \n
  • \n Akira Tozawa
    • \n
  • \n Ariya Daivari
    • \n
  • \n The Brian Kendrick
    • \n
  • \n Buddy Murphy
    • \n
  • \n Cedric Alexander
    • \n
  • \n Drew Gulak
    • \n
  • \n Gentleman Jack Gallagher
    • \n
  • \n Gran Metalik
    • \n
  • \n Hideo Itami
    • \n
  • \n Kalisto
    • \n
  • \n Lince Dorado
    • \n
  • \n Mark Andrews
    • \n
  • \n Mustafa Ali
    • \n
  • \n Neville
    • \n
  • \n Noam Dar
    • \n
  • \n TJP
    • \n
  • \n Tony Nese
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Female wrestlers \n
    \n
  • \n Alexa Bliss
    • \n
  • \n Alicia Fox
    • \n
  • \n Bayley
    • \n
  • \n Dana Brooke
    • \n
  • \n Ember Moon
    • \n
  • \n Liv Morgan
    • \n
  • \n Mickie James
    • \n
  • \n Natalya
    • \n
  • \n Nia Jax
    • \n
  • \n Ronda Rousey
    • \n
  • \n Ruby Riott
    • \n
  • \n Sarah Logan
    • \n
  • \n Sasha Banks
    • \n
\n
\n Other on - air talent \n
    \n
  • \n Drake Maverick
    • \n
  • \n Kurt Angle
    • \n
  • \n Maria Kanellis
    • \n
  • \n Paul Heyman
    • \n
  • \n Stephanie McMahon
    • \n
  • \n Triple H
    • \n
\n
\n Stables and tag teams \n
    \n
  • \n Kevin Owens and Sami Zayn
    • \n
  • \n The Ascension
    • \n
  • \n The Authors of Pain
    • \n
  • \n The Revival
    • \n
  • \n The Riott Squad
    • \n
\n
\n
\n SmackDown \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Male wrestlers \n
    \n
  • \n Aiden English
    • \n
  • \n AJ Styles
    • \n
  • \n Alexander Wolfe
    • \n
  • \n Andrade Cien Almas
    • \n
  • \n Big Cass
    • \n
  • \n Big E
    • \n
  • \n Cesaro
    • \n
  • \n Chris Jericho
    • \n
  • \n Daniel Bryan
    • \n
  • \n Epico Col\u00f3n
    • \n
  • \n Eric Young
    • \n
  • \n Harper
    • \n
  • \n Jeff Hardy
    • \n
  • \n Karl Anderson
    • \n
  • \n Killian Dain
    • \n
  • \n Kofi Kingston
    • \n
  • \n Luke Gallows
    • \n
  • \n The Miz
    • \n
  • \n Primo Col\u00f3n
    • \n
  • \n R - Truth
    • \n
  • \n Randy Orton
    • \n
  • \n Rowan
    • \n
  • \n Rusev
    • \n
  • \n Samoa Joe
    • \n
  • \n Sheamus
    • \n
  • \n Shelton Benjamin
    • \n
  • \n Shinsuke Nakamura
    • \n
  • \n Sin Cara
    • \n
  • \n Tye Dillinger
    • \n
  • \n Xavier Woods
    • \n
\n
\n Female wrestlers \n
    \n
  • \n Asuka
    • \n
  • \n Billie Kay
    • \n
  • \n Becky Lynch
    • \n
  • \n Carmella
    • \n
  • \n Charlotte Flair
    • \n
  • \n Lana
    • \n
  • \n Mandy Rose
    • \n
  • \n Naomi
    • \n
  • \n Nikki Bella
    • \n
  • \n Peyton Royce
    • \n
  • \n Sonya Deville
    • \n
  • \n Tamina
    • \n
\n
\n Other on - air talent \n
    \n
  • \n Maryse
    • \n
  • \n Paige
    • \n
  • \n Shane McMahon
    • \n
  • \n Zelina Vega
    • \n
\n
\n Stables and tag teams \n
    \n
  • \n Absolution
    • \n
  • \n The Bar
    • \n
  • \n The Club
    • \n
  • \n Sanity
    • \n
  • \n The IIconics
    • \n
  • \n The Bludgeon Brothers
    • \n
  • \n The New Day
    • \n
  • \n The Usos
    • \n
\n
\n
\n NXT \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Male wrestlers \n
    \n
  • \n Adam Cole
    • \n
  • \n Aleister Black
    • \n
  • \n Angelo Dawkins
    • \n
  • \n Bobby Fish
    • \n
  • \n Cezar Bononi
    • \n
  • \n Danny Burch
    • \n
  • \n EC3
    • \n
  • \n Fabian Aichner
    • \n
  • \n Hanson
    • \n
  • \n Johnny Gargano
    • \n
  • \n Kassius Ohno
    • \n
  • \n Kona Reeves
    • \n
  • \n Kyle O'Reilly
    • \n
  • \n Lars Sullivan
    • \n
  • \n Lio Rush
    • \n
  • \n Montez Ford
    • \n
  • \n Nick Miller
    • \n
  • \n Oney Lorcan
    • \n
  • \n Otis Dozovic
    • \n
  • \n Pete Dunne
    • \n
  • \n Ricochet
    • \n
  • \n Riddick Moss
    • \n
  • \n Roderick Strong
    • \n
  • \n Rowe
    • \n
  • \n Shane Thorne
    • \n
  • \n Tino Sabbatelli
    • \n
  • \n Tommaso Ciampa
    • \n
  • \n Trent Seven
    • \n
  • \n Tucker Knight
    • \n
  • \n Tyler Bate
    • \n
  • \n Velveteen Dream
    • \n
  • \n Wesley Blake
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Live events \n
    \n
  • \n Babatunde Aiyegbusi
    • \n
  • \n Brennan Williams
    • \n
  • \n Chad Lail
    • \n
  • \n Chris Dijak
    • \n
  • \n Demitrius Bronson
    • \n
  • \n Jeet Rama
    • \n
  • \n Mahabali Shera
    • \n
  • \n Marcel Barthel
    • \n
  • \n Steve Cutler
    • \n
  • \n Tian Bing
    • \n
  • \n Wolfgang
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Female wrestlers \n
    \n
  • \n Aliyah
    • \n
  • \n Bianca Belair
    • \n
  • \n Candice LeRae
    • \n
  • \n Dakota Kai
    • \n
  • \n Kairi Sane
    • \n
  • \n Lacey Evans
    • \n
  • \n Nikki Cross
    • \n
  • \n Shayna Baszler
    • \n
  • \n Taynara Conti
    • \n
  • \n Vanessa Borne
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Live events \n
    \n
  • \n Kacy Catanzaro
    • \n
  • \n Kavita Devi
    • \n
  • \n Reina Gonz\u00e1lez
    • \n
  • \n Steffanie Newell
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Other on - air talent \n
    \n
  • \n William Regal
    • \n
\n
\n Stables and tag teams \n
    \n
  • \n British Strong Style
    • \n
  • \n TM - 61
    • \n
  • \n The Undisputed Era
    • \n
  • \n War Raiders
    • \n
\n
\n Trainers and staff \n
    \n
  • \n Adam Pearce
    • \n
  • \n Canyon Ceman
    • \n
  • \n Gerald Brisco
    • \n
  • \n Matt Bloom
    • \n
  • \n Norman Smiley
    • \n
  • \n Robbie Brookside
    • \n
  • \n Sara Amato
    • \n
  • \n Sarah Stock
    • \n
  • \n Scotty 2 Hotty
    • \n
  • \n Serena Deeb
    • \n
  • \n Seth Petruzelli
    • \n
  • \n Shawn Michaels
    • \n
  • \n Steve Corino
    • \n
  • \n Steve Keirn
    • \n
  • \n Terry Taylor
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Broadcast team \n
    \n
  • \n Al Bastaki
    • \n
  • \n Beth Phoenix
    • \n
  • \n Booker T
    • \n
  • \n Byron Saxton
    • \n
  • \n Carlos Cabrera
    • \n
  • \n Cathy Kelley
    • \n
  • \n Corey Graves
    • \n
  • \n Dasha Fuentes
    • \n
  • \n David Otunga
    • \n
  • \n Funaki
    • \n
  • \n Gene Okerlund
    • \n
  • \n Jerry Lawler
    • \n
  • \n JoJo
    • \n
  • \n Jonathan Coachman
    • \n
  • \n Marcelo Rodriguez
    • \n
  • \n Mauro Ranallo
    • \n
  • \n Michael Cole
    • \n
  • \n Michael Rapaport
    • \n
  • \n Nigel McGuinness
    • \n
  • \n Percy Watson
    • \n
  • \n Peter Rosenberg
    • \n
  • \n Raymond Rougeau
    • \n
  • \n Renee Young
    • \n
  • \n Rob Schamberger
    • \n
  • \n Scott Stanford
    • \n
  • \n Tom Phillips
    • \n
\n
\n Referees \n
    \n
  • \n Charles Robinson
    • \n
  • \n Dan Engler
    • \n
  • \n Darryl Sharma
    • \n
  • \n Drake Wuertz
    • \n
  • \n Jason Ayers
    • \n
  • \n Jessika Carr
    • \n
  • \n John Cone
    • \n
  • \n Mike Chioda
    • \n
  • \n Ryan Tran
    • \n
\n
\n Unassigned personnel \n
    \n
  • \n John Cena
    • \n
  • \n Joseph Coffey
    • \n
  • \n Rinku Singh
    • \n
  • \n The Rock
    • \n
  • \n Saurav Gurjar
    • \n
  • \n Shadia Bseiso
    • \n
  • \n The Undertaker
    • \n
\n
\n Producers and writers \n
    \n
  • \n Arn Anderson
    • \n
  • \n Billy Kidman
    • \n
  • \n Dean Malenko
    • \n
  • \n D - Von Dudley
    • \n
  • \n Finlay
    • \n
  • \n Irwin R. Schyster
    • \n
  • \n Jamie Noble
    • \n
  • \n Jeremy Borash
    • \n
  • \n John Laurinaitis
    • \n
  • \n Mark Henry
    • \n
  • \n Michael Hayes
    • \n
  • \n Pat Patterson
    • \n
  • \n Ranjin Singh
    • \n
  • \n Road Dogg
    • \n
  • \n Robert Evans
    • \n
  • \n Ryan Katz
    • \n
  • \n Scott Armstrong
    • \n
  • \n Tyson Kidd
    • \n
\n
\n Off - screen personnel \n
    \n
  • \n CFO $
    • \n
  • \n Gabe Sapolsky
    • \n
  • \n Howard Finkel
    • \n
  • \n Joseph Maroon
    • \n
  • \n Lex Luger
    • \n
  • \n Tony Chimel
    • \n
\n
\n Ambassadors \n
    \n
  • \n Bob Backlund
    • \n
  • \n The Boogeyman
    • \n
  • \n Brie Bella
    • \n
  • \n Eve Torres
    • \n
  • \n John `` Bradshaw '' Layfield
    • \n
  • \n Jim Ross
    • \n
  • \n Kevin Nash
    • \n
  • \n Maria Menounos
    • \n
  • \n Mick Foley
    • \n
  • \n Paul Ellering
    • \n
  • \n Ric Flair
    • \n
  • \n Ricky Steamboat
    • \n
  • \n Sgt . Slaughter
    • \n
  • \n Sting
    • \n
  • \n Superstar Billy Graham
    • \n
  • \n Tatanka
    • \n
  • \n Tatsumi Fujinami
    • \n
  • \n X-Pac
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n WWE Divas Champions
\n
    \n
  • \n Michelle McCool
    • \n
  • \n Maryse
    • \n
  • \n Mickie James
    • \n
  • \n Jillian Hall
    • \n
  • \n Melina
    • \n
  • \n Eve Torres
    • \n
  • \n Alicia Fox
    • \n
  • \n Natalya
    • \n
  • \n Brie Bella
    • \n
  • \n Kelly Kelly
    • \n
  • \n Beth Phoenix
    • \n
  • \n Nikki Bella
    • \n
  • \n Layla
    • \n
  • \n Kaitlyn
    • \n
  • \n AJ Lee
    • \n
  • \n Paige
    • \n
  • \n Charlotte
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Total Divas
\n Episodes \n
    \n
  • \n Season 1
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 5
    • \n
  • \n 6
    • \n
  • \n 7
    • \n
\n
\n Current cast \n
    \n
  • \n Alexa Bliss
    • \n
  • \n Brie Bella
    • \n
  • \n Carmella
    • \n
  • \n Lana
    • \n
  • \n Maryse
    • \n
  • \n Naomi
    • \n
  • \n Natalya
    • \n
  • \n Nia Jax
    • \n
  • \n Nikki Bella
    • \n
\n
\n Former cast \n
    \n
  • \n Alicia Fox
    • \n
  • \n Cameron
    • \n
  • \n Eva Marie
    • \n
  • \n JoJo
    • \n
  • \n Mandy Rose
    • \n
  • \n Paige
    • \n
  • \n Renee Young
    • \n
  • \n Rosa Mendes
    • \n
  • \n Summer Rae
    • \n
\n
\n Related articles \n
    \n
  • \n Total Bellas
    • \n
  • \n Women in WWE
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maryse_Ouellet&oldid=838544033 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "when does the miz and maryse show start", "long_answers": ["In late - 2011 , she announced plans for a clothing and jewelry line called House of Maryse , and later began working as a realtor . In November 2016 , she began starring in the reality television series Total Divas on E ! as part of the main cast . She and her husband The Miz will also star in their own reality show titled Miz & Mrs. that will premiere in 2018 .\n", "In 2012 , Maryse was featured on the cover of Le Journal de Montr\u00e9al , and on MDA Show of Strength with The Miz and other celebrities . In 2015 , Ouellet had roles in Sharknado 3 : Oh Hell No ! and in Santa 's Little Helper , the latter starring Ouellet 's husband , The Miz . In the same year , she appeared on the E ! reality television series WAGS . In 2016 , it was announced that Maryse would appear as a main cast member on the sixth season of Total Divas , which prompted her return to WWE . In June 2017 , Maryse along with Miz were cover of the DUB Magazine with a Jeep car . In 2018 , Maryse along with The Miz will star in a reality television series titled Miz & Mrs .\n"], "short_answers": ["2018\n", "2018\n", "2018\n", "2018\n"]} {"text": "Slasher ( TV series ) - wikipedia

\n Slasher ( TV series )

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Slasher
\n
\n Genre \n Anthology Horror Slasher Drama
\n Created by \n Aaron Martin
\n Starring \n
    \n
  • \n Katie McGrath
    • \n
  • \n Brandon Jay McLaren
    • \n
  • \n Steve Byers
    • \n
  • \n Patrick Garrow
    • \n
  • \n Dean McDermott
    • \n
  • \n Leslie Hope
    • \n
  • \n Lovell Adams - Gray
    • \n
  • \n Jim Watson
    • \n
  • \n Christopher Jacot
    • \n
  • \n Paulino Nunes
    • \n
  • \n Ty Olsson
    • \n
  • \n Joanne Vannicola
    • \n
  • \n Sebastian Pigott
    • \n
  • \n Madison Cheeatow
    • \n
  • \n Melinda Shankar
    • \n
  • \n Kaitlyn Leeb
    • \n
  • \n Rebecca Liddiard
    • \n
  • \n Paula Brancati
    • \n
\n
\n Composer ( s ) \n Shawn Pierce
\n Country of origin \n Canada
\n Original language ( s ) \n English
\n No. of seasons \n
\n No. of episodes \n 16 ( list of episodes )
\n Production
\n Executive producer ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Aaron Martin
    • \n
  • \n Greg Phillips
    • \n
  • \n Jonathan Ford
    • \n
  • \n Christina Jennings
    • \n
  • \n Scott Garvie
    • \n
\n
\n Location ( s ) \n Ontario , Canada
\n Editor ( s ) \n Erin Deck
\n Camera setup \n Single - camera
\n Running time \n 46 - 53 minutes
\n Production company ( s ) \n
    \n
  • \n Shaftesbury Films
    • \n
  • \n Super Channel ( season 1 )
    • \n
  • \n TVA Group ( season 2 )
    • \n
\n
\n Distributor \n Content Media Corporation
\n Release
\n Original network \n
    \n
  • \n Super Channel ( Canada , season 1 )
    • \n
  • \n Chiller ( USA , season 1 )
    • \n
  • \n Netflix ( season 2 )
    • \n
\n
\n Original release \n March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) -- present
\n External links
\n Website \n www.netflix.com/title/80105452
\n

\n Slasher is a Canadian television horror anthology series created by Aaron Martin .

\n

\n The first season , retroactively subtitled The Executioner , was produced in association with the Canadian network Super Channel , Slasher was the first original series by U.S. TV channel Chiller , which premiered the series on Friday , March 4 , 2016 , at 9 : 00 pm EST . Super Channel aired the show 's Canadian premiere on April 1 , 2016 . The series first season , which centered on a mysterious figure billed as `` The Executioner '' terrorizing the fictional town of Waterbury , Canada , was filmed between July and October 2015 in Sudbury , Parry Sound , and Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario .

\n

\n On May 1 , 2017 , Slasher began filming a second season in Orangeville , Ontario , Canada . The licensing rights for the second season was acquired by Netflix . The season was released as a `` Netflix Original '' title in various countries on October 17 , 2017 . The second season titled Slasher : Guilty Party is centered on a group of former summer camp counselors who return to an isolated campground in order to bury their sins of the past , before being targeted , one by one , by an unknown killer .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Background ( edit )

\n

\n Slasher employs a season - long anthology format , with an overarching mystery storyline that will be resolved upon the season 's conclusion . Aaron Martin , the series ' creator / producer , acknowledged gaining inspiration for the format from American Horror Story , stating that , should Slasher have subsequent seasons , the AHS style of self - contained storylines would be used along with , ideally , the reliance on as many actors from previous seasons as possible to portray brand new roles .

\n

\n Martin aims to tell `` a modern - day monster story '' in Slasher , combining three of his favorite genres : The contemporary murder mystery ( a la Broadchurch ) , the works of Agatha Christie ( one of Martin 's favorite crime writers ) , and the classic slasher films he grew up with . In terms of the latter , Martin has specifically cited the influences of Halloween and It Follows in Slasher 's use of a mysterious singular embodiment that is responsible for a series of killings . Not wanting to have the show 's killer be `` a mythological creature '' ( as he feels the killers in most slasher films do not have much mystery surrounding them ) , Martin also uses elements of the traditional whodunit in Slasher : The show 's characters , many of whom have mysterious backgrounds -- and their own reasons for possibly being the killer -- are featured , explored , and eliminated from consideration , one by one ( either through death or the natural deductive process ) , until the `` all too human '' killer and their motivations for their actions are revealed .

\n

\n Plot ( edit )

\n

\n Season 1 : the Executioner ( 2016 ) ( edit )

\n

\n Slasher 's 8 - episode first season centers around Sarah Bennett who , with husband Dylan , moves back to the town of her birth , Waterbury ( a fictional town in Canada ) , and into her parents ' former home . It was in that house on Halloween Night 1988 where both of her parents , Bryan and Rachel , were murdered . Rachel was pregnant with Sarah at the time of her murder , with police discovering the killer holding Rachel 's newborn baby after the slayings . Sarah 's return to Waterbury is greeted with the start of a series of copycat murders , all appearing to be at the hands of `` The Executioner '' .

\n

\n Seeking insight on her sightings of `` The Executioner '' and the slayings he or she has committed , Sarah has paid visits to her parents ' imprisoned murderer , Tom Winston . Tom suggests to Sarah that though most of Waterbury 's residents project a veneer of friendship , innocence , and self - righteousness , many of them harbor dark secrets , including her late parents . During these conversations , Tom expresses thoughts on what is a common theme of Slasher 's first season -- the seven deadly sins . Gaining information from Sarah on the victims ' backgrounds and the nature of their deaths , Tom provides suggestions as to what sin the victims may have violated ; Sarah would begin to employ this approach herself without Tom 's assistance in later episodes .

\n

\n Just as Tom declared himself `` the Lord 's messenger '' in a 1988 police interrogation video after murdering Sarah 's parents ( seen in Episode 1 ) , he believes in the present day that the new Executioner has become a self - appointed deliverer of `` Biblical '' punishment towards those he or she believes have committed one of the seven deadly sins in their past , employing methods that are apropos to the individual natures of the deadly sins . Future victim Alison Sutherland would get The Executioner to admit this in their Episode 5 interview : Alison asks why The Executioner would be as much a sinner as everyone else and violate one of God 's commandments to not kill ; The Executioner counters that God only commanded not to murder the innocent , and that his / her victims are not innocent . Tom has suggested to Sarah , in Episode 3 , that The Executioner him / herself has committed a deadly sin of their own , being blinded by pride ( `` the greatest of sins '' ) .

\n

\n The police chief is found harboring Ariel , a missing teenager that he kidnapped , and a child they had together , in a enclosed locked room in his basement . Sarah 's grandmother accidentally put her best friend in a coma by dropping a cinder block on her head ( in fact , she was aiming for the girl sitting next to her best friend ; the boy who had gotten Sarah 's grandmother pregnant as a teenager was taking this girl to their high school prom ) . Bryan and Rachel ( Sarah 's parents ) were cuckolding multiple men and video taping them into service to support them , including Tom Winston . Tom decided to kill Bryan and Rachel after falling in love with Rachel and being blackmailed , but saved Sarah after Rachel told him Sarah was actually his and not her husband 's .

\n

\n Eventually , it 's revealed that the deputy Cam is the Executioner , suffering under an abusive mother whom he pushed down the stairs , killing her . Cam 's father , the town priest , discovered that Cam was the Executioner , and Cam killed him as well . After finding her father 's body parts in his home , Sarah kills Cam with a machete .

\n

\n Season 2 : Guilty Party ( 2017 ) ( edit )

\n

\n Slasher 's 8 - episode second season centers around a horrific secret that a group of former summer camp counselors have buried long ago . Due to a changing circumstance , they must return to their resort in the dead of winter to retrieve the body of Talvinder , whom they murdered while they were camp counsellors , five years earlier . They get surprised when they ca n't find the body at the campsite . Later , the group start dying one by one at the hands of a mysterious person wearing a parka , which also alerts the second group of counselors at the resort .

\n

\n Eventually , it 's revealed that Judith is the killer , and another character , Wren , is actually Owen `` Wren '' Turnbull , her son who committed suicide after being framed for Talvinder 's murder , and is a figment of Judith 's imagination . Owen wrote a letter to his mother , asking her to get justice for him before hanging himself . Judith killed several members of the commune for their complicity after the fact , as Antoine discovered Talvinder 's body and hid it to avoid jeopardizing a real estate deal . Dawn and Keira are the only ones to escape her wrath and the former finally turns herself in for her crime during the epilogue . Judith can be seen watching them along with the hallucination of Owen , who says they 'll be waiting for Dawn after she is released from prison .

\n

\n Cast and characters ( edit )

\n

\n Recurring cast members ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Actor \n Character per season
\n The Executioner \n Guilty Party
\n Katie McGrath \n Sarah Bennett \n Does not appear
\n Brandon Jay McLaren \n Dylan Bennett \n Does not appear
\n Steve Byers \n Cam Henry \n Does not appear
\n Patrick Garrow \n Tom Winston \n Does not appear
\n Dean McDermott \n Iain Vaughn \n Alan Haight
\n Christopher Jacot \n Robin Turner \n Antoine
\n Wendy Crewson \n Brenda Merrit \n Does not appear
\n Leslie Hope \n Does not appear \n Judith Berry
\n Lovell Adams - Gray \n Does not appear \n Peter Broome
\n Paula Brancati \n Jana Singer \n Dawn Duguin
\n Jim Watson \n Young Alan Henry \n Noah Jenkins
\n Paulino Nunes \n Does not appear \n Mark Rankin
\n Ty Olsson \n Does not appear \n Benny Ironside
\n Joanne Vannicola \n Debbie \n Ren\u00e9e
\n Sebastian Pigott \n Does not appear \n Owen `` Wren '' Turnbull
\n Madison Cheeatow \n Does not appear \n Keira
\n Melinda Shankar \n Does not appear \n Talvinder Gill
\n Kaitlyn Leeb \n Does not appear \n Susan Lam
\n Rebecca Liddiard \n Does not appear \n Andi Criss
\n Jefferson Brown \n Trent McBride \n Gene
\n

\n Season 1 : the Executioner ( edit )

\n Main ( edit ) \n Recurring ( edit ) \n

\n Season 2 : Guilty Party ( edit )

\n \n

\n Episodes ( edit )

\n

\n Season 1 : the Executioner ( 2016 ) ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Directed by \n Written by \n Original air date \n U.S. viewers ( millions )
\n \n \n `` An Eye for an Eye '' \n Craig David Wallace \n Aaron Martin \n March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) \n 0.120
\n Sarah and Dylan move to Waterbury and into the former home and murder site of her parents . The new `` Executioner '' surfaces for the first time , chasing Sarah down her street before beating a teen boy who had been destroying mailboxes with his baseball bat . Following a suggestion from Tom Winston after their first meeting , Sarah discovers a camcorder and illicit sex tapes her parents buried in their house , tapes that Verna discovers and takes to her house after snooping around . The Executioner ties down and dismembers Verna in her bedroom as punishment for the sin of wrath . Sarah discovers Verna 's body , only to fall down the stairs and lose consciousness while trying to escape The Executioner , who leaves one sex tape beside her .
\n \n \n `` Digging Your Grave With Your Teeth '' \n Craig David Wallace \n Aaron Martin \n March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) \n 0.110
\n Sarah 's grandmother , Brenda arrives at the Bennett 's home , suitcase in hand . Robin is confronted by Trent , while Sarah is confronted by Heather . Sarah receives a package containing a severed human finger and a note ; following Tom 's suggestion that the note contains geographic coordinates , Sarah discovers the remains of Verna McBride 's husband , Peter , in a nearby wooded area . Lured out into an alley way by a severed power cable , Robin 's arms are slashed by The Executioner , with a bystander rescuing Robin . While Robin recovers in hospital , another outage occurs , after which Robin receives flowers and a card of condolence . Believing Justin is in danger , Robin and Cam frantically try to call Justin but Justin dies after collapsing and frothing at the mouth after snorting cocaine and ingesting the rat poison that was in it , serving as the punishment for his gluttony . After she had previously threatened Justin and Robin , a fitful Heather is arrested by the police .
\n \n \n `` Like as Fire Eateth Up and Burneth Wood '' \n Craig David Wallace \n Aaron Martin \n March 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 11 ) \n 0.067
\n Robin , deep in grief over Justin and deep in the business mess he left behind , deals with Trent 's anger over Justin giving him a bad check . After The Executioner breaks into her home , Sarah heads out of town . After swerving off the road to avoid a truck , Sarah and Brenda become separated in the woods . Brenda , who had just admitted to Sarah her role in Ada 's accident , is kidnapped by The Executioner , who ties her to a cinder block and tosses it into the lake at a nearby boathouse . Brenda 's drowning death , the punishment for her envy , prompts the police to release Heather from custody .
\n \n \n `` As Water is Corrupted Unless It Moves '' \n Craig David Wallace \n Aaron Martin \n March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) \n 0.067
\n The police verify that the truck that ran off Sarah and Brenda belonged to Trent . Trent is chased into a pit in the woods and eaten by snakes as punishment for his sloth by The Executioner . Dylan interviews Tom in prison for the Bulletin . Tom produces evidence to Dylan that suggests he has had a greater interest in Tom than he let on to Sarah . Apologetic for drunkenly claiming Sarah is in love with Cam , June confides to Sarah that she and Trent had an affair while they were EMT partners ; she also tells Sarah about Trent 's encounter with Ariel Peterson . Security camera footage reveals a detail June left out : She was with Trent in his ambulance that night . After comforting a hysterical Heather , June heads to church to pray but The Executioner abducts her . June awakens in a cornfield naked , attached to an IV , and covered in honey , which attracts animals that eat her alive while she does n't know what happens .
\n 5 \n 5 \n `` Ill - Gotten Gains '' \n Craig David Wallace \n Aaron Martin \n March 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 25 ) \n 0.053
\n June 's rotted remains are discovered . Cam and Sarah argue over suspicions each other have about the killer ; Alan learns about the argument and advises Sarah to be careful . Sarah and Robin discover a `` murder kit '' in Alan 's church office , later discovering Alan needs the contents for a BDSM session . Sarah discovers her parents ' sex videos feature a young Tom Winston . Alison asks The Executioner on - air for an interview who obliges and , in full costume , speaks with Alison at an abandoned foundry . Alison confides to Lisa Ann that she fabricated evidence in the Bulletin that tied Benny Peterson to his daughter 's disappearance . Heading to New York , Alison gets into a courtesy limo driven by the Executioner , who takes her back to the foundry and slashes her throat ; her head is later found in a restaurant 's deep fryer as punishment for her greed . Vaughn heads home to his basement , where he opens a room - sized safe ; inside , a young boy is being sung to by Ariel Peterson .
\n 6 \n 6 \n `` The One Who Sows His Own Flesh '' \n Craig David Wallace \n Aaron Martin \n April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) \n 0.076
\n The cold open depicts Iain Vaughn 's abduction and rape of Ariel 5 years ago ; in the present day , he prevents an attempt by Ariel and son Jake to escape his basement . Sarah becomes suspicious about Dylan 's whereabouts when Alison was killed . Tom insists to Sarah that he is her father with a DNA test to confirm . After Sarah and Cam tell Vaughn their suspicions about Marjorie Travers ' claim of seeing Ariel the night she disappeared , Vaughn and Marjorie meet and he gives Marjorie a needle filled with heroin that she fatally overdoses on . Realizing Sarah is suspicious about Marjorie 's death , Vaughn takes Sarah to a junkyard and attempts to make it appear as if The Executioner punished Sarah for the sin of pride . Knowing his sin is lust , Vaughn makes an attempt to punish himself along with Ariel and Jake with gasoline and attempts to burn himself and the two . With the police demanding Vaughn 's whereabouts , Sarah encourages his wife , Nancy , to let them into their basement , from which only Ariel and Jake exit . Vaughn escapes to a secluded lakeside shack , where The Executioner knocks him out ; he later awakens to being burned alive in a crematorium , a punishment for his lust .
\n 7 \n 7 \n `` In the Pride of His Face '' \n Craig David Wallace \n Aaron Martin \n April 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 08 ) \n 0.077
\n A flashback to Bryan and Rachel Ingram 's murder reveals a new detail : Before killing her , Tom reveals himself to Rachel ; she responds by professing her love for him and pleads for their baby 's life . Sharma and Cam discover The Executioner 's list of sinners , which include Tom 's and Sarah 's names for pride . Sarah becomes angry at Dylan after discovering his website dedicated to her parents ' murders . Lisa Ann upsets Dylan with her knowledge that Tom and Sarah are targets , but mollifies him with news that she got his request for a book deal approved -- and an intimate moment . While heading back to prison from hospital , Tom escapes to Sarah 's house ; Sarah willingly goes with him to the woods where The Executioner captures them both . With Sarah tied to a buzzsaw , Tom reveals how his own ego and pride led him to murder Bryan and Rachel . Tom demands that The Executioner punish him instead of Sarah , and he dives onto the running buzzsaw , being `` broken on a wheel '' , killing himself for his sin of pride . At Cam 's house , Cam adds a bloody piece of Tom 's prison jumpsuit to a hidden box of murder mementos , implying that he is the Executioner .
\n 8 \n 8 \n `` Soon Your Own Eyes Will See '' \n Craig David Wallace \n Aaron Martin \n April 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 15 ) \n 0.086
\n After a flashback depicts the death of Cam 's mother , the story picks up on Halloween eve : Alan finds Cam 's box of murder mementos , but is strangled by Cam while praying for his son . Cam plants the mementos in the Bennetts ' house and , after Sarah discovers them , arrests Dylan . Cam comforts Sarah , and the two have a sexual interlude . Browsing through a summer camp scrapbook , Sarah discovers a sketch Cam drew that resembles The Executioner 's drawings ; her new suspicions are confirmed when she sneaks into Cam 's house and discovers Alan 's remains and a bloody knife . Sarah takes the knife and , after luring him out of Robin 's Halloween party , stabs Cam , who takes that same knife and stabs both Sarah and Robin . Sarah escapes to her house , but Cam pursues her and stabs Sarah again . Sarah , along with Dylan , turn the tables , however , stabbing Cam several times and slitting his throat . Four weeks later , a reconciled Sarah and Dylan leave Waterbury , with Robin showing their former house to two prospective buyers and their young daughter , who snaps the neck of a stray cat in the yard .
\n

\n Season 2 : Guilty Party ( 2017 ) ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Directed by \n Written by \n Original air date
\n 9 \n \n `` Six Feet Under '' \n Felipe Rodriguez \n Aaron Martin \n October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 )
\n Five years ago , a group of six summer camp counselors , Peter , Dawn , Noah , Susan , Andi and Talvinder drive beyond camp limits to party . That night , Susan tells the group that she 's found a good swimming hole , so the group follows her , but only Talivinder is excited about the find until she reaches the clearing , finding it lined with torches as Andi informs her that she is going to stand trial for being ' a nasty bitch ' . The other five members then drag what they think to be Talivinder 's dead body into the woods , until at the place where they plan to hide her body she regains consciousness . While Peter wants to take her to the hospital , Dawn refuses to let him take her and Noah tackles him , holding him down while Dawn drags Talivinder away . In the present , the five counselors are burdened by the guilt of what happened , and must return to the former camp , now a commune , to remove and destroy Talivinder 's body when they learn that a resort is going to built on the land , running the risk of having the body be discovered . The group gets a ride up to the commune thanks to the outfitter Gene and his snowmobiles . The people there , Antoine and Renee , the founders of the commune , and Mark , Glen , Judith , Wren , and Kiera , the communes members , are surprised that they have decided to visit in winter . Gene is killed when he goes to the isolated sauna and is surprised by a parka - clad person wielding a chainsaw . When the former counselors go to the site where Talivinder 's body was supposed to be hidden , they find it has disappeared . 5 years ago ( sometime prior to her death ) Talivinder is the newest counselor at the summer camp and Andi is showing her the camp , and Talvinder begins making advances on her boyfriend Peter . Back in the present , Andi is angered by Peter 's optimistic view about rekindling their relationship after going to the police . Searching for the body , Andi finds Talivinder 's skeletal corpse suspended from nearby trees and gets knocked out . Peter later leaves to search for Andi , finding her with her throat slit . Peter returns to the commune with news of Andi 's death , while Antoine tries and fails to contact the outside world via land line . When the former counselors return to their cabin , they find someone has written the words ' I know you killed her ' in blood over their mantle . 5 years ago , after the discovery that Talivinder was still alive and dragged back to the hiding place , she calls out to Peter , repeatedly , that she still loves him . This angers Andi , and she finishes off Talivinder by smashing her head with a rock .
\n 10 \n \n `` Between Good and Evil '' \n Felipe Rodriguez \n Jana Sinyor \n October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) Susa
\n Two years prior to the present , Susan and her husband Luke are walking down the street when they are approached by Andi . After Luke misunderstands the situation and leaves to let the two of them talk , Susan confronts Andi , telling her to stay away as she will defend her new family to death if necessary . In the present , the group clean up the bloody message while Antoine and Renee go looking for Gene , only to find a gruesome snowman decorated with his dismembered body parts . 5 years ago , sometime after Talvinder became a counselor , she and Susan are setting up a fortune telling booth for a camp carnival event . Susan is n't happy about working with her because she thinks she 's too clingy and desperate , and Dawn admonishes her for disliking Talivinder . In the present , the group create a story , in case the commune members are suspicious about Andi 's murder , and Judith and Wren have a quiet chat , where Wren expresses his concern about her after almost walking in on her cutting herself in the bathroom , until Antoine comes in to announce a meeting between both groups . After announcing the discovery of Gene 's body , Antoine , Renee and Pete go out to the snowmobiles to see if they can go for help , only to find all the gas has been siphoned from them . 5 years ago , before the camp carnival is to begin , Talivinder attempts to seduce Susan , but Susan retorts that she sees right through her , angering Talvinder . In the present , the counselor group are unpleasantly surprised when Dawn reveals she has a gun , having packed it just in case . Noah finds a box on the commune 's doorstep , with a note saying ' Stay Warm ! ' attached , that is stuffed with Gene 's bloody clothes . After this discovery , Susan gets angry so she and Noah attempt to walk back to Gene 's store to go for help in her SUV. 5 years ago at the camp carnival , the fortune teller 's booth is trashed and Talvinder accuses Susan of doing it , though Susan tries to protest her innocence . In the present , Susan and Noah discover that the phone line was cut , preventing anyone from calling for help . Renee discusses the disappearance of Talvinder with the commune group , as it caused Renee 's mother to shut down the camp 3 years prior because parents would n't send their kids anymore . Antoine gets suspicious of the former counselors , as the story they gave fits the disappearance 's timeline . After getting too cold and lost in the dark , Susan and Noah are forced to return to the commune , Noah suffering from severe frostbite on his toes . Dawn is surprised during the night by someone trying to get into the cabin , so she fires through the door , alerting the people behind it , Mark and Kiera , to the fact that the counselor group has a gun , angering Renee and demanding the truth from Noah and Susan . Five years ago , while discussing Talvinder 's accusation , Susan leads Andi through the woods to show her Peter and Talvinder having sex . In the present , Peter convinces Dawn to give up the gun , surrendering it to the commune group , but Antoine and Renee take the gun when he ca n't provide a good reason for having it and kick out Susan and Noah to the counselor cabin , telling them not to come back for any reason . When Susan tries to argue with Dawn , claiming innocence in Talvinder 's death , Dawn reminds her she came up with the idea for the trial that went wrong . 5 years ago , Susan tries to comfort Andi after seeing her boyfriend cheat on her , telling her the only way to beat Talvinder is to think like her , to come up with a plan to ensure she never does anything like that again . In the present , Susan left the cabin to go for a walk and is shot by a knock - out dart. 5 years ago , when Talvinder is discovered to be still alive , she apologizes to Susan and begs for her help while Dawn demands to know what to do next , so Susan panics and runs away . In the present , Susan is dragged by her hair by the parka - clad person to a spot where her eyes are gouged out with a broken pipe and her neck is snapped . Juliet is shocked awake when she discovers Wren in her room , though he had come to stand watch over her through the night . Mark and Kiera discover Susan 's body . Two years ago , when Andi tried to talk to Susan , Susan says that the reason she seems so together is that she pretends that Talvinder 's death never happened , dismissing Andi 's concerns about living with the consequences as ' some of us have more to regret than others ' .
\n 11 \n \n `` Saint Sebastian '' \n Felipe Rodriguez \n James Hurst \n October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 )
\n Three years ago , Antoine , Renee and her girlfriend are going home after a night out . When Antoine walks home alone through an alley , a man in a pickup truck pulls up and insults him about his homosexuality . When the man starts beating him up , Antoine fights back and beats him down before putting his head in his car door and kicking it into him . In the present , after discovering Susan 's body , the two groups begin accusing the others of the murders . Glen lets Noah bunk with him while Dawn and Peter bunk in other rooms . Dawn takes the opportunity , when Judith , her roommate , leaves to get extra blankets to retrieve her gun . Antoine says to Renee that he needs to show her something , and outside he shows her Talvinder 's body in a locked trunk . He had found it last summer while looking for mushrooms in the woods . after he stumbled across it in the woods months prior and he had to hide it to ensure the land deal went through . But after that , he was concerned he 'd left evidence on it and would be accused of her murder so he had to keep it . Renee is angry that Antoine has hidden this from her but agrees to keep the body a secret . Glen gives Noah some drugs for the pain from his frostbite , but makes sure he promises that he wo n't tell anyone he has them , as illicit drugs are banned from the house and spies on Noah from the bathroom keyhole as he is changing . 3 years ago , Antoine is trying to dispose of the evidence of the homophobic man 's murder when Renee invites him over to smoke weed . He expresses his frustration with city life , and Renee tells him about some land her family has that they could use to build their own open community . In the present , Antoine and Renee go out with an auger to hide Talinder 's body , but the ground is frozen and Antoine tries to tear her corpse apart to bury her in different locations . When he fails , Renee convinces him to turn over the body to the police and hide it in the trunk again until they can . Renee , Dawn , Peter , Mark and Glen hike to Glen 's shop to get to the SUV that brought the counselor group there , and Dawn misplaces her gun after Noah is seen holding a similar gun . Juliet finds a note from Wren on her bed that is seemingly romantic in tone . While looking for pain relief , Noah accidentally discovers more of Glen 's pills , one with the name Benny Ironside on the prescription label . The group arrives at Gene 's store , but find his phone line is n't functional because he did n't pay the bill , and the SUV 's battery is dead because Dawn left the lighted mirror over her seat on . Keira discovers Talvinder 's severed hand when going for firewood , which enrages Antoine into confronting and attacking Noah because he was the only member of the counselor group left behind , demanding he tell everything about what happened 5 years ago and why they came back . Noah blames Owen , and before Antoine can hurt him anymore , the group comes back , shocking Renee with his display of violence . Antoine apologizes to her , but refuses her help as he leaves to hide the body . He runs into Judith in the hall , who wanted to discuss his observation of her and Wren earlier , but says it 's natural to want to escape in this situation and he believes it 's harmless . When her gets to the trunk , he finds it empty , and is surprised by the parka - clad person , who knocks him down by pushing over the auger , impaling him in the stomach before turning it on and tearing his insides apart . Glen goes back to his room and Noah confronts him about the different name on the pill bottle . Glen identifies the pills as warfarin , an extremely expensive medication he received for free from a compassion clinic , and they had to print random names on the labels because the practice is considered illegal . Noah does n't believe the story , so Glen warns him not to go through his things again . As Glen prepares some meat for his meal , a piece he puts into the pan has one of Antoine 's tattoos , leading Renee to the shocking revelation that Antoine is dead .
\n 12 \n \n `` Night of Hunters '' \n Felipe Rodriguez \n Story by : Aaron Martin Teleplay by : Naledi Jackson \n October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 )
\n One year ago , Glen is in prison , talking to a confident new inmate while working out , advising him to seek allies . In the present , Glen is throwing up in a sink after the discovery that the meat he was cooking and eating was Antoine . Mark and Renee go out to the shed where Antoine was killed , finding the bloody auger and the rest of his remains in the trunk that was used to hide Talvinder 's body . Judith comforts the grieving Renee , convincing her to take some pills to let her sleep . Mark visits with Dawn , returning the gun Antoine took so she could have it for protection . When Glen angers Noah , he reveals to Kiera and Peter that Glen has a prescription with a different name , but ca n't find in his drawer when tries to show them . This makes Kiera suspicious , so she orders him to stay in Glen 's room until further notice . Kiera and Peter are surprised by a stranger in a parka outside , who they chase down , only to find it to be a woman named Megan McCalister , who claims to be on a memorial trek for her best friend Gail who died of leukemia . Renee is suspicious and strikes her with a statue , giving her a concussion , refusing to listen Kiera trying to tell her Megan was telling the truth because she found a park permit dated the day before at 8 am , from a station 50 kilometers away . When Renee keeps trying to hurt or tie Megan up , Kiera orders her out of the room to tend to Megan . 6 months ago at Glen 's prison , the cocky new inmate is about to be released , saying his first stop on the outside will be a few months in Tamarind Bluffs , and gives Glen a picture postcard from the place . In the present , Peter informs Megan about what 's been happening and she , reluctantly , agrees to help with a trek back down to the main road , but only if the blizzard is gone by morning . In the night , Noah decides to try and get into Glen 's RV in order to find evidence to prove his suspicions about Glen being the killer . 2 months ago , Glen surprises the cocky inmate by visiting him in his RV . That night , as the two are talking , the inmate tells Glen he intends to join an intended community for a fresh start and Glen says he wants to come along too . In the present , Noah sees the freezer in the back has blood on it and opens it for a surprising sight . He takes a picture of it and flees . He tries to get back to the commune , but struggles because he went out in only a hoodie , and is grabbed by a person in black . Noah and Glen 's absence is noticed at dinner , so Peter and Kiera go to look for him . 2 months ago , the cocky inmate is annoyed by Glen 's antics and does n't want him around anymore to remind him of his time in jail . Glen tells him he 's tired and that he 'll drive , pulling him in for a deep kiss , but the inmate breaks it , saying the best day of his life was his release , as it meant he would n't have to look at or touch Glen anymore . This angers Glen , and in his rage he kills him . In the present , Noah is tied up with duct tape as Glen is revealed to be the one who abducted him and is holding him in an abandoned school bus . At the commune , Megan suffers a psychotic break , seeing hallucinations and vomiting before throwing herself down the stairs and breaking her neck . Mark finds toxic berries in Megan 's soup , putting suspicion on Dawn as she was the one who ladled out the soup . Kiera and Peter get to the RV and find the inmate 's body in the freezer . 2 months ago , Glen made it to the commune and is accepted under the dead inmate 's name , revealing ' Glen ' is his false identity and Bruce Ironsides as his real name . In the present , Glen rapes Noah .
\n 13 \n 5 \n `` Out of the Frying Pan '' \n Felipe Rodriguez \n Lucie Pag\u00e9 \n October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 )
\n Five years ago , Talvinder ( Melinda Shankar ) is building tents , having trouble , so Noah ( Jim Watson ) helps her out selflessly . She comes on to him a bit , conning him into doing stuff for her . The picture of the hideous acts which later occurred is being painted , one stroke at a time . Not long later , Noah sees Tal heading into the woods with a beer and friends . Peter ( Lovell Adams - Gray ) and him both have a thing for her , obviously the former has a better idea of what was going on . Now , Noah 's lying in a bus after being raped by Glenn ( Actually Benny Ironside ) ( Ty Olsson ) . While his captor sleeps , he picks up a kettle and tries beating him with it . That does n't go over well , at all . Out at the camper , Peter and the others have found the corpse in the freezer . They look around to find any clues about who it was , who owns the camper . They find the actual Glenn Morgan 's ID . Judith ( Leslie Hope ) tends to Megan 's dead body when Wren ( Sebastian Pigott ) shows up . He believes that anything could happen now . Out in the living room , Dawn ( Paula Brancati ) is still standing accused of poisoning the woman , denying it to Ren\u00e9e ( Joanne Vannicola ) and Mark ( Paulino Nunes ) . This is when Peter and Keira ( Madison Cheeatow ) come to tell them about Glenn 's true identity , which is n't totally received so hot right away . But some of them will go looking for Benny . Speaking of , he 's strangling Noah to death . His victim manages to toss a bit of fire around and lights the place up , trapping his captor inside the bus . Benny gets out , not before Noah escapes for the time being . Cut back to five years ago , when the group of friends has taken Tal out to the forest , calling her out . Andi ( Rebecca Liddiard ) , Dawn , and Susan ( Kaitlyn Leeb ) lead them . She 's sentenced to spend a night out there alone with nothing , just what she 's wearing . She pleads to Noah , getting no help . Present day again . Everyone 's looking for Noah now , the bus burning in the distance . They hear him screaming for them . Benny takes off further in the darkness . He goes back to the cabins , breaking through the window and strangling Ren\u00e9e until she 's unconscious . Judith runs and hides from him as he stalks her through the halls . Thankfully , Ren\u00e9e puts a bullet in the big guy , incapacitating him for the time being . Benny 's in trouble , tied to a chair , helpless . When Mark comes out with food and water , he has questions for him . He asks about the snowmobile , the poison in the food . He claims he 's not a killer . He fesses up to one murder , naturally , that he 's Mr. Ironside , saying that killing Glenn was n't a planned thing . Meanwhile , Keira and Dawn help Noah get his clothes off and clean up . This is when the women discover he 's been raped , as well . Back to five years ago again , as Tal chases after the group pleading for them not to leave . They taunt her while they go . Peter protests , whereas Noah calls her a skank and starts a fight with him . Before they leave , Tal brings up something about Susan , a girl named Marcy Rae ; they made out , and when Susan outed her she killed herself . Plus , Tal trots out everyone 's secrets , blackmailing them to take her back out of the woods . Noah yells at her , prompting her to call him pathetic , going hard at him . So he runs after her , angry enough to kill . Present day . Ren\u00e9e , Peter , and Mark discuss what to do next . They realize that Benny may not be the serial killer . So , what 's their best option ? Could lure the real killer using him . Ren\u00e9e 's fixing to get answers of him , believing he killed Antoine , and she starts slicing the guy up with a box cutter . And she 's barred the door so nobody can get inside . Soon , he admits to it just to try ending the torture . This is when she peels a strip off his arm , followed by cutting his throat open . Outside , Noah finds a fire going . But it 's not any of his friends there . He 's stumbled onto the parka killer , who tosses gas on him and lights him ablaze . Immediately we cut back to Noah charging after Tal that night five years ago . He tears her shirt open , then he 's about to rape her right on the truck . Peter rushes in and hauls him off . This sends Tal running into the woods , the others shocked at their friend 's actions . Peter punches him in the face before going after Tal . This has everyone actually worried about the girl instead of murderous . Present day once more . Everyone wakes up , wondering if they 're safe since Benny is dead . Nobody can find Noah , though . Peter and Keira head out to look , coming to the remains of the fire : Noah on top of Tal 's skeletal remains .
\n 14 \n 6 \n `` Drone '' \n Felipe Rodriguez \n Floyd Kane \n October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 )
\n Back in the past , Mark ( Paulino Nunes ) is having sex in the kitchen with Stephanie , taking pictures . It 's in a restaurant , not far from the staff just outside . In through the door comes a scruffy looking dude ( Dean McDermott ) . He 's pissed at Mark , whose client killed his son in a drunk driving incident ; he obviously got the guy off for the death . The lawyer claims he was just doing a job , but this is not the end . Moments later , the man blows Stephanie 's brains out in front of everybody . He points the gun at Mark , shooting him twice , before turning the gun on himself . Back to the retreat , where Peter ( Lovell Adams - Grey ) and Keira ( Madison Cheeatow ) have found the corpse of Talvinder ( Melinda Shankar ) with a burned up Noah ( Jim Watson ) underneath . Turns out he 's still alive . They get him inside , trying to help with his burn wounds . A brutal situation . Mark 's having troubles due to his flashbacks to that day he was shot . Worse , Noah needs a hospital , he can barely breath without a tube getting shoved down his throat . Outside a plane flies over ; they do n't get its attention , though they start making an SOS signal out of branches and logs in hopes it 'll circle back , and that they 'll be ready . Mark also wants to build a couple fires to make smoke signals , so Peter and Dawn ( Paula Brancati ) head further into the woods . Inside , Wren ( Sebastian Pigott ) reveals a bit of an inner dark side , he does n't care that there 's a man burned up , dying in front of them , whereas Judith ( Leslie Hope ) hates to see Noah in pain ; she does n't care what the young man did before . Out in the woods , Dawn steps right into a bear trap . They ca n't open it . Peter offers to head back . Although now this leaves her all alone . She has a gun , but that 'll only do so good . She nearly shoots Mark when he turns up , then Peter gets back , too . They manage to get her out . But her leg 's completely broken . She and Mark get closer now , bonding during a terrifying experience , isolated out there . Keira straight out asks Peter if they killed that girl five years ago . From his burned up state , Noah tells Peter that it 's his fault . He admits to his part in what happened , telling Keira it was largely his fault . Downstairs Mark comes to confront everybody . He believes that one of them is the killer , someone in that cabin . He talks about being an attorney before , paid to be a nasty shark . He wants to root out the killer by questioning everybody . However , they 're not happy with that . Nobody 's gon na do that , certainly not Ren\u00e9e ( Joane Vannicola ) . Yet he 's pretty keen on it . He offers for him to represent We Live As One and Dawn to represent the group of friends during this little mock trial . Mark stats with Keira . He figures out eventually she had a patient die on her watch once when she was an ER nurse . She 'd been working a long shift , she messed up , and that was that . Next is Wren . He 's pretty combative and has nothing to say . Judith is n't totally forthcoming , Mark asks her about her strong prescription drugs and she passes it off . He pushes her a bit hard , getting personal , to the point Dawn is n't on board . Judith yells at him . Then comes Ren\u00e9e . She would 've had no reason to kill Antoine , however , Mark wo n't let her forget that she killed Benny , torturing him to death . Mark questions Dawn about why they came up there . She 's honest , explaining they were coming up to find the remains , to move them before the resort was built . She does n't show any remorse . Claims it was an accident and goes on about how Talvinder was n't innocent . Whatever relationship they 'd started building together has fallen apart , as Mark rages at her . When he goes to interrogate Peter , they 've all had enough of him stirring the place into madness . Everybody 's slowly starting to crumble , turning against one another . This leads to the lawyer pulling out that gun ; an interesting parallel to the opening scene . Simultaneously , Noah chokes to death , succumbing to his brutal wounds . Ren\u00e9e puts aside the anger , asking Mark to go with her someplace . She tells him , vaguely , somebody said something they should n't have known about the past . They head out to a spot where there 's a small cabin . She heads in while he stays out , guarding with the gun . This is when we flash back two years ago , Mark first coming to We Live As One . He meets Antoine ( Christopher Jacot ) , Ren\u00e9e , Judith , as they welcome him with open arms . They 're all bright eyed , bushy tailed , ready to live an alternative lifestyle in the midst of nature . Quite different from how it is now . Especially with a chainsaw revving in the distance . Ren\u00e9e finds a box of things from 2012 marked Camp Motega . She looks through it and comes across the files of the group of friends , from Andi ( Rebecca Liddiard ) to Talvinder to Dawn and the rest . And then we see Wren . Outside the killer , covered in blood , arrives on snowmobile . He runs Mark down hard . Then he puts a couple bullets into Ren\u00e9e as she runs away . She does n't make it very far . The killer takes the file from her , then we hear the sounds of him running her over , the wet sounds of the blood , her last scream .
\n 15 \n 7 \n `` Dawn of the Dead '' \n Felipe Rodriguez \n Amanda Fahey \n October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 )
\n Five years ago , Talvinder ( Melinda Shankar ) and Dawn ( Paula Brancati ) are close . Talking together about the future , what it 'll be like fully entering adulthood , how they should move in together . A macabre match cut takes us from Dawn twirling her fingers through Tal 's living hair to the dead hair on the corpse 's head . Then she winds up toppling the remains over onto her . Meanwhile , Peter ( Lovell Adams - Gray ) and Keira ( Madison Cheeatow ) have found the snowmobile , covered in blood and gore . Plus , no gas , no Ren\u00e9e ( Joanne Vannicola ) -- well , at least not much . Suspicions are high , Keira wonders if it was Dawn who could be the killer , even if Peter is n't convinced . Jump back to five years prior . Dawn and the other counselors teach kids to do all kinds of stuff , like archery . She was particularly close to one dude , Ryan . This is also when we see Owen ( Wren ) talking to Tal , pressing her to go out with him , being creepy . Nothing gets any better at the retreat . Peter thinks Mark is the killer . Mark finds one of the pictures from the files on Ren\u00e9e , and it 's Peter . Five years ago again . Tal and Dawn talk about the latter sleeping with a married man ; her stepfather , in fact . She wrecked her own home , doing it to get back at her mother . At Camp Motega , she did n't want to add to her body count , and so she intended on taking it slow with Ryan . This is where we see her bonding , deeply , with Tal . At the cabin , Mark puts a pill in Peter 's beer , as they all sit around trying to forget their grim reality , at least for a moment . They try a game of Never Have I Ever . He has a flashback to five years before , he and Tal lying together out in the woods . She tells him about moving in with Dawn when they go back home , what they ought to do about their relationship . He made some promises , ones he appears to want to go back on . Breaking her heart a bit . Later , she listens to Dawn talking lovingly of Ryan , and she laments the love she just lost . And the drugs are kicking in on Peter . He stumbles outside , so Mark locks the door . Dawn was a part of it , of course . Keira 's the only one who seems to not believe in what the others are sure of already . Things are getting really ugly . Go back five years . Dawn wants Tal to talk her up to Ryan . The trusted friend goes to him , trying to work her magic . He asks if Dawn ever mentions him . She gives him a generic answer , not talking Dawn up whatsoever . Tal 's doing what she does , acting deviously behind the backs of the people who seem to like her ; she lies about Dawn 's stepfather , making it out to look like she was molested . In the woods , Peter is stumbling , drugged on ketamine , out in the cold . At the cabins , Wren and Judith ( Leslie Hope ) hook up in one room . In the living room , Dawn tries getting closer to Mark , in a genuine way , talking to him about her past . She also admits that all that 's happened is because of her , her friends . She wants to own up to the guilt . Five years ago , once more . Tal lies to Dawn that she 's not Ryan 's type because he likes really skinny , small girls . This clearly devastates her friend . That night , Dawn gets drunk and starts getting a bit wild in front of everyone , talking to Ryan . But he mentions the stepfather stuff , and then she realizes her friend is not actually her friend . Out in the woods , Peter comes across a shrine , bloody , candles lit . Above it is a mannequin , hanging by the neck . Back at the retreat , Judith finds the gun in Wren 's jacket ; the one the killer supposedly took from Ren\u00e9e . She nearly uses it on him , deciding not to at the last moment . Peter goes back to the cabin , more information now , but when Dawn lets him inside Mark runs at him , knocking him out . After that Keira is pissed . She believes maybe Mark is the killer now . Yet there 's a piece of Andi 's hair in Peter 's pocket . So strange , so creepy . Go back again , five years ago . Dawn and the other girls plot against Tal . They go from silly little pranks , to more serious things . They want to scare the life out of her . They decide to put her on trial , leaving her in the woods to walk home alone . Present day , Judith 's having trouble , worried Wren is the killer . She considers blowing her own brains out , until he finds her out there . He confesses his love for her . She says she loves him , too . However , when Mark comes running towards them , Wren shoots him in the head .
\n 16 \n 8 \n `` The Past is Never Dead '' \n Felipe Rodriguez \n Aaron Martin \n October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 )
\n Five years ago , Dawn ( Paula Brancati ) , Peter ( Lovell Adams - Gray ) and the rest of the friends are carefully enacting their calculated plan to get revenge on Talvinder ( Melinda Shankar ) . They take her out to that spot in the woods with the lit torches . They 've got her on trial . She 's made to stand in the middle of a circle . They all call her out , starting with Andi ( Rebecca Liddiard ) . Conveniently , Andi does n't blame Peter , which Tal uses against her . Susan ( Kaitlyn Leeb ) calls her nothing . Eventually Dawn has her say , feeling utterly betrayed ; she 's the one who really has the most genuine reason . Peter does n't bash her , instead apologizing to his girlfriend for what he 's done . Cut to a little later , when Noah ( Jim Watson ) almost rapes her on the truck . Then she 's rushing off into the woods , the others worried for her . But Tal wo n't turn back . She winds up tripping and smashing her head . They find her in a ditch . She seems dead , so they all react with horror . They drag her off , she 's still alive . Andi smashes her head , she still wo n't die . And Dawn takes the rock , smashing her once more . Noah takes his turn , as well . Laying the killing blow , it seems . Wren ( Sebastian Pigott ) is heading back to the cabin , after killing Mark , Judith ( Leslie Hope ) is pleading with him not to do anything else terrible . He 's bent on revenge . They let him take the fall for Talvinder 's disappearance . All she asks is that Keira is left alive . Back at the cabins , Judith reels off a lie about Mark , that he was going to kill her . And she says she shot him . Taking the blame . Lulling Dawn in . Except the young woman does n't believe it , she knows it 's lies . Five years ago . The friends are reeling in the aftermath of what they 've done , people are asking where Tal has gone . They 're trying to figure out the next course of action . Their lives changed for the worse , and they had to either deal or go to prison for the rest of their lives . Present day , the gang at the retreat hear a snowmobile . A woman named Janice arrives looking for her boyfriend , Gene . She thinks We Live As One are a cult , but Peter tries explaining , asking for help . Janice has room for one on her machine ; Judith tries desperately to send Keira , only Keira wo n't have it , wanting it to be Dawn , so she might get medical attention . But Wren , he 's intent on killing more . He wants Judith to help and she wo n't , he starts getting worse . He 's a sad , lonely , murderous man . He says she 'll die alone and she grabs him , throwing him at the mirror . Except nobody 's there . Just her . Soon , Peter and Keira find her , bloodied , unconscious . They put her to bed , then decide they 've got to find Mark 's corpse , confirm he 's dead . Peter heads out while she stays to look after Judith . Judith has worse problems . She continually hears Wren in her head , commanding her . We jump back five years . Wren a.k.a Owen leaves his cabin at Camp Motega , and in slips Dawn to drop a piece of Tal 's jewelry into his things . Present day , Peter comes across Mark 's dead body . Nearby he sees the footprints , he tries re-imagining the crime . He knows something 's not right . Elsewhere , Dawn and Janice try getting out of the forest , but they stop a moment across the way from the parka killer , who fires on both women , bleeding Janice out . Dawn makes it away , though she 's soon shot in the river . Who 's behind the mask ? Judith . At the cabin , Peter finds Keira unconscious , propane filling the house . Then he sees a bunch of letters in Judith 's room . They 're from Wren , in jail . To his mother , Judith . Peter does the only thing he can , carrying Keira through the woods . Only to run into Judith . She says one lives , the other dies . A tough choice . We 're finally seeing the full extent of things now after a flashback , why the noose was in that shrine Peter found -- Judith has hallucinated Owen , the entire time . He hanged himself in jail . Peter puts the noose around his neck and steps from the ledge over the shrine , hanging himself as Judith watches , flashing to images of her son slowly dying . But another surprise , as well -- up the river , Dawn is still alive , on shore , and two hunters find her there bleeding profusely . When Keira wakes up she sees Peter hanging . She also finds a letter Peter wrote to Talvinder 's parents , confessing to the crime , trying to give them closure . Admitting that Owen was innocent , they laid the crime on him . Skip ahead a bit : Keira is safe , back home . She meets with Dawn , who 's preparing to turn herself in to the police , to atone for her terrible sins . From a distance , Judith watches them , still followed by the haunting ghost of her son . Neither of them have forgotten Dawn , they 'll wait until she 's free .
\n

\n Development and production ( edit )

\n

\n Aaron Martin was inspired to write Slasher after his work on the first season of the medical series Saving Hope , including his writing of two Hope episodes where , in his words , `` people got chopped up . '' Martin would write the first episode of Slasher as a spec script , with two intentions for doing so : To offer it to prospective studios , and to show a writing style that was different from his previous work ( e.g. Saving Hope , Degrassi : The Next Generation , Being Erica ) . Though the script did not receive immediate interest , Shaftesbury Films would discover and option it to prospective broadcasters . The script would land at Canadian premium network Super Channel , who , their interest piqued in part by Slasher 's fixed - end format , would order it as a series . The American network Chiller , which specializes in the horror / thriller genre , would join in production sometime after Super Channel ; Slasher would be Chiller 's first foray into original scripted series content .

\n

\n Production on Slasher 's 8 - episode first season was announced on July 28 , 2015 , with filming taking place between then and October 2015 . Three Northern Ontario municipalities -- the cities of Sudbury and Sault Ste . Marie and the town of Parry Sound -- would stand in for the show 's fictitious location , the town of Waterbury . A first trailer for the series would be released on November 26 , 2015 .

\n

\n Unlike most TV series that film their episodes in order , Slasher , under the direction of Craig David Wallace , was shot as if it were a `` super-sized '' movie : Scenes from multiple episodes were shot at the same time , with the availability of locations and cast being factored in . The out - of - order schedule allowed the actors to know of their characters ' fates , especially those who had to film their death scenes one day but return later to film earlier scenes as necessary . As an example of this , Martin cited Mark Ghanim\u00e9 's first day on set , when his character , Justin Faysal , was laid out in a casket for a scene early in Slasher 's third episode ( Justin 's death , which took place in Episode 2 , would be filmed later on ) .

\n

\n On May 1 , 2017 , Slasher began filming a second season in Orangeville , Ontario , Canada . Shaftesbury Films confirmed that the series will not be returning to Super Channel or Chiller for a second season . However , Netflix acquired the rights to the second season . The second season was released via Netflix on October 17 , 2017 .

\n

\n Reception ( edit )

\n

\n Slasher has received positive reviews . Zap2it called the series `` a whole lot of fun '' and `` something for everyone , '' praising the series ' anthology nature , its cast of characters , storyline , plot twists , bloody violence , and even the series - within - the - series Falcon Husbandry ( shown as a favorite of Robin and Justin 's in Episode 2 ) . Bloody Disgusting awarded the show four skulls out of five , praising Katie McGrath as a great `` protagonist and possible final girl '' and the series ' decision to feature an adult cast , rather than teenagers , with well - developed characters and a `` decidedly classic '' presentation . On the occasion of Slasher 's Super Channel premiere , The Globe and Mail 's John Doyle , while remarking that it `` is no masterpiece of horror , nor was it meant to be , '' called the show `` very well - crafted , '' praising its `` exceptional cast '' and tight pacing , and noting fans of gory horror will appreciate its bloody scenes .

\n

\n Awards and accolades ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Award \n \n Nominee ( s ) \n Result
\n 2017 \n 5th Annual Canadian Screen Awards \n Best TV Movie or Limited Series \n Slasher \n Nominated
\n Best Direction in a Dramatic Program or Limited Series \n Nominated
\n Best Writing in a Dramatic Program or Limited Series \n Nominated
\n Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Program or Limited Series \n Steve Byers \n Nominated
\n Best Performance by an Actress in a Featured Supporting Role in a Dramatic Program or Series \n Wendy Crewson \n Won
\n

\n International broadcast ( edit )

\n

\n On May 25 , 2016 , the entire first season of Slasher became available to stream instantly on Netflix US . On October 17 , 2017 , the full second season of Slasher became available to stream on Netflix in various countries .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Brzoznowski , Kristin . `` Super Channel Sets April Premiere for Original Series Slasher '' . TVDrama.ws . World Screen ( WSN Inc . ) . Retrieved 6 March 2016 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Chiller and Shaftesbury Announce Start of Production and Cast for `` Slasher '' `` . The Futon Critic . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Lights , camera , action ... ' Slasher ' TV series begins filming in Orangeville '' . Orangeville Banner . May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Slasher returns for a second season '' . Playback Online . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Moore , Kasey ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` October 2017 New Netflix Releases '' . WhatsonNetlix . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Urqyhart - White , Alaina ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Is ' Slasher 2 : Guilty Party ' A True Story ? The Netflix Series Honors Some Legendary Horror Classics '' . Bustle . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Patrick Hipes . `` Chiller Unveils First Original Series ' Slasher ' , More New Movies '' . Deadline Hollywood .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Slasher delivers a good old - fashioned murder mystery , '' from The TV Junkies , 3 / 3 / 2016
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : `` A Conversation with ' Slasher ' Creator Aaron Martin , '' from TheTelevixen , 3 / 4 / 2016
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Katie McGrath , Brandon Jay McLaren , Wendy Crewson & More To Star In Chiller 's Anthology Series ' Slasher ' '' . TVWise .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Apr 1 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Steve Byers on Twitter : `` Welcome to Waterbury Canada . # Slasher starts any minute on @ SuperChannel @ SlasherSeries '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Slasher Premieres With Two Back - to - Back Episodes , '' from TheTeleVixen.com , 3 / 2 / 2016
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : Recap for Slasher Season 1 , Episode 3 from ChillerTV.com
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : Mario Giglio . `` Slasher : Chiller stellt Cast seiner Horrorserie auf '' . Serienjunkies ( in German ) .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Recap of Chiller Season 1 , Episode 6 from ChillerTV.com
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : `` John Doyle : If gore 's your thing , Slasher will slay you , '' from The Globe and Mail , 4 / 3 / 2016
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Erin Karpluk Ventures Into New Territory on ' Slasher ' , '' from TheTelevixen.com , 3 / 25 / 2016
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Recap of Slasher Season 1 , Episode 2 from ChillerTV.com
    19. \n
  19. \n ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.4. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link )
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.11. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link )
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.18. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.25. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.1. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 4 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link )
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.8. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link )
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Friday Final Nationals : CBS and ABC Lead Prime Time '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 8 , 2016 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Mario Giglio ( November 27 , 2015 ) . `` Slasher : Erster Trailer zur Horrorserie von Chiller '' . Serienjunkies .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Aaron Martin Talks Slasher 's First Season And Teases The Finale , '' from TheTeleVixen , 4 / 15 / 2016
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` ' Slasher ' : Guts & gore galore and 5 more reasons to watch Chiller 's first scripted series '' . Zap2it.com . March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` ( TV Review ) Chiller 's ' Slasher ' Impresses With More Drama Than Kills ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 27 , 2016 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Nat Brehmer . `` New on Netflix : May 27th , 2016 '' . Wicked Horror . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 17 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Moore , Kasey ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` October 2017 New Netflix Releases '' . WhatsonNetlix . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 .
    32. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slasher_(TV_series)&oldid=819375334 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where was the first season of slasher filmed", "long_answers": ["On May 1 , 2017 , Slasher began filming a second season in Orangeville , Ontario , Canada . Shaftesbury Films confirmed that the series will not be returning to Super Channel or Chiller for a second season . However , Netflix acquired the rights to the second season . The second season was released via Netflix on October 17 , 2017 .\n", "The first season , retroactively subtitled The Executioner , was produced in association with the Canadian network Super Channel , Slasher was the first original series by U.S. TV channel Chiller , which premiered the series on Friday , March 4 , 2016 , at 9 : 00 pm EST . Super Channel aired the show 's Canadian premiere on April 1 , 2016 . The series first season , which centered on a mysterious figure billed as `` The Executioner '' terrorizing the fictional town of Waterbury , Canada , was filmed between July and October 2015 in Sudbury , Parry Sound , and Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario .\n"], "short_answers": ["Orangeville , Ontario , Canada\n", "Sudbury , Parry Sound\n", "Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario\n", "Sudbury , Parry Sound , and Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario\n", "Sudbury , Parry Sound\n", "Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario\n", "Sudbury , Parry Sound , and Sault Ste . Marie , Ontario\n"]} {"text": "If a tree falls in a forest - wikipedia

\n If a tree falls in a forest

\n Jump to : navigation , search For the 2011 documentary , see If a Tree Falls : A Story of the Earth Liberation Front . A fallen tree in a forest

\n `` If a tree falls in a forest and no one is around to hear it , does it make a sound ? '' is a philosophical thought experiment that raises questions regarding observation and perception .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n Philosopher George Berkeley , in his work , A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge ( 1710 ) , proposes , `` But , say you , surely there is nothing easier than for me to imagine trees , for instance , in a park ( ... ) and nobody by to perceive them . ( ... ) The objects of sense exist only when they are perceived ; the trees therefore are in the garden ( ... ) no longer than while there is somebody by to perceive them . '' ( It is worth noting that the quote from section 45 is arguably a statement of an objection to Berkeley 's view , and not a proclamation of it . ) Nevertheless , Berkeley never actually wrote about the question .

\n

\n Some years later , a similar question is posed . It is unknown whether the source of this question is Berkeley or not . In June 1883 in the magazine The Chautauquan , the question was put , `` If a tree were to fall on an island where there were no human beings would there be any sound ? '' They then went on to answer the query with , `` No . Sound is the sensation excited in the ear when the air or other medium is set in motion . '' This seems to imply that the question is posed not from a philosophical viewpoint , but from a purely scientific one . The magazine Scientific American corroborated the technical aspect of this question , while leaving out the philosophic side , a year later when they asked the question slightly reworded , `` If a tree were to fall on an uninhabited island , would there be any sound ? '' And gave a more technical answer , `` Sound is vibration , transmitted to our senses through the mechanism of the ear , and recognized as sound only at our nerve centers . The falling of the tree or any other disturbance will produce vibration of the air . If there be no ears to hear , there will be no sound . ''

\n

\n Albert Einstein is reported to have asked his fellow physicist and friend Niels Bohr , one of the founding fathers of quantum mechanics , whether he realistically believed that ' the moon does not exist if nobody is looking at it . ' To this Bohr replied that however hard he ( Einstein ) may try , he would not be able to prove that it does , thus giving the entire riddle the status of a kind of an infallible conjecture -- one that can not be either proved or disproved .

\n

\n The current phrasing appears to have originated in the 1910 book Physics by Charles Riborg Mann and George Ransom Twiss . The question `` When a tree falls in a lonely forest , and no animal is near by to hear it , does it make a sound ? Why ? '' is posed along with many other questions to quiz readers on the contents of the chapter , and as such , is posed from a purely physical point of view .

\n

\n Metaphysics ( edit )

\n

\n The possibility of unperceived existence ( edit )

\n Main article : George Berkeley

\n Can something exist without being perceived ? -- e.g. `` is sound only sound if a person hears it ? '' The most immediate philosophical topic that the riddle introduces involves the existence of the tree ( and the sound it produces ) outside of human perception . If no one is around to see , hear , touch or smell the tree , how could it be said to exist ? What is it to say that it exists when such an existence is unknown ? Of course , from a scientific viewpoint , it exists . It is human beings that are able to perceive it . George Berkeley in the 18th century developed subjective idealism , a metaphysical theory to respond to these questions , coined famously as `` to be is to be perceived '' . Today meta - physicists are split . According to substance theory , a substance is distinct from its properties , while according to bundle theory , an object is merely its sense data . The definition of sound , simplified , is a hearable noise . The tree will make a sound , even if nobody heard it . The definition states that sound is a hearable noise . So the tree could have been heard , though nobody was around to do so .

\n

\n Knowledge of the unobserved world ( edit )

\n Main article : Observer - expectancy effect

\n Can we assume the unobserved world functions the same as the observed world ? -- e.g. , `` does observation affect outcome ? '' A similar question does not involve whether or not an unobserved event occurs predictably , like it occurs when it is observed . The anthropic principle suggests that the observer , just in its existence , may impose on the reality observed . However , most people , as well as scientists , assume that the observer does n't change whether the tree - fall causes a sound or not , but this is an impossible claim to prove . However , many scientists would argue as follows , `` A truly unobserved event is one which realises no effect ( imparts no information ) on any other ( where ' other ' might be e.g. , human , sound - recorder or rock ) , it therefore can have no legacy in the present ( or ongoing ) wider physical universe . It may then be recognized that the unobserved event was absolutely identical to an event which did not occur at all . '' ( this apparent quote has no attribution or reference and none can be found online with reasonable effort ) . Of course , the fact that the tree is known to have changed state from ' upright ' to ' fallen ' implies that the event must be observed to ask the question at all -- even if only by the supposed deaf onlooker . The British philosopher of science Roy Bhaskar , credited with developing critical realism has argued , in apparent reference to this riddle , that :

\n

\n If men ceased to exist sound would continue to travel and heavy bodies to fall to the earth in exactly the same way , though ex hypothesi there would be no - one to know it

\n

\n This existence of an unobserved real is integral to Bhaskar 's ontology , which contends ( in opposition to the various strains of positivism which have dominated both natural and social science in the twentieth century ) that ' real structures exist independently of and are often out of phase with the actual patterns of events ' . In social science , this has made his approach popular amongst contemporary Marxists -- notably Alex Callinicos -- who postulate the existence of real social forces and structures which might not always be observable .

\n

\n The dissimilarity between sensation and reality ( edit )

\n Main article : Qualia

\n What is the difference between what something is , and how it appears ? -- e.g. , `` sound is the variation of pressure that propagates through matter as a wave '' Perhaps the most important topic the riddle offers is the division between perception of an object and how an object really is . If a tree exists outside of perception then there is no way for us to know that the tree exists . So then , what do we mean by ' existence ' , what is the difference between perception and reality ? Also , people may also say , if the tree exists outside of perception ( as common sense would dictate ) , then it will produce sound waves . However , these sound waves will not actually sound like anything . Sound as it is mechanically understood will occur , but sound as it is understood by sensation will not occur . So then , how is it known that ' sound as it is mechanically understood ' will occur if that sound is not perceived ?

\n

\n Buddhist perspectives ( edit )

\n Tibetan ( edit )

\n from The Thirty - Seven Bodhisattva Practices by Ngulchu Thogme Zangpo ,

\n

\n `` 22 Appearances are one 's own mind . From the beginning , mind 's nature is free from the extremes of elaboration . Knowing this , not to engage the mind in subject - object duality is the bodhisattva 's practice . ''

\n Zen ( edit ) Hui - neng 's flag ( edit )

\n There is a well - known story of Hui - neng , a well - respected Buddhist monk who later became known as the founder of the Zen school , who one day happened to be passing by two monks .

\n
\n
\n `` Two monks were arguing about the temple flag waving in the wind . One said , `` The flag moves . '' The other said , `` The wind moves . '' They argued back and forth but could not agree .
\n
\n The Sixth Ancestor said , `` Gentlemen ! It is not the wind that moves ; it is not the flag that moves ; it is your mind that moves . '' The two monks were struck with awe . ''
\n
\n - The Mumonkan Case 29 , translation by Robert Aitken
\n
\n Hui - neng receives the dharma ( edit )

\n One day the monks at Huang - mei monastery were instructed to write a stanza in order that their master Hung - jen might decide who would inherit the dharma throne . All of the monks assumed that a certain senior disciple Shen - hsui would win and thus did n't even bother writing stanzas . Shen - hsui assumed he would win too , and wrote the following stanza on the monastery wall :

\n
\n
\n The body is a Bodhi tree ,
\n
\n the mind a standing mirror bright .
\n
\n At all times polish it diligently ,
\n
\n and let no dust alight .
\n
\n

\n Due to the danger surrounding him if he were to openly challenge the senior monk Shen - hsui , Hui - neng went out one night while it was completely dark and wrote the following stanza in secret :

\n
\n
\n Bodhi originally has no tree .
\n
\n The bright mirror also has no stand .
\n
\n Fundamentally there is not a single thing .
\n
\n Where could dust arise ?
\n
\n

\n Later , master Hung - jen saw this stanza and reaffirmed that he who had written it had indeed opened his mind 's eye . Finding it was Hui - neng , master Hung - jen then gave Hui - neng the secret dharma teachings of their lineage , which Hui - neng says completely opened his mind , and gave the young Hui - neng the dharma robe and stick , symbolizing his status as Patriarch of the lineage . Hung - jen told Hui - neng that he must then flee the monastery for fear of Shen - hsui and his followers killing Hui - neng . Hui - neng did as he was told and then later returned from living with some hunters to become The Sixth Patriarch and pass on The Dharma in such forms as The Sutra Spoken by The Sixth Patriarch . Hui - neng also started the Sudden School which taught that Mind is realized instantaneously while Shen - hsui started the Gradual School which taught , similar to his stanza above , a sort of dust - wiping meditation . Zen today embodies Hui - neng 's Sudden School style , particularly with Satori .

\n

\n Hinduism ( edit )

\n

\n The ancient Hindu texts , the Vedas and the Puranas , have defined several theories of creation -- one of them being the ' Drishti - srishti - vada ' ( Drishti = Sight , Srishti = Universe , Vada = Theory ) , which puts forth the argument that the universe , or that which is seen , arises only after the seer , and has no independent existence apart from the seer . The very name of the theory is derived from the order of precedence of sight and the seen -- first there is sight ( ' Drishti ' ) and then there is the seen ( ' Srishti ' ) .

\n

\n The famous 20th century Tamil saint Sri Ramana Maharshi , also made numerous references to the world being only a concept in the mind .

\n

\n `` The mind is like akasa ( space ) . Just as there are the objects in the akasa , so there are thoughts in the mind . The akasa is the counterpart of the mind and objects are of thought . One can not hope to measure the universe and study the phenomena . It is impossible . For the objects are mental creations ... The universe is only an object created by the mind and has its being in the mind . '' ( Talks with Sri Ramana Maharshi , pp. 478 -- 479 ) .

\n

\n `` The shrutis ( a subdivision of the Vedas ) and the sages say that the objects are only mental creations . They have no substantive being . Investigate the matter and ascertain the truth of the statement . The result will be the conclusion that the objective world is in the subjective consciousness . '' ( TWSRM , p. 479 ) .

\n

\n In popular culture ( edit )

\n

\n Canadian songwriter , social activist and environmentalist Bruce Cockburn poses the question in the chorus of his 1989 song `` If a Tree Falls '' and frames it with his lyrics as a pressing question regarding the cause and effect of deforestation .

\n

\n Washington - state - based wilderness conservatory Northwest Trek used a shortened form of the quote in its mid-1970s television advertisement , as such : `` There is no sound unless someone is there to see it or hear it . Experience it at Northwest Trek . ''

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge , 1734 . section 23 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge , 1734 . section 45 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Whether Berkeley thought objects continued to exist when unperceived by finite minds , and if so , in what manner , is the subject of serious debate among Berkeley scholars .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ The Chautauquan , June 1883 , Volume 3 , Issue 9 , p. 543
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Scientific American , April 5 , 1884 , pg 218 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Mann , Charles Riborg and George Ransom Twiss . Physics . Scott , Foresman and Co. , 1910 , p. 235 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : `` What is Philosophy ? -- Analysis '' , Plymouth State University , Philosophy Department
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Bhaskar , R. ( 2008 ( 1975 ) ) , A Realist Theory of Science , London : Verso , p. 21 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Bhaskar , R. ( 2008 ( 1975 ) ) , A Realist Theory of Science , London : Verso , p. 13 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Marsh , D. ( 2002 ) , `` Marxism '' , in Marsh D. Stoker , G. ( Eds . ) , Theory and Methods in Political Science , Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan , p. 159 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Marsh , D , & Furlong , P. ( 2002 ) , `` Ontology and Epistemology in Political Science '' , in Marsh D. Stoker , G. ( Eds . ) , Theory and Methods in Political Science , Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan , p. 31 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Callinicos , A. ( 2006 ) , The Resources of Critique , Cambridge : Polity , pp. 155 -- 158 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Watts 1962 , pp. 111 -- 113
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ A Buddhist Bible , `` Sutra Spoken by The Sixth Patriarch ''
    15. \n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_a_tree_falls_in_a_forest&oldid=812540716 '' Categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who said if a tree falls in the woods and nobody hears it", "long_answers": ["The current phrasing appears to have originated in the 1910 book Physics by Charles Riborg Mann and George Ransom Twiss . The question `` When a tree falls in a lonely forest , and no animal is near by to hear it , does it make a sound ? Why ? '' is posed along with many other questions to quiz readers on the contents of the chapter , and as such , is posed from a purely physical point of view .\n", "Philosopher George Berkeley , in his work , A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge ( 1710 ) , proposes , `` But , say you , surely there is nothing easier than for me to imagine trees , for instance , in a park ( ... ) and nobody by to perceive them . ( ... ) The objects of sense exist only when they are perceived ; the trees therefore are in the garden ( ... ) no longer than while there is somebody by to perceive them . '' ( It is worth noting that the quote from section 45 is arguably a statement of an objection to Berkeley 's view , and not a proclamation of it . ) Nevertheless , Berkeley never actually wrote about the question .\n"], "short_answers": ["Charles Riborg Mann\n", "George Ransom Twiss\n", "Charles Riborg Mann and George Ransom Twiss\n", "Philosopher George Berkeley\n"]} {"text": "Uralic languages - wikipedia

\n Uralic languages

\n Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Urali language . \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Uralic
\n Uralian languages
\n Geographic distribution \n Central , Eastern , and Northern Europe , North Asia
\n Linguistic classification \n One of the world 's primary language families
\n Proto - language \n Proto - Uralic
\n Subdivisions \n
    \n
  • \n Finnic
    • \n
  • \n Hungarian
    • \n
  • \n Khanty
    • \n
  • \n Mansi
    • \n
  • \n Mari
    • \n
  • \n Mordvinic
    • \n
  • \n Permic
    • \n
  • \n Sami
    • \n
  • \n Samoyedic
    • \n
\n
\n ISO 639 - 5 \n urj
\n Glottolog \n ural1272
\n Geographical distribution of the Uralic languages
\n

\n The Uralic languages ( / j\u028a\u0259\u02c8r\u00e6l\u026ak / ; sometimes called Uralian languages / j\u028a\u0259\u02c8re\u026ali\u0259n / ) form a language family of 38 languages spoken by approximately 25 million people , predominantly in Northern Eurasia . The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian , Finnish , and Estonian , which are the official languages of Hungary , Finland , and Estonia , respectively , and of the European Union . Other Uralic languages with significant numbers of speakers are Erzya , Moksha , Mari , Udmurt , and Komi , which are officially recognized languages in various regions of Russia .

\n

\n The name `` Uralic '' derives from the fact that the areas where the languages are spoken are found on both sides of the Ural Mountains . Also , the original homeland ( Urheimat ) is commonly hypothesized to be in the vicinity of the Urals .

\n

\n Finno - Ugric is sometimes used as a synonym for Uralic , though Finno - Ugric is widely understood to exclude the Samoyedic languages . Scholars who do not accept the traditional notion that Samoyedic split first from the rest of the Uralic family may treat the terms as synonymous .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n Further information : Proto - Uralic

\n Homeland ( edit )

\n Further information : Proto - Uralic homeland hypotheses

\n In recent times , linguists often place the Urheimat ( original homeland ) of the Proto - Uralic language in the vicinity of the Volga River , west of the Urals , close to the Urheimat of the Indo - European languages , or to the east and southeast of the Urals . Historian Gyula L\u00e1szl\u00f3 places its origin in the forest zone between the Oka River and central Poland . E. N. Set\u00e4l\u00e4 and M. Zsirai place it between the Volga and Kama Rivers . According to E. Itkonen , the ancestral area extended to the Baltic Sea . P. Hajdu has suggested a homeland in western and northwestern Siberia .

\n

\n Early attestations ( edit )

\n

\n The first plausible mention of a Uralic people is in Tacitus 's Germania ( c. 98 AD ) , mentioning the Fenni ( usually interpreted as referring to the Sami ) and two other possibly Uralic tribes living in the farthest reaches of Scandinavia . There are many possible earlier mentions , including the Iyrcae ( perhaps related to Yugra ) described by Herodotus living in what is now European Russia , and the Budini , described by Herodotus as notably red - haired ( a characteristic feature of the Udmurts ) and living in northeast Ukraine and / or adjacent parts of Russia . In the late 15th century , European scholars noted the resemblance of the names Hungaria and Yugria , the names of settlements east of the Ural . They assumed a connection but did not seek linguistic evidence .

\n

\n Uralic Studies ( edit )

\n The Siberian origin of Hungarians was long hypothesized by European scholars . Here , Sigismund von Herberstein 's 1549 map of Moscovia shows `` Yugra from where the Hungarians originated '' ( Iuhra inde ungaroru origo ) , east of the Ob River . The Ural Mountains in the middle of the maps are labeled Montes dicti Cingulus Terr\u00e6 ( `` The mountains called the Girdle of the Earth '' )

\n The affinity of Hungarian and Finnish was first proposed in the late 17th century . Two of the more important contributors were the German scholar Martin Vogel , who established several grammatical and lexical parallels between Finnish and Hungarian , and the Swedish scholar Georg Stiernhielm , who commented on the similarities of Sami , Estonian and Finnish , and also on a few similar words between Finnish and Hungarian . These two authors were the first to outline what was to become the classification of the Finno - Ugric , and later Uralic family . This proposal received some of its initial impetus from the fact that these languages , unlike most of the other languages spoken in Europe , are not part of what is now known as the Indo - European family .

\n

\n In 1717 , Swedish professor Olof Rudbeck proposed about 100 etymologies connecting Finnish and Hungarian , of which about 40 are still considered valid . In the same year , the German scholar Johann Georg von Eckhart , in an essay published in Leibniz 's Collectanea Etymologica , proposed for the first time a relation to the Samoyedic languages .

\n

\n In 1730 , Philip Johan von Strahlenberg published his book Das Nord - und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia ( The North and East Parts of Europe and Asia ) , surveying the geography , peoples and languages of Russia . All the main groups of the Uralic languages were already identified here . Nonetheless , these relationships were not widely accepted . Hungarian intellectuals especially were not interested in the theory and preferred to assume connections with Turkic tribes , an attitude characterized by Merritt Ruhlen as due to `` the wild unfettered Romanticism of the epoch '' . Still , in spite of this hostile climate , the Hungarian Jesuit J\u00e1nos Sajnovics travelled with Maximilian Hell to survey the alleged relationship between Hungarian and Sami . Sajnovics published his results in 1770 , arguing for a relationship based on several grammatical features . In 1799 , the Hungarian S\u00e1muel Gyarmathi published the most complete work on Finno - Ugric to that date .

\n Uralic languages in the Russian Empire ( Russian Census of 1897 ; the census was not held in Finland because it was an autonomous area )

\n Progress resumed after a number of decades , with the first major field research expeditions on the Uralic languages spoken in the more eastern parts of Russia . These were made in the 1840s by Matthias Castr\u00e9n ( 1813 -- 1852 ) and Antal Reguly ( 1819 -- 1858 ) , who focused especially on the Samoyedic and the Ob - Ugric languages , respectively . Reguly 's materials were worked on by the Hungarian linguist P\u00e1l Hunfalvy ( 1810 -- 1891 ) and German Josef Budenz ( 1836 -- 1892 ) , who both supported the Uralic affinity of Hungarian . Budenz was the first scholar to bring this result to popular consciousness in Hungary , and to attempt a reconstruction of the Proto - Finno - Ugric grammar and lexicon . Another late - 19th - century Hungarian contribution is that of Ign\u00e1cz Hal\u00e1sz ( 1855 -- 1901 ) , who published extensive comparative material of Finno - Ugric and Samoyedic in the 1890s , and whose work is at the base of today 's wide acceptance of the inclusion of Samoyedic as a part of Uralic . Meanwhile , in the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland , a chair for Finnish language and linguistics at the University of Helsinki was created in 1850 , first held by Castr\u00e9n .

\n

\n In 1883 , the Finno - Ugrian Society was founded in Helsinki on the proposal of Otto Donner , and during the late 19th and early 20th century ( until the separation of Finland from Russia following the Russian revolution ) , a large number of stipendiates were sent by the Society to survey the less known Uralic languages . Major researchers of this period included Heikki Paasonen ( studying especially the Mordvinic languages ) , Yrj\u00f6 Wichmann ( studying Permic ) , Artturi Kannisto ( Mansi ) , Kustaa Fredrik Karjalainen ( Khanty ) , Toivo Lehtisalo ( Nenets ) , and Kai Donner ( Kamass ) . The vast amounts of data collected on these expeditions would provide edition work for later generations of Finnish Uralicists for more than a century .

\n

\n Classification ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Relative numbers of speakers of Uralic languages
\n \n \n \n \n
\n Hungarian \n \n 56 %
\n Finnish \n \n 20 %
\n Estonian \n \n 4.2 %
\n Erzya \n \n 2.8 %
\n Moksha \n \n 2.5 %
\n Mari \n \n 2 %
\n Udmurt \n \n 1.9 %
\n Komi \n \n 1.6 %
\n Other \n \n 8.9 %
\n
\n
\n

\n The Uralic family comprises nine undisputed groups with no consensus classification between them . ( Some of the proposals are listed in the next section . ) An agnostic approach treats them as separate branches .

\n

\n Obsolete or native names are displayed in italics .

\n \n

\n There is also historical evidence of a number of extinct languages of uncertain affiliation :

\n \n

\n Traces of Finno - Ugric substrata , especially in toponymy , in the northern part of European Russia have been proposed as evidence for even more extinct Uralic languages .

\n

\n

\n

\n Traditional classification ( edit )

\n

\n All Uralic languages are thought to have descended , through independent processes of language change , from Proto - Uralic . The internal structure of the Uralic family has been debated since the family was first proposed . Doubts about the validity of most of the proposed higher - order branchings ( grouping the nine undisputed families ) are becoming more common .

\n

\n A traditional classification of the Uralic languages has existed since the late 19th century . It has enjoyed frequent adaptation in whole or in part in encyclopedias , handbooks , and overviews of the Uralic family . Donner 's model is as follows :

\n \n

\n At Donner 's time , the Samoyedic languages were still poorly known , and he was not able to address their position . As they became better known in the early 20th century , they were found to be quite divergent , and they were assumed to have separated already early on . The terminology adopted for this was `` Uralic '' for the entire family , `` Finno - Ugric '' for the non-Samoyedic languages ( though `` Finno - Ugric '' has , to this day , remained in use also as a synonym for the whole family ) . Finno - Ugric and Samoyedic are listed in ISO 639 - 5 as primary branches of Uralic .

\n

\n Nodes of the traditional family tree recognized in some overview sources :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Author ( s ) \n Finno - Ugric \n Ugric \n Ob - Ugric \n Finno - Permic \n Finno - Volgaic \n Volga - Finnic \n Finno - Samic
\n 1910 \n Szinnyei \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2717 \n \u2713
\n 1921 \n T.I. Itkonen \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2717
\n 1926 \n Set\u00e4l\u00e4 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2717
\n 1962 \n Hajd\u00fa \n \u2713 \n \u2717 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2717 \n \u2717
\n 1965 \n Collinder \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2717 \n \u2717 \n \u2717
\n 1966 \n E. Itkonen \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713
\n 1968 \n Austerlitz \n \u2717 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2717 \n \u2717 \n \u2713 \n \u2717
\n 1977 \n Voegelin & Voegelin \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713
\n 2002 \n Kulonen \n \u2717 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2717 \n \u2717 \n \u2713
\n 2007 \n Lehtinen \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2717 \n \u2713
\n 2009 \n Janhunen \n \u2713 \n \u2717 \n \u2717 \n \u2713 \n \u2713 \n \u2717 \n
\n

\n

\n

\n

\n

\n Little explicit evidence has however been presented in favour of Donner 's model since his original proposal , and numerous alternate schemes have been proposed . Especially in Finland , there has been a growing tendency to reject the Finno - Ugric intermediate protolanguage . A recent competing proposal instead unites Ugric and Samoyedic in an `` East Uralic '' group for which shared innovations can be noted .

\n

\n The Finno - Permic grouping still holds some support , though the arrangement of its subgroups is a matter of some dispute . Mordvinic is commonly seen as particularly closely related to or part of Finno - Samic . The term Volgaic ( or Volga - Finnic ) was used to denote a branch previously believed to include Mari , Mordvinic and a number of the extinct languages , but it is now obsolete and considered a geographic classification rather than a linguistic one .

\n

\n Within Ugric , uniting Mansi with Hungarian rather than Khanty has been a competing hypothesis to Ob - Ugric .

\n

\n Lexical isoglosses ( edit )

\n

\n Lexicostatistics has been used in defense of the traditional family tree . A recent re-evaluation of the evidence however fails to find support for Finno - Ugric and Ugric , suggesting four lexically distinct branches ( Finno - Permic , Hungarian , Ob - Ugric and Samoyedic ) .

\n

\n One alternate proposal for a family tree , with emphasis on the development of numerals , is as follows :

\n \n

\n Phonological isoglosses ( edit )

\n

\n Another proposed tree , more divergent from the standard , focusing on consonant isoglosses ( which does not consider the position of the Samoyedic languages ) is presented by Viitso ( 1997 ) , and refined in Viitso ( 2000 ) :

\n \n

\n The grouping of the four bottom - level branches remains to some degree open to interpretation , with competing models of Finno - Saamic vs. Eastern Finno - Ugric ( Mari , Mordvinic , Permic - Ugric ; * k > \u0263 between vowels , degemination of stops ) and Finno - Volgaic ( Finno - Saamic , Mari , Mordvinic ; * \u03b4\u0301 > \u03b4 between vowels ) vs. Permic - Ugric . Viitso finds no evidence for a Finno - Permic grouping .

\n

\n Extending this approach to cover the Samoyedic languages suggests affinity with Ugric , resulting in the aforementioned East Uralic grouping , as it also shares the same sibilant developments . A further non-trivial Ugric - Samoyedic isogloss is the reduction * k , * x , * w > \u0263 when before * i , and after a vowel ( cf . * k > \u0263 above ) , or adjacent to * t , * s , * \u0161 , or * \u015b .

\n

\n Finno - Ugric consonant developments after Viitso ( 2000 ) ; Samoyedic changes after Sammallahti ( 1988 )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Saamic \n Finnic \n Mordvinic \n Mari \n Permic \n Hungarian \n Mansi \n Khanty \n Samoyedic
\n Medial lenition of * k \n no \n no \n yes \n yes \n yes \n yes \n yes \n yes \n yes
\n Medial lenition of * p , * t \n no \n no \n yes \n yes \n yes \n yes \n no \n no \n no
\n Degemination \n no \n no \n yes \n yes \n yes \n yes \n yes \n yes \n yes
\n Consonant gradation \n yes \n yes \n no \n no \n no \n no \n no \n no \n yes
\n Development of \n * \u03b4 \n * \u03b4 \n * t \n * t \n \u2205 \n * l \n l \n * l \n * l \n * r
\n * \u03b4\u0301 \n * \u03b4 \n * \u013a \n \u010f \u27e8 gy \u27e9 , j \n * \u013a \n * j \n * j
\n * s \n * s \n * s \n * s \n * \u0161 \n * s \n \u2205 \n * t \n * \u026c \n * t
\n * \u0161 \n * h \n * \u0161 \n * \u0161
\n * \u015b \n * \u0107 \n * s \n * \u015b \n * \u015b \n s \u27e8 sz \u27e9 \n * \u0161 \n * s \n * s
\n * \u0107 \n * \u0107 \n \u010d \u27e8 cs \u27e9 \n * \u0107 ~ * \u0161 \n * \u0107
\n \n

\n The inverse relationship between consonant gradation and medial lenition of stops ( the pattern also continuing within the three families where gradation is found ) is noted by Helimski ( 1995 ) : an original allophonic gradation system between voiceless and voiced stops would have been easily disrupted by a spreading of voicing to previously unvoiced stops as well .

\n

\n Based on phonological isoglosses , H\u00e4kkinen ( 2007 ) proposes the following tree :

\n \n

\n Typology ( edit )

\n

\n Structural characteristics generally said to be typical of Uralic languages include :

\n

\n Grammar ( edit )

\n \n

\n Phonology ( edit )

\n \n

\n Lexicography ( edit )

\n

\n Basic vocabulary of about 200 words , including body parts ( e.g. eye , heart , head , foot , mouth ) , family members ( e.g. father , mother - in - law ) , animals ( e.g. viper , partridge , fish ) , nature objects ( e.g. tree , stone , nest , water ) , basic verbs ( e.g. live , fall , run , make , see , suck , go , die , swim , know ) , basic pronouns ( e.g. who , what , we , you , I ) , numerals ( e.g. two , five ) ; derivatives increase the number of common words .

\n Selected cognates ( edit )

\n The following is a very brief selection of cognates in basic vocabulary across the Uralic family , which may serve to give an idea of the sound changes involved . This is not a list of translations : cognates have a common origin , but their meaning may be shifted and loanwords may have replaced them .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n English \n Proto - Uralic \n Finnic \n Sami \n Mordvin \n Mari \n Permic \n Hungarian \n Mansi \n Khanty \n Samoyed
\n Finnish \n Estonian \n V\u00f5ro \n South \n North \n Kildin \n Erzya \n Meadow \n Komi \n Udmurt \n Northern \n Kazym \n Vakh \n Tundra Nenets
\n ' fire ' \n * tuli \n tuli ( tule - ) \n tuli ( tule - ) \n tuli ( tul\u00f5 - ) \n d\u00e5lle ( toll\u0259 ) \n dolla \n t\u014dll \n tol \n tul \n t\u0268l - \n t\u0268l \n -- \n -- \n -- \n -- \n tuu
\n ' water ' \n * weti \n vesi ( vete - ) \n vesi ( vee - ) \n vesi ( vii - ) \n -- \n -- \n -- \n ved \u0301 \n w\u00fct \n va \n vu \n v\u00edz \n wit \n -- \n -- \n ji\u0294
\n ' ice ' \n * j\u00e4\u014bi \n j\u00e4\u00e4 \n j\u00e4\u00e4 \n ij\u00e4 \n j\u00efenge ( j\u0268e\u014b\u0259 ) \n jiek\u014ba \n \u012b\u014b\u014b \n ej \n i \n ji \n j\u0259 \n j\u00e9g \n jaa\u014bk \n je\u014bk \n je\u014bk \n --
\n ' fish ' \n * kala \n kala \n kala \n kala \n guelie ( k\u0289elie ) \n guolli \n k\u016bll ' \n kal \n kol \n -- \n -- \n hal \n xuul \n x\u016d\u026c \n kul \n xalja
\n ' nest ' \n * pes\u00e4 \n pes\u00e4 \n pesa \n pes\u00e4 \n biesie ( piesie ) \n beassi \n piess ' \n pize \n p\u0259\u017ea\u0161 \n poz \n puz \n f\u00e9szek \n pitji \n -- \n p\u0115l \n pjidja
\n ' hand , arm ' \n * k\u00e4ti \n k\u00e4si ( k\u00e4te - ) \n k\u00e4si ( k\u00e4e - ) \n k\u00e4si ( k\u00e4e - ) \n g\u00efete ( k\u0268ed\u0259 ) \n giehta \n k\u012bdt \n ked \u0301 \n kit \n ki \n ki \n k\u00e9z \n kaat \n -- \n k\u00f6t \n --
\n ' eye ' \n * \u015bilm\u00e4 \n silm\u00e4 \n silm ( silma - ) \n silm ( silm\u00e4 - ) \n tjelmie ( t\u0361\u0283\u025blmie ) \n \u010dalbmi \n \u010dall 'm \n \u015be\u013ame \n \u0161in\u010da \n \u015bin ( \u015binm - ) \n \u015bin ( \u015binm - ) \n szem \n sam \n sem \n sem \n s\u00e6w\u0259
\n ' fathom ' \n * s\u00fcli \n syli ( syle - ) \n s\u00fcli ( s\u00fcle - ) \n -- \n s\u00eflle ( sj\u0268ll\u0259 ) \n salla \n s\u0113\u032ell \n se\u013a \n \u0161\u00fcl\u00f6 \n s\u0268l \n sul \n \u00f6l ( el ) \n tal \n \u026c\u0103\u026c \n l\u00f6\u0306l \n tj\u00edbja
\n ' vein / sinew ' \n * s\u00ef ( x ) ni \n suoni ( suone - ) \n soon ( soone - ) \n suu\u0144 ( soon\u00f5 - ) \n soene ( suon\u0259 ) \n suotna \n s\u016bnn \n san \n \u0161\u00fcn \n s\u0259n \n s\u0259n \n \u00edn \n taan \n \u026c\u0254n \n lan \n te\u0294
\n ' bone ' \n * luwi \n luu \n luu \n luu \n -- \n -- \n -- \n lova\u017ea \n lu \n l\u0268 \n l\u0268 \n -- \n luw \n \u026c\u016dw \n l\u014f\u03b3 \n le
\n ' blood ' \n * weri \n veri \n veri \n veri \n v\u00efrre ( vj\u0268rr\u0259 ) \n varra \n v\u0113\u032err \n ve\u0155 \n w\u00fcr \n vur \n vir \n v\u00e9r \n wi\u0263r \n w\u016dr \n w\u0259r \n --
\n ' liver ' \n * m\u00efksa \n maksa \n maks ( maksa - ) \n mass ( massa - ) \n mueksie ( m\u0289eksie ) \n -- \n -- \n makso \n mok\u0161 \n mus \n mus ( musk - ) \n m\u00e1j \n maat \n m\u014fx\u0259\u026c \n mu\u03b3\u0259l \n mud\u0259
\n ' urine ' / ' to urinate ' \n * kun\u015bi \n kusi ( kuse - ) \n kusi ( kuse - ) \n kusi ( kus\u00f5 - ) \n gadtjedh ( gadtje - ) ( k\u0251dd\u0361\u0292\u0259 ) - \n go\u017e\u017eat ( go\u017e\u017ea - ) \n k\u014dnn\u010de \n -- \n k\u0259\u017e \n kud\u017a \n k\u0268\u017a \n h\u00fagy \n xu\u0144\u015b - \n x\u014fs - \n k\u014fs - \n --
\n ' to go ' \n * meni - \n menn\u00e4 ( men - ) \n minema \n minem\u00e4 \n m\u00efnnedh ( mj\u0268nn\u0259 ) - \n mannat \n m\u0113\u032enne \n -- \n mija - \n mun - \n m\u0268n - \n menni \n men - \n m\u0103n - \n m\u0115n - \n mjin -
\n ' to live ' \n * el\u00e4 - \n el\u00e4\u00e4 ( el\u00e4 - ) \n elama ( ela - ) \n el\u00e4m\u00e4 ( el\u00e4 - ) \n jieledh ( jiel\u0259 ) - \n eallit \n j\u0113ll'e \n -- \n ila - \n ol - \n ul - \n \u00e9l - \n -- \n -- \n -- \n jilje -
\n ' to die ' \n * ka ( x ) li - \n kuolla ( kuol - ) \n koolma \n kuulma ( kool - ) \n -- \n -- \n -- \n kulo - \n kola - \n kul - \n kul - \n hal - \n xool - \n x\u0103\u026c - \n k\u0103la - \n xa -
\n ' to wash ' \n * mo\u015bki - \n -- \n -- \n m\u00f5skma \n -- \n -- \n -- \n mu\u015bke - \n mu\u0161ka - \n m\u0268\u015bk\u0268 - \n m\u0268\u015bk - \n mos - \n -- \n -- \n -- \n mas\u00f8 -
\n

\n Orthographical notes : The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ( \u27e8 \u017e \u27e9 ( \u0292 ) , \u27e8 \u0161 \u27e9 ( \u0283 ) , \u27e8 \u010d \u27e9 ( t\u0361\u0283 ) ) ( In Northern Sami , ( \u27e8 \u017e \u27e9 ( d\u0292 ) ) , while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ( \u27e8 \u015b \u27e9 ( sj ~ \u0255 ) , \u27e8 \u0107 \u27e9 ( tsj ~ t\u0255 ) , \u27e8 l \u27e9 ( lj ) ) or , in Hungarian , vowel length . The Finnish letter \u27e8 y \u27e9 and the letter \u27e8 \u00fc \u27e9 in other languages represent the high rounded vowel ( y ) ; the letters \u27e8 \u00e4 \u27e9 and \u27e8 \u00f6 \u27e9 are the front vowels ( \u00e6 ) and ( \u00f8 ) .

\n

\n As is apparent from the list , Finnish is the most conservative of the Uralic languages presented here , with nearly half the words on the list below identical to their Proto - Uralic reconstructions and most of the remainder only having minor changes , such as the conflation of * \u015b into / s / , or widespread changes such as the loss of * x and alteration of * \u00ef . Finnish has even preserved old Indo - European borrowings relatively unchanged as well . ( An example is porsas ( `` pig '' ) , loaned from Proto - Indo - European * por\u1e31os or pre-Proto - Indo - Iranian * por\u015bos , unchanged since loaning save for loss of palatalization , * \u015b > s . )

\n Mutual intelligibility ( edit )

\n The Estonian philologist Mall Hellam proposed cognate sentences that she asserted to be mutually intelligible among the three most widely spoken Uralic languages : Finnish , Estonian , and Hungarian :

\n \n

\n However , linguist Geoffrey Pullum reports that neither Finns nor Hungarians could understand the other language 's version of the sentence .

\n

\n Comparison ( edit )

\n

\n No Uralic language has exactly the idealized typological profile of the family . Typological features with varying presence among the modern Uralic language groups include :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Feature \n Samoyedic \n Ob - Ugric \n Hungarian \n Permic \n Mari \n Mordvin \n Finnic \n Samic
\n Palatalization \n + \n + \n + \n + \n \u2212 \n + \n \u2212 \n +
\n Consonant length \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n + \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n + \n +
\n Consonant gradation \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n + \n +
\n Vowel harmony \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n + \n \u2212 \n + \n + \n + \n \u2212
\n Grammatical vowel alternation ( ablaut or umlaut ) \n + \n + \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n +
\n Dual number \n + \n + \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n +
\n Distinction between inner and outer local cases \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n + \n + \n + \n + \n + \n \u2212
\n Determinative inflection ( verbal marking of definiteness ) \n + \n + \n + \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n + \n \u2212 \n \u2212
\n Passive voice \n \u2212 \n + \n + \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n + \n + \n +
\n Negative verb \n + \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n + \n + \n \u00b1 \n + \n +
\n SVO word order \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n \u2212 \n \u00b1 \n \u2212 \n + \n + \n +
\n

\n Notes :

\n
    \n
  1. \n Clearly present only in Nganasan .
    2. \n
  2. \n Vowel harmony is present in the Uralic languages of Siberia only in some marginal archaic varieties : Nganasan , Southern Mansi and Eastern Khanty .
    3. \n
  3. \n A number of umlaut processes are found in Livonian .
    4. \n
  4. \n In Komi , but not in Udmurt .
    5. \n
\n

\n Possible Relations with other families ( edit )

\n

\n Many relationships between Uralic and other language families have been suggested , but none of these are generally accepted by linguists at the present time .

\n

\n Indo - Uralic ( edit )

\n Main article : Indo - Uralic languages

\n The Indo - Uralic ( or Uralo - Indo - European ) hypothesis suggests that Uralic and Indo - European are related at a fairly close level or , in its stronger form , that they are more closely related than either is to any other language family .

\n

\n Uralic -- Yukaghir ( edit )

\n Main article : Uralic -- Yukaghir languages

\n The Uralic -- Yukaghir hypothesis identifies Uralic and Yukaghir as independent members of a single language family . It is currently widely accepted that the similarities between Uralic and Yukaghir languages are due to ancient contacts . Regardless , the hypothesis is accepted by a few linguists and viewed as attractive by a somewhat larger number .

\n

\n Eskimo -- Uralic ( edit )

\n Main article : Eskimo -- Uralic languages

\n The Eskimo -- Uralic hypothesis associates Uralic with the Eskimo -- Aleut languages . This is an old thesis whose antecedents go back to the 18th century . An important restatement of it is Bergsland 1959 .

\n

\n Uralo - Siberian ( edit )

\n Main article : Uralo - Siberian languages

\n Uralo - Siberian is an expanded form of the Eskimo -- Uralic hypothesis . It associates Uralic with Yukaghir , Chukotko - Kamchatkan , and Eskimo -- Aleut . It was propounded by Michael Fortescue in 1998 .

\n

\n Ural -- Altaic ( edit )

\n Main article : Ural -- Altaic languages

\n Theories proposing a close relationship with the Altaic languages were formerly popular , based on similarities in vocabulary as well as in grammatical and phonological features , in particular the similarities in the Uralic and Altaic pronouns and the presence of agglutination in both sets of languages , as well as vowel harmony in some . For example , the word for `` language '' is similar in Estonian ( keel ) and Mongolian ( \u0445\u044d\u043b ( hel ) ) . These theories are now generally rejected and most such similarities are attributed to language contact or coincidence .

\n

\n Nostratic ( edit )

\n Main article : Nostratic languages

\n Nostratic associates Uralic , Indo - European , Altaic , Dravidian , and various other language families of Asia . The Nostratic hypothesis was first propounded by Holger Pedersen in 1903 and subsequently revived by Vladislav Illich - Svitych and Aharon Dolgopolsky in the 1960s .

\n

\n Eurasiatic ( edit )

\n Main article : Eurasiatic languages

\n Eurasiatic resembles Nostratic in including Uralic , Indo - European , and Altaic , but differs from it in excluding the South Caucasian languages , Dravidian , and Afroasiatic and including Chukotko - Kamchatkan , Nivkh , Ainu , and Eskimo -- Aleut . It was propounded by Joseph Greenberg in 2000 -- 2002 . Similar ideas had earlier been expressed by Heinrich Koppelmann in 1933 and by Bj\u00f6rn Collinder in 1965 .

\n

\n Uralo - Dravidian ( edit )

\n

\n The hypothesis that the Dravidian languages display similarities with the Uralic language group , suggesting a prolonged period of contact in the past , is popular amongst Dravidian linguists and has been supported by a number of scholars , including Robert Caldwell , Thomas Burrow , Kamil Zvelebil , and Mikhail Andronov . This hypothesis has , however , been rejected by some specialists in Uralic languages , and has in recent times also been criticised by other Dravidian linguists , such as Bhadriraju Krishnamurti .

\n

\n Uralic skepticism ( edit )

\n

\n In her book , The Uralic language family : facts , myths , and statistics , linguist Angela Marcantonio argues against the existence of the Uralic family , claiming that the languages are no more closely related to each other than they are to various other Eurasian languages .

\n

\n All of these hypotheses are minority views at the present time in Uralic studies .

\n

\n Other comparisons ( edit )

\n See also : Alternative theories of the Hungarian language relations

\n Various unorthodox comparisons have been advanced such as Finno - Basque , Hungarian - Etruscan , and Cal - Ugrian . These are considered at best spurious fringe - theories by specialists .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Hammarstr\u00f6m , Harald ; Forkel , Robert ; Haspelmath , Martin , eds. ( 2017 ) . `` Uralic '' . Glottolog 3.0 . Jena , Germany : Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Simons , Gary F. ; Fenning , Charles F. `` Uralic '' . Ethnologue . SIL International . Retrieved 14 February 2018 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Tommola , Hannu ( 2010 ) . `` Finnish among the Finno - Ugrian languages '' . Mood in the Languages of Europe . John Benjamins Publishing Company . p. 155 . ISBN 90 - 272 - 0587 - 6 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia , p. 231 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Anderson , J.G.C. ( ed . ) ( 1938 ) . Germania . Oxford : Clarendon Press . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link )
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Sebeok , Thomas A. ( 15 August 2002 ) . Portrait Of Linguists . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4411 - 5874 - 1 . OCLC 956101732 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Wickman 1988 , pp. 793 -- 794 .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Collinder , Bj\u00f6rn . An Introduction to the Uralic languages . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 8 -- 27 , 34 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Wickman 1988 , pp. 795 -- 796 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Ruhlen , Merritt ( 1987 ) . A Guide to the World 's Languages . Stanford : Stanford University Press . pp. 64 -- 71 . OCLC 923421379 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Wickman 1988 , pp. 796 - 798 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Wickman 1988 , p. 798 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Wickman 1988 , pp. 801 - 803 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Wickman 1988 , pp. 803 -- 804 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Hal\u00e1sz , Ign\u00e1cz ( 1893 ) . `` Az ugor - szamoj\u00e9d nyelvrokons\u00e1g k\u00e9rd\u00e9se '' ( PDF ) . Nyelvtudom\u00e1nyi K\u00f6zlem\u00e9nyek ( in Hungarian ) . 23 : 1 : 14 -- 34 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Hal\u00e1sz , Ign\u00e1cz ( 1893 ) . `` Az ugor - szamoj\u00e9d nyelvrokons\u00e1g k\u00e9rd\u00e9se II '' ( PDF ) . Nyelvtudom\u00e1nyi K\u00f6zlem\u00e9nyek ( in Hungarian ) . 23 : 3 : 260 -- 278 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Hal\u00e1sz , Ign\u00e1cz ( 1893 ) . `` Az ugor - szamoj\u00e9d nyelvrokons\u00e1g k\u00e9rd\u00e9se III '' ( PDF ) . Nyelvtudom\u00e1nyi K\u00f6zlem\u00e9nyek ( in Hungarian ) . 23 : 4 : 436 -- 447 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Hal\u00e1sz , Ign\u00e1cz ( 1894 ) . `` Az ugor - szamoj\u00e9d nyelvrokons\u00e1g k\u00e9rd\u00e9se IV '' ( PDF ) . Nyelvtudom\u00e1nyi K\u00f6zlem\u00e9nyek ( in Hungarian ) . 24 : 4 : 443 -- 469 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Szab\u00f3 , L\u00e1szl\u00f3 ( 1969 ) . `` Die Erforschung der Verh\u00e4ltnisses Finnougrisch -- Samojedisch '' . Ural - Altaische Jahrb\u00fccher ( in German ) . 41 : 317 -- 322 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Wickman 1988 , pp. 799 -- 800 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Wickman 1988 , pp. 810 -- 811 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Lexica Societatis Fenno - Ugricae XXXV '' . Suomalais - Ugrilainen Seura ( in Hungarian ) .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Salminen , Tapani ( 2009 ) . `` Uralic ( Finno - Ugrian ) languages '' .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Helimski , Eugene ( 2006 ) . `` The `` Northwestern '' group of Finno - Ugric languages and its heritage in the place names and substratum vocabulary of the Russian North `` . In Nuorluoto , Juhani . The Slavicization of the Russian North ( Slavica Helsingiensia 27 ) ( PDF ) . Helsinki : Department of Slavonic and Baltic Languages and Literatures . pp. 109 -- 127 . ISBN 978 - 952 - 10 - 2852 - 6 .
    25. \n
  25. \n ^ Jump up to : Marcantonio , Angela ( 2002 ) . The Uralic Language Family : Facts , Myths and Statistics . Publications of the Philological Society . 35 . Oxford : Blackwell . pp. 55 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 23170 - 7 . OCLC 803186861 .
    26. \n
  26. \n ^ Jump up to : Salminen , Tapani ( 2002 ) . `` Problems in the taxonomy of the Uralic languages in the light of modern comparative studies '' .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Donner , Otto ( 1879 ) . Die gegenseitige Verwandtschaft der Finnisch - ugrischen sprachen ( in German ) . Helsinki . OCLC 1014980747 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Szinnyei , Josef ( 1910 ) . Finnisch - ugrische Sprachwissenschaft ( in German ) . Leipzig : G.J. G\u00f6schen'sche Verlagshandlung . pp. 9 -- 21 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Itkonen , T.I. ( 1921 ) . Suomensukuiset kansat ( in Finnish ) . Helsinki : Tietosanakirjaosakeyhti\u00f6 . pp. 7 -- 12 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Set\u00e4l\u00e4 , E.N. ( 1926 ) . `` Kielisukulaisuus ja rotu '' . Suomen suku ( in Finnish ) . Helsinki : Otava .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ H\u00e1jdu , P\u00e9ter ( 1962 ) . Finnugor n\u00e9pek \u00e9s nyelvek ( in Hungarian ) . Budapest .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Hajdu , Peter ( 1975 ) . Finno - Ugric Languages and Peoples . Translated by G.F. Cushing . London : Andr\u00e9 Deutch Ltd ... English translation of Hajd\u00fa ( 1962 ) .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Itkonen , Erkki ( 1966 ) . Suomalais - ugrilaisen kielen - ja historiantutkimuksen alalta . Tietolipas ( in Finnish ) . 20 . Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura . pp. 5 -- 8 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Austerlitz , Robert ( 1968 ) . `` L'ouralien '' . In Martinet , Andr\u00e9 . Le langage .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Voegelin , C.F. ; Voegelin , F.M. ( 1977 ) . Classification and Index of the World 's Languages . New York / Oxford / Amsterdam : Elsevier . pp. 341 -- 343 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Kulonen , Ulla - Maija ( 2002 ) . `` Kielitiede ja suomen v\u00e4est\u00f6n juuret '' . In Gr\u00fcnthal , Riho . Ennen , muinoin . Miten menneisyytt\u00e4mme tutkitaan . Tietolipas. 180 . Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura . pp. 104 -- 108 . ISBN 951 - 746 - 332 - 4 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Lehtinen , Tapani ( 2007 ) . Kielen vuosituhannet . Tietolipas. 215 . Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura . ISBN 978 - 951 - 746 - 896 - 1 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Janhunen , Juha ( 2009 ) . `` Proto - Uralic -- what , where and when ? '' ( pdf ) . Suomalais - Ugrilaisen Seuran toimituksia. 258 . ISBN 978 - 952 - 5667 - 11 - 0 . ISSN 0355 - 0230 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ H\u00e4kkinen , Kaisa 1984 : W\u00e4re es schon an der Zeit , den Stammbaum zu f\u00e4llen ? -- Ural - Altaische Jahrb\u00fccher , Neue Folge 4 .
    40. \n
  40. \n ^ Jump up to : H\u00e4kkinen , Jaakko 2009 : Kantauralin ajoitus ja paikannus : perustelut puntarissa . -- Suomalais - Ugrilaisen Seuran Aikakauskirja 92 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Bartens , Raija ( 1999 ) . Mordvalaiskielten rakenne ja kehitys ( in Finnish ) . Helsinki : Suomalais - Ugrilainen Seura . p. 13 . ISBN 952 - 5150 - 22 - 4 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Michalove , Peter A. ( 2002 ) The Classification of the Uralic Languages : Lexical Evidence from Finno - Ugric . In : Finnisch - Ugrische Forschungen , vol. 57
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Janhunen , Juha ( 2009 ) , `` Proto - Uralic -- what , where and when ? '' ( pdf ) , Suomalais - Ugrilaisen Seuran toimituksia , 258 , ISBN 978 - 952 - 5667 - 11 - 0 , ISSN 0355 - 0230
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Viitso , Tiit - Rein . Keelesugulus ja soome - ugri keelepuu . Akadeemia 9 / 5 ( 1997 )
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Viitso , Tiit - Rein . Finnic Affinity . Congressus Nonus Internationalis Fenno - Ugristarum I : Orationes plenariae & Orationes publicae. ( 2000 )
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Sammallahti , Pekka ( 1988 ) . `` Historical phonology of the Uralic Languages '' . In Sinor , Denis . The Uralic Languages : Description , History and Foreign Influences . Leiden : E.J. Brill . pp. 478 -- 554 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 07741 - 6 . OCLC 466103653 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Helimski , Eugen . Proto - Uralic gradation : Continuation and traces . In Congressus Octavus Internationalis Fenno - Ugristarum . Pars I : Orationes plenariae et conspectus quinquennales . Jyv\u00e4skyl\u00e4 , 1995 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 24 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ H\u00e4kkinen , Jaakko 2007 : Kantauralin murteutuminen vokaalivastaavuuksien valossa . Pro gradu - ty\u00f6 , Helsingin yliopiston Suomalais - ugrilainen laitos .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Austerlitz , Robert ( 1990 ) . `` Uralic Languages '' ( pp. 567 -- 576 ) in Comrie , Bernard , editor . The World 's Major Languages . Oxford University Press , Oxford ( p. 573 ) .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` Estonian Language '' ( PDF ) . Estonian Institute . p. 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 16 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` The Finno - Ugrics : The dying fish swims in water '' , The Economist , pp. 73 -- 74 , December 24 , 2005 -- January 6 , 2006 , retrieved 2013 - 01 - 19
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Pullum , Geoffrey K. ( 2005 - 12 - 26 ) , `` The Udmurtian code : saving Finno - Ugric in Russia '' , Language Log , retrieved 2009 - 12 - 21
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ H\u00e1jdu , P\u00e9ter ( 1975 ) . `` Areal\u00f3gia \u00e9s ur\u00e1lisztika '' ( pdf ) . Nyelvtudom\u00e1nyi K\u00f6zlem\u00e9nyek ( in Hungarian ) . 77 : 147 -- 152 . ISSN 0029 - 6791 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ R\u00e9dei , K\u00e1roly 1999 : Zu den uralisch - jukagirischen Sprachkontakten . -- Finnisch - Ugrische Forschungen 55 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Bergsland , Knut ( 1959 ) . `` The Eskimo - Uralic hypothesis '' . Journal De La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Finno - Ougrienne. 61 : 1 -- 29 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Fortescue , Michael D ( 1998 ) . Language Relations Across Bering Strait : Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence . Open linguistics series . London : Cassell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 70330 - 2 . OCLC 237319639 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Georg , Stefan ; Michalove , Peter A. ; Ramer , Alexis Manaster ; Sidwell , Paul J. ( March 1999 ) . `` Telling general linguists about Altaic '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Linguistics. 35 ( 1 ) : 65 -- 98 . ISSN 1469 - 7742 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Pedersen , Holger ( 1903 ) . `` T\u00fcrkische Lautgesetze '' ( Turkish Phonetic Laws ) . Zeitschrift Der Deutschen Morgenl\u00e4ndischen Gesellschaft ( in German ) . 57 ( 3 ) : 535 -- 561 . ISSN 0341 - 0137 . OCLC 5919317968 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Greenberg , Joseph Harold ( 2000 ) . Indo - European and Its Closest Relatives : The Eurasiatic Language Family . Volume 1 : Grammar . Stanford , Calif. : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 3812 - 5 . OCLC 491123067 . \n
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Koppelmann , Heinrich L. ( 1933 ) . Die Eurasische Sprachfamilie : Indogermanisch , Koreanisch U. Verwandtes ( in German ) . Heidelberg : Carl Winter .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Collinder , Bj\u00f6rn ( 1965 ) . An Introduction to the Uralic Languages . University of California Press . pp. 30 -- 34 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Tyler , Stephen ( 1968 ) , `` Dravidian and Uralian : the lexical evidence '' . Language 44 : 4 . 798 -- 812
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Webb , Edward ( 1860 ) . `` Evidences of the Scythian Affinities of the Dravidian Languages , Condensed and Arranged from Rev. R. Caldwell 's Comparative Dravidian Grammar '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 7 : 271 -- 298 . doi : 10.2307 / 592159 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Burrow , T. ( 1944 ) . `` Dravidian Studies IV : The Body in Dravidian and Uralian '' . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies . 11 ( 2 ) : 328 -- 356 . doi : 10.1017 / s0041977x00072517 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Zvelebil , Kamal ( 2006 ) . Dravidian Languages . In Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica ( DVD edition ) .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ Andronov , Mikhail S. ( 1971 ) , `` Comparative Studies on the Nature of Dravidian - Uralian Parallels : A Peep into the Prehistory of Language Families '' . Proceedings of the Second International Conference of Tamil Studies Madras. 267 -- 277 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ Zvelebil , Kamal ( 1970 ) , Comparative Dravidian Phonology Mouton , The Hauge . at p. 22 contains a bibliography of articles supporting and opposing the hypothesis
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Krishnamurti , Bhadriraju ( 2003 ) The Dravidian Languages Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . ISBN 0 - 521 - 77111 - 0 at p. 43 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` The Uralic language family : facts , myths , and statistics review by Dr. Edward Vajda '' ( PDF ) . Dr. Edward Vajda .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Trask , R.L. The History of Basque Routledge : 1997 ISBN 0 - 415 - 13116 - 2
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ Alinei , Mario ( 2003 ) , Etrusco : una forma arcaica di ungherese , Bologna , Il Mulino .
    72. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n \n

\n External classification ( edit )

\n \n

\n Linguistic issues ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n

\n `` Rebel '' uralists ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uralic languages .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Uralic languages
\n Finnic \n
    \n
  • \n Estonian
      \n
    • \n Northeastern coastal
      • \n
    • \n South Estonian
        \n
      • \n V\u00f5ro
        • \n
      • \n Seto
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Finnish
      \n
    • \n Kven
      • \n
    • \n Me\u00e4nkieli
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ingrian
    • \n
  • \n Karelian
      \n
    • \n Karelian proper
      • \n
    • \n Livvi
      • \n
    • \n Ludic
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Livonian \u2020
    • \n
  • \n Veps
    • \n
  • \n Votic
    • \n
\n
\n Sami \n
    \n
  • \n Akkala \u2020
    • \n
  • \n Inari
    • \n
  • \n Kainuu \u2020
    • \n
  • \n Kemi \u2020
    • \n
  • \n Kildin
    • \n
  • \n Lule
    • \n
  • \n Northern
    • \n
  • \n Pite
    • \n
  • \n Skolt
    • \n
  • \n Southern
    • \n
  • \n Ter
    • \n
  • \n Ume
    • \n
\n
\n Mordvinic \n
    \n
  • \n Erzya
    • \n
  • \n Moksha
    • \n
\n
\n Mari \n
    \n
  • \n Hill Mari
    • \n
  • \n Meadow Mari
    • \n
\n
\n Permic \n
    \n
  • \n Komi
      \n
    • \n Zyrian
      • \n
    • \n Permyak
      • \n
    • \n Yodzyak
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Udmurt
    • \n
\n
\n Ugric \n
    \n
  • \n Hungarian
    • \n
  • \n Khanty
    • \n
  • \n Mansi
    • \n
\n
\n Samoyedic \n
    \n
  • \n Enets
    • \n
  • \n Yurats \u2020
    • \n
  • \n Nenets
      \n
    • \n Forest Nenets
      • \n
    • \n Tundra Nenets
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Nganasan
    • \n
  • \n Kamassian \u2020
    • \n
  • \n Mator \u2020
    • \n
  • \n Selkup
    • \n
\n
\n Others \n
    \n
  • \n Merya \u2020
    • \n
  • \n Meshcherian \u2020
    • \n
  • \n Muromian \u2020
    • \n
\n
\n \u2020 indicate extinct languages
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n List of primary language families
\n Africa \n
    \n
  • \n Afro - Asiatic
    • \n
  • \n Austronesian
    • \n
  • \n Khoe
    • \n
  • \n Kx'a
    • \n
  • \n Niger -- Congo
    • \n
  • \n Nilo - Saharan ?
    • \n
  • \n Tuu
    • \n
  • \n Mande ?
    • \n
  • \n Songhay ?
    • \n
  • \n Ijaw ?
    • \n
  • \n Ubangian ?
    • \n
  • \n Kadu ?
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Isolates \n
    \n
  • \n Bangime
    • \n
  • \n Hadza
    • \n
  • \n Jalaa
    • \n
  • \n Sandawe
    • \n
  • \n Kwadi ?
    • \n
  • \n Laal ?
    • \n
  • \n Shabo ?
    • \n
\n
\n Sign languages \n
    \n
  • \n Arab
    • \n
  • \n BANZSL
    • \n
  • \n French
    • \n
  • \n Lasima
    • \n
  • \n Tanzanian
    • \n
  • \n Others
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Europe and Asia \n
    \n
  • \n Afro - Asiatic
    • \n
  • \n Ainu
    • \n
  • \n Austroasiatic
    • \n
  • \n Austronesian
    • \n
  • \n Chukotko - Kamchatkan
    • \n
  • \n Dravidian
    • \n
  • \n Eskimo -- Aleut
    • \n
  • \n Great Andamanese
    • \n
  • \n Hmong -- Mien
    • \n
  • \n Hurro - Urartian
    • \n
  • \n Indo - European
    • \n
  • \n Japonic
    • \n
  • \n Kartvelian
    • \n
  • \n Koreanic
    • \n
  • \n Mongolic
    • \n
  • \n Northeast Caucasian
    • \n
  • \n Northwest Caucasian
    • \n
  • \n Ongan
    • \n
  • \n Sino - Tibetan
    • \n
  • \n Tai -- Kadai
    • \n
  • \n Tungusic
    • \n
  • \n Turkic
    • \n
  • \n Tyrsenian
    • \n
  • \n Uralic
    • \n
  • \n Yeniseian
    • \n
  • \n Yukaghir
    • \n
  • \n Den\u00e9 -- Yeniseian ?
    • \n
  • \n Altaic ?
    • \n
  • \n Austronesian -- Ongan ?
    • \n
  • \n Austro - Tai ?
    • \n
  • \n Sino - Austronesian ?
    • \n
  • \n Digaro ?
    • \n
  • \n Kho - Bwa ?
    • \n
  • \n Siangic ?
    • \n
  • \n Miji ?
    • \n
  • \n Vasconic ?
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Isolates \n
    \n
  • \n Basque
    • \n
  • \n Burushaski
    • \n
  • \n Elamite
    • \n
  • \n Hattic
    • \n
  • \n Kusunda
    • \n
  • \n Nihali
    • \n
  • \n Nivkh
    • \n
  • \n Sumerian
    • \n
  • \n Hruso ?
    • \n
  • \n Miju ?
    • \n
  • \n Puroik ?
    • \n
\n
\n Sign languages \n
    \n
  • \n BANZSL
    • \n
  • \n French
    • \n
  • \n German
    • \n
  • \n Japanese
    • \n
  • \n Swedish
    • \n
  • \n Chinese
    • \n
  • \n Indo - Pakistani
    • \n
  • \n Arab
    • \n
  • \n Chiangmai -- Bangkok
    • \n
  • \n Others
    • \n
\n
\n
\n New Guinea and the Pacific \n
    \n
  • \n Arai -- Samaia
    • \n
  • \n Arafundi
    • \n
  • \n Austronesian
    • \n
  • \n Baining
    • \n
  • \n Binanderean -- Goilalan
    • \n
  • \n Border
    • \n
  • \n Bulaka River
    • \n
  • \n Central Solomons
    • \n
  • \n Chimbu -- Wahgi
    • \n
  • \n Doso -- Turumsa
    • \n
  • \n East Geelvink Bay
    • \n
  • \n East Strickland
    • \n
  • \n Eleman
    • \n
  • \n Engan
    • \n
  • \n Fas
    • \n
  • \n Kaure -- Kosare
    • \n
  • \n Kiwaian
    • \n
  • \n Kutubuan
    • \n
  • \n Kwomtari
    • \n
  • \n Lakes Plain
    • \n
  • \n Lower Mamberamo
    • \n
  • \n Lower Sepik
    • \n
  • \n Madang
    • \n
  • \n Mairasi
    • \n
  • \n North Bougainville
    • \n
  • \n Pauwasi
    • \n
  • \n Piawi
    • \n
  • \n Ramu
    • \n
  • \n Senagi
    • \n
  • \n Sentani
    • \n
  • \n Sepik
    • \n
  • \n Skou
    • \n
  • \n South Bougainville
    • \n
  • \n Teberan
    • \n
  • \n Tor -- Kwerba -- Nimboran
    • \n
  • \n Torricelli
    • \n
  • \n Trans - Fly
    • \n
  • \n Trans -- New Guinea
    • \n
  • \n Turama -- Kikorian
    • \n
  • \n West Papuan
    • \n
  • \n Yam
    • \n
  • \n Yawa
    • \n
  • \n Yuat
    • \n
  • \n North Papuan ?
    • \n
  • \n Northeast New Guinea ?
    • \n
  • \n Papuan Gulf ?
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Isolates \n
    \n
  • \n Abinomn
    • \n
  • \n An\u00eam ?
    • \n
  • \n Ata ?
    • \n
  • \n Kol
    • \n
  • \n Kuot
    • \n
  • \n Porome
    • \n
  • \n Taiap ?
    • \n
  • \n Pawaia
    • \n
  • \n Porome
    • \n
  • \n Sulka ?
    • \n
  • \n Tambora
    • \n
  • \n Wiru
    • \n
\n
\n Sign languages \n
    \n
  • \n Hawai'i Sign Language
    • \n
  • \n Others
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Australia \n
    \n
  • \n Arnhem / Macro-Gunwinyguan
    • \n
  • \n Bunuban
    • \n
  • \n Darwin River
    • \n
  • \n Eastern Daly
    • \n
  • \n Eastern Tasmanian
    • \n
  • \n Garawan
    • \n
  • \n Iwaidjan
    • \n
  • \n Jarrakan
    • \n
  • \n Mirndi
    • \n
  • \n Northern Tasmanian
    • \n
  • \n Northeastern Tasmanian
    • \n
  • \n Nyulnyulan
    • \n
  • \n Pama -- Nyungan
    • \n
  • \n Southern Daly
    • \n
  • \n Tangkic
    • \n
  • \n Wagaydyic
    • \n
  • \n Western Daly
    • \n
  • \n Western Tasmanian
    • \n
  • \n Worrorran
    • \n
  • \n Yangmanic ( Wardaman )
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Isolates \n
    \n
  • \n Giimbiyu
    • \n
  • \n Malak - Malak
    • \n
  • \n Marrgu
    • \n
  • \n Tiwi
    • \n
  • \n Wagiman
    • \n
\n
\n
\n North America \n
    \n
  • \n Algic
    • \n
  • \n Alsea
    • \n
  • \n Caddoan
    • \n
  • \n Chimakuan
    • \n
  • \n Chinookan
    • \n
  • \n Chumashan
    • \n
  • \n Comecrudan
    • \n
  • \n Coosan
    • \n
  • \n Eskimo -- Aleut
    • \n
  • \n Iroquoian
    • \n
  • \n Kalapuyan
    • \n
  • \n Keresan
    • \n
  • \n Maiduan
    • \n
  • \n Muskogean
    • \n
  • \n Na - Dene
    • \n
  • \n Palaihnihan
    • \n
  • \n Plateau Penutian
    • \n
  • \n Pomoan
    • \n
  • \n Salishan
    • \n
  • \n Shastan
    • \n
  • \n Siouan
    • \n
  • \n Tanoan
    • \n
  • \n Tsimshianic
    • \n
  • \n Utian
    • \n
  • \n Uto - Aztecan
    • \n
  • \n Wakashan
    • \n
  • \n Wintuan
    • \n
  • \n Yokutsan
    • \n
  • \n Yukian
    • \n
  • \n Yuman -- Cochim\u00ed
    • \n
  • \n Den\u00e9 -- Yeniseian ?
    • \n
  • \n Hokan ?
    • \n
  • \n Penutian ?
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Isolates \n
    \n
  • \n Chimariko
    • \n
  • \n Haida
    • \n
  • \n Karuk
    • \n
  • \n Kutenai
    • \n
  • \n Seri
    • \n
  • \n Siuslaw
    • \n
  • \n Takelma
    • \n
  • \n Timucua
    • \n
  • \n Waikuri
    • \n
  • \n Washo
    • \n
  • \n Yana
    • \n
  • \n Yuchi
    • \n
  • \n Zuni
    • \n
\n
\n Sign languages \n
    \n
  • \n Inuit ( Inuiuuk )
    • \n
  • \n Plains Sign Talk
    • \n
  • \n Others
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Mesoamerica \n
    \n
  • \n Chibchan
    • \n
  • \n Jicaquean
    • \n
  • \n Lencan
    • \n
  • \n Mayan
    • \n
  • \n Misumalpan
    • \n
  • \n Mixe -- Zoque
    • \n
  • \n Oto - Manguean
    • \n
  • \n Tequistlatecan
    • \n
  • \n Totonacan
    • \n
  • \n Uto - Aztecan
    • \n
  • \n Xincan
    • \n
  • \n Totozoquean ?
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Isolates \n
    \n
  • \n Cuitlatec
    • \n
  • \n Huave
    • \n
  • \n Tarascan / Pur\u00e9pecha
    • \n
\n
\n Sign languages \n
    \n
  • \n Plains Sign Talk
    • \n
  • \n Mayan
    • \n
  • \n Others
    • \n
\n
\n
\n South America \n
    \n
  • \n Arawakan
    • \n
  • \n Arauan
    • \n
  • \n Araucanian
    • \n
  • \n Arutani -- Sape
    • \n
  • \n Aymaran
    • \n
  • \n Barbacoan
    • \n
  • \n Boran
    • \n
  • \n Bor\u00f4roan
    • \n
  • \n Cahuapanan
    • \n
  • \n Cariban
    • \n
  • \n Catacaoan
    • \n
  • \n Chapacuran
    • \n
  • \n Charruan
    • \n
  • \n Chibchan
    • \n
  • \n Choco
    • \n
  • \n Chonan
    • \n
  • \n Guaicuruan
    • \n
  • \n Guajiboan
    • \n
  • \n J\u00ea / G\u00ea
    • \n
  • \n Har\u00e1kmbut -- Katukinan
    • \n
  • \n Jirajaran
    • \n
  • \n Jivaroan
    • \n
  • \n Kariri
    • \n
  • \n Katembri -- Taruma
    • \n
  • \n Mascoian
    • \n
  • \n Matacoan
    • \n
  • \n Maxakalian
    • \n
  • \n Nadahup
    • \n
  • \n Nambikwaran
    • \n
  • \n Otom\u00e1koan
    • \n
  • \n Pano - Tacanan
    • \n
  • \n Peba -- Yaguan
    • \n
  • \n Purian
    • \n
  • \n Quechuan
    • \n
  • \n Piaroa -- Saliban
    • \n
  • \n Ticuna -- Yuri
    • \n
  • \n Timotean
    • \n
  • \n Tiniguan
    • \n
  • \n Tucanoan
    • \n
  • \n Tupian
    • \n
  • \n Uru -- Chipaya
    • \n
  • \n Witotoan
    • \n
  • \n Yabutian
    • \n
  • \n Yanomaman
    • \n
  • \n Zamucoan
    • \n
  • \n Zaparoan
    • \n
  • \n Chimuan ?
    • \n
  • \n Esmeralda -- Yaruro ?
    • \n
  • \n Hibito -- Chol\u00f3n ?
    • \n
  • \n Lule -- Vilela ?
    • \n
  • \n Macro-J\u00ea ?
    • \n
  • \n Tequiraca -- Canichana ?
    • \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Isolates ( extant in 2000 ) \n
    \n
  • \n Aikan\u00e3 ?
    • \n
  • \n Alacalufan
    • \n
  • \n Andoque ?
    • \n
  • \n Cams\u00e1
    • \n
  • \n Candoshi
    • \n
  • \n Chimane
    • \n
  • \n Chiquitano
    • \n
  • \n Cof\u00e1n ?
    • \n
  • \n Fulni\u00f4
    • \n
  • \n Guat\u00f3
    • \n
  • \n Hod\u00ef / Joti
    • \n
  • \n Irantxe ?
    • \n
  • \n Itonama
    • \n
  • \n Karaj\u00e1
    • \n
  • \n Krenak
    • \n
  • \n Kunza
    • \n
  • \n Leco
    • \n
  • \n Maku - Auari of Roraima
    • \n
  • \n Movima
    • \n
  • \n Mura - Pirah\u00e3
    • \n
  • \n Nukak ?
    • \n
  • \n Ofay\u00e9
    • \n
  • \n Puinave
    • \n
  • \n Huaorani / Waorani
    • \n
  • \n Trumai
    • \n
  • \n Urarina
    • \n
  • \n Warao
    • \n
  • \n Yamana
    • \n
  • \n Yuracar\u00e9
    • \n
\n
\n
\n See also \n
    \n
  • \n Language isolates
    • \n
  • \n Unclassified languages
    • \n
  • \n Creoles
    • \n
  • \n Pidgins
    • \n
  • \n Mixed languages
    • \n
  • \n Artificial languages
    • \n
  • \n List of sign languages
    • \n
\n
\n Families with more than 30 languages are in bold . Families in italics have no living members .
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n LCCN : sh85141270
    • \n
  • \n GND : 4062084 - 0
    • \n
  • \n SUDOC : 027434389
    • \n
  • \n BNF : cb11947660w ( data )
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 00575506
    • \n
  • \n BNE : XX544740
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uralic_languages&oldid=837416046 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "turkish finnish and hungarian belong to which family of languages", "long_answers": ["The Uralic languages ( / j\u028a\u0259\u02c8r\u00e6l\u026ak / ; sometimes called Uralian languages / j\u028a\u0259\u02c8re\u026ali\u0259n / ) form a language family of 38 languages spoken by approximately 25 million people , predominantly in Northern Eurasia . The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian , Finnish , and Estonian , which are the official languages of Hungary , Finland , and Estonia , respectively , and of the European Union . Other Uralic languages with significant numbers of speakers are Erzya , Moksha , Mari , Udmurt , and Komi , which are officially recognized languages in various regions of Russia .\n"], "short_answers": ["Uralic languages\n"]} {"text": "1954 in the United States - wikipedia

\n 1954 in the United States

\n Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n 1954 in the United States
\n
\n
\n Years
\n
\n 1952
\n
\n 1953
\n
\n 1954
\n
\n 1955
\n
\n 1956
\n
\n
\n Flag
\n 48 stars ( 1912 -- 59 )
\n Timeline of United States history
\n History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 )
\n

\n Events from the year 1954 in the United States .

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n Incumbents ( edit )

\n

\n Federal Government ( edit )

\n \n

\n Representatives Speaker of the House of Representatives ) ) : Joseph William Martin , Jr . ( R - Massachusetts )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( show ) Governors and Lieutenant Governors
\n

\n Governors ( edit )

\n
    \n
  • \n Governor of Alabama : Gordon Persons ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Arizona : John Howard Pyle ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Arkansas : Francis Cherry ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of California : Goodwin Knight ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Colorado : Daniel I.J. Thornton ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Connecticut : John Davis Lodge ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Delaware : J. Caleb Boggs ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Florida : Charley Eugene Johns ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Georgia : Herman Talmadge ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Idaho : Leonard B. Jordan ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Illinois : William G. Stratton ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Indiana : George N. Craig ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Iowa :
      \n
    • \n until November 21 : William S. Beardsley ( Republican )
      • \n
    • \n November 21 - November 22 : vacant
      • \n
    • \n starting November 22 : Leo Elthon ( Republican )
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Kansas : Edward F. Arn ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Kentucky : Lawrence W. Wetherby ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Louisiana : Robert F. Kennon ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Maine : Burton M. Cross ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Maryland : Theodore R. McKeldin ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Massachusetts : Christian A. Herter ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Michigan : G. Mennen Williams ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Minnesota : C. Elmer Anderson ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Mississippi : Hugh L. White ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Missouri : Phil M. Donnelly ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Montana : J. Hugo Aronson ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Nebraska : Robert B. Crosby ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Nevada : Charles H. Russell ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of New Hampshire : Hugh Gregg ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of New Jersey : Alfred E. Driscoll ( Republican ) ( until January 19 ) , Robert B. Meyner ( Democratic ) ( starting January 19 )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of New Mexico : Edwin L. Mechem ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of New York : Thomas Dewey ( Republican ) ( until end of December 31 )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of North Carolina : William B. Umstead ( Democratic ) ( until November 7 ) , Luther H. Hodges ( Democratic ) ( starting November 7 )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of North Dakota : Clarence Norman Brunsdale ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Ohio : Frank J. Lausche ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Oklahoma : Johnston Murray ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Oregon : Paul L. Patterson ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Pennsylvania : John S. Fine ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Rhode Island : Dennis J. Roberts ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of South Carolina : James Francis Byrnes ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of South Dakota : Sigurd Anderson ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Tennessee : Frank G. Clement ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Texas : Allan Shivers ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Utah : J. Bracken Lee ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Vermont : Lee E. Emerson ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Virginia : John S. Battle ( Democratic ) ( until January 20 ) , Thomas Bahnson Stanley ( Democratic ) ( starting January 20 )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Washington : Arthur B. Langlie ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of West Virginia : William C. Marland ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Wisconsin : Walter J. Kohler , Jr . ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Governor of Wyoming : Clifford Joy Rogers ( Republican )
    • \n
\n

\n Lieutenant Governors ( edit )

\n
    \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Alabama : James B. Allen ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Arkansas : Nathan Green Gordon ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of California : Harold J. Powers ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Colorado : Gordon L. Allott ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Connecticut : Edward N. Allen ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Delaware : John W. Rollins ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Georgia : Marvin Griffin ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Idaho : Edson H. Deal ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Illinois : John William Chapman ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Indiana : Harold W. Handley ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Iowa : Leo Elthon ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Kansas : Fred Hall ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky : Emerson Beauchamp ( political party unknown )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana : C.E. `` Cap '' Barham ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts : Sumner G. Whittier ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Michigan : Clarence A. Reid ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota : vacant ( until month and day unknown ) , Donald O. Wright ( Republican ) ( starting month and day unknown )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi : Carroll Gartin ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Missouri : James T. Blair , Jr . ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Montana : George M. Gosman ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Nebraska : Charles J. Warner ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Nevada : Clifford A. Jones ( Democratic ) ( until December ) , vacant ( starting December )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of New Mexico : Tibo J. Chavez ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of New York : vacant
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina : Luther H. Hodges ( Democratic ) ( until November 7 ) , vacant ( starting November 7 )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota : Clarence P. Dahl ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Ohio : John William Brown ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma : James E. Berry ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Pennsylvania : Lloyd H. Wood ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island : John S. McKiernan ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina : George Bell Timmerman , Jr . ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota : Rex A. Terry ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee : Jared Maddux ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Texas : Ben Ramsey ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Vermont : Joseph B. Johnson ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Virginia : Allie Edward Stokes Stephens ( Democratic )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Washington : Emmett T. Anderson ( Republican )
    • \n
  • \n Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin : George M. Smith ( Republican )
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Events ( edit )

\n

\n January ( edit )

\n January 21 : USS Nautilus , the first nuclear - powered submarine \n

\n February ( edit )

\n \n

\n March ( edit )

\n \n

\n April ( edit )

\n \n

\n May ( edit )

\n \n

\n June ( edit )

\n \n

\n July ( edit )

\n \n

\n August ( edit )

\n \n

\n September ( edit )

\n \n

\n October ( edit )

\n \n

\n November ( edit )

\n \n

\n December ( edit )

\n \n

\n Undated ( edit )

\n \n

\n Ongoing ( edit )

\n \n

\n Births ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2011 )
\n

\n January ( edit )

\n \n

\n February ( edit )

\n \n

\n March ( edit )

\n

\n April ( edit )

\n \n

\n May ( edit )

\n \n

\n June ( edit )

\n \n

\n July ( edit )

\n \n

\n August ( edit )

\n

\n September ( edit )

\n \n

\n October ( edit )

\n \n

\n November ( edit )

\n \n

\n December ( edit )

\n \n

\n Deaths ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( June 2016 )
\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` On This Day '' , New York Times , retrieved 25 August 2016
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ s : Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of China
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Dente , Christopher J. ( March 2005 ) . `` Joseph E. Murray ( 1919 -- ) '' . Archives of Surgery . American Medical Association .
    4. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Years in the United States ( 1776 -- present )
\n 18th century \n
    \n
  • \n 1776
    • \n
  • \n 1777
    • \n
  • \n 1778
    • \n
  • \n 1779
    • \n
  • \n 1780
    • \n
  • \n 1781
    • \n
  • \n 1782
    • \n
  • \n 1783
    • \n
  • \n 1784
    • \n
  • \n 1785
    • \n
  • \n 1786
    • \n
  • \n 1787
    • \n
  • \n 1788
    • \n
  • \n 1789
    • \n
  • \n 1790
    • \n
  • \n 1791
    • \n
  • \n 1792
    • \n
  • \n 1793
    • \n
  • \n 1794
    • \n
  • \n 1795
    • \n
  • \n 1796
    • \n
  • \n 1797
    • \n
  • \n 1798
    • \n
  • \n 1799
    • \n
  • \n 1800
    • \n
\n
\n 19th century \n
    \n
  • \n 1801
    • \n
  • \n 1802
    • \n
  • \n 1803
    • \n
  • \n 1804
    • \n
  • \n 1805
    • \n
  • \n 1806
    • \n
  • \n 1807
    • \n
  • \n 1808
    • \n
  • \n 1809
    • \n
  • \n 1810
    • \n
  • \n 1811
    • \n
  • \n 1812
    • \n
  • \n 1813
    • \n
  • \n 1814
    • \n
  • \n 1815
    • \n
  • \n 1816
    • \n
  • \n 1817
    • \n
  • \n 1818
    • \n
  • \n 1819
    • \n
  • \n 1820
    • \n
  • \n 1821
    • \n
  • \n 1822
    • \n
  • \n 1823
    • \n
  • \n 1824
    • \n
  • \n 1825
    • \n
  • \n 1826
    • \n
  • \n 1827
    • \n
  • \n 1828
    • \n
  • \n 1829
    • \n
  • \n 1830
    • \n
  • \n 1831
    • \n
  • \n 1832
    • \n
  • \n 1833
    • \n
  • \n 1834
    • \n
  • \n 1835
    • \n
  • \n 1836
    • \n
  • \n 1837
    • \n
  • \n 1838
    • \n
  • \n 1839
    • \n
  • \n 1840
    • \n
  • \n 1841
    • \n
  • \n 1842
    • \n
  • \n 1843
    • \n
  • \n 1844
    • \n
  • \n 1845
    • \n
  • \n 1846
    • \n
  • \n 1847
    • \n
  • \n 1848
    • \n
  • \n 1849
    • \n
  • \n 1850
    • \n
  • \n 1851
    • \n
  • \n 1852
    • \n
  • \n 1853
    • \n
  • \n 1854
    • \n
  • \n 1855
    • \n
  • \n 1856
    • \n
  • \n 1857
    • \n
  • \n 1858
    • \n
  • \n 1859
    • \n
  • \n 1860
    • \n
  • \n 1861
    • \n
  • \n 1862
    • \n
  • \n 1863
    • \n
  • \n 1864
    • \n
  • \n 1865
    • \n
  • \n 1866
    • \n
  • \n 1867
    • \n
  • \n 1868
    • \n
  • \n 1869
    • \n
  • \n 1870
    • \n
  • \n 1871
    • \n
  • \n 1872
    • \n
  • \n 1873
    • \n
  • \n 1874
    • \n
  • \n 1875
    • \n
  • \n 1876
    • \n
  • \n 1877
    • \n
  • \n 1878
    • \n
  • \n 1879
    • \n
  • \n 1880
    • \n
  • \n 1881
    • \n
  • \n 1882
    • \n
  • \n 1883
    • \n
  • \n 1884
    • \n
  • \n 1885
    • \n
  • \n 1886
    • \n
  • \n 1887
    • \n
  • \n 1888
    • \n
  • \n 1889
    • \n
  • \n 1890
    • \n
  • \n 1891
    • \n
  • \n 1892
    • \n
  • \n 1893
    • \n
  • \n 1894
    • \n
  • \n 1895
    • \n
  • \n 1896
    • \n
  • \n 1897
    • \n
  • \n 1898
    • \n
  • \n 1899
    • \n
  • \n 1900
    • \n
\n
\n 20th century \n
    \n
  • \n 1901
    • \n
  • \n 1902
    • \n
  • \n 1903
    • \n
  • \n 1904
    • \n
  • \n 1905
    • \n
  • \n 1906
    • \n
  • \n 1907
    • \n
  • \n 1908
    • \n
  • \n 1909
    • \n
  • \n 1910
    • \n
  • \n 1911
    • \n
  • \n 1912
    • \n
  • \n 1913
    • \n
  • \n 1914
    • \n
  • \n 1915
    • \n
  • \n 1916
    • \n
  • \n 1917
    • \n
  • \n 1918
    • \n
  • \n 1919
    • \n
  • \n 1920
    • \n
  • \n 1921
    • \n
  • \n 1922
    • \n
  • \n 1923
    • \n
  • \n 1924
    • \n
  • \n 1925
    • \n
  • \n 1926
    • \n
  • \n 1927
    • \n
  • \n 1928
    • \n
  • \n 1929
    • \n
  • \n 1930
    • \n
  • \n 1931
    • \n
  • \n 1932
    • \n
  • \n 1933
    • \n
  • \n 1934
    • \n
  • \n 1935
    • \n
  • \n 1936
    • \n
  • \n 1937
    • \n
  • \n 1938
    • \n
  • \n 1939
    • \n
  • \n 1940
    • \n
  • \n 1941
    • \n
  • \n 1942
    • \n
  • \n 1943
    • \n
  • \n 1944
    • \n
  • \n 1945
    • \n
  • \n 1946
    • \n
  • \n 1947
    • \n
  • \n 1948
    • \n
  • \n 1949
    • \n
  • \n 1950
    • \n
  • \n 1951
    • \n
  • \n 1952
    • \n
  • \n 1953
    • \n
  • \n 1954
    • \n
  • \n 1955
    • \n
  • \n 1956
    • \n
  • \n 1957
    • \n
  • \n 1958
    • \n
  • \n 1959
    • \n
  • \n 1960
    • \n
  • \n 1961
    • \n
  • \n 1962
    • \n
  • \n 1963
    • \n
  • \n 1964
    • \n
  • \n 1965
    • \n
  • \n 1966
    • \n
  • \n 1967
    • \n
  • \n 1968
    • \n
  • \n 1969
    • \n
  • \n 1970
    • \n
  • \n 1971
    • \n
  • \n 1972
    • \n
  • \n 1973
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1976
    • \n
  • \n 1977
    • \n
  • \n 1978
    • \n
  • \n 1979
    • \n
  • \n 1980
    • \n
  • \n 1981
    • \n
  • \n 1982
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 1984
    • \n
  • \n 1985
    • \n
  • \n 1986
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n 21st century \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 2017
    • \n
  • \n 2018
    • \n
  • \n 2019
    • \n
  • \n 2020
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n 1954 in North America
\n Sovereign states \n
    \n
  • \n Antigua and Barbuda
    • \n
  • \n Bahamas
    • \n
  • \n Barbados
    • \n
  • \n Belize
    • \n
  • \n Canada
    • \n
  • \n Costa Rica
    • \n
  • \n Cuba
    • \n
  • \n Dominica
    • \n
  • \n Dominican Republic
    • \n
  • \n El Salvador
    • \n
  • \n Grenada
    • \n
  • \n Guatemala
    • \n
  • \n Haiti
    • \n
  • \n Honduras
    • \n
  • \n Jamaica
    • \n
  • \n Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Nicaragua
    • \n
  • \n Panama
    • \n
  • \n Saint Kitts and Nevis
    • \n
  • \n Saint Lucia
    • \n
  • \n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
    • \n
  • \n Trinidad and Tobago
    • \n
  • \n United States
    • \n
\n
\n Dependencies and other territories \n
    \n
  • \n Anguilla
    • \n
  • \n Aruba
    • \n
  • \n Bermuda
    • \n
  • \n Bonaire
    • \n
  • \n British Virgin Islands
    • \n
  • \n Cayman Islands
    • \n
  • \n Cura\u00e7ao
    • \n
  • \n Greenland
    • \n
  • \n Guadeloupe
    • \n
  • \n Martinique
    • \n
  • \n Montserrat
    • \n
  • \n Puerto Rico
    • \n
  • \n Saint Barth\u00e9lemy
    • \n
  • \n Saint Martin
    • \n
  • \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon
    • \n
  • \n Saba
    • \n
  • \n Sint Eustatius
    • \n
  • \n Sint Maarten
    • \n
  • \n Turks and Caicos Islands
    • \n
  • \n United States Virgin Islands
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1954_in_the_United_States&oldid=818662095 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what was going on in 1954 in the us", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Eighth Crusade - wikipedia

\n Eighth Crusade

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Eighth Crusade
\n Part of the Crusades
\n Death of Louis IX during the siege of Tunis
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Date \n 1270
\n Location \n Tunisia
\n Result \n Muslim victory Treaty of Tunis Death of Louis IX Opening of trade with Tunis
\n Territorial changes \n Status quo ante bellum
\n
\n Belligerents
\n Kingdom of France Kingdom of Sicily Kingdom of Navarre \n Hafsid dynasty
\n Commanders and leaders
\n Louis IX # Charles I of Sicily Theobald II of Navarre \n Muhammad I al - Mustansir
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Crusades
\n In the Holy Land ( 1095 -- 1291 )
    \n
  • \n First
    • \n
  • \n People 's
    • \n
  • \n 1101
    • \n
  • \n Norwegian
    • \n
  • \n Venetian
    • \n
  • \n Second
    • \n
  • \n Third
    • \n
  • \n 1197
    • \n
  • \n Fourth
    • \n
  • \n Children 's
    • \n
  • \n Fifth
    • \n
  • \n Sixth
    • \n
  • \n Barons '
    • \n
  • \n Seventh
    • \n
  • \n Shepherds ' 1251
    • \n
  • \n Eighth
    • \n
  • \n Ninth
    • \n
\n

\n After 1291

\n
    \n
  • \n Poor 1309
    • \n
  • \n Shepherds ' 1320
    • \n
  • \n Smyrniote 1343 -- 1351
    • \n
  • \n Alexandrian 1365
    • \n
  • \n Savoyard 1366
    • \n
  • \n Barbary 1390
    • \n
  • \n Nicopolis 1396
    • \n
  • \n Varna 1443
    • \n
  • \n Portuguese 1481
    • \n
\n

\n Northern Crusades ( 1147 -- 1410 )

\n
    \n
  • \n Wendish 1147
    • \n
  • \n Swedish
      \n
    • \n 1150
      • \n
    • \n 1249
      • \n
    • \n 1293
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Livonian 1198 -- 1290
    • \n
  • \n Prussian 1217 -- 1274
    • \n
  • \n Lithuanian 1283 -- 1410
    • \n
\n

\n Against Christians

\n
    \n
  • \n Bosnian 1235 -- 1241
    • \n
  • \n Albigensian 1209 -- 1229
    • \n
  • \n Aragonese 1284 / 5
    • \n
  • \n Despenser 's 1382 / 3
    • \n
  • \n Hussite 1419 -- 1434
    • \n
\n

\n Reconquista ( 718 -- 1492 )

\n
    \n
  • \n Book : The Crusades
    • \n
  • \n Portal : Crusades
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

\n The Eighth Crusade was a crusade launched by Louis IX of France against the city of Tunis in 1270 . The Eighth Crusade is sometimes counted as the Seventh , if the Fifth and Sixth Crusades of Frederick II are counted as a single crusade . The Ninth Crusade is sometimes also counted as part of the Eighth . The crusade is considered a failure after Louis died shortly after arriving on the shores of Tunisia , with his disease - ridden army dispersing back to Europe shortly afterwards .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Background ( edit )

\n

\n Despite the failure of the Seventh Crusade , which ended in the capture of King Louis by the Mamluks , the King did not lose interest in crusading . He continued to send financial aid and military support to the settlements in Outremer from 1254 to 1266 . While the `` crusade '' of the King 's brother Charles of Anjou against the Hohenstaufen Kingdom of Sicily occupied Papal attention for some years , the advance of Baibars in Syria during the early 1260s became increasingly alarming to Christendom . The War of Saint Sabas between Genoa and Venice had drawn in the Crusader States and depleted their resources and manpower . The exhausted settlements were systematically overrun by the methodical campaigns of Baibars . By 1265 , he had raided Galilee and destroyed the cathedral of Nazareth , captured Caesarea and Arsuf and temporarily took Haifa . In late 1266 , Louis informed Pope Clement IV that he intended to go on crusade again .

\n

\n Preparation ( edit )

\n

\n Louis formally took the cross on 24 March 1267 at an assembly of his nobles . A second ceremony took place on 5 June 1267 before a papal legate in Notre - Dame de Paris . Louis 's son - in - law , King Theobald II of Navarre , who had also taken the cross , was also present . The response was less enthusiastic than to his calling of the Seventh Crusade in 1248 , although its unpopularity may have been exaggerated by his chronicler Jean de Joinville , who was personally opposed to the venture . The crusade was set to sail from Aigues - Mortes in early summer 1270 in Genoese and Marseillois shipping . An Aragonese contingent under James I of Aragon sailed from Barcelona in September 1269 , but was caught in a storm and badly damaged ; most of the survivors returned home , while one squadron under the King 's natural sons Pedro Fern\u00e1ndez and Fern\u00e1n S\u00e1nchez reached Acre . Too weak to engage Baibars , they soon returned to Aragon as well .

\n

\n Louis ' initial plan was to descend on the coast of Outremer by way of Cyprus . However , a new plan was developed in 1269 , wherein the fleet would first descend on Tunis . This change has often been attributed to the King 's brother Charles of Anjou , whose newly - conquered Kingdom of Sicily would benefit from a renewal of its traditional influence on Tunis . However , the details of Charles ' preparations suggest that he was not initially aware of the change of plans , which originated at the French court . Louis may have thought that Tunis was an important base of supplies for Egypt ; Geoffrey of Beaulieu stated that the King thought that the Khalif of Tunis , Muhammad I al - Mustansir , might be persuaded to convert to Christianity , if given military support .

\n

\n Pope Clement ceded a tenth of the church 's income in Navarre to King Theobald for the financing the crusade . The prior of Roncesvalles and the dean of Tudela were to oversee the collection of the tenth . The preaching of the crusade in Navarre was primarily undertaken by the Franciscans and Dominicans of Pamplona .

\n

\n Campaign and siege ( edit )

\n

\n A large and well - organized fleet under Louis IX sailed from Aigues - Mortes about a month late , on 1 July 1270 . The following day a second fleet under the King of Navarre sailed from Marseille . The two fleets joined up at Cagliari on the southern coast of Sardinia . They landed on the Tunisian coast on 18 July . The crusaders built a fortified camp on the ruins of Carthage and awaited the arrival of the Sicilian contingent under Charles of Anjou . The North African summer bred pestilence , and an epidemic of dysentery swept through the crusading ranks . Louis ' Damietta - born son John Tristan died of the disease on 3 August . Soon Louis , too , fell sick , and died , in penitence , on a bed of ashes on 25 August . His brother Charles arrived just after his death .

\n

\n Because of further diseases the siege of Tunis was abandoned on 30 October by an agreement with the sultan . In this agreement the Christians gained free trade with Tunis , and residence for monks and priests in the city was guaranteed . After hearing of the death of Louis and the evacuation of the crusaders from Tunis , Sultan Baibars of Egypt cancelled his plan to send Egyptian troops to fight Louis in Tunis . The treaty was quite beneficial to Charles of Anjou , who received one - third of a war indemnity from the Tunisians , and was promised that Hohenstaufen refugees in the sultanate would be expelled .

\n

\n Prince Edward of England arrived with an English fleet the day before the crusaders left Tunis . The English returned to Sicily with the rest of the crusaders ; the combined fleet was badly damaged in a storm off Trapani . At the end of April 1271 , the English continued to Acre to carry on the Ninth Crusade .

\n

\n Literary response ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n Bertran d'Alamanon , a diplomat in the service of Charles of Anjou , and Ricaut Bono criticised the de Papal policy of pursuing wars in Italy with money that should have gone overseas .

\n

\n The failure of the Eighth Crusade , like those of its predecessors , caused a response to be crafted in Occitan poetry by the troubadours . The death of Louis of France especially sparked their creative output , notable considering the hostility which the troubadours had previously shown towards the French monarchy during the Albigensian Crusade . Three planhs , songs of lament , were composed for the death of Louis IX .

\n

\n Guilhem d'Autpol composed Fortz tristors es e salvaj'a retraire for Louis . Raimon Gaucelm de Bezers composed Qui vol aver complida amistansa to celebrate the preparations of the Crusade in 1268 , but in 1270 he had to compose Ab grans trebalhs et ab grans marrimens in commemoration of the French king . Austorc de Segret composed No sai quim so , tan sui desconoissens , a more general Crusading song , that laments Louis but also that either God or Satan is misleading Christians . He also attacks Louis ' brother Charles , whom he calls the caps e guitz ( head and guide ) of the infidels , because he convinced Louis to attack Tunis and not the Holy Land , and he immediately negotiated a peace with the Muslims after Louis ' death .

\n

\n After the Crusade , the aged troubadour Peire Cardenal wrote a song , Totz lo mons es vestitiz et abrazatz ( more or less : the entire world is besieged and surrounded ( by falsehood ) ) , encouraging Louis ' heir , Philip III , to go to the Holy Land to aid Edward Longshanks .

\n

\n Satiric verses were composed in Tunis about Louis ' new plan to invade Tunis : `` O Louis , Tunis is the sister of Egypt ! thus expect your ordeal ! you will find your tomb here instead of the house of Ibn Lokman ; and the eunuch Sobih will be here replaced by Munkir and Nakir . '' .

\n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` The Crusades of St. Louis '' . Britannica . Retrieved 28 May 2015 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , pp. 207 -- 208 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , p. 209 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , pp. 239 -- 240 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , p. 240 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , p. 241 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Narbaitz 2007 , pp. 256 -- 57 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , pp. 209 -- 210 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , p. 210 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , pp. 210 -- 211 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Al - Maqrizi , p. 69 / vol. 2
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , p. 211 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Verses by a contemporary Tunesian named Ahmad Ismail Alzayat ( Al - Maqrizi , p. 462 / vol. 1 ) -- House of Ibn Lokman was the house in Al - Mansurah where Louis was imprisoned in chains after he was captured in Fariskur during the 7th Crusade and where he was under the guard of a eunuch named Sobih . According to Muslim creed Munkir and Nakir are two angels who interrogate the dead .
    14. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eighth_Crusade&oldid=815529492 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who occupied the holy land after the 8th crusade", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Menstruation - wikipedia

\n Menstruation

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about humans . For other mammals , see Menstruation ( mammal ) . Figure showing the progression of the menstrual cycle and the different hormones contributing to it .

\n Menstruation , also known as a period or monthly , is the regular discharge of blood and mucosal tissue ( known as menses ) from the inner lining of the uterus through the vagina . The first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen years of age , a point in time known as menarche . However , periods may occasionally start as young as eight years old and still be considered normal . The average age of the first period is generally later in the developing world , and earlier in the developed world . The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women , and 21 to 31 days in adults ( an average of 28 days ) . Bleeding usually lasts around 2 to 7 days . Menstruation stops occurring after menopause , which usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age . Periods also stop during pregnancy and typically do not resume during the initial months of breastfeeding .

\n

\n Up to 80 % of women report having some symptoms prior to menstruation . Common signs and symptoms include acne , tender breasts , bloating , feeling tired , irritability , and mood changes . These may interfere with normal life , therefore qualifying as premenstrual syndrome , in 20 to 30 % of women . In 3 to 8 % , symptoms are severe .

\n

\n A lack of periods , known as amenorrhea , is when periods do not occur by age 15 or have not occurred in 90 days . Other problems with the menstrual cycle include painful periods and abnormal bleeding such as bleeding between periods or heavy bleeding . Menstruation in other animals occurs in primates , such as apes and monkeys , as well as bats and the elephant shrew .

\n

\n The menstrual cycle occurs due to the rise and fall of hormones . This cycle results in the thickening of the lining of the uterus , and the growth of an egg , ( which is required for pregnancy ) . The egg is released from an ovary around day fourteen in the cycle ; the thickened lining of the uterus provides nutrients to an embryo after implantation . If pregnancy does not occur , the lining is released in what is known as menstruation .

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n Onset and frequency

\n Diagram illustrating how the uterus lining builds up and breaks down during the menstrual cycle .

\n The first menstrual period occurs after the onset of pubertal growth , and is called menarche . The average age of menarche is 12 to 15 . However , it may start as early as eight . The average age of the first period is generally later in the developing world , and earlier in the developed world . The average age of menarche has changed little in the United States since the 1950s .

\n

\n Menstruation is the most visible phase of the menstrual cycle and its beginning is used as the marker between cycles . The first day of menstrual bleeding is the date used for the last menstrual period ( LMP ) . The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women , and 21 to 31 days in adults ( an average of 28 days ) .

\n

\n Perimenopause is when fertility in a female declines , and menstruation occurs less regularly in the years leading up to the final menstrual period , when a female stops menstruating completely and is no longer fertile . The medical definition of menopause is one year without a period and typically occurs between 45 and 55 in Western countries .

\n

\n During pregnancy and for some time after childbirth , menstruation does not occur ; this state is known as amenorrhoea . If menstruation has not resumed , fertility is low during lactation . The average length of postpartum amenorrhoea is longer when certain breastfeeding practices are followed ; this may be done intentionally as birth control .

\n

\n Health effects

\n Further information : Premenstrual syndrome

\n In most women , various physical changes are brought about by fluctuations in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle . This includes muscle contractions of the uterus ( menstrual cramping ) that can precede or accompany menstruation . Some may notice water retention , changes in sex drive , fatigue , breast tenderness , or nausea . Breast swelling and discomfort may be caused by water retention during menstruation . Usually , such sensations are mild , and some females notice very few physical changes associated with menstruation . A healthy diet , reduced consumption of salt , caffeine and alcohol , and regular exercise may be effective for women in controlling some symptoms . Severe symptoms that disrupt daily activities and functioning may be diagnosed as premenstrual dysphoric disorder . Symptoms before menstruation are known as premenstrual molimina .

\n

\n Cramps

\n Further information : Dysmenorrhea

\n Many women experience painful cramps , also known as dysmenorrhea , during menstruation . Pain results from ischemia and muscle contractions . Spiral arteries in the secretory endometrium constrict , resulting in ischemia to the secretory endometrium . This allows the uterine lining to slough off . The myometrium contracts spasmodically in order to push the menstrual fluid through the cervix and out of the vagina . The contractions are mediated by a release of prostaglandins .

\n

\n Painful menstrual cramps that result from an excess of prostaglandin release are referred to as primary dysmenorrhea . Primary dysmenorrhea usually begins within a year or two of menarche , typically with the onset of ovulatory cycles . Treatments that target the mechanism of pain include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) and hormonal contraceptives . NSAIDs inhibit prostaglandin production . With long - term treatment , hormonal birth control reduces the amount of uterine fluid / tissue expelled from the uterus . Thus resulting in shorter , less painful menstruation . These drugs are typically more effective than treatments that do not target the source of the pain ( e.g. acetaminophen ) . Risk factors for primary dysmenorrhea include : early age at menarche , long or heavy menstrual periods , smoking , and a family history of dysmenorrhea . Regular physical activity may limit the severity of uterine cramps .

\n

\n For many women , primary dysmenorrhea gradually subsides in late second generation . Pregnancy has also been demonstrated to lessen the severity of dysmenorrhea , when menstruation resumes . However , dysmenorrhea can continue until menopause. 5 -- 15 % of women with dysmenorrhea experience symptoms severe enough to interfere with daily activities .

\n

\n Secondary dysmenorrhea is the diagnosis given when menstruation pain is a secondary cause to another disorder . Conditions causing secondary dysmenorrhea include endometriosis , uterine fibroids , and uterine adenomyosis . Rarely , congenital malformations , intrauterine devices , certain cancers , and pelvic infections cause secondary dysmenorrhea . Symptoms include pain spreading to hips , lower back and thighs , nausea , and frequent diarrhea or constipation . If the pain occurs between menstrual periods , lasts longer than the first few days of the period , or is not adequately relieved by the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) or hormonal contraceptives , women should be evaluated for secondary causes of dysmenorrhea .

\n

\n When severe pelvic pain and bleeding suddenly occur or worsen during a cycle , the woman or girl should be evaluated for ectopic pregnancy and spontaneous abortion . This evaluation begins with a pregnancy test and should be done as soon as unusual pain begins , because ectopic pregnancies can be life \u2010 threatening .

\n

\n In some cases , stronger physical and emotional or psychological sensations may interfere with normal activities , and include menstrual pain ( dysmenorrhea ) , migraine headaches , and depression . Dysmenorrhea , or severe uterine pain , is particularly common for young females ( one study found that 67.2 % of girls aged 13 -- 19 have it ) .

\n

\n The medications in the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) class are commonly used to relieve menstrual cramps . Some herbs are also claimed to help .

\n

\n Mood and behavior

\n

\n Some women experience emotional disturbances starting one or two weeks before their period , and stopping soon after the period has started . Symptoms may include mental tension , irritability , mood swings , and crying spells . Problems with concentration and memory may occur . There may also be depression or anxiety .

\n

\n This is part of premenstrual syndrome ( PMS ) and is estimated to occur in 20 to 30 % of women . In 3 to 8 % it is severe .

\n

\n More severe symptoms of anxiety or depression may be signs of premenstrual dysphoric disorder ( PMDD ) . Rarely , in individuals who are susceptible , menstruation may be a trigger for menstrual psychosis .

\n

\n Extreme psychological stress can also result in periods stopping .

\n

\n Bleeding

\n

\n The average volume of menstrual fluid during a monthly menstrual period is 35 milliliters ( 2.4 tablespoons of menstrual fluid ) with 10 -- 80 milliliters ( 1 -- 6 tablespoons of menstrual fluid ) considered typical . Menstrual fluid is the correct name for the flow , although many people prefer to refer to it as menstrual blood . Menstrual fluid contains some blood , as well as cervical mucus , vaginal secretions , and endometrial tissue . Menstrual fluid is reddish - brown , a slightly darker color than venous blood .

\n

\n About half of menstrual fluid is blood . This blood contains sodium , calcium , phosphate , iron , and chloride , the extent of which depends on the woman . As well as blood , the fluid consists of cervical mucus , vaginal secretions , and endometrial tissue . Vaginal fluids in menses mainly contribute water , common electrolytes , organ moieties , and at least 14 proteins , including glycoproteins .

\n

\n Many mature females notice blood clots during menstruation . These appear as clumps of blood that may look like tissue . If there are questions ( for example , was there a miscarriage ? ) , examination under a microscope can confirm if it was endometrial tissue or pregnancy tissue ( products of conception ) that was shed . Sometimes menstrual clots or shed endometrial tissue is incorrectly thought to indicate an early - term miscarriage of an embryo . An enzyme called plasmin -- contained in the endometrium -- tends to inhibit the blood from clotting .

\n

\n The amount of iron lost in menstrual fluid is relatively small for most women . In one study , premenopausal women who exhibited symptoms of iron deficiency were given endoscopies. 86 % of them actually had gastrointestinal disease and were at risk of being misdiagnosed simply because they were menstruating . Heavy menstrual bleeding , occurring monthly , can result in anemia .

\n

\n Menstrual disorders

\n

\n There is a wide spectrum of differences in how women experience menstruation . There are several ways that someone 's menstrual cycle can differ from the norm , any of which should be discussed with a doctor to identify the underlying cause :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Symptom \n See article
\n Infrequent periods \n Oligomenorrhea
\n Short or extremely light periods \n Hypomenorrhea
\n Too - frequent periods ( defined as more frequently than every 21 days ) \n Polymenorrhea
\n Extremely heavy or long periods ( one guideline is soaking a sanitary napkin or tampon every hour or so , or menstruating for longer than 7 days ) \n Hypermenorrhea
\n Extremely painful periods \n Dysmenorrhea
\n Breakthrough bleeding ( also called spotting ) between periods ; normal in many females \n Metrorrhagia
\n Absent periods \n Amenorrhea
\n

\n There is a movement among gynecologists to discard the terms noted above , which although they are widely used , do not have precise definitions . Many now argue to describe menstruation in simple terminology , including :

\n \n

\n Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is a hormonally caused bleeding abnormality . Dysfunctional uterine bleeding typically occurs in premenopausal women who do not ovulate normally ( i.e. are anovulatory ) . All these bleeding abnormalities need medical attention ; they may indicate hormone imbalances , uterine fibroids , or other problems . As pregnant women may bleed , a pregnancy test forms part of the evaluation of abnormal bleeding .

\n

\n Women who had undergone female genital mutilation ( particularly type III - infibulation ) a practice common in parts of Africa , may experience menstrual problems , such as slow and painful menstruation , that is caused by the near - complete sealing off of the vagina .

\n

\n Premature or delayed menarche should be investigated if menarche begins before 9 years , if menarche has not begun by age 15 , if there is no breast development by age 13 , or if there is no period by 3 years after the onset of breast development .

\n

\n Ovulation suppression

\n

\n Birth control

\n Main article : Hormonal contraception Half - used blister pack of a combined oral contraceptive . The white pills are placebos , mainly for the purpose of reminding the woman to continue taking the pills .

\n Since the late 1960s , many women have chosen to control the frequency of menstruation with hormonal birth control pills . They are most often combined hormone pills containing estrogen and are taken in 28 - day cycles , 21 hormonal pills with either a 7 - day break from pills , or 7 placebo pills during which the woman menstruates . Hormonal birth control acts by using low doses of hormones to prevent ovulation , and thus prevent pregnancy in sexually active women . But by using placebo pills for a 7 - day span during the month , a regular bleeding period is still experienced .

\n

\n Injections such as depo - provera became available in the 1960s . Progestogen implants such as Norplant in the 1980s and extended cycle combined oral contraceptive pills in the early 2000s .

\n

\n Using synthetic hormones , it is possible for a woman to completely eliminate menstrual periods . When using progestogen implants , menstruation may be reduced to 3 or 4 menstrual periods per year . By taking progestogen - only contraceptive pills ( sometimes called the ' mini-pill ' ) continuously without a 7 - day span of using placebo pills , menstrual periods do not occur . Some women do this simply for convenience in the short - term , while others prefer to eliminate periods altogether when possible .

\n

\n Some women use hormonal contraception in this way to eliminate their periods for months or years at a time , a practice called menstrual suppression . When the first birth control pill was being developed , the researchers were aware that they could use the contraceptive to space menstrual periods up to 90 days apart , but they settled on a 28 - day cycle that would mimic a natural menstrual cycle and produce monthly periods . The intention behind this decision was the hope of the inventor , John Rock , to win approval for his invention from the Roman Catholic Church . That attempt failed , but the 28 - day cycle remained the standard when the pill became available to the public . There is debate among medical researchers about the potential long - term impacts of these practices upon female health . Some researchers point to the fact that historically , females have had far fewer menstrual periods throughout their lifetimes , a result of shorter life expectancies , as well as a greater length of time spent pregnant or breast - feeding , which reduced the number of periods experienced by females . These researchers believe that the higher number of menstrual periods by females in modern societies may have a negative impact upon their health . On the other hand , some researchers believe there is a greater potential for negative impacts from exposing females perhaps unnecessarily to regular low doses of synthetic hormones over their reproductive years .

\n

\n Breastfeeding

\n Main article : Lactational amenorrhea method

\n Breastfeeding causes negative feedback to occur on pulse secretion of gonadotropin - releasing hormone ( GnRH ) and luteinizing hormone ( LH ) . Depending on the strength of the negative feedback , breastfeeding women may experience complete suppression of follicular development , follicular development but no ovulation , or normal menstrual cycles may resume . Suppression of ovulation is more likely when suckling occurs more frequently . The production of prolactin in response to suckling is important to maintaining lactational amenorrhea . On average , women who are fully breastfeeding whose infants suckle frequently experience a return of menstruation at fourteen and a half months postpartum . There is a wide range of response among individual breastfeeding women , however , with some experiencing return of menstruation at two months and others remaining amenorrheic for up to 42 months postpartum .

\n

\n Menstrual management

\n Main article : Feminine hygiene Further information : Menstrual hygiene day

\n Menstruation is managed by menstruating women to avoid damage to clothing or to accord with norms of public life . Menstrual management practices range from medical suppression of menstruation , through wearing special garments or other items , washing or avoidance of washing , disposal and laundry of stained materials , to separation of menstruators to particular places or activities .

\n

\n Menstrual products ( also called `` feminine hygiene '' products ) are made to absorb or catch menstrual blood . A number of different products are available - some are disposable , some are reusable . Where women can afford it , items used to absorb or catch menses are usually commercially manufactured products .

\n

\n Disposable products

\n Disposable sanitary napkin Tampon in plastic applicator \n

\n Reusable products

\n Menstrual cup Cloth menstrual pad \n

\n Non-commercial items

\n

\n In developing countries , many poor women can not afford commercial feminine hygiene products . Instead , they use materials found in the environment or other improvised materials . Absorption materials that may be used by women who can not afford anything else include : sand , ash , small hole in earth , cloth , whole leaf , leaf fibre ( such as water hyacinth , banana , papyrus , cotton fibre ) , paper ( toilet paper , re-used newspaper , pulped and dried paper ) , animal pelt e.g. goat skin , double layer of underwear , skirt or sari .

\n

\n Society and culture

\n Amra Padatik India , celebration of Menstrual Hygiene Day in India

\n Traditions and taboos

\n Main article : Culture and menstruation Further information : Menstrual taboo

\n Many religions have menstruation - related traditions .

\n Islam

\n Islam prohibits sexual contact with women during menstruation in the 2nd chapter of the Quran . Women are exempted from Salah ( prayer ) . They are also prohibited from fasting and obligatory fasts of Ramadan are to be performed during other days . During menses pilgrimages are allowed ; however , circumambulation of the Kaaba is prohibited and is to be performed during other times .

\n Judaism

\n The laws of Niddah in Judaism may ban certain actions during menstruation ( such as sexual intercourse in some movements of Judaism ) or rituals performed at the end of each menses ( such as the mikvah ) . Some traditional societies sequester women in residences called `` menstrual huts '' that are reserved for that exclusive purpose .

\n Hinduism

\n In Hinduism , it is also frowned upon to go to a temple and do pooja ( i.e. , pray ) or do pooja at religious events if one is menstruating . Metaformic Theory , as proposed by cultural theorist Judy Grahn and others , places menstruation as a central organizing idea in the creation of culture and the formation of humans ' earliest rituals .

\n Christianity

\n Although most Christian denominations do not follow any specific or prescribed rites for menstruation , Western civilization , which has been predominantly Christian , has a history of menstrual taboos , with menstruating women having been believed to be dangerous .

\n Secular culture

\n Anthropologists , Lock and Nguyen ( 2010 ) , have noted that the heavy medicalization of the reproductive life - stages of women in the West , mimic power structures that are deemed , in other cultural practices , to function as a form of `` social control '' . Medicalization of the stages of women 's lives , such as birth and menstruation , has enlivened a feminist perspective that investigates the social implications of biomedicine 's practice . `` ( C ) ultural analysis of reproduction ... attempts to show how women ... exhibit resistance and create dominant alternative meanings about the body and reproduction to those dominant among the medical profession . ''

\n Other

\n In some parts of South Asia , women are isolated during menstruation . In 2005 , in Nepal , the Supreme Court abolished the practice of chhaupadi , keeping women in cow - sheds during menstruation .

\n

\n Sexual activity

\n

\n Sexual intercourse during menstruation does not cause damage in and of itself , but the woman 's body is more vulnerable during this time . Vaginal pH is higher and thus less acidic than normal , the cervix is lower in its position , the cervical opening is more dilated , and the uterine endometrial lining is absent , thus allowing organisms direct access to the bloodstream through the numerous blood vessels that nourish the uterus . All these conditions increase the chance of infection during menstruation .

\n

\n Education

\n

\n Menstruation education is frequently taught in combination with sex education in the US , although one study suggests that girls would prefer their mothers to be the primary source of information about menstruation and puberty . A Nigerian study showed the following breakdown in menstruation education : `` parents of 56.1 % , friends of 53.18 % , books of 45.56 % , teachers of 44.15 % , internet of 45.19 % , and health centers of 54.14 % '' held the most influence in terms of menstruation education . Information about menstruation is often shared among friends and peers , which may promote a more positive outlook on puberty .

\n

\n The quality of menstrual education in a society determines the accuracy of people 's understanding of the process . This is in part due to the segregation of male and female peers during educational sessions . Failure to teach an accurate understanding of menstruation to students of all genders has social implications for gendered relationships and the objectification of women 's bodies . Discomfort arises when students do not have access to the same information , reinforcing the belief `` that menstruation is gross and should be kept hidden '' . Girls are encouraged to conceal the fact that they may be menstruating in order to be considered desirable . Sexual harassment and teasing about menstruation cause girls anxiety as they must struggle to ensure that they give no sign of menstruation .

\n

\n Effective educational programs are essential to providing children and adolescents with clear and accurate information about menstruation . Several education and sexual health experts have studied the key features necessary for such programs . Some experts maintain that schools are an appropriate place for menstrual education to take place because they are an institution that young people attend consistently . Schools are intended to expand students ' knowledge and thus serve as an appropriate site for conveying menstrual education .

\n

\n Other experts argue that programs led by peers or third - party agencies are more effective than those taught in the school classroom . This may be due to the use of small group interactions , the ability of these programs to target specific populations , or the possibility that many teenagers choose to participate voluntarily in these programs , rather than being mandated to attend school programs .

\n

\n Cost

\n Further information : Tampon tax

\n The cost of commercial products for menstrual management is considered to be unacceptably high for many women . At least half a million women across the world do not have enough money to adequately afford these products . This can result in missing school or even dropping out .

\n

\n Known as `` period poverty '' this situation has resulted in efforts to eliminate taxes on these products . A study by the WHO and UNICEF showed that one out of five women in Scotland have been forced to improvise with items including toilet paper and old clothes due to the high cost of commercial products .

\n

\n In July 2017 , a pilot program began in Scotland to have free sanitary products available at schools and food banks for women who can not afford them . Further to this half year pilot program , Scotland 's opposition Labour Party intends to introduce a bill to make this permanent . Scotland is the first country to ban period poverty .

\n

\n In 2015 a petition was put forward in England seeking the elimination of the 5 % `` tampon tax '' . The government voted in favour but it has yet to be implemented due to Brexit complications . In England , one in ten women between 14 and 21 can not afford menstrual management products .

\n

\n In the United States , nine states have eliminated the tampon tax , and seven states have introduced legislation . In January 2018 , California rejected a proposal to eliminate tampon tax .

\n

\n Evolution

\n

\n All female placental mammals have a uterine lining that builds up when the animal is fertile , but it is dismantled when the animal is infertile . Most female mammals have an estrous cycle , yet only primates ( including humans ) , several species of bats , and elephant shrews have a menstrual cycle . ( Killer whales , Orcinus orca , are one of the few species to experience menopause . ) Some anthropologists have questioned the energy cost of rebuilding the endometrium every fertility cycle . However , anthropologist Beverly Strassmann has proposed that the energy savings of not having to continuously maintain the uterine lining more than offsets energy cost of having to rebuild the lining in the next fertility cycle , even in species such as humans where much of the lining is lost through bleeding ( overt menstruation ) rather than reabsorbed ( covert menstruation ) .

\n

\n Many have questioned the evolution of overt menstruation in humans and related species , speculating on what advantage there could be to losing blood associated with dismantling the endometrium , rather than absorbing it , as most mammals do . Humans do , in fact , reabsorb about two - thirds of the endometrium each cycle . Strassmann asserts that overt menstruation occurs not because it is beneficial in itself . Rather , the fetal development of these species requires a more developed endometrium , one which is too thick to reabsorb completely . Strassman correlates species that have overt menstruation to those that have a large uterus relative to the adult female body size .

\n

\n Beginning in 1971 , some research suggested that menstrual cycles of cohabiting human females became synchronized . A few anthropologists hypothesized that in hunter - gatherer societies , males would go on hunting journeys whilst the females of the tribe were menstruating , speculating that the females would not have been as receptive to sexual relations while menstruating . However , there is currently significant dispute as to whether menstrual synchrony exists .

\n

\n See also

\n \n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : Women 's Gynecologic Health . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . 2011 . p. 94 . ISBN 9780763756376 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Menstruation and the menstrual cycle fact sheet '' . Office of Women 's Health . 23 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2015 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on , Adolescence ; American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Adolescent Health , Care ; Diaz , A ; Laufer , MR ; Breech , LL ( November 2006 ) . `` Menstruation in girls and adolescents : using the menstrual cycle as a vital sign '' . Pediatrics. 118 ( 5 ) : 2245 -- 50 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2006 - 2481 . PMID 17079600 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Menopause : Overview '' . nichd.nih.gov. 28 June 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 April 2015 . Retrieved 8 March 2015 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Biggs , WS ; Demuth , RH ( 15 October 2011 ) . `` Premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder '' . American Family Physician. 84 ( 8 ) : 918 -- 24 . PMID 22010771 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Premenstrual syndrome ( PMS ) fact sheet '' . Office on Women 's Health . 23 December 2014 . Archived from the original on 28 June 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Kristin H. Lopez ( 2013 ) . Human Reproductive Biology . Academic Press . p. 53 . ISBN 9780123821850 . Archived from the original on 21 June 2015 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Martin RD ( 2007 ) . `` The evolution of human reproduction : a primatological perspective '' . Am. J. Phys . Anthropol . Suppl 45 : 59 -- 84 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 20734 . PMID 18046752 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Karapanou , O. ; Papadimitriou , A. ( 2010 ) . `` Determinants of menarche '' . Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 8 : 115 . doi : 10.1186 / 1477 - 7827 - 8 - 115 . PMC 2958977 . PMID 20920296 .
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : Ziporyn , Karen J. Carlson , Stephanie A. Eisenstat , Terra ( 2004 ) . The new Harvard guide to women 's health . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01343 - 3 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Price WA , Giannini AJ ( 1983 ) . `` Binge eating during menstruation '' . The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry . 44 ( 11 ) : 431 . PMID 6580290 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` Water retention : Relieve this premenstrual symptom '' . Mayo Clinic . Archived from the original on 25 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Ju , Hong ; Jones , Mark ; Mishra , Gita ( 1 January 2014 ) . `` The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dysmenorrhea '' . Epidemiologic Reviews . 36 ( 1 ) : 104 -- 113 . doi : 10.1093 / epirev / mxt009 . ISSN 0193 - 936X . PMID 24284871 . Archived from the original on 25 June 2016 .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Dysmenorrhea - Gynecology and Obstetrics '' . Merck Manuals Professional Edition . Archived from the original on 10 September 2017 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Menstrual Reduction With Extended Use of Combination Oral Co ... : Obstetrics & Gynecology '' . LWW Journals . Archived from the original on 9 November 2013 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Marjoribanks , Jane ; Ayeleke , Reuben Olugbenga ; Farquhar , Cindy ; Proctor , Michelle ( 30 July 2015 ) . `` Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for dysmenorrhoea '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 7 ) : CD001751 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD001751. pub3 . ISSN 1469 - 493X . PMID 26224322 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Period makeovers : Fixes for heavy bleeding , cramps , PMS - CNN.com '' . CNN . 25 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` Ectopic Pregnancy Clinical Presentation : History , Physical Examination '' . emedicine.medscape.com . Archived from the original on 29 March 2013 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Sharma P , Malhotra C , Taneja DK , Saha R ( 2008 ) . `` Problems related to menstruation amongst adolescent girls '' . Indian J Pediatr. 75 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / s12098 - 008 - 0018 - 5 . PMID 18334791 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Gayle , A. Alleman . `` Herbal Remedies for Menstruation '' . howstuffworks . Retrieved 9 April 2018 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Meczekalski , B ; Katulski , K ; Czyzyk , A ; Podfigurna - Stopa , A ; Maciejewska - Jeske , M ( November 2014 ) . `` Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and its influence on women 's health '' . Journal of endocrinological investigation . 37 ( 11 ) : 1049 -- 56 . doi : 10.1007 / s40618 - 014 - 0169 - 3 . PMC 4207953 . PMID 25201001 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Farage , Miranda ( 22 Mar 2013 ) . The Vulva : Anatomy , Physiology , and Pathology . CRC Press . pp. 155 -- 158 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Menstrual blood problems : Clots , color and thickness '' . WebMD . Archived from the original on 23 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Clancy , Kate ( 27 July 2011 ) . `` Iron - deficiency is not something you get just for being a lady '' . SciAm . Archived from the original on 17 March 2012 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Kepczyk T , Cremins JE , Long BD , Bachinski MB , Smith LR , McNally PR ( January 1999 ) . `` A prospective , multidisciplinary evaluation of premenopausal women with iron - deficiency anemia '' . Am. J. Gastroenterol. 94 ( 1 ) : 109 -- 15 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1572 - 0241.1999. 00780. x . PMID 9934740 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Fraser IS , Critchley HO , Munro MG , Broder M ( 2007 ) . `` Can we achieve international agreement on terminologies and definitions used to describe abnormalities of menstrual bleeding ? '' . Hum Reprod. 22 ( 3 ) : 635 -- 43 . doi : 10.1093 / humrep / del478 . PMID 17204526 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Health risks of female genital mutilation ( FGM ) '' . World Health Organization . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` Delaying your period with birth control pills '' . Mayo Clinic . Archived from the original on 26 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` How can I delay my period while on holiday ? '' . National Health Service , United Kingdom . Archived from the original on 5 August 2011 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` Do you really need to have a period every month ? '' . Discovery Health . Archived from the original on 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Amy Lind ; Stephanie Brzuzy ( 2007 ) . Battleground : Women , Gender , and Sexuality : Volume 2 : M -- Z . Greenwood . p. 348 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34039 - 0 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Kam , Katherine . `` Eliminate periods with birth control ? '' . WebMD . Archived from the original on 2 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ McNeilly AS ( 2001 ) . `` Lactational control of reproduction '' . Reprod . Fertil . Dev. 13 ( 7 -- 8 ) : 583 -- 90 . doi : 10.1071 / RD01056 . PMID 11999309 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2003 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Kippley , John ; Sheila Kippley ( 1996 ) . The Art of Natural Family Planning ( 4th ed . ) . Cincinnati , OH : The Couple to Couple League . p. 347 . ISBN 0 - 926412 - 13 - 2 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Stallings JF , Worthman CM , Panter - Brick C , Coates RJ ( February 1996 ) . `` Prolactin response to suckling and maintenance of postpartum amenorrhea among intensively breastfeeding Nepali women '' . Endocr . Res. 22 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 28 . doi : 10.3109 / 07435809609030495 . PMID 8690004 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Breastfeeding : Does It Really Space Babies ? '' . The Couple to Couple League International . Internet Archive. 17 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2008 . Retrieved 21 September 2008 . , which cites :
    \n
    \n Kippley SK , Kippley JF ( November -- December 1972 ) . `` The relation between breastfeeding and amenorrhea '' . Journal of Obstetric , Gynecologic , & Neonatal Nursing. 1 ( 4 ) : 15 -- 21 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1552 - 6909.1972. tb00558. x . PMID 4485271 .
    \n
    \n Sheila Kippley ( November -- December 1986 and January -- February 1987 ) . `` Breastfeeding survey results similar to 1971 study '' . The CCL News . 13 ( 3 ) : 10 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) and 13 ( 4 ) : 5 .
    \n
    \n
    37. \n
  37. \n ^ Jump up to : Tamiru , S. , Mamo , K. , Acidria , P. , Mushi , R. , Satya Ali , C. , Ndebele , L. ( 2015 ) Towards a sustainable solution for school menstrual hygiene management : cases of Ethiopia , Uganda , South - Sudan , Tanzania , and Zimbabwe . Waterlines , Vol. 34 , No. 1
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ House , S. , Mahon , T. , Cavill , S. ( 2012 ) . Menstrual hygiene matters - A resource for improving menstrual hygiene around the world Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... WaterAid , UK
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Chin , L. ( 2014 ) Period of shame - The Effects of Menstrual Hygiene Management on Rural Women and Girls ' Quality of Life in Savannakhet , Laos ( Master 's thesis ) LUMID International Master programme in applied International Development and Management http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/4442938 ( accessed 10 August 2015 )
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` The Emergence of Metaformic Consciousness '' . www.metaformia.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` The Golden Bough : a study of magic and religion , by Sir James George Frazer : LX . Between Heaven and Earth '' . ebooks.adelaide.edu.au . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 .
    42. \n
  42. \n ^ Jump up to : Lock , M. & Nguyen , V. - K. , 2010 . An Anthropology of Biomedicine . Oxford : Wiley - Blackwell .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Sushil Sharma , `` Women hail menstruation ruling '' Archived 31 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , BBC News , 15 September 2005 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Ann Intern Med. 1982 Jun ; 96 ( 6 Pt 2 ) : 921 -- 3 . `` Vaginal physiology during menstruation . ''
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Oettel , Michael ; Schillinger , Ekkehard ( 6 December 2012 ) . Estrogens and Antiestrogens II : Pharmacology and Clinical Application of Estrogens and Antiestrogen . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 355 . ISBN 9783642601071 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2017 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Sooki , Zahra ; Shariati , Mohammad ; Chaman , Reza ; Khosravi , Ahmad ; Effatpanah , Mohammad ; Keramat , Afsaneh ( 2016 - 02 - 20 ) . `` The Role of Mother in Informing Girls About Puberty : A Meta - Analysis Study '' . Nursing and Midwifery Studies . 5 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.17795 / nmsjournal30360 . ISSN 2322 - 1488 . PMC 4915208 . PMID 27331056 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Sooki , Zahra ; Shariati , Mohammad ; Chaman , Reza ; Khosravi , Ahmad ; Effatpanah , Mohammad ; Keramat , Afsaneh ( 2016 - 02 - 20 ) . `` The Role of Mother in Informing Girls About Puberty : A Meta - Analysis Study '' . Nursing and Midwifery Studies . 5 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.17795 / nmsjournal30360 . ISSN 2322 - 1488 . PMC 4915208 . PMID 27331056 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Hatami , Mahnaz ; Kazemi , Ashraf ; Mehrabi , Tayebeh ( 2015 - 12 - 30 ) . `` Effect of peer education in school on sexual health knowledge and attitude in girl adolescents '' . Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 4 . doi : 10.4103 / 2277 - 9531.171791 . ISSN 2277 - 9531 . PMC 4944604 . PMID 27462620 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Allen , Katherine ; et al. `` More Than Just a Punctuation Mark : How Boys and Young Men Learn About Menstruation '' . Journal of Family Issues . 32 : 129 -- 156 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link )
    50. \n
  50. \n ^ Jump up to : Allen , Katherine R. ; Kaestle , Christine E. ; Goldberg , Abbie E. `` More Than Just a Punctuation Mark : How Boys and Young Men Learn About Menstruation '' . Journal of Family Issues . 32 ( 2 ) : 129 -- 156 . doi : 10.1177 / 0192513x10371609 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Kirby , Douglas ( February 2002 ) . `` The impact of schools and school programs upon adolescent sexual behavior '' . Journal of Sex Research . 39 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 33 . doi : 10.1080 / 00224490209552116 . ISSN 0022 - 4499 . PMID 12476253 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Kirby , Douglas ( February 2002 ) . `` The impact of schools and school programs upon adolescent sexual behavior '' . Journal of Sex Research . 39 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 33 . doi : 10.1080 / 00224490209552116 . ISSN 0022 - 4499 . PMID 12476253 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/could-this-be-the-first-country-to-end-period-poverty/ar-AAw1fu4
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-england-hampshire-43148080/period-poverty-helping-homeless-and-vulnerable-women
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/04/18/scotland-end-period-poverty-tampon-tax/502020002/
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` Why do women menstruate ? '' . ScienceBlogs. 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 January 2013 .
    57. \n
  57. \n ^ Jump up to : Strassmann BI ( 1996 ) . `` The evolution of endometrial cycles and menstruation '' . The Quarterly Review of Biology . 71 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 220 . doi : 10.1086 / 419369 . PMID 8693059 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Kathleen O'Grady ( 2000 ) . `` Is Menstruation Obsolete ? '' . The Canadian Women 's Health Network . Archived from the original on 13 February 2007 . Retrieved 21 January 2007 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Desmond Morris ( 1997 ) . `` The Human Sexes '' . Cambridge University Press .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Chris Knight ( 1991 ) . Blood relations : menstruation and the origins of culture . New Haven , Conn : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 06308 - 3 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil ( 20 December 2002 ) . `` Does menstrual synchrony really exist ? '' . The Straight Dope . The Chicago Reader . Archived from the original on 15 September 2008 . Retrieved 10 January 2007 .
    62. \n
\n

\n Further reading

\n \n

\n External links

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikiquote has quotations related to : Menstruation
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Menstruation .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Human physiology of sexual reproduction
\n Menstrual cycle \n
    \n
  • \n Menarche
    • \n
  • \n Menstruation
    • \n
  • \n Follicular phase
    • \n
  • \n Ovulation
    • \n
  • \n Luteal phase
    • \n
\n
\n Gametogenesis \n
    \n
  • \n Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium
    • \n
  • \n spermatocyte
    • \n
  • \n spermatid
    • \n
  • \n sperm )
    • \n
  • \n Oogenesis ( oogonium
    • \n
  • \n oocyte
    • \n
  • \n ootid
    • \n
  • \n ovum )
    • \n
  • \n Germ cell ( gonocyte
    • \n
  • \n gamete )
    • \n
\n
\n Human sexual behavior \n
    \n
  • \n Sexual arousal
    • \n
  • \n Sexual intercourse
    • \n
  • \n Masturbation
    • \n
  • \n Erection
    • \n
  • \n Orgasm
    • \n
  • \n Ejaculation
    • \n
  • \n Insemination
    • \n
  • \n Fertilisation / Fertility
    • \n
  • \n Implantation
    • \n
  • \n Pregnancy
    • \n
  • \n Postpartum period
    • \n
  • \n Mechanics of sex
    • \n
\n
\n Life span \n
    \n
  • \n Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization
    • \n
  • \n Virilization )
    • \n
  • \n Puberty ( Gonadarche
    • \n
  • \n Pubarche
    • \n
  • \n Menarche
    • \n
  • \n Spermarche
    • \n
  • \n Adrenarche )
    • \n
  • \n Maternal age / Paternal age
    • \n
  • \n Climacteric ( Menopause
    • \n
  • \n Late - onset hypogonadism )
    • \n
  • \n Tanner scale
    • \n
\n
\n Egg \n
    \n
  • \n Ovum
    • \n
  • \n Oviposition
    • \n
  • \n Oviparity
    • \n
  • \n Ovoviviparity
    • \n
  • \n Vivipary
    • \n
\n
\n Reproductive endocrinology and infertility \n
    \n
  • \n Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis
    • \n
  • \n Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis
    • \n
  • \n Andrology
    • \n
  • \n Hormone
    • \n
\n
\n Breast \n
    \n
  • \n Thelarche
    • \n
  • \n Breast development
    • \n
  • \n Lactation
    • \n
  • \n Breastfeeding
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Menstrual cycle
\n Events and phases \n
    \n
  • \n Menstruation
    • \n
  • \n Follicular phase
    • \n
  • \n Ovulation
    • \n
  • \n Luteal phase
    • \n
\n
\n Life stages \n
    \n
  • \n Menarche
    • \n
  • \n Menopause
    • \n
\n
\n Tracking \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Signs \n
    \n
  • \n Basal body temperature
    • \n
  • \n Cervical mucus
    • \n
  • \n Mittelschmerz
    • \n
\n
\n Systems \n
    \n
  • \n Fertility awareness
    • \n
  • \n Calendar - based methods
    • \n
  • \n Billings Ovulation Method
    • \n
  • \n Creighton Model
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Suppression \n
    \n
  • \n Extended cycle combined hormonal contraceptive
    • \n
  • \n Lactational amenorrhea
    • \n
\n
\n Disorders \n
    \n
  • \n Amenorrhea
    • \n
  • \n Anovulation
    • \n
  • \n Dysmenorrhea
    • \n
  • \n Hypomenorrhea
    • \n
  • \n Irregular menstruation
    • \n
  • \n Menometrorrhagia
    • \n
  • \n Menorrhagia
    • \n
  • \n Metrorrhagia
    • \n
  • \n Oligomenorrhea
    • \n
\n
\n Related events \n
    \n
  • \n Folliculogenesis
    • \n
  • \n Menstrual synchrony
    • \n
  • \n Premenstrual syndrome / Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
    • \n
  • \n Sexual activity
    • \n
\n
\n In culture and religion \n
    \n
  • \n Chhaupadi
    • \n
  • \n Menstrual taboo
    • \n
  • \n Niddah
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n GND : 4038666 - 1
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 00562317
    • \n
  • \n NKC : ph194786
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menstruation&oldid=837531165 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what is the point of a menstrual cup", "long_answers": ["Menstrual cups -- A firm , flexible bell - shaped device worn inside the vagina to collect menstrual flow . Menstrual cups are usually made of silicone and can last 5 years or longer .\n", "Sanitary napkins ( also called sanitary towels or pads ) -- Rectangular pieces of material worn attached to the underwear to absorb menstrual flow , often with an adhesive backing to hold the pad in place . Disposable pads may contain wood pulp or gel products , usually with a plastic lining and bleached . Tampons -- Disposable cylinders of treated rayon / cotton blends or all - cotton fleece , usually bleached , that are inserted into the vagina to absorb menstrual flow . Disposable menstrual cups made of soft plastic -- A firm , flexible cup - shaped device worn inside the vagina to collect menstrual flow .\n", "Disposable menstrual cups made of soft plastic -- A firm , flexible cup - shaped device worn inside the vagina to collect menstrual flow .\n"], "short_answers": ["to collect menstrual flow\n", "collect menstrual flow\n", "to collect menstrual flow\n"]} {"text": "Bond ( finance ) - wikipedia

\n Bond ( finance )

\n Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the financial instrument . For other uses , see Bond ( disambiguation ) . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Securities
\n
\n Securities ( show )
    \n
  • \n Banknote
    • \n
  • \n Bond
    • \n
  • \n Debenture
    • \n
  • \n Derivative
    • \n
  • \n Stock
    • \n
\n
\n Markets ( show )
    \n
  • \n Stock market
    • \n
  • \n Commodity market
    • \n
  • \n Foreign exchange market
    • \n
  • \n Futures exchange
    • \n
  • \n Over-the - counter market ( OTC )
    • \n
  • \n Spot market
    • \n
\n
\n Bonds by coupon ( show )
    \n
  • \n Fixed rate bond
    • \n
  • \n Floating rate note
    • \n
  • \n Inflation - indexed bond
    • \n
  • \n Perpetual bond
    • \n
  • \n Zero - coupon bond
    • \n
  • \n Commercial paper
    • \n
\n
\n Bonds by issuer ( show )
    \n
  • \n Corporate bond
    • \n
  • \n Government bond
    • \n
  • \n Municipal bond
    • \n
  • \n Pfandbrief
    • \n
\n
\n Equities ( stocks ) ( show )
    \n
  • \n Stock
    • \n
  • \n Share
    • \n
  • \n Initial public offering ( IPO )
    • \n
  • \n Short selling
    • \n
\n
\n Investment funds ( show )
    \n
  • \n Mutual fund
    • \n
  • \n Closed - end fund
    • \n
  • \n Exchange - traded fund ( ETF )
    • \n
  • \n Hedge fund
    • \n
  • \n Index fund
    • \n
  • \n Segregated fund
    • \n
\n
\n Structured finance ( show )
    \n
  • \n Securitization
    • \n
  • \n Agency security
    • \n
  • \n Asset - backed security
    • \n
  • \n Mortgage - backed security
    • \n
  • \n Commercial mortgage - backed security
    • \n
  • \n Residential mortgage - backed security
    • \n
  • \n Tranche
    • \n
  • \n Collateralized debt obligation
    • \n
  • \n Collateralized fund obligation
    • \n
  • \n Collateralized mortgage obligation
    • \n
  • \n Credit - linked note
    • \n
  • \n Unsecured debt
    • \n
\n
\n Derivatives ( show )
    \n
  • \n Forward
    • \n
  • \n Futures
    • \n
  • \n Option
    • \n
  • \n Swap
    • \n
  • \n Warrant
    • \n
  • \n Credit derivative
    • \n
  • \n Hybrid security
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n In finance , a bond is an instrument of indebtedness of the bond issuer to the holders . The most common types of bonds include municipal bonds and corporate bonds .

\n

\n The bond is a debt security , under which the issuer owes the holders a debt and ( depending on the terms of the bond ) is obliged to pay them interest ( the coupon ) or to repay the principal at a later date , termed the maturity date . Interest is usually payable at fixed intervals ( semiannual , annual , sometimes monthly ) . Very often the bond is negotiable , that is , the ownership of the instrument can be transferred in the secondary market . This means that once the transfer agents at the bank medallion stamp the bond , it is highly liquid on the secondary market .

\n

\n Thus a bond is a form of loan or IOU : the holder of the bond is the lender ( creditor ) , the issuer of the bond is the borrower ( debtor ) , and the coupon is the interest . Bonds provide the borrower with external funds to finance long - term investments , or , in the case of government bonds , to finance current expenditure . Certificates of deposit ( CDs ) or short - term commercial paper are considered to be money market instruments and not bonds : the main difference is the length of the term of the instrument .

\n

\n Bonds and stocks are both securities , but the major difference between the two is that ( capital ) stockholders have an equity stake in a company ( that is , they are owners ) , whereas bondholders have a creditor stake in the company ( that is , they are lenders ) . Being a creditor , bondholders have priority over stockholders . This means they will be repaid in advance of stockholders , but will rank behind secured creditors , in the event of bankruptcy . Another difference is that bonds usually have a defined term , or maturity , after which the bond is redeemed , whereas stocks typically remain outstanding indefinitely . An exception is an irredeemable bond , such as a consol , which is a perpetuity , that is , a bond with no maturity .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Etymology ( edit )

\n

\n In English , the word `` bond '' relates to the etymology of `` bind '' . In the sense `` instrument binding one to pay a sum to another '' , use of the word `` bond '' dates from at least the 1590s .

\n

\n Issuance ( edit )

\n

\n Bonds are issued by public authorities , credit institutions , companies and supranational institutions in the primary markets . The most common process for issuing bonds is through underwriting . When a bond issue is underwritten , one or more securities firms or banks , forming a syndicate , buy the entire issue of bonds from the issuer and re-sell them to investors . The security firm takes the risk of being unable to sell on the issue to end investors . Primary issuance is arranged by bookrunners who arrange the bond issue , have direct contact with investors and act as advisers to the bond issuer in terms of timing and price of the bond issue . The bookrunner is listed first among all underwriters participating in the issuance in the tombstone ads commonly used to announce bonds to the public . The bookrunners ' willingness to underwrite must be discussed prior to any decision on the terms of the bond issue as there may be limited demand for the bonds .

\n

\n In contrast , government bonds are usually issued in an auction . In some cases , both members of the public and banks may bid for bonds . In other cases , only market makers may bid for bonds . The overall rate of return on the bond depends on both the terms of the bond and the price paid . The terms of the bond , such as the coupon , are fixed in advance and the price is determined by the market .

\n

\n In the case of an underwritten bond , the underwriters will charge a fee for underwriting . An alternative process for bond issuance , which is commonly used for smaller issues and avoids this cost , is the private placement bond . Bonds sold directly to buyers may not be tradeable in the bond market .

\n

\n Historically an alternative practice of issuance was for the borrowing government authority to issue bonds over a period of time , usually at a fixed price , with volumes sold on a particular day dependent on market conditions . This was called a tap issue or bond tap .

\n

\n Features ( edit )

\n

\n Principal ( edit )

\n 1978 $1,000 U.S. Treasury Bond

\n Nominal , principal , par , or face amount is the amount on which the issuer pays interest , and which , most commonly , has to be repaid at the end of the term . Some structured bonds can have a redemption amount which is different from the face amount and can be linked to performance of particular assets .

\n

\n Maturity ( edit )

\n

\n The issuer has to repay the nominal amount on the maturity date . As long as all due payments have been made , the issuer has no further obligations to the bond holders after the maturity date . The length of time until the maturity date is often referred to as the term or tenure or maturity of a bond . The maturity can be any length of time , although debt securities with a term of less than one year are generally designated money market instruments rather than bonds . Most bonds have a term of up to 30 years . Some bonds have been issued with terms of 50 years or more , and historically there have been some issues with no maturity date ( irredeemable ) . In the market for United States Treasury securities , there are three categories of bond maturities :

\n \n

\n Coupon ( edit )

\n

\n The coupon is the interest rate that the issuer pays to the holder . Usually this rate is fixed throughout the life of the bond . It can also vary with a money market index , such as LIBOR , or it can be even more exotic . The name `` coupon '' arose because in the past , paper bond certificates were issued which had coupons attached to them , one for each interest payment . On the due dates the bondholder would hand in the coupon to a bank in exchange for the interest payment . Interest can be paid at different frequencies : generally semi-annual , i.e. every 6 months , or annual .

\n Bond issued by the Dutch East India Company in 1623

\n Yield ( edit )

\n

\n The yield is the rate of return received from investing in the bond . It usually refers either to

\n \n

\n Credit quality ( edit )

\n

\n The quality of the issue refers to the probability that the bondholders will receive the amounts promised at the due dates . This will depend on a wide range of factors . High - yield bonds are bonds that are rated below investment grade by the credit rating agencies . As these bonds are riskier than investment grade bonds , investors expect to earn a higher yield . These bonds are also called junk bonds .

\n

\n Market price ( edit )

\n

\n The market price of a tradable bond will be influenced , amongst other factors , by the amounts , currency and timing of the interest payments and capital repayment due , the quality of the bond , and the available redemption yield of other comparable bonds which can be traded in the markets .

\n

\n The price can be quoted as clean or dirty . `` Dirty '' includes the present value of all future cash flows , including accrued interest , and is most often used in Europe . `` Clean '' does not include accrued interest , and is most often used in the U.S.

\n

\n The issue price at which investors buy the bonds when they are first issued will typically be approximately equal to the nominal amount . The net proceeds that the issuer receives are thus the issue price , less issuance fees . The market price of the bond will vary over its life : it may trade at a premium ( above par , usually because market interest rates have fallen since issue ) , or at a discount ( price below par , if market rates have risen or there is a high probability of default on the bond ) .

\n

\n Others ( edit )

\n \n

\n Types ( edit )

\n Bond certificate for the state of South Carolina issued in 1873 under the state 's Consolidation Act . Railroad obligation of the Moscow - Kiev - Voronezh railroad company , printed in Russian , Dutch and German .

\n The following descriptions are not mutually exclusive , and more than one of them may apply to a particular bond :

\n \n Receipt for temporary bonds for the state of Kansas issued in 1922 \n

\n Foreign currencies ( edit )

\n

\n Some companies , banks , governments , and other sovereign entities may decide to issue bonds in foreign currencies as it may appear to be more stable and predictable than their domestic currency . Issuing bonds denominated in foreign currencies also gives issuers the ability to access investment capital available in foreign markets . The proceeds from the issuance of these bonds can be used by companies to break into foreign markets , or can be converted into the issuing company 's local currency to be used on existing operations through the use of foreign exchange swap hedges . Foreign issuer bonds can also be used to hedge foreign exchange rate risk . Some foreign issuer bonds are called by their nicknames , such as the `` samurai bond '' . These can be issued by foreign issuers looking to diversify their investor base away from domestic markets . These bond issues are generally governed by the law of the market of issuance , e.g. , a samurai bond , issued by an investor based in Europe , will be governed by Japanese law . Not all of the following bonds are restricted for purchase by investors in the market of issuance .

\n \n

\n Bond valuation ( edit )

\n See also : Bond valuation

\n At the time of issue of the bond , the interest rate and other conditions of the bond will have been influenced by a variety of factors , such as current market interest rates , the length of the term and the creditworthiness of the issuer .

\n

\n These factors are likely to change over time , so the market price of a bond will vary after it is issued . The market price is expressed as a percentage of nominal value . Bonds are not necessarily issued at par ( 100 % of face value , corresponding to a price of 100 ) , but bond prices will move towards par as they approach maturity ( if the market expects the maturity payment to be made in full and on time ) as this is the price the issuer will pay to redeem the bond . This is referred to as `` Pull to Par '' . At other times , prices can be above par ( bond is priced at greater than 100 ) , which is called trading at a premium , or below par ( bond is priced at less than 100 ) , which is called trading at a discount . Most government bonds are denominated in units of $1000 in the United States , or in units of \u00a3 100 in the United Kingdom . Hence , a deep discount US bond , selling at a price of 75.26 , indicates a selling price of $752.60 per bond sold . ( Often , in the US , bond prices are quoted in points and thirty - seconds of a point , rather than in decimal form . ) Some short - term bonds , such as the U.S. Treasury bill , are always issued at a discount , and pay par amount at maturity rather than paying coupons . This is called a discount bond .

\n

\n The market price of a bond is the present value of all expected future interest and principal payments of the bond discounted at the bond 's yield to maturity , or rate of return . That relationship is the definition of the redemption yield on the bond , which is likely to be close to the current market interest rate for other bonds with similar characteristics . ( Otherwise there would be arbitrage opportunities . ) The yield and price of a bond are inversely related so that when market interest rates rise , bond prices fall and vice versa .

\n

\n The market price of a bond may be quoted including the accrued interest since the last coupon date . ( Some bond markets include accrued interest in the trading price and others add it on separately when settlement is made . ) The price including accrued interest is known as the `` full '' or `` dirty price '' . ( See also Accrual bond . ) The price excluding accrued interest is known as the `` flat '' or `` clean price '' .

\n

\n The interest payment ( `` coupon payment '' ) divided by the current price of the bond is called the current yield ( this is the nominal yield multiplied by the par value and divided by the price ) . There are other yield measures that exist such as the yield to first call , yield to worst , yield to first par call , yield to put , cash flow yield and yield to maturity .

\n

\n The relationship between yield and term to maturity ( or alternatively between yield and the weighted mean term allowing for both interest and capital repayment ) for otherwise identical bonds is called a yield curve . The yield curve is a graph plotting this relationship .

\n

\n Bond markets , unlike stock or share markets , sometimes do not have a centralized exchange or trading system . Rather , in most developed bond markets such as the U.S. , Japan and western Europe , bonds trade in decentralized , dealer - based over-the - counter markets . In such a market , market liquidity is provided by dealers and other market participants committing risk capital to trading activity . In the bond market , when an investor buys or sells a bond , the counterparty to the trade is almost always a bank or securities firm acting as a dealer . In some cases , when a dealer buys a bond from an investor , the dealer carries the bond `` in inventory '' , i.e. holds it for their own account . The dealer is then subject to risks of price fluctuation . In other cases , the dealer immediately resells the bond to another investor .

\n

\n Bond markets can also differ from stock markets in that , in some markets , investors sometimes do not pay brokerage commissions to dealers with whom they buy or sell bonds . Rather , the dealers earn revenue by means of the spread , or difference , between the price at which the dealer buys a bond from one investor -- the `` bid '' price -- and the price at which he or she sells the same bond to another investor -- the `` ask '' or `` offer '' price . The bid / offer spread represents the total transaction cost associated with transferring a bond from one investor to another .

\n

\n Investing in bonds ( edit )

\n

\n Bonds are bought and traded mostly by institutions like central banks , sovereign wealth funds , pension funds , insurance companies , hedge funds , and banks . Insurance companies and pension funds have liabilities which essentially include fixed amounts payable on predetermined dates . They buy the bonds to match their liabilities , and may be compelled by law to do this . Most individuals who want to own bonds do so through bond funds . Still , in the U.S. , nearly 10 % of all bonds outstanding are held directly by households .

\n

\n The volatility of bonds ( especially short and medium dated bonds ) is lower than that of equities ( stocks ) . Thus , bonds are generally viewed as safer investments than stocks , but this perception is only partially correct . Bonds do suffer from less day - to - day volatility than stocks , and bonds ' interest payments are sometimes higher than the general level of dividend payments . Bonds are often liquid -- it is often fairly easy for an institution to sell a large quantity of bonds without affecting the price much , which may be more difficult for equities -- and the comparative certainty of a fixed interest payment twice a year and a fixed lump sum at maturity is attractive . Bondholders also enjoy a measure of legal protection : under the law of most countries , if a company goes bankrupt , its bondholders will often receive some money back ( the recovery amount ) , whereas the company 's equity stock often ends up valueless . However , bonds can also be risky but less risky than stocks :

\n \n

\n Bonds are also subject to various other risks such as call and prepayment risk , credit risk , reinvestment risk , liquidity risk , event risk , exchange rate risk , volatility risk , inflation risk , sovereign risk and yield curve risk . Again , some of these will only affect certain classes of investors .

\n

\n Price changes in a bond will immediately affect mutual funds that hold these bonds . If the value of the bonds in their trading portfolio falls , the value of the portfolio also falls . This can be damaging for professional investors such as banks , insurance companies , pension funds and asset managers ( irrespective of whether the value is immediately `` marked to market '' or not ) . If there is any chance a holder of individual bonds may need to sell their bonds and `` cash out '' , interest rate risk could become a real problem ( conversely , bonds ' market prices would increase if the prevailing interest rate were to drop , as it did from 2001 through 2003 . One way to quantify the interest rate risk on a bond is in terms of its duration . Efforts to control this risk are called immunization or hedging .

\n \n

\n There is no guarantee of how much money will remain to repay bondholders . As an example , after an accounting scandal and a Chapter 11 bankruptcy at the giant telecommunications company Worldcom , in 2004 its bondholders ended up being paid 35.7 cents on the dollar . In a bankruptcy involving reorganization or recapitalization , as opposed to liquidation , bondholders may end up having the value of their bonds reduced , often through an exchange for a smaller number of newly issued bonds .

\n \n

\n Bond indices ( edit )

\n See also : Bond market index

\n A number of bond indices exist for the purposes of managing portfolios and measuring performance , similar to the S&P 500 or Russell Indexes for stocks . The most common American benchmarks are the Barclays Capital Aggregate ( ex Lehman Aggregate ) , Citigroup BIG and Merrill Lynch Domestic Master . Most indices are parts of families of broader indices that can be used to measure global bond portfolios , or may be further subdivided by maturity or sector for managing specialized portfolios .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n Market specific

\n \n

\n General

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall . pp. 197 , 507 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Bonds , accessed : 2012 - 06 - 08
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Absolute Priority , accessed : 2013 - 10 - 8
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` bond '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` UK Debt Management Office '' . Dmo.gov.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 22 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Affordable Housing Finance '' . Housingfinance.com . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 22 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Tap issue at Investopedia
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Dirty Price '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 8 November 2014 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Jenn , Sarah ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) . `` UBS Bank to Launch Cryptosecurites Also ? '' . NewsBTC . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Tapscott , Don ; Tapscott , Alex ( May 2016 ) . The Blockchain Revolution : How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money , Business , and the World . pp. 72 , 83 , 101 , 127 . ISBN 978 - 0670069972 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Ross , Rory ( 2015 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Smart Money : Blockchains Are the Future of the Internet '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Wigan , David ( 2015 - 06 - 11 ) . `` Bitcoin technology will disrupt derivatives , says banker '' . IFR Asia . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Eason , Yla ( June 6 , 1983 ) . `` Final Surge in Bearer Bonds '' New York Times .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Quint , Michael ( August 14 , 1984 ) . `` Elements in Bearer Bond Issue '' . New York Times .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Benjamin Shepherd . `` A Slice of the Pie '' . InvestingDaily.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 19 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ no byline ( July 18 , 1984 ) . `` Book Entry Bonds Popular '' . New York Times .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Dual currency bond , accessed 2012 - 06 - 08 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20130209161432/http://www.cfo-insight.com/financing-liquidity/loans-and-bonds/enquest-cfo-swinney-on-issuing-first-industrial-retail-bond/ . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2013 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Missing or empty title = ( help )
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ http://www.hedgefundonline.com/
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Eurodollar deposit '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 05 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Memili , \u00dcmit ( 2012 ) . Baklava Bonds : Sweet Margins in Turkey . Evaluating Turkish Corporate Bonds in Local Currency . p. 117 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ no byline ( 2005 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Ninja loans may yet overtake samurais '' . The Standard . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 09 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ http://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=bulldog-bond&mhq5j=e2 . Missing or empty title = ( help )
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Batten , Jonathan A. ; Peter G. Szilagyi ( 2006 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Developing Foreign Bond Markets : The Arirang Bond Experience in Korea '' ( PDF ) . IIS Discussion Papers ( 138 ) . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 06 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Gwon , Yeong - seok ( 2006 - 05 - 24 ) . `` ' \uae40\uce58 \ubcf8\ub4dc ' \ub0b4\ub2ec \ucc98\uc74c \uc73c\ub85c \uc120\ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4 ( Announcement : first ' Kimchi Bonds ' next month ) '' . The Hankyoreh . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 06 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Chung , Amber ( 2007 - 04 - 19 ) . `` BNP Paribas mulls second bond issue on offshore market '' . Taipei Times . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 04 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Areddy , James T. ( 2005 - 10 - 11 ) . `` Chinese Markets Take New Step With Panda Bond '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 06 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Stein , Peter ( 2010 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Dim Sum Bonds ' on the Menu for Foreign Investors '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Moura , Fabiola ( 2011 - 03 - 26 ) . `` Chile Expects More ' Huaso ' Bond Sales in Coming Months , Larrain Says '' . Bloomberg .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/stories/2003/06/16/daily13.html '' . www.bizjournals.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . External link in title = ( help )
    31. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bond certificates .
\n \n

\n

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Bond market
\n
    \n
  • \n Bond
    • \n
  • \n Debenture
    • \n
  • \n Fixed income
    • \n
\n
\n Types of bonds by issuer \n
    \n
  • \n Agency bond
    • \n
  • \n Corporate bond
      \n
    • \n Senior debt
      • \n
    • \n Subordinated debt
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Distressed debt
    • \n
  • \n Emerging market debt
    • \n
  • \n Government bond
    • \n
  • \n Municipal bond
    • \n
\n
\n Types of bonds by payout \n
    \n
  • \n Accrual bond
    • \n
  • \n Auction rate security
    • \n
  • \n Callable bond
    • \n
  • \n Commercial paper
    • \n
  • \n Contingent convertible bond
    • \n
  • \n Convertible bond
    • \n
  • \n Exchangeable bond
    • \n
  • \n Extendible bond
    • \n
  • \n Fixed rate bond
    • \n
  • \n Floating rate note
    • \n
  • \n High - yield debt
    • \n
  • \n Inflation - indexed bond
    • \n
  • \n Inverse floating rate note
    • \n
  • \n Perpetual bond
    • \n
  • \n Puttable bond
    • \n
  • \n Reverse convertible securities
    • \n
  • \n Zero - coupon bond
    • \n
\n
\n Bond valuation \n
    \n
  • \n Clean price
    • \n
  • \n Convexity
    • \n
  • \n Coupon
    • \n
  • \n Credit spread
    • \n
  • \n Current yield
    • \n
  • \n Dirty price
    • \n
  • \n Duration
    • \n
  • \n I - spread
    • \n
  • \n Mortgage yield
    • \n
  • \n Nominal yield
    • \n
  • \n Option - adjusted spread
    • \n
  • \n Risk - free bond
    • \n
  • \n Weighted - average life
    • \n
  • \n Yield curve
    • \n
  • \n Yield spread
    • \n
  • \n Yield to maturity
    • \n
  • \n Z - spread
    • \n
\n
\n Securitized products \n
    \n
  • \n Asset - backed security
    • \n
  • \n Collateralized debt obligation
    • \n
  • \n Collateralized mortgage obligation
    • \n
  • \n Commercial mortgage - backed security
    • \n
  • \n Mortgage - backed security
    • \n
\n
\n Bond options \n
    \n
  • \n Callable bond
    • \n
  • \n Convertible bond
    • \n
  • \n Embedded option
    • \n
  • \n Exchangeable bond
    • \n
  • \n Extendible bond
    • \n
  • \n Puttable bond
    • \n
\n
\n Institutions \n
    \n
  • \n Commercial Mortgage Securities Association ( CMSA )
    • \n
  • \n International Capital Market Association ( ICMA )
    • \n
  • \n Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association ( SIFMA )
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Corporate finance and investment banking
\n Capital structure \n
    \n
  • \n Convertible debt
    • \n
  • \n Exchangeable debt
    • \n
  • \n Mezzanine debt
    • \n
  • \n Pari passu
    • \n
  • \n Preferred equity
    • \n
  • \n Second lien debt
    • \n
  • \n Senior debt
    • \n
  • \n Senior secured debt
    • \n
  • \n Shareholder loan
    • \n
  • \n Stock
    • \n
  • \n Subordinated debt
    • \n
  • \n Warrant
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Transactions ( terms / conditions ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Equity offerings \n
    \n
  • \n At - the - market offering
    • \n
  • \n Book building
    • \n
  • \n Bookrunner
    • \n
  • \n Corporate spin - off
    • \n
  • \n Equity carve - out
    • \n
  • \n Follow - on offering
    • \n
  • \n Greenshoe
      \n
    • \n Reverse
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Initial public offering
    • \n
  • \n Private placement
    • \n
  • \n Public offering
    • \n
  • \n Rights issue
    • \n
  • \n Seasoned equity offering
    • \n
  • \n Secondary market offering
    • \n
  • \n Underwriting
    • \n
\n
\n Mergers and acquisitions \n
    \n
  • \n Buy side
    • \n
  • \n Control premium
    • \n
  • \n Demerger
    • \n
  • \n Divestment
    • \n
  • \n Drag - along right
    • \n
  • \n Management due diligence
    • \n
  • \n Managerial entrenchment
    • \n
  • \n Minority discount
    • \n
  • \n Pitch book
    • \n
  • \n Pre-emption right
    • \n
  • \n Proxy fight
    • \n
  • \n Post-merger integration
    • \n
  • \n Sell side
    • \n
  • \n Shareholder rights plan
    • \n
  • \n Special - purpose entity
    • \n
  • \n Special situation
    • \n
  • \n Squeeze out
    • \n
  • \n Staggered board of directors
    • \n
  • \n Stock swap
    • \n
  • \n Super-majority amendment
    • \n
  • \n Tag - along right
    • \n
  • \n Takeover
      \n
    • \n Reverse
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Tender offer
    • \n
\n
\n Leverage \n
    \n
  • \n Debt restructuring
    • \n
  • \n Debtor - in - possession financing
    • \n
  • \n Financial sponsor
    • \n
  • \n Leveraged buyout
    • \n
  • \n Leveraged recapitalization
    • \n
  • \n High - yield debt
    • \n
  • \n Private equity
    • \n
  • \n Project finance
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Valuation \n
    \n
  • \n Accretion / dilution analysis
    • \n
  • \n Adjusted present value
    • \n
  • \n Associate company
    • \n
  • \n Business valuation
    • \n
  • \n Conglomerate discount
    • \n
  • \n Cost of capital
      \n
    • \n Weighted average
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Discounted cash flow
    • \n
  • \n Economic Value Added
    • \n
  • \n Enterprise value
    • \n
  • \n Fairness opinion
    • \n
  • \n Financial modeling
    • \n
  • \n Free cash flow
      \n
    • \n Free cash flow to equity
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Market value added
    • \n
  • \n Minority interest
    • \n
  • \n Modigliani -- Miller theorem
    • \n
  • \n Net present value
    • \n
  • \n Pure play
    • \n
  • \n Real options
    • \n
  • \n Residual income
    • \n
  • \n Stock valuation
    • \n
  • \n Sum - of - the - parts analysis
    • \n
  • \n Tax shield
    • \n
  • \n Terminal value
    • \n
  • \n Valuation using multiples
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n List of investment banks
    • \n
  • \n Outline of finance
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Debt
\n Instruments \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Bonds \n
    \n
  • \n Corporate
    • \n
  • \n Debenture
    • \n
  • \n Government
    • \n
  • \n Municipal
    • \n
\n
\n Loans \n
    \n
  • \n Business loan
    • \n
  • \n Consumer lending
    • \n
  • \n Loan shark
    • \n
  • \n Payday loan
    • \n
  • \n Predatory lending
    • \n
  • \n Usury
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Management \n
    \n
  • \n Bankruptcy
    • \n
  • \n Consolidation
    • \n
  • \n Management plan
    • \n
  • \n Relief
    • \n
  • \n Restructuring
    • \n
  • \n Debt - snowball method
    • \n
  • \n Debtor - in - possession ( DIP ) financing
    • \n
  • \n Loan guarantee
    • \n
\n
\n Collection Evasion \n
    \n
  • \n Bad debt
    • \n
  • \n Charge - off
    • \n
  • \n Collection agency
    • \n
  • \n Compliance
    • \n
  • \n Debt bondage
    • \n
  • \n Debtors ' prison
    • \n
  • \n Distraint
    • \n
  • \n Garnishment
    • \n
  • \n Phantom debt
    • \n
  • \n Strategic default
    • \n
  • \n Tax refund interception
    • \n
\n
\n Markets \n
    \n
  • \n Consumer
    • \n
  • \n Corporate
    • \n
  • \n Government
    • \n
  • \n Municipal
    • \n
  • \n Venture
    • \n
  • \n Buyer
    • \n
  • \n Deposit account
    • \n
  • \n Fixed income
    • \n
  • \n Money market
    • \n
  • \n Securitization
    • \n
\n
\n Economics \n
    \n
  • \n Consumer leverage ratio
    • \n
  • \n Debt levels and flows
    • \n
  • \n External / Internal / Odious debt
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Default
    • \n
  • \n Insolvency
    • \n
  • \n Interest
    • \n
  • \n Interest rate
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n GND : 4121262 - 9
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 00569996
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bond_(finance)&oldid=838416146 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "a bond that the issuer has the right to pay off before its maturity date", "long_answers": ["Callability -- Some bonds give the issuer the right to repay the bond before the maturity date on the call dates ; see call option . These bonds are referred to as callable bonds . Most callable bonds allow the issuer to repay the bond at par . With some bonds , the issuer has to pay a premium , the so - called call premium . This is mainly the case for high - yield bonds . These have very strict covenants , restricting the issuer in its operations . To be free from these covenants , the issuer can repay the bonds early , but only at a high cost .\n"], "short_answers": ["callable\n", "callable bonds\n", "callable bonds\n", "callable bonds\n"]} {"text": "Public holidays in the United States - wikipedia

\n Public holidays in the United States

\n This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 18 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about all types of holidays observed in the United States . For other uses , see Public holidays in the United States ( disambiguation ) . \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( August 2016 )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Public holidays in the United States
\n Public Federal Observance School Hallmark
\n Observed by \n Federal government State governments Local governments Private and public sector employers
\n Type \n National
\n Independence Day fireworks

\n The schedule of public holidays in the United States is largely influenced by the schedule of federal holidays , but is controlled by private sector employers who employ 62 % of the total U.S. population with paid time off . A typical work week is generally 40 hours a week with a Saturday - Sunday weekend . Public holidays with paid time off is generally defined to occur on a day that is within the employee 's work week . When a holiday occurs on Saturday or Sunday , that holiday is shifted to either Friday or Monday . Most employers follow a holiday schedule similar to the federal holidays of the United States , with exceptions or additions . The federal holiday schedule mainly benefits employees of government and government regulated businesses . However , this sector only comprises 15 % of the working population . At the discretion of the employer , other non-federal holidays such as Christmas Eve and the Day after Thanksgiving are common additions to the list of paid holidays while Columbus Day and Veterans Day are common omissions . Besides paid holidays are festival and food holidays that also have wide acceptance based on sales of goods and services that are typically associated with that holiday . Halloween and Valentine 's Day are such examples of widely celebrated uncompensated holidays .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n Public holidays had their origins from established federal holidays that were enacted by Congress . They were typically observed on days that have significance for various sectors of American society and are observed at all levels of society including government , the private sector , and are typically derived from the history , religion and the cultures of the U.S. demographics and have changed over time . Observances of holidays are most commonly observed with paid time off , however , many holiday celebrations are done with festivities without time off . Some are observed with community work depending on the meaning of the holiday . They are however not mandated by any government , agencies , whether it be federal , state , or local governments . There are no national holidays on which all businesses are closed by law . Federal holidays are only established for certain federally chartered and regulated businesses ( such as federal banks ) , and for Washington , D.C. All other public holidays are created by the States ; most states also allow local jurisdictions ( cities , villages , etc . ) to establish their own local holidays . As a result , holidays have not historically been governed at the federal level and federal law does not govern business opening . Some states restrict some business activities on some holidays . Business closures are mandated on some holidays in some states for certain kinds of businesses by Blue Laws . For example , some businesses can not open on Thanksgiving Day in some New England states if the businesses operated on more than 5000 square feet of space . The most notable businesses to close on such occasions are car dealerships and establishments selling alcohol .

\n

\n Overview ( edit )

\n

\n As of 2012 , there were eleven federal holidays in the United States , ten annual holidays and one quadrennial holiday ( Inauguration Day ) . Pursuant to the Uniform Monday Holiday Act of 1968 ( effective 1971 ) , official holidays are observed on a Monday , except for New Year 's Day , Independence Day , Veterans Day , Thanksgiving , and Christmas .

\n Saint Patrick 's Day parade in Atlanta , 2012 Cinco de Mayo dancers greeted by U.S. President George W. Bush

\n While all current federal holidays have also been made public holidays in all 50 states for federal organizations , each state is not bound to observe the holidays on the same dates as the federal holidays . Many states also have additional holidays that are not observed by the U.S. federal government . Many businesses likewise observe certain holidays as well , which are also not mandated by any government agency . A list of `` recommended diversity holidays '' recognizes many cultures that range from Christianity to Islam , as well as racial diversity where various ethnic holidays such as St. Patrick 's Day , Kwanzaa , Diwali , Mardi Gras , and Cinco de Mayo are celebrated by individuals in the workplace , as a matter of best practice . In light of recent race issues in the United States , many municipalities both at the city and state levels have begun celebrating Malcolm X Day and Rosa Parks Day in addition to Martin Luther King , Jr . Day to embrace the mostly disenfranchised African American community in the form of festivals and parades if not done as a legal public holiday . Illinois and Berkeley , California are two places where Malcolm X is honored with a legal holiday with offices closed whereas Missouri honored Rosa Parks on her birthday . Today , the United States is the 85th most ethnically diverse country in the world . While the popularity of each public holiday can not easily be measured , the holiday with the highest greeting card sales is Christmas . Major retail establishments such as malls , shopping centers and most retail stores close only on Thanksgiving and Christmas and some on Easter Sunday as well , but remain open on all other holidays ( early closing on Christmas Eve and New Year 's Eve , and sometimes on other major holidays ) . Virtually all companies observe and close on the major holidays ( New Year 's Day , Memorial Day , Independence Day , Labor Day , Thanksgiving , and Christmas ) . Some non-retail business close on the day after Thanksgiving , while some ( such as federal banks and post offices ) are not allowed to close on the day after Thanksgiving . Some smaller businesses normally open on Sunday will close on Easter Sunday , if it is their experience they will have very few customers that day .

\n

\n Holidays most commonly celebrated ( edit )

\n

\n

\n A jack - o ' - lantern , one of the symbols of Halloween \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Rank \n Date \n Holiday \n % of Americans celebrating \n USD sales ( in billions ) \n Music symbolic of holiday \n Remarks
\n \n December 25 ( Fixed ) \n Christmas \n 92 % -- 96 % \n $630.5 \n Many Christmas carols and songs , including `` Hark ! The Herald Angels Sing '' , `` Silent Night '' , and `` Jingle Bells '' \n Christmas celebrations are evidenced by decorations which give off light and exchanging of gifts between family members and friends . Most popular based on greeting card sales . About 6.5 billion cards per year or $8 billion annual sales . Also known for having the second highest church attendance . Major symbols of this holiday are the Christmas tree and Christmas music . Christmas is the celebration of Jesus Christ 's birth .
\n \n November 22 -- 28 ( Floating Thursday ) \n Thanksgiving \n 87 % -- 90 % \n ( part of Christmas sales ) \n Traditional songs include `` We Gather Together '' , `` Come , Ye Thankful People , Come '' , `` For the Beauty of the Earth '' \n One sixth of all turkeys eaten annually happens around Thanksgiving . Holiday accounts for 46 million turkeys , compared with 22 million consumed on Christmas and 19 million on Easter . Reduced turkey prices usually occur around Thanksgiving .
\n \n May 8 -- 14 ( Floating Sunday ) \n Mother 's Day \n 84 % \n $19.9 \n \n Known for having the strongest restaurant sales , even compared with Valentine 's Day . It is also known for high church attendance after Easter and Christmas .
\n \n March 22 -- April 25 ( Floating Sunday ) \n Easter \n 80 % -- 81 % \n $16.4 \n Many Christian hymns \n Highest church attendance happens on Easter .
\n 5 \n July 4 ( Fixed ) \n Independence Day ( Fourth of July ) \n 78 % -- 79 % \n $68.0 ( Part of Back to School sales ) \n Many American patriotic songs , including `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , `` America the Beautiful '' , and `` Yankee Doodle '' \n Holiday is best known for fireworks and barbecues. 45 % of American celebrate the 4th of July with fireworks , accounting for about $675 million in fireworks sales .
\n 6 \n June 15 -- 21 ( Floating Sunday ) \n Father 's Day \n 75 % \n $12.7 \n \n Holiday accounts for the highest sales of ties and neck wear annually , around $12.7 billion .
\n 7 \n October 31 ( Fixed ) \n Halloween \n 64 % -- 65 % \n $6.9 \n A few songs , including `` Monster Mash '' , `` Thriller ( song ) and `` This Is Halloween '' \n Halloween celebrations are evidenced by children knocking door to door asking for treats , and costumed adolescents playing tricks on various households . Most popular based on candy sales , amounting to $2.6 billion in 2015 . Sales of $6.9 billion in 2015 includes candy , costumes , and pumpkin sales , all of which are directly attributed to this holiday .
\n 8 \n February 14 ( Fixed ) \n Valentine 's Day \n 55 % \n $18.9 \n \n Holiday accounts for 224 million roses grown for the holiday . 24 % of American adults purchased flowers for Valentine 's Day in 2015 . Holiday comes in second in terms of annual restaurant sales .
\n 9 \n March 17 ( Fixed ) \n Saint Patrick 's Day \n 51 % \n $4.4 \n Irish pub songs , such as `` The Wild Rover '' \n
\n 10 \n December 31 ( Fixed ) \n New Year 's Day ( New Year 's Eve ) \n 37 % -- 45 % \n ( Part of Christmas sales ) \n A few songs , including `` Auld Lang Syne '' \n Known for being the most drunk holiday . This is evidenced by the spike in sales around `` the holidays '' , which usually happens between Christmas Eve and New Year 's Eve .
\n

\n Holidays observed with paid time off ( edit )

\n

\n The labor force in the United States comprises about 62 % ( as of 2014 ) of the general population . In the United States , 97 % of the private sector businesses determine what days this sector of the population gets paid time off , according to a study by the Society for Human Resource Management . The following holidays are observed by the majority of the U.S. businesses with paid time off :

\n The 1979 Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade \n

\n Holiday listing as paid time off ( edit )

\n A barrel - shaped barbecue on a trailer at a block party in Kansas City . Pans on the top shelf hold hamburgers and hot dogs that were grilled earlier when the coals were hot . The lower grill is now being used to cook pork ribs and `` drunken chicken '' slow , typical on a worker 's paid holiday - see Barbecue in the United States .

\n This list of holidays is based off the official list of Federal Holidays by Year from the U.S. Government . The holidays however are at the discretion of employers whose statistics are measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics . Another list from the Society for Human Resource Management shows actual percentages of employers offering paid time off for each holiday . The term `` major holiday '' ( bolded ) coincides for those holidays that 90 % or more of employers offered paid time off .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Date \n * Official name \n Percentage of Americans celebrating \n * * Percentage of businesses offering paid time off \n Remarks
\n January 1 ( fixed ) \n New Year 's Day \n 72 % \n 96 % \n Celebrates beginning of the Gregorian calendar year . Festivities include counting down to 12 : 00 midnight on the preceding night , New Year 's Eve , often with fireworks display and party . The ball drop at Times Square in New York City has become a national New Year 's festivity . Traditional end of Christmas and holiday season .
\n January 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) \n Birthday of Martin Luther King , Jr . \n 26 % \n 34 -- 38 % \n Honors Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. , civil rights leader , who was actually born on January 15 , 1929 ; combined with other holidays in several states . Some cities and municipalities hold parades ; and more recently , the 1994 King Holiday and Service Act , which was passed to encourage Americans to transform the King Holiday into a day of citizen action volunteer service , has gained in popularity ( sometimes referred to as a National Day of Service ) .
\n January 20 or 21 \n Inauguration Day \n N / A \n 0 % \n Celebrates the United States presidential inauguration , every 4 years . While this is a federal holiday , this is not a `` public holiday '' . Only Washington , D.C.. observes this day besides the federal government .
\n February 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) \n Washington 's Birthday \n 52 % \n 34 -- 35 % \n Washington 's Birthday was first declared a federal holiday by an 1879 act of Congress . The Uniform Holidays Act , 1968 , shifted the date of the commemoration of Washington 's Birthday from February 22 to the third Monday in February ( between February 15 and 21 , meaning the observed holiday never falls on Washington 's actual birthday ) . Because of this , combined with the fact that President Lincoln 's birthday falls on February 12 , many people now refer to this holiday as `` Presidents ' Day '' and consider it a day honoring all American presidents . However , neither the Uniform Holidays Act nor any subsequent law changed the name of the holiday from Washington 's Birthday to Presidents ' Day .
\n May 25 -- 31 ( floating Monday ) \n Memorial Day \n 21 % \n 95 % \n Honors the nation 's war dead from the Civil War onwards ; marks the unofficial beginning of the summer season ( traditionally May 30 , shifted by the Uniform Holidays Act 1968 ) .
\n July 4 ( fixed ) \n Independence Day \n 79 % \n 97 % \n Celebrates the signing of the Declaration of Independence from British rule , also called the Fourth of July or simply `` The Fourth '' . Fireworks celebration are held in many cities throughout the nation . Boston , Massachusetts is famous for its `` Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular '' with music and fireworks
\n September 1 -- 7 ( floating Monday ) \n Labor Day \n 53 % \n 95 % \n Celebrates the achievements of workers and the labor movement ; marks the unofficial end of the summer season .
\n October 8 -- 14 ( floating Monday ) \n Columbus Day \n 8 % \n 13 -- 16 % \n Honors Christopher Columbus , the first European to land in mainland Americas after Leif Erikson . In Berkeley , CA this day is observed as Indigenous People 's Day , in honor of the Native Americans who lived in the Americas long before Columbus `` discovered '' the area .
\n November 11 ( fixed ) \n Veterans Day \n 43 % \n 16 -- 21 % \n Honors all veterans of the United States armed forces . It is observed on November 11 to recall the end of World War I on that date in 1918 ( major hostilities of World War I were formally ended at the 11th hour ( GMT + 1 ) of the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918 when the Armistice with Germany went into effect ) .
\n November 22 -- 28 ( floating Thursday ) \n Thanksgiving Day \n 87 % \n 97 % \n Traditionally celebrates the giving of thanks for the autumn harvest . Traditionally includes the sharing of a turkey dinner .
\n December 25 ( fixed ) \n Christmas \n 90 % -- 95 % \n 94 % \n The most widely celebrated holiday of the Christian year , Christmas is observed as a commemoration of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth .
\n

\n * List of Federal Holidays by Year from the U.S. Government ( see Office of Personnel Management )

\n

\n * * Additional holidays referenced by the Society for Human Resource Management : Good Friday 26 % , Easter Monday 6 % , Yom Kippur 7 % , Day before Thanksgiving 3 -- 8 % , Day after Thanksgiving 69 -- 75 % , Day before Christmas Eve 33 % , Christmas Eve 78 -- 79 % , Day after Christmas 40 -- 64 % , Day before New Years Eve 25 -- 71 % depending if it falls on a weekend , New Years Eve 71 % , Passover 3 % , Hanukkah 1 % , Ramadan 1 % , Ash Wednesday 1 % , Diwali 1 % , Eid al - Adha 1 % , Vietnamese New Year < 1 % , Chinese New Year < 1 %

\n

\n School holidays ( edit )

\n Main article : School holidays in the United States Fort Lauderdale Beach is a typical warm weather destination for students taking a spring break .

\n An academic year typically spans from early fall to early summer , with two or three months of summer vacation marking the end of year . K - 12 public schools generally observe local , state , and federal holidays , plus additional days off around Thanksgiving , the period from before Christmas until after New Year 's Day , a spring break ( usually a week in April ) and sometimes a winter break ( a week in February or March ) . Two or three days per year are sometimes devoted to professional development for teachers , and students have the day off .

\n

\n Most colleges and universities divide the school year into two semesters . The fall semester often begins the day after Labor Day in early September and runs until mid-December . The spring semester typically starts in the middle or end of January and runs until May . Winter and summer classes might be offered in January and May -- August . Major federal , state , and local holidays are often observed , including the day after and usually before Thanksgiving . Spring break is usually a week in March or early April , and in college party culture traditionally involves a warm - weather trip .

\n

\n Unscheduled weather - related cancellations and emergency cancellations can also affect school calendars .

\n

\n When taking summer school or summer camp schedules into account , the Independence Day holiday on July 4 is usually a scheduled holiday observance for which the summer program closes .

\n

\n Government sector holidays : federal , State , and local government ( edit )

\n Main article : Federal holidays in the United States

\n The federal government sector labor force consisted of about 2,729,000 ( as of 2014 ) of the total labor force of 150,539,900 , which is about 1.8 % of the total labor force or about 1.1 % of the total population . In addition , state and local governments consist of another 19,134,000 bringing the U.S. total government sector employees to about 15 % of the total labor force . This sector of the population is entitled to paid time off designated as Federal holidays by Congress in Title V of the United States Code ( 5 U.S.C. \u00a7 6103 ) . Both federal and state government employees generally observe the same federal holidays .

\n Federally regulated agencies : banks and financial institutions ( edit )

\n U.S. banks generally observe the federal holidays because of their reliance on the U.S. Federal Reserve for certain activities such as wire transfers and Automated Clearing House ( ACH ) transactions . For example , JP Morgan Chase observes all federal holidays except Columbus Day , while U.S. Bank observes all of them .

\n

\n The New York Stock Exchange also closely follows the federal holidays except for Columbus Day . However , the agency also has extra holidays on the day before Independence Day and Good Friday .

\n Legal holidays by States and political divisions of the United States ( edit )

\n

\n See also : Category : State holidays in the United States and Category : Public holidays in territories of the United States
\n
\n Not to be confused with tax holidays
\n
\n

\n In general , most state governments observe the same holidays that the federal government observes . However , while that is true for most states , every state includes and omits holidays to fit the culture relevant to its population .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Holiday \n Number of U.S. states observed with government offices closed \n Remarks
\n New Year 's Day Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Veterans Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day \n 50 \n These holidays are unanimously observed by the state governments of all 50 states .
\n Martin Luther King Jr . Day \n 45 \n Signed into law in 1983 , but not observed by all states until 2000 , with Utah officially observing as a paid state holiday . Five states observe this day using alternate name `` Civil Rights Day '' or holiday is combined to also honor Robert E. Lee .
\n Washington 's Birthday ( Presidents ' Day ) \n 38 \n Alternatively observed separately as George Washington 's or Lincoln 's Birthday .
\n Columbus Day \n 23 \n Fewer than half the states recognize Columbus Day .
\n Day after Thanksgiving \n 18 \n Observed by Delaware , Florida , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Maryland , Michigan , Nebraska , New Hampshire , New Mexico , North Carolina , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , Texas , Vermont , Virginia , Washington , and West Virginia .
\n Good Friday \n 12 \n Observed by Connecticut , Delaware , Guam , Hawaii , Indiana , Kentucky , Louisiana , New Jersey , North Carolina , North Dakota , Puerto Rico , and Tennessee .
\n Christmas Eve \n 11 \n Observed by Arkansas , Georgia , Indiana , Kentucky , Michigan , North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia , West Virginia , Wisconsin
\n Election Day \n 10 \n Observed by Delaware , Hawaii , Illinois , Indiana , Montana , New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , and Rhode Island
\n Day after Christmas \n 6 \n Observed by Kentucky , Michigan , North Carolina , South Carolina , Texas , and the US Virgin Islands .
\n Lincoln 's Birthday \n 5 \n Observed by Connecticut , Illinois , Missouri , New Jersey , and New York
\n New Year 's Eve \n \n Observed by Kentucky , Michigan , West Virginia , and Wisconsin .
\n Alabama ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : State of Alabama Legal Holidays
\n
\n Confederate Memorial Day observance in Alabama \n Baldwin County , Alabama ( edit ) \n Mobile County , Alabama ( edit ) \n Perry County , Alabama ( edit )
\n
\n See also : Perry County , Alabama Calendar
\n
\n \n Alaska ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Alaska State Holidays
\n
\n \n American Samoa ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : American Samoa Holidays
\n
\n \n Arizona ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Arizona State Holidays
\n
\n \n Arkansas ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Arkansas State Holidays
\n
\n \n California ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : California Department of Human Resources - State Holidays
\n
\n

\n The U.S. state of California has separate definitions of `` state holidays '' which are different from `` legal holidays '' .

\n \n C\u00e9sar Ch\u00e1vez Day poster California education holidays ( edit )
\n
\n See also : California Education Code 37220 - 37223
\n
\n \n

\n Lincoln 's Birthday ( February 12 ) was removed from California 's education holiday calendar in 2009 .

\n Berkeley , California ( edit )
\n
\n See also : City of Berkeley : Holiday and Reduced Service Days Schedule
\n
\n \n San Francisco , California ( edit )
\n
\n See also : San Francisco City and County Holidays
\n
\n \n West Hollywood , California ( edit )
\n
\n See also : West Hollywood City Holidays
\n
\n Harvey Milk Day is observed in West Hollywood , California . \n Colorado ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Colorado State Holidays
\n
\n \n Connecticut ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Connecticut Department of Administrative Services State Holidays
\n
\n \n Delaware ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also State of Delaware - State Holidays
\n
\n \n District of Columbia ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : District of Columbia Department of Human Resources Holidays
\n
\n \n Florida ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Florida State Holidays Chapter 110 Section 117
\n
\n

\n Florida 's laws separately defines `` paid holidays '' versus `` legal holidays '' , which does not have any obligation to include as `` paid holidays '' .

\n As of 2015 , multiple states observe Susan B. Anthony Day . Florida is the only state that actually observes the day as a legal holiday , though state offices remain open . Currently , no federal holiday honors a woman in the United States . \n Florida legal holidays ( edit )
\n
\n See also : ( 3 )
\n
\n

\n Florida 's laws separate the definitions between paid versus legal holidays . The following list shows only the legal holidays that were not defined as `` paid holidays '' :

\n \n Florida circuit courts ( edit )
\n
\n See also : Florida Circuit Court Holidays
\n
\n \n Miami - Dade , Florida ( edit )
\n
\n See also : Miami - Dade Government Holidays
\n
\n \n Georgia ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Georgia State Holidays
\n
\n \n Guam ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Guam Government Holidays
\n
\n Main article : Public holidays in Guam \n Hawaii ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Hawaii State Government Holidays
\n
\n \n Idaho ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Idaho State Holidays
\n
\n \n Illinois ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Illinois Department of Central Management Services State Holidays
\n
\n Illinois is the first state to declare Malcolm X Day a holiday only in 2015 . Today , the holiday is only official in Berkeley , California since 1979 with city offices closed . \n Chicago , Illinois ( edit )
\n
\n See also : Chicago City Holidays
\n
\n \n Indiana ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Indiana State Personnel State Holidays
\n
\n \n Iowa ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Iowa Department of Administrative Services
\n
\n \n Kansas ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : State of Kansas Employee Service Center
\n
\n \n Kentucky ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : State Holidays Kentucky Personnel Cabinet
\n
\n \n Louisiana ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Louisiana State Holidays
\n
\n Mardi Gras is celebrated in New Orleans . \n Louisiana courts ( edit )
\n
\n See also : Louisiana Court Holidays
\n
\n \n Baton Rouge , Louisiana ( edit ) \n Maine ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Maine Public Holidays
\n
\n \n Maryland ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Maryland State Employee Holidays
\n
\n \n Massachusetts ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Massachusetts Legal Holidays
\n
\n \n Suffolk County , Massachusetts ( edit ) \n Michigan ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Michigan State Holidays
\n
\n \n Minnesota ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Minnesota Court Holidays
\n
\n \n Mississippi ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Mississippi State Holidays
\n
\n \n Missouri ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Missouri State Holidays
\n
\n \n Montana ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Montana State Holidays
\n
\n \n Nebraska ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Nebraska Health and Human Services State Holidays
\n
\n Arbor Day tree planting \n Nevada ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Nevada State Holidays
\n
\n \n New Hampshire ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : New Hampshire State Holidays
\n
\n New Hampshire is one of a few states which does not honor Martin Luther King , Jr . Day with its official national federal name . \n New Jersey ( edit )

\n

\n Main article : State holidays in New Jersey
\n
\n See also : New Jersey State Holidays
\n
\n \n New Mexico ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : New Mexico State Holidays
\n
\n \n New York ( edit )

\n

\n Main article : New York State government holidays
\n
\n See also : New York State Holidays
\n
\n \n New York City Public Schools ( edit )
\n
\n See also : New York City School Calendar
\n
\n \n North Carolina ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : North Carolina Human Resources State Employee Holidays
\n
\n \n North Dakota ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : North Dakota State Holidays
\n
\n \n Northern Mariana Islands ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Northern Mariana Islands Holidays
\n
\n \n Ohio ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Ohio State Employer Holidays
\n
\n \n Oklahoma ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Oklahoma State Holidays
\n
\n \n Oregon ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Oregon Legal Holidays
\n
\n \n Pennsylvania ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Pennsylvania State Holidays
\n
\n \n Flag Day is observed in Pennsylvania . Puerto Rico ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Puerto Rico Public Holidays
\n
\n Main article : Public holidays in Puerto Rico \n Rhode Island ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Rhode Island State Holidays
\n
\n \n South Carolina ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : South Carolina Holiday Leave
\n
\n \n South Dakota ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Schedule of Office Closures for State - recognized holidays
\n
\n \n Tennessee ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Tennessee State Holidays
\n
\n \n Texas ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Official Texas State Holidays
\n
\n \n Texas partial staffing holidays ( edit )

\n Texas law designates that the state businesses be `` partially staffed '' on the following holidays . These holidays can be replaced with an optional holiday per the state employee 's choice , but will give up one of these in lieu of the optional holiday .

\n \n Texas optional holidays ( edit )

\n Texas law allows a state employee to replace a partial staffing holiday with one of the following holidays . On these holidays , the state agency is generally required to stay open with minimum staff .

\n \n U.S. Virgin Islands ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : U.S. Virgin Islands Court Holidays
\n
\n Main article : Public holidays in the United States Virgin Islands \n Utah ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Utah State Holidays
\n
\n \n Vermont ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Vermont State Holidays
\n
\n \n Virginia ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Code of Virginia , legal holidays
\n
\n \n Wake Island ( edit )

\n

\n \n Washington ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Washington State Holidays
\n
\n \n West Virginia ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : West Virginia State Holidays
\n
\n \n Wisconsin ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : State of Wisconsin Legal Holidays
\n
\n \n Wisconsin public school observance days ( edit )
\n
\n See also : Wisconsin Public School Observance Days
\n
\n

\n Wisconsin 's public schools are obligated to observe the 21 days designated by Wisconsin Statute section 118.02 on the designated day unless the day falls on Saturday or Sunday , in which case would move the observance to either the preceding Friday or following Monday . The statutes require the public schools to include instruction relating to the holidays . In this list of holidays , all schools remain open .

\n \n Wyoming ( edit )

\n

\n
\n
\n See also : Wyoming State Holidays
\n
\n \n Federal holidays at the State level ( edit )

\n While most federal holidays are observed at the state level , some of these holidays are observed with different names , are observed on different days , or completely not observed in some states of the United States . ^ a . For example , Martin Luther King , Jr . Day is known officially as Martin Luther King , Jr. / Civil Rights Day in Arizona , and New Hampshire , Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert E. Lee 's Birthdays in Arkansas , Birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr. in Florida , and Maryland , Martin Luther King Jr . / Idaho Human Rights Day in Idaho , and Martin Luther King 's and Robert E. Lee 's Birthdays in Mississippi . ^ b . Washington 's Birthday is known officially as President 's Day in Alaska , California , Hawaii , Idaho , Maryland , Nebraska , New Hampshire , Tennessee , Washington , West Virginia , and Wyoming , Washington - Lincoln Day in Colorado ( CRS 24 - 11 - 101 ) , Ohio , Lincoln / Washington / Presidents ' Day in Arizona , George Washington 's Birthday and Daisy Gatson Bates Day in Arkansas , Presidents ' Day in Hawaii , Massachusetts , New Mexico , North Dakota , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Texas , and Vermont , Washington 's Birthday / President 's Day in Maine , Presidents Day in Michigan , Minnesota , Nevada , New Jersey , and Oregon , Lincoln 's and Washington 's Birthday in Montana , Washington and Lincoln Day in Utah , and George Washington Day in Virginia . ^ The day after Thanksgiving is observed in lieu of Columbus Day in Minnesota . ^ Columbus Day is listed as a state holiday in New Hampshire although state offices remain open . ^ President 's Day , Good Friday ( 11am - 3pm ) , Juneteenth Day ( June 19 ) , Columbus Day , Veteran 's Day , Partisan Primary Election Day , and General Election Day are listed as a state holiday in Wisconsin although state offices remain open .

\n Legal holidays observed nationwide ( edit ) \n

\n Holidays with religious , cultural or historical significance ( edit )

\n Main articles : Religion in the United States and Separation of church and state in the United States Box of Valentine chocolates , typically sold around Valentine 's Day

\n The religious and cultural holidays in the United States is characterized by a diversity of religious beliefs and practices . However , the First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ... '' and Article VI specifies that `` no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States . '' As a result , various religious faiths have flourished , as well as perished , in the United States . A majority of Americans report that religion plays a `` very important '' role in their lives , a proportion unique among developed nations .

\n

\n The majority of Americans ( 73 -- 80 % ) identify themselves as Christians and about 15 -- 20 % have no religious affiliation . According to the American Religious Identification Survey ( ARIS ) ( 2008 ) 76 % of the American adult population identified themselves as Christians , with 51 % professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant or unaffiliated , and 25 % professing Catholic beliefs . The same survey says that other religions ( including , for example , Islam , Judaism , Buddhism , and Hinduism ) collectively make up about 4 % of the adult population , another 15 % of the adult population claim no religious affiliation , and 5.2 % said they did not know , or they refused to reply . According to a 2012 survey by the Pew forum , 36 percent of Americans state that they attend services nearly every week or more .

\n

\n Confederate States of America ( edit )

\n

\n The following memorialize the historic Confederate States of America from the American Civil War :

\n \n

\n Drinking holidays ( edit )

\n See also : Drinking culture Crowds on Vine Street at the Oktoberfest in Cincinnati

\n According to the National Institutes of Health , about 86 % of the U.S. population over 18 drinks alcohol recreationally or socially . In the United States , the holidays that are considered the most `` festive '' are generally regarded as some of the `` most drunken holidays . '' Celebrations usually revolve around barbecues and beer . Although many of these holiday lack any official status , these holidays are generally observed by the drinking culture for the fact that these holidays revolve around drinking . One measurement of the popularity of these holidays can be measured by the amount of alcohol purchased for the occasion . One particular survey names New Years Eve as the holiday for which the most alcohol is consumed based on sales . While many holidays are listed , some are generally notable for their drinking requirement while others are known for abstinence .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Date \n Name \n Remarks
\n February 1 -- 7 ( floating Sunday ) \n Super Bowl Sunday \n Usually served at a private party while watching the Super Bowl .
\n February 3 - March 9 ( floating Tuesday using Computus ) \n Mardi Gras \n Any alcohol .
\n March 17 \n St. Patrick 's Day \n Usually celebrated with green beer .
\n April 1 -- 7 \n Opening Day \n Ale or lager .
\n May 5 \n Cinco de Mayo \n Usually celebrated with a Mexican alcohol like tequila or Margarita .
\n July 4 \n Independence Day \n Typically served while eating hot dogs and hamburgers .
\n October 1 -- 7 \n Oktoberfest \n Usually German beer .
\n October 31 \n Halloween \n Usually served at Halloween parties .
\n December 31 \n New Year 's Eve \n Traditionally with champagne and is considered the `` most drunk '' of all American holidays . More alcohol is consumed on this holiday than any other day .
\n

\n African American holidays ( edit )

\n Main article : African - American culture 2003 Kwanzaa celebration with its founder , Maulana Karenga , and others

\n African Americans make up about 12 % of the U.S. population . While some customs have come from abroad , many of the customs were developed inside the United States . Kwanzaa , for example , is a custom has greatly influenced American culture originating from the `` turbulent 60 's '' when race relations in the United States was at its lowest . Most of the newer holidays revolve around a particular civil rights activist and have recently gained attention from city and state level governments . At the federal level , only Martin Luther King , Jr. was honored .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Date \n Name \n Remarks
\n December 26 - January 1 \n Kwanzaa \n Kwanzaa is a week - long celebration held in the United States and in other nations of the Western African diaspora in the Americas . The celebration honors African heritage in African - American culture , and is observed from December 26 to January 1 , culminating in a feast and gift - giving . Kwanzaa has seven core principles ( Nguzo Saba ) . It was created by Maulana Karenga , and was first celebrated in 1966 -- 67 .
\n January 15 -- 21 ( floating Monday ) \n Martin Luther King , Jr . Day \n Martin Luther King , Jr . Day is the only American federal holiday marking the birthday of an African American . It is observed on the third Monday of January each year , which is around King 's birthday , January 15 .
\n February 1 -- 29 \n Black History Month \n Also known as the `` African American History Month '' which was set aside as an observance of important leaders of the African diaspora .
\n February 4 or December 1 \n Rosa Parks Day \n Currently observed in the states of California , Missouri , and Ohio to honor the late civil rights leader Rosa Parks . Rosa Parks Day was created by the California State Legislature and first celebrated February 4 , 2000 . The holiday was first designated in the U.S. state of Ohio championed by Joyce Beatty , advocate who helped Ohio 's legislation pass to honor the late leader . In 2015 , Missouri has declared Rosa Parks Day a legal holiday .
\n March 10 \n Harriet Tubman Day \n Commemorates anti-slavery activist Harriet Tubman for her accomplishments . Occurs two days after International Women 's Day .
\n April 16 ( DC ) \n Emancipation Day \n Currently observed in Washington , D.C. , Mississippi , Texas ( as Juneteenth ) , Kentucky , and the U.S. Virgin Islands , in observance of the emancipation of slaves of African descent . It is also observed in other areas in regard to the abolition of serfdom or other forms of servitude .
\n May 19 \n Malcolm X Day \n Currently observed in Berkeley , California , and Illinois , this holiday honors Malcolm X as a civil rights leader as a legal holiday with offices closed . Various municipalities such as Atlanta , Philadelphia , and Washington , D.C. have festivals commemorating the civil rights leader .
\n June 19 \n Juneteenth \n Juneteenth is a holiday that commemorates the announcement of the abolition of slavery in Texas in June 1865 , and more generally the emancipation of African - American slaves throughout the Confederate South . Celebrated on June 19 , the term is a portmanteau of June and nineteenth and is recognized as a state holiday or special day of observance in most states .
\n June 8 -- 14 ( floating Sunday ) \n African New Year \n Celebrated as the `` Odunde Festival '' as a one - day festival and mostly a street market catered to African - American interests and the African diaspora . It is derived from the tradition of the Yoruba people of Nigeria in celebration of the new year . It is centered at the intersection of Grays Ferry Avenue and South Street in the U.S. city of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania .
\n

\n Christian holidays ( edit )

\n A Stabat Mater depiction , 1868 Main article : Liturgical year

\n With 73 % of the U.S. population identifying themselves as Christian , many holidays from the liturgical calendar are observed by this segment of the population . With 94 % of businesses including federal , state , and local governments closing on Christmas , arguably the most significant holiday of the Christian religion , many stores are also closed on Christmas , but with a relatively small exception . For example , convenience stores operating on less than 5,000 square feet of space such as 7 - Eleven and CVS Pharmacy can remain open . A reference in A Christmas Story shows a Chinese restaurant being the only establishment open on Christmas .

\n

\n Some private businesses and certain other institutions are closed on Good Friday . The financial market and stock market is closed on Good Friday . Most retail stores remain open although some might close early . Public schools and most universities are closed on Good Friday , either as a holiday of its own , or part of spring break . The postal service operates , and banks regulated by the federal government do not close for Good Friday .

\n

\n Many companies , including banks , malls , shopping centers and most private retail stores that normally open on Sundays are closed on Easter .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Date \n Name \n Remarks
\n January 6 \n Epiphany \n Epiphany ( from Greek epiphaneia , `` manifestation '' ) , falls on the 12th day after Christmas . It commemorates the manifestation of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles , as represented by the Magi , the baptism of Jesus , and the miracle of the wine at the marriage feast at Cana . One of the three major Christian festivals , along with Christmas and Easter . Epiphany originally marked the beginning of the carnival season preceding Lent , and the evening preceding it is known as Twelfth Night .
\n January 7 \n Orthodox Christmas \n January 7th is the Gregorian Calendar equivalent of December 25 on the Julian Calendar still observed by the Russian and other Eastern Orthodox Churches .
\n February 3 - March 9 ( floating Tuesday using Computus ) \n Mardi Gras and Ash Wednesday \n A festive season ( Carnival ) leading up to Shrove Tuesday or Mardi Gras . Closes with Ash Wednesday ( 40 days before Easter , not counting Sundays ) , which starts the penitential season of Lent in the Western Christian calendar .
\n February 14 \n Valentine 's Day \n St. Valentine 's Day , or simply Valentine 's Day is named after one or more early Christian martyrs named Saint Valentine , and was established by Pope Gelasius I in 496 AD . Modern traditional celebration of love and romance , including the exchange of cards , candy , flowers , and other gifts .
\n March 15 - April 18 ( floating Sunday using Computus ) \n Palm Sunday \n Celebration to commemorate the entry of Jesus into Jerusalem .
\n March 17 \n St. Patrick 's Day \n A holiday honoring Saint Patrick that celebrates Irish culture . Primary activity is simply the wearing of green clothing ( `` wearing o ' the green '' ) , although drinking beer dyed green is also popular . Big parades in some cities , such as in Chicago , where there is also a tradition of dyeing the Chicago River green .
\n March 20 - April 23 ( floating Friday using Computus ) \n Good Friday \n Friday of Holy Week , when Western Christians commemorate the crucifixion and death of Jesus . Good Friday is a holiday in some individual counties and municipalities , as well as a state holiday in Connecticut , Delaware , Florida , Hawaii , Indiana , Kentucky , Louisiana , New Jersey , North Carolina , North Dakota , Tennessee and Texas . State and local government offices and courts are closed , as well as state - chartered banks and in these jurisdictions . Federal banks and post offices that are located in buildings that close for Good Friday and Easter will also be closed . Good Friday is also a holiday in U.S. territories of Guam , U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico . Many public and private schools , colleges , universities and private - sector businesses ; and the New York Stock Exchange and financial markets are closed on Good Friday .
\n March 22 - April 25 ( floating Sunday using Computus ) \n Easter \n Celebration of the resurrection of Jesus in most Western Christian churches . A minority of Protestant churches do not observe Easter . Eastern Orthodox ( including Western Rite ) , Oriental Orthodox and some Neo-Celtic churches observe Easter according to a different calendar , usually on a later Sunday ( thus they also observe Palm Sunday and Good Friday on different days than Western Christians ) .

\n Many Americans decorate hard - boiled eggs and give baskets of candy , fruit , toys and so on , especially to children ; but gifts of age - appropriate Easter baskets for the elderly , the infirm and the needy are increasingly popular . An annual Easter Egg Roll has been held at the White House South Lawn for young children on Easter Monday since President Hayes started the tradition in 1878 . Not a federal holiday due to the fact that it always falls on a Sunday , which is a non-working day for federal and state employees . Many companies that are normally open on Sunday close for Easter .

\n
\n October 31 \n Halloween \n Originally the end of the Celtic year , it now celebrates Eve of All Saint 's Day . Decorations include jack o'lanterns . Costume parties and candy such as candy corn are also part of the holiday . Kids go `` trick - or - treating '' to neighbors who give away candy . It is not generally observed by businesses , and is one of the most popular holidays in the U.S.
\n December 8 \n Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary \n Immaculate Conception is a dogma of the Catholic Church maintaining that the Virgin Mary was kept free of original sin from her moment of conception . Companies in some states will give day off to their employees .
\n December 24 \n Christmas Eve \n Day before Christmas . Virtually every business closes early , though a few remain open 24 hours .
\n December 25 \n Christmas \n Christmas celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ . It is a Federal Holiday .
\n

\n Hindu holidays ( edit )

\n Main article : List of Hindu festivals Rangoli decorations , made using colored powder , are popular during Diwali .

\n According to some sources , the Hindu holidays of Diwali and Holi are commonly celebrated as a `` mainstream '' holiday throughout the United States , not only by Indian Americans or peoples of Indian descent . Many firms that hire a people from India will even go as far as observing the holidays with a celebration within the company or even approving it as a paid day off . Holi , the `` festival of colors '' has inspired a Broadway musical based on this festival . New York City Council has voted on a resolution that may make Diwali and Holi a legal holiday in Resolution 1863 - 2013 . As of August 2013 , the resolution has passed and the holidays are now officially legal holidays in New York City . CNN reported that the Diwali holiday is shown in American pop culture through an episode of The Office .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Date \n Name \n Remarks
\n February or March ( depends on Hindu calendar ) \n Holi \n Holi ( English : / \u02c8ho\u028ali\u02d0 / ) ( Sanskrit : \u0939\u094b\u0932\u0940 ) is a spring festival also known as Festival of Colors , and sometimes Festival of Love . It is an ancient Hindu religious festival which has become popular with non-Hindus in many parts of South Asia , as well as people of other communities .
\n October or November ( depends on Hindu calendar ) \n Diwali \n Diwali ( English : / d\u026a\u02c8w\u0251\u02d0li\u02d0 / or English : / d\u026a\u02c8v\u0251\u02d0li\u02d0 / ) also called the Festival of lights ' `` , is an ancient Hindu festival celebrated in autumn every year . The festival spiritually signifies the victory of light over darkness , knowledge over ignorance , good over evil , and hope over despair . The festival preparations and rituals typically extend over a five - day period , but the main festival night of Diwali coincides with the darkest , new moon night of the Hindu Lunisolar month Kartik . In the Gregorian calendar , Diwali night falls between mid-October and mid-November .
\n

\n Jewish holidays ( edit )

\n Main article : Hebrew calendar A Hanukkah menorah

\n According to various sources , the three most commonly celebrated Jewish holidays are Rosh Hashanah , Yom Kippur and Hanukkah . Passover and Yom Kippur in addition to Rosh Hashannah and Hanukkah are recognized as an optional state level holiday in the U.S. state of Texas All Jewish holidays start the night before , as that is when the Jewish day begins .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Date \n Name \n Remarks
\n March 21 - April 24 ( floating date ) \n Passover \u05e4\u05e1\u05d7 \n A seven - or eight - day festival in Judaism ( seven days in Israel , eight outside of Israel ) , commemorating the Exodus of the Jews from Egypt . For Karaite Jews , Passover is the holiest day of the year and is the festival that marks the beginning of the year . Some Christian groups celebrate Passover instead of Easter . In many regions with large Jewish communities , schools close for all or part of Passover . In some regions with large Jewish populations , schools may close .
\n May 9 - June 12 ( floating date ) \n Shavuot \u05e9\u05d1\u05d5\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \n A two - day ( one in Israel ) festival celebrating the receiving of the Torah at Sinai and the harvest season of the Land of Israel . Many people have the custom to eat dairy foods , specifically cheesecake .
\n September 5 - October 5 ( floating date ) \n Rosh Hashanah \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d4 \n Observed by Jewish people . Traditional beginning of the Jewish High Holidays . It also celebrates the beginning of a new year on the Hebrew calendar . In regions with large Jewish populations , schools and universities may close on Rosh Hashanah . It is a widely accepted custom to dip an apple in honey on the first night . Unlike other holidays where the Diaspora ( outside of Israel ) celebrate extra days , this holiday is observed for two days everywhere .
\n September 14 - October 14 ( floating date ) \n Yom Kippur \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05db\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8 \n Observed by Jewish people .

\n This day marks the end of the Ten Days of Penitence that began with Rosh Hashanah . It is described in Leviticus as a `` Sabbath of rest , '' and synagogue services begin the preceding sundown , resume the following morning , and continue to sundown . Orthodox and many Conservative Jews fast on Yom Kippur . In regions with large Jewish populations , schools and universities may close on Yom Kippur .

\n
\n September 19 - October 19 ( floating date ) \n Sukkot \u05e1\u05d5\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \n A nine - day ( eight in Israel ) holiday celebrating the huts Jews lived in for forty year after the Exodus before getting to Israel . It also celebrates the cloud of glory that protected the Jews in the desert during the same period . Jews eat , and some sleep , in a special hut called a sukkah outside their home for the first seven days . Also , the ' four species ' or ' Arba Minim ' , \u05d0\u05e8\u05d1\u05e2 \u05de\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd , the Lulav \u05dc\u05d5\u05dc\u05d1 or Palm Fran , the Etrog \u05d0\u05ea\u05e8\u05d5\u05d2 or citron , the Aravot \u05e2\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea or willow branch , and the Hadasim \u05d4\u05d3\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd , are shaken in the sukkah in the morning , as well as during prayers . The Seventh Day , known as Hoshanah Rabbah \u05d4\u05d5\u05e9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e8\u05d1\u05d4 is the last day of the season of repentance started on Rosh Hashanah , and has extra prayers in addition to the extra holiday prayers . The Eighth day is known as Shemini Atzeret \u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e2\u05e6\u05e8\u05ea and is to some degree considered a different holiday . The ninth day ( or part of the eighth in Israel ) is known as Simchat Torah \u05e9\u05de\u05d7\u05ea \u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 and celebrates he finishing of one cycle of reading the Torah or bible , and includes much joyous singing and dancing with the Torah scrolls during prayers . In many regions with large Jewish communities , schools close for all or part of Passover .
\n November 28 - December 27 ( floating date ) \n Hanukkah \u05d7\u05e0\u05d5\u05db\u05d4 \n An eight - day Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem at the time of the Maccabean Revolt of the 2nd century BC . Candelabras are lit , one candle on the first night and adding one candle per night . It is also a widely accepted custom to spin a top - like toy called a dreidel , and to give coins to the children .
\n February 23 - March 26 ( floating date ) \n Purim \u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \n A one - day holiday , celebrated the Jews being saved from a plot by Haman , the second - in - command to Persian king , Achasverosh , or Xerxes , to exterminate every single Jew . It is generally celebrated by reading the Book of Esther in Synagogue the preceding night ( which , like all Jewish holidays , is actually part of the holiday ) and in the morning , giving charity , giving presents of food baskets to at least two friends , and having a celebratory feast . Unlike most other Jewish holidays ( other than Hannukah ) , work is allowed including using electricity , and other prohibited actions on Sabbath , and other holidays . The day before ( or the Thursday before , if Purim is on a Sunday ) is a fast day commemorating the fast of Esther before she met with King Achashverosh . In Jerusalem , Purim is celebrated the day after the rest of the world .
\n

\n Islamic holidays ( edit )

\n Main article : Islamic holidays Mehndi is the application of henna as a temporary form of skin decoration , commonly applied during Eid al - Fitr in Indian subcontinent culture .

\n According to various sources , the major holidays of Ramadan , Eid al - Fitr , and Eid al - Adha have been recognized in the United States . Awareness of these holidays can be found in calendars published by major calendar manufacturers . According to Al - Jazeera , schools in the U.S. states of New York and Michigan ( mainly Dearborn ) may begin to close in observance of all Muslim holidays .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Date \n Name \n Remarks
\n depends on Islamic calendar ( in this year is on June and July ) \n Ramadan \n Ramadan ( Arabic : \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u200e Rama\u1e0d\u0101n , IPA : ( r\u0251m\u0251\u02c8d\u0295\u0251\u02d0n ) ; Persian : \u0631\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u200e Ramaz\u0101n ; Urdu / Punjabi \u0631\u064e\u0645\u0652\u0636\u0627\u0646 Ramz\u0101n ; Turkish : Ramazan ) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar ; Muslims worldwide observe this as a month of fasting . This annual observance is regarded as one of the Five Pillars of Islam . The month lasts 29 -- 30 days based on the visual sightings of the crescent moon , according to numerous biographical accounts compiled in the hadiths . The word Ramadan comes from the Arabic root rami\u1e0da or ar - rama\u1e0d , which means scorching heat or dryness . Fasting is fard ( `` obligatory '' ) for adult Muslims , except those who are ill , traveling , pregnant , breastfeeding , diabetic or going through menstrual bleeding . Fasting the month of Ramadan was made obligatory ( w\u0101jib ) during the month of Sha'aban , in the second year after the Muslims migrated from Mecca to Medina .
\n depends on Islamic calendar ( in this year is on 16 of July ) \n Eid al - Fitr \n Eid al - Fitr ( Arabic : \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631 \u200e \u02bb\u012ad al - Fi\u1e6dr , IPA : ( \u0295i\u02d0d al fit\u0295r ) , `` festival of breaking of the fast '' ) , also called Feast of Breaking the Fast , the Sugar Feast , Bayram ( Bajram ) , the Sweet Festival and the Lesser Eid , is an important religious holiday celebrated by Muslims worldwide that marks the end of Ramadan , the Islamic holy month of fasting ( sawm ) . The religious Eid is a single day and Muslims are not permitted to fast on that day . The holiday celebrates the conclusion of the 29 or 30 days of dawn - to - sunset fasting during the entire month of Ramadan . The day of Eid , therefore , falls on the first day of the month of Shawwal . This is a day when Muslims around the world show a common goal of unity . The date for the start of any lunar Hijri month varies based on the observation of new moon by local religious authorities , so the exact day of celebration varies by locality . However , in most countries , it is generally celebrated on the same day as Saudi Arabia ( lunar calendar ) .
\n depends on Islamic calendar ( in this year is on 24 of September ) \n Eid al - Adha \n Eid al - Adha ( Arabic : \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u062d\u0649 \u200e \u02bf\u012bd al - a\u1e0d\u1e25\u0101 ( \u0295i\u02d0d \u00e6l\u02c8\u0294\u0251d\u0295\u0127\u00e6 ) meaning `` Festival of the sacrifice '' ) , also called the Feast of the Sacrifice , the Major Festival , the Greater Eid , Kurban Bayram ( Turkish : Kurban Bayram\u0131 ; Bosnian : kurban - bajram ) , Eid e Qurban ( Persian : \u0639\u06cc\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u200e ) or Bakr'Eid ( Urdu : \u0628\u06a9\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u06cc\u062f \u200e ) , is the second of two religious holidays celebrated by Muslims worldwide each year . It honors the willingness of Abraham ( Ibrahim ) to sacrifice his young first - born son Ishmael ( Ismail ) as an act of submission to God 's command , before God then intervened to provide Abraham with a lamb to sacrifice instead . In the lunar - based Islamic calendar , Eid al - Adha falls on the 10th day of Dhu al - Hijjah and lasts for four days . In the international Gregorian calendar , the dates vary from year to year , drifting approximately 11 days earlier each year .
\n

\n Other religious , traditional , and informal holidays celebrated in the United States ( edit )

\n Cinco de Mayo performers at the White House

\n In addition to the federal / national holidays , many religious , ethnic , and other traditional holidays populate the calendar , as well as observances proclaimed by officials and lighter celebrations . These are rarely observed by businesses as holidays ( Except for Easter and most often also on Good Friday ) ; indeed , many are viewed as opportunities for commercial promotion . Because of this commercialization , some critics apply the deprecatory term Hallmark holiday to such days , after the Hallmark greeting card company .

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Date \n Name \n Remarks
\n February 2 \n Groundhog Day \n The day on which folklore states that whether or not a local groundhog casts a shadow determines if the spring season will arrive early or on time .
\n one day first week of February \n National Girls and Women in Sports Day \n A day of observance recognizing women 's contributions to sports and society .
\n March 8 \n International Women 's Day \n A day set aside to honor women and their accomplishments in history .
\n April 1 \n April Fools ' Day \n A day that people commonly play tricks or jokes on family , friends , and co-workers , especially in English - speaking nations . Sometimes called `` the Feast of All Fools '' as a play on the feast days of saints ; there is no evidence the holiday has any Christian religious origins .
\n April 22 ( varies by location and observance ) \n Earth Day \n A celebration of environmentalism .
\n April 24 -- 30 ( floating Friday ) \n Arbor Day \n A day for planting trees .
\n May 1 \n May Day \n In most other countries , May 1 is International Workers ' Day , the equivalent of Labor Day , which commemorates the labor movement and the ultimate triumph of socialism over capitalism . This theme borrows from the pagan origins of May Day which emphasized the change in season and the triumph of the warm sun over the cold winter . The holiday is often celebrated with parades and protests for workers ' rights and other broad social issues .
\n May 5 \n Cinco de Mayo \n Primarily a celebration of Mexican culture by Mexican - Americans living in the United States . Although this is the anniversary of the victory of the Mexican Army over the French at the Battle of Puebla in 1862 , Cinco de Mayo is far more important in the USA than in Mexico itself , often celebrated even by non-Mexican - Americans . Additionally , this `` holiday '' is often mistaken by Americans as being Mexican Independence Day , which is actually observed on September 16 .
\n May 8 -- 14 ( floating Sunday ) \n Mother 's Day \n Honors mothers and motherhood ( made a `` federal holiday '' by Presidential order , although most federal agencies are already closed on Sundays )
\n June 1 -- 7 ( floating Sunday ) \n Children 's Day \n Proclaimed by President George W. Bush in 2001 to honor children .
\n June 14 \n Flag Day \n Commemorates the adoption of the flag of the United States , in 1777 .
\n June 27 \n Helen Keller Day \n Commemorates the achievements of Helen Keller and the blind .
\n June 15 -- 21 ( floating Sunday ) \n Father 's Day \n Honors fathers and fatherhood .
\n August 26 \n Women 's Equality Day \n Celebrates the fight for , and progress towards , equality for women . Established by the United States Congress in 1971 to commemorate two anniversaries : Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ensuring Woman Suffrage in 1920 and a nationwide demonstration for equal rights , the Women 's Strike for Equality , in 1970 .
\n September 4 , 7 - 10 , 12 , 13 ( floating Sunday ) \n Grandparent 's Day \n Similar to Mother 's / Father 's Day but honoring grandparents and grandparenthood .
\n September 11 \n Patriot Day \n Commemorates the attacks on the World Trade Center ( New York City ) , The Pentagon ( Washington , D.C. ) , and United Airlines Flight 93 in 2001 .
\n September 17 \n Constitution / Citizenship Day \n Commemorates the adoption of the Constitution of the United States .
\n October \n Oktoberfest \n 16 - day folk festival drinking beer . Modeled after the original Oktoberfest from Munich , Germany .
\n October 6 \n German - American Day \n Commemorates the date in 1683 when 13 German families from Krefeld near the Rhine landed in Philadelphia . These families subsequently founded in Germantown , Pennsylvania , the first German settlement in the original thirteen American colonies .
\n October 9 \n Leif Erikson Day \n Honors Leif Erikson , the Norse Viking explorer , who led the first Europeans to discover and set foot in the New World .
\n November 2 -- 8 ( floating Tuesday ) \n Election Day or Democracy Day \n Observed by the federal and state governments in applicable years ; legal holiday in some states .
\n November 23 -- 29 ( floating Friday ) \n Black Friday \n Traditionally the beginning of the Christmas shopping season in the United States . `` Black Friday '' is not a holiday under that name , but California and some other states observe `` The Day After Thanksgiving '' as a holiday for state government employees . Virtually all schools , colleges , and universities are also closed , along with many non-retail private sector businesses . Federal government offices , post offices and federally chartered banks must open on Black Friday ( unless the President issues an executive order or proclamation allowing them to close ) . It is called `` Black Friday '' because it begins the sales period when most American retailers make their profits for the year . Contrary to popular belief , Black Friday is not the busiest sales day of the year ( that honor belongs to Christmas Eve , December 24 ) . Rather , it is the barometer by which retailers are able to gauge December sales and whether they will indeed end the year `` in the black '' ( instead of `` in the red '' ) . A busy Black Friday almost invariably indicates a busy shopping season , while poor sales on Black Friday usually herald a very slow season .
\n December 7 \n Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day \n Day to mourn the attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on December 7 , 1941 .
\n December 31 \n New Year 's Eve \n Final Day of the Gregorian year . Usually accompanied by much celebration , such as party and fireworks . Virtually every company and retail outlet closes early , except for stores that sell alcoholic beverages and party supplies .
\n

\n Other notable holidays ( edit )

\n United States Air Force Super Bowl party \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Massachusetts , for example , forbids most retailers from opening on Thanksgiving and Christmas : Attorney General 's Office , `` Sunday and Holiday Openings '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 13 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Holidays '' . Opm.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Uniform Monday Holiday Act
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` State Holidays '' . Infoplease.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` 2014 Diversity Holidays '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 21 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Rosa Parks to be honored by Missouri on Feb 4th '' .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Illinois designates May 19 as Malcolm X Day '' .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Christmas may be on the cards , but is it the most popular American holiday ? '' .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Hours '' . Mall of America . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 .
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Optional Time - Off Benefits You Can Give Your Employees BizFilings Toolkit '' . Toolkit.com. 2012 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Holiday Spending Totals in Billions , 2013 - 2014 '' .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Ever popular : 90 percent of all Americans celebrate Christmas '' .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Lipka , Michael ( 2015 ) . `` Five Facts About Christmas in America '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . About nine - in - ten Americans ( 92 % ) and nearly all Christians ( 96 % ) say they celebrate Christmas , according to a 2013 Pew Research Center survey .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Newport , Frank ( 2008 ) . `` In the U.S. , Christmas Not Just for Christians '' . Gallup . Retrieved November 20 , 2016 . Despite the fact that only a little more than 80 % of Americans identify with a Christian faith , 93 % of those interviewed in a recent USA Today / Gallup poll indicate that they celebrate Christmas .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Jones , Jeffrey M. ( 2005 ) . `` Christmas a Good Time for Most Americans '' . Gallup . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . The Dec. 16 - 18 poll finds that 96 % of all U.S. adults celebrate Christmas , a percentage that has been consistent over the past decade .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Mother 's Day Church Attendance Third Highest After Easter , Christmas ; Father 's Day Last '' .
    17. \n
  17. \n ^ Jump up to : `` 13 percent Americans do n't plan to celebrate Thanksgiving '' .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Gillespie , Mark ( 2000 ) . `` Americans Celebrate Thanksgiving With Special Regard for Families '' . Gallup . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . More than nine out of 10 Americans will celebrate the holiday with family and friends .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` Turkey Facts '' .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` Turkey History & Trivia '' .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` 10 Grocery Sales You Did n't Know to Look for at Thanksgiving , Christmas '' .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Mother 's Day Trends '' .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Lavingia , Christina ( 2016 ) . `` How Americans Celebrate Mother 's Day , in Five Charts '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Nearly 16 percent of adults surveyed by Prosper Insights & Analytics do n't expect to celebrate the holiday .
    24. \n
  24. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Restaurants expect strong Mother 's Day '' .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Harper , Jennifer ( 2015 ) . `` 80 Percent of Americans Celebrate Easter -- and Spend $16.4 Billion on Peeps , Paas and Ham '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . 80 percent of Americans will celebrate Easter .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Are You Celebrating Easter This Year ? '' . Statista. 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . This year , 80.6 percent of respondents in the United States said they are planning to celebrate Easter .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Carlson , Darren K. ( 2001 ) . `` Americans Celebrate the Fourth of July '' . Gallup . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Nearly eight in 10 Americans ( 78 % ) say they will attend a picnic or barbecue , the most popular Fourth of July activity among those tested . Most Americans , 76 % , will celebrate with family . Other common activities include displaying an American flag ( 66 % ) and attending fireworks displays ( 63 % ) .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` What America Spends on Fireworks for July 4 '' .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ McCarthy , Niall ( 2015 ) . `` The Numbers Behind Father 's Day Spending in the U.S. '' Forbes . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . 75.4 percent of Americans are planning to celebrate Father 's Day .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` Ties could be as popular a gift as ever this Father 's Day '' .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Roberts , Amy ( 2015 ) . `` Halloween 2015 by the Numbers '' . CNN . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . 64 : Percent of Americans who plan to celebrate Halloween this year .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` Total Halloween Spending Set to Dip This Year '' . MarketingCharts. 2015 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Almost two - thirds ( 64 % ) of American adults plan to celebrate Halloween or participate in Halloween activities this year , reports the NRF in a recent study .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` NCA predicts $2.6 B in Halloween candy sales '' .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Halloween in the U.S. ''
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Soergel , Andrew ( 2015 ) . `` Valentine 's Day Spending to Approach $19 Billion '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . More than half ( 54.9 percent ) of Americans at least 18 years old said they plan to celebrate Valentine 's Day this year , though the percentage of those who recognize the holiday drops off after the age of 44 , according to a survey conducted by the National Retail Federation .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Valentine 's Day Floral Statistics '' . www.aboutflowers.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 02 - 25 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Kiernan , John S. ( 2016 ) . `` St. Patrick 's Day 2016 by the Numbers '' . WalletHub . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . 51.2 % of Americans plan to celebrate St. Patrick 's Day in 2016 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Rapoza , Kenneth ( 2012 ) . `` In Survey , Most Americans Not Celebrating New Year 's Eve '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . 37 percent plan to stay up to welcome in 2013 while 23 percent say they will entertain at home .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Mora , Edwin ( 2010 ) . `` Poll : Most Americans Wo n't Party or Go Out on New Year 's Eve , But They Will Say a Prayer '' . CNS News . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . The percentage of those who plan to pray ( 66 percent ) on New Year 's Eve is larger than the respective percentage of those who are going to drink ( 42 percent ) , attend a party ( 21 percent ) , and go out for dinner with friends or family ( 18 percent ) to celebrate the new year , the survey found .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Johanson , Mark ( 2012 ) . `` New Years Eve by the Numbers '' . International Business Times . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . 45 : The percent of American adults that say they will make a New Year 's resolution .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Happy St. Patrick 's Day : Top 10 Drunkest Holidays '' .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Holidays are peak time for alcohol sales '' .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` Employment Situation Summary '' .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` SHRM : 2015 Holiday Schedules '' .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` Bummed About Having to Work on Columbus Day ? Read This '' .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` Number of paid holidays unchanged '' .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` 5 U.S. Code \u00a7 6103 - Holidays LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` Survey : Most Americans not celebrating New Years Eve '' .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Traditions '' . Infoplease.com. 2004 - 12 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` Making of the King holiday '' .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` US Department of Commerce : Federal , state , and local holidays '' .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ `` hhgregg Celebrates President 's Day with Deals Inspired by America 's First Ladies '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 12 - 22 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ `` 5 U.S. Code \u00a7 6103 - Holidays LII / Legal Information Institute '' ... law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ `` Memorial Day '' .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ `` Five Things Labor Unions Do To Celebrate Labor Day '' .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ `` Labor Day '' .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ `` Should We Still Celebrate Columbus Day ? '' .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ `` 43 percent will do something special to honor Veterans Day '' .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ `` Christmas Strongly Religious for Half in U.S. Who Celebrate It '' . Gallup , Inc .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ `` List of Federal Holidays by Year from the U.S. ''
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ `` Employment by major industry sector '' .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ `` Honor Bank : Bank Holidays '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 27 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ `` JP Morgan Chase Bank Holidays '' .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ `` US Bank HR Employee Holidays '' .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ `` Presidents ' Day or Washington 's Birthday -- Which States Observe Which Holiday '' .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` Working on Columbus Day ? It depends on where you live '' .
    67. \n
  67. \n ^ Jump up to : `` State holidays '' .
    68. \n
  68. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Official Texas State Holidays '' . State of Texas . Texas State Library and Archives Commission . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ `` AL holidays '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ `` State of Alabama - Inform.Alabama.Gov - State Calendar '' . alabama.gov . Retrieved 3 September 2015 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ `` Alaska State Holidays '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 04 .
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Arizona State Library , Archives and Public Records ( 2010 - 12 - 30 ) . `` ASLAPR - Helpful Links - About Arizona '' . Arizona State Library , Archives and Public Records . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ `` State Holidays in Arkansas '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 05 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ `` State Holidays '' . Department of Personnel Administration . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ How Abraham Lincoln lost his birthday holiday
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Office of the Governor of Colorado ( 2010 ) . `` Satellite '' ( PDF ) . Office of the Governor of Colorado . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 .
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Connecticut Department of Banking ( 2011 ) . `` DOB : Year 2011 Legal Holidays in Connecticut '' . Connecticut Department of Banking . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 .
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Delaware Office of Management and Budget . `` State of Delaware - Human Resource Management - 2014 Holidays '' . Delaware Office of Management and Budget . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 02 .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ District of Columbia Department of Human Resources . `` Department of Human Resources : 2011 Holidays '' . District of Columbia Department of Human Resources . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ The Florida Legislature ( 2014 ) . `` The 2014 Florida Statutes '' . Official Internet Site of the Florida Legislature . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 03 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ State of Georgia . `` georgia.gov - State Holidays '' . georgia.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ `` State Holidays of Hawaii '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 27 .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ Idaho State Treasurer 's Office ( 2011 ) . `` Idaho State Treasurer 's Office '' . Idaho State Treasurer 's Office . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 .
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ `` Statutes '' . idaho.gov . Retrieved 3 September 2015 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ `` Holidays in Illinois '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 04 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Indiana State Personnel Department . `` SPD : State Holidays '' . Indiana State Personnel Department . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ The Iowa Legislature ( 2011 ) . `` Iowa Legislature - Advanced Search '' . The Iowa Legislature . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 18 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ `` State Holidays '' . Department of Administration . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 05 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ `` Holiday and Pay Calendar '' ( PDF ) .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ `` Kentucky '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 04 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ `` Louisiana state holidays '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 07 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ `` State Holidays '' . ms.gov . Retrieved 3 September 2015 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ ( 1 )
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ `` 2011 Calendar of Legal Holidays for State Employees in the Classified Service of the Executive Branch '' . New York State Civil Service . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 17 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ http://oshr.nc.gov/state-employee-resources/benefits/leave/holidays
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania 811 '' .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Wake Island Biosecurity Management Plan , U.S. Air Force , 611th Air Support Group and 611th Civil Engineer Squadron , October 2012 , Edition 3.0 , http://eaest.com/pdf/06Component_Plan_D_Biosecurity_Mngt_Plan.pdf
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Captain Anastasia Schmidt ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Air Force members celebrate Thai New Year and Water Festival at Wake Island '' . Joint Base Elmendorf - Richardson . 11th Air Force Public Affairs . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ `` State Holidays '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 05 .
    100. \n
  100. \n ^ Jump up to : `` State Service Holiday '' . State of Arizona . Arizona Department of Administration Human Resources Division . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    101. \n
  101. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Holidays for Calendar Year 2012 '' ( PDF ) . State of New Hampshire . New Hampshire Department of Administrative Services Division of Personnel . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    102. \n
  102. \n ^ Jump up to : `` State Holiday Calendar '' . State of Arkansas . Arkansas Secretary of State . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ `` 2014 State Holidays '' . State of Florida . Florida Department of Management Services . 2014 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 .
    104. \n
  104. \n ^ Jump up to : `` State Holidays for the Year 2012 '' . State of Maryland . Maryland Department of Budget and Management . June 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    105. \n
  105. \n ^ Jump up to : `` State Holiday '' . State of Idaho . Idaho Secretary of State . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    106. \n
  106. \n ^ Jump up to : `` State Holidays in Mississippi '' . Mississippi Secretary of State . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2014 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ `` 2014 State Holiday Calendar '' ( PDF ) . State of Alaska . Alaska Department of Administration Division of Finance . 6 June 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 August 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 .
    108. \n
  108. \n Jump up ^ `` 2014 State Holidays '' . State of California . 29 April 2014 . Retrieved 22 July 2014 .
    109. \n
  109. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Holidays to be Observed by the Hawaii State Government '' ( PDF ) . State of Hawai'i . Hawaii Department of Human Resources Development . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    110. \n
  110. \n Jump up ^ `` Holiday Schedule '' . State of Nebraska . Nebraska Department of Administrative Services Personnel Division . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    111. \n
  111. \n Jump up ^ `` Official State Holidays '' . State of Tennessee . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    112. \n
  112. \n Jump up ^ `` State holiday schedule '' . State of Washington . Washington State Department of Revenue , however contrary to this reference , Washington law RCW 1.16. 050 establishes usage as Presidents ' Day . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    113. \n
  113. \n Jump up ^ `` WV State Holidays '' . West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources Bureau for Public Health Health Statistics Center . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    114. \n
  114. \n Jump up ^ `` Official State Holidays '' . State of Wyoming . Wyoming Secretary of State . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    115. \n
  115. \n Jump up ^ `` Colorado Revised Statute 24 - 11 - 101 Legal holidays - effect '' . via LexisNexis . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 .
    116. \n
  116. \n Jump up ^ `` Ohio Revised Code 1.14 '' . State of Ohio . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    117. \n
  117. \n Jump up ^ `` Calendar Year 2012 Legal Holidays and Dates of Observance '' ( PDF ) . Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Massachusetts Department of the State Treasurer Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    118. \n
  118. \n Jump up ^ `` Official State Holidays '' . New Mexico State Treasurer 's Office . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    119. \n
  119. \n Jump up ^ `` State Holidays , Office of State Tax Commissioner , Tax Department , North Dakota '' . nd.gov . Retrieved 3 September 2015 .
    120. \n
  120. \n Jump up ^ `` Holidays for State Employees '' . State of Oklahoma . Oklahoma Office of Personnel Management . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    121. \n
  121. \n Jump up ^ `` Schedule of Office Closures for State - recognized holidays '' . State of South Dakota . South Dakota Department of Labor and Regulation . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    122. \n
  122. \n Jump up ^ `` State Holiday Schedule '' . State of Vermont . Vermont Agency of Administration Department of Human Resources . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    123. \n
  123. \n Jump up ^ `` 2012 Holiday Schedule '' . State of Maine . Maine Department of Administrative and Financial Services Bureau of Human Resources . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    124. \n
  124. \n Jump up ^ `` Official Holidays '' . State of Michigan . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    125. \n
  125. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Court Holidays '' . Minnesota Judicial Branch . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    126. \n
  126. \n Jump up ^ `` Holidays '' . State of Nevada . Nevada Department of Personnel . February 19 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    127. \n
  127. \n Jump up ^ `` State Holidays '' . State of New Jersey . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    128. \n
  128. \n Jump up ^ `` Chapter 187 -- Holidays ; Standard of Time ; Commemorations '' . State of Oregon . Oregon Legislative Website . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 .
    129. \n
  129. \n Jump up ^ `` Holidays Observed 2012 '' . State of Montana . Montana State Human Resources Division . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 1 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    130. \n
  130. \n Jump up ^ `` Legal holidays -- Personal preference day -- Governor authorized to declare additional days '' . State of Utah . Utah State Legislature . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    131. \n
  131. \n Jump up ^ `` Pay and Holiday Calendar '' . Commonwealth of Virginia . Virginia Department of Human Resource Management . 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    132. \n
  132. \n Jump up ^ `` Benefits Available to State of Wisconsin Employees '' . State of Wisconsin . Wisconsin Department of Health Services . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2011 . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    133. \n
  133. \n Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin State Statute 995.20 Legal Holidays '' . State of Wisconsin . Wisconsin State Legislature . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 .
    134. \n
  134. \n Jump up ^ `` Official State Holidays '' . State of Alabama . Alabama State Personnel Department . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 .
    135. \n
  135. \n Jump up ^ `` Among Wealthy Nations U.S. Stands Alone in its Embrace of Religion '' . Pew Global Attitudes Project . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 01 .
    136. \n
  136. \n Jump up ^ `` '' Nones '' on the Rise `` . The Pew Forum. 2012 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 .
    137. \n
  137. \n Jump up ^ US Census Bureau ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Table 75 . Self - Described Religious Identification of Adult Population : 1990 , 2001 and 2008 , The methodology of the American Religious Identification Survey ( ARIS ) '' . US Census Bureau 2012 Statistical Abstract . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2007 . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 .
    138. \n
  138. \n Jump up ^ `` The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life -- Asian Americans : A Mosaic of Faiths '' . Pewforum.org. 2012 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 29 .
    139. \n
  139. \n Jump up ^ `` Arkansas Ends Robert E. Lee - Martin Luther King Jr . Holiday '' . NBC News . March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 .
    140. \n
  140. \n Jump up ^ `` Arkansas lawmakers vote to remove Robert E. Lee from holiday honoring MLK '' . Politico . Associated Press . March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 .
    141. \n
  141. \n Jump up ^ `` Alcohol facts and statistics '' .
    142. \n
  142. \n Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Drunkest Holidays '' .
    143. \n
  143. \n Jump up ^ `` Ranking America 's drinking holidays '' .
    144. \n
  144. \n Jump up ^ `` Six Beers For MLB 's Opening Day '' .
    145. \n
  145. \n Jump up ^ `` The 5 Most Popular Drinking Days '' .
    146. \n
  146. \n Jump up ^ `` Celebrating the Kwanzaa Holiday and Understanding its Impact on Race Relations '' .
    147. \n
  147. \n Jump up ^ `` African - American Holidays , Festivals , and Celebrations '' .
    148. \n
  148. \n Jump up ^ `` Why Kwanzaa Video '' . `` Maulana Karenga '' .
    149. \n
  149. \n Jump up ^ `` ACR 116 Assembly Concurrent Resolution - CHAPTERED '' . ca.gov . Retrieved 3 September 2015 .
    150. \n
  150. \n Jump up ^ Ohio 's Rosa Parks Day Placed into National Congressional Record , archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 17
    151. \n
  151. \n Jump up ^ `` Juneteenth Celebrated in Coachella '' . Black Voice News . June 22 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2012 .
    152. \n
  152. \n Jump up ^ `` Juneteenth '' . Merriam Webster Dictionary . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 30 .
    153. \n
  153. \n Jump up ^ `` What will be open Christmas Day '' .
    154. \n
  154. \n Jump up ^ `` Good Friday in United States '' . timeanddate.com . Retrieved 3 September 2015 .
    155. \n
  155. \n Jump up ^ `` Stock Market Holidays '' . money-zine.com . Retrieved 3 September 2015 .
    156. \n
  156. \n Jump up ^ Department of Information Technology . `` About Connecticut '' . CT.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 .
    157. \n
  157. \n Jump up ^ `` Delaware - Office of Management and Budget - State of Delaware Holidays '' . Delawarepersonnel.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 .
    158. \n
  158. \n Jump up ^ `` Florida Laws : FL Statutes - Title XXXIX Commercial Relations Section 683.01 Legal holidays . - Florida Attorney Resources - Florida Laws '' . Law2.onecle.com. 2013 - 05 - 31 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 .
    159. \n
  159. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaii State Holidays for 2014 '' . Miraclesalad.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 .
    160. \n
  160. \n Jump up ^ `` Secretary of State : 2011 Indiana State Holidays '' . In.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 .
    161. \n
  161. \n Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived April 18 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine .
    162. \n
  162. \n Jump up ^ Sandra G. Gillen , CPPB. `` 2014 State Holidays Calendar Observed by OSP '' . Doa.louisiana.gov . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 .
    163. \n
  163. \n Jump up ^ `` The Official Web Site for The State of New Jersey State Holidays '' . Nj.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 .
    164. \n
  164. \n Jump up ^ `` N.C. State Government Holiday Schedule for 2013 and 2014 '' . Ic.nc.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 .
    165. \n
  165. \n Jump up ^ `` North Dakota State Holidays 2014 '' . The Holiday Schedule . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 .
    166. \n
  166. \n Jump up ^ `` Official State Holidays '' . TN.gov . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 03 .
    167. \n
  167. \n ^ Jump up to : Jean Mead , How and why Do Hindus Celebrate Divali ? , ISBN 978 - 0 - 237 - 534 - 127
    168. \n
  168. \n Jump up ^ `` Guam Public Holidays 2012 ( Oceania ) '' . qppstudio.net . Retrieved 3 September 2015 .
    169. \n
  169. \n Jump up ^ `` US Virgin Islands Public Holidays 2012 ( Americas / Caribbean ) '' . qppstudio.net . Retrieved 3 September 2015 .
    170. \n
  170. \n Jump up ^ `` Public Holidays in Puerto Rico in 2015 '' . topuertorico.org . Retrieved 3 September 2015 .
    171. \n
  171. \n Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 10 .
    172. \n
  172. \n Jump up ^ `` Diwali Goes Mainstream '' .
    173. \n
  173. \n Jump up ^ `` Diwali 2013 in the USA and UK '' .
    174. \n
  174. \n Jump up ^ `` Color Me Rad 5K - 2 Million Fans with New Color Blaster '' .
    175. \n
  175. \n Jump up ^ `` Res 1863 - 2013 '' .
    176. \n
  176. \n Jump up ^ `` USA : Hindus laud New York City Council for resolution on Diwali holiday in City schools '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 18 .
    177. \n
  177. \n Jump up ^ `` Diwali '' .
    178. \n
  178. \n Jump up ^ `` 6 things you should know about Diwali '' .
    179. \n
  179. \n Jump up ^ Yudit Greenberg , Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions , Volume 1 , ISBN 978 - 1851099801 , page 212
    180. \n
  180. \n Jump up ^ The New Oxford Dictionary of English ( 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 861263 - X - p. 874 `` Holi / ' h\u0259\u028ali :/ noun a Hindu spring festival ... '' .
    181. \n
  181. \n Jump up ^ Ebeling , Karin ( 2010 ) , Holi , an Indian Festival , and its Reflection in English Media ; Die Ordnung des Standard und die Differenzierung der Diskurse : Akten des 41 . Linguistischen Kolloquiums in Mannheim 2006 , 1 , 107 , ISBN 978 - 3631599174
    182. \n
  182. \n Jump up ^ The New Oxford Dictionary of English ( 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 861263 - X - p. 540 `` Diwali / d\u026aw\u0251\u02d0li / ( also Divali ) noun a Hindu festival with lights ... '' .
    183. \n
  183. \n Jump up ^ Diwali Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica ( 2009 )
    184. \n
  184. \n Jump up ^ Diwali - Celebrating the triumph of goodness Hinduism Today ( 2012 )
    185. \n
  185. \n Jump up ^ Vera , Zak ( February 2010 ) . Invisible River : Sir Richard 's Last Mission . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4389 - 0020 - 9 . Retrieved 26 October 2011 . First Diwali day called Dhanteras or wealth worship . We perform Laskshmi - Puja in evening when clay diyas lighted to drive away shadows of evil spirits .
    186. \n
  186. \n Jump up ^ `` Jewish Holidays '' .
    187. \n
  187. \n Jump up ^ `` Rosh Hashanah '' .
    188. \n
  188. \n Jump up ^ `` Holidays - Tablet Magazine -- Jewish News and Politics , Jewish Arts and Culture , Jewish Life and Religion '' . tabletmag.com . Retrieved 3 September 2015 .
    189. \n
  189. \n Jump up ^ `` Major Islamic Holidays '' .
    190. \n
  190. \n Jump up ^ `` Eid al - Fitr '' .
    191. \n
  191. \n Jump up ^ `` Eid al - Adha '' .
    192. \n
  192. \n Jump up ^ `` New York Schools Could Get Muslim Holidays '' .
    193. \n
  193. \n Jump up ^ BBC - Religions . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25
    194. \n
  194. \n Jump up ^ `` Muslims worldwide start to observe Ramadan '' . Global Times . 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 .
    195. \n
  195. \n Jump up ^ `` The Muslim World Observes Ramadan '' . Power Text Solutions . 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2012 .
    196. \n
  196. \n Jump up ^ `` Schools - Religions '' . BBC . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 .
    197. \n
  197. \n Jump up ^ Bukhari - Ibn - Ismail , AbdAllah - Muhammad . `` Sahih Bukhari - Book 031 ( The Book of Fasting ) , Hadith 124 '' . hadithcollection.com . Retrieved 25 July 2012 .
    198. \n
  198. \n Jump up ^ Muslim - Ibn - Habaj , Abul - Hussain . `` Sahih Muslim - Book 006 ( The Book of Fasting ) , Hadith 2378 '' . hadithcollection.com . Retrieved 25 July 2012 .
    199. \n
  199. \n Jump up ^ Muslim - Ibn - Habaj , Abul - Hussain . `` Sahih Muslim - Book 006 ( The Book of Fasting ) , Hadith 2391 '' . hadithcollection.com . Retrieved 25 July 2012 .
    200. \n
  200. \n Jump up ^ Fasting ( Al Siyam ) - \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0645 - Page 18 , el Bahay el Kholi , 1998
    201. \n
  201. \n Jump up ^ Elias , Jamal J. ( 1999 ) . Islam . Routledge . p. 75 . ISBN 0415211654 .
    202. \n
  202. \n Jump up ^ Elias , Jamal J. ( 1999 ) . Islam . Routledge . p. 75 . ISBN 0415211654 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 .
    203. \n
  203. \n Jump up ^ Diversity Calendar : Eid al - Adha Archived 2012 - 10 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , University of Kansas Medical Center
    204. \n
  204. \n Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Religion & Ethics -- Eid el Adha '' . 2009 - 09 - 07 . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 .
    205. \n
  205. \n Jump up ^ Children 's Day
    206. \n
  206. \n Jump up ^ `` ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 '' .
    207. \n
  207. \n Jump up ^ `` Cricket World Cup links fans to home '' .
    208. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States
\n January \n
    \n
  • \n New Year 's Day ( federal )
    • \n
  • \n Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Confederate Heroes Day ( TX )
    • \n
  • \n Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA )
    • \n
  • \n Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID )
    • \n
  • \n Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area )
    • \n
  • \n Kansas Day ( KS )
    • \n
  • \n Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA )
    • \n
  • \n Robert E. Lee Day ( FL )
    • \n
  • \n Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n The Eighth ( LA , former federal )
    • \n
\n
\n January -- February \n
    \n
  • \n Super Bowl Sunday
    • \n
\n
\n February American Heart Month Black History Month \n
    \n
  • \n Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal )
    • \n
  • \n Valentine 's Day
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Georgia Day ( GA )
    • \n
  • \n Groundhog Day
    • \n
  • \n Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV )
    • \n
  • \n National Girls and Women in Sports Day
    • \n
  • \n National Freedom Day ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n Primary Election Day ( WI )
    • \n
  • \n Ronald Reagan Day ( CA )
    • \n
  • \n Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO )
    • \n
  • \n Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal )
    • \n
\n
\n February -- March \n
    \n
  • \n Mardi Gras
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Ash Wednesday ( religious )
    • \n
  • \n Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious )
    • \n
  • \n Super Tuesday
    • \n
\n
\n March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month \n
    \n
  • \n St. Patrick 's Day ( religious )
    • \n
  • \n Spring break ( week )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL )
    • \n
  • \n Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal )
    • \n
  • \n Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA )
    • \n
  • \n Harriet Tubman Day ( NY )
    • \n
  • \n Holi ( NY , religious )
    • \n
  • \n Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA )
    • \n
  • \n Maryland Day ( MD )
    • \n
  • \n National Poison Prevention Week ( week )
    • \n
  • \n Prince Jonah K\u016bhi\u014d Kalaniana\u02bbole Day ( HI )
    • \n
  • \n Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious )
    • \n
  • \n Seward 's Day ( AK )
    • \n
  • \n Texas Independence Day ( TX )
    • \n
  • \n Town Meeting Day ( VT )
    • \n
\n
\n March -- April \n
    \n
  • \n Easter ( religious )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Palm Sunday ( religious )
    • \n
  • \n Passover ( religious )
    • \n
  • \n Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious )
    • \n
  • \n Easter Monday ( religious )
    • \n
\n
\n April Confederate History Month \n
    \n
  • \n 420 Day
    • \n
  • \n April Fools ' Day
    • \n
  • \n Arbor Day
    • \n
  • \n Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , MS )
    • \n
  • \n Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week )
    • \n
  • \n Earth Day
    • \n
  • \n Emancipation Day ( DC )
    • \n
  • \n Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL )
    • \n
  • \n Pascua Florida ( FL )
    • \n
  • \n Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME )
    • \n
  • \n San Jacinto Day ( TX )
    • \n
  • \n Siblings Day
    • \n
  • \n Walpurgis Night ( religious )
    • \n
\n
\n May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month \n
    \n
  • \n Memorial Day ( federal )
    • \n
  • \n Mother 's Day ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n Cinco de Mayo
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Harvey Milk Day ( CA )
    • \n
  • \n Law Day ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n Loyalty Day ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal )
    • \n
  • \n May Day
    • \n
  • \n Military Spouse Day
    • \n
  • \n National Day of Prayer ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n National Maritime Day ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n Truman Day ( MO )
    • \n
\n
\n June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month \n
    \n
  • \n Father 's Day ( 36 )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA )
    • \n
  • \n Carolina Day ( SC )
    • \n
  • \n Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX )
    • \n
  • \n Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal )
    • \n
  • \n Helen Keller Day ( PA )
    • \n
  • \n Honor America Days ( 3 weeks )
    • \n
  • \n Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL )
    • \n
  • \n Kamehameha Day ( HI )
    • \n
  • \n Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA )
    • \n
  • \n Senior Week ( week )
    • \n
  • \n West Virginia Day ( WV )
    • \n
\n
\n July \n
    \n
  • \n Independence Day ( federal )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n L\u0101 Ho\u02bbiho\u02bbi Ea ( HI , unofficial )
    • \n
  • \n Parents ' Day ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n Pioneer Day ( UT )
    • \n
\n
\n July -- August \n
    \n
  • \n Summer vacation
    • \n
\n
\n August \n
    \n
  • \n American Family Day ( AZ )
    • \n
  • \n Barack Obama Day ( IL )
    • \n
  • \n Bennington Battle Day ( VT )
    • \n
  • \n Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI )
    • \n
  • \n Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX )
    • \n
  • \n National Aviation Day ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n Service Reduction Day ( MD )
    • \n
  • \n Victory over Japan Day ( RI , former federal )
    • \n
  • \n Women 's Equality Day ( 36 )
    • \n
\n
\n September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month \n
    \n
  • \n Labor Day ( federal )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n California Admission Day ( CA )
    • \n
  • \n Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n Constitution Day ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n Constitution Week ( week )
    • \n
  • \n Defenders Day ( MD )
    • \n
  • \n Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n National Grandparents Day ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n National Payroll Week ( week )
    • \n
  • \n Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal )
    • \n
  • \n Patriot Day ( 36 )
    • \n
\n
\n September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month \n
    \n
  • \n Oktoberfest
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Rosh Hashanah ( religious )
    • \n
  • \n Yom Kippur ( religious )
    • \n
\n
\n October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month \n
    \n
  • \n Columbus Day ( federal )
    • \n
  • \n Halloween
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Alaska Day ( AK )
    • \n
  • \n Child Health Day ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n General Pulaski Memorial Day
    • \n
  • \n German - American Day
    • \n
  • \n Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT )
    • \n
  • \n International Day of Non-Violence
    • \n
  • \n Leif Erikson Day ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n Missouri Day ( MO )
    • \n
  • \n National School Lunch Week
    • \n
  • \n Native American Day ( SD )
    • \n
  • \n Nevada Day ( NV )
    • \n
  • \n Sweetest Day
    • \n
  • \n White Cane Safety Day ( 36 )
    • \n
\n
\n October -- November \n
    \n
  • \n Diwali ( religious )
    • \n
\n
\n November Native American Indian Heritage Month \n
    \n
  • \n Veterans Day ( federal )
    • \n
  • \n Thanksgiving ( federal )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 )
    • \n
  • \n Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal )
    • \n
  • \n Family Day ( NV )
    • \n
  • \n Hanukkah ( religious )
    • \n
  • \n L\u0101 K\u016b\u02bboko\u02bba ( HI , unofficial )
    • \n
  • \n Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA )
    • \n
  • \n Obama Day ( Perry County , AL )
    • \n
\n
\n December \n
    \n
  • \n Christmas ( religious , federal )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Alabama Day ( AL )
    • \n
  • \n Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC )
    • \n
  • \n Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX )
    • \n
  • \n Festivus
    • \n
  • \n Hanukkah ( religious , week )
    • \n
  • \n Indiana Day ( IN )
    • \n
  • \n Kwanzaa ( religious , week )
    • \n
  • \n National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n New Year 's Eve
    • \n
  • \n Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 )
    • \n
  • \n Rosa Parks Day ( OH , OR )
    • \n
  • \n Wright Brothers Day ( 36 )
    • \n
\n
\n Varies ( year round ) \n
    \n
  • \n Eid al - Adha ( religious )
    • \n
  • \n Eid al - Fitr ( religious )
    • \n
  • \n Ramadan ( religious , month )
    • \n
\n
\n Legend :

\n ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month .

\n See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Public holidays in the United States
\n States \n
    \n
  • \n Alabama
    • \n
  • \n Alaska
    • \n
  • \n Arizona
    • \n
  • \n Arkansas
    • \n
  • \n California
    • \n
  • \n Colorado
    • \n
  • \n Connecticut
    • \n
  • \n Delaware
    • \n
  • \n Florida
    • \n
  • \n Georgia
    • \n
  • \n Hawaii
    • \n
  • \n Idaho
    • \n
  • \n Illinois
    • \n
  • \n Indiana
    • \n
  • \n Iowa
    • \n
  • \n Kansas
    • \n
  • \n Kentucky
    • \n
  • \n Louisiana
    • \n
  • \n Maine
    • \n
  • \n Maryland
    • \n
  • \n Massachusetts
    • \n
  • \n Michigan
    • \n
  • \n Minnesota
    • \n
  • \n Mississippi
    • \n
  • \n Missouri
    • \n
  • \n Montana
    • \n
  • \n Nebraska
    • \n
  • \n Nevada
    • \n
  • \n New Hampshire
    • \n
  • \n New Jersey
    • \n
  • \n New Mexico
    • \n
  • \n New York
    • \n
  • \n North Carolina
    • \n
  • \n North Dakota
    • \n
  • \n Ohio
    • \n
  • \n Oklahoma
    • \n
  • \n Oregon
    • \n
  • \n Pennsylvania
    • \n
  • \n Rhode Island
    • \n
  • \n South Carolina
    • \n
  • \n South Dakota
    • \n
  • \n Tennessee
    • \n
  • \n Texas
    • \n
  • \n Utah
    • \n
  • \n Vermont
    • \n
  • \n Virginia
    • \n
  • \n Washington
    • \n
  • \n West Virginia
    • \n
  • \n Wisconsin
    • \n
  • \n Wyoming
    • \n
\n
\n Federal district \n Washington , D.C.
\n Insular areas \n
    \n
  • \n American Samoa
    • \n
  • \n Guam
    • \n
  • \n Northern Mariana Islands
    • \n
  • \n Puerto Rico
    • \n
  • \n U.S. Virgin Islands
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Life in the United States
\n
    \n
  • \n Crime
    • \n
  • \n Culture
    • \n
  • \n Economic issues
      \n
    • \n affluence
      • \n
    • \n eviction
      • \n
    • \n home - ownership
      • \n
    • \n household income
      • \n
    • \n income inequality
      • \n
    • \n labor unions
      • \n
    • \n middle class
      • \n
    • \n personal income
      • \n
    • \n poverty
      • \n
    • \n standard of living
      • \n
    • \n wealth
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Education ( attainment )
    • \n
  • \n Family structure
    • \n
  • \n Health
      \n
    • \n health care
      • \n
    • \n health insurance
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Holidays
    • \n
  • \n Homelessness
    • \n
  • \n Human rights
    • \n
  • \n Languages
    • \n
  • \n Passenger vehicle transport
    • \n
  • \n Political ideologies
    • \n
  • \n Race
    • \n
  • \n Religion
    • \n
  • \n Social class
    • \n
  • \n Society
    • \n
  • \n Sports
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n United States articles
\n History \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n By event \n
    \n
  • \n Timeline of U.S. history
    • \n
  • \n Pre-Columbian era
    • \n
  • \n Colonial era
      \n
    • \n Thirteen Colonies
      • \n
    • \n military history
      • \n
    • \n Continental Congress
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n American Revolution
      \n
    • \n War
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n American frontier
    • \n
  • \n Confederation Period
    • \n
  • \n Drafting and ratification of Constitution
    • \n
  • \n Federalist Era
    • \n
  • \n War of 1812
    • \n
  • \n Territorial acquisitions
    • \n
  • \n Territorial evolution
    • \n
  • \n Mexican -- American War
    • \n
  • \n Civil War
    • \n
  • \n Reconstruction Era
    • \n
  • \n Indian Wars
    • \n
  • \n Gilded Age
    • \n
  • \n Progressive Era
    • \n
  • \n African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968
    • \n
  • \n Spanish -- American War
    • \n
  • \n Imperialism
    • \n
  • \n World War I
    • \n
  • \n Roaring Twenties
    • \n
  • \n Great Depression
    • \n
  • \n World War II
      \n
    • \n home front
      • \n
    • \n Nazism in the United States
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n American Century
    • \n
  • \n Cold War
    • \n
  • \n Korean War
    • \n
  • \n Space Race
    • \n
  • \n Feminist Movement
    • \n
  • \n Vietnam War
    • \n
  • \n Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 )
    • \n
  • \n War on Terror
      \n
    • \n War in Afghanistan
      • \n
    • \n Iraq War
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Recent events ( 2008 -- present )
    • \n
\n
\n By topic \n
    \n
  • \n Outline of U.S. history
    • \n
  • \n Demographic
    • \n
  • \n Discoveries
    • \n
  • \n Economic
      \n
    • \n debt ceiling
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Inventions
      \n
    • \n before 1890
      • \n
    • \n 1890 -- 1945
      • \n
    • \n 1946 -- 91
      • \n
    • \n after 1991
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Military
    • \n
  • \n Postal
    • \n
  • \n Technological and industrial
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Geography \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Territory
      \n
    • \n counties
      • \n
    • \n federal district
      • \n
    • \n federal enclaves
      • \n
    • \n Indian reservations
      • \n
    • \n insular zones
      • \n
    • \n minor outlying islands
      • \n
    • \n populated places
      • \n
    • \n states
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Earthquakes
    • \n
  • \n Extreme points
    • \n
  • \n Islands
    • \n
  • \n Mountains
      \n
    • \n peaks
      • \n
    • \n ranges
      • \n
    • \n Appalachian
      • \n
    • \n Rocky
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n National Park Service
      \n
    • \n National Parks
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Regions
      \n
    • \n East Coast
      • \n
    • \n West Coast
      • \n
    • \n Great Plains
      • \n
    • \n Gulf
      • \n
    • \n Mid-Atlantic
      • \n
    • \n Midwestern
      • \n
    • \n New England
      • \n
    • \n Pacific
      • \n
    • \n Central
      • \n
    • \n Eastern
      • \n
    • \n Northern
      • \n
    • \n Northeastern
      • \n
    • \n Northwestern
      • \n
    • \n Southern
      • \n
    • \n Southeastern
      • \n
    • \n Southwestern
      • \n
    • \n Western
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Rivers
      \n
    • \n Colorado
      • \n
    • \n Columbia
      • \n
    • \n Mississippi
      • \n
    • \n Missouri
      • \n
    • \n Ohio
      • \n
    • \n Rio Grande
      • \n
    • \n Yukon
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Time
    • \n
  • \n Water supply and sanitation
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Politics \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Federal \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Executive \n
    \n
  • \n Cabinet
    • \n
  • \n Civil service
    • \n
  • \n Executive departments
    • \n
  • \n Executive Office
    • \n
  • \n Independent agencies
    • \n
  • \n Law enforcement
    • \n
  • \n President of the United States
    • \n
  • \n Public policy
    • \n
\n
\n Legislative \n
    \n
  • \n House of Representatives
      \n
    • \n current members
      • \n
    • \n Speaker
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Senate
      \n
    • \n current members
      • \n
    • \n President pro tempore
      • \n
    • \n Vice President
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Judicial \n
    \n
  • \n Courts of appeals
    • \n
  • \n District courts
    • \n
  • \n Supreme Court
    • \n
\n
\n Law \n
    \n
  • \n Bill of Rights
      \n
    • \n civil liberties
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Code of Federal Regulations
    • \n
  • \n Constitution
      \n
    • \n federalism
      • \n
    • \n preemption
      • \n
    • \n separation of powers
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Federal Reporter
    • \n
  • \n United States Code
    • \n
  • \n United States Reports
    • \n
\n
\n Intelligence \n
    \n
  • \n Central Intelligence Agency
    • \n
  • \n Defense Intelligence Agency
    • \n
  • \n Federal Bureau of Investigation
    • \n
  • \n National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency
    • \n
  • \n National Reconnaissance Office
    • \n
  • \n National Security Agency
    • \n
  • \n Office of the Director of National Intelligence
    • \n
\n
\n Uniformed \n
    \n
  • \n Armed Forces
      \n
    • \n Army
      • \n
    • \n Marine Corps
      • \n
    • \n Navy
      • \n
    • \n Air Force
      • \n
    • \n Coast Guard
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n National Guard
    • \n
  • \n NOAA Corps
    • \n
  • \n Public Health Service Corps
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n 51st state
      \n
    • \n political status of Puerto Rico
      • \n
    • \n District of Columbia statehood movement
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Elections
      \n
    • \n Electoral College
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Foreign relations
      \n
    • \n Foreign policy
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Hawaiian sovereignty movement
    • \n
  • \n Ideologies
      \n
    • \n anti-Americanism
      • \n
    • \n exceptionalism
      • \n
    • \n nationalism
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Local government
    • \n
  • \n Parties
      \n
    • \n Democratic
      • \n
    • \n Republican
      • \n
    • \n Third parties
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Red states and blue states
      \n
    • \n Purple America
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Scandals
    • \n
  • \n State government
      \n
    • \n governor
      • \n
    • \n state legislature
      • \n
    • \n state court
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Uncle Sam
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Economy \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n By sector
      \n
    • \n Agriculture
      • \n
    • \n Banking
      • \n
    • \n Communications
      • \n
    • \n Energy
      • \n
    • \n Insurance
      • \n
    • \n Manufacturing
      • \n
    • \n Mining
      • \n
    • \n Tourism
      • \n
    • \n Trade
      • \n
    • \n Transportation
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Companies
      \n
    • \n by state
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Currency
    • \n
  • \n Exports
    • \n
  • \n Federal budget
    • \n
  • \n Federal Reserve System
    • \n
  • \n Financial position
    • \n
  • \n Labor unions
    • \n
  • \n Public debt
    • \n
  • \n Social welfare programs
    • \n
  • \n Taxation
    • \n
  • \n Unemployment
    • \n
  • \n Wall Street
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Society \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Culture \n
    \n
  • \n Americana
    • \n
  • \n Architecture
    • \n
  • \n Cinema
    • \n
  • \n Cuisine
    • \n
  • \n Dance
    • \n
  • \n Demography
    • \n
  • \n Education
    • \n
  • \n Family structure
    • \n
  • \n Fashion
    • \n
  • \n Flag
    • \n
  • \n Folklore
    • \n
  • \n Languages
      \n
    • \n American English
      • \n
    • \n Indigenous languages
      • \n
    • \n ASL
        \n
      • \n Black American Sign Language
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n HSL
      • \n
    • \n Plains Sign Talk
      • \n
    • \n Arabic
      • \n
    • \n Chinese
      • \n
    • \n French
      • \n
    • \n German
      • \n
    • \n Italian
      • \n
    • \n Russian
      • \n
    • \n Spanish
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Literature
    • \n
  • \n Media
      \n
    • \n Journalism
      • \n
    • \n Internet
      • \n
    • \n Newspapers
      • \n
    • \n Radio
      • \n
    • \n Television
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Music
    • \n
  • \n Names
    • \n
  • \n People
    • \n
  • \n Philosophy
    • \n
  • \n Public holidays
    • \n
  • \n Religion
    • \n
  • \n Sexuality
    • \n
  • \n Sports
    • \n
  • \n Theater
    • \n
  • \n Visual art
    • \n
\n
\n Social class \n
    \n
  • \n Affluence
    • \n
  • \n American Dream
    • \n
  • \n Educational attainment
    • \n
  • \n Homelessness
    • \n
  • \n Home - ownership
    • \n
  • \n Household income
    • \n
  • \n Income inequality
    • \n
  • \n Middle class
    • \n
  • \n Personal income
    • \n
  • \n Poverty
    • \n
  • \n Professional and working class conflict
    • \n
  • \n Standard of living
    • \n
  • \n Wealth
    • \n
\n
\n Issues \n
    \n
  • \n Ages of consent
    • \n
  • \n Capital punishment
    • \n
  • \n Crime
      \n
    • \n incarceration
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Criticism of government
    • \n
  • \n Discrimination
      \n
    • \n affirmative action
      • \n
    • \n antisemitism
      • \n
    • \n intersex rights
      • \n
    • \n islamophobia
      • \n
    • \n LGBT rights
      • \n
    • \n racism
      • \n
    • \n same - sex marriage
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Drug policy
    • \n
  • \n Energy policy
    • \n
  • \n Environmental movement
    • \n
  • \n Gun politics
    • \n
  • \n Health care
      \n
    • \n abortion
      • \n
    • \n health insurance
      • \n
    • \n hunger
      • \n
    • \n obesity
      • \n
    • \n smoking
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Human rights
    • \n
  • \n Immigration
      \n
    • \n illegal
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n International rankings
    • \n
  • \n National security
      \n
    • \n Mass surveillance
      • \n
    • \n Terrorism
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Separation of church and state
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Outline
    • \n
  • \n Index
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Book
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Public holidays in North America
\n Sovereign states \n
    \n
  • \n Antigua and Barbuda
    • \n
  • \n Bahamas
    • \n
  • \n Barbados
    • \n
  • \n Belize
    • \n
  • \n Canada
    • \n
  • \n Costa Rica
    • \n
  • \n Cuba
    • \n
  • \n Dominica
    • \n
  • \n Dominican Republic
    • \n
  • \n El Salvador
    • \n
  • \n Grenada
    • \n
  • \n Guatemala
    • \n
  • \n Haiti
    • \n
  • \n Honduras
    • \n
  • \n Jamaica
    • \n
  • \n Mexico
    • \n
  • \n Nicaragua
    • \n
  • \n Panama
    • \n
  • \n Saint Kitts and Nevis
    • \n
  • \n Saint Lucia
    • \n
  • \n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
    • \n
  • \n Trinidad and Tobago
    • \n
  • \n United States
    • \n
\n
\n Dependencies and other territories \n
    \n
  • \n Anguilla
    • \n
  • \n Aruba
    • \n
  • \n Bermuda
    • \n
  • \n Bonaire
    • \n
  • \n British Virgin Islands
    • \n
  • \n Cayman Islands
    • \n
  • \n Cura\u00e7ao
    • \n
  • \n Greenland
    • \n
  • \n Guadeloupe
    • \n
  • \n Martinique
    • \n
  • \n Montserrat
    • \n
  • \n Puerto Rico
    • \n
  • \n Saint Barth\u00e9lemy
    • \n
  • \n Saint Martin
    • \n
  • \n Saint Pierre and Miquelon
    • \n
  • \n Saba
    • \n
  • \n Sint Eustatius
    • \n
  • \n Sint Maarten
    • \n
  • \n Turks and Caicos Islands
    • \n
  • \n United States Virgin Islands
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_holidays_in_the_United_States&oldid=836978215 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n Languages

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "is president's day a bank holiday in the us", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "American entry into World war I - wikipedia

\n American entry into World war I

\n Jump to : navigation , search

\n The American entry into World War I came in April 1917 , after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war . Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British , American public opinion reflected that of the president : the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans , German Americans and Scandinavian Americans , as well as among church leaders and among women in general . On the other hand , even before World War I had broken out , American opinion had been more negative toward Germany than towards any other country in Europe . Over time , especially after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914 and following the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915 , the American people increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor in Europe .

\n

\n As U.S. president , it was Wilson who made the key policy decisions over foreign affairs : while the country was at peace , the domestic economy ran on a laissez - faire basis , with American banks making huge loans to Britain and France -- funds that were in large part used to buy munitions , raw materials , and food from across the Atlantic . Until 1917 , Wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the United States Army on a small peacetime footing , despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness . He did however expand the United States Navy .

\n

\n In 1917 , with Russia experiencing political upheaval following widespread disillusionment there over the war , and with Britain and France low on credit , Germany appeared to have the upper hand in Europe , while Germany 's ally , the Ottoman Empire , clung stubbornly to its possessions in the Middle East . In the same year , Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any vessel approaching British waters ; this attempt to starve Britain into surrender was balanced against the knowledge that it would almost certainly bring the United States into the war . Germany also made a secret offer to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican -- American War in an encoded telegram known as the Zimmermann Telegram , which was intercepted by British Intelligence . Publication of that communique outraged Americans just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic . Wilson then asked Congress for `` a war to end all wars '' that would `` make the world safe for democracy '' , and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 .

\n

\n On December 7 , 1917 , the U.S. declared war on Austria - Hungary .

\n

\n U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Main issues ( edit )

\n Further information : Diplomatic history of World War I and Presidency of Woodrow Wilson

\n Naval blockade ( edit )

\n

\n Britain used its large navy to prevent cargo vessels entering German ports , mainly by intercepting them in the North Sea between the coasts of Scotland and Norway . The wider sea approaches to Britain and France , their distance from German harbours and the smaller size of the German surface fleet all made it harder for Germany to reciprocate . Instead , Germany used submarines to lie in wait for , and then sink , merchant ships heading for enemy ports .

\n

\n The United States insisted on maintaining the traditional rights of ships registered in neutral countries and protested strongly against American ships being intercepted or sunk : the British seized American ships for supposed violations , while the Germans sank them -- often without warning , in violation of international law that said sailors must be allowed an opportunity to reach their lifeboats . After several violations , Germany stopped this practice but in early 1917 she decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare , in the hope that this would starve out the British before the Americans could make any effective military retaliation .

\n The Strategy behind the blockade ( edit )

\n The British Royal Navy successfully stopped the shipment of most war supplies and food to Germany . Neutral American ships that tried to trade with Germany were seized or turned back by the Royal Navy who viewed such trade as in direct conflict with the Allies ' war efforts . The strangulation came about very slowly , because Germany and its allies controlled extensive farmlands and raw materials . It was eventually successful because Germany and Austria - Hungary had decimated their agricultural production by taking so many farmers into their armies . By 1918 , German cities were on the verge of starvation ; the front - line soldiers were on short rations and were running out of essential supplies .

\n

\n Germany also considered a blockade . `` England wants to starve us '' , said Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , the man who built the German fleet and who remained a key advisor to the Kaiser Wilhelm II . `` We can play the same game . We can bottle her up and destroy every ship that endeavors to break the blockade '' . Unable to challenge the more powerful Royal Navy on the surface , Tirpitz wanted to scare off merchant and passenger ships en route to Britain . He reasoned that since the island of Britain depended on imports of food , raw materials , and manufactured goods , scaring off a substantial number of the ships would effectively undercut its long - term ability to maintain an army on the Western Front . While Germany had only nine long - range U-boats at the start of the war , it had ample shipyard capacity to build the hundreds needed . However , the United States demanded that Germany respect the international agreements upon `` freedom of the seas '' , which protected neutral American ships on the high seas from seizure or sinking by either belligerent . Furthermore , Americans insisted that the drowning of innocent civilians was barbaric and grounds for a declaration of war . The British frequently violated America 's neutral rights by seizing ships . Wilson 's top advisor , Colonel Edward M. House commented that , `` The British have gone as far as they possibly could in violating neutral rights , though they have done it in the most courteous way '' . When Wilson protested British violations of American neutrality , the British backed down .

\n

\n German submarines torpedoed ships without warning , causing sailors and passengers to drown . Berlin explained that submarines were so vulnerable that they dared not surface near merchant ships that might be carrying guns and which were too small to rescue submarine crews . Britain armed most of its merchant ships with medium calibre guns that could sink a submarine , making above - water attacks too risky . In February 1915 , the United States warned Germany about misuse of submarines . On April 22 , the German Imperial Embassy warned U.S. citizens against boarding vessels to Britain , which would have to face German attack . On May 7 , Germany torpedoed the British passenger liner RMS Lusitania , sinking her . This act of aggression caused the loss of 1,198 civilian lives , including 128 Americans . The sinking of a large , unarmed passenger ship , combined with the previous stories of atrocities in Belgium , shocked Americans and turned public opinion hostile to Germany , although not yet to the point of war . Wilson issued a warning to Germany that it would face `` strict accountability '' if it sank more neutral U.S. passenger ships . Berlin acquiesced , ordering its submarines to avoid passenger ships .

\n

\n By January 1917 , however , Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff decided that an unrestricted submarine blockade was the only way to achieve a decisive victory . They demanded that Kaiser Wilhelm order unrestricted submarine warfare be resumed . Germany knew this decision meant war with the United States , but they gambled that they could win before America 's potential strength could be mobilized . However , they overestimated how many ships they could sink and thus the extent Britain would be weakened . Finally , they did not foresee that convoys could and would be used to defeat their efforts . They believed that the United States was so weak militarily that it could not be a factor on the Western Front for more than a year . The civilian government in Berlin objected , but the Kaiser sided with his military .

\n

\n Business considerations ( edit )

\n

\n The beginning of war in Europe coincided with the end of the Recession of 1913 -- 1914 in America . Exports to belligerent nations rose rapidly over the first four years of the War from $824.8 million in 1913 to $2.25 billion in 1917 . Loans from American financial institutions to the Allied nations in Europe also increased dramatically over the same period . Economic activity towards the end of this period boomed as government resources aided the production of the private sector . Between 1914 and 1917 , industrial production increased 32 % and GNP increased by almost 20 % . The improvements to industrial production in the United States outlasted the war . The capital build - up that had allowed American companies to supply belligerents and the American army resulted in a greater long - run rate of production even after the war had ended in 1918 .

\n

\n In 1913 , J.P. Morgan , Jr. took over the House of Morgan , an American - based investment bank consisting of separate banking operations in New York , London , and Paris , after the death of his father , J. Pierpont Morgan . The House of Morgan offered assistance in the wartime financing of Britain and France from the earliest stages of the war in 1914 through America 's entrance in 1917 . J.P. Morgan & Co. , the House of Morgan 's bank in New York , was designated as the primary financial agent to the British government in 1914 after successful lobbying by the British ambassador , Sir Cecil Spring Rice . The same bank would later take a similar role in France and would offer extensive financial assistance to both warring nations . J.P. Morgan &Co . became the primary issuer of loans to the French government by raising money from American investors . Morgan , Harjes , the House of Morgan 's French affiliated bank , controlled the majority of the wartime financial dealings between the House of Morgan and the French government after primary issuances of debt in American markets . Relations between the House of Morgan and the French government became tense as the war raged on with no end in sight . France 's ability to borrow from other sources diminished , leading to greater lending rates and a depressing of the value of the franc . After the war , in 1918 , J.P. Morgan & Co. continued to aid the French government financially through monetary stabilization and debt relief .

\n

\n Because America was still a declared neutral state , the financial dealings of American banks in Europe caused a great deal of contention between Wall Street and the U.S. government . Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan strictly opposed financial support of warring nations and wanted to ban loans to the belligerents in August 1914 . He told President Wilson that `` refusal to loan to any belligerent would naturally tend to hasten a conclusion of the war . '' Wilson at first agreed , but then reversed himself when France argued that if it was legal to buy American goods then it was legal to take out credits on the purchase .

\n

\n J.P. Morgan issued loans to France including one in March 1915 and , following negotiations with the Anglo - French Financial Commission , another joint loan to Britain and France in October 1915 , the latter amounting to US $500,000,000 . Although the stance of the U.S. government was that stopping such financial assistance could hasten the end of the war and therefore save lives , little was done to insure adherence to the ban on loans , in part due to pressure from Allied governments and American business interests .

\n

\n The American steel industry had faced difficulties and declining profits during the Recession of 1913 -- 1914 . As war began in Europe , however , the increased demand for tools of war began a period of heightened productivity that alleviated many U.S. industrial companies from the low - growth environment of the recession . Bethlehem Steel took particular advantage of the increased demand for armaments abroad . Prior to American entrance into the War , these companies benefitted from unrestricted commerce with sovereign customers abroad . After President Wilson issued his declaration of war , the companies were subjected to price controls created by the U.S. Trade Commission in order to insure that the U.S. military would have access to the necessary armaments .

\n

\n By the end of the war in 1918 , Bethlehem Steel had produced 65,000 pounds of forged military products and 70 million pounds of armor plate , 1.1 billion pounds of steel for shells , and 20.1 million rounds of artillery ammunition for Britain and France . Bethlehem Steel took advantage of the domestic armaments market and produced 60 % of the American weaponry and 40 % of the artillery shells used in the War . Even with price controls and a lower profit margin on manufactured goods , the profits resulting from wartime sales expanded the company into the third largest manufacturing company in the country . Bethlehem Steel became the primary arms supplier for the United States and other allied powers again in 1939 .

\n

\n Views of the elites ( edit )

\n

\n Historians divide the views of American political and social leaders into four distinct groupings -- the camps were mostly informal :

\n

\n The first of these were the Non-Interventionists , a loosely affiliated and politically diverse anti-war movement which sought to keep the United States out of the war altogether . Members of this group tended to view the war as a clash between British imperialism and German militarism , both of which they regarded as equally corrupt . Others were pacifists , who objected on moral grounds . Prominent leaders included Democrats like former Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan , industrialist Henry Ford and publisher William Randolph Hearst ; Republicans Robert M. La Follette , Senator from Wisconsin and George W. Norris , Senator from Nebraska ; and Progressive Party activist Jane Addams .

\n

\n At the far - left end of the political spectrum the Socialists , led by their perennial candidate for President Eugene V. Debs and movement veterans like Victor L. Berger and Morris Hillquit , were staunch anti-militarists and opposed to any US intervention , branding the conflict as a `` capitalist war '' that American workers should avoid . However , after the US did join the war in April , 1917 a schism developed between the anti-war Party majority and a pro-war faction of Socialist writers , journalists and intellectuals led by John Spargo , William English Walling and E. Haldeman - Julius . This group founded the rival Social Democratic League of America to promote the war effort among their fellow Socialists .

\n

\n Next were the more moderate Liberal - Internationalists . This bipartisan group reluctantly supported a declaration of war against Germany with the postwar goal of establishing collective international security institutions designed to peacefully resolve future conflicts between nations and to promote liberal democratic values more broadly . This groups 's views were advocated by interest groups such as the League to Enforce Peace . Adherents included US President Woodrow Wilson , his influential advisor Edward M. House , former President William Howard Taft , famed inventor Alexander Graham Bell , Wall Street financier Bernard Baruch and Harvard University President Abbott Lawrence Lowell .

\n

\n Finally , there were the so - called Atlanticists . Ardently pro-Entente , they had strongly championed American intervention in the war since 1915 . Their primary political motivation was to both prepare the US for war with Germany and to forge an enduring military alliance with Great Britain . This group actively supported the Preparedness Movement and was strong among the Anglophile political establishment of the northeast , boasting such luminaries as former President Theodore Roosevelt , Major General Leonard Wood , prominent attorney and diplomat Joseph Hodges Choate , former Secretary of War Henry Stimson , journalist Walter Lippman and Senators Henry Cabot Lodge , Sr. of Massachusetts and Elihu Root of New York .

\n

\n Public opinion ( edit )

\n

\n A cosmopolitan group of upper and upper - middle class businessmen based in the largest cities took the lead in promoting military preparedness and in defining how far America could be pushed around before it would fight back . Many public figures hated war -- Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan was the most prominent , and he resigned when he thought Wilson had become too bellicose . Grassroots opposition to American entry came especially from German and Irish elements .

\n

\n Parties ( edit )

\n

\n A surprising factor in the development of American public opinion was how little the political parties became involved . Wilson and the Democrats in 1916 campaigned on the slogan `` He kept us out of war ! '' , saying a Republican victory would mean war with both Mexico and Germany . His position probably was critical in winning the Western states . Charles Evans Hughes , the GOP candidate , insisted on downplaying the war issue .

\n

\n The Socialist party talked peace . Socialist rhetoric declared the European conflict to be `` an imperialist war '' . It won 2 % of the 1916 vote for Eugene V. Debs , blamed the war on capitalism and pledged total opposition . `` A bayonet '' , its propaganda said , `` was a weapon with a worker at each end '' . When war began , however , about half the Socialists , typified by Congressman Meyer London , supported the decision and sided with the pro-Allied efforts . The rest , led by Debs , remained ideological and die - hard opponents . Many socialists came under investigation from the Espionage Act of 1917 and many suspected of treason were arrested , including Debs . This would only increase the Socialist 's anti-war groups in resentment toward the American government .

\n

\n Workers , farmers , and African Americans ( edit )

\n

\n The working class was relatively quiet , and tended to divide along ethnic lines . At the beginning of the war , neither working men nor farmers took a large interest in the debates on war preparation . Samuel Gompers , head of the AFL labor movement , denounced the war in 1914 as `` unnatural , unjustified , and unholy '' , but by 1916 he was supporting Wilson 's limited preparedness program , against the objections of Socialist union activists . In 1916 the labor unions supported Wilson on domestic issues and ignored the war question .

\n

\n The war at first disrupted the cotton market ; Britain blockaded shipments to Germany , and prices fell from 11 cents a pound to only 4 cents . By 1916 , however , the British decided to bolster the price to 10 cents to avoid losing Southern support . The cotton growers seem to have moved from neutrality to intervention at about the same pace as the rest of the nation . Midwestern farmers generally opposed the war , especially those of German and Scandinavian descent . The Midwest became the stronghold of isolationism ; other remote rural areas also saw no need for war .

\n

\n The African - American community did not take a strong position one way or the other . A month after congress declared war , W.E.B. Du Bois called on African - Americans to `` fight shoulder to shoulder with the world to gain a world where war shall be no more '' . Once war began and black men were drafted , they worked to achieve equality . Many had hoped the community 's help in the war efforts abroad would earn civil rights at home . When such civil liberties were still not granted , many African - Americans grew tired of waiting for recognition of their rights as American citizens .

\n

\n South ( edit )

\n

\n There was a strong antiwar element in the white South and border states . In rural Missouri for example , distrust of powerful Eastern influences focused on the risk that Wall Street would lead America into war . Across the South poor white farmers warned each other that `` a rich man 's war meant a poor man 's fight , '' and they wanted nothing of it . Congressman James Hay , Democrat of Virginia was the powerful chairman of the House Committee on Military Affairs . He repeatedly blocked prewar efforts to modernize and enlarge the army . Preparedness was not needed because Americans were already safe , he insisted in January 1915 :

\n
\n
\n Isolated as we are , safe in our vastness , protected by a great navy , and possessed of an army sufficient for any emergency that may arise , we may disregard the lamentations and predictions of the militarists .
\n
\n

\n German Americans ( edit )

\n

\n German Americans by this time usually had only weak ties to Germany ; however , they were fearful of negative treatment they might receive if the United States entered the war ( such mistreatment was already happening to German - descent citizens in Canada and Australia ) . Almost none called for intervening on Germany 's side , instead calling for neutrality and speaking of the superiority of German culture . As more nations were drawn into the conflict , however , the English - languages press increasingly supporting Britain , while the German - American media called for neutrality while also defending Germany 's position . Chicago 's Germans worked to secure a complete embargo on all arms shipments to Europe . In 1916 , large crowds in Chicago 's Germania celebrated the Kaiser 's birthday , something they had not done before the war . German Americans in early 1917 still called for neutrality , but proclaimed that if a war came they would be loyal to the United States . By this point , they had been excluded almost entirely from national discourse on the subject . Once war started , they were harassed in so many ways that historian Carl Wittke noted in 1936 , it was `` one of the most difficult and humiliating experiences suffered by an ethnic group in American history . '' German - American Socialists in Milwaukee , Wisconsin actively campaigned against entry into the war .

\n

\n Christian Churches and pacifists ( edit )

\n Come on in , America , the Blood 's Fine ! ( 1917 ) by M.A. Kempf .

\n Leaders of most religious groups ( except the Episcopalians ) tended to pacifism , as did leaders of the woman 's movement . The Methodists and Quakers among others were vocal opponents of the war . President Wilson , who was a devout Presbyterian , would often frame the war in terms of good and evil in an appeal for religious support of the war .

\n

\n A concerted effort was made by pacifists including Jane Addams , Oswald Garrison Villard , David Starr Jordan , Henry Ford , Lillian Wald , and Carrie Chapman Catt . Their goal was to encourage Wilson 's efforts to mediate an end of the war by bringing the belligerents to the conference table . Finally in 1917 Wilson convinced some of them that to be truly anti-war they needed to support what he promised would be `` a war to end all wars '' .

\n

\n Once war was declared , the more liberal denominations , which had endorsed the Social Gospel , called for a war for righteousness that would help uplift all mankind . The theme -- an aspect of American exceptionalism -- was that God had chosen America as his tool to bring redemption to the world .

\n

\n American Catholic bishops maintained a general silence toward the issue of intervention . Millions of Catholics lived in both warring camps , and Catholic Americans tended to split on ethnic lines in their opinions toward American involvement in the war . At the time , heavily Catholic towns and cities in the East and Midwest often contained multiple parishes , each serving a single ethnic group , such as Irish , German , Italian , Polish , or English . American Catholics of Irish and German descent opposed intervention most strongly . Pope Benedict XV made several attempts to negotiate a peace . All of his efforts were rebuffed by both the Allies and the Germans , and throughout the war the Vatican maintained a policy of strict neutrality .

\n

\n Jewish Americans ( edit )

\n

\n Jewish American sympathies likewise broke along ethnic lines , with recently arrived Yiddish speaking Jews inclined to Zionism , and the established German - American Jewish community largely opposed to it . In 1914 -- 1916 , there were few Jewish forces in favor of American entry into the war . Many regarded Britain as hostile to Jewish interests . New York City , with its well - organized element numbering 1.5 million Jews , was the center of antiwar activism .

\n

\n The different Jewish communities worked together during the war years to provide relief to Jewish communities in Eastern Europe .

\n

\n Of greatest concern to Jews was the tsarist regime in Russia because it was notorious for tolerating pogroms and following anti-Semitic policies . As historian Joseph Rappaport reported through his study of Yiddish press during the war , `` The pro-Germanism of America 's immigrant Jews was an inevitable consequence of their Russophobia '' . The fall of the tsarist regime in March 1917 removed a major obstacle for many Jews who refused to support tsarism . The draft went smoothly in New York City , and left - wing opposition to the war largely collapsed when Zionists saw the possibility of using the war to demand a state of Israel .

\n

\n Irish - Americans ( edit )

\n

\n The most effective domestic opponents of the war were Irish - American Catholics . They had little interest in the continent , but were neutral about helping the United Kingdom because it had recently enacted the Government of Ireland Act 1914 , allowing Irish Home Rule . However , the Act was suspended until the war ended . John Redmond and the Irish Parliamentary Party ( IPP ) declared that Irish Volunteers should support America 's pro-Allied war efforts first ; his political opponents argued that it was not the time to support Britain in its attempt to `` strengthen and expand her empire '' . The attacks on the IPP and pro-Allied press showed a firm belief that a German victory would hasten the achievement of Irish independence . Yet rather than proposing intervention on behalf of the Germans , Irish American leaders and organizations focused on demanding American neutrality . But the increased contact between militant Irish nationalists and German agents in the United States only fueled concerns of where the primary loyalties of Irish Americans lay . Nevertheless , close to 1,000 Irish - born Americans died fighting with the U.S. armed forces in WWI .

\n

\n The Easter Rising in Dublin in April 1916 was crushed within a week and its leaders executed by firing squad . The mainstream American press treated the uprising as foolish and misguided , and theorized it was largely inspired by the Germans . Overall public opinion remained faithfully pro-British .

\n

\n Irish - Americans dominated the Democratic party in many large cities so Wilson had to take account of their views . They did not prevent him from being hostile to Germany , but they did force him to keep his distance from Britain . Indeed , Irish - American pressure influenced the United States into not accepting Britain 's war aims as its own and define its own objectives , primarily self - determination . The Irish - American community thought they had Wilson 's promise to promote Irish independence in exchange for their support of his war policies , but after the war they were bitterly disappointed by his refusal to support them in 1919 . Wilson saw the Irish situation purely as an internal UK matter and did not perceive the dispute and the unrest in Ireland as comparable to the plight of the various nationalities in Europe as a fall - out from World War I . The progress of the Irish Race Conventions give a flavour of the differing and changing opinions during the war .

\n

\n Pro-Allied immigrants ( edit )

\n

\n Some British immigrants worked actively for intervention . London - born Samuel Insull , Chicago 's leading industrialist , for example , enthusiastically provided money , propaganda , and means for volunteers to enter the British or Canadian armies . After the United States ' entry , Insull directed the Illinois State Council of Defense , with responsibility for organizing the state 's mobilization .

\n

\n Immigrants from eastern Europe usually cared more about politics in their homeland than politics in the United States . Spokesmen for Slavic immigrants hoped that an Allied victory would bring independence for their homelands . Large numbers of Hungarian immigrants who were liberal and nationalist in sentiment , and sought an independent Hungary , separate from the Austro - Hungarian Empire lobbied in favor of the war and allied themselves with the Atlanticist or Anglophile portion of the population . This community was largely pro-British and anti-German in sentiment . Albanian - Americans in communities such as Boston also campaigned for entry into the war and were overwhelmingly pro-British and anti-German , as well as hopeful the war would lead to an independent Albania which would be free from the Ottoman Empire . Polish , Slovak , and Czech immigrants were enthusiastically pro-war and generally pro-British .

\n

\n Popular pacifism ( edit )

\n The song `` I Did n't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier '' was a hit in 1915 , selling 650,000 copies . Its expression of popular pacifist sentiment `` helped make the pacifist movement a hard , quantifiable political reality to be reckoned with . ''

\n Henry Ford supported the pacifist cause by sponsoring a large - scale private peace mission , with numerous activists and intellectuals aboard the `` Peace Ship ' ( the ocean liner Oscar II ) . Ford chartered the ship in 1915 and invited prominent peace activists to join him to meet with leaders on both sides in Europe . He hoped to create enough publicity to prompt the belligerent nations to convene a peace conference and mediate an end to the war . The mission was widely mocked by the press , which wrote about the `` Ship of Fools . '' Infighting between the activists , mockery by the press contingent aboard , and an outbreak of influenza marred the voyage . Four days after the ship arrived in neutral Norway , a beleaguered and physically ill Ford abandoned the mission and returned to the United States ; he had demonstrated that independent small efforts accomplished nothing .

\n

\n German agents ( edit )

\n

\n On July 24 , 1915 , the German embassy 's commercial attach\u00e9 , Heinrich Albert , left his briefcase on a train in New York City , where an alert Secret Service agent , Frank Burke , snatched it up . Wilson let the newspapers publish the contents , which indicated a systematic effort by Berlin to subsidize friendly newspapers and block British purchases of war materials . Berlin 's top espionage agent , debonnaire Franz Rintelen von Kleist was spending millions to finance sabotage in Canada , stir up trouble between the United States and Mexico and to incite labor strikes . The British were engaged in propaganda too , though not illegal espionage . But they did not get caught . Germany took the blame as Americans grew ever more worried about the vulnerability of a free society to subversion . Indeed , one of the main fears Americans of all stations had in 1916 -- 1919 was that spies and saboteurs were everywhere . This sentiment played a major role in arousing fear of Germany , and suspicions regarding everyone of German descent who could not `` prove '' 100 % loyalty .

\n

\n Preparedness movement ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n Main article : Preparedness Movement

\n By 1915 , Americans were paying much more attention to the war . The sinking of the Lusitania had a strong effect on public opinion because of the deaths of American civilians . That year , a strong `` Preparedness '' movement emerged . Proponents argued that the United States needed to immediately build up strong naval and land forces for defensive purposes ; an unspoken assumption was that America would fight sooner or later . General Leonard Wood ( still on active duty after serving a term as Chief of Staff of the Army ) , former president Theodore Roosevelt , and former secretaries of war Elihu Root and Henry Stimson were the driving forces behind Preparedness , along with many of the nation 's most prominent bankers , industrialists , lawyers and scions of prominent families . Indeed , there emerged an `` Atlanticist '' foreign policy establishment , a group of influential Americans drawn primarily from upper - class lawyers , bankers , academics , and politicians of the Northeast , committed to a strand of Anglophile internationalism . Representative was Paul D. Cravath , one of New York 's foremost corporation lawyers . For Cravath , in his mid-fifties when the war began , the conflict served as an epiphany , sparking an interest in international affairs that dominated his remaining career . Fiercely Anglophile , he strongly supported American intervention in the war and hoped that close Anglo - American cooperation would be the guiding principle of postwar international organization .

\n The advertisement of The Battle Cry of Peace film

\n The Preparedness movement had a `` realistic '' philosophy of world affairs -- they believed that economic strength and military muscle were more decisive than idealistic crusades focused on causes like democracy and national self - determination . Emphasizing over and over the weak state of national defenses , they showed that America 's 100,000 - man Army even augmented by the 112,000 National Guardsmen , was outnumbered 20 to one by Germany 's army , which was drawn from a smaller population . Similarly in 1915 , the armed forces of Great Britain and the British empire ( the world 's most powerful military and economic power at the time ) , France , Russia , the Austro - Hungarian empire , Ottoman empire , Italy , Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia , Belgium , Japan and Greece were all larger and more experienced than the United States military , in many cases significantly so .

\n

\n Reform to them meant UMT or `` universal military training '' . They proposed a national service program under which the 600,000 men who turned 18 every year would be required to spend six months in military training , and afterwards be assigned to reserve units . The small regular army would primarily be a training agency .

\n

\n Antimilitarists complained the plan would make America resemble Germany ( which required two years ' active duty ) . Advocates retorted that military `` service '' was an essential duty of citizenship , and that without the commonality provided by such service the nation would splinter into antagonistic ethnic groups . One spokesman promised that UMT would become `` a real melting pot , under which the fire is hot enough to fuse the elements into one common mass of Americanism '' . Furthermore , they promised , the discipline and training would make for a better paid work force . Hostility to military service was strong at the time , and the program failed to win approval . In World War II , when Stimson as Secretary of War proposed a similar program of universal peacetime service , he was defeated .

\n

\n Underscoring its commitment , the Preparedness movement set up and funded its own summer training camps at Plattsburgh , New York , and other sites , where 40,000 college alumni became physically fit , learned to march and shoot , and ultimately provided the cadre of a wartime officer corps . Suggestions by labor unions that talented working - class youth be invited to Plattsburgh were ignored . The Preparedness movement was distant not only from the working classes but also from the middle - class leadership of most of small - town America . It had had little use for the National Guard , which it saw as politicized , localistic , poorly armed , ill trained , too inclined to idealistic crusading ( as against Spain in 1898 ) , and too lacking in understanding of world affairs . The National Guard on the other hand was securely rooted in state and local politics , with representation from a very broad cross section of American society . The Guard was one of the nation 's few institutions that ( in some northern states ) accepted blacks on an equal footing .

\n

\n The Democratic party saw the Preparedness movement as a threat . Roosevelt , Root and Wood were prospective Republican presidential candidates . More subtly , the Democrats were rooted in localism that appreciated the National Guard , and the voters were hostile to the rich and powerful in the first place . Working with the Democrats who controlled Congress , Wilson was able to sidetrack the Preparedness forces . Army and Navy leaders were forced to testify before Congress to the effect that the nation 's military was in excellent shape .

\n

\n In fact , neither the Army nor Navy was in shape for war . The Navy had fine ships but Wilson had been using them to threaten Mexico , and the fleet 's readiness had suffered . The crews of the Texas and the New York , the two newest and largest battleships , had never fired a gun , and the morale of the sailors was low . In addition , it was outnumbered and outgunned by the British , German , French , and Italian navies . The Army and Navy air forces were tiny in size . Despite the flood of new weapons systems unveiled by the British , Germans , French , Austro - Hungarians , Italians , and others in the war in Europe , the Army was paying scant attention . For example , it was making no studies of trench warfare , poison gas , heavy artillery , or tanks and was utterly unfamiliar with the rapid evolution of Aerial warfare . The Democrats in Congress tried to cut the military budget in 1915 . The Preparedness movement effectively exploited the surge of outrage over the Lusitania in May 1915 , forcing the Democrats to promise some improvements to the military and naval forces . Wilson , less fearful of the Navy , embraced a long - term building program designed to make the fleet the equal of the British Royal Navy by the mid-1920s , although this would not be achieved until World War II . `` Realism '' was at work here ; the admirals were Mahanians and they therefore wanted a surface fleet of heavy battleships second to none -- that is , equal to Britain . The facts of submarine warfare ( which necessitated destroyers , not battleships ) and the possibilities of imminent war with Germany ( or with Britain , for that matter ) , were simply ignored .

\n

\n Wilson 's program for the Army touched off a firestorm . Secretary of War Lindley Garrison adopted many of the proposals of the Preparedness leaders , especially their emphasis on a large federal reserve and abandonment of the National Guard . Garrison 's proposals not only outraged the localistic politicians of both parties , they also offended a strongly held belief shared by the liberal wing of the Progressive movement . They felt that warfare always had a hidden economic motivation . Specifically , they warned the chief warmongers were New York bankers ( like J.P. Morgan ) with millions at risk , profiteering munition makers ( like Bethlehem Steel , which made armor , and DuPont , which made powder ) and unspecified industrialists searching for global markets to control . Antiwar critics blasted them . These special interests were too powerful , especially , Senator La Follette noted , in the conservative wing of the Republican Party . The only road to peace was disarmament , reiterated Bryan .

\n

\n Garrison 's plan unleashed the fiercest battle in peacetime history over the relationship of military planning to national goals . In peacetime , War Department arsenals and Navy yards manufactured nearly all munitions that lacked civilian uses , including warships , artillery , naval guns , and shells . Items available on the civilian market , such as food , horses , saddles , wagons , and uniforms were always purchased from civilian contractors . Armor plate ( and after 1918 , airplanes ) was an exception that has caused unremitting controversy for a century . After World War II , the arsenals and Navy yards were much less important than giant civilian aircraft and electronics firms , which became the second half of the `` military - industrial complex '' Peace leaders like Jane Addams of Hull House and David Starr Jordan of Stanford redoubled their efforts , and now turned their voices against the president because he was `` sowing the seeds of militarism , raising up a military and naval caste '' . Many ministers , professors , farm spokesmen , and labor union leaders joined in , with powerful support from a band of four dozen southern Democrats in Congress who took control of the House Military Affairs Committee . Wilson , in deep trouble , took his cause to the people in a major speaking tour in early 1916 , a warmup for his reelection campaign that fall . Wilson seems to have won over the middle classes , but had little impact on the largely ethnic working classes and the deeply isolationist farmers . Congress still refused to budge , so Wilson replaced Garrison as Secretary of War with Newton Baker , the Democratic mayor of Cleveland and an outspoken opponent of preparedness ( Garrison kept quiet , but felt Wilson was `` a man of high ideals but no principles '' ) . The upshot was a compromise passed in May 1916 , as the war raged on and Berlin was debating whether America was so weak it could be ignored . The Army was to double in size to 11,300 officers and 208,000 men , with no reserve , and a National Guard that would be enlarged in five years to 440,000 men . Summer camps on the Plattsburg model were authorized for new officers , and the government was given $20 million to build a nitrate plant of its own . Preparedness supporters were downcast , the antiwar people were jubilant . America would now be too weak to go to war . Colonel Robert L. Bullard privately complained that `` Both sides ( Britain and Germany ) treat us with scorn and contempt ; our fool , smug conceit of superiority has been exploded in our faces and deservedly . '' The House gutted the naval plans as well , defeating a `` big navy '' plan by 189 to 183 , and scuttling the battleships . The battle of Jutland ( May 31 / June 1 , 1916 ) was used by the navalists to argue for the primacy of seapower ; they then took control in the Senate , broke the House coalition , and authorized a rapid three - year buildup of all classes of warships . A new weapons system , naval aviation , received $3.5 million , and the government was authorized to build its own armor plate factory . The very weakness of American military power encouraged Berlin to start its unrestricted submarine attacks in 1917 . It knew this meant war with America , but it could discount the immediate risk because the U.S. Army was negligible and the new warships would not be at sea until 1919 by which time the war would be over , with Germany victorious . The notion that armaments led to war was turned on its head : refusal to arm in 1916 led to war in 1917 .

\n

\n Size of military ( edit )

\n

\n Americans felt an increasing need for a military that could command respect . As one editor put it , `` The best thing about a large army and a strong navy is that they make it so much easier to say just what we want to say in our diplomatic correspondence . '' Berlin thus far had backed down and apologized when Washington was angry , thus boosting American self - confidence . America 's rights and America 's honor increasingly came into focus . The slogan `` Peace '' gave way to `` Peace with Honor '' . The Army remained unpopular , however . A recruiter in Indianapolis noted that , `` The people here do not take the right attitude towards army life as a career , and if a man joins from here he often tries to go out on the quiet '' . The Preparedness movement used its easy access to the mass media to demonstrate that the War Department had no plans , no equipment , little training , no reserve , a laughable National Guard , and a wholly inadequate organization for war . Motion pictures like The Battle Cry of Peace ( 1915 ) depicted invasions of the American homeland that demanded action .

\n

\n Navy ( edit )

\n Main article : History of the United States Navy \u00a7 Preparing for war 1914 -- 1917

\n The readiness and capability of the U.S. Navy was a matter of controversy . The press at the time reported that the only thing the military was ready for was an enemy fleet attempting to seize New York harbor -- at a time when the German battle fleet was penned up by the Royal Navy . The Navy Secretary Josephus Daniels was a journalist with pacifist leanings . He had built up the educational resources of the Navy and made its Naval War College in Newport , Rhode Island an essential experience for would - be admirals . However , he alienated the officer corps with his moralistic reforms , including no wine in the officers ' mess , no hazing at the Naval Academy , and more chaplains and YMCAs . Daniels , as a newspaperman , knew the value of publicity . In 1915 he set up the Naval Consulting Board headed by Thomas Edison to obtain the advice and expertise of leading scientists , engineers , and industrialists . It popularized technology , naval expansion , and military preparedness , and was well covered in the media . But according to Coletta he ignored the nation 's strategic needs , and disdaining the advice of its experts , Daniels suspended meetings of the Joint Army and Navy Board for two years because it was giving unwelcome advice , chopped in half the General Board 's recommendations for new ships , reduced the authority of officers in the Navy yards where ships were built and repaired , and ignored the administrative chaos in his department . Bradley Fiske , one of the most innovative admirals in American naval history , in 1914 was Daniels ' top aide ; he recommended a reorganization that would prepare for war , but Daniels refused . Instead he replaced Fiske in 1915 and brought in for the new post of Chief of Naval Operations an unknown captain , William Benson . Chosen for his compliance , Benson proved a wily bureaucrat who was more interested in preparing for an eventual showdown with Britain than an immediate one with Germany . Benson told Sims he `` would as soon fight the British as the Germans '' . Proposals to send observers to Europe were blocked , leaving the Navy in the dark about the success of the German submarine campaign . Admiral William Sims charged after the war that in April 1917 , only ten percent of the Navy 's warships were fully manned ; the rest lacked 43 % of their seamen . Light antisubmarine ships were few in number , as if Daniels had been unaware of the German submarine menace that had been the focus of foreign policy for two years . The Navy 's only warfighting plan , the `` Black Plan '' assumed the Royal Navy did not exist and that German battleships were moving freely about the Atlantic and the Caribbean and threatening the Panama Canal . Daniels ' tenure would have been even less successful save for the energetic efforts of Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt , who effectively ran the Department . His most recent biographer concludes that , `` it is true that Daniels had not prepared the navy for the war it would have to fight . ''

\n

\n Decision for war ( edit )

\n `` Hurting Their Feelings '' : Political cartoon from November 9 , 1915 , shows the British lion and John Bull reading a newspaper about American war protests and crying , while American ships and cargo appear in the harbor behind them

\n By 1916 a new factor was emerging -- a sense of national self - interest and American nationalism . The unbelievable casualty figures in Europe were sobering -- two vast battles caused over one million casualties each . Clearly this war would be a decisive episode in the history of the world . Every American effort to find a peaceful solution was frustrated .

\n

\n Decision making ( edit )

\n

\n Kendrick Clements claims bureaucratic decision - making was one of the main sources pushing the United States to declaring war on Germany and aligning itself with the Allies . He cites the State Department 's demand that Germany 's submarines obey outdated , 18th century sailing laws as one of the first missteps by the United States bureaucracy regarding the war . By doing so , the United States had essentially given Germany the choice of whether or not the U.S. would enter the war . Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan spent most of the fall of 1914 out of contact with the State Department , leaving the more conservative Robert Lansing with the ability to shape American foreign policy at the time . One of these decisions was made in response to British protests that the Germans were using U.S. radio towers to send messages to their warships . Immediately prior to the war starting in 1914 , Britain had cut all cable communications leading out of Germany , including the trans - Atlantic cable . The US Government permitted German embassies to use the US cable lines for `` proper '' diplomatic business . Germany argued that usage of the towers was necessary to allow efficient contact between the U.S. and Germany . Lansing responded by requiring both sides to give the U.S. Navy copies of the messages they sent over the towers . The French and British were still able to use the cables , forcing Germany to be the only belligerent required to provide the U.S. with their messages . This and other seemingly small decisions made by Lansing during this time would eventually stack up , shifting American support towards the Allies .

\n

\n Zimmermann Telegram ( edit )

\n Main article : Zimmermann Telegram

\n Once Germany had decided on unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917 , and knowing it would be attacking all American ships in the North Atlantic , it tried to line up new allies , especially Mexico . Arthur Zimmermann , the German foreign minister , sent the Zimmermann Telegram to Mexico on January 16 , 1917 . Zimmerman invited Mexico ( knowing their resentment towards America since the 1848 Mexican Cession ) to join in a war against the United States . Germany promised to pay for Mexico 's costs and to help it recover the territory annexed by the U.S. in 1848 . These territories included the present day states of California , Nevada , Utah , most of Arizona , about half of New Mexico and a quarter of Colorado . British intelligence intercepted and decoded the telegram and passed it to the Wilson administration . The White House would release it to the press on March 1st . Anger grew further as the Germans began sinking American ships , even as isolationists in the Senate launched a filibuster to block legislation for arming American merchant ships to defend themselves .

\n

\n Sinking of American merchant ships ( edit )

\n

\n In early 1917 Berlin forced the issue . Its declared decision on 31 January 1917 to target neutral shipping in a designated war - zone became the immediate cause of the entry of the United States into the war . Five American merchant ships went down in March . Outraged public opinion now overwhelmingly supported Wilson when he asked Congress for a declaration of war on April 2 , 1917 .

\n

\n Public opinion , moralism , and national interest ( edit )

\n

\n Historians such as Ernest R. May have approached the process of American entry into the war as a study in how public opinion changed radically in three years ' time . In 1914 most Americans called for neutrality , seeing the war a dreadful mistake and were determined to stay out . By 1917 the same public felt just as strongly that going to war was both necessary and wise . Military leaders had little to say during this debate , and military considerations were seldom raised . The decisive questions dealt with morality and visions of the future . The prevailing attitude was that America possessed a superior moral position as the only great nation devoted to the principles of freedom and democracy . By staying aloof from the squabbles of reactionary empires , it could preserve those ideals -- sooner or later the rest of the world would come to appreciate and adopt them . In 1917 this very long - run program faced the severe danger that in the short run powerful forces adverse to democracy and freedom would triumph . Strong support for moralism came from religious leaders , women ( led by Jane Addams ) , and from public figures like long - time Democratic leader William Jennings Bryan , the Secretary of State from 1913 to 1916 . The most important moralist of all was President Woodrow Wilson -- the man who dominated decision making so totally that the war has been labelled , from an American perspective , `` Wilson 's War '' .

\n

\n In 1917 Wilson won the support of most of the moralists by proclaiming `` a war to make the world safe for democracy . '' If they truly believed in their ideals , he explained , now was the time to fight . The question then became whether Americans would fight for what they deeply believed in , and the answer turned out to be a resounding `` Yes '' .

\n

\n Antiwar activists at the time and in the 1930s , alleged that beneath the veneer of moralism and idealism there must have been ulterior motives . Some suggested a conspiracy on the part of New York City bankers holding $3 billion of war loans to the Allies , or steel and chemical firms selling munitions to the Allies . The interpretation was popular among left - wing Progressives ( led by Senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin ) and among the `` agrarian '' wing of the Democratic party -- including the chairman of the tax - writing Ways and Means Committee of the House . He strenuously opposed war , and when it came he rewrote the tax laws to make sure the rich paid the most . ( In the 1930s neutrality laws were passed to prevent financial entanglements from dragging the nation into a war . ) In 1915 , Bryan thought that Wilson 's pro-British sentiments had distorted his policies , so he became the first Secretary of State ever to resign in protest .

\n

\n However , historian Harold C. Syrett argues that business supported neutrality . Other historians state that the pro-war element was animated not by profit but by disgust with what Germany actually did , especially in Belgium , and the threat it represented to American ideals . Belgium kept the public 's sympathy as the Germans executed civilians , and English nurse Edith Cavell . American engineer Herbert Hoover led a private relief effort that won wide support . Compounding the Belgium atrocities were new weapons that Americans found repugnant , like poison gas and the aerial bombardment of innocent civilians as Zeppelins dropped bombs on London . Even anti-war spokesmen did not claim that Germany was innocent , and pro-German scripts were poorly received .

\n

\n Randolph Bourne criticized the moralist philosophy claiming it was a justification by American intellectual and power elites , like President Wilson , for going to war unnecessarily . He argues that the push for war started with the Preparedness movement , fueled by big business . While big business would not push much further than Preparedness , benefitting the most from neutrality , the movement would eventually evolve into a war - cry , led by war - hawk intellectuals under the guise of moralism . Bourne believes elites knew full well what going to war would entail and the price in American lives it would cost . If American elites could portray the United States ' role in the war as noble , they could convince the generally isolationist American public war would be acceptable .

\n

\n Above all , American attitudes towards Germany focused on the U-boats ( submarines ) , which sank the Lusitania in 1915 and other passenger ships `` without warning '' . That appeared to Americans as an unacceptable challenge to America 's rights as a neutral country , and as an unforgivable affront to humanity . After repeated diplomatic protests , Germany agreed to stop . But in 1917 the Germany military leadership decided that `` military necessity '' dictated the unrestricted use of their submarines . The Kaiser 's advisors felt America was enormously powerful economically but too weak militarily to make a difference .

\n

\n Declaration of war ( edit )

\n

\n Germany ( edit )

\n

\n On April 2 , 1917 , Wilson asked a special joint session of Congress to declare war on the German Empire , stating , `` We have no selfish ends to serve '' . To make the conflict seem like a better idea , he painted the conflict idealistically , stating that the war would `` make the world safe for democracy '' and later that it would be a `` war to end war '' . The United States had a moral responsibility to enter the war , Wilson proclaimed . The future of the world was being determined on the battlefield , and American national interest demanded a voice . Wilson 's definition of the situation won wide acclaim , and , indeed , has shaped America 's role in world and military affairs ever since . Wilson believed that if the Central Powers won , the consequences would be bad for the United States . Germany would have dominated the continent and perhaps would gain control of the seas as well . Latin America could well have fallen under Berlin 's control . The dream of spreading democracy , liberalism , and independence would have been shattered . On the other hand , if the Allies had won without help , there was a danger they would carve up the world without regard to American commercial interests . They were already planning to use government subsidies , tariff walls , and controlled markets to counter the competition posed by American businessmen . The solution was a third route , a `` peace without victory '' , according to Wilson .

\n

\n On April 6 , 1917 , Congress declared war . In the Senate , the resolution passed 82 to 6 , with Senators Harry Lane , William J. Stone , James Vardaman , Asle Gronna , Robert M. La Follette , Sr. , and George W. Norris voting against it . In the House , the declaration passed 373 to 50 , with Claude Kitchin , a senior Democrat , notably opposing it . Another opponent was Jeannette Rankin , who alone voted against entry into both World War I and World War II . Nearly all of the opposition came from the West and the Midwest .

\n

\n Austria - Hungary ( edit )

\n

\n The United States Senate , in a 74 to 0 vote , declared war on Austria - Hungary on December 7 , 1917 , citing Austria - Hungary 's severing of diplomatic relations with the United States , its use of unrestricted submarine warfare and its alliance with Germany . The declaration passed in the United States House of Representatives by a vote of 365 to 1 .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n Footnotes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Jeanette Keith ( 2004 ) . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South during the First World War . U. of North Carolina Press . pp. 1 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 7589 - 6 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Barnes , Harry Elmer . The Genesis of the World War ( 1925 ) pp. 590 -- 591
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` World War One '' . BBC History .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Link , Arthur S. ( 1972 ) . Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 . New York : Harper & Row . pp. 252 -- 282 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : H.J. Res. 169 : Declaration of War with Austria - Hungary , WWI , United States Senate
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Jennifer K. Elsea ; Matthew C. Weed ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force : Historical Background and Legal Implications '' ( PDF ) . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 10 , 2006 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Eric W. Osborne , Britain 's economic blockade of Germany , 1914 -- 1919 ( 2004 )
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Ernest May , The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) p. 115 quote from Dec 1914 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ C.R.M.F. Cruttwell , A history of the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2007 ) p. 191
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Edward House , The intimate papers of Colonel House : Vol 2 ( 1928 ) p. 73
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Duffy , Michael ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. ' Strict Accountability ' Warning to Germany , 10 February 1915 '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2011
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker , The Great War , 1914 -- 18 ( 1997 ) p. 133
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Ernest May , The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) p. 414
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Krakow , Ira . `` World War I - The Most Unpopular War In Our History '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 .
    15. \n
  15. \n ^ Jump up to : Horn , Martin ( Spring 2000 ) . `` A Private Bank at War : J.P. Morgan &Co. and France , 1914 -- 1918 '' . Business History Review . 1 . 74 : 85 -- 112 . doi : 10.2307 / 3116353 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Global Financial Data . `` Industrial Output 1909 -- 1930 '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Kendrick , John W. ( 1961 ) . `` Productivity Trends in the United States '' . National Bureau of Economic Research : 1 -- 50 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ H.W. Brands ( 2003 ) . Woodrow Wilson : The American Presidents Series : The 28th President , 1913 -- 1921 . Henry Holt . pp. 55 -- 56 .
    19. \n
  19. \n ^ Jump up to : Cuff , Robert D. ; Urofsky , Melvin I. ( Autumn 1970 ) . `` The Steel Industry and Price - Fixing during World War I '' . The Business History Review . 3 . 44 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 306 . doi : 10.2307 / 3112615 .
    20. \n
  20. \n ^ Jump up to : Metz , Lance E. ( November 2006 ) . `` Bethlehem Steel : The Rise and Fall of An Industrial Giant '' . Pennsylvania Legacies. 6 ( 2 ) : 10 -- 15 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ James Weinstein , `` Anti-War Sentiment and the Socialist Party , 1917 -- 1918 . '' Political Science Quarterly 74 # 2 ( 1959 ) : 215 -- 239 . in JSTOR
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Ross A. Kennedy , The Will to Believe : Woodrow Wilson , World War I , and America 's Strategy for Peace and Security ( Kent State University Press , 2009 )
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Charles Chatfield , For peace and justice : pacifism in America , 1914 -- 1941 ( 1973 ) ch 1
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Nicole Anderson Yanoso ( 2016 ) . The Irish and the American Presidency . Transaction Publishers . pp. 90 -- 91 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Frederick C. Luebke , Bonds of Loyalty : German - American and World War I ( Northern Illinois University Press , 1974 ) , ch 1 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr. , Woodrow Wilson ( 2009 ) pp. 341 -- 2 , 352 , 360
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Merlo J. Pusey , Charles Evans Hughes ( 1951 ) vol 1 , p. 356
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Bernard J. Brommel , `` The pacifist speechmaking of Eugene V. Debs . '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 52.2 ( 1966 ) : 146 - 154 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Seymour Martin Lipset and Gary Marks , It did n't happen here : why socialism failed in the United States ( 2001 ) p. 184
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford UP . p. 203 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Lawrence O. Christensen , `` World War I in Missouri , '' Missouri Historical Review , 90 ( 1996 ) , 330 - 354 , 410 - 428 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Edwin Costrell , How Maine viewed the war , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1940 )
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ John C. Crighton , Missouri and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 : a study in public opinion ( 1947 )
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Joseph A. McCartin , Labor 's Great War : The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations , 1912 -- 1921 ( 1998 ) pp. 34 , 57
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ McCorkle , James L. , Jr. ( 1981 ) . `` Mississippi from Neutrality to War ( 1914 -- 1917 ) '' . Journal of Mississippi History . 43 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 125 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Arthur S. Link , Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era ( 1954 ) pp. 169 -- 72
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Christopher C. Gibbs , The great silent majority : Missouri 's resistance to World War I ( 1988 )
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Panikos Panayi , `` Minorities in Wartime : National and Racial Groupings in Europe , North America , and Australia During the Two World War '' ( 1992 ) p. 170
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ Mark Ellis , `` America 's Black Press , 1914 -- 18 , '' History Today , Sept 1991 , Vol. 41 , Issue 9
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Panikos Panayi , `` Minorities in Wartime : National and Racial Groupings in Europe , North America , and Australia During the Two World Wars '' ( 1992 ) p. 171
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Christopher C. Gibbs , Great Silent Majority : Missouri 's Resistance to World War I ( 1988 )
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Jeanette Keith ( 2004 ) . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South During the First World War . U. of North Carolina Press . p. 85 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ George C. Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1964 ) 30 # 4 pp. 383 -- 404 quote , p. 386 in JSTOR
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Leslie V. Tischauser , The Burden of Ethnicity : The German Question in Chicago , 1914 -- 1941 ( Garland , 1990 ) pp. 21 -- 23
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Frederick C. Luebke , Bonds of Loyalty : German - Americans and World War I ( 1974 ) pp. 200 -- 207
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Carl Wittke , German - Americans and the World War ( with Special Emphasis on Ohio 's German - Language Press ) ( Columbus , Ohio , 1936 ) , p. 209
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ See Wisconsin Historical Society , `` World War I , at home and in the trenches ''
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ John F. Piper , The American Churches in World War I ( 1985 ) .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Samuel S. Hill , Charles H. Lippy , and Charles Reagan Wilson , Encyclopedia of Religion in the South ( 2005 ) p. 297
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ Patterson , David S. ( 1971 ) . `` Woodrow Wilson and the Mediation Movement 1914 -- 1917 '' . The Historian. 33 ( 4 ) : 535 -- 556 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.1971. tb01164. x .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Piper , John F. , Jr. ( 1970 ) . `` The American Churches in World War I '' . Journal of the American Academy of Religion . 38 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 155 . doi : 10.1093 / jaarel / XXXVIII. 2.147 . JSTOR 1461171 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Gamble , Richard M. ( 2003 ) . The War for Righteousness : Progressive Christianity , the Great War , and the Rise of the Messianic Nation . Wilmington : ISI Books . ISBN 1 - 932236 - 16 - 3 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Christopher M. Sterba , Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War ( 2003 ) , 61 -- 63
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Mary Ann Irwin , and Ann Marie Wilson ; `` ' The Air is Becoming Full of War ' : Jewish San Francisco and World War I , '' Pacific Historical Review 74 # 3 ( 2005 ) : 331 - 66
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ Zosa Szajkowski , `` Private and Organized American Jewish Overseas Relief ( 1914 -- 1938 ) , '' American Jewish Historical Quarterly 57 # 1 ( 1967 ) 52 -- 106 in JSTOR
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Zosa Szajkowski , Jews , Wars , and Communism . Vol . I : The Attitude of American Jews to World War I , the Russian Revolutions of 1917 , and Communism ( 1914 -- 1945 ) ( New York : KTAV , 1973 ) includes a great deal of undigested information .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Joseph Rappaport , Jewish Immigrants and World War I : A Study of Yiddish Attitudes ( 1951 ) , p. 78
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Henry L. Feingold ( 2007 ) . `` Silent No More '' : Saving the Jews of Russia , the American Jewish Effort , 1967 -- 1989 . Syracuse UP . p. 13 .
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Sterba , Good Americans ( 2003 ) , 68 -- 69 , 76 , 79 , 167 - 69
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 164
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 174
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Smolenyak , Megan . `` How Many Irish - Born Died in Service to the U.S. in WWI ? '' . Irish America . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 170
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Leary , William M. , Jr. ( 1967 ) . `` Woodrow Wilson , Irish Americans , and the Election of 1916 '' . Journal of American History . 54 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 1900319 . JSTOR 1900319 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Kennedy , Billy . `` Woodrow Wilson '' . Ulstervirginia.com . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 08 ... Retrieved November 10 , 2011 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ McDonald , Forrest ( 2004 ) . Insull : The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon . Washington : Beard Books . pp. 162 -- 187 . ISBN 1 - 58798 - 243 - 9 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ O'Grady , Joseph ( 1967 ) . The Immigrants ' Influence on Wilson 's Peace Policies . Lexington : University of Kentucky Press .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ The Hungarian - Americans by Steven B\u00e9la V\u00e1rdy ; Twayne Publishers , 1985 page 87 -- 99
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Christopher M. Sterba , Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War , ( 2003 ) p. 31 -- 32
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ Michael T. Urbanski , `` Money , War , and Recruiting an Army : The Activities of Connecticut Polonia During World War I , '' Connecticut History ( 2007 ) 46 # 1 pp. 45 -- 69 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ The Albanian - American Odyssey : A Pilot Study of the Albanian Community of Boston , Massachusetts Front Cover Dennis L. Nagi AMS Press , Jan 1 , 1989 , pp. 33 -- 35
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Mark W. van Wienen ( 1997 ) . Partisans and Poets : The Political Work of American Poetry in the Great War . Cambridge UP . p. 57 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ Barbara S. Kraft , The Peace Ship : Henry Ford 's Pacifist Adventure in the First World War ( 1978 ) p. 81
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ Max Wallace , The American Axis ( New York , New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2003 ) , pp. 224 -- 225 .
    75. \n
  75. \n Jump up ^ H.C. Peterson , Propaganda for war : The campaign against American neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1968 )
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Link 3 : 556ff
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ George C. Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1964 ) 30 # 4 pp. 383 -- 404 in JSTOR
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Roberts , Priscilla ( 2005 ) . `` Paul D. Cravath , the First World War , and the Anglophile Internationalist Tradition '' . Australian Journal of Politics and History . 51 ( 2 ) : 194 -- 215 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8497.2005. 00370. x .
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ `` World War I facts , information , pictures Encyclopedia.com articles about World War I '' . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 .
    80. \n
  80. \n Jump up ^ Scott Manning ( 2007 - 01 - 04 ) . `` World War I : Troop Statistics '' . Scottmanning.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 .
    81. \n
  81. \n Jump up ^ Chambers 93 ; Weigley Army 345
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Very few young men from wealthy or prominent families considered a career in the Army or Navy then or at any time in American history . The highest social background of cadets , exemplified by George Patton , West Point 1909 , and Lucius Clay , 1918 , was oldest son of a locally prominent family .
    83. \n
  83. \n Jump up ^ Link , Woodrow Wilson , pp. 179ff
    84. \n
  84. \n Jump up ^ Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 , '' p. 383
    85. \n
  85. \n ^ Jump up to : Paolo Coletta , American Secretaries of the Navy ( 1980 ) 2 : 526 - 41
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ Theodore A. Thelander , `` Josephus Daniels and the Publicity Campaign for Naval and Industrial Preparedness before World War I , '' North Carolina Historical Review ( 1966 ) 43 # 3 pp. 316 -- 332
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ Lee A. Craig ( 2013 ) . Josephus Daniels : His Life and Times . U. North Carolina Press . pp. 364 -- 65 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ Kendrick A. Clements , `` Woodrow Wilson and World War I . '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 2004 ) 34 # 1 pp. 62 -- 82 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ Cooper , Woodrow Wilson ( 2011 ) pp. 378 -- 79
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ Thomas Boghardt , The Zimmermann Telegram : Intelligence , Diplomacy , and America 's Entry into World War I ( 2012 ) Excerpt and text search , summarized in Thomas Boghardt 's The Zimmermann Telegram : Diplomacy , Intelligence and The American Entry into World War I ( 2003 ) online
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ Compare : Doenecke , Justus D. ( 2011 ) . Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry Into World War I. Studies in Conflict , Diplomacy and Peace Series . University Press of Kentucky . p. 250 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . On January 31 , Ambassador Bernstorff presented ( ... ) Germany 's response to Wilson 's recent ' peace without victory ' plea ( ... ) : his nation was about to launch an unrestricted submarine campaign , thereby declaring total maritime war against all neutrals . After February 1 , the communique noted , German U-boats would sink without warning belligerent and neutral ships found in a designated zone comprising waters around Great Britain , France , and Italy , and in the eastern Mediterranean . The Admiralty made one minor exception : it would permit one American steamer a week to sail between New York and Falmouth ( ... ) . Initially Germany would grant a period of grace , during which its submarines would not harm neutral ships that either were en route to the war zone or had already arrived .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ Compare : Doenecke , Justus D. ( 2011 ) . Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry Into World War I. Studies in Conflict , Diplomacy and Peace Series . University Press of Kentucky . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . Several factors led to Wilson 's choice . Germany 's U-boat warfare was paramount . Had it not been for Berlin 's announcement of January 31 , the president probably would not have issued a call to arms .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Justus D. Doenecke , Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry into World War I ( 2011 ) ch 10
    94. \n
  94. \n ^ Jump up to : May , Ernest R. ( 1966 ) . The World War and American isolation , 1914 -- 1917 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ Knock , Thomas J. ( 1995 ) . To End All Wars : Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ Syrett , Harold C. ( 1945 ) . `` The Business Press and American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 32 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 230 . doi : 10.2307 / 1898209 . JSTOR 1898209 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Robert W. Cherny , A righteous cause : the life of William Jennings Bryan ( 1994 ) p. 144
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ Syrett , `` The Business Press and American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 , ''
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914 , usually in near - random large - scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers . Horne , John ; Kramer , Alan ( 2001 ) . German Atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial . New Haven : Yale U.P. ISBN 0 - 300 - 08975 - 9 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ Bonadio , Felice A. ( 1959 ) . `` The Failure of German Propaganda in the United States , 1914 -- 1917 '' . Mid America . 41 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 57 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ Bourne , Randolph . `` The War and the Intellectuals . '' N.p. : n.p. , n.d. 133 - 46 . Print .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ DISASTER BEARS OUT EMBASSY 'S WARNING ; German Advertisement Practically Foretold Lusitania 's Fate on Day She Sailed . AND IS REPEATED TODAY Passengers Also Said to Have Received Telegrams -- Shipping Men Heard of Threats .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ Germany , U-Boats and the Lusitania
    104. \n
  104. \n Jump up ^ The Lusitania
    105. \n
  105. \n Jump up ^ for detailed coverage of the speech see NY Times main headline , April 2 , 1917 , President Calls for War Declaration , Stronger Navy , New Army of 500,000 Men , Full Cooperation With Germany 's Foes
    106. \n
  106. \n Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr. , Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2011 ) pp. 383 -- 89
    107. \n
  107. \n Jump up ^ Simon Newton Dexter North ; et al. ( 1918 ) . The American Year Book : A Record of Events and Progress . Thomas Nelson & Sons . pp. 10 -- 11 .
    108. \n
\n

\n Bibliography ( edit )

\n After war was declared war bond posters demonized Germany \n

\n Historiography ( edit )

\n \n

\n Primary sources ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Woodrow Wilson
\n
    \n
  • \n 28th President of the United States ( 1913 -- 1921 )
    • \n
  • \n 34th Governor of New Jersey ( 1911 -- 1913 )
    • \n
  • \n 13th President of Princeton University ( 1902 -- 1910 )
    • \n
\n
\n Presidency \n
    \n
  • \n 1913 inauguration
      \n
    • \n Suffrage Parade
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n 1917 inauguration
    • \n
  • \n The New Freedom
    • \n
  • \n Clayton Antitrust Act
    • \n
  • \n Farm Loan Act
    • \n
  • \n Federal Employees ' Compensation Act
    • \n
  • \n Federal Reserve System
      \n
    • \n Federal Reserve Act
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Federal Income Tax amendment
    • \n
  • \n Federal Trade Commission Act
      \n
    • \n Federal Trade Commission
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Revenue Act of 1913
    • \n
  • \n Flag Day
    • \n
  • \n National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
    • \n
  • \n Occupation of Haiti
    • \n
  • \n Bryan -- Chamorro Treaty
    • \n
  • \n Philippine Autonomy Act
    • \n
  • \n World War I
      \n
    • \n entry
      • \n
    • \n campaigns
      • \n
    • \n home front
      • \n
    • \n Committee on Public Information
      • \n
    • \n Espionage Act of 1917
      • \n
    • \n Selective Service Act of 1917
      • \n
    • \n Four Minute Men
      • \n
    • \n Sedition Act of 1918
      • \n
    • \n National War Labor Board
      • \n
    • \n The Inquiry
      • \n
    • \n American Commission to Negotiate Peace
      • \n
    • \n Paris Peace Conference , 1919
      • \n
    • \n Treaty of Versailles
      • \n
    • \n The Big Four
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Fourteen Points
    • \n
  • \n League of Nations
      \n
    • \n charter
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n 1919 Nobel Peace Prize
    • \n
  • \n Wilsonian Armenia
    • \n
  • \n Silent Sentinels
    • \n
  • \n Women 's Suffrage amendment
    • \n
  • \n Roosevelt desk
    • \n
  • \n Judicial appointments
      \n
    • \n Supreme Court
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Cabinet
    • \n
  • \n State of the Union Address 1913
    • \n
  • \n 1914
    • \n
  • \n 1915
    • \n
  • \n 1916
    • \n
  • \n 1917
    • \n
  • \n 1918
    • \n
  • \n 1920
    • \n
\n
\n Life \n
    \n
  • \n Birthplace and Presidential Library
      \n
    • \n papers and manuscripts
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Boyhood home in Georgia
    • \n
  • \n Boyhood home in South Carolina
    • \n
  • \n Princeton University president
    • \n
  • \n Summer White House ( Harlakenden
    • \n
  • \n Shadow Lawn )
    • \n
  • \n Woodrow Wilson House
    • \n
  • \n Gravesite
    • \n
\n
\n Books \n
    \n
  • \n Congressional Government
    • \n
  • \n When a Man Comes to Himself
    • \n
  • \n The New Freedom ( 1913 )
    • \n
\n
\n Elections \n
    \n
  • \n New Jersey gubernatorial election , 1910
    • \n
  • \n 1912 Democratic National Convention
    • \n
  • \n 1912 U.S. presidential election
    • \n
  • \n 1916 Democratic National Convention
    • \n
  • \n 1916 U.S. presidential election
    • \n
\n
\n Legacy \n
    \n
  • \n Wilsonianism
    • \n
  • \n Woodrow Wilson Foundation
    • \n
  • \n Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
    • \n
  • \n Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs
    • \n
  • \n Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial
    • \n
  • \n Woodrow Wilson Bridge
    • \n
  • \n Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation
    • \n
  • \n U.S. Postage stamps
    • \n
  • \n U.S. Currency
    • \n
\n
\n Popular culture \n
    \n
  • \n Wilson ( 1944 film )
    • \n
  • \n Profiles in Courage ( 1965 series )
    • \n
  • \n Wilson ( 2013 book )
    • \n
  • \n Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century ( 2002 documentary )
    • \n
\n
\n Family \n
    \n
  • \n Joseph Ruggles Wilson ( father )
    • \n
  • \n Jessie Janet Woodrow ( mother )
    • \n
  • \n Ellen Axson Wilson ( wife , 1885 -- 1914 ; death )
    • \n
  • \n Edith Bolling Wilson ( wife , 1915 -- 1924 )
    • \n
  • \n Margaret Wilson ( daughter )
    • \n
  • \n Jessie Wilson Sayre ( daughter )
    • \n
  • \n Eleanor Wilson McAdoo ( daughter )
    • \n
  • \n William McAdoo ( son - in - law )
    • \n
  • \n Francis Sayre , Jr. ( grandson )
    • \n
  • \n James Woodrow ( maternal uncle )
    • \n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Progressive Era
    • \n
  • \n Jefferson Literary and Debating Society
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n \u2190 William Howard Taft
    • \n
  • \n Warren G. Harding \u2192
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_entry_into_World_War_I&oldid=822020133 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "when did united states enter world war i", "long_answers": ["The American entry into World War I came in April 1917 , after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war . Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British , American public opinion reflected that of the president : the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans , German Americans and Scandinavian Americans , as well as among church leaders and among women in general . On the other hand , even before World War I had broken out , American opinion had been more negative toward Germany than towards any other country in Europe . Over time , especially after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914 and following the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915 , the American people increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor in Europe .\n"], "short_answers": ["April 1917\n", "April 1917\n", "April 1917\n", "April 1917\n", "April 1917\n"]} {"text": "Strategy of unbalanced growth - Wikipedia

\n Strategy of unbalanced growth

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article may be incomprehensible or very hard to understand . In particular , it uses both very general statements which are not further clarified or contextualized , and technical jargon that is not explained . Please help by rewording it if the intended meaning can be determined . The talk page may have details . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n Unbalanced growth is a natural path of economic development . Situations that countries are in at any one point in time reflect their previous investment decisions and development . Accordingly , at any point in time desirable investment programs that are not balanced investment packages may still advance welfare . Unbalanced investment can complement or correct existing imbalances . Once such an investment is made , a new imbalance is likely to appear , requiring further compensating investments . Therefore , growth need not take place in a balanced way . Supporters of the unbalanced growth doctrine include Albert O. Hirschman , Hans Singer , Paul Streeten , Marcus Fleming , Prof. Rostov and J. Sheehan .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Introduction ( edit )

\n

\n The theory is generally associated with Hirschman . He presented a complete theoretical formulation of the strategy . Underdeveloped countries display common characteristics : low levels of GNI per capita and slow GNI per capita growth , large income inequalities and widespread poverty , low levels of productivity , great dependence on agriculture , a backward industrial structure , a high proportion of consumption and low savings , high rates of population growth and dependency burdens , high unemployment and underemployment , technological backwardness and dualism ( existence of both traditional and modern sectors ) . In a less - developed country , these characteristics lead to scarce resources or inadequate infrastructure to exploit these resources . With a lack of investors and entrepreneurs , cash flows can not be directed into various sectors that influence balanced economic growth .

\n

\n Hirschman contends that deliberate unbalancing of the economy according to the strategy is the best method of development and if the economy is to be kept moving ahead , the task of development policy is to maintain tension , disproportions and disequilibrium . Balanced growth should not be the goal but rather the maintenance of existing imbalances , which can be seen from profit and losses . Therefore , the sequence that leads away from equilibrium is precisely an ideal pattern for development . Unequal development of various sectors often generates conditions for rapid development . More - developed industries provide undeveloped industries an incentive to grow . Hence , development of underdeveloped countries should be based on this strategy .

\n

\n The path of unbalanced growth is described by three phases :

\n
    \n
  1. \n Complementary
    2. \n
  2. \n Induced investment
    3. \n
  3. \n External economies
    4. \n
\n

\n Singer believed that desirable investment programs always exist within a country that represent unbalanced investment to complement the existing imbalance . These investments create a new imbalance , requiring another balancing investment . One sector will always grow faster than another , so the need for unbalanced growth will continue as investments must complement existing imbalance . Hirschman states `` If the economy is to be kept moving ahead , the task of development policy is to maintain tensions , disproportions and disequilibrium '' . This situation exists for all societies , developed or underdeveloped .

\n

\n Complementarity ( edit )

\n

\n Complementarity is a situation where increased production of one good or service builds up demand for the second good or service . When the second product is privately produced , this demand will lead to imports or higher domestic production of the second product , as it will be in the interests of the producers to do so . Otherwise , the increased demand takes the form of political pressure . This is the case for such public services such as law and order , education , water and electricity that can not reasonably be imported .

\n

\n Induced investment ( edit )

\n

\n Complementarity allows investment in one industry or sector to encourage investment in others . This concept of induced investment is like a multiplier , because each investment triggers a series of subsequent events . Convergence occurs as the output of external economies diminishes at each step . Growth sequences tend to move towards convergence or divergence and the policy is usually concerned with preventing rapid convergence and promoting the possibility of divergence .

\n

\n External economies ( edit )

\n

\n New projects often appropriate external economies created by preceding ventures and create external economies that may be utilized by subsequent ones . Sometimes the project undertaken creates external economies , causing private profit to fall short of what is socially desirable . The reverse is also possible . Some ventures have a larger input of external economies than the output . Therefore , Hirschman says , `` the projects that fall into this category must be net beneficiaries of external economies '' .

\n

\n Social Overhead capital ( edit )

\n

\n Social Overhead Capital ( SOC ) is defined as basic services without which primary , secondary and tertiary productive activities can not function . In a narrow sense , Social Overhead Capital is defined to include transportation and electricity , while in a wider sense , it includes all public services , including law and order and education . Criteria for classifying an asset as Social Overhead Capital include :

\n \n

\n Development via capital imbalances ( edit )

\n

\n The strategy of unbalanced growth has been discussed within the frameworks of development through shortage of SOC and development through excess of SOC .

\n

\n In the first case , the country invests in direct productive activities ( DPA ) . Direct productive activity increases demand for SOC , inducing investment . In the second case , SOC expands , which reduces the cost of services , inducing investment in DPA .

\n

\n The cost of producing any unit of output of DPA is inversely proportional to SOC . The economy 's major objective is to attain increasing output of DPA .

\n

\n One of the paradoxes of development is that poor countries can not afford to be economical . According to Hirschman , resources are not scarce per se , but the ability to employ those resources may be lacking . To explain unbalanced growth , Hirschman assumes that the country invests in either DPA or SOC . Both paths set up incentives and an evaluation of their respective efficiency depends on the strengths of entrepreneurial motivations and the response to public pressure of the authorities responsible for SOC .

\n

\n The major characteristic of the two paths of development is that they yield excess dividends . SOC built ahead of demand creates this demand by making a country more attractive to DPA investors . DPA that outpaces SOC development , creates demand to expand SOC . Balanced growth of DPA and SOC is not achievable in underdeveloped countries , nor it is not a desirable policy , as it does not set up the incentives and the pressure that make for this dividend of induced investment decisions .

\n

\n Backward and forward linkages ( edit )

\n

\n Hirschman introduces the concept of backward and forward linkages . A forward linkage is created when investment in a particular project encourages investment in subsequent stages of production . A backward linkage is created when a project encourages investment in facilities that enable the project to succeed . Normally , projects create both forward and backward linkages . Investment should be made in those projects that have the greatest total number of linkages . Projects with many linkages will vary from country to country ; knowledge about project linkages can be obtained through input and output studies .

\n

\n Most underdeveloped economies are primarily agrarian . Agriculture is typically at a primitive stage and hence possesses few linkages , as most output goes for consumption or exports . Therefore , it is said that underdeveloped countries are lacking in interdependence and linkages .

\n

\n An example of an industry that has excellent forward and backward linkages is the steel industry . Backward linkages include coal and iron ore mining . Forward linkages include items such as canned goods . While this industry has strong linkages , it is not a good leading sector . Any industry that has a high capital / output ratio and causes significant costs to other businesses has the potential to hurt the developing economy more than it helps it . A better leading sector would be the beer industry .

\n

\n Linkages and last industries ( edit )

\n

\n The development of an economy using the unbalanced method depends on the linkages between sectors . Hirschman suggests that the best strategy is induced industrialization . This type of development will create more backward and forward linkages and should be the first step taken .

\n

\n Industries that transform semi-manufactured goods into goods needed by final demand are called `` last industries '' or `` enclave import industries '' .

\n

\n In underdeveloped countries , industrialization takes place through such industries , through plants that add final touches to unfinished imported products . Examples are metal fabricating industries , pharmaceutical laboratories and assembly and mixing plants . Such industries have many advantages , as they often require the smaller amounts of capital available in such economies and without having to rely on unreliable domestic producers . Therefore , underdeveloped countries set up such `` last industries '' first . These industries create long chains of backward linkages . Colombia , Brazil and Mexico are examples of countries that followed this path .

\n

\n Protection and subsidy of import - replacing industries should come , but at a later stage . The Last Industry Strategy has disadvantages . It can slow the creation of domestic production . Industrialists who have begun working with imports may not accept domestic alternative products that reduce demand for their output . Creating last industries first can create loyalty toward foreign products and distrust of domestic products and their quality . Banks may get used to extending credit for shorter , smaller capital requirements .

\n

\n Disadvantages ( edit )

\n

\n Disadvantages of the last industry strategy include inhibition of domestic production as domestic demand grows . This is because industrialists who work with imported material will often be hostile to the establishment of domestic industries , because domestic goods are of lower quality , the number of domestic suppliers is small , downstream competition may intensify once inputs are available domestically and competitors may be able to locate closer to the upstream suppliers .

\n

\n Last / first may accustom domestic consumers to imported goods , making it harder for local producers to find customers . Further , financing may be easier for import - based business .

\n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Development Economics : Partial Theories of Development
\n
    \n
  • \n Dual - sector model
    • \n
  • \n Big push model
    • \n
  • \n Critical minimum effort theory
    • \n
  • \n Ragnar Nurkse 's balanced growth theory
    • \n
  • \n Strategy of unbalanced growth
    • \n
  • \n Social dualism
    • \n
  • \n Technological dualism
    • \n
  • \n Fei -- Ranis model of economic growth
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategy_of_unbalanced_growth&oldid=838124154 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who has given the theory of unbalanced economic growth", "long_answers": ["The theory is generally associated with Hirschman . He presented a complete theoretical formulation of the strategy . Underdeveloped countries display common characteristics : low levels of GNI per capita and slow GNI per capita growth , large income inequalities and widespread poverty , low levels of productivity , great dependence on agriculture , a backward industrial structure , a high proportion of consumption and low savings , high rates of population growth and dependency burdens , high unemployment and underemployment , technological backwardness and dualism ( existence of both traditional and modern sectors ) . In a less - developed country , these characteristics lead to scarce resources or inadequate infrastructure to exploit these resources . With a lack of investors and entrepreneurs , cash flows can not be directed into various sectors that influence balanced economic growth .\n"], "short_answers": ["Hirschman\n"]} {"text": "Distilled beverage - wikipedia

\n Distilled beverage

\n Jump to : navigation , search `` Liquor '' redirects here . For sweetened and flavored alcoholic beverages , see Liqueur . For the novel series , see Liquor ( novel series ) . An old whiskey still A display of various distilled beverages in a supermarket Some single - drink distilled beverage bottles available in Germany

\n A distilled beverage , spirit , liquor , hard liquor or hard alcohol is an alcoholic beverage produced by distillation of liquid drinks made with grains , fruit , or vegetables that have already gone through alcoholic fermentation . The distillation process purifies the liquid and removes diluting components like water , for the purpose of increasing its proportion of alcohol content ( commonly expressed as alcohol by volume , ABV ) . As distilled beverages contain significantly more alcohol , they are considered `` harder '' -- in North America , the term hard liquor is used to distinguish distilled beverages from undistilled ones .

\n

\n As examples , this term does not include beverages such as beer , wine , mead , sake , or cider , as they are fermented but not distilled . These all have a relatively low alcohol content , typically less than 15 % . Brandy is a spirit produced by the distillation of wine , and has an ABV of over 35 % . Other examples of distilled beverages include vodka , baijiu , gin , rum , tequila , mezcal , and whisky . ( Also see list of alcoholic drinks , and liquors by national origin . )

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Nomenclature ( edit )

\n

\n The term spirit refers to a distilled beverage that contains no added sugar and has at least 20 % alcohol by volume ( ABV ) .

\n

\n Distilled beverages bottled with added sugar and added flavorings , such as Grand Marnier , Frangelico , and American schnapps , are known instead as liqueurs .

\n

\n Distilled beverages generally have an alcohol concentration higher than 30 % . Beer and wine , which are not distilled beverages , are limited to a maximum alcohol content of about 20 % ABV , as most yeasts can not reproduce when the concentration of alcohol is above this level ; as a consequence , fermentation ceases at that point .

\n

\n Etymology ( edit )

\n

\n The origin of `` liquor '' and its close relative `` liquid '' was the Latin verb liquere , meaning `` to be fluid '' . According to the Oxford English Dictionary , an early use of the word in the English language , meaning simply `` a liquid '' , can be dated to 1225 . The first use the OED mentions of its meaning `` a liquid for drinking '' occurred in the 14th century . Its use as a term for `` an intoxicating alcoholic drink '' appeared in the 16th century .

\n

\n The term `` spirit '' in reference to alcohol stems from Middle Eastern alchemy . These alchemists were more concerned with medical elixirs than with transmuting lead into gold . The vapor given off and collected during an alchemical process ( as with distillation of alcohol ) was called a spirit of the original material .

\n

\n History of distillation ( edit )

\n Main article : Distillation

\n Precursors ( edit )

\n Distillation equipment used by the 3rd century alchemist Zosimos of Panopolis , from the Byzantine Greek manuscript Parisinus graces .

\n Distillation was known in the ancient Indian subcontinent , evident from baked clay retorts and receivers found at Taxila and Charsadda in modern Pakistan , dating back to the early centuries of the Christian era . These `` Gandhara stills '' were only capable of producing very weak liquor , as there was no efficient means of collecting the vapors at low heat .

\n

\n The Chinese may have independently developed the process in the early centuries after Christ , during the Eastern Han dynasty . Distilled water was described in the 2nd century AD by Alexander of Aphrodisias . Alchemists in Roman Egypt were using a distillation alembic or still device in the 3rd century .

\n

\n Freeze distillation involves freezing the alcoholic beverage and then removing the ice . The freezing technique had limitations in geography and implementation limiting how widely this method was put to use .

\n

\n True distillation ( edit )

\n An illustration of brewing and distilling industry methods in England , 1858

\n The medieval Arabs used the distillation process extensively , and there is evidence that they distilled alcohol . Al - Kindi unambiguously described the distillation of wine in the 9th century . The process later spread to Italy , where later evidence of the distillation of alcohol comes from the School of Salerno in southern Italy during the 12th century .

\n

\n In China , archaeological evidence indicates that the true distillation of alcohol began during the 12th century Jin or Southern Song dynasties . A still has been found at an archaeological site in Qinglong , Hebei , dating to the 12th century . In India , the true distillation of alcohol was introduced from the Middle East , and was in wide use in the Delhi Sultanate by the 14th century .

\n

\n Fractional distillation was developed by Taddeo Alderotti in the 13th century . The production method was written in code , suggesting that it was being kept secret .

\n

\n In 1437 , `` burned water '' ( brandy ) was mentioned in the records of the County of Katzenelnbogen in Germany . It was served in a tall , narrow glass called a Goderulffe .

\n

\n Claims upon the origin of specific beverages are controversial , often invoking national pride , but they are plausible after the 12th century AD , when Irish whiskey and German brandy became available . These spirits would have had a much lower alcohol content ( about 40 % ABV ) than the alchemists ' pure distillations , and they were likely first thought of as medicinal elixirs . Consumption of distilled beverages rose dramatically in Europe in and after the mid-14th century , when distilled liquors were commonly used as remedies for the Black Death . Around 1400 , methods to distill spirits from wheat , barley , and rye beers , a cheaper option than grapes , were discovered . Thus began the `` national '' drinks of Europe : jenever ( Belgium and the Netherlands ) , gin ( England ) , Schnaps ( Germany ) , grappa ( Italy ) , borovi\u010dka ( Slovakia ) , horilka ( Ukraine ) , akvavit / snaps ( Scandinavia ) , vodka ( Poland and Russia ) , ouzo ( Greece ) , rakia ( the Balkans ) , and poit\u00edn ( Ireland ) . The actual names emerged only in the 16th century , but the drinks were well known prior to then .

\n

\n Government regulation ( edit )

\n

\n It is legal to distill beverage alcohol as a hobby for personal use in some countries , including New Zealand and the Netherlands .

\n

\n In the United States , it is illegal to distill beverage alcohol without a license . In some parts of the U.S. , it is also illegal to sell a still without a license . However , all states allow unlicensed individuals to make their own beer , and some also allow unlicensed individuals to make their own wine ( although making beer and wine is also prohibited in some local jurisdictions ) .

\n

\n Microdistilling ( edit )

\n

\n Microdistilling ( also known as craft distilling ) began to re-emerge as a trend in the United States following the microbrewing and craft beer movement in the last decades of the 20th century . In contrast , large - scale distillation facilities were never as dominant in Scotland , so the tradition of small - scale distillation was never really lost in the Scotch whisky market .

\n

\n Flammability ( edit )

\n These flaming cocktails illustrate that a distilled beverage will readily catch fire and burn . See also : Alcohol proof , Flash point , and Fire point

\n Liquor that contains 40 % ABV ( 80 US proof ) will catch fire if heated to about 26 \u00b0 C ( 79 \u00b0 F ) and if an ignition source is applied to it . This temperature is called its flash point . The flash point of pure alcohol is 16.6 \u00b0 C ( 61.9 \u00b0 F ) , less than average room temperature .

\n

\n The flammability of distilled beverages is applied in the cooking technique Flamb\u00e9 .

\n

\n The flash points of alcohol concentrations from 10 % ABV to 96 % ABV are :

\n \n

\n Serving ( edit )

\n See also : Bartending terminology A row of alcoholic beverages -- in this case , spirits -- in a bar

\n Distilled beverages can be served :

\n \n

\n Alcohol consumption by country ( edit )

\n Main article : List of countries by alcohol consumption

\n The World Health Organization measures and publishes alcohol consumption patterns in different countries . The WHO measures alcohol consumed by persons 15 years of age or older and reports it on the basis of liters of pure alcohol consumed per capita in a given year in a country .

\n

\n Health effects ( edit )

\n

\n Short - term effects ( edit )

\n Main article : Short - term effects of alcohol \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n Distilled spirits contain ethyl alcohol , the same chemical that is present in beer and wine and as such , spirit consumption has short - term psychological and physiological effects on the user . Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person . The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk , the percentage of alcohol in the spirits and the timespan that the consumption took place , the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription , over-the - counter or street drugs , among other factors . Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration ( BAC ) of 0.03 % - 0.12 % typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria , increased self - confidence , and sociability , decreased anxiety , a flushed , red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination . A BAC of 0.09 % to 0.25 % causes lethargy , sedation , balance problems and blurred vision . A BAC from 0.18 % to 0.30 % causes profound confusion , impaired speech ( e.g. , slurred speech ) , staggering , dizziness and vomiting . A BAC from 0.25 % to 0.40 % causes stupor , unconsciousness , anterograde amnesia , vomiting , and respiratory depression ( potentially life - threatening ) . Death may occur due to inhalation of vomit ( pulmonary aspiration ) while unconscious . A BAC from 0.35 % to 0.80 % causes a coma ( unconsciousness ) , life - threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning . As with all alcoholic beverages , driving under the influence , operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident ; as such many countries have penalties for drunk driving .

\n

\n Long - term effects ( edit )

\n See also : Long - term effects of alcohol consumption

\n The main active ingredient of distilled spirits is alcohol , and therefore , the health effects of alcohol apply to spirits . Drinking small quantities of alcohol ( less than one drink per day for women and 2 drinks per day for men ) is associated with a decreased risk of heart disease , stroke , diabetes mellitus , and early death . Drinking more than this amount ; however , increases the risk of heart disease , high blood pressure , atrial fibrillation , and stroke . The risk is greater in younger people due to binge drinking which may result in violence or accidents . About 3.3 million deaths ( 5.9 % of all deaths ) are believed to be due to alcohol each year .

\n

\n Alcoholism , also known as `` alcohol use disorder '' , is a broad term for any drinking of alcohol that results in problems . It was previously divided into two types : alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence . In a medical context , alcoholism is said to exist when two or more of the following conditions is present : a person drinks large amounts over a long time period , has difficulty cutting down , acquiring and drinking alcohol takes up a great deal of time , alcohol is strongly desired , usage results in not fulfilling responsibilities , usage results in social problems , usage results in health problems , usage results in risky situations , withdrawal occurs when stopping , and alcohol tolerance has occurred with use . Alcoholism reduces a person 's life expectancy by around ten years and alcohol use is the third - leading cause of early death in the United States . No professional medical association recommends that people who are nondrinkers should start drinking wine .

\n

\n While lower quality evidence suggests a cardioprotective effect , no controlled studies have been completed on the effect of alcohol on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke . Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause liver cirrhosis and alcoholism . The American Heart Association `` cautions people NOT to start drinking ... if they do not already drink alcohol . Consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation . ''

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` distilled spirit - alcoholic beverage '' . Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ E. Gildemeister and Fr . Hoffman , translated by Edward Kremers ( 1913 ) . The Volatile Oils. 1 . New York : Wiley . p. 203 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Bryan H. Bunch and Alexander Hellemans ( 2004 ) . The History of Science and Technology . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 88 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 22123 - 9 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Marcelin Berthelot Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs ( 3 vol. , Paris , 1887 -- 1888 , p. 161 )
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Irfan Habib ( 2011 ) , Economic History of Medieval India , 1200 - 1500 , page 55 , Pearson Education
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Haw , Stephen G. ( 2006 ) . `` Wine , women and poison '' . Marco Polo in China . Routledge . pp. 147 -- 148 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 27542 - 7 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 10 . The earliest possible period seems to be the Eastern Han dynasty ... the most likely period for the beginning of true distillation of spirits for drinking in China is during the Jin and Southern Song dynasties
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Taylor , F. Sherwood ( 1945 ) . `` The Evolution of the Still '' . Annals of Science . 5 ( 3 ) : 186 . doi : 10.1080 / 00033794500201451 . ISSN 0003 - 3790 .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Ahmad Y. al - Hassan ( 2001 ) , Science and Technology in Islam : Technology and applied sciences , pages 65 - 69 , UNESCO
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Hassan , Ahmad Y. `` Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources '' . History of Science and Technology in Islam . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 19 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ The Economist : `` Liquid fire - The Arabs discovered how to distil alcohol . They still do it best , say some '' December 18 , 2003
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Forbes , Robert James ( 1970 ) . A short history of the art of distillation : from the beginnings up to the death of Cellier Blumenthal . BRILL . pp. 57 , 89 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 00617 - 1 . Retrieved 29 June 2010 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Sarton , George ( 1975 ) . Introduction to the history of science . R.E. Krieger Pub. Co. p. 145 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Holmyard , Eric John ( 1990 ) . Alchemy . Courier Dover Publications . p. 53 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ graf-von-katzenelnbogen.com , see entry at Trinkglas .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash Point and Fire Point '' . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2011 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Material Safety Data Sheet , Section 5 '' . Retrieved March 7 , 2011 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Flash points of ethanol - based water solutions '' . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Robert L. Wolke ( 5 July 2006 ) . `` Combustible Combination '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 27 January 2011 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Walkart , C.G. ( 2002 ) . National Bartending Center Instruction Manual . Oceanside , California : Bartenders America , Inc. p. 104 . ASIN : B000F1U6HG .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ who.int
    21. \n
  21. \n ^ Jump up to : O'Keefe , JH ; Bhatti , SK ; Bajwa , A ; DiNicolantonio , JJ ; Lavie , CJ ( March 2014 ) . `` Alcohol and cardiovascular health : the dose makes the poison ... or the remedy '' . Mayo Clinic Proceedings . 89 ( 3 ) : 382 -- 93 . doi : 10.1016 / j. mayocp. 2013.11. 005 . PMID 24582196 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Alcohol Facts and Statistics '' . Retrieved 9 May 2015 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Jill Littrell ( 2014 ) . Understanding and Treating Alcoholism Volume I : An Empirically Based Clinician 's Handbook for the Treatment of Alcoholism : volume Ii : Biological , Psychological , and Social Aspects of Alcohol Consumption and Abuse . Hoboken : Taylor and Francis . p. 55 . ISBN 9781317783145 . The World Health Organization defines alcoholism as any drinking which results in problems
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Hasin , Deborah ( December 2003 ) . `` Classification of Alcohol Use Disorders '' . pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/ . Retrieved 28 February 2015 .
    25. \n
  25. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Alcohol Use Disorder : A Comparison Between DSM -- IV and DSM -- 5 '' . November 2013 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Schuckit , MA ( 27 November 2014 ) . `` Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium ( delirium tremens ) '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 371 ( 22 ) : 2109 -- 13 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMra1407298 . PMID 25427113 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Alcohol and Heart Health American Heart Association
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . `` General Information on Alcohol Use and Health '' . Retrieved 26 June 2008 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ American Heart Association . `` Alcohol , Wine and Cardiovascular Disease '' . Retrieved 26 June 2008 .
    30. \n
\n

\n Bibliography ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Distilled beverages .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Alcoholic drinks
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n History and production
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n History of alcohol \n
    \n
  • \n History of alcoholic beverages
    • \n
  • \n History of beer
    • \n
  • \n History of wine
      \n
    • \n History of Bordeaux wine
      • \n
    • \n History of Champagne
      • \n
    • \n History of Chianti
      • \n
    • \n History of French wine
      • \n
    • \n History of Portuguese wine
      • \n
    • \n History of Rioja wine
      • \n
    • \n History of Sherry
      • \n
    • \n History of South African wine
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Production \n
    \n
  • \n Alcohol industry
    • \n
  • \n Brewing
    • \n
  • \n Distillation
    • \n
  • \n Drinking establishments
    • \n
  • \n Fermentation
    • \n
  • \n Winemaking
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Alcoholic drinks
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Fermented drink \n
    \n
  • \n Beer
    • \n
  • \n Cider
    • \n
  • \n Mead
    • \n
  • \n Rice wine
    • \n
  • \n Sake
    • \n
  • \n Wine
    • \n
  • \n Other fermented drinks
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Distilled drink \n
    \n
  • \n Brandy
    • \n
  • \n Gin
    • \n
  • \n Liqueur
    • \n
  • \n Rum
    • \n
  • \n Tequila
    • \n
  • \n Vodka
    • \n
  • \n Whisky
    • \n
  • \n Other distilled drinks
    • \n
\n
\n Fortified wine \n
    \n
  • \n Madeira wine
    • \n
  • \n Marsala wine
    • \n
  • \n Port wine
    • \n
  • \n Sherry
    • \n
  • \n Vermouth
    • \n
  • \n Other fortified wines
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Distilled drinks by ingredients
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Fruit \n
\n
\n Apple
\n
\n Applejack
\n
\n Calvados
\n
\n Cashew apple
\n
\n Feni
\n
\n Coconut
\n
\n Arrack
\n
\n Fig
\n
\n Boukha
\n
\n Grape
\n
\n Armagnac
\n
\n Brandy
\n
\n Cognac
\n
\n Pisco
\n
\n Plum
\n
\n Slivovitz
\n
\n \u021auic\u0103
\n
\n Pomace
\n
\n Chacha
\n
\n Grappa
\n
\n Marc
\n
\n Orujo
\n
\n Tsikoudia
\n
\n Tsipouro
\n
\n Zivania
\n
\n Various fruits
\n
\n Eau de vie
\n
\n Himbeergeist
\n
\n Kirschwasser
\n
\n Marillenschnaps
\n
\n Nalewka
\n
\n P\u00e1linka
\n
\n Rakia
\n
\n Schnaps
\n
\n 		\n
\n Cereals \n
\n
\n Barley
\n
\n Irish whiskey
\n
\n Japanese whisky
\n
\n Scotch whisky
\n
\n Maize
\n
\n Bourbon whiskey
\n
\n Corn whiskey
\n
\n Tennessee whiskey
\n
\n Rice
\n
\n Awamori
\n
\n Cheongju
\n
\n Rice baijiu
\n
\n Shochu
\n
\n Soju
\n
\n Rye
\n
\n Korn
\n
\n Rye whiskey
\n
\n Starka
\n
\n Sorghum
\n
\n Baijiu ( Kaoliang wine )
\n
\n Multiple grains
\n
\n American whiskey
\n
\n Canadian whisky
\n
\n
\n Other \n
\n
\n Agave
\n
\n Mezcal
\n
\n Tequila
\n
\n Buckwheat
\n
\n Buckwheat whisky
\n
\n Shochu
\n
\n Sugarcane or molasses
\n
\n Aguardiente
\n
\n Cacha\u00e7a
\n
\n Clairin
\n
\n Guaro
\n
\n Rum
\n
\n Seco Herrerano
\n
\n Tharra
\n
\n Various starches
\n
\n Akvavit
\n
\n Horilka
\n
\n Poit\u00edn
\n
\n Shochu
\n
\n Vodka
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Liqueurs and infused distilled drinks by ingredients
\n
\n
\n Almond
\n
\n Amaretto
\n
\n Cr\u00e8me de Noyaux
\n
\n Anise
\n
\n Absinthe
\n
\n Arak
\n
\n Hierbas
\n
\n Herbs de Majorca
\n
\n
\n
\n Ouzo
\n
\n Pastis
\n
\n Rak\u0131
\n
\n Sambuca
\n
\n Blackthorn shrub
\n
\n Patxaran
\n
\n Chocolate
\n
\n Chocolate liqueur
\n
\n Cinnamon
\n
\n Tentura
\n
\n Cloudberry
\n
\n Lakka
\n
\n Coconut
\n
\n Malibu
\n
\n Coffee
\n
\n Kahl\u00faa
\n
\n Tia Maria
\n
\n Egg
\n
\n Advocaat
\n
\n Hazelnut
\n
\n Frangelico
\n
\n Herbs
\n
\n Aquavit
\n
\n B\u00e9n\u00e9dictine
\n
\n Brenniv\u00edn
\n
\n Cr\u00e8me de menthe
\n
\n Metaxa
\n
\n Honey
\n
\n B\u00e4renj\u00e4ger
\n
\n Drambuie
\n
\n Glayva
\n
\n Krupnik
\n
\n Juniper
\n
\n Gin
\n
\n Jenever
\n
\n Orange
\n
\n Campari
\n
\n Cedratine
\n
\n Cura\u00e7ao
\n
\n Triple sec
\n
\n Peppers
\n
\n Pertsivka
\n
\n Star anise
\n
\n Sassolino
\n
\n Sugarcane / molasses
\n
\n Charanda
\n
\n Various fruits
\n
\n Cr\u00e8me de banane
\n
\n Cr\u00e8me de cassis
\n
\n Limoncello
\n
\n Schnapps
\n
\n Sloe gin
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n Portals
\n
\n Liquor
\n
\n Beer
\n
\n Drink
\n
\n Wine
\n
\n WikiProjects
\n
\n Beer
\n
\n Spirits
\n
\n Wine
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n GND : 4182358 - 8
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 00575038
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distilled_beverage&oldid=834146170 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where did the term spirits for alcohol come from", "long_answers": ["The term `` spirit '' in reference to alcohol stems from Middle Eastern alchemy . These alchemists were more concerned with medical elixirs than with transmuting lead into gold . The vapor given off and collected during an alchemical process ( as with distillation of alcohol ) was called a spirit of the original material .\n"], "short_answers": ["Middle Eastern alchemy\n", "Middle Eastern alchemy\n"]} {"text": "John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry - wikipedia

\n John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n John Brown 's Raid on Harper 's Ferry
\n Part of pre-Civil War conflicts
\n Harper 's Weekly illustration of U.S. Marines attacking John Brown 's `` Fort ''
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Date \n October 16 -- 18 , 1859
\n Location \n Harpers Ferry , ( West ) Virginia
\n Result \n U.S. victory
\n
\n Belligerents
\n United States \n Abolitionist Insurgents
\n Commanders and leaders
\n Robert E. Lee Israel Greene Jeb Stuart \n John Brown
\n Strength
\n 88 U.S. Marines Unknown number of Virginia Militia and Maryland Militia \n 8 white men 12 free black men 1 freed slave 1 fugitive slave
\n Casualties and losses
\n U.S. Marines : 1 killed 1 wounded Virginia and Maryland Militia : Unknown \n 10 killed 7 captured 5 escaped
\n Civilians : 6 killed 9 wounded
\n

\n John Brown 's raid on Harper 's Ferry ( also known as John Brown 's raid or The raid on Harper 's Ferry ) was an effort by armed abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry , Virginia . Brown 's party of 22 was defeated by a company of U.S. Marines , led by First Lieutenant Israel Greene . Colonel Robert E. Lee was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal . John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass , both of whom he had met in his transformative years as an abolitionist in Springfield , Massachusetts , to join him in his raid , but Tubman was prevented by illness and Douglass declined , as he believed Brown 's plan would fail .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Brown 's preparation ( edit )

\n

\n John Brown rented the Kennedy Farmhouse , with a small cabin nearby , 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) north of Harpers Ferry near the community of Dargan in Washington County , Maryland , and took up residence under the name Isaac Smith . Brown came with a small group of men minimally trained for military action . His group included 18 men besides himself ( 13 white men , 5 black men ) . Northern abolitionist groups sent 198 breech - loading . 52 caliber Sharps carbines ( `` Beecher 's Bibles '' ) and 950 pikes ( obtained in late September from Charles Blair of Collinsville Axe Co. , Collinsville , CT ) , in preparation for the raid . The United States Armory was a huge complex of buildings that manufactured small arms for the U.S. Army ( 1801 -- 1861 ) , with an Arsenal ( storehouse ) that was thought to contain 100,000 muskets and rifles at the time .

\n An illustration of Brown trying to persuade abolitionist Frederick Douglass to join him in the raid on Harpers Ferry . Douglass refused .

\n Brown attempted to attract more black recruits . He tried recruiting Frederick Douglass as a liaison officer to the slaves in a meeting held in a quarry at Chambersburg , Pa . It was at this meeting that ex-slave `` Emperor '' Shields Green consented to join with John Brown on his attack on the United States Armory , Green stating to Douglass `` I believe I will go with the old man '' . Douglass declined , indicating to Brown that he believed the raid was a suicide mission . The plan was `` an attack on the federal government '' that `` would array the whole country against us ... You will never get out alive '' , he warned .

\n

\n The Kennedy Farmhouse served as `` barracks , arsenal , supply depot , mess hall , debate club , and home '' . It was very crowded and life there was tedious . Brown was worried about arousing neighbors ' suspicions . As a result , the raiders had to stay indoors during the daytime , without much to do but study , drill , argue politics , discuss religion , and play cards and checkers . Brown 's daughter - in - law Martha served as cook and housekeeper . His daughter Annie served as lookout . Brown wanted women at the farm , to prevent suspicions of a large all - male group . The raiders went outside at night to drill and get fresh air . Thunderstorms were welcome since they concealed noise from Brown 's neighbors .

\n

\n Brown did not plan to have a sudden raid and escape to the mountains . Rather , he intended to use those rifles and pikes he captured at the arsenal , in addition to those he brought along , to arm rebellious slaves with the aim of striking terror in the slaveholders in Virginia . He believed that on the first night of action , 200 - 500 black slaves would join his line . He ridiculed the militia and regular army that might oppose him . He planned to send agents to nearby plantations , rallying the slaves . He planned to hold Harpers Ferry for a short time , expecting that as many volunteers , white and black , would join him as would form against him . He would move rapidly southward , sending out armed bands along the way . They would free more slaves , obtain food , horses and hostages , and destroy slaveholders ' morale . Brown planned to follow the Appalachian Mountains south into Tennessee and even Alabama , the heart of the South , making forays into the plains on either side .

\n

\n Advance knowledge of raid ( edit )

\n John Brown in 1859

\n Brown paid Hugh Forbes $600 to be his drillmaster . Forbes was an English mercenary who served Giuseppe Garibaldi in Italy . Forbes ' Manual for the Patriotic Volunteer was found in Brown 's papers after the raid . Brown and Forbes argued over strategy and money . Forbes wanted more money so that his family in Europe could join him . Forbes sent threatening letters to Brown 's backers in an attempt to get money . Failing in this effort , Forbes traveled to Washington , DC , and met with U.S. Senators William H. Seward and Henry Wilson . He denounced Brown to Seward as a `` vicious man '' who needed to be restrained , but did not disclose any plans for the raid . Forbes partially exposed the plan to Senator Wilson and others . Wilson wrote to Samuel Gridley Howe , a Brown backer , advising him to get Brown 's backers to retrieve the weapons intended for use in Kansas . Brown 's backers told him that the weapons should not be used `` for other purposes , as rumor says they may be . '' In response to warnings , Brown had to return to Kansas to shore up support and discredit Forbes . Some historians believe that this trip cost Brown valuable time and momentum .

\n

\n Estimates are that at least eighty people knew about Brown 's planned raid in advance . Many others had reasons to believe that Brown was contemplating a move against the South . One of those who knew was David J. Gue of Springdale , Iowa . Gue was a Quaker who believed that Brown and his men would be killed . Gue , his brother , and another man decided to warn the government `` to protect Brown from the consequences of his own rashness . '' Gue sent an anonymous letter dated August 20 , 1859 to Secretary of War John B. Floyd . The letter said that `` old John Brown , ' late of Kansas , '' was planning to organize a slave uprising in the South . It said that Brown had a secret agent `` in an armory '' in Maryland . The letter said that Brown was stockpiling weapons at a secret location in Maryland . Gue warned that Brown planned to leave Maryland and enter Virginia at Harpers Ferry . Gue acknowledged that he was afraid to disclose his identity but asked Floyd not to ignore his warning `` on that account . '' He was hoping that Floyd would send soldiers to Harpers Ferry . He hoped that the extra security would motivate Brown to call off his plans .

\n

\n Even though President Buchanan offered a $250 reward for Brown , Floyd did not connect the John Brown of Gue 's letter to the John Brown of Pottawatomie , Kansas fame . He knew that Maryland did not have an armory ( Harpers Ferry is just across the river from Maryland ) . Floyd figured that the letter writer was a crank and forgot about it . He later said that `` a scheme of such wickedness and outrage could not be entertained by any citizen of the United States . ''

\n

\n The raid ( edit )

\n

\n October 16 ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n North American slave revolts
\n Toussaint Louverture
\n
    \n
  • \n 1526 San Miguel de Guadalupe ( Spanish Florida , Victorious )
    • \n
  • \n c. 1570 Gaspar Yanga 's Revolt ( Veracruz , New Spain , Victorious )
    • \n
  • \n 1712 New York Slave Revolt ( British Province of New York , Suppressed )
    • \n
  • \n 1730 First Maroon War ( British Jamaica , Victorious )
    • \n
  • \n 1733 St. John Slave Revolt ( Danish Saint John , Suppressed )
    • \n
  • \n 1739 Stono Rebellion ( British Province of South Carolina , Suppressed )
    • \n
  • \n 1741 New York Conspiracy ( Province of New York , Suppressed )
    • \n
  • \n 1760 Tacky 's War ( British Jamaica , Suppressed )
    • \n
  • \n 1787 Abaco Slave Revolt ( British Bahamas , Suppressed )
    • \n
  • \n 1791 Mina Conspiracy ( Louisiana ( New Spain ) , Suppressed )
    • \n
  • \n 1795 Pointe Coup\u00e9e Conspiracy ( Louisiana ( New Spain ) , Suppressed )
    • \n
  • \n 1791 -- 1804 Haitian Revolution ( French Saint - Domingue , Victorious )
    • \n
  • \n 1800 Gabriel 's Rebellion ( Virginia , Suppressed )
    • \n
  • \n 1803 Igbo Landing ( St. Simons Island , Georgia , Suppressed )
    • \n
  • \n 1805 Chatham Manor ( Virginia , Suppressed )
    • \n
  • \n 1811 German Coast Uprising ( Territory of Orleans , Suppressed )
    • \n
  • \n 1815 George Boxley ( Virginia , Suppressed )
    • \n
  • \n 1816 Bussa 's Rebellion ( British Barbados , Suppressed )
    • \n
  • \n 1822 Denmark Vesey ( South Carolina , Suppressed )
    • \n
  • \n 1831 Nat Turner 's rebellion ( Virginia , Suppressed )
    • \n
  • \n 1831 -- 1832 Baptist War ( British Jamaica , Suppressed )
    • \n
  • \n 1839 Amistad , ship rebellion ( Off the Cuban coast , Victorious )
    • \n
  • \n 1841 Creole case , ship rebellion ( Off the Southern U.S. coast , Victorious )
    • \n
  • \n 1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation ( Indian Territory , Suppressed )
    • \n
  • \n 1859 John Brown 's Raid ( Virginia , Suppressed )
    • \n
\n This box :
    \n
  • \n view
    • \n
  • \n talk
    • \n
  • \n edit
    • \n
\n
\n A modern reproduction of the 1848 fire engine house that became known as John Brown 's Fort , c. 2007

\n On Sunday night , October 16 , 1859 , Brown left four of his men behind as a rear - guard : his son , Owen Brown , Barclay Coppock , and Frank Meriam ; he led the rest into the town of Harpers Ferry , Virginia . Brown detached a party under John Cook Jr. to capture Colonel Lewis Washington , great - grandnephew of George Washington , at his nearby Beall - Air estate , some of his slaves , and two relics of George Washington : a sword allegedly presented to Washington by Frederick the Great and two pistols given by Marquis de Lafayette , which Brown considered talismans . The party carried out its mission and returned via the Allstadt House , where they took more hostages . Brown 's main party captured several watchmen and townspeople in Harpers Ferry .

\n

\n Brown 's men needed to capture the weapons and escape before word could be sent to Washington . The raid was going well for Brown 's men . They cut the telegraph wire and seized a Baltimore & Ohio train passing through . A free black man was the first casualty of the raid . Hayward Shepherd , an African - American baggage handler on the train , confronted the raiders ; they shot and killed him . For some reason , Brown let the train continue , and the conductor alerted the authorities down the line . Brown had been sure that he would win the support of local slaves in joining the rebellion , but a massive uprising did not occur , because word had not been spread about the uprising , so the slaves nearby did not know about it . Although the white townspeople soon began to fight back against the raiders , Brown 's men succeeded in capturing the armory that evening .

\n

\n October 17 ( edit )

\n

\n Army workers discovered Brown 's men early on the morning of October 17 . Local militia , farmers and shopkeepers surrounded the armory . When a company of militia captured the bridge across the Potomac River , any route of escape for the raiders was cut off . During the day , four townspeople were killed , including the mayor . Realizing his escape was cut , Brown took nine of his captives and moved into the smaller engine house , which would come to be known as John Brown 's Fort . The raiders blocked entry of the windows and doors and traded sporadic gunfire with surrounding forces . At one point Brown sent out his son , Watson , and Aaron Dwight Stevens with a white flag , but Watson was mortally wounded and Stevens was shot and captured . The raid was rapidly failing . One of Brown 's men , William H. Leeman , panicked and made an attempt to flee by swimming across the Potomac River , but he was shot and fatally injured while doing so . During the intermittent shooting , Brown 's other son , Oliver , was also hit ; he died after a brief period .

\n

\n At around 3 : 00 p.m. a militia company led by Captain E.G. Alburtis arrived by train from Martinsburg , Virginia . Most of the militia members were Baltimore & Ohio Railroad employees . The militia forced the raiders inside the engine house . They broke into the guardroom and freed over two dozen prisoners . Eight militiamen were wounded . Alburtis said that he could have ended the raid with help from other citizens .

\n

\n By 3 : 30 that afternoon , President James Buchanan ordered a company of U.S. Marines ( the only government troops in the immediate area ) to march on Harpers Ferry under the command of Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee , lieutenant colonel of the 2nd U.S. Cavalry Regiment. Lee had been on leave from his regiment , stationed in Texas , when he was hastily called to lead the detachment and had to command it while wearing his civilian clothes .

\n

\n October 18 ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n Lee first offered the role of attacking the engine house to the local militia units on the spot . Both militia commanders declined , and Lee turned to the Marines . On the morning of October 18 , Colonel Lee sent Lt. J.E.B. Stuart , serving as a volunteer aide - de-camp , under a white flag of truce to negotiate a surrender of John Brown and his followers . Colonel Lee informed Lt. Israel Greene that if Brown did not surrender , he was to direct the Marines in attacking the engine house . Stuart walked towards the front of the engine house where he told Brown that his men would be spared if they surrendered . Brown refused and as Stuart walked away , he signaled a `` thumbs down '' to Lt. Greene and his men standing nearby .

\n

\n Soon after , Greene led a detachment of Marines to attack the engine house . Marines equipped with sledgehammers tried to break through the door , but their efforts were unsuccessful . Greene found a wooden ladder , and he and about 10 Marines used it as a battering ram to force the front doors open . Greene was the first through the door and with the assistance of Lewis Washington , identified and singled out John Brown . Greene later recounted what events occurred next :

\n

\n Quicker than thought I brought my saber down with all my strength upon ( Brown 's ) head . He was moving as the blow fell , and I suppose I did not strike him where I intended , for he received a deep saber cut in the back of the neck . He fell senseless on his side , then rolled over on his back . He had in his hand a short Sharpe 's cavalry carbine . I think he had just fired as I reached Colonel Washington , for the Marine who followed me into the aperture made by the ladder received a bullet in the abdomen , from which he died in a few minutes . The shot might have been fired by someone else in the insurgent party , but I think it was from Brown . Instinctively as Brown fell I gave him a saber thrust in the left breast . The sword I carried was a light uniform weapon , and , either not having a point or striking something hard in Brown 's accouterments , did not penetrate . The blade bent double .

\n

\n In three minutes , all of the raiders still alive were taken prisoner and the action was over .

\n

\n October 19 ( edit )

\n

\n Robert E. Lee made a synopsis of the events that took place at Harpers Ferry . According to Lee 's notes , Lee believed John Brown was a madman , `` ... the plan ( raiding the Harpers Ferry Arsenal ) was the attempt of a fanatic or madman . '' Lee also believed that the blacks in the raid were forced by Brown . `` The blacks , whom he ( John Brown ) forced from their homes in this neighborhood , as far as I could learn , gave him no voluntary assistance . '' Lee attributed John Brown 's `` temporary success '' by creating panic and confusion and by `` magnifying '' the number of participants involved in the raid .

\n

\n Aftermath ( edit )

\n See also : Virginia v. John Brown A contemporary newspaper illustration showing the interior of the engine house immediately before the door is broken down by U.S. Marines John Brown wrote his last prophecy on December 2 of 1859 .

\n Colonel Lee and John Stuart searched the surrounding country for fugitives who had participated in the attack . Few of Brown 's associates escaped , and among those who did , some were sheltered by abolitionists in the north , including William Still . Brown was taken to the court house in nearby Charles Town for trial . He was found guilty of treason against the Commonwealth of Virginia and was hanged on December 2 . ( This execution was witnessed by the actor John Wilkes Booth , who would later assassinate President Abraham Lincoln . ) On the day of his execution , Brown wrote his last testament , which said ,

\n

\n ' I John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty , land : will never be purged away ; but with Blood . I had as I now think : vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed ; it might be done . '

\n

\n Four other raiders were executed on December 16 and two more on March 16 , 1860 . In his last speech , at his trial , he said to the court :

\n

\n ' ... had I so interfered in behalf of the rich , the powerful , the intelligent , the so - called great , or in behalf of any of their friends , either father , mother , brother , sister , wife , or children , or any of that class , and suffered and sacrificed what I have in this interference , it would have been all right ; and every man in this court would have deemed it an act worthy of reward rather than punishment . '

\n

\n Southerners had a mixed attitude towards their slaves . Many southern whites lived in fear of a slave insurrection . Paradoxically , whites claimed that slaves were well treated and content in bondage . After the raid southerners initially lived in fear of slave uprisings and invasion by armed abolitionists . The South 's reaction entered the second phase at around the time of Brown 's execution . Southerners were relieved that no slaves had volunteered to help Brown . Southerners felt vindicated in their claims that slaves were content . After Northerners had expressed admiration for Brown 's motives , with some treating him as a martyr , Southern opinion evolved into what James M. McPherson called `` unreasoning fury . ''

\n

\n The first Northern reaction among antislavery advocates to Brown 's Raid was one of baffled reproach . William Lloyd Garrison called the raid `` misguided , wild , and apparently insane . '' But through the trial and his execution , Brown was transformed into a martyr . Henry David Thoreau , in A Plea for Captain John Brown , said , `` I think that for once the Sharp 's rifles and the revolvers were employed in a righteous cause . The tools were in the hands of one who could use them , '' and said of Brown , `` He has a spark of divinity in him . '' Though `` Harper 's Ferry was insane , '' wrote the religious weekly the Independent , `` the controlling motive of his demonstration was sublime . '' To the South , Brown was a murderer who wanted to deprive them of their property . The North `` has sanctioned and applauded theft , murder , and treason , '' said De Bow 's Review .

\n

\n Casualties ( edit )

\n

\n John Brown 's raiders ( edit )

\n \n Events leading to the American Civil War \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Slavery
    • \n
  • \n Northwest Ordinance
    • \n
  • \n Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Negro Fort
    • \n
  • \n Missouri Compromise
    • \n
  • \n Tariff of 1828
    • \n
  • \n Nat Turner 's slave rebellion
    • \n
  • \n Nullification Crisis
    • \n
  • \n The Amistad
    • \n
  • \n Prigg v. Pennsylvania
    • \n
  • \n Texas annexation
    • \n
  • \n Mexican -- American War
    • \n
  • \n Wilmot Proviso
    • \n
  • \n Manifest destiny
    • \n
  • \n Underground Railroad
    • \n
  • \n Nashville Convention
    • \n
  • \n Compromise of 1850
    • \n
  • \n Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
    • \n
  • \n Uncle Tom 's Cabin
    • \n
  • \n Kansas -- Nebraska Act
    • \n
  • \n Ostend Manifesto
    • \n
  • \n Bleeding Kansas
    • \n
  • \n Caning of Charles Sumner
    • \n
  • \n Dred Scott v. Sandford
    • \n
  • \n The Impending Crisis of the South
    • \n
  • \n Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry
    • \n
  • \n 1860 presidential election
    • \n
  • \n Crittenden Compromise
    • \n
  • \n Secession of Southern States
    • \n
  • \n Star of the West
    • \n
  • \n Corwin Amendment
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Fort Sumter
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Killed

\n \n

\n Captured

\n \n

\n Four raiders escaped and were captured about six months later .

\n

\n Escaped and never captured

\n \n

\n Others ( edit )

\n

\n Civilians

\n \n

\n ( Some claim the two slaves voluntarily joined Brown 's raiders , others say Brown forced them to fight . Regardless , one was killed trying to escape across the Potomac River , the other was wounded and later died in the Charles Town jail . )

\n

\n 9 other civilians were wounded .

\n

\n Marines

\n \n

\n Liberated slaves ( edit )

\n

\n Mayor Beckham 's Will Book called for the liberation of Isaac Gilbert , his wife , and three children upon his death . When Edwin Coppock killed Beckham the five slaves were free .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n

\n Citations ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry '' . History.com . Retrieved 1 May 2015 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ In many books the town is called `` Harper 's Ferry . '' For example , `` Col. Robert E. Lee 's Report Concerning the Attack at Harper 's Ferry , October 19 , 1859 , '' ; Horace Greeley , The American Conflict : A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America , 1860 -- 64 . Volume : 1 . ( 1866 ) , p. 279 ; French Ensor Chadwick , Causes of the Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ( 1906 ) p. 74 ; Allan Nevins , The Emergence of Lincoln ( 1950 ) vol 2 ch 3 ; James M. McPherson , Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era ( 1988 ) , p. 201 ; Stephen W. Sears , Landscape Turned Red : The Battle of Antietam ( 2003 ) p. 116 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Hoffman , Colonel Jon T. , USMC : A Complete History , Marine Corps Association , Quantico , Virginia , ( 2002 ) , p. 84 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Taylor , Marian ( 2004 ) . Harriet Tubman : Antislavery Activist ( New ed . ) . Chelsea House Publishers . pp. 68 -- 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 8340 - 6 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` The Kennedy Farmhouse '' , John Brown website
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` The Harpers Ferry Raid '' . pbs.org . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 09 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ James M. McPherson , Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era ( 2003 ) p. 205
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ National Park Service History Series . John Brown 's Raid ( 2009 ) , pp. 22 -- 30 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , The Emergence of Lincoln : Prelude to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ( 1950 ) , vol. 4 , pp. 72 -- 73
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ National Park Service History Series . John Brown 's Raid ( 2009 ) , p. 16
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Oates ( 1984 ) , p. 248
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ National Park Service . John Brown 's Raid ( 2009 ) , p. 16
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Oates ( 1984 ) , pp. 284 -- 85
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Oates ( 1984 ) , p. 285
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Ted McGee ( April 5 , 1973 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Nomination : Beall - Air '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on February 3 , 2013
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Frances D. Ruth ( July 1984 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Nomination : Allstadt House and Ordinary '' ( pdf ) . National Park Service
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Horton , James Oliver ; Lois E. Horton ( 2006 ) . Slavery and the Making of America . Oxford University Press USA . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0195304510 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Greeley , Horace ( 1864 ) . The American Conflict : A History : Part One . p. 292 . ISBN 9781417908288 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ National Park Service History Series . John Brown 's Raid ( 2009 ) , pp. 49 -- 50
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Emory M. Thomas , Robert E. Lee : A Biography ( 1995 ) pp. 180
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Israel Green , Eyewitness Account , University of Virginia
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Col. Robert E. Lee , Report to the Adjutant General Concerning the Attack at Harper 's Ferry , University of Missouri Kansas City , Law School
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Simmons , William J. , and Henry McNeal Turner . Men of Mark : Eminent , Progressive and Rising . GM Rowell & Company , 1887 . p. 160
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Oates 1984 , p. 351
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Horowitz 2011 , p. 212
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ James M. McPherson . Battle Cry of Freedom . New York : Oxford University Press ( 1988 ) , pp. 207 -- 08 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Norton Anthology of American Literature , Volume B. p. 2057 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Reynolds , John Brown ( 2006 ) , p. 340
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ James M. McPherson , Battle cry of freedom : the Civil War era ( 2003 ) p. 210
    30. \n
  30. \n ^ Jump up to : `` John Brown 's Men Disinterred '' . New York Times . August 29 , 1899 . access - date = requires url = ( help )
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Stephen Vincent Benet . John Brown 's Body . New York . Rinehart & Co. ( 1927 ) , p. 33
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Stephen B. Oates ( 1984 ) . To Purge this Land with Blood , p. 296
    33. \n
\n

\n Bibliography ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Library resources about John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry
\n
    \n
  • \n Online books
    • \n
  • \n Resources in your library
    • \n
  • \n Resources in other libraries
    • \n
\n
\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry .
\n \n

\n Coordinates : 39 \u00b0 19 \u2032 23 '' N 77 \u00b0 43 \u2032 49 '' W \ufeff / \ufeff 39.32306 \u00b0 N 77.73028 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 39.32306 ; - 77.73028

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Harriet Tubman
\n Events \n
    \n
  • \n Underground Railroad
    • \n
  • \n John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry
    • \n
  • \n Raid at Combahee Ferry
    • \n
\n
\n Locations \n
    \n
  • \n Harriet Tubman Grave
    • \n
  • \n Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad State Park
      \n
    • \n visitor center
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Harriet Tubman Memorial Garden
    • \n
  • \n Harriet Tubman National Historical Park
    • \n
  • \n Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Historical Park
    • \n
  • \n Salem Chapel National Historic Site
    • \n
\n
\n Homages and memorials \n
    \n
  • \n A Woman Called Moses
    • \n
  • \n SS Harriet Tubman
    • \n
  • \n Harriet Tubman Memorial ( Boston )
    • \n
  • \n The Quest for Freedom
    • \n
  • \n The Railroad to Freedom : A Story of the Civil War
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&oldid=838548002 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who led the soldiers in ending the raid on the harper's ferry arsenal", "long_answers": ["By 3 : 30 that afternoon , President James Buchanan ordered a company of U.S. Marines ( the only government troops in the immediate area ) to march on Harpers Ferry under the command of Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee , lieutenant colonel of the 2nd U.S. Cavalry Regiment. Lee had been on leave from his regiment , stationed in Texas , when he was hastily called to lead the detachment and had to command it while wearing his civilian clothes .\n", "John Brown 's raid on Harper 's Ferry ( also known as John Brown 's raid or The raid on Harper 's Ferry ) was an effort by armed abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry , Virginia . Brown 's party of 22 was defeated by a company of U.S. Marines , led by First Lieutenant Israel Greene . Colonel Robert E. Lee was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal . John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass , both of whom he had met in his transformative years as an abolitionist in Springfield , Massachusetts , to join him in his raid , but Tubman was prevented by illness and Douglass declined , as he believed Brown 's plan would fail .\n"], "short_answers": ["First Lieutenant Israel Greene\n", "Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee\n", "Colonel Robert E. Lee\n"]} {"text": "Disney 's Art of Animation resort - wikipedia

\n Disney 's Art of Animation resort

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Disney 's Art of Animation Resort
\n
\n Location \n ESPN Wide World of Sports Resort Area
\n Resort type \n Value resort
\n Opened \n May 31 , 2012
\n Theme \n Walt Disney characters
\n Areas \n Cars Finding Nemo The Lion King The Little Mermaid
\n Rooms \n 984
\n Suites \n 1,120
\n Green lodge \n yes
\n

\n Disney 's Art of Animation Resort is a resort within Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista , Florida . It is located where construction on the unfinished half of Disney 's Pop Century Resort was started but later abandoned after the September 11 attacks .

\n

\n The resort is the first to be built in the complex in over seven years and the fifth to be placed in the value - priced category , along with Disney 's All - Star Sports Resort , the All - Star Music Resort , the All - Star Movies Resort , and Disney 's Pop Century Resort . Family suites opened on May 31 , 2012 , and standard rooms opened on September 15 , 2012 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Overview ( edit )

\n An incomplete Pop Century Legendary Years building can be seen across the Hourglass Lake . The Generation Gap Bridge would have connected both halves of the resort .

\n Originally , the land the Art of Animation Resort occupies was planned to be part of Disney 's Pop Century Resort as part of the `` Legendary Years '' section . Several buildings were constructed for these plans , some even to the point of adding decorative details . While one - half of Pop Century ( the `` Classic Years '' ) opened in 2003 , the other half was left abandoned following the tourism halt after the September 11 attacks on the United States .

\n

\n Disney started to prepare the land for the resort in January 2010 , and construction began in the summer of that year . At the time of this announcement on May 12 , 2010 , Disney did not say how much construction is expecting to cost , but it was mentioned that approximately 800 jobs would be produced .

\n

\n When the `` Legendary Years '' buildings were first being made , a bridge named the Generation Gap Bridge was constructed to connect both parts of Pop Century and made them accessible to each other . The bridge connects Pop Century to the Finding Nemo section of the Art of Animation Resort .

\n

\n Theming ( edit )

\n

\n The resort is designed `` with families in mind . '' It features four of Disney 's popular character themes : Cars , Finding Nemo , The Lion King , and The Little Mermaid . Much like the other Disney Value Resorts , giant versions of various items are built around the hotel on each of the ten wings , such as a 35 - foot ( 11 m ) model of King Triton . In total , there are 1,984 rooms. of which 1,120 are family suites capable of housing up to six people , featuring living rooms and bedrooms . The remaining 864 sport the standard value layout . The resort has a total of ten buildings , as well as three themed pools .

\n \n

\n Dining and shopping ( edit )

\n \n

\n Gallery ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Disney 's Art of Animation Resort .
\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Art of Animation Resort '' .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` New Disney hotel : Disney to build 2,000 - room hotel dubbed Disney 's Art of Animation Resort '' . TheDailyDisney.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : `` More details on Disney 's Art of Animation Resort '' . TheDisneyBlog.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Art of Animation Resort Unveiled `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . May 12 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2010 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` First look at new Art of Animation Resort concept art and rooms shown at Destination D: Walt Disney World '' . Inside the Magic .
    6. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Walt Disney World Resorts
\n Location \n Deluxe \n Moderate \n Value \n Deluxe Villa / Disney Vacation Club
\n Magic Kingdom Resort Area \n Disney 's Contemporary Resort Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa Disney 's Polynesian Village Resort Disney 's Wilderness Lodge \n None \n None \n Bay Lake Tower at Disney 's Contemporary Resort Disney 's Polynesian Villas & Bungalows The Villas at Disney 's Grand Floridian Resort & Spa Boulder Ridge Villas at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge Copper Creek Villas & Cabins at Disney 's Wilderness Lodge
\n Epcot Resort Area \n Disney 's Beach Club Resort Disney 's BoardWalk Inn Disney 's Yacht Club Resort Star Wars Hotel \n Disney 's Caribbean Beach Resort \n None \n Disney 's Beach Club Villas Disney 's BoardWalk Villas Disney Riviera Resort
\n Animal Kingdom Resort Area \n Disney 's Animal Kingdom Lodge \n Disney 's Coronado Springs Resort \n Disney 's All - Star Movies Resort Disney 's All - Star Music Resort Disney 's All - Star Sports Resort \n Disney 's Animal Kingdom Villas
\n Disney Springs Resort Area \n None \n Disney 's Port Orleans Resort - French Quarter Disney 's Port Orleans Resort - Riverside \n None \n Disney 's Old Key West Resort Disney 's Saratoga Springs Resort & Spa
\n ESPN Wide World of Sports Resort Area \n None \n None \n Disney 's Art of Animation Resort Disney 's Pop Century Resort \n None
\n Campsites and cabins \n Disney 's Fort Wilderness Resort & Campground
\n Residental \n Golden Oak at Walt Disney World Resort
\n Non-Disney Resorts \n B Resort & Spa Best Western Buena Vista Palace Doubletree Four Seasons Hilton Holiday Inn Shades of Green Walt Disney World Dolphin Walt Disney World Swan Wyndham
\n

\n Coordinates : 28 \u00b0 21 \u2032 0.98 '' N 81 \u00b0 32 \u2032 54.59 '' W \ufeff / \ufeff 28.3502722 \u00b0 N 81.5484972 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 28.3502722 ; - 81.5484972

\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disney%27s_Art_of_Animation_Resort&oldid=799926127 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "when did disney art of animation resort open", "long_answers": ["The resort is the first to be built in the complex in over seven years and the fifth to be placed in the value - priced category , along with Disney 's All - Star Sports Resort , the All - Star Music Resort , the All - Star Movies Resort , and Disney 's Pop Century Resort . Family suites opened on May 31 , 2012 , and standard rooms opened on September 15 , 2012 .\n", "Disney 's Art of Animation Resort Location ESPN Wide World of Sports Resort Area Resort type Value resort Opened May 31 , 2012 Theme Walt Disney characters Areas Cars Finding Nemo The Lion King The Little Mermaid Rooms 984 Suites 1,120 Green lodge yes\n"], "short_answers": ["May 31 , 2012\n", "May 31 , 2012\n", "May 31 , 2012\n", "May 31 , 2012\n", "May 31 , 2012\n"]} {"text": "Gymnosperm - wikipedia

\n Gymnosperm

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Gymnosperms Temporal range : 370 -- 0 Ma Pre\u0404 \u0404 Pg Devonian - Present
\n
\n Various gymnosperms .
\n Scientific classification
\n Kingdom : \n Plantae
\n Subkingdom : \n Embryophyta
\n ( unranked ) : \n Gymnospermae ( paraphyletic )
\n Divisions
\n

\n Pinophyta ( or Coniferophyta ) - Conifers Ginkgophyta - Ginkgo Cycadophyta - Cycads Gnetophyta - Gnetum , Ephedra , Welwitschia

\n
\n Encephalartos sclavoi cone , about 30 cm long

\n The gymnosperms are a group of seed - producing plants that includes conifers , cycads , Ginkgo , and gnetophytes . The term `` gymnosperm '' comes from the Greek composite word \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 ( \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 gymnos , `` naked '' and \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 sperma , `` seed '' ) , meaning `` naked seeds '' . The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds ( called ovules in their unfertilized state ) . The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants ( angiosperms ) , which are enclosed within an ovary . Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves , which are often modified to form cones , or solitary as in Yew , Torreya , Ginkgo .

\n

\n The gymnosperms and angiosperms together compose the spermatophytes or seed plants . The gymnosperms are divided into six phyla . Organisms that belong to the Cycadophyta , Ginkgophyta , Gnetophyta , and Pinophyta ( also known as Coniferophyta ) phyla are still in existence while those in the Pteridospermales and Cordaitales phyla are now extinct .

\n

\n By far the largest group of living gymnosperms are the conifers ( pines , cypresses , and relatives ) , followed by cycads , gnetophytes ( Gnetum , Ephedra and Welwitschia ) , and Ginkgo biloba ( a single living species ) . Roots in some genera have fungal association with roots in the form of mycorrhiza ( Pinus ) , while in some others ( Cycas ) small specialised roots called coralloid roots are associated with nitrogen - fixing cyanobacteria .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Classification ( edit )

\n Further information : Spermatophyte

\n In early classification schemes , the gymnosperms ( Gymnospermae ) were regarded as a `` natural '' group . There is conflicting evidence on the question of whether the living gymnosperms form a clade . The fossil record of gymnosperms includes many distinctive taxa that do not belong to the four modern groups , including seed - bearing trees that have a somewhat fern - like vegetative morphology ( the so - called `` seed ferns '' or pteridosperms . ) When fossil gymnosperms such as Bennettitales , Caytonia and the glossopterids are considered , it is clear that angiosperms are nested within a larger gymnosperm clade , although which group of gymnosperms is their closest relative remains unclear .

\n

\n For the most recent classification on extant gymnosperms see Christenhusz et al. ( 2011 ) . There are 12 families , 83 known genera with a total of ca 1080 known species ( Christenhusz & Byng 2016 ) .

\n

\n Subclass Cycadidae

\n \n

\n Subclass Ginkgoidae

\n \n

\n Subclass Gnetidae

\n \n

\n Subclass Pinidae

\n \n

\n Diversity and origin ( edit )

\n

\n There are more than 1000 extant or currently living species of gymnosperms in 88 plant genera belonging to 14 plant families .

\n

\n It is widely accepted that the gymnosperms originated in the late Carboniferous period , replacing the lycopsid rainforests of the tropical region . This appears to have been the result of a whole genome duplication event around 319 million years ago . Early characteristics of seed plants were evident in fossil progymnosperms of the late Devonian period around 383 million years ago . It has been suggested that during the mid-Mesozoic era , pollination of some extinct groups of gymnosperms was by extinct species of scorpionflies that had specialized proboscis for feeding on pollination drops . The scorpionflies likely engaged in pollination mutualisms with gymnosperms , long before the similar and independent coevolution of nectar - feeding insects on angiosperms . Evidence has also been found that mid-Mesozoic gymnosperms were pollinated by Kalligrammatid lacewings , a now - extinct genus with members which ( in an example of convergent evolution ) resembled the modern butterflies that arose far later .

\n Zamia integrifolia , a cycad native to Florida

\n Conifers are by far the most abundant extant group of gymnosperms with six to eight families , with a total of 65 - 70 genera and 600 - 630 species ( 696 accepted names ) . Conifers are woody plants and most are evergreens . The leaves of many conifers are long , thin and needle - like , other species , including most Cupressaceae and some Podocarpaceae , have flat , triangular scale - like leaves . Agathis in Araucariaceae and Nageia in Podocarpaceae have broad , flat strap - shaped leaves .

\n

\n Cycads are the next most abundant group of gymnosperms , with two or three families , 11 genera , and approximately 338 species . A majority of cycads are native to tropical climates and are most abundantly found in regions near the equator . The other extant groups are the 95 - 100 species of Gnetales and one species of Ginkgo .

\n

\n Uses ( edit )

\n

\n Gymnosperms have major economic uses . Pine , fir , spruce , and cedar are all examples of conifers that are used for lumber , paper production , and resin . Some other common uses for gymnosperms are soap , varnish , nail polish , food , gum , and perfumes .

\n

\n Life cycle ( edit )

\n Example of gymnosperm lifecycle

\n Gymnosperms , like all vascular plants , have a sporophyte - dominant life cycle , which means they spend most of their life cycle with diploid cells , while the gametophyte ( gamete - bearing phase ) is relatively short - lived . Two spore types , microspores and megaspores , are typically produced in pollen cones or ovulate cones , respectively . Gametophytes , as with all heterosporous plants , develop within the spore wall . Pollen grains ( microgametophytes ) mature from microspores , and ultimately produce sperm cells . Megagametophytes develop from megaspores and are retained within the ovule . Gymnosperms produce multiple archegonia , which produce the female gamete . During pollination , pollen grains are physically transferred between plants from the pollen cone to the ovule . Pollen is usually moved by wind or insects . Whole grains enter each ovule through a microscopic gap in the ovule coat ( integument ) called the micropyle . The pollen grains mature further inside the ovule and produce sperm cells . Two main modes of fertilization are found in gymnosperms . Cycads and Ginkgo have motile sperm that swim directly to the egg inside the ovule , whereas conifers and gnetophytes have sperm with no flagella that are moved along a pollen tube to the egg . After syngamy ( joining of the sperm and egg cell ) , the zygote develops into an embryo ( young sporophyte ) . More than one embryo is usually initiated in each gymnosperm seed . The mature seed comprises the embryo and the remains of the female gametophyte , which serves as a food supply , and the seed coat .

\n

\n Genetics ( edit )

\n

\n The first published sequenced genome for any gymnosperm was the genome of Picea abies in 2013 .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Gymnosperms on The Plant List '' . Theplantlist.org . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Raven , P.H. ( 2013 ) . Biology of Plants . New York : W.H. Freeman and Co .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Jeffrey D. Palmer ; Douglas E. Soltis ; Mark W. Chase ( 2004 ) . `` The plant tree of life : an overview and some points of view '' . American Journal of Botany. 91 ( 10 ) : 1437 -- 1445 . doi : 10.3732 / ajb. 91.10. 1437 . PMID 21652302 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Stevens , P.F. `` Angiosperm Phylogeny Website - Seed Plant Evolution '' .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Hilton , Jason , and Richard M. Bateman. 2006 . Pteridosperms are the backbone of seed - plant phylogeny . Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 133 : 119 - 168 ( abstract )
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Christenhusz , M.J.M. ; Reveal , J.L. ; Farjon , A. ; Gardner , M.F. ; Mill , R.R. ; Chase , M.W. ( 2011 ) . `` A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms '' ( PDF ) . Phytotaxa. 19 : 55 -- 70 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Christenhusz , M.J.M. ; Byng , J.W. ( 2016 ) . `` The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase '' . Phytotaxa . Magnolia Press . 261 ( 3 ) : 201 -- 217 . doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 261.3. 1 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Sahney , S. ; Benton , M.J. & Falcon - Lang , H.J. ( 2010 ) . `` Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica '' ( PDF ) . Geology. 38 ( 12 ) : 1079 -- 1082 . Bibcode : 2010Geo ... 38.1079 S . doi : 10.1130 / G31182. 1 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Campbell and Reece ; Biology , Eighth edition
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Jiao Y , Wickett NJ , Ayyampalayam S , Chanderbali AS , Landherr L , Ralph PE , Tomsho LP , Hu Y , Liang H , Soltis PS , Soltis DE , Clifton SW , Schlarbaum SE , Schuster SC , Ma H , Leebens - Mack J , Depamphilis CW ( 2011 ) Ancestral polyploidy in seed plants and angiosperms . Nature
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Ollerton , J. ; Coulthard , E. ( 2009 ) . `` Evolution of Animal Pollination '' . Science . 326 ( 5954 ) : 808 -- 809 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1181154 . PMID 19892970 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Ren , D ; Labandeira , CC ; Santiago - Blay , JA ; Rasnitsyn , A ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` A Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms : Eurasian , Long - Proboscid Scorpionflies '' . Science . 326 ( 5954 ) : 840 -- 847 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1178338 . PMC 2944650 . PMID 19892981 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Labandeira , Conrad C. ; Yang , Qiang ; Santiago - Blay , Jorge A. ; Hotton , Carol L. ; Monteiro , Ant\u00f3nia ; Wang , Yong - Jie ; Goreva , Yulia ; Shih , ChungKun ; Siljestr\u00f6m , Sandra ; Rose , Tim R. ; Dilcher , David L. ; Ren , Dong . `` The evolutionary convergence of mid-Mesozoic lacewings and Cenozoic butterflies '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 283 ( 1824 ) : 20152893 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2015.2893 . PMC 4760178 . PMID 26842570 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Catalogue of Life : 2007 Annual checklist - Conifer database Archived January 15 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Campbell , Reece , `` Phylum Coniferophyta . '' Biology . 7th . 2005 . Print . P. 595
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Walters , Dirk R Walters Bonnie By ( 1996 ) . Vascular plant taxonomy . Dubuque , Iowa : Kendall / Hunt Pub. Co. p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7872 - 2108 - 9 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Nystedt , B ; Street , NR ; Wetterbom , A ; et al. ( May 2013 ) . `` The Norway spruce genome sequence and conifer genome evolution '' . Nature . 497 : 579 -- 584 . doi : 10.1038 / nature12211 . PMID 23698360 .
    18. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gymnosperm .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Botany
\n History of botany
\n Subdisciplines \n
    \n
  • \n Plant systematics
    • \n
  • \n Ethnobotany
    • \n
  • \n Paleobotany
    • \n
  • \n Plant anatomy
    • \n
  • \n Plant ecology
    • \n
  • \n Phytogeography
      \n
    • \n Geobotany
      • \n
    • \n Flora
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Phytochemistry
    • \n
  • \n Plant pathology
    • \n
  • \n Bryology
    • \n
  • \n Phycology
    • \n
  • \n Floristics
    • \n
  • \n Dendrology
    • \n
\n
\n Plant groups \n
    \n
  • \n Algae
    • \n
  • \n Archaeplastida
    • \n
  • \n Bryophyte
    • \n
  • \n Non-vascular plants
    • \n
  • \n Vascular plants
    • \n
  • \n Spermatophytes
    • \n
  • \n Pteridophyte
    • \n
  • \n Gymnosperm
    • \n
  • \n Angiosperm
    • \n
\n
\n Plant morphology ( glossary ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Plant cells \n
    \n
  • \n Cell wall
    • \n
  • \n Phragmoplast
    • \n
  • \n Plastid
    • \n
  • \n Plasmodesma
    • \n
  • \n Vacuole
    • \n
\n
\n Tissues \n
    \n
  • \n Meristem
    • \n
  • \n Vascular tissue
      \n
    • \n Vascular bundle
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ground tissue
      \n
    • \n Mesophyll
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Cork
    • \n
  • \n Wood
    • \n
  • \n Storage organs
    • \n
\n
\n Vegetative \n
    \n
  • \n Root
    • \n
  • \n Rhizoid
    • \n
  • \n Bulb
    • \n
  • \n Rhizome
    • \n
  • \n Shoot
      \n
    • \n Stem
      • \n
    • \n Leaf
        \n
      • \n Petiole
        • \n
      • \n Cataphyll
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Bud
      • \n
    • \n Sessility
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Reproductive ( Flower ) \n
    \n
  • \n Flower development
    • \n
  • \n Inflorescence
      \n
    • \n Umbel
      • \n
    • \n Raceme
      • \n
    • \n Bract
      • \n
    • \n Pedicellate
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Flower
      \n
    • \n Whorl
      • \n
    • \n Floral symmetry
      • \n
    • \n Floral diagram
      • \n
    • \n Floral formula
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Receptacle
    • \n
  • \n Hypanthium ( Floral cup )
    • \n
  • \n Perianth
      \n
    • \n Tepal
      • \n
    • \n Petal
      • \n
    • \n Sepal
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Sporophyll
    • \n
  • \n Gynoecium
      \n
    • \n Ovary
        \n
      • \n Ovule
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Stigma
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Archegonium
    • \n
  • \n Androecium
      \n
    • \n Stamen
      • \n
    • \n Staminode
      • \n
    • \n Pollen
      • \n
    • \n Tapetum
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Gynandrium
    • \n
  • \n Gametophyte
    • \n
  • \n Sporophyte
    • \n
  • \n Plant embryo
    • \n
  • \n Fruit
      \n
    • \n Fruit anatomy
      • \n
    • \n Berry
      • \n
    • \n Capsule
      • \n
    • \n Seed
        \n
      • \n Seed dispersal
        • \n
      • \n Endosperm
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Surface structures \n
    \n
  • \n Epicuticular wax
    • \n
  • \n Plant cuticle
    • \n
  • \n Epidermis
    • \n
  • \n Stoma
    • \n
  • \n Nectary
    • \n
  • \n Trichome
    • \n
  • \n Prickle
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Plant physiology
    • \n
  • \n Materials
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Nutrition
    • \n
  • \n Photosynthesis
      \n
    • \n Chlorophyll
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Plant hormone
    • \n
  • \n Transpiration
    • \n
  • \n Turgor pressure
    • \n
  • \n Bulk flow
    • \n
  • \n Aleurone
    • \n
  • \n Phytomelanin
    • \n
  • \n Sugar
    • \n
  • \n Sap
    • \n
  • \n Starch
    • \n
  • \n Cellulose
    • \n
\n
\n Plant growth and habit \n
    \n
  • \n Secondary growth
    • \n
  • \n Woody plants
    • \n
  • \n Herbaceous plants
    • \n
  • \n Habit
      \n
    • \n Vines
        \n
      • \n Lianas
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Shrubs
        \n
      • \n Subshrubs
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Trees
      • \n
    • \n Succulent plants
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Reproduction
    \n
  • \n Evolution
    • \n
  • \n Ecology
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Alternation of generations
    • \n
  • \n Sporangium
      \n
    • \n Spore
      • \n
    • \n Microsporangia
        \n
      • \n Microspore
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    • \n Megasporangium
        \n
      • \n Megaspore
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Pollination
      \n
    • \n Pollinators
      • \n
    • \n Pollen tube
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Double fertilization
    • \n
  • \n Germination
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary development
    • \n
  • \n Evolutionary history
      \n
    • \n timeline
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Hardiness zone
    • \n
\n
\n Plant taxonomy \n
    \n
  • \n History of plant systematics
    • \n
  • \n Herbarium
    • \n
  • \n Biological classification
    • \n
  • \n Botanical nomenclature
      \n
    • \n Botanical name
      • \n
    • \n Correct name
      • \n
    • \n Author citation
      • \n
    • \n International Code of Nomenclature for algae , fungi , and plants ( ICN )
      • \n
    • \n - for Cultivated Plants ( ICNCP )
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Taxonomic rank
    • \n
  • \n International Association for Plant Taxonomy ( IAPT )
    • \n
  • \n Plant taxonomy systems
    • \n
  • \n Cultivated plant taxonomy
      \n
    • \n Citrus taxonomy
      • \n
    • \n cultigen
        \n
      • \n cultivar
        • \n
      • \n Group
        • \n
      • \n grex
        • \n
      \n
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Practice \n
    \n
  • \n Agronomy
    • \n
  • \n Floriculture
    • \n
  • \n Forestry
    • \n
  • \n Horticulture
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Lists
    • \n
  • \n Related topics
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Botanical terms
    • \n
  • \n Botanists
      \n
    • \n by author abbreviation
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Botanical expedition
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
  • \n WikiProject
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Classification of Archaeplastida / Plantae sensu lato
\n
\n
\n Domain
\n
\n Archaea
\n
\n Bacteria
\n
\n Eukaryota
\n
\n ( Supergroup
\n
\n Plant
\n
\n Hacrobia
\n
\n Heterokont
\n
\n Alveolata
\n
\n Rhizaria
\n
\n Excavata
\n
\n Amoebozoa
\n
\n Opisthokonta
\n
\n Animal
\n
\n Fungi )
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n Rhodophyta ( red algae ) \n
    \n
  • \n Cyanidiophyceae
    • \n
  • \n Porphyridiophyceae
    • \n
  • \n Compsopogonophyceae
    • \n
  • \n Stylonematophyceae
    • \n
  • \n Rhodellophyceae
    • \n
  • \n Bangiophyceae
    • \n
  • \n Florideophyceae
    • \n
\n
\n Glaucocystophyta ( glaucophytes ) \n
    \n
  • \n Glaucocystophyceae
      \n
    • \n Glaucocystis
      • \n
    • \n Cyanophora
      • \n
    • \n Gloeochaete
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Viridiplantae ( green algae & land plants ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Chlorophyta \n
    \n
  • \n Palmophyllales
    • \n
  • \n Nephroselmidophyceae
    • \n
  • \n Prasinophyceae
    • \n
  • \n Pseudoscourfieldiales
    • \n
  • \n Pyramimonadophyceae
    • \n
  • \n Scourfieldiales
    • \n
  • \n Pedinophyceae
    • \n
  • \n Chlorodendrophyceae
    • \n
  • \n UTC clade
      \n
    • \n Ulvophyceae
      • \n
    • \n Trebouxiophyceae
      • \n
    • \n Chlorophyceae
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Streptophyta ( charophytes , & land plants ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Mesostigmatophyceae
    • \n
  • \n Chlorokybophyceae
    • \n
  • \n Klebsormidiophyceae
    • \n
\n
\n Phragmo - plastophyta \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Charophyceae
    • \n
  • \n Coleochaetophyceae
    • \n
  • \n Zygnematophyceae
    • \n
\n
\n Embryophyta ( land plants ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Bryophytes ( non-vascular ) \n
    \n
  • \n Marchantiophyta
    • \n
  • \n Anthocerotophyta
    • \n
  • \n Bryophyta `` Moss ''
    • \n
  • \n \u2020 Horneophytopsida
    • \n
\n
\n Tracheophyta ( vascular ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Lycopodiophyta ( microphylls ) \n
    \n
  • \n \u2020 Zosterophyllopsida
    • \n
  • \n \u2020 Sawdoniales
    • \n
  • \n Isoetopsida
    • \n
  • \n Lycopodiopsida
    • \n
\n
\n Euphyllophyta ( megaphylls ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Moniliformopses ( ferns ) \n
    \n
  • \n \u2020 Cladoxylopsida
    • \n
  • \n \u2020 Stauropteridales
    • \n
  • \n \u2020 Zygopteridales
    • \n
  • \n Equisetopsida
    • \n
  • \n Psilotopsida
    • \n
  • \n Marattiopsida
    • \n
  • \n Filicopsida
    • \n
\n
\n Spermatophyta ( seed plants ) \n
    \n
  • \n \u2020 Seed ferns
    • \n
  • \n Gymnosperms
      \n
    • \n Gnetopsida
      • \n
    • \n Pinopsida
      • \n
    • \n Cycadopsida
      • \n
    • \n Ginkgoopsida
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Angiosperms or flowering plants
      \n
    • \n Amborellales
      • \n
    • \n Nymphaeales
      • \n
    • \n Austrobaileyales
      • \n
    • \n Magnoliids
      • \n
    • \n Monocots
      • \n
    • \n Eudicots
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n \u2020 Trimerophytopsida
    • \n
  • \n \u2020 Progymnosperm
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n \u2020 Rhyniopsida
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n \u2020 = extinct . See also the list of plant orders .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Nuts
\n True , or botanical nuts \n
    \n
  • \n Acorn
    • \n
  • \n Beech
      \n
    • \n American beech
      • \n
    • \n European beech
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Breadnut
    • \n
  • \n Candlenut
    • \n
  • \n Chestnut
      \n
    • \n Sweet chestnut
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Hazelnut
      \n
    • \n American hazel
      • \n
    • \n Beaked hazel
      • \n
    • \n European hazel
      • \n
    • \n Filbert
      • \n
    • \n Asian hazel
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Johnstone River almond
    • \n
  • \n Kola nut
    • \n
  • \n Kurrajong
    • \n
  • \n Malabar chestnut
    • \n
  • \n Mongongo
    • \n
  • \n Palm nut
    • \n
  • \n Karuka
      \n
    • \n Planted karuka
      • \n
    • \n Wild karuka
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Red bopple nut
    • \n
  • \n Yellow walnut
    • \n
\n
\n Drupes \n
    \n
  • \n Almond
    • \n
  • \n Australian cashew nut
    • \n
  • \n Betel nut
    • \n
  • \n Borneo tallow nut
    • \n
  • \n Breadfruit
    • \n
  • \n Cashew
    • \n
  • \n Chilean hazel
    • \n
  • \n Coconut
    • \n
  • \n Durian
    • \n
  • \n Gabon nut
    • \n
  • \n Hickory
      \n
    • \n Mockernut hickory
      • \n
    • \n Pecan
      • \n
    • \n Shagbark hickory
      • \n
    • \n Shellbark hickory
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Irvingia gabonensis
    • \n
  • \n Jack nut
    • \n
  • \n Panda oleosa
    • \n
  • \n Pekea nut
    • \n
  • \n Pili nut
    • \n
  • \n Pistachio
    • \n
  • \n Walnut
      \n
    • \n Black walnut
      • \n
    • \n Butternut
      • \n
    • \n English walnut
      • \n
    • \n Heartnut
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Gymnosperms \n
    \n
  • \n Cycad
      \n
    • \n Burrawang nut
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Ginkgo nut
    • \n
  • \n Araucaria spp .
      \n
    • \n Bunya nut
      • \n
    • \n Monkey - puzzle nut
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Pine nut
      \n
    • \n Chilgoza pine
      • \n
    • \n Colorado pinyon
      • \n
    • \n Korean pine
      • \n
    • \n Mexican pinyon
      • \n
    • \n Single - leaf pinyon
      • \n
    • \n Stone pine
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Angiosperms \n
    \n
  • \n Brazil nut
    • \n
  • \n Macadamia
      \n
    • \n Macadamia nut
      • \n
    • \n Queensland macadamia nut
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Paradise nut
    • \n
  • \n Peanut
    • \n
  • \n Peanut tree
    • \n
  • \n Soybean
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Taxon identifiers \n
    \n
  • \n Wd : Q133712
    • \n
  • \n EoL : 28872220
    • \n
  • \n ITIS : 846506
    • \n
  • \n Tropicos : 43000115
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n GND : 4129481 - 6
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 00569301
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gymnosperm&oldid=820812101 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "the seed of a gymnosperm seed is made in the", "long_answers": ["The gymnosperms are a group of seed - producing plants that includes conifers , cycads , Ginkgo , and gnetophytes . The term `` gymnosperm '' comes from the Greek composite word \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03cc\u03c3\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 ( \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03cc\u03c2 gymnos , `` naked '' and \u03c3\u03c0\u03ad\u03c1\u03bc\u03b1 sperma , `` seed '' ) , meaning `` naked seeds '' . The name is based on the unenclosed condition of their seeds ( called ovules in their unfertilized state ) . The non-encased condition of their seeds stands in contrast to the seeds and ovules of flowering plants ( angiosperms ) , which are enclosed within an ovary . Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of scales or leaves , which are often modified to form cones , or solitary as in Yew , Torreya , Ginkgo .\n"], "short_answers": ["either on the surface of scales or leaves\n", "either on the surface of scales or leaves\n", "either on the surface of scales or leaves , which are often modified to form cones , or solitary\n", "the surface of scales or leaves\n"]} {"text": "Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series , season 8 ) - wikipedia

\n Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series , season 8 )

\n Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 TV series , season 8 ) . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Hawaii Five - 0 ( season 8 )
\n Hawaii Five - 0 Season 8 Promotional Poster
\n Starring \n
    \n
  • \n Alex O'Loughlin
    • \n
  • \n Scott Caan
    • \n
  • \n Meaghan Rath
    • \n
  • \n Jorge Garcia
    • \n
  • \n Taylor Wily
    • \n
  • \n Dennis Chun
    • \n
  • \n Kimee Balmilero
    • \n
  • \n Chi McBride
    • \n
  • \n Beulah Koale
    • \n
  • \n Ian Anthony Dale
    • \n
\n
\n Country of origin \n United States
\n No. of episodes \n 14
\n Release
\n Original network \n CBS
\n Original release \n September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) -- present
\n Season chronology
\n \u2190 Previous Season 7
\n List of Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series ) episodes
\n

\n The eighth season of the CBS police procedural drama series Hawaii Five - 0 premiered on September 29 , 2017 for the 2017 -- 18 television season . The season is expected to contain 24 episodes .

\n

\n This is the first season not to feature Daniel Dae Kim , Grace Park , and Masi Oka . This is also the first season to feature Meaghan Rath and Beulah Koale , who joined as new main cast members . In addition , longtime recurring cast members Dennis Chun , Kimee Balmilero , and Taylor Wily were promoted to series regulars , while other longtime recurring cast member Ian Anthony Dale joined as a series regular in the seventh episode .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Cast and characters ( edit )

\n

\n Main cast ( edit )

\n \n

\n Recurring cast ( edit )

\n \n

\n Guest stars ( edit )

\n \n

\n

\n

\n Episodes ( edit )

\n See also : List of Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 TV series ) episodes \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . overall \n No. in season \n Title \n Directed by \n Written by \n Original air date \n Prod . code \n U.S. viewers ( millions )
\n 169 \n \n `` A'ole e ' olelo mai ana ke ahi ua ana ia '' `` Fire Will Never Say that It Has Had Enough '' \n Bryan Spicer \n Peter M. Lenkov & Eric Guggenheim & Rob Hanning \n September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) \n 801 \n 8.64
\n

\n Five - 0 investigates a world class hacker ( Joey Lawrence ) , who turns out to be the brother of serial hacker Ian Wright , after the former hacks into the Hawaii State prison and releases serial murderer / arsonist Jason DuClair ( Randy Couture ) . DuClair soon leads the team on a manhunt that ends with a massive wildfire . With Kono and Chin on the mainland running their own respective task forces , McGarrett and Danny recruit lifeguard and former police candidate Tani Rey ( Meaghan Rath ) to join the task force to assist them but she is reluctant to do so . Meanwhile , McGarrett and Danny begin to invest in a restaurant .

\n Note : This is the first episode to feature Meaghan Rath , Taylor Wily , Dennis Chun and Kimee Balmilero as series regulars .
\n 170 \n \n `` Na La ' Ilio '' `` Dog Days '' \n Tara Miele \n David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler \n October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) \n 803 \n 8.53
\n

\n After a failed DEA drug bust Five - 0 teams up with them to solve the case . Also former Navy SEAL Junior Reigns ( Beulah Koale ) turns to McGarrett looking for a job . Steve initially turns him down however , after he insists Steve introduces him to Duke Lukela then informs Junior that to become a part of the task force he will need to join and finish the Police academy .

\n Note : This is the first episode to feature Beulah Koale as a series regular .
\n 171 \n \n `` Kau pahi , ko'u kua . Kau pu , ko'u po'o '' `` Your Knife , My Back . My Gun , Your Head . '' \n Eagle Egilsson \n David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler \n October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) \n 802 \n 8.51
\n Five - 0 with the help of former MI6 agent Harry Langford ( guest star Chris Vance ) investigate the murder of Jimmy Okada and 9 members of his crime family . After his son Derek sends men to take out John Walcott , Five - 0 discovers that Walcott was more than a piano teacher , and that he was out seeking revenge for the death of his son Aiden , who died in a hit and run that Okada was responsible for . Also , Danny and Steve try their best by making dinner for Langford and his date .
\n 172 \n \n `` E uhi wale no ' a'ole e nalo , he imu puhi '' `` No Matter How Much One Covers a Steaming Imu , The Smoke Will Rise '' \n Antonio Negret \n Rob Hanning \n October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) \n 804 \n 8.67
\n Five - 0 's confidential informant Toast is murdered during a phone call between him and McGarrett . Five - 0 turns to Aaron Wright ( Joey Lawrence ) for help , but when Tani is ambushed in the hotel room with Wright , the team realise that Wright is behind the leak of their confidential informants . Kamekona is abducted by Joey Kang and beaten for information about lost money that Kang lost before he was captured . On another hand , Junior is proving efficient at the shooting field at the HPD academy , but after McGarrett finds him at a building set up for homeless people , he decides Junior can live with him while finishing at the academy .
\n 173 \n 5 \n `` Kama'oma'o , ka ' aina huli hana '' `` At Kama'oma'o , The Land of Activities '' \n Bronwen Hughes \n Peter M. Lenkov & Eric Guggenheim \n November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) \n 805 \n 8.63
\n On Halloween , Five - 0 ; later with the help of Alicia Brown ( Claire Forlani ) investigate the death of Tyler Riggins who is found dead in his truck stranded on the old Pali Highway . They are able to connect the recent murder of Bryon Hansen with Riggins ' murder , and discover that the murders are heavily based on old Hawaiian folklore and that it is the killers pattern . They later discover that the killer is Marissa Walker who has been missing for 12 years , and see her killings as her active revenge towards her sister . After talking to Hannah Bell , her daughter Lucey is kidnapped by Walker . Five - 0 manage to rescue Lucey before Walker can finish recreating what happened to herself . In the meantime , on the mainland ; Grover speaks to a captive named Sebastian Wake , who reveals true information about Clay Maxwell murdering his wife before he is executed .
\n 174 \n 6 \n `` Mohala I Ka Wai Ka Maka O Ka Pua '' `` Unfolded by the Water Are the Faces of the Flowers '' \n Carlos Bernard \n Eric Guggenheim & Zoe Robyn \n November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) \n 808 \n 9.21
\n When a man with a multiple personality disorder including a child and a protective father takes on the identity of a Honolulu Police Department officer and commits a series of murders Five - 0 must do everything they can to find him . Also Steve 's friends hold an intervention and hire a stress evaluator to try and help McGarrett reduce his stress .
\n 175 \n 7 \n `` Kau Ka ' Onohi Ali'i I Luna '' `` The Royal Eyes Rest Above '' \n Bryan Spicer \n Peter M. Lenkov & Eric Guggenheim \n November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) \n 807 \n 9.17
\n

\n After picking up Adam ( Ian Anthony Dale ) up from the airport McGarrett receives a call from Junior about a bank robbery in progress . Adam , Junior , and Steve then enter the bank and learn that the criminals escaped through a tunneled out hole in the safe . Steve pursues them through the tunnel while Adam and Junior follow on the street . Following an unsuccessful pursuit they then question a suspect who is then killed by one of the bank robbers while in the Iolani Palace . McGarrett and Grover pursue the suspects and are able to apprehend them following a gunfight . Also Tani keeps her brother from being arrested in a drug bust while Adam is forced to return to an empty home without Kono .

\n Note : This is the first episode to feature Ian Anthony Dale as a series regular .
\n 176 \n 8 \n `` He Kaha Lu'u Ke Ala , Mai Ho'okolo Aku '' `` The Trail Leads To A Diving Place ; Do Not Follow After '' \n Ron Underwood \n Liz Alper & Ally Seibert \n December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) \n 806 \n 8.56
\n Five - 0 is asked to investigate the plane crash of a stunt plane , which took the life of the famous stunt pilot Jason Sachs . Despite being refused access to investigate evidence by the NTSB , the team discovers it was a cover up , and take the lead investigator Callahan into custody . It 's later revealed that the real Sachs died in a car crash 6 years ago , and that the one that died was actually Luke Nixon , who had been going in as an informant undercover in the Guillermo crime family . The team manages to rescue Nixon 's wife and her son who were taken hostage by members of the crime family . Also , when a stunt plane happens to crash with Steve in it taking over for Nixon , he successfully manages to land .
\n 177 \n 9 \n `` Make Me Kai '' `` Death at Sea '' \n Maja Vrvilo \n David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler \n December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) \n 809 \n 9.07
\n Five - 0 investigates a woman who was found adrift from shore unconscious . McGarrett , Danny , Tani and Junior discover a yacht abandoned at sea and find 11 dead bodies , however , McGarrett suspects that these victims were killed with a deadly bioweapon and fears that he and his team are exposed . Meanwhile , Adam , Grover and Jerry have only 8 hours to track down the people responsible and find a antidote to save the team .
\n 178 \n 10 \n `` I Ka Wa Ma Mua , I Ka Wa Ma Hope '' `` The Future is in the Past '' \n Peter Weller \n Zoe Robyn \n December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) \n 810 \n 8.48
\n Following the events of the previous episode the team is recovering at the hospital in quarantine . The room is breached and Danny is shot . The team is unable to leave the room because an explosive is placed on the door . While Steve performs life saving operations on Danny the bomb squad breaches the room and Danny receives the treatment he needs . Also while unconscious Danny dreams of a future where Grace is marrying Will Grover , Charlie becomes a member of the Honolulu Police Department and is offered a job on Five - 0 by Tani , Adam and Kono have a child , and Tani is the new leader of the Five - 0 Task Force at the rank of Captain and is married to Junior .
\n 179 \n 11 \n `` Oni Kalalea Ke Ku A Ka La'au Loa '' `` A Tall Tree Stands Above the Others '' \n Tara Miele \n Rob Hanning \n December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) \n 811 \n 7.71
\n On Christmas Eve , Danny tells Charlie a bedtime story about injured veterans helping Five - 0 after Steve witnesses the aftermath of a gang of robbers dressed as Santa Claus . Also Junior officially becomes a member of the Five - 0 Task Force .
\n 180 \n 12 \n `` Ka Hopu Nui ' Ana '' `` The Round Up '' \n Eagle Egilsson \n David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler \n January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) \n 812 \n 9.96
\n When a government task - force is set up in the state with a goal to reduce gang related violence a member of the task force is killed in a bombing . The Five - 0 Task Force teams up with the government task - force , HPD , and the National Guard to solve the murder . Also Steve asks Adam to head up a special division within the Five - 0 Task Force which focuses solely on organized crime which he accepts .
\n 181 \n 13 \n `` O Ka Mea Ua Hala , Ua Hala Ia '' `` What is Gone is Gone '' \n Roderick Davis \n Sean O'Reilly \n January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) \n 813 \n 9.38
\n When Lou and his son come across a man attempting to commit suicide Grover attempts to talk to him down while the rest of the team investigates the case in an attempt to prove his innocence .
\n 182 \n 14 \n `` Na Keiki A Kalaihaohia '' `` The Children of Kalaihaohia '' \n Peter Weller \n Story by : Peter M. Lenkov Teleplay by : Eric Guggenheim \n January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) \n 814 \n 9.14
\n After Steve and Danny 's restaurant is robbed , McGarrett and Danny enlist help from Pua Kai at the Honolulu police to track down their stolen tools . Meanwhile , Five - 0 investigates a diamond smuggler corpse stolen from a graveyard , they must track down his partner before the stolen diamonds are smuggled out of Hawaii . Also , Adam recruits is first member of his organized crime task force as a confidential informant at the same time helps Tani 's brother get a job in construction .
\n 183 \n 15 \n `` He puko'a kani ' aina '' `` A Coral Reef Strengthens Out into Land '' \n Bryan Spicer \n David Wolkove & Matt Wheeler \n February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) \n 815 \n TBD
\n

\n Production ( edit )

\n

\n On March 23 , 2017 , CBS renewed the series for an eighth season , which premiered on September 29 , 2017 . Filming for the season began in July 2017 .

\n

\n Daniel Dae Kim 's and Grace Park 's departure controversies ( edit )

\n

\n On June 30 , 2017 , ahead of the series 's eighth season , it was announced that series regulars Daniel Dae Kim and Grace Park would be departing the series due to a salary dispute with CBS . Kim and Park had been seeking pay equality with co-stars Alex O'Loughlin and Scott Caan , but did not reach satisfactory deals with CBS Television Studios . CBS 's final offer to Kim and Park was 10 -- 15 % lower than what O'Loughlin and Caan make in salary . An update of their characters would be given in the first episode of the new season .

\n

\n Cast changes ( edit )

\n

\n Following Kim 's and Park 's departures it was announced that longtime recurring cast member Ian Anthony Dale who portrays Kono Kalakaua 's husband Adam Noshimuri had been upped to series regular for the eighth season . It was also announced that Meaghan Rath and Beulah Koale would join the series as new characters and new members of Five - 0 .

\n

\n On July 21 , 2017 , it was announced that recurring cast members Taylor Wily , Kimee Balmilero , and Dennis Chun would also be upped to series regulars for the eighth season .

\n

\n Reception ( edit )

\n

\n Ratings ( edit )

\n List of live and DVR ratings ( show ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No \n Episode \n Air date \n 18 - 49 rating \n Viewers ( millions ) \n Weekly rank \n Live + 7 18 - 49 \n Live + 7 viewers ( millions )
\n \n A'ole e ' olelo mai ana ke ahi ua ana ia \n September 29 , 2017 \n 1.0 \n 8.64 \n # 22 \n 1.8 \n 11.91
\n \n Na La ' Ilio \n October 6 , 2017 \n 1.1 \n 8.53 \n # 16 \n N / A \n 11.55
\n \n Kau pahi , ko'u kua . Kau pu , ko'u po'o \n October 13 , 2017 \n 1.0 \n 8.51 \n # 16 \n N / A \n 11.39
\n \n E uhi wale no ' a'ole e nalo , he imu puhi \n October 20 , 2017 \n 1.0 \n 8.67 \n # 15 \n 1.7 \n 11.54
\n 5 \n Kama'oma'o , ka ' aina huli hana \n November 3 , 2017 \n 0.9 \n 8.63 \n # 15 \n 1.6 \n 11.56
\n 6 \n Mohala I Ka Wai Ka Maka O Ka Pua \n November 10 , 2017 \n 1.1 \n 9.21 \n # 17 \n N / A \n 12.13
\n 7 \n Kau Ka ' Onohi Ali'i I Luna \n November 17 , 2017 \n 1.0 \n 9.17 \n # 16 \n N / A \n 11.87
\n 8 \n He Kaha Lu'u Ke Ala , Mai Ho'okolo Aku \n December 1 , 2017 \n 0.9 \n 8.56 \n # 17 \n 1.6 \n 11.70
\n 9 \n Make Me Kai \n December 8 , 2017 \n 1.1 \n 9.07 \n # 9 \n 1.7 \n 11.95
\n 10 \n I Ka Wa Ma Mua , I Ka Wa Ma Hope \n December 15 , 2017 \n 0.9 \n 8.48 \n # 13 \n TBA \n TBA
\n 11 \n Oni Kalalea Ke Ku A Ka La'au Loa \n December 15 , 2017 \n 0.9 \n 7.71 \n # 15 \n TBA \n TBA
\n 12 \n Ka Hopu Nui ' Ana \n January 5 , 2018 \n 1.2 \n 9.96 \n # 8 \n TBA \n TBA
\n 13 \n Na Keiki A Kalaihaohia \n January 12 , 2018 \n 1.1 \n 9.38 \n # 10 \n TBA \n TBA
\n 14 \n Oni Kalalea Ke Ku A Ka La'au Loa \n January 19 , 2018 \n 1.0 \n 9.14 \n # 10 \n TBA \n TBA
\n 15 \n He puko'a kani'aina \n February 2 , 2018 \n TBA \n TBA \n TBA \n TBA \n TBA
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Hawaii Five - 0 Gives Kono 's Husband a Promotion , Adds Two in Cast Shake - Up '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - hawaii five - 0 on cbs '' . The Futon Critic . September 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Monday , November 6 '' . The Futon Critic . United State : Futon Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' premiere adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 .
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 .
    11. \n
  11. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Child Support , ' ' MacGyver , ' everything else steady : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 .
    15. \n
  15. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 .
    16. \n
  16. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Penn & Teller : Fool Us ' rerun adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` ( # HF815 ) `` He puko'a kani ' aina ( A Coral Reef Strengthens Out into Land ) '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews 5 Freshman & 11 Returning Series , Including ' MacGyver ' , ' Superior Donuts ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Hawaii Five - O ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Young Sheldon ' , ' 9 JKL ' & Returning Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen . `` Daniel Dae Kim , Grace Park Exit ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' '' . Variety.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Hawaii Five - 0 shocker : Grace Park , Daniel Dae Kim exit ahead of season 8 '' . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' : Ian Anthony Dale Upped To Regular , Meaghan Rath & Beulah Koale Join Cast After Shake - Up '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Hawaii actors Chun , Wily , Balmilero join main ' Five - 0 ' cast '' . Honolulu Star - Advertiser. 2017 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Sunday Night Football ' score in week 1 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 .
    25. \n
  25. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL times 2 dominates the week 2 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` NFL , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' NCIS ' lead week 3 's broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and NFL carry NBC to 18 - 49 victory in week 4 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 .
    31. \n
  31. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` World Series , ' Big Bang Theory ' lead week 6 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 .
    33. \n
  33. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` NFL and ' This Is Us ' carry NBC to victory in week 7 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` NFL carries NBC to victory again : Week 8 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Football reigns supreme in week 10 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 .
    39. \n
  39. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Will & Grace ' and of course NFL carry NBC to the top : Week 11 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 .
    41. \n
  41. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 .
    42. \n
  42. \n ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Football powers NBC and CBS to the top in week 12 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` NFL playoffs , Golden Globes carry NBC to No. 1 : Week 15 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` NFL playoffs boost CBS and FOX : Week 16 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` FOX dominates , ABC gets a boost in week 17 broadcast Top 25 and network rankings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 .
    46. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Hawaii Five - O and Hawaii Five - 0
\n Characters \n
    \n
  • \n Wo Fat
    • \n
  • \n Steve McGarrett
    • \n
\n
\n Hawaii Five - O ( 1968 -- 80 ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Seasons \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 5
    • \n
  • \n 6
    • \n
  • \n 7
    • \n
  • \n 8
    • \n
  • \n 9
    • \n
  • \n 10
    • \n
  • \n 11
    • \n
  • \n 12
    • \n
\n
\n Other \n
    \n
  • \n Episodes
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Hawaii Five - 0 ( 2010 -- present ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Seasons \n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n 5
    • \n
  • \n 6
    • \n
  • \n 7
    • \n
  • \n 8
    • \n
\n
\n Episodes \n
    \n
  • \n `` Pilot ''
    • \n
  • \n `` Ina Paha ( If Perhaps ) ''
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaii_Five-0_(2010_TV_series,_season_8)&oldid=822336951 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "cast of hawaii five o season 8 episode 9", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Subcutaneous injection - wikipedia

\n Subcutaneous injection

\n Jump to : navigation , search `` Subcut '' redirects here . For the song by Grand Mixer DXT featuring Bill Laswell , see Aftermathematics . Play media 3D animation of a subcutaneous injection

\n A subcutaneous injection is administered as a bolus into the subcutis , the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis , collectively referred to as the cutis . Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering vaccines and medications such as insulin , morphine , diacetylmorphine and goserelin . Subcutaneous , as opposed to intravenous , injection of recreational drugs is referred to as `` skin popping '' . Subcutaneous administration may be abbreviated as SC , SQ , sub-cu , sub-Q , SubQ , or subcut . Subcut is the preferred abbreviation for patient safety .

\n

\n Subcutaneous tissue has few blood vessels and so drugs injected here are for slow , sustained rates of absorption . It is slower than intramuscular injections but still faster than intradermal injections .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Injection sites ( edit )

\n Subcutaneous injection sites

\n Sites include ,

\n \n

\n Equipment ( edit )

\n

\n A 25 to 31 gauge thick , 3 / 8 '' to 1 '' long needle can be used . The size is determined by the amount of subcutaneous tissue present , which is based on patient build . The 3 / 8 '' and 5 / 8 '' needles are most commonly used . Usually , no more than 1 mL of solution is given , compared to intradermal injections , where no more than 0.5 mL is usually given .

\n

\n Procedure ( edit )

\n

\n Subcutaneous injections are inserted at 45 to 90 degree angles , depending on amount of subcutaneous tissue present and length of needle - a shorter , 3 / 8 '' needle is usually inserted 90 degrees and a 5 / 8 '' needle is usually inserted at 45 degrees . Medication is administered slowly , about 10 seconds / milliliter .

\n

\n Subcutaneous insulin injections in diabetes mellitus ( edit )

\n An insulin pump with a subcutaneous injection site .

\n A person with insulin - dependent ( either type 1 or type 2 ) diabetes mellitus typically injects insulin subcutaneously .

\n

\n The injection should be given under the skin , into the fat layer .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` subcutaneous injection '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` ISMP 's List of Error - Prone Abbreviations , Symbols , and Dose Designations '' ( PDF ) . www.ismp.org. 2013 . Retrieved 13 May 2013 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : Taylor , C.R. , Lillis , C. , LeMone , P. , Lynn , P. ( 2011 ) Fundamentals of nursing : The art and science of nursing care . Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins , page 749 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Insulin Administration '' . Diabetes Care . 25 ( suppl 1 ) : s112 -- s115 . January 2002 . doi : 10.2337 / diacare. 25.2007. s112 .
    5. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Routes of administration , dosage forms
\n Oral \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Digestive tract ( enteral ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Solids \n
    \n
  • \n Pill
    • \n
  • \n Tablet
    • \n
  • \n Capsule
    • \n
  • \n Pastille
    • \n
  • \n Time release technology
    • \n
  • \n Osmotic delivery system ( OROS )
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Liquids \n
    \n
  • \n Decoction
    • \n
  • \n Elixir
    • \n
  • \n Electuary
    • \n
  • \n Emulsion
    • \n
  • \n Extended - release syrup
    • \n
  • \n Effervescent powder or tablet
    • \n
  • \n Herbal tea
    • \n
  • \n Hydrogel
    • \n
  • \n Molecular encapsulation
    • \n
  • \n Powder
    • \n
  • \n Softgel
    • \n
  • \n Solution
    • \n
  • \n Suspension
    • \n
  • \n Syrup
    • \n
  • \n Syrup Concentrate for dilution and / or addition of carbonated water
    • \n
  • \n Tincture
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Buccal ( sublabial ) , sublingual \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Solids \n
    \n
  • \n Orally disintegrating tablet ( ODT )
    • \n
  • \n Film
    • \n
  • \n Lollipop
    • \n
  • \n Sublingual drops
    • \n
  • \n Lozenges
    • \n
  • \n Effervescent buccal tablet
    • \n
  • \n Chewing gum
    • \n
\n
\n Liquids \n
    \n
  • \n Mouthwash
    • \n
  • \n Toothpaste
    • \n
  • \n Ointment
    • \n
  • \n Oral spray
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Respiratory tract \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Solids \n
    \n
  • \n Smoking device
    • \n
  • \n Dry - powder inhaler ( DPI )
    • \n
\n 		\n 0 0
\n Liquids \n
    \n
  • \n Anaesthetic vaporizer
    • \n
  • \n Vaporizer
    • \n
  • \n Nebulizer
    • \n
  • \n Metered - dose inhaler ( MDI )
    • \n
\n
\n Gas \n
    \n
  • \n Oxygen mask and Nasal cannula
    • \n
  • \n Oxygen concentrator
    • \n
  • \n Anaesthetic machine
    • \n
  • \n Relative analgesia machine
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Ophthalmic , otologic , nasal \n
    \n
  • \n Nasal spray
    • \n
  • \n Ear drops
    • \n
  • \n Eye drops
    • \n
  • \n Ointment
    • \n
  • \n Hydrogel
    • \n
  • \n Nanosphere suspension
    • \n
  • \n Insufflation
    • \n
  • \n Mucoadhesive microdisc ( microsphere tablet )
    • \n
\n
\n Urogenital \n
    \n
  • \n Ointment
    • \n
  • \n Pessary ( vaginal suppository )
    • \n
  • \n Vaginal ring
    • \n
  • \n Vaginal douche
    • \n
  • \n Intrauterine device ( IUD )
    • \n
  • \n Extra-amniotic infusion
    • \n
  • \n Intravesical infusion
    • \n
\n
\n Rectal ( enteral ) \n
    \n
  • \n Ointment
    • \n
  • \n Suppository
    • \n
  • \n Enema
      \n
    • \n Solution
      • \n
    • \n Hydrogel
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Murphy drip
    • \n
  • \n Nutrient enema
    • \n
\n
\n Dermal \n
    \n
  • \n Ointment
    • \n
  • \n Topical cream
    • \n
  • \n Topical gel
    • \n
  • \n Liniment
    • \n
  • \n Paste
    • \n
  • \n Film
    • \n
  • \n DMSO drug solution
    • \n
  • \n Electrophoretic dermal delivery system
    • \n
  • \n Hydrogel
    • \n
  • \n Liposomes
    • \n
  • \n Transfersome vesicles
    • \n
  • \n Cream
    • \n
  • \n Lotion
    • \n
  • \n Lip balm
    • \n
  • \n Medicated shampoo
    • \n
  • \n Dermal patch
    • \n
  • \n Transdermal patch
    • \n
  • \n Contact ( rubbed into break in the skin )
    • \n
  • \n Transdermal spray
    • \n
  • \n Jet injector
    • \n
\n
\n Injection , infusion ( into tissue / blood ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Skin \n
    \n
  • \n Intradermal
    • \n
  • \n Subcutaneous
    • \n
  • \n Transdermal implant
    • \n
\n 		\n
\n Organs \n
    \n
  • \n Intracavernous
    • \n
  • \n Intravitreal
    • \n
  • \n Intra-articular injection
    • \n
  • \n Transscleral
    • \n
\n
\n Central nervous system \n
    \n
  • \n Intracerebral
    • \n
  • \n Intrathecal
    • \n
  • \n Epidural
    • \n
\n
\n Circulatory , musculoskeletal \n
    \n
  • \n Intravenous
    • \n
  • \n Intracardiac
    • \n
  • \n Intramuscular
    • \n
  • \n Intraosseous
    • \n
  • \n Intraperitoneal
    • \n
  • \n Nanocell injection
    • \n
  • \n Patient - Controlled Analgesia pump
    • \n
  • \n PIC line
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n WikiProject
    • \n
  • \n Pharmacy portal
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subcutaneous_injection&oldid=827949994 '' Categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where would a subcutaneous injection be made in the skin", "long_answers": ["A subcutaneous injection is administered as a bolus into the subcutis , the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis , collectively referred to as the cutis . Subcutaneous injections are highly effective in administering vaccines and medications such as insulin , morphine , diacetylmorphine and goserelin . Subcutaneous , as opposed to intravenous , injection of recreational drugs is referred to as `` skin popping '' . Subcutaneous administration may be abbreviated as SC , SQ , sub-cu , sub-Q , SubQ , or subcut . Subcut is the preferred abbreviation for patient safety .\n"], "short_answers": ["into the subcutis , the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis\n", "the subcutis , the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis , collectively referred to as the cutis\n", "the subcutis\n", "the layer of skin directly below the dermis and epidermis , collectively referred to as the cutis\n"]} {"text": "Government revenue - Wikipedia

\n Government revenue

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Public finance
\n
\n Policies ( show )
    \n
  • \n Agricultural
    • \n
  • \n Economic
    • \n
  • \n Energy
    • \n
  • \n Industrial
    • \n
  • \n Investment
    • \n
  • \n Social
    • \n
  • \n Trade
    • \n
  • \n Fiscal
    • \n
  • \n Monetary
    • \n
  • \n Policy mix
    • \n
\n
\n Fiscal policy ( show )
    \n
  • \n Budget
      \n
    • \n policy
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Debt
      \n
    • \n external
      • \n
    • \n internal
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Deficit / surplus
    • \n
  • \n Finance ministry
    • \n
  • \n Fiscal union
    • \n
  • \n Revenue
    • \n
  • \n Spending
      \n
    • \n deficit
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Tax
    • \n
\n
\n Monetary policy ( show )
    \n
  • \n Bank reserves
      \n
    • \n requirements
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Discount window
    • \n
  • \n Gold reserves
    • \n
  • \n Interest rate
    • \n
  • \n Monetary authority
      \n
    • \n central bank
      • \n
    • \n currency board
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Monetary base
    • \n
  • \n Monetary ( currency ) union
    • \n
  • \n Money supply
    • \n
\n
\n Trade policy ( show )
    \n
  • \n Balance of trade
    • \n
  • \n Free trade
    • \n
  • \n Gains from trade
    • \n
  • \n Non-tariff barrier
    • \n
  • \n Protectionism
    • \n
  • \n Tariff
    • \n
  • \n Trade bloc
    • \n
  • \n Trade creation
    • \n
  • \n Trade diversion
    • \n
  • \n Trade / commerce ministry
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Revenue
    • \n
  • \n Spending
    • \n
\n ( show )
    \n
  • \n Non-tax revenue
    • \n
  • \n Tax revenue
    • \n
  • \n Discretionary spending
    • \n
  • \n Mandatory spending
    • \n
\n
\n Optimum ( show )
    \n
  • \n Balanced budget
    • \n
  • \n Economic growth
    • \n
  • \n Price stability
    • \n
\n
\n Reform ( show )
    \n
  • \n Fiscal adjustment
    • \n
  • \n Monetary reform
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Government revenue is money received by a government . It is an important tool of the fiscal policy of the government and is the opposite factor of government spending . Revenues earned by the government are received from sources such as taxes levied on the incomes and wealth accumulation of individuals and corporations and on the goods and services produced , exports and imports , non-taxable sources such as government - owned corporations ' incomes , central bank revenue and capital receipts in the form of external loans and debts from international financial institutions . It is used to benefit the country . Governments use revenue to better develop the country , to fix roads , build homes , fix schools etc . The money that government collects pays for the services that is provided for the people . The sources of finance used by the central government are mainly taxes paid by the public .

\n

\n Seignorage is one of the ways a government can increase revenue , by deflating the value of its currency in exchange for surplus revenue , by saving money this way Governments can increase the price of goods too far .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Sources ( edit )

\n

\n Governments across the world earn `` public revenue '' from the following main sources :

\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This government - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This finance - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government_revenue&oldid=828959404 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "which of the following is the federal governments biggest source of tax revenue", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Small intestine - wikipedia

\n Small intestine

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Small Intestine
\n Diagram showing the small intestine and surrounding structures
\n Details
\n System \n Digestive system
\n Artery \n Superior mesenteric artery
\n Vein \n Hepatic portal vein
\n Nerve \n Celiac ganglia , vagus
\n Lymph \n Intestinal lymph trunk
\n Identifiers
\n Latin \n Intestinum tenue
\n MeSH \n D007421
\n TA \n A05. 6.01. 001
\n FMA \n 7200
\n Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )
\n

\n The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine , and is where most of the end absorption of food takes place . The small intestine has three distinct regions -- the duodenum , jejunum , and ileum . The duodenum is the shortest part of the small intestine and is where preparation for absorption begins . It also receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct , controlled by the sphincter of Oddi . The primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients and minerals from food , using small finger - like protrusions called villi .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Structure ( edit )

\n

\n Size ( edit )

\n

\n The length of the small intestine can vary greatly , from as short as 2.75 m ( 9.0 ft ) to as long as 10.49 m ( 34.4 ft ) . The average length in a living person is 3m - 5m . The length depends both on how tall the person is and how the length is measured . Taller people generally have a longer small intestine and measurements are generally longer after death and when the bowel is empty .

\n

\n It is approximately 1.5 cm in diameter in newborns after 35 weeks of gestational age , and 2.5 -- 3 cm ( 1 inch ) in diameter in adults . On abdominal X-rays , the small intestine is considered to be abnormally dilated when the diameter exceeds 3 cm . On CT scans , a diameter of over 2.5 cm is considered abnormally dilated . The surface area of the human small intestinal mucosa , due to enlargement caused by folds , villi and microvilli , averages 30 square meters .

\n

\n Parts ( edit )

\n

\n The small intestine is divided into three structural parts .

\n \n

\n The jejunum and ileum are suspended in the abdominal cavity by mesentery . The mesentery is part of the peritoneum . Arteries , veins , lymph vessels and nerves travel within the mesentery .

\n

\n Blood supply ( edit )

\n

\n The small intestine receives a blood supply from the coeliac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery . These are both branches of the aorta . The duodenum receives blood from the coeliac trunk via the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery and from the superior mesenteric artery via the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery . These two arteries both have anterior and posterior branches that meet in the midline and anastomose . The jejunum and ileum receive blood from the superior mesenteric artery . Branches of the superior mesenteric artery form a series of arches within the mesentery known as arterial arcades , which may be several layers deep . Straight blood vessels known as vasa recta travel from the arcades closest to the ileum and jejunum to the organs themselves .

\n

\n Histology ( edit )

\n Main article : Gastrointestinal wall Micrograph of the small intestine mucosa showing the intestinal villi and crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn .

\n The three sections of the small intestine look similar to each other at a microscopic level , but there are some important differences . The parts of the intestine are as follows :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Layer \n Duodenum \n Jejunum \n Ileum
\n Serosa \n 1st part serosa , 2nd -- 4th adventitia \n Normal \n Normal
\n Muscularis externa \n Longitudinal and circular layers , with Auerbach 's ( myenteric ) plexus in between \n Same as duodenum \n Same as duodenum
\n Submucosa \n Brunner 's glands and Meissner 's ( submucosal ) plexus \n No BG \n No BG
\n Mucosa : muscularis mucosae \n Normal \n Normal \n Normal
\n Mucosa : lamina propria \n No PP \n No PP \n Peyer 's patches
\n Mucosa : intestinal epithelium \n Simple columnar . Contains goblet cells , Paneth cells \n Similar to duodenum \n ?
\n

\n Development ( edit )

\n See also : Development of the digestive system

\n The small intestine develops from the midgut of the primitive gut tube . By the fifth week of embryological life , the ileum begins to grow longer at a very fast rate , forming a U-shaped fold called the primary intestinal loop . The loop grows so fast in length that it outgrows the abdomen and protrudes through the umbilicus . By week 10 , the loop retracts back into the abdomen . Between weeks six and ten the small intestine rotates anticlockwise , as viewed from the front of the embryo . It rotates a further 180 degrees after it has moved back into the abdomen . This process creates the twisted shape of the large intestine .

\n

\n Function ( edit )

\n

\n Food from the stomach is allowed into the duodenum through the pylorus by a muscle called the pyloric sphincter .

\n

\n Digestion ( edit )

\n

\n The small intestine is where most chemical digestion takes place . Many of the digestive enzymes that act in the small intestine are secreted by the pancreas and liver and enter the small intestine via the pancreatic duct . Pancreatic enzymes and bile from the gallbladder enter the small intestine in response to the hormone cholecystokinin , which is produced in the small intestine in response to the presence of nutrients . Secretin , another hormone produced in the small intestine , causes additional effects on the pancreas , where it promotes the release of bicarbonate into the duodenum in order to neutralize the potentially harmful acid coming from the stomach .

\n

\n The three major classes of nutrients that undergo digestion are proteins , lipids ( fats ) and carbohydrates :

\n \n

\n Absorption ( edit )

\n

\n Digested food is now able to pass into the blood vessels in the wall of the intestine through either diffusion or active transport . The small intestine is the site where most of the nutrients from ingested food are absorbed . The inner wall , or mucosa , of the small intestine is lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue . Structurally , the mucosa is covered in wrinkles or folds called plicae circulares , which are considered permanent features in the wall of the organ . They are distinct from rugae which are considered non-permanent or temporary allowing for distention and contraction . From the plicae circulares project microscopic finger - like pieces of tissue called villi ( Latin for `` shaggy hair '' ) . The individual epithelial cells also have finger - like projections known as microvilli . The functions of the plicae circulares , the villi , and the microvilli are to increase the amount of surface area available for the absorption of nutrients , and to limit the loss of said nutrients to intestinal fauna .

\n

\n Each villus has a network of capillaries and fine lymphatic vessels called lacteals close to its surface . The epithelial cells of the villi transport nutrients from the lumen of the intestine into these capillaries ( amino acids and carbohydrates ) and lacteals ( lipids ) . The absorbed substances are transported via the blood vessels to different organs of the body where they are used to build complex substances such as the proteins required by our body . The material that remains undigested and unabsorbed passes into the large intestine .

\n

\n Absorption of the majority of nutrients takes place in the jejunum , with the following notable exceptions :

\n \n \n

\n Immunological ( edit )

\n

\n The small intestine supports the body 's immune system . The presence of gut flora appears to contribute positively to the host 's immune system . Peyer 's patches , located within the ileum of the small intestine , are an important part of the digestive tract 's local immune system . They are part of the lymphatic system , and provide a site for antigens from potentially harmful bacteria or other microorganisms in the digestive tract to be sampled , and subsequently presented to the immune system .

\n

\n Gene and protein expression ( edit )

\n Further information : Bioinformatics \u00a7 Gene and protein expression

\n About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 70 % of these genes are expressed in the normal duodenum . Some 300 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the duodenum with very few genes expressed only in the small intestine . The corresponding specific proteins are expressed in glandular cells of the mucosa , such as fatty acid binding protein FABP6 . Most of the more specifically expressed genes in the small intestine are also expressed in the duodenum , for example FABP2 and the DEFA6 protein expressed in secretory granules of Paneth cells .

\n

\n Clinical significance ( edit )

\n See also : Gastrointestinal disease

\n The small intestine is a complex organ , and as such , there are a very large number of possible conditions that may affect the function of the small bowel . A few of them are listed below , some of which are common , with up to 10 % of people being affected at some time in their lives , while others are vanishingly rare .

\n \n

\n Other animals ( edit )

\n

\n The small intestine is found in all tetrapods and also in teleosts , although its form and length vary enormously between species . In teleosts , it is relatively short , typically around one and a half times the length of the fish 's body . It commonly has a number of pyloric caeca , small pouch - like structures along its length that help to increase the overall surface area of the organ for digesting food . There is no ileocaecal valve in teleosts , with the boundary between the small intestine and the rectum being marked only by the end of the digestive epitheliu

\n

\n In tetrapods , the ileocaecal valve is always present , opening into the colon . The length of the small intestine is typically longer in tetrapods than in teleosts , but is especially so in herbivores , as well as in mammals and birds , which have a higher metabolic rate than amphibians or reptiles . The lining of the small intestine includes microscopic folds to increase its surface area in all vertebrates , but only in mammals do these develop into true villi .

\n

\n The boundaries between the duodenum , jejunum , and ileum are somewhat vague even in humans , and such distinctions are either ignored when discussing the anatomy of other animals , or are essentially arbitrary .

\n

\n There is no small intestine as such in non-teleost fish , such as sharks , sturgeons , and lungfish . Instead , the digestive part of the gut forms a spiral intestine , connecting the stomach to the rectum . In this type of gut , the intestine itself is relatively straight but has a long fold running along the inner surface in a spiral fashion , sometimes for dozens of turns . This valve greatly increases both the surface area and the effective length of the intestine . The lining of the spiral intestine is similar to that of the small intestine in teleosts and non-mammalian tetrapods .

\n

\n In lampreys , the spiral valve is extremely small , possibly because their diet requires little digestion . Hagfish have no spiral valve at all , with digestion occurring for almost the entire length of the intestine , which is not subdivided into different regions .

\n

\n Society and culture ( edit )

\n

\n In traditional Chinese medicine , the small intestine is a yang organ .

\n

\n Additional images ( edit )

\n \n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Small intestine .
\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Physiology : 6 / 6ch2 / s6ch2_30 - Essentials of Human Physiology
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ human body Britannica.com
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : DiBaise , John K. ; Parrish , Carol Rees ; Thompson , Jon S. ( 2016 ) . Short Bowel Syndrome : Practical Approach to Management . CRC Press . p. 31 . ISBN 9781498720809 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Tortora , Gerard ( 2014 ) . Principles of Anatomy & Physiology . USA : Wiley . p. 913 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 34500 - 9 ... its length is about 3m in a living person and about 6.5 m in a cadaver due to loss of smooth muscle tone after death .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Standring , Susan ( 2016 ) . Gray 's Anatomy . UK : Elsevier . p. 1124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 5230 - 9 ... and has a mean length of 5 metres ( 3 - 8.5 metres ) when measured intraoperatively in the living adult ( Tietelbaum et al 2013 ) .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Debora Duro , Daniel Kamin ( 2007 ) . `` Overview of short bowel syndrome and intestinal transplantation '' . Colombia M\u00e9dica. 38 ( 1 ) .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Ali Nawaz Khan ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Small - Bowel Obstruction Imaging '' . Medscape . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Abdominal X-ray - Abnormal bowel gas pattern '' . radiologymasterclass.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Gazelle , GS ; Goldberg , MA ; Wittenberg , J ; Halpern , EF ; Pinkney , L ; Mueller , PR ( 1994 ) . `` Efficacy of CT in distinguishing small - bowel obstruction from other causes of small - bowel dilatation '' . American Journal of Roentgenology. 162 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 47 . doi : 10.2214 / ajr. 162.1. 8273687 . ISSN 0361 - 803X .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Helander , Herbert F ; F\u00e4ndriks , Lars ( 2015 ) . `` Surface area of the digestive tract -- revisited '' . Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 49 ( 6 ) : 681 -- 689 . doi : 10.3109 / 00365521.2014. 898326 . ISSN 0036 - 5521 . PMID 24694282 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . p. 273 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . p. 271 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : Drake , Richard L. ; Vogl , Wayne ; Tibbitts , Adam W.M. Mitchell ; illustrations by Richard ; Richardson , Paul ( 2005 ) . Gray 's anatomy for students . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Churchill Livingstone . pp. 295 -- 299 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8089 - 2306 - 0 .
    14. \n
  14. \n ^ Jump up to : Schoenwolf , Gary C. ; Bleyl , Steven B. ; Brauer , Philip R. ; Francis - West , Philippa H. ( 2009 ) . `` Development of the Urogenital system '' . Larsen 's human embryology ( 4th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . p. 237 . ISBN 9780443068119 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Silk DB ( 1974 ) . `` Progress report . Peptide absorption in man '' . Gut. 15 ( 6 ) : 494 -- 501 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 15.6. 494 . PMC 1413009 . PMID 4604970 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` Intestinal immune cells play an unexpected role in immune surveillance of the bloodstream '' . Massachusetts General Hospital . 13 December 2012 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Canny , G.O. ; McCormick , B.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Bacteria in the Intestine , Helpful Residents or Enemies from Within ? '' . Infection and Immunity. 76 ( 8 ) : 3360 -- 3373 . doi : 10.1128 / IAI. 00187 - 08 . ISSN 0019 - 9567 . PMC 2493210 . PMID 18474643 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ `` The human proteome in small intestine - The Human Protein Atlas '' . www.proteinatlas.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 26 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Uhl\u00e9n , Mathias ; Fagerberg , Linn ; Hallstr\u00f6m , Bj\u00f6rn M. ; Lindskog , Cecilia ; Oksvold , Per ; Mardinoglu , Adil ; Sivertsson , \u00c5sa ; Kampf , Caroline ; Sj\u00f6stedt , Evelina ( 2015 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Tissue - based map of the human proteome '' . Science . 347 ( 6220 ) : 1260419 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1260419 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 25613900 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Gremel , Gabriela ; Wanders , Alkwin ; Cedernaes , Jonathan ; Fagerberg , Linn ; Hallstr\u00f6m , Bj\u00f6rn ; Edlund , Karolina ; Sj\u00f6stedt , Evelina ; Uhl\u00e9n , Mathias ; Pont\u00e9n , Fredrik ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The human gastrointestinal tract - specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody - based profiling '' . Journal of Gastroenterology. 50 ( 1 ) : 46 -- 57 . doi : 10.1007 / s00535 - 014 - 0958 - 7 . ISSN 0944 - 1174 .
    21. \n
  21. \n ^ Jump up to : Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 349 -- 353 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Porter ( ed . ) , Roy ( 1997 ) . Medicine : a history of healing . ( S.l. ) : Diane Pub Co. p. 104 . ISBN 9780756751432 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link )
    23. \n
\n

\n Bibliography ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract , excluding the mouth
\n Upper \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Pharynx \n
    \n
  • \n Muscles
    • \n
  • \n Spaces
      \n
    • \n peripharyngeal
      • \n
    • \n retropharyngeal
      • \n
    • \n parapharyngeal
      • \n
    • \n retrovisceral
      • \n
    • \n danger
      • \n
    • \n prevertebral
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Pterygomandibular raphe
    • \n
  • \n Pharyngeal raphe
    • \n
  • \n Buccopharyngeal fascia
    • \n
  • \n Pharyngobasilar fascia
    • \n
  • \n Piriform sinus
    • \n
\n
\n Esophagus \n
    \n
  • \n Sphincters
      \n
    • \n upper
      • \n
    • \n lower
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n glands
    • \n
\n
\n Stomach \n
    \n
  • \n Curvatures
      \n
    • \n greater
      • \n
    • \n lesser
      • \n
    • \n Angular incisure
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Cardia
    • \n
  • \n Body
    • \n
  • \n Fundus
    • \n
  • \n Pylorus
      \n
    • \n antrum
      • \n
    • \n canal
      • \n
    • \n sphincter
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Gastric mucosa
    • \n
  • \n Gastric folds
    • \n
  • \n Microanatomy
      \n
    • \n Gastric pits
      • \n
    • \n Gastric glands
      • \n
    • \n Cardiac glands
      • \n
    • \n Fundic glands
      • \n
    • \n Pyloric glands
      • \n
    • \n Foveolar cell
      • \n
    • \n Parietal cell
      • \n
    • \n Gastric chief cell
      • \n
    • \n Enterochromaffin - like cell
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Lower \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Small intestine \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Microanatomy \n
    \n
  • \n Intestinal villus
    • \n
  • \n Intestinal gland
    • \n
  • \n Enterocyte
    • \n
  • \n Enteroendocrine cell
    • \n
  • \n Goblet cell
    • \n
  • \n Paneth cell
    • \n
\n
\n Duodenum \n
    \n
  • \n Suspensory muscle
    • \n
  • \n Major duodenal papilla
    • \n
  • \n Minor duodenal papilla
    • \n
  • \n Duodenojejunal flexure
    • \n
  • \n Brunner 's glands
    • \n
\n
\n Jejunum \n
    \n
  • \n No substructures
    • \n
\n
\n Ileum \n
    \n
  • \n Ileocecal valve
    • \n
  • \n Peyer 's patches
    • \n
  • \n Microfold cell
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Large intestine \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Cecum \n
    \n
  • \n Appendix
    • \n
\n
\n Colon \n
    \n
  • \n Ascending colon
    • \n
  • \n Hepatic flexure
    • \n
  • \n Transverse colon
    • \n
  • \n Splenic flexure
    • \n
  • \n Descending colon
    • \n
  • \n Sigmoid colon
    • \n
  • \n Continuous
      \n
    • \n taenia coli
      • \n
    • \n haustra
      • \n
    • \n epiploic appendix
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Rectum \n
    \n
  • \n Transverse folds
    • \n
  • \n Ampulla
    • \n
\n
\n Anal canal \n
    \n
  • \n Anus
    • \n
  • \n Anal columns
    • \n
  • \n Anal valves
    • \n
  • \n Anal sinuses
    • \n
  • \n Pectinate line
    • \n
  • \n Internal anal sphincter
    • \n
  • \n Intersphincteric groove
    • \n
  • \n External anal sphincter
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n Wall \n
    \n
  • \n Serosa / Adventitia
    • \n
  • \n Subserosa
    • \n
  • \n Muscular layer
    • \n
  • \n Submucosa
    • \n
  • \n Circular folds
    • \n
  • \n Mucosa
    • \n
  • \n Muscularis mucosa
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n
    \n
  • \n GND : 4013218 - 3
    • \n
  • \n NDL : 00987719
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_intestine&oldid=837499657 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "where are most nutrients absorbed in the human digestive tract", "long_answers": ["The small intestine or small bowel is the part of the gastrointestinal tract between the stomach and the large intestine , and is where most of the end absorption of food takes place . The small intestine has three distinct regions -- the duodenum , jejunum , and ileum . The duodenum is the shortest part of the small intestine and is where preparation for absorption begins . It also receives bile and pancreatic juice through the pancreatic duct , controlled by the sphincter of Oddi . The primary function of the small intestine is the absorption of nutrients and minerals from food , using small finger - like protrusions called villi .\n"], "short_answers": ["The small intestine or small bowel\n", "small intestine\n", "The small intestine or small bowel\n", "The small intestine\n", "small intestine\n"]} {"text": "Gamete - wikipedia

\n Gamete

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Part of a series on
\n Sex
\n
\n Biological terms
\n
    \n
  • \n Sexual dimorphism
    • \n
  • \n Sexual differentiation
      \n
    • \n Feminization
      • \n
    • \n Virilization
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Sex - determination system
      \n
    • \n XY
      • \n
    • \n X0
      • \n
    • \n ZW
      • \n
    • \n Z0
      • \n
    • \n Temperature - dependent
      • \n
    • \n Haplodiploidy
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Heterogametic sex
    • \n
  • \n Homogametic sex
    • \n
  • \n Sex chromosome
      \n
    • \n X chromosome
      • \n
    • \n Y chromosome
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Testis - determining factor
    • \n
  • \n Hermaphrodite
      \n
    • \n Sequential hermaphroditism
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Intersex
    • \n
\n
\n Sexual reproduction
\n
    \n
  • \n Evolution of sexual reproduction
      \n
    • \n Anisogamy
      • \n
    • \n Isogamy
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Germ cell
    • \n
  • \n Meiosis
    • \n
  • \n Gametogenesis
      \n
    • \n Spermatogenesis
      • \n
    • \n Oogenesis
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Gamete
      \n
    • \n spermatozoon
      • \n
    • \n ovum
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Fertilization
      \n
    • \n External fertilization
      • \n
    • \n Internal fertilization
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Sexual selection
    • \n
  • \n Plant reproduction
    • \n
  • \n Fungal reproduction
    • \n
  • \n Sexual reproduction in animals
      \n
    • \n Sexual intercourse
      • \n
    • \n Copulation
      • \n
    • \n Human reproduction
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Sexuality
\n
    \n
  • \n Plant sexuality
    • \n
  • \n Animal sexuality
    • \n
  • \n Human sexuality
      \n
    • \n Mechanics
      • \n
    • \n Differentiation
      • \n
    • \n Activity
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Sex portal
    • \n
  • \n Biology portal
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n A gamete ( from Ancient Greek \u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03b5\u03c4\u03ae gamete from gamein `` to marry '' ) is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization ( conception ) in organisms that sexually reproduce . In species that produce two morphologically distinct types of gametes , and in which each individual produces only one type , a female is any individual that produces the larger type of gamete -- called an ovum ( or egg ) -- and a male produces the smaller tadpole - like type -- called a sperm . In short a gamete is an egg ( female gamete ) or a sperm ( male gamete ) . This is an example of anisogamy or heterogamy , the condition in which females and males produce gametes of different sizes ( this is the case in humans ; the human ovum has approximately 100,000 times the volume of a single human sperm cell ) . In contrast , isogamy is the state of gametes from both sexes being the same size and shape , and given arbitrary designators for mating type . The name gamete was introduced by the Austrian biologist Gregor Mendel . Gametes carry half the genetic information of an individual , one ploidy of each type , and are created through meiosis .

\n

\n Oogenesis is the process of female gamete formation in animals . This process involves meiosis ( including meiotic recombination ) occurring in the diploid primary oocyte to produce the haploid ovum ( gamete ) . Spermatogenesis is the process of male gamete formation in animals . This process also involves meiosis ( including meiotic recombination ) occurring in the diploid primary spermatocyte to produce the haploid spermatozoon ( gamete ) .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Dissimilarity ( edit )

\n

\n In contrast to a gamete , the diploid somatic cells of an individual contain one copy of the chromosome set from the sperm and one copy of the chromosome set from the egg cell ; that is , the cells of the offspring have genes expressing characteristics of both the father and the mother . A gamete 's chromosomes are not exact duplicates of either of the sets of chromosomes carried in the diploid chromosomes , and often undergo random mutations resulting in modified DNA ( and subsequently , new proteins and phenotypes ) .

\n

\n Sex determination in humans and birds ( edit )

\n

\n In humans , a normal ovum can carry only an X chromosome ( of the X and Y chromosomes ) , whereas a sperm may carry either an X or a Y ( a non-normal ovum can end up carrying two or no X chromosomes , as a result of a irregularity at either of the two stages of meiosis , while a non-normal sperm cell can end up carrying either no sex - defining chromosomes , an XY pair , or XX pair as a result of the forementioned reason ) ; ergo the male sperm can play a role in determining the sex of any resulting zygote , if the zygote has two X chromosomes it may develop into a female , if it has an X and a Y chromosome , it may develop into a male . For birds , the female ovum determines the sex of the offspring , through the ZW sex - determination system .

\n

\n Artificial gametes ( edit )

\n

\n Artificial gametes , also known as In vitro derived gametes ( IVD ) , stem cell - derived gametes ( SCDGs ) , and In vitro generated gametes ( IVG ) , are gametes derived from stem cells . Research shows that artificial gametes may be a reproductive technique for same - sex male couples , although a surrogate mother would still be required for the gestation period . Women who have passed menopause may be able to produce eggs and bear genetically related children with artificial gametes . Robert Sparrow wrote , in the Journal of Medical Ethics , that embryos derived from artificial gametes could be used to derive new gametes and this process could be repeated to create multiple human generations in the laboratory . This technique could be used to create cell lines for medical applications and for studying the heredity of genetic disorders . Additionally , this technique could be used for human enhancement by selectively breeding for a desired genome or by using recombinant DNA technology to create enhancements that have not arisen in nature .

\n

\n Plants ( edit )

\n

\n Plants which reproduce sexually also have gametes . However , since plants have an alternation of diploid and haploid generations some differences exist . In flowering plants the flowers use meiosis to produce a haploid generation which produce gametes through mitosis . The female haploid is called the ovule and is produced by the ovary of the flower . When mature the haploid ovule produces the female gamete which are ready for fertilization . The male haploid is pollen and is produced by the anther , when pollen lands on a mature stigma of a flower it grows a pollen tube down into the flower . The haploid pollen then produces sperm by mitosis and releases them for fertilization .

\n

\n Notes and references ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` gamete '' . Online Etymology Dictionary .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ Marshall , A.M. 1893 . Vertebrate embryology : a text - book for students and practitioners . GP Putnam 's Sons .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Yeung , C. , M. Anapolski , M. Depenbusch , M. Zitzmann , and T. Cooper . 2003 . `` Human sperm volume regulation . Response to physiological changes in osmolality , channel blockers and potential sperm osmolytes . '' Human Reproduction 18 : 1029 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Jay Phelan ( 30 April 2009 ) . What Is Life ? : A Guide to Biology W / Prep - U . Macmillan . pp. 237 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4292 - 2318 - 8 . Retrieved 8 October 2010 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Newson , AJ ; Smajdor , AC ( 2005 ) . `` Artificial gametes : new paths to parenthood ? '' . Journal of Medical Ethics. 31 : 184 -- 186 . doi : 10.1136 / jme. 2003.004986 . Retrieved 26 February 2015 .
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Sparrow , Robert ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` In vitro eugenics '' . Journal of Medical Ethics . doi : 10.1136 / medethics - 2012 - 101200 . Retrieved 8 March 2015 .
    7. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Human physiology of sexual reproduction
\n Menstrual cycle \n
    \n
  • \n Menarche
    • \n
  • \n Menstruation
    • \n
  • \n Follicular phase
    • \n
  • \n Ovulation
    • \n
  • \n Luteal phase
    • \n
\n
\n Gametogenesis \n
    \n
  • \n Spermatogenesis ( spermatogonium
    • \n
  • \n spermatocyte
    • \n
  • \n spermatid
    • \n
  • \n sperm )
    • \n
  • \n Oogenesis ( oogonium
    • \n
  • \n oocyte
    • \n
  • \n ootid
    • \n
  • \n ovum )
    • \n
  • \n Germ cell ( gonocyte
    • \n
  • \n gamete )
    • \n
\n
\n Human sexual behavior \n
    \n
  • \n Sexual arousal
    • \n
  • \n Sexual intercourse
    • \n
  • \n Masturbation
    • \n
  • \n Erection
    • \n
  • \n Orgasm
    • \n
  • \n Ejaculation
    • \n
  • \n Insemination
    • \n
  • \n Fertilisation / Fertility
    • \n
  • \n Implantation
    • \n
  • \n Pregnancy
    • \n
  • \n Postpartum period
    • \n
  • \n Mechanics of sex
    • \n
\n
\n Life span \n
    \n
  • \n Prenatal development / Sexual dimorphism / Sexual differentiation ( Feminization
    • \n
  • \n Virilization )
    • \n
  • \n Puberty ( Gonadarche
    • \n
  • \n Pubarche
    • \n
  • \n Menarche
    • \n
  • \n Spermarche
    • \n
  • \n Adrenarche )
    • \n
  • \n Maternal age / Paternal age
    • \n
  • \n Climacteric ( Menopause
    • \n
  • \n Late - onset hypogonadism )
    • \n
  • \n Tanner scale
    • \n
\n
\n Egg \n
    \n
  • \n Ovum
    • \n
  • \n Oviposition
    • \n
  • \n Oviparity
    • \n
  • \n Ovoviviparity
    • \n
  • \n Vivipary
    • \n
\n
\n Reproductive endocrinology and infertility \n
    \n
  • \n Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- gonadal axis
    • \n
  • \n Hypothalamic -- pituitary -- prolactin axis
    • \n
  • \n Andrology
    • \n
  • \n Hormone
    • \n
\n
\n Breast \n
    \n
  • \n Thelarche
    • \n
  • \n Breast development
    • \n
  • \n Lactation
    • \n
  • \n Breastfeeding
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gamete&oldid=836531769 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "explain what will happen if a normal gamete like y fertilises gamete x", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Battle of Lake Erie - wikipedia

\n Battle of Lake Erie

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Battle of Lake Erie
\n Part of the War of 1812
\n Battle of Lake Erie by William Henry Powell , painted 1865 , shows Oliver Hazard Perry transferring from Lawrence to Niagara
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Date \n 10 September 1813
\n Location \n Lake Erie , near Put - in - Bay , Ohio
\n Result \n Decisive American victory
\n
\n Belligerents
\n United States \n United Kingdom
\n Commanders and leaders
\n Oliver Hazard Perry Jesse Elliot \n Robert Heriot Barclay Robert Finnis
\n Strength
\n
    \n
  • \n 5 schooners
    • \n
  • \n 3 brigs
    • \n
  • \n 1 sloop
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n 2 ships
    • \n
  • \n 1 brig
    • \n
  • \n 2 schooners
    • \n
  • \n 1 sloop
    • \n
\n
\n Casualties and losses
\n
    \n
  • \n 27 killed
    • \n
  • \n 96 wounded
    • \n
  • \n 1 brig severely damaged
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n 41 killed
    • \n
  • \n 93 wounded
    • \n
  • \n 306 captured
    • \n
  • \n entire squadron captured
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Detroit frontier
\n
    \n
  • \n Tippecanoe
    • \n
  • \n Fort Mackinac ( 1812 )
    • \n
  • \n Brownstown
    • \n
  • \n Maguaga
    • \n
  • \n Fort Dearborn
    • \n
  • \n Detroit
    • \n
  • \n Fort Harrison
    • \n
  • \n Fort Wayne
    • \n
  • \n Wild Cat Creek
    • \n
  • \n Mississinewa
    • \n
  • \n Frenchtown
    • \n
  • \n Africa Point
    • \n
  • \n Fort Meigs
    • \n
  • \n Fort Stephenson
    • \n
  • \n Lake Erie
    • \n
  • \n Thames
    • \n
  • \n Longwoods
    • \n
  • \n Prairie du Chien
    • \n
  • \n Campbell Island
    • \n
  • \n Mackinac Island ( 1814 )
    • \n
  • \n Lake Huron
    • \n
  • \n Malcolm 's Mills
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Naval campaigns of the War of 1812
\n Atlantic Ocean
    \n
  • \n USS Essex vs HMS Alert
    • \n
  • \n USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere
    • \n
  • \n Capture of HMS Frolic
    • \n
  • \n USS United States vs HMS Macedonian
    • \n
  • \n USS Constitution vs HMS Java
    • \n
  • \n Sinking of HMS Peacock
    • \n
  • \n Rappahannock River
    • \n
  • \n Capture of USS Chesapeake
    • \n
  • \n Capture of HMS Dominica
    • \n
  • \n Capture of USS Argus
    • \n
  • \n Capture of HMS Boxer
    • \n
  • \n Capture of USS Frolic
    • \n
  • \n Capture of HMS Epervier
    • \n
  • \n Sinking of HMS Reindeer
    • \n
  • \n Sinking of HMS Avon
    • \n
  • \n Fayal
    • \n
  • \n Capture of USS President
    • \n
  • \n Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant
    • \n
  • \n Capture of HMS Penguin
    • \n
  • \n Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus
    • \n
\n

\n East Coast

\n
    \n
  • \n Chesapeake Bay
    • \n
  • \n Alexandria
    • \n
  • \n Baltimore
    • \n
  • \n Hampden
    • \n
  • \n Fort Peter
    • \n
\n

\n Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River

\n
    \n
  • \n Lake Ontario
    • \n
  • \n 1st Sacket 's Harbor
    • \n
  • \n York
    • \n
  • \n Fort George
    • \n
  • \n 2nd Sacket 's Harbor
    • \n
  • \n Lake Erie
    • \n
  • \n Fort Oswego
    • \n
  • \n Lake Huron
    • \n
  • \n Lake Champlain
    • \n
\n

\n West Indies / Gulf Coast

\n
    \n
  • \n La Guaira
    • \n
  • \n 1st Fort Bowyer
    • \n
  • \n Action of 13 December 1814
    • \n
  • \n Lake Borgne
    • \n
  • \n New Orleans
    • \n
  • \n Fort St. Philip
    • \n
  • \n 2nd Fort Bowyer
    • \n
\n

\n Pacific Ocean

\n
    \n
  • \n James Island
    • \n
  • \n Charles Island
    • \n
  • \n Nuku Hiva
    • \n
  • \n Downes Expedition
    • \n
  • \n Porter Expedition
    • \n
  • \n Typee Valley
    • \n
  • \n Valparaiso ( Capture of USS Essex )
    • \n
  • \n Seringapatam Mutiny
    • \n
  • \n Action of 9 May 1814
    • \n
\n
\n
\n

\n The Battle of Lake Erie , sometimes called the Battle of Put - in - Bay , was fought on 10 September 1813 , in Lake Erie off the coast of Ohio during the War of 1812 . Nine vessels of the United States Navy defeated and captured six vessels of the British Royal Navy . This ensured American control of the lake for the rest of the war , which in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh . It was one of the biggest naval battles of the War of 1812 .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Background ( edit )

\n

\n 1812 ( edit )

\n

\n When the war broke out , the British immediately seized control of Lake Erie . They already had a small force of warships there : the sloop - of - war Queen Charlotte and the brig General Hunter . The schooner Lady Prevost was under construction and was put into service a few weeks after the outbreak of war . These vessels were controlled by the Provincial Marine , which was a military transport service and not a naval service . Nevertheless , the Americans lacked any counter to the British armed vessels . The only American warship on Lake Erie , the brig Adams , was not ready for service at the start of the war , and when the American army of Brigadier General William Hull abandoned its invasion of Canada , Adams was pinned down in Detroit by the British batteries at Sandwich on the Canadian side of the Detroit River . The British Major - General Isaac Brock used his control of the lake to defeat Hull 's army at the Siege of Detroit , by cutting the American supply lines and rapidly transferring himself and some reinforcements to Amherstburg from where they launched a successful landing on the American side of the Detroit River .

\n

\n The British took Adams when Detroit was surrendered , renaming her Detroit . Together with the brig Caledonia , which had been commandeered from the Canadian North West Company , she was boarded and captured near Fort Erie on 9 October , by American sailors and soldiers led by Lieutenant Jesse Elliot . Detroit ran aground on an island in the middle of the Niagara River and was set on fire to prevent her being recaptured . Caledonia was taken to the navy yard at Black Rock and commissioned into the United States Navy . Also present at Black Rock were the schooners Somers and Ohio and the sloop - rigged Trippe , which had all been purchased by the United States Navy and were being converted into gunboats . While the British held Fort Erie and the nearby batteries which dominated the Niagara River , all these vessels were pinned down and unable to leave Black Rock .

\n

\n Late in 1812 , Paul Hamilton , the United States Secretary of the Navy had received long - time American lake mariner Daniel Dobbins , who had escaped capture at Detroit and brought information on the British forces on Lake Erie . Dobbins recommended the bay of Presque Isle in Erie , Pennsylvania as a naval base on the lake . ( `` Presqu'isle '' is French for `` peninsula '' , literally `` almost an island '' ) . Dobbins was dispatched to build four gunboats there , although Lieutenant Elliot objected to the lack of facilities . Commodore Isaac Chauncey had been appointed to command of the United States naval forces on the Great Lakes in September 1812 . He made one brief visit to Erie on 1 January 1813 where he approved Dobbins 's actions and recommended collecting materials for a larger vessel , but then returned to Lake Ontario where he afterwards concentrated his energies .

\n

\n 1813 ( edit )

\n

\n In January 1813 , William Jones ( who had replaced Hamilton as the United States Secretary of the Navy ) ordered the construction of two brig - rigged corvettes at Presque Isle , and transferred shipwright Noah Brown there from Sackets Harbor on Lake Ontario to take charge of construction . Other than their rig and crude construction ( such as using wooden pegs instead of nails because of shortages of the latter ) , the two brigs were close copies of the contemporary USS Hornet . The heaviest armament for the ships came from foundries on Chesapeake Bay , and were moved to Presque Isle only with great difficulty . ( The Americans were fortunate in that some of their largest cannon had been dispatched shortly before raiding parties under Rear - Admiral George Cockburn destroyed a foundry at Frenchtown on the eastern seaboard . ) However , the Americans could get other materials and fittings from Pittsburgh , which was expanding as a manufacturing center , and smaller guns were borrowed from the Army .

\n

\n Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry had earlier been appointed to command on Lake Erie , through lobbying by Jeremiah B. Howell , the Senior Senator from Rhode Island , supplanting Lieutenant Elliot . He arrived at Presque Isle to take command at the end of March . Having arranged for the defense of Presque Isle , he proceeded to Lake Ontario to obtain reinforcements of seamen from Commodore Isaac Chauncey . After commanding the American schooners and gunboats at the Battle of Fort George , he then went to Black Rock where the American vessels had been released when the British abandoned Fort Erie at the end of May . Perry had them towed by draft oxen up the Niagara , an operation which took six days , and sailed with them along the shore to Presque Isle .

\n

\n Meanwhile , Commander Robert Heriot Barclay was appointed to command the British squadron on Lake Erie . Another British officer had already endangered his career by refusing the appointment as success appeared unlikely . Barclay missed a rendezvous with Queen Charlotte at Point Abino and was forced to make the tedious journey to Amherstburg overland , arriving on 10 June . He brought with him only a handful of officers and seamen . When he took command of his squadron , the crews of his vessels numbered only seven British seamen , 108 officers and men of the Provincial Marine ( whose quality Barclay disparaged ) , 54 men of the Royal Newfoundland Fencibles and 106 soldiers , effectively landsmen , from the 41st Foot . Nevertheless , he immediately set out in Queen Charlotte and Lady Prevost . He first reconnoitred Perry 's base at Presque Isle and determined that it was defended by 2,000 Pennsylvania militia , with batteries and redoubts . He then cruised the eastern end of Lake Erie , hoping to intercept the American vessels from Black Rock . The weather was hazy , and he missed them .

\n

\n During July and August , Barclay received two small vessels , the schooner Chippeway and the sloop Little Belt , which had been reconstructed at Chatham on the Thames River and attempted to complete the ship - rigged corvette HMS Detroit at Amherstburg . Because the Americans controlled Lake Ontario and occupied the Niagara Peninsula in early 1813 , supplies for Barclay had to be carried overland from York . The American victory earlier in the year at the Battle of York resulted in the guns ( 24 - pounder carronades ) intended for Detroit falling into American hands . Detroit had to be completed with a miscellany of guns from the fortifications of Amherstburg . Barclay claimed at his court martial that these guns lacked flintlock firing mechanisms and matches , and that they could be fired only by snapping flintlock pistols over powder piled in the vent holes .

\n

\n Barclay repeatedly requested men and supplies from Commodore James Lucas Yeo , commanding on Lake Ontario , but received very little . The commander of the British troops on the Detroit frontier , Major - General Henry Procter , was similarly starved of soldiers and munitions by his superiors . He declined to make an attack on Presque Isle unless he was reinforced , and instead he incurred heavy losses in an unsuccessful attack on Fort Stephenson , which he mounted at the urgings of some of his Indian warriors .

\n

\n Blockades of Presque Isle and Amherstburg ( edit )

\n

\n By mid-July , the American squadron was almost complete , although not yet fully manned ( Perry claimed to have only 120 men fit for duty ) . The British squadron maintained a blockade of Presque Isle for ten days from 20 July to 29 July . The harbour had a sandbar across its mouth , with only 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) of water over it , which prevented Barclay sailing in to attack the American ships ( although Barclay briefly skirmished with the defending batteries on 21 July ) , but also prevented the Americans leaving in fighting order . Barclay had to lift the blockade on 29 July because of shortage of supplies and bad weather . It has also been suggested that Barclay left to attend a banquet in his honour , or that he wished the Americans to cross the bar and hoped to find them in disarray when he returned . Perry immediately began to move his vessels across the sandbar . This was an exhausting task . The guns had to be removed from all the boats , and the largest of them had to be raised between `` camels '' ( barges or lighters which were then emptied of ballast ) . When Barclay returned four days later , he found that Perry had nearly completed the task . Perry 's two largest brigs were not ready for action , but the gunboats and smaller brigs formed a line so confidently that Barclay withdrew to await the completion of Detroit .

\n

\n Chauncey had dispatched 130 extra sailors under Lieutenant Jesse Elliot to Presque Isle . Although Perry described some of them as `` wretched '' , at least 50 of them were experienced sailors drafted from USS Constitution , then undergoing a refit in Boston . Perry also had a few volunteers from the Pennsylvania militia .

\n

\n His vessels first proceeded to Sandusky , where they received further contingents of volunteers from Major General William Henry Harrison 's Army of the Northwest . After twice appearing off Amherstburg , Perry established an anchorage at Put - in - Bay , Ohio . For the next five weeks , Barclay was effectively blockaded and unable to move supplies to Amherstburg . His sailors , Procter 's troops , and the very large numbers of Indian warriors and their families there quickly ran out of supplies . After receiving a last - minute reinforcement of two naval officers , three warrant officers and 36 sailors transferred from a transport temporarily laid up in Quebec under Lieutenant George Bignall , Barclay had no choice but to put out again and seek battle with Perry .

\n

\n In the days preceding the battle , Perry told his friend , Purser Samuel Hambleton , that he wanted a signal flag , or battle flag , to signal to his fleet when to engage the enemy . Hambleton suggested using the dying words of Perry 's friend Captain James Lawrence of the frigate USS Chesapeake , `` Do n't Give up the Ship '' . Hambleton had the flag sewn by women of Erie , and presented it to Perry the day before the battle . The flag would become an icon in American naval history .

\n

\n Battle ( edit )

\n Movements of the squadrons of Perry and Barclay on the morning of 10 September

\n On the morning of 10 September , the Americans saw Barclay 's vessels heading for them , and got under way from their anchorage at Put - in - Bay . The wind was light . Barclay initially held the weather gauge , but the wind shifted and allowed Perry to close and attack . Both squadrons were in line of battle , with their heaviest vessels near the centre of the line . Perry hoped to get his two largest brigs , his flagship Lawrence and Niagara , into carronade range quickly , but in the light wind his vessels were making very little speed and Lawrence was battered by the assortment of long guns mounted in Detroit for at least 20 minutes before being able to reply effectively . When Lawrence was finally within carronade range at 12 : 45 , her fire was not as effective as Perry hoped , her gunners apparently having overloaded the carronades with shot .

\n

\n Astern of Lawrence , Niagara , under Elliot , was slow to come into action and remained far out of effective carronade range . It is possible that Elliott was under orders to engage his opposite number , Queen Charlotte , and that Niagara was obstructed by Caledonia , but Elliot 's actions would become a matter of dispute between him and Perry for many years . Aboard Queen Charlotte , the British ship opposed to Niagara , the commander ( Robert Finnis ) and First Lieutenant were both killed . The next most senior officer , Lieutenant Irvine of the Provincial Marine , found that both Niagara and the American gunboats were far out of range , and passed the brig General Hunter to engage Lawrence at close range .

\n

\n Although the American gunboats at the rear of the American line of battle steadily pounded the British ships in the centre of the action with raking shots from their long guns from a distance , Lawrence was reduced by the two British ships to a wreck . Four - fifths of Lawrence 's crew were killed or wounded . Both of the fleet 's surgeons were sick with lake fever , so the wounded were taken care of by the assistant , Usher Parsons . When the last gun on Lawrence became unusable , Perry decided to transfer his flag . He was rowed a half mile ( 1 km ) through heavy gunfire to Niagara while Lawrence was surrendered . ( It was later alleged that he left Lawrence after the surrender , but Perry had actually taken down only his personal pennant , in blue bearing the motto , `` Do n't give up the ship '' . )

\n

\n When Lawrence surrendered , firing died away briefly . Detroit collided with Queen Charlotte , both ships being almost unmanageable with damaged rigging and almost every officer killed or severely wounded . Barclay was severely wounded and his first lieutenant was killed , leaving Lieutenant Inglis in command . Most of the smaller British vessels were also disabled and drifting to leeward . The British nevertheless expected Niagara to lead the American schooners away in retreat . Instead , once aboard Niagara , Perry dispatched Elliot to bring the schooners into closer action , while he steered Niagara at Barclay 's damaged ships , helped by the strengthening wind .

\n

\n Niagara broke through the British line ahead of Detroit and Queen Charlotte and luffed up to fire raking broadsides from ahead of them , while Caledonia and the American gunboats fired from astern . Although the crews of Detroit and Queen Charlotte managed to untangle the two ships they could no longer offer any effective resistance . Both ships surrendered at about 3 : 00 pm . The smaller British vessels tried to flee but were overtaken and also surrendered .

\n

\n Although Perry won the battle on Niagara , he received the British surrender on the deck of the recaptured Lawrence to allow the British to see the terrible price his men had paid .

\n

\n Casualties ( edit )

\n

\n The British lost 41 killed and 94 wounded . The surviving crews , including the wounded , numbered 306 . Captain Barclay , who had previously lost his left arm in 1809 , lost a leg and part of his thigh in the action while his remaining arm was rendered `` permanently motionless '' . The Americans lost 27 killed and 96 wounded , of whom 2 later died .

\n

\n Of the vessels involved , the three most battered ( the American brig Lawrence and the British ships Detroit and Queen Charlotte ) were converted into hospital ships . A gale swept the lake on 13 September and dismasted Detroit and Queen Charlotte , further shattering the already battered ships . Once the wounded had been ferried to Erie , Lawrence was restored to service for 1814 , but the two British ships were effectively reduced to hulks .

\n

\n Aftermath ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n Perry 's vessels and prizes were anchored and hasty repairs were underway near West Sister Island when Perry composed his now famous message to Harrison . Scrawled in pencil on the back of an old envelope , Perry wrote :

\n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n Dear General :

\n

\n We have met the enemy and they are ours . Two ships , two brigs , one schooner and one sloop .

\n

\n Yours with great respect and esteem , O.H. Perry

\n
\n

\n Perry next sent the following message to the Secretary of the Navy , William Jones :

\n \n \n \n \n
\n

\n Brig Niagara , off the Western Sister , Head of Lake Erie , September 10 , 1813 , 4 P.M.

\n

\n Sir : - It has pleased the Almighty to give to the arms of the United States a signal victory over their enemies on this lake . The British squadron , consisting of two ships , two brigs , one schooner and one sloop , have this moment surrendered to the force under my command after a sharp conflict .

\n

\n I have the honor to be , Sir , very respectfully , your obedient servant , O.H. Perry

\n
\n

\n Once his usable vessels and prizes were patched up , Perry ferried 2,500 American soldiers to Amherstburg , which was captured without opposition on 27 September . Meanwhile , 1,000 mounted troops led by Richard Mentor Johnson moved by land to Detroit , which also was recaptured without fighting on or about the same day . The British army under Procter had made preparations to abandon its positions even before Procter knew the result of the battle . In spite of exhortations from Tecumseh , who led the confederation of Indian tribes allied to Britain , Procter had already abandoned Amherstburg and Detroit and began to retreat up the Thames River on 27 September . Lacking supplies , Tecumseh 's Indians had no option but to accompany him . Harrison caught up with Procter 's retreating force and defeated them on 5 October at the Battle of the Thames , where Tecumseh was killed , as was his second - in command and most experienced warrior , Wyandot Chief Roundhead .

\n

\n The victory on Lake Erie had disproportionate strategic import . The Americans controlled Lake Erie for the remainder of the war . This accounted for much of the Americans ' successes on the Niagara peninsula in 1814 and also removed the threat of a British attack on Ohio , Pennsylvania , or Western New York .

\n

\n However , an expedition in 1814 to recover Mackinac Island on Lake Huron failed , and the Americans lost eight of their smaller vessels and prizes . ( Four were destroyed when the British captured Black Rock , where they were laid up , following the Battle of Buffalo at the end of 1813 , and four were boarded and captured in separate incidents on Lake Erie and Lake Huron . )

\n

\n After the war , there was a bitter quarrel between Perry and Elliot over their respective parts in the action , mostly fought at second hand in the press . On the British side , Barclay was exonerated of any blame by a court - martial but was too badly injured to see service again for several years .

\n

\n Reconstructions and memorials ( edit )

\n

\n In 1820 Lawrence and Niagara were intentionally sunk near Misery Bay in Lake Erie , as they had `` went to rot . '' In 1875 , Lawrence was raised and moved to Philadelphia , where she was displayed at the 1876 Centennial Exposition . Later that year , the ship burned when the pavilion that housed it caught fire . Although Niagara was raised and restored in 1913 , she subsequently fell into disrepair . She was eventually disassembled , and portions of her were used in a reconstructed Niagara , which is now on view in Erie , Pennsylvania .

\n

\n The 352 - foot ( 107 m ) high Perry Monument within Perry 's Victory and International Peace Memorial now stands at Put - in - Bay , commemorating the men who fought in the battle .

\n

\n Another 101 - foot ( 31 m ) high Perry Monument is located at the eastern end of Presque Isle in Erie Pennsylvania . It stands next to Presque Isle Bay , where Niagara and Lawrence were built , stationed along with the rest of the American Squadron , and then scuttled after the war .

\n

\n Reasons for the American victory ( edit )

\n

\n Most historians attribute the American victory to what Theodore Roosevelt described as , `` Superior heavy metal '' . Perry 's leadership , particularly in the latter stages of the action , is also mentioned as a factor . The British historian C.S. Forester commented , `` ... it was as fortunate for the Americans that the Lawrence still possessed a boat that would float , as it was that Perry was not hit . ''

\n

\n On the British side , William Bell served as constructor and built Detroit , which was the best - built ship on the lake . However , Detroit was built slowly , in part due to Bell 's perfectionism , and indeed it was the only purpose - built British warship constructed on Lake Erie during the war . The guns intended for Detroit were seized by the Americans at the time of their raid on Fort York the year before . This building imbalance , given the fact that six American ships were built in the same time frame , was another important cause of the American victory ( although it might be argued that , even if Barclay had possessed more hulls , he would have been unable to obtain armament and crews for them ) .

\n

\n The court - martial of Captain Barclay and his surviving officers determined that the Captain , his officers and men had `` conducted themselves in the most gallant manner '' and found that the defeat was the result of American superiority , an insufficient number of able seamen and the early fall of superior officers in the action .

\n

\n Order of battle ( edit )

\n

\n Listed in order of sailing :

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Navy \n Name \n Rig \n Tonnage \n Crew \n Armament \n Commander \n Notes
\n Royal Navy \n Chippeway \n Schooner \n 70 tons \n 15 \n 1 \u00d7 9 - pounder long gun \n Master 's Mate J. Campbell \n captured
\n Detroit \n Ship \n 490 tons \n 150 \n 1 \u00d7 18 - pounder ( on swivel ) 2 \u00d7 24 - pounder long guns 6 \u00d7 12 - pounder long guns 8 \u00d7 9 - pounder long guns 1 \u00d7 24 - pounder carronade 1 \u00d7 18 - pounder carronade \n Commander Robert Heriot Barclay \n captured
\n Hunter \n Brig \n 180 tons \n 45 \n 4 \u00d7 6 - pounder long guns 2 \u00d7 4 - pounder long guns 2 \u00d7 2 - pounder long guns 2 \u00d7 12 - pounder carronades \n Lieutenant George Bignall \n captured
\n Queen Charlotte \n Ship \n 400 tons \n 126 \n 1 \u00d7 12 - pounder long gun 2 \u00d7 9 - pounder long guns 12 \u00d7 24 - pounder carronades \n Commander Robert Finnis \n captured
\n Lady Prevost \n Schooner \n 230 tons \n 86 \n 1 \u00d7 9 - pounder long gun 2 \u00d7 6 - pounder long guns 10 \u00d7 12 - pounder carronades \n Lieutenant Edward Buchan \n captured ( lost rudder )
\n Little Belt \n Sloop \n 90 tons \n 18 \n 1 \u00d7 12 - pounder long gun 2 \u00d7 6 - pounder long guns \n Lieutenant John F. Breman \n captured
\n Total \n 6 warships \n \n 1,460 tons \n 450 \n 330 lb shot from long guns 474 lb shot from carronades \n \n
\n United States Navy \n Scorpion \n Schooner \n 86 tons \n 35 \n 1 \u00d7 32 - pounder long gun 1 \u00d7 32 - pounder carronade \n Sailing Master Stephen Champlin \n Long gun dismounted ( overcharged )
\n Ariel \n Schooner \n 112 tons \n 36 \n 4 \u00d7 12 - pounder long guns \n Lieutenant John H. Packet \n One gun exploded ( overcharged )
\n Lawrence \n Brig \n 480 tons \n 136 \n 2 \u00d7 12 - pounder long guns 18 \u00d7 32 - pounder carronades \n Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry \n surrendered but recaptured
\n Caledonia \n Brig \n 180 tons \n 53 \n 2 \u00d7 24 - pounder long guns 1 \u00d7 32 - pounder carronade \n Lieutenant Daniel Turner \n captured from British 9 October 1812
\n Niagara \n Brig \n 480 tons \n 155 \n 2 \u00d7 12 - pounder long guns 18 \u00d7 32 - pounder carronades \n Master Commandant Jesse Elliott \n
\n Somers \n Schooner \n 94 tons \n 30 \n 1 \u00d7 24 - pounder long gun 1 \u00d7 32 - pounder carronade \n Lieutenant A.H.M. Conklin \n
\n Porcupine \n Schooner \n 83 tons \n 25 \n 1 \u00d7 32 - pounder long gun \n Acting Master George Serrat \n
\n Tigress \n Schooner \n 82 tons \n 35 \n 1 \u00d7 32 - pounder long gun \n Sailing Master Thomas C. Abny \n
\n Trippe \n Sloop \n 60 tons \n 35 \n 1 \u00d7 24 - pounder long gun \n Lieutenant Thomas Holdup Stevens \n
\n Total \n 9 warships \n \n 1,657 tons \n 540 \n 288 lb shot from long guns 1,248 lb shot from carronades \n \n
\n

\n Footnotes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Perry 's younger brother James Alexander Perry is the seated figure waving the hat . Hannibal Collins , a freed slave , is one of the oarsman .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ The British order of battle was actually two ships , one brig , two schooners and one sloop . `` Perry 's message was inaccurate . ''
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Vessel tonnages , rig and armament taken from Roosevelt ( 2004 ) , pp. 144 - 145 . Vessels ' commanders from the same source , p. 146
    4. \n
\n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Copes 1994 , p. 63 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt 2004 , pp. 260 -- 261 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Elliott to Hamiliton , Oct. 9th , 1812 in Dudley ( ed . ) , William S . The Naval War of 1812 : A Documentary History . 1 . pp. 327 -- 331 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link )
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt 2004 , p. 141 .
    5. \n
  5. \n ^ Jump up to : Elting 1995 , p. 90 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Malcomson 1998 , p. 74 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Forester 2005 , p. 136 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Forester 2005 , p. 143 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Forester 2005 , p. 137 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ Hitsman 1999 , p. 166 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank , The Contest for Command of Lake Erie in 1812 -- 13 , in Zaslow 1964 , p. 93 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank , The Contest for Command of Lake Erie , 1812 -- 13 , in Zaslow 1964 , p. 90 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ C.P. Stacey , Another look at the Battle of Lake Erie , in Zaslow 1964 , p. 108 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Hitsman 1999 , pp. 167 -- 168 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Forester 2005 , p. 140 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ NapoleonSeries.org , `` Ironsides on the Lake '' .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Elting 1995 , p. 96 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Hitsman 1999 , p. 170 .
    19. \n
  19. \n ^ Jump up to : Roosevelt 2004 , p. 147 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Archaic Medical Terms English List L .
    21. \n
  21. \n ^ Jump up to : Forester 2005 , p. 146 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Ernest A. Cruikshank , The Contest for Command of Lake Erie , 1812 -- 13 , in Zaslow 1964 , p. 100 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Forester 2005 , p. 147 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Earnest A. Cruickshank , The contest for the command of Lake Erie in 1812 -- 1813 in Zaslow 1964 , p. 102 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2004 , p. 148 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2004 , pp. 148 -- 149 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Benjamin J. Lossing ( 1869 ) . `` Field Book of the War of 1812 '' . Retrieved 20 December 2011 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Altoff ( 1999 ) Note 129 , p. 97 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Symonds , Craig L. ; Clipson , William J. ( 2001 ) . The Naval Institute historical atlas of the U.S. Navy . Naval Institute Press . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 984 - 0 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Hickey , Donald R. Do n't Give Up The Ship , p. 355 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Roosevelt 2004 , p. 152 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ William James The Naval History of Great Britain , from the Declaration of War by Trace in 1793 , to the Accession of George IV . Volume 6 Richard Bentley 1847 Page 252
    33. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n \n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Lake Erie .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikiquote has quotations related to : Battle of Lake Erie
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Conflicts of the War of 1812
\n Battles of the War of 1812
\n United States \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Washington , D.C. \n
    \n
  • \n Burning of Washington
    • \n
\n
\n Georgia \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of Fort Peter
    • \n
\n
\n Louisiana \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of New Orleans
    • \n
  • \n Siege of Fort St. Philip
    • \n
\n
\n Maryland \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of Baltimore
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Bladensburg
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Caulk 's Field
    • \n
  • \n Battle of North Point
    • \n
  • \n Battle of St. Michaels
    • \n
  • \n Raid on Havre de Grace
    • \n
\n
\n Massachusetts \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of Hampden
    • \n
\n
\n New York \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of Big Sandy Creek
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Buffalo
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Ogdensburg
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Plattsburgh
    • \n
  • \n Capture of Fort Niagara
    • \n
  • \n Raid on Black Rock
    • \n
  • \n Second Battle of Sacket 's Harbor
    • \n
\n
\n Ohio \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of Fort Stephenson
    • \n
  • \n Copus massacre
    • \n
  • \n Siege of Fort Meigs
    • \n
\n
\n Virginia \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of Craney Island
    • \n
  • \n Raid on Alexandria
    • \n
  • \n Skirmish at Farnham Church
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Rappahannock River
    • \n
\n
\n
\n U.S. territories \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Alabama \n
    \n
  • \n Battles of Fort Bowyer
    • \n
\n
\n Illinois \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of Fort Dearborn
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Rock Island Rapids
    • \n
  • \n Siege of Prairie du Chien
    • \n
\n
\n Indiana \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of the Mississinewa
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Tippecanoe
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Wild Cat Creek
    • \n
  • \n Siege of Fort Harrison
    • \n
  • \n Siege of Fort Wayne
    • \n
\n
\n Michigan \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of Brownstown
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Frenchtown
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Mackinac Island
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Maguaga
    • \n
  • \n Siege of Detroit
    • \n
  • \n Siege of Fort Mackinac
    • \n
\n
\n Mississippi \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of Burnt Corn
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Callabee Creek
    • \n
  • \n Canoe Fight
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Holy Ground
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Horseshoe Bend
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Talladega
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Tallushatchee
    • \n
  • \n Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek
    • \n
  • \n Fort Mims massacre
    • \n
  • \n Kimbell -- James Massacre
    • \n
\n
\n Missouri \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of Credit Island
    • \n
  • \n Battle of the Sink Hole
    • \n
\n
\n
\n British North America \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Lower Canada \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of the Chateauguay
    • \n
  • \n First Battle of Lacolle Mills
    • \n
  • \n Second Battle of Lacolle Mills
    • \n
\n
\n Upper Canada \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of Beaver Dams
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Chippawa
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Cook 's Mills
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Crysler 's Farm
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Fort George
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Frenchman 's Creek
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Longwoods
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Lundy 's Lane
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Malcolm 's Mills
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Queenston Heights
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Stoney Creek
    • \n
  • \n Battle of the Thames
    • \n
  • \n Battle of York
    • \n
  • \n Capture of Fort Erie
    • \n
  • \n Raid on Elizabethtown
    • \n
  • \n Raid on Port Dover
    • \n
  • \n Raid on Gananoque
    • \n
  • \n Siege of Fort Erie
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Spanish Empire \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Spanish Florida \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of Pensacola
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Naval battles \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Atlantic Ocean \n
    \n
  • \n Capture of HMS Boxer
    • \n
  • \n Capture of HMS Cyane
    • \n
  • \n Capture of HMS Epervier
    • \n
  • \n Capture of HMS Frolic
    • \n
  • \n Capture of HMS Penguin
    • \n
  • \n Capture of HMS Dominica
    • \n
  • \n Capture of USS Argus
    • \n
  • \n Capture of USS Chesapeake
    • \n
  • \n Capture of USS President
    • \n
  • \n Chesapeake Bay Flotilla
    • \n
  • \n USS Constitution vs HMS Java
    • \n
  • \n Sinking of HMS Avon
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Fayal
    • \n
  • \n Sinking of HMS Peacock
    • \n
  • \n Sinking of HMS Reindeer
    • \n
  • \n USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere
    • \n
  • \n USS United States vs HMS Macedonian
    • \n
\n
\n Caribbean Sea \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of La Guaira
    • \n
\n
\n Great Lakes \n
    \n
  • \n Battle of Lake Erie
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Fort Oswego
    • \n
  • \n Engagements on Lake Huron
    • \n
  • \n Engagements on Lake Ontario
    • \n
  • \n First Battle of Sacket 's Harbor
    • \n
\n
\n Gulf Coast \n
    \n
  • \n Action of 13 December 1814
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Lake Borgne
    • \n
\n
\n Pacific Ocean \n
    \n
  • \n Action off James Island
    • \n
  • \n Action off Charles Island
    • \n
  • \n Nuku Hiva Campaign
    • \n
  • \n Battle of Valparaiso ( Capture of USS Essex )
    • \n
\n
\n
\n See also : American Indian Wars , Creek War , Napoleonic Wars , and Tecumseh 's War
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Portal
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n definition
    • \n
  • \n textbooks
    • \n
  • \n quotes
    • \n
  • \n source texts
    • \n
  • \n media
    • \n
  • \n news stories
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Coordinates : 41 \u00b0 39 \u2032 44 '' N 82 \u00b0 49 \u2032 30 '' W \ufeff / \ufeff 41.66222 \u00b0 N 82.82500 \u00b0 W \ufeff / 41.66222 ; - 82.82500

\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lake_Erie&oldid=799568331 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what events occurred in the fighting at seas and near the great lakes", "long_answers": ["The Battle of Lake Erie , sometimes called the Battle of Put - in - Bay , was fought on 10 September 1813 , in Lake Erie off the coast of Ohio during the War of 1812 . Nine vessels of the United States Navy defeated and captured six vessels of the British Royal Navy . This ensured American control of the lake for the rest of the war , which in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh . It was one of the biggest naval battles of the War of 1812 .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "List of Test cricket hat - tricks - wikipedia

\n List of Test cricket hat - tricks

\n Jump to : navigation , search English cricketer Stuart Broad took hat - tricks against India at Trent Bridge in 2011 and against Sri Lanka at Headingley in 2014 .

\n In the sport of cricket , a hat - trick is an occasion where a bowler takes three wickets in consecutive deliveries . As of 31 July 2017 , this feat has only been achieved 43 times in more than two thousand Test matches , the form of the sport in which national representative teams compete in matches of up to five days ' duration . The first Test hat - trick was recorded on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match to take place , by the Australian pace bowler Fred Spofforth , nicknamed `` The Demon Bowler '' , who dismissed three English batsmen with consecutive deliveries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . The most recent bowler to achieve the feat was English spin bowler Moeen Ali against South Africa on 31 July 2017 . At least one bowler from each of the ten nations that have played Test cricket have taken a Test hat - trick .

\n

\n A player has taken two hat - tricks in the same Test match only once . Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford , Manchester , England , leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat - trick in South Africa 's first and second innings , both taken on 28 May 1912 . He completed both hat - tricks by dismissing South Africa 's Tommy Ward . Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat - trick : Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble ( two years apart , between the same teams at the same ground ) , Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram ( just over a week apart , in consecutive matches between the same teams ) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad . Three players have taken a hat - trick on their Test debut : English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930 , New Zealand off - spinner Peter Petherick in 1976 , and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994 . Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat - trick , taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career . During the match in which he took his hat - trick , Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match . Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat - trick on his birthday , and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat - trick in the same Test match .

\n

\n Australian Merv Hughes is the only bowler to take a hat - trick where the wickets fell over three overs . He took a wicket with the final ball of an over . With the first ball of the next over he took the final wicket of the West Indies innings . He then removed the opener Gordon Greenidge with the first ball of the West Indies second innings .

\n

\n In the five - match series between a Rest of the World XI and England in 1970 , a hat - trick was taken by South African Eddie Barlow in the fourth match , at Headingley ( the last three of four wickets in five balls ) . These matches were considered to be Tests at the time , but that status was later removed .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Test hat - tricks ( edit )

\n Australian bowler Fred Spofforth took the first hat - trick in Test cricket on 2 January 1879 , in only the third Test match . Billy Bates was the first player to take a hat - trick for England , four years after Spofforth achieved the feat . Hugh Trumble is one of only four players to take more than one Test hat - trick , achieving the feat in 1902 and 1904 . Courtney Walsh 's hat - trick in 1988 was spread across two innings . In Australia 's first innings he dismissed the last two batsmen with consecutive deliveries and then took a third wicket with the first ball of the second innings . Wasim Akram took two hat - tricks in the space of nine days in 1999 . When Peter Siddle took a hat - trick for Australia in 2010 , his final victim was Stuart Broad . Nine months later Broad himself would be the next man to take a Test match hat - trick . \n Key \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Symbol \n Meaning
\n Bowler \n The name of the bowler
\n For \n The team for which the bowler was playing
\n Against \n The team against which the bowler was playing
\n Inn . \n The innings ( first or second ) in which the hat - trick was achieved
\n Test \n The number of the Test within the overall series between the two teams
\n Dismissals \n The three players dismissed by the bowler
\n Venue \n The venue where the hat - trick was achieved
\n Date \n The date on which the hat - trick was achieved
\n Ref . \n Reference
\n \n List of Test cricket hat - tricks \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n No . \n Bowler \n For \n Against \n Inn . \n Test \n Dismissals \n Venue \n Date \n Ref .
\n \n Spofforth , Fred Fred Spofforth \n Australia \n England \n \n 1 / 1 \n
    \n
  • \n Vernon Royle ( b )
    • \n
  • \n Francis MacKinnon ( b )
    • \n
  • \n Tom Emmett ( c Tom Horan )
    • \n
\n 		\n Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne \n 2 January 1879 \n
\n \n Bates , Billy Billy Bates \n England \n Australia \n \n 2 / 3 \n
    \n
  • \n Percy McDonnell ( b )
    • \n
  • \n George Giffen ( c and b )
    • \n
  • \n George Bonnor ( c Walter Read )
    • \n
\n 		\n Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne \n 20 January 1883 \n
\n \n Briggs , Johnny Johnny Briggs \n England \n Australia \n \n 2 / 3 \n
    \n
  • \n Walter Giffen ( b )
    • \n
  • \n Jack Blackham ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Sydney Callaway ( c W.G. Grace )
    • \n
\n 		\n Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney \n 2 February 1892 \n
\n \n Lohmann , George George Lohmann \n England \n South Africa \n \n 1 / 3 \n
    \n
  • \n Frederick Cook ( b )
    • \n
  • \n Bonnor Middleton ( b )
    • \n
  • \n Joseph Willoughby ( c Tom Hayward )
    • \n
\n 		\n St. George 's Park , Port Elizabeth \n 14 February 1896 \n
\n \n Hearne , Jack Jack Hearne \n England \n Australia \n \n 3 / 5 \n
    \n
  • \n Clem Hill ( b )
    • \n
  • \n Syd Gregory ( c Archie MacLaren )
    • \n
  • \n Monty Noble ( c Ranjitsinhji )
    • \n
\n 		\n Headingley , Leeds \n 30 June 1899 \n
\n 6 \n Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble \n Australia \n England \n \n 2 / 5 \n
    \n
  • \n John Gunn ( c Sammy Jones )
    • \n
  • \n Arthur Jones ( c Joe Darling )
    • \n
  • \n Sydney Barnes ( c and b )
    • \n
\n 		\n Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne \n 4 January 1902 \n
\n 7 \n Trumble , Hugh Hugh Trumble \n Australia \n England \n \n 5 / 5 \n
    \n
  • \n Bernard Bosanquet ( c Algy Gehrs )
    • \n
  • \n Plum Warner ( c and b )
    • \n
  • \n Dick Lilley ( lbw )
    • \n
\n 		\n Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne \n 8 March 1904 \n
\n 8 \n Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews \n Australia \n South Africa \n \n 1 / 3 \n
    \n
  • \n Rolland Beaumont ( b )
    • \n
  • \n Sid Pegler ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Tommy Ward ( lbw )
    • \n
\n 		\n Old Trafford , Manchester \n 28 May 1912 \n
\n 9 \n Matthews , Jimmy Jimmy Matthews \n Australia \n South Africa \n \n 1 / 3 \n
    \n
  • \n Herbie Taylor ( b )
    • \n
  • \n Reggie Schwarz ( c and b )
    • \n
  • \n Tommy Ward ( c and b )
    • \n
\n 		\n Old Trafford , Manchester \n 28 May 1912 \n
\n 10 \n Allom , Maurice Maurice Allom \n England \n New Zealand \n \n 1 / 4 \n
    \n
  • \n Tom Lowry ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Ken James ( c Tich Cornford )
    • \n
  • \n Ted Badcock ( b )
    • \n
\n 		\n Lancaster Park , Christchurch \n 10 January 1930 \n
\n 11 \n Goddard , Tom Tom Goddard \n England \n South Africa \n \n 1 / 5 \n
    \n
  • \n Dudley Nourse ( c and b )
    • \n
  • \n Norman Gordon ( st Leslie Ames )
    • \n
  • \n Billy Wade ( b )
    • \n
\n 		\n Old Wanderers , Johannesburg \n 26 December 1938 \n
\n 12 \n Loader , Peter Peter Loader \n England \n West Indies \n \n 4 / 5 \n
    \n
  • \n John Goddard ( b )
    • \n
  • \n Sonny Ramadhin ( c Fred Trueman )
    • \n
  • \n Roy Gilchrist ( b )
    • \n
\n 		\n Headingley , Leeds \n 25 July 1957 \n
\n 13 \n Kline , Lindsay Lindsay Kline \n Australia \n South Africa \n \n 2 / 5 \n
    \n
  • \n Eddie Fuller ( c Richie Benaud )
    • \n
  • \n Hugh Tayfield ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Neil Adcock ( c Bob Simpson )
    • \n
\n 		\n Newlands , Cape Town \n 3 January 1958 \n
\n 14 \n Hall , Wes Wes Hall \n West Indies \n Pakistan \n \n 3 / 3 \n
    \n
  • \n Mushtaq Mohammed ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Fazal Mahmood ( c Garfield Sobers )
    • \n
  • \n Nasim - ul - Ghani ( b )
    • \n
\n 		\n Bagh - e-Jinnah , Lahore \n 29 March 1959 \n
\n 15 \n Griffin , Geoff Geoff Griffin \n South Africa \n England \n \n 2 / 5 \n
    \n
  • \n M.J.K. Smith ( c John Waite )
    • \n
  • \n Peter Walker ( b )
    • \n
  • \n Fred Trueman ( b )
    • \n
\n 		\n Lord 's , London \n 24 June 1960 \n
\n 16 \n Gibbs , Lance Lance Gibbs \n West Indies \n Australia \n \n 4 / 5 \n
    \n
  • \n Ken Mackay ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Wally Grout ( c Garfield Sobers )
    • \n
  • \n Frank Misson ( b )
    • \n
\n 		\n Adelaide Oval , Adelaide \n 30 January 1961 \n
\n 17 \n Petherick , Peter Peter Petherick \n New Zealand \n Pakistan \n \n 1 / 3 \n
    \n
  • \n Javed Miandad ( c Richard Hadlee )
    • \n
  • \n Wasim Raja ( c and b )
    • \n
  • \n Intikhab Alam ( c Geoff Howarth )
    • \n
\n 		\n Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore \n 9 October 1976 \n
\n 18 \n Walsh , Courtney Courtney Walsh \n West Indies \n Australia \n 1 & 2 \n 1 / 5 \n
    \n
  • \n Tony Dodemaide ( c Viv Richards )
    • \n
  • \n Mike Veletta ( c Carl Hooper )
    • \n
  • \n Graeme Wood ( lbw )
    • \n
\n 		\n Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane \n 18 -- 20 November 1988 \n
\n 19 \n Hughes , Merv Merv Hughes \n Australia \n West Indies \n 1 & 2 \n 2 / 5 \n
    \n
  • \n Curtly Ambrose ( c Ian Healy )
    • \n
  • \n Patrick Patterson ( c Tony Dodemaide )
    • \n
  • \n Gordon Greenidge ( lbw )
    • \n
\n 		\n WACA , Perth \n 3 -- 4 December 1988 \n
\n 20 \n Fleming , Damien Damien Fleming \n Australia \n Pakistan \n \n 2 / 3 \n
    \n
  • \n Aamer Malik ( c Michael Bevan )
    • \n
  • \n Inzamam - ul - Haq ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Saleem Malik ( c Ian Healy )
    • \n
\n 		\n Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium , Rawalpindi \n 9 October 1994 \n
\n 21 \n Warne , Shane Shane Warne \n Australia \n England \n \n 2 / 5 \n
    \n
  • \n Phil DeFreitas ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Darren Gough ( c Ian Healy )
    • \n
  • \n Devon Malcolm ( c David Boon )
    • \n
\n 		\n Melbourne Cricket Ground , Melbourne \n 29 December 1994 \n
\n 22 \n Cork , Dominic Dominic Cork \n England \n West Indies \n \n 4 / 6 \n
    \n
  • \n Richie Richardson ( b )
    • \n
  • \n Junior Murray ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Carl Hooper ( lbw )
    • \n
\n 		\n Old Trafford , Manchester \n 30 July 1995 \n
\n 23 \n Gough , Darren Darren Gough \n England \n Australia \n \n 5 / 5 \n
    \n
  • \n Ian Healy ( c Warren Hegg )
    • \n
  • \n Stuart MacGill ( b )
    • \n
  • \n Colin Miller ( b )
    • \n
\n 		\n Sydney Cricket Ground , Sydney \n 2 January 1999 \n
\n 24 \n Wasim Akram \n Pakistan \n Sri Lanka \n \n 3 / 4 \n
    \n
  • \n Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan )
    • \n
  • \n Niroshan Bandaratilleke ( b )
    • \n
  • \n Pramodya Wickramasinghe ( b )
    • \n
\n 		\n Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore \n 6 March 1999 \n
\n 25 \n Wasim Akram \n Pakistan \n Sri Lanka \n \n 4 / 4 \n
    \n
  • \n Avishka Gunawardene ( c Shahid Afridi )
    • \n
  • \n Chaminda Vaas ( b )
    • \n
  • \n Mahela Jayawardene ( c Wajahatullah Wasti )
    • \n
\n 		\n Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka \n 14 March 1999 \n
\n 26 \n Nuwan Zoysa \n Sri Lanka \n Zimbabwe \n \n 2 / 3 \n
    \n
  • \n Trevor Gripper ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Murray Goodwin ( c Romesh Kaluwitharana )
    • \n
  • \n Neil Johnson ( lbw )
    • \n
\n 		\n Harare Sports Club , Harare \n 26 November 1999 \n
\n 27 \n Abdul Razzaq \n Pakistan \n Sri Lanka \n \n 2 / 3 \n
    \n
  • \n Romesh Kaluwitharana ( c Moin Khan )
    • \n
  • \n Rangana Herath ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Ravi Pushpakumara ( lbw )
    • \n
\n 		\n Galle International Stadium , Galle \n 21 June 2000 \n
\n 28 \n McGrath , Glenn Glenn McGrath \n Australia \n West Indies \n \n 2 / 5 \n
    \n
  • \n Sherwin Campbell ( c Ricky Ponting )
    • \n
  • \n Brian Lara ( c Stuart MacGill )
    • \n
  • \n Jimmy Adams ( c Justin Langer )
    • \n
\n 		\n WACA , Perth \n 1 December 2000 \n
\n 29 \n Harbhajan Singh \n India \n Australia \n \n 2 / 3 \n
    \n
  • \n Ricky Ponting ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Adam Gilchrist ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Shane Warne ( c Sadagoppan Ramesh )
    • \n
\n 		\n Eden Gardens , Calcutta \n 11 March 2001 \n
\n 30 \n Mohammad Sami \n Pakistan \n Sri Lanka \n \n 3 / 3 \n
    \n
  • \n Charitha Buddhika ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Nuwan Zoysa ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Muttiah Muralitharan ( b )
    • \n
\n 		\n Gaddafi Stadium , Lahore \n 8 March 2002 \n
\n 31 \n Lawson , Jermaine Jermaine Lawson \n West Indies \n Australia \n 1 & 2 \n 3 / 4 \n
    \n
  • \n Brett Lee ( b )
    • \n
  • \n Stuart MacGill ( b )
    • \n
  • \n Justin Langer ( lbw )
    • \n
\n 		\n Kensington Oval , Bridgetown \n 2 -- 5 May 2003 \n
\n 32 \n Alok Kapali \n Bangladesh \n Pakistan \n \n 2 / 3 \n
    \n
  • \n Shabbir Ahmed ( c Mashrafe Mortaza )
    • \n
  • \n Danish Kaneria ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Umar Gul ( lbw )
    • \n
\n 		\n Arbab Niaz Stadium , Peshawar \n 29 August 2003 \n
\n 33 \n Blignaut , Andy Andy Blignaut \n Zimbabwe \n Bangladesh \n \n 1 / 2 \n
    \n
  • \n Hannan Sarkar ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Mohammad Ashraful ( c sub ( Travis Friend ) )
    • \n
  • \n Mushfiqur Rahman ( c Tatenda Taibu )
    • \n
\n 		\n Harare Sports Club , Harare \n 22 February 2004 \n
\n 34 \n Hoggard , Matthew Matthew Hoggard \n England \n West Indies \n \n 3 / 4 \n
    \n
  • \n Ramnaresh Sarwan ( c Ashley Giles )
    • \n
  • \n Shivnarine Chanderpaul ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Ryan Hinds ( c Andrew Flintoff )
    • \n
\n 		\n Kensington Oval , Barbados \n 3 April 2004 \n
\n 35 \n Franklin , James James Franklin \n New Zealand \n Bangladesh \n \n 1 / 2 \n
    \n
  • \n Manjural Islam Rana ( c Brendon McCullum )
    • \n
  • \n Mohammad Rafique ( c Scott Styris )
    • \n
  • \n Tapash Baisya ( b )
    • \n
\n 		\n Bangabandhu National Stadium , Dhaka \n 20 October 2004 \n
\n 36 \n Irfan Pathan \n India \n Pakistan \n \n 3 / 3 \n
    \n
  • \n Salman Butt ( c Rahul Dravid )
    • \n
  • \n Younis Khan ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Mohammad Yousuf ( b )
    • \n
\n 		\n National Stadium , Karachi \n 29 January 2006 \n
\n 37 \n Sidebottom , Ryan Ryan Sidebottom \n England \n New Zealand \n \n 1 / 3 \n
    \n
  • \n Stephen Fleming ( c Alastair Cook )
    • \n
  • \n Mathew Sinclair ( c Alastair Cook )
    • \n
  • \n Jacob Oram ( lbw )
    • \n
\n 		\n Seddon Park , Hamilton \n 8 March 2008 \n
\n 38 \n Siddle , Peter Peter Siddle \n Australia \n England \n \n 1 / 5 \n
    \n
  • \n Alastair Cook ( c Shane Watson )
    • \n
  • \n Matt Prior ( b )
    • \n
  • \n Stuart Broad ( lbw )
    • \n
\n 		\n Brisbane Cricket Ground , Brisbane \n 25 November 2010 \n
\n 39 \n Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad \n England \n India \n \n 2 / 4 \n
    \n
  • \n Mahendra Singh Dhoni ( c James Anderson )
    • \n
  • \n Harbhajan Singh ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Praveen Kumar ( b )
    • \n
\n 		\n Trent Bridge , Nottinghamshire \n 30 July 2011 \n
\n 40 \n Gazi , Sohag Sohag Gazi \n Bangladesh \n New Zealand \n \n 1 / 2 \n
    \n
  • \n Corey Anderson ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n BJ Watling ( c Mushfiqur Rahim )
    • \n
  • \n Doug Bracewell ( c Shakib Al Hasan )
    • \n
\n 		\n Zahur Ahmed Chowdhury Stadium , Chittagong \n 13 October 2013 \n
\n 41 \n Broad , Stuart Stuart Broad \n England \n Sri Lanka \n \n 2 / 2 \n
    \n
  • \n Kumar Sangakkara ( c Ian Bell )
    • \n
  • \n Dinesh Chandimal ( c Alastair Cook )
    • \n
  • \n Shaminda Eranga ( c Matt Prior )
    • \n
\n 		\n Headingley , Leeds \n 20 June 2014 \n
\n 42 \n Herath , Rangana Rangana Herath \n Sri Lanka \n Australia \n \n 2 / 3 \n
    \n
  • \n Adam Voges ( c Dimuth Karunaratne )
    • \n
  • \n Peter Nevill ( lbw )
    • \n
  • \n Mitchell Starc ( lbw )
    • \n
\n 		\n Galle International Stadium , Galle \n 5 August 2016 \n
\n 43 \n Ali , Moeen Moeen Ali \n England \n South Africa \n \n 3 / 4 \n
    \n
  • \n Dean Elgar ( c Ben Stokes )
    • \n
  • \n Kagiso Rabada ( c Ben Stokes )
    • \n
  • \n Morn\u00e9 Morkel ( lbw )
    • \n
\n 		\n The Oval , London \n 31 July 2017 \n
\n

\n By team ( edit )

\n

\n England and Australia combined have taken over half of all Test match hat - tricks to date , 25 of 43 ( 58.14 % ) .

\n \n Test hat - tricks by team \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Team \n Hat - tricks
\n England \n 14
\n Australia \n 11
\n Pakistan \n
\n West Indies \n
\n Bangladesh \n
\n India \n
\n Sri Lanka \n
\n New Zealand \n
\n South Africa \n
\n Zimbabwe \n
\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n

\n General ( edit )

\n \n

\n Specific ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` India in England -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ McGhie , Tom ( 20 July 2011 ) . `` Landmark Test matches through the years as Lord 's plays host to the 2,000 th when England take on India '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 3 January 2013 .
    3. \n
  3. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Record / Test matches / Bowling record / Hat - tricks '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Triangular Tournament \u2212 1st match : Australia v South Africa Test Series -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ Williamson , Martin ( 11 August 2012 ) . `` No - balled out of the game '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ McGlashan , Andrew ( 25 November 2010 ) . `` Siddle hat - trick gives Australia control '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Islam , Mohammad ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Gazi shines as Test ends in draw '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2013 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ Lynch , Steven ( 13 October 2013 ) . `` Three - act plays '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 23 July 2015 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` England v Rest Of The World , 1970 -- 4th match '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` July 2000 -- The best of the best ? '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 3 January 2012 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1878 / 79 -- Only Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ `` England ( IFW Bligh 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1882 / 83 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ `` England ( Lord Sheffield 's XI ) tour of Australia , 1891 / 92 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1895 / 96 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of England , 1899 : The Ashes -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1901 / 02 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` England ( Marylebone Cricket Club ) tour of Australia , 1903 / 04 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    18. \n
  18. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Triangular Tournament , 1912 : Australia v South Africa Test Series \u2212 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 1929 / 30 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ `` England tour of South Africa , 1938 / 39 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1957 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of South Africa , 1957 / 58 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Pakistan , 1958 / 59 -- 3d Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ `` South Africa tour of England , 1960 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1960 / 61 -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Pakistan , 1976 / 77 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 1988 / 89 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Pakistan , 1994 / 95 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1994 / 95 : The Ashes -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of England , 1995 : The Wisden Trophy -- 4th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 1998 / 99 : The Ashes -- 5th Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 1998 / 99 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of Zimbabwe , 1999 / 00 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ `` Pakistan tour of Sri Lanka , 2000 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ `` West Indies tour of Australia , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of India , 2000 / 01 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ `` Asian Championship Test , 2001 / 02 -- Final '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of West Indies , 2003 : The Frank Worrell Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Pakistan , 2003 -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh tour of Zimbabwe , 2003 / 04 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ `` England tour of West Indies , 2003 / 04 : The Wisden Trophy -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 2004 / 05 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ `` India tour of Pakistan , 2005 / 06 -- 3rd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ `` England tour of New Zealand , 2007 / 08 -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ `` England tour of Australia , 2010 / 11 : The Ashes -- 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ `` India tour of England , 2011 : Pataudi Trophy -- 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 4 January 2013 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ `` New Zealand tour of Bangladesh , 1st Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 13 Oct 2013 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` Sri Lanka tour of England , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 20 Jun 2014 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` Australia tour of Sri Lanka , 2nd Test '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 5 Aug 2016 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ `` 3rd Test , South Africa tour of England at London , Jul 27 -- Jul 31 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 28 July 2017 .
    53. \n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Cricket records
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Test records
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n By team \n
    \n
  • \n Australia
    • \n
  • \n Bangladesh
    • \n
  • \n England
    • \n
  • \n India
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
    • \n
  • \n Pakistan
    • \n
  • \n Sri Lanka
    • \n
  • \n South Africa
    • \n
  • \n West Indies
    • \n
  • \n Zimbabwe
    • \n
\n
\n Batting \n
    \n
  • \n Most career runs
    • \n
  • \n Triple centuries
    • \n
  • \n Centuries in both innings
    • \n
  • \n Centuries on debut
    • \n
\n
\n Bowling \n
    \n
  • \n Most career wickets
    • \n
  • \n Five - wicket hauls on debut
    • \n
  • \n Double five - wicket hauls on debut
    • \n
  • \n Hat - tricks
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ODI records
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n By team \n
    \n
  • \n Australia
    • \n
  • \n Bangladesh
    • \n
  • \n England
    • \n
  • \n India
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
    • \n
  • \n Pakistan
    • \n
  • \n Sri Lanka
    • \n
  • \n South Africa
    • \n
  • \n West Indies
    • \n
  • \n Zimbabwe
    • \n
\n
\n Batting \n
    \n
  • \n Most career runs
    • \n
  • \n Highest individual scores
    • \n
  • \n Double centuries
    • \n
  • \n Centuries on debut
    • \n
\n
\n Bowling \n
    \n
  • \n Most career wickets
    • \n
  • \n Hat - tricks
    • \n
  • \n Five - wicket haul on debut
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n T20I records
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n By team \n
    \n
  • \n Australia
    • \n
  • \n Bangladesh
    • \n
  • \n England
    • \n
  • \n India
    • \n
  • \n Nepal
    • \n
  • \n New Zealand
    • \n
  • \n Pakistan
    • \n
  • \n Sri Lanka
    • \n
  • \n South Africa
    • \n
  • \n West Indies
    • \n
  • \n Zimbabwe
    • \n
\n
\n Batting \n
    \n
  • \n Centuries
    • \n
\n
\n Bowling \n
    \n
  • \n Five - wicket hauls
    • \n
  • \n Hat - tricks
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Miscellaneous records
\n
    \n
  • \n International Centuries
    • \n
  • \n Career Five Wicket Hauls
    • \n
  • \n 100 wickets in a season
    • \n
  • \n Wicket with first ball
    • \n
  • \n World Cup records
    • \n
  • \n First - class records
    • \n
  • \n Batsmen with 100 FC centuries
    • \n
  • \n FC quadruple centuries
    • \n
  • \n Ranji Trophy
    • \n
  • \n List - A records
    • \n
  • \n Centuries by ground
    • \n
  • \n Five - wicket hauls by ground
    • \n
  • \n Twenty20 records
    • \n
  • \n Under - 19 records
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Women 's cricket
\n
    \n
  • \n Test records
    • \n
  • \n ODI records
    • \n
  • \n T20I records
    • \n
  • \n Test centuries
    • \n
  • \n ODI centuries
    • \n
  • \n T20I centuries
    • \n
  • \n Hat - tricks
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Test_cricket_hat-tricks&oldid=804153912 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "who is the only bowler to take hattrick in test cricket", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Five Pillars of Islam - wikipedia

\n Five Pillars of Islam

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide ) Part of a series on Islam Aqidah
\n
\n Five Pillars of Islam ( show )
    \n
  • \n Shahada
    • \n
  • \n Salah
    • \n
  • \n Sawm
    • \n
  • \n Zakat
    • \n
  • \n Hajj
    • \n
\n
\n Sunni ( show ) Six articles of belief
    \n
  • \n God
    • \n
  • \n Prophets
    • \n
  • \n Holy books
    • \n
  • \n Angels
    • \n
  • \n The Last Judgement
    • \n
  • \n Predestination
    • \n
\n

\n Sunni theological traditions

\n
    \n
  • \n Ilm al - Kalam
      \n
    • \n Ash'ari
      • \n
    • \n Maturidi
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Sunni Murji'ah
    • \n
  • \n Traditionalist
    • \n
\n
\n Shi'a ( show ) Twelver
    \n
  • \n Principles
      \n
    • \n Tawhid
      • \n
    • \n Adalah
      • \n
    • \n Prophecy
      • \n
    • \n Imamah
      • \n
    • \n Qiyamah
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Practices
      \n
    • \n Salah
      • \n
    • \n Sawm
      • \n
    • \n Zakat
      • \n
    • \n Hajj
      • \n
    • \n Khums
      • \n
    • \n Jihad
      • \n
    • \n Commanding what is just
      • \n
    • \n Forbidding what is evil
      • \n
    • \n Tawalla
      • \n
    • \n Tabarra
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n

\n Seven pillars of Ismailism

\n
    \n
  • \n Walayah
    • \n
  • \n Tawhid
    • \n
  • \n Salah
    • \n
  • \n Zakat
    • \n
  • \n Sawm
    • \n
  • \n Hajj
    • \n
  • \n Jihad
    • \n
\n

\n Other Shia concepts of Aqidah

\n
    \n
  • \n Imamate
    • \n
  • \n Batin
    • \n
  • \n Sixth Pillar of Islam
    • \n
\n
\n Other schools of theology ( show )
    \n
  • \n Khawarij
    • \n
  • \n Ibadi
    • \n
  • \n Murji'ah
    • \n
  • \n Qadariyah
    • \n
  • \n Mu\u02bftazila
    • \n
  • \n Sufism
    • \n
\n
\n Including : Jahmi ; Karramiyya ; Alawites & Qizilbash Sevener - Qarmatians , Assassins & Druzes Ajardi , Azariqa , Bayhasiyya , Najdat & S\u016bfr\u012b N\u016bkk\u0101r\u012b ; Bahshamiyya & Ikhsh\u00eediyya Alevism , Bektashi Order & Qalandariyya Islam portal
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Part of a series on
\n Islam
\n
\n Beliefs ( show )
    \n
  • \n Oneness of God
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Prophets
    • \n
  • \n Revealed books
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Angels
    • \n
  • \n Predestination
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Day of Resurrection
    • \n
\n
\n Practices ( hide )
    \n
  • \n Profession of faith
    • \n
  • \n Prayer
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Fasting
    • \n
  • \n Alms - giving
    • \n
  • \n Pilgrimage
    • \n
\n
\n Texts and laws ( show )
    \n
  • \n Quran
    • \n
  • \n Sunnah
    • \n
  • \n Hadith
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Sharia ( law )
    • \n
  • \n Fiqh ( jurisprudence )
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Kalam ( dialectic )
    • \n
\n
\n History ( show )
    \n
  • \n Timeline
    • \n
  • \n Muhammad
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Ahl al - Bayt
    • \n
  • \n Sahabah
    • \n
  • \n Rashidun
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Imamate
    • \n
  • \n Caliphate
    • \n
  • \n Spread of Islam
    • \n
\n
\n Culture and society ( show )
    \n
  • \n Calendar
    • \n
  • \n Festivals
    • \n
  • \n Academics
    • \n
  • \n Art
    • \n
  • \n Moral teachings
    • \n
  • \n Children
    • \n
  • \n Denominations
    • \n
  • \n Feminism
    • \n
  • \n Women
    • \n
  • \n Madrasa
    • \n
  • \n Mosque
    • \n
  • \n Philosophy
    • \n
  • \n Politics
    • \n
  • \n Proselytizing
    • \n
  • \n Animals
    • \n
  • \n LGBT
    • \n
  • \n Science
    • \n
  • \n Demographics
    • \n
  • \n Economics
    • \n
  • \n Finance
    • \n
  • \n Social welfare
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics ( show )
    \n
  • \n Criticism of Islam
    • \n
  • \n Islam and other religions
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Islamism
    • \n
  • \n Islamophobia
    • \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Glossary
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Islam portal
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n The Five Pillars of Islam ( ark\u0101n al - Isl\u0101m \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 ; also ark\u0101n al - d\u012bn \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 `` pillars of the religion '' ) are five basic acts in Islam , considered mandatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life . They are summarized in the famous hadith of Gabriel .

\n

\n The Shia , Ahmadiyya and Sunni agree on the essential details for the performance and practice of these acts , but the Shia do not refer to them by the same name ( see Ancillaries of the Faith , for the Twelvers , and Seven pillars of Ismailism ) . They make up Muslim life , prayer , concern for the needy , self - purification and the pilgrimage , if one is able .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Pillars of Sunni Islam

\n The Five Pillars of Islam An artwork depicting the 5 pillars

\n Shahada : Faith

\n

\n Shahada is a declaration of faith and trust that professes that there is only one God ( Allah ) and that Muhammad is God 's messenger . It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic : l\u0101 \u02beil\u0101ha \u02beill\u0101 - ll\u0101hu mu\u1e25ammadun ras\u016blu - ll\u0101h ( \u0644\u064e\u0627 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u0670\u0647\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u064e\u0645\u064e\u0651\u062f\u064c \u0631\u064e\u0633\u064f\u0648\u0644\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 ) `` There is no god but God ( and ) Muhammad is the messenger of God . '' It is essential to utter it to become a Muslim and to convert to Islam .

\n

\n Salat : prayer

\n Afghan politicians and foreign diplomats praying ( making salat ) at the U.S. Embassy in Kabul , Afghanistan .

\n Salat ( \u1e63al\u0101h ) is the Islamic prayer . Salat consists of five daily prayers according to the Sunna ; the names are according to the prayer times : Fajr ( dawn ) , Dhuhr ( noon ) , \u02bfA\u1e63r ( afternoon ) , Maghrib ( evening ) , and \u02bfIsh\u0101\u02be ( night ) . The Fajr prayer is performed before sunrise , Dhuhr is performed in the midday after the sun has surpassed its highest point , Asr is the evening prayer before sunset , Maghrib is the evening prayer after sunset and Isha is the night prayer . All of these prayers are recited while facing in the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and form an important aspect of the Muslim Ummah . Muslims must wash before prayer ; this washing is called wudu ( `` purification '' ) . The prayer is accompanied by a series of set positions including ; bowing with hands on knees , standing , prostrating and sitting in a special position ( not on the heels , nor on the buttocks ) . A Muslim may perform their prayer anywhere , such as in offices , universities , and fields . However , the mosque is the more preferable place for prayers because the mosque allows for fellowship .

\n

\n Zak\u0101t : charity

\n

\n Zak\u0101t or alms - giving is the practice of charitable giving based on accumulated wealth . The word zak\u0101t can be defined as purification and growth because it allows an individual to achieve balance and encourages new growth . The principle of knowing that all things belong to God is essential to purification and growth . Zak\u0101t is obligatory for all Muslims who are able to do so . It is the personal responsibility of each Muslim to ease the economic hardship of others and to strive towards eliminating inequality . Zak\u0101t consists of spending a portion of one 's wealth for the benefit of the poor or needy , like debtors or travelers . A Muslim may also donate more as an act of voluntary charity ( sadaqah ) , rather than to achieve additional divine reward .

\n

\n There are five principles that should be followed when giving the zak\u0101t :

\n
    \n
  1. \n The giver must declare to God his intention to give the zak\u0101t .
    2. \n
  2. \n The zak\u0101t must be paid on the day that it is due .
    3. \n
  3. \n After the offering , the payer must not exaggerate on spending his money more than usual means .
    4. \n
  4. \n Payment must be in kind . This means if one is wealthy then he or she needs to pay a portion of their income . If a person does not have much money , then they should compensate for it in different ways , such as good deeds and good behavior toward others .
    5. \n
  5. \n The zak\u0101t must be distributed in the community from which it was taken .
    6. \n
\n

\n Sawm : fasting

\n Muslims traditionally break their fasts in the month of Ramadan with dates ( like those offered by this date seller in Kuwait City ) , as was the recorded practice ( Sunnah ) of Muhammad .

\n Three types of fasting ( Siyam ) are recognized by the Quran : Ritual fasting , fasting as compensation for repentance ( both from sura Al - Baqara ) , and ascetic fasting ( from Al - Ahzab ) .

\n

\n Ritual fasting is an obligatory act during the month of Ramadan . Muslims must abstain from food and drink from dawn to dusk during this month , and are to be especially mindful of other sins . Fasting is necessary for every Muslim that has reached puberty ( unless he / she suffers from a medical condition which prevents him / her from doing so ) .

\n

\n The fast is meant to allow Muslims to seek nearness and to look for forgiveness from God , to express their gratitude to and dependence on him , atone for their past sins , and to remind them of the needy . During Ramadan , Muslims are also expected to put more effort into following the teachings of Islam by refraining from violence , anger , envy , greed , lust , profane language , gossip and to try to get along with fellow Muslims better . In addition , all obscene and irreligious sights and sounds are to be avoided .

\n

\n Fasting during Ramadan is obligatory , but is forbidden for several groups for whom it would be very dangerous and excessively problematic . These include pre-pubescent children , those with a medical condition such as diabetes , elderly people , and pregnant or breastfeeding women . Observing fasts is not permitted for menstruating women . Other individuals for whom it is considered acceptable not to fast are those who are ill or traveling . Missing fasts usually must be made up for soon afterward , although the exact requirements vary according to circumstance .

\n

\n Hajj : pilgrimage to Mecca

\n

\n The Hajj is a pilgrimage that occurs during the Islamic month of Dhu al - Hijjah to the holy city of Mecca . Every able - bodied Muslim is obliged to make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their life . When the pilgrim is around 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) from Mecca , he / she must dress in Ihram clothing , which consists of two white sheets . Both men and women are required to make the pilgrimage to Mecca . After a Muslim makes the trip to Mecca , he / she is known as a hajj / hajja ( one who made the pilgrimage to Mecca ) . The main rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the Kaaba termed Tawaf , touching the Black Stone termed Istilam , traveling seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah termed Sa'yee , and symbolically stoning the Devil in Mina termed Ramee .

\n

\n The pilgrim , or the haji , is honoured in the Muslim community . Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God , not a means to gain social standing . The believer should be self - aware and examine their intentions in performing the pilgrimage . This should lead to constant striving for self - improvement . A pilgrimage made at any time other than the Hajj season is called an Umrah , and while not mandatory is strongly recommended . Also , they make a pilgrimage to the holy city of Jerusalem in their alms - giving feast .

\n

\n Pillars of Shia Islam

\n

\n Twelvers

\n

\n Twelver Shia Islam has five Usul al - Din and ten Furu al - Din , i.e. , the Shia Islamic beliefs and practices . The Twelver Shia Islam Usul al - Din , equivalent to a Shia Five Pillars , are all beliefs considered foundational to Islam , and thus classified a bit differently from those listed above . They are :

\n
    \n
  1. \n Tawhid ( Monotheism : belief in the Oneness of God )
    2. \n
  2. \n Adl ( Divine Justice : belief in the Almighty 's justice )
    3. \n
  3. \n Nubuwwah ( Prophethood )
    4. \n
  4. \n Imamah ( Succession to the Muhammad )
    5. \n
  5. \n Mi'ad ( The Day of Judgment and the Resurrection )
    6. \n
\n

\n In addition to these Five Pillars , there are ten practices that Shia Muslims must perform , called the Ancillaries of the Faith ( Arabic : fur\u016b\u02bf al - d\u012bn ) .

\n
    \n
  1. \n Salah
    2. \n
  2. \n Sawm
    3. \n
  3. \n Zakat , similar to Sunni Islam , it applies to money , cattle , silver , gold , dates , raisins , wheat , and barley .
    4. \n
  4. \n Khums : an annual taxation of one - fifth ( 20 % ) of the gains that a year has been passed on without using . Khums is paid to the Imams ; indirectly to poor and needy people .
    5. \n
  5. \n Hajj
    6. \n
  6. \n Jihad
    7. \n
  7. \n Enjoining good
    8. \n
  8. \n Forbidding wrong
    9. \n
  9. \n Tawalla : expressing love towards Good .
    10. \n
  10. \n Tabarra : expressing disassociation and hatred towards Evil .
    11. \n
\n

\n Ismailis

\n Main article : Seven pillars of Ismailism

\n Isma'ilis have their own pillars , which are as follows :

\n \n

\n See also

\n \n

\n References

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Pillars of Islam '' . Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Online . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 02 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Pillars of Islam '' . Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies . United Kingdom : Oxford University . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Five Pillars '' . United Kingdom : Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` The Five Pillars of Islam '' . Canada : University of Calgary . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ `` The Five Pillars of Islam '' . United Kingdom : BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Pillars of Islam , Oxford Islamic Studies Online
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ Hooker , Richard ( July 14 , 1999 ) . `` arkan ad - din the five pillars of religion '' . United States : Washington State University . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 17 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Religions '' . The World Factbook . United States : Central Intelligence Agency . 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Hajj
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ From the article on the Pillars of Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Matthew S. Gordon and Martin Palmer , ' ' Islam ' ' , Info base Publishing , 2009 . Books.Google.fr. 2009 . p. 87 . ISBN 9781438117782 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 26 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Ridgeon ( 2003 ) , p. 258
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Zakat , Encyclopaedia of Islam Online
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Zakat Alms - giving
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 183 -- 187
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 196
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Quran 33 : 35
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Fasting , Encyclopedia of the Qur'an ( 2005 )
    19. \n
  19. \n ^ Jump up to : Farah ( 1994 ) , p. 144 - 145
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ talhaanjum_9
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Esposito ( 1998 ) , p. 90 , 91
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Tabatabaei ( 2002 ) , p. 211,213
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` For whom fasting is mandatory '' . USC - MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts . Archived from the original on 8 March 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 18 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Quran 2 : 184
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Khan ( 2006 ) , p. 54
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Islam , The New Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica ( 2005 )
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Farah ( 1994 ) , p. 145 - 147
    28. \n
  28. \n ^ Jump up to : Hoiberg ( 2000 ) , p. 237 -- 238
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Goldschmidt ( 2005 ) , p. 48
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ See chapter on `` Islamic Beliefs ( the Pillars of Islam ) '' in Invitation to Islam by Sayed Moustafa Al - Qazwini . http://www.al-islam.org/invitation/
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Walsh , John Evangelist . Walking shadows : Orson Welles , William Randolph Hearst , and Citizen Kane . Madison , Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Press / Popular Press , 2004 .
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ `` The Fundamental Beliefs of Muslims '' . Comprehensive Database Mstbsryn , missionaries and Rhyaftgan .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ `` Isma'ilism '' . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 24 .
    34. \n
\n

\n Bibliography

\n

\n Books and journals

\n \n

\n Encyclopedias

\n \n

\n External links

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Islam topics
\n Outline of Islam
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Beliefs \n
    \n
  • \n God in Islam
    • \n
  • \n Tawhid
    • \n
  • \n Muhammad
      \n
    • \n In Islam
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Prophets of Islam
    • \n
\n
\n Five Pillars \n
    \n
  • \n Shahada
    • \n
  • \n Salah
    • \n
  • \n Sawm
    • \n
  • \n Zakat
    • \n
  • \n Hajj
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n History
    • \n
  • \n Leaders
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Timeline of Muslim history
    • \n
  • \n Conquests
    • \n
  • \n Golden Age
    • \n
  • \n Historiography
    • \n
  • \n Sahaba
    • \n
  • \n Ahl al - Bayt
    • \n
  • \n Shi'a Imams
    • \n
  • \n Caliphates
      \n
    • \n Rashidun
      • \n
    • \n Umayyad
      • \n
    • \n Abbasid
      • \n
    • \n C\u00f3rdoba
      • \n
    • \n Fatimid
      • \n
    • \n Almohad
      • \n
    • \n Sokoto
      • \n
    • \n Ottoman
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Religious texts \n
    \n
  • \n Quran
    • \n
  • \n Sunnah
    • \n
  • \n Hadith
    • \n
  • \n Tafsir
    • \n
  • \n Seerah
    • \n
\n
\n Denominations \n
    \n
  • \n Sunni
    • \n
  • \n Shia
    • \n
  • \n Ibadi
    • \n
  • \n Black Muslims
    • \n
  • \n Ahmadiyya
    • \n
  • \n Quranism
    • \n
  • \n Non-denominational
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Life
    • \n
  • \n Culture
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Animals
    • \n
  • \n Art
    • \n
  • \n Calendar
    • \n
  • \n Children
    • \n
  • \n Clothing
    • \n
  • \n Holidays
    • \n
  • \n Mosques
    • \n
  • \n Madrasas
    • \n
  • \n Moral teachings
    • \n
  • \n Music
    • \n
  • \n Philosophy
    • \n
  • \n Political aspects
    • \n
  • \n Qurbani
    • \n
  • \n Science
      \n
    • \n medieval
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Social welfare
    • \n
  • \n Women
    • \n
  • \n LGBT
    • \n
  • \n Islam by country
    • \n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n Law
    • \n
  • \n Jurisprudence
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Economics \n
    \n
  • \n Banking
    • \n
  • \n Economic history
    • \n
  • \n Sukuk
    • \n
  • \n Takaful
    • \n
  • \n Murabaha
    • \n
  • \n Riba
    • \n
\n
\n Hygiene \n
    \n
  • \n Ghusl
    • \n
  • \n Miswak
    • \n
  • \n Najis
    • \n
  • \n Tayammum
    • \n
  • \n Toilet
    • \n
  • \n Wudu
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Marriage
    • \n
  • \n Sex
    • \n
\n 		\n
    \n
  • \n Marriage contract
    • \n
  • \n Mahr
    • \n
  • \n Mahram
    • \n
  • \n Masturbation
    • \n
  • \n Nikah
    • \n
  • \n Nikah Mut'ah
    • \n
  • \n Zina
    • \n
\n
\n Other aspects \n
    \n
  • \n Cleanliness
    • \n
  • \n Criminal
    • \n
  • \n Dhabi\u0125a
    • \n
  • \n Dhimmi
    • \n
  • \n Divorce
    • \n
  • \n Diet
    • \n
  • \n Ethics
    • \n
  • \n Etiquette
    • \n
  • \n Gambling
    • \n
  • \n Gender segregation
    • \n
  • \n Honorifics
    • \n
  • \n Hudud
    • \n
  • \n Inheritance
    • \n
  • \n Jizya
    • \n
  • \n Leadership
    • \n
  • \n Ma malakat aymanukum
    • \n
  • \n Military
      \n
    • \n POWs
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Slavery
    • \n
  • \n Sources of law
    • \n
  • \n Theological
      \n
    • \n baligh
      • \n
    • \n kalam
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Islamic studies
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Arts \n
    \n
  • \n Arabesque
    • \n
  • \n Architecture
    • \n
  • \n Calligraphy
    • \n
  • \n Carpets
    • \n
  • \n Gardens
    • \n
  • \n Geometric patterns
    • \n
  • \n Music
    • \n
  • \n Pottery
    • \n
\n
\n Medieval science \n
    \n
  • \n Alchemy and chemistry
    • \n
  • \n Astronomy
    • \n
  • \n Cosmology
    • \n
  • \n Geography and cartography
    • \n
  • \n Mathematics
    • \n
  • \n Medicine
    • \n
  • \n Ophthalmology
    • \n
  • \n Physics
    • \n
\n
\n Philosophy \n
    \n
  • \n Early
    • \n
  • \n Contemporary
    • \n
  • \n Eschatology
    • \n
  • \n Theological
    • \n
\n
\n Other areas \n
    \n
  • \n Astrology
    • \n
  • \n Creationism ( evolution )
    • \n
  • \n Feminism
    • \n
  • \n Inventions
    • \n
  • \n Liberalism and progressivism
    • \n
  • \n Literature
      \n
    • \n poetry
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Psychology
    • \n
  • \n Shu'ubiyya
    • \n
  • \n Conversion to mosques
    • \n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Other religions \n
    \n
  • \n Christianity
      \n
    • \n Mormonism
      • \n
    • \n Protestantism
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Hinduism
    • \n
  • \n Jainism
    • \n
  • \n Judaism
    • \n
  • \n Sikhism
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Apostasy
    • \n
  • \n Criticism of Islam
    • \n
  • \n Cultural Muslim
    • \n
  • \n Islamism
      \n
    • \n Criticism
      • \n
    • \n Post-Islamism
      • \n
    • \n Qutbism
      • \n
    • \n Salafi movement
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Islamophobia
      \n
    • \n Incidents
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Islamic terrorism
    • \n
  • \n Islamic view of miracles
    • \n
  • \n Domestic violence
    • \n
  • \n Nursing
    • \n
  • \n Persecution of Muslims
    • \n
  • \n Quran and miracles
    • \n
  • \n Symbolism
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Islam portal
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Five_Pillars_of_Islam&oldid=817974268 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what are the five pillars of islam in arabic", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Windows Defender - wikipedia

\n Windows Defender

\n Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Windows Defender Security Center . \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n Windows Defender \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n A component of Microsoft Windows
\n
\n Windows Defender Antivirus , as appears in the Windows 10 Creators Update
\n Details
\n Type \n Antivirus software on Windows 8 and later ; formerly spyware removal software
\n Included with \n Windows Vista and later , Windows Server 2016
\n Also available for \n Windows XP and Windows Server 2003
\n Support status
\n Same as the version of Windows with which it is integrated
\n Related components
\n
    \n
  • \n Microsoft Security Essentials
    • \n
  • \n Windows Defender Security Center
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Windows Defender , officially called Windows Defender Antivirus in Windows 10 Creators Update , is an anti-malware component of Microsoft Windows.It was first released as a free antispyware program download for Windows XP , shipped with Windows Vista and Windows 7 and made into a full antivirus program replacing Microsoft Security Essentials as part of Windows 8 and later versions .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Basic features ( edit )

\n

\n Before Windows 8 , Windows Defender protected against spyware . It included a number of real - time security agents that monitored several common areas of Windows for changes which might have been caused by spyware . It also included the ability to easily remove installed ActiveX software. Windows Defender featured integrated support for Microsoft SpyNet that allows users to report to Microsoft what they consider to be spyware , and what applications and device drivers they allow to be installed on their system . Protection against viruses was added in Windows 8 ; Windows Defender in Windows 8 resembles Microsoft Security Essentials ( MSE ) and uses the same virus definitions .

\n

\n In Windows 10 , Windows Defender settings are controlled by the Settings app , and the Settings button opens the Settings app . In the Windows 10 Anniversary Update , toast notifications appear to announce the results of a scan , even if no viruses are found . The same update introduced a new flat logo .

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n

\n Beta ( edit )

\n Microsoft AntiSpyware Beta 1 ( Version 1.0. 701 )

\n Windows Defender is based on GIANT AntiSpyware , which was originally developed by GIANT Company Software , Inc . The company 's acquisition was announced by Microsoft on December 16 , 2004 . While the original GIANT AntiSpyware supported older Windows versions , support for the Windows 9x line of operating systems was later dropped .

\n

\n The first beta version of Microsoft AntiSpyware was released on January 6 , 2005 and was basically a repackaged GIANT AntiSpyware . More builds were released in 2005 , with the last Beta 1 refresh released on November 21 , 2005 .

\n

\n At the 2005 RSA Security conference , Chief Software Architect and co-founder of Microsoft , Bill Gates , announced that Windows Defender ( which was known as Microsoft AntiSpyware prior to November 4 , 2005 ) would be made available free of charge to all validly licensed Windows 2000 , Windows XP , and Windows Server 2003 users to help secure their systems against the increasing malware threat .

\n

\n Windows Defender ( Beta 2 ) was released on February 13 , 2006 . It featured the program 's new name and a significant user interface redesign . The core engine was rewritten in C++ , unlike the original GIANT - developed one , which was written in Visual Basic . This improved the application 's performance . Also , since beta 2 , the program works as a Windows service , unlike earlier releases , which enables the application to protect the computer even when a user is not logged on . Beta 2 also requires Windows Genuine Advantage validation . However , Windows Defender ( Beta 2 ) did not contain some of the tools found in Microsoft AntiSpyware ( Beta 1 ) ; Microsoft removed the System Inoculation , Secure Shredder and System Explorer tools found in MSAS ( Beta 1 ) as well as the Tracks Eraser tool , which allowed users to easily delete many different types of temporary files related to Internet Explorer 6 , including HTTP cookies , web cache , and Windows Media Player playback history . Microsoft later released German and Japanese versions of Windows Defender ( Beta 2 ) .

\n

\n General availability ( edit )

\n

\n On October 24 , 2006 , Microsoft released Windows Defender . It supports Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 ; however , unlike the betas , it does not run on Windows 2000 .

\n

\n Conversion to antivirus ( edit )

\n

\n Windows Defender was released with Windows Vista and Windows 7 , serving as their built - in antispyware component . In Windows Vista and Windows 7 , Windows Defender was superseded by Microsoft Security Essentials , an antivirus product from Microsoft which provided protection against a wider range of malware . Upon installation , Microsoft Security Essentials disabled and replaced Windows Defender . In Windows 8 , Microsoft upgraded Windows Defender into an antivirus program very similar to Microsoft Security Essentials for Windows 7 and using the same virus definition updates . MSE itself does not run on Windows versions beyond 7 . In Windows 8 and Windows 10 , Windows Defender is on by default . It switches itself off upon installation of a third party anti-virus package .

\n

\n Starting with Windows 10 , Microsoft began to transfer the control of Windows Defender out of its native client . Initially , its `` Settings '' dialog box was replaced by dedicated page in the Settings app . In Windows 10 Creators Update , Windows Defender is renamed Windows Defender Antivirus to distinguish it from Windows Defender Security Center . The latter has become the default avenue to interface with Windows Defender . While there is no shortcut on the Start menu for Windows Defender 's native client , it can still run .

\n

\n Advanced features ( edit )

\n Windows Defender successfully blocks the EICAR test file
\n
\n Real - time protection
\n
\n In the Windows Defender options , the user can configure real - time protection options .
\n
\n Browser integration
\n
\n Integration with Internet Explorer and Microsoft Edge enables files to be scanned as they are downloaded to detect malicious software inadvertently downloaded . Although it does not integrate with non-Microsoft web browsers , Windows Defender scans for malicious downloaded files as part of its real - time protection .
\n
\n

\n Windows 10 's Anniversary Update introduced Limited Periodic Scanning , which optionally allows Windows Defender to scan a system periodically if another antivirus app is installed . It also introduced Block at First Sight , which uses machine learning to predict whether a file is malicious .

\n

\n Windows Vista - specific functionality ( edit )

\n

\n Windows Defender had additional functionality in Windows Vista which was removed in subsequent versions of Windows .

\n
\n
\n Security agents
\n
\n Security agents monitor the computer for malicious activities .
\n
\n \n
\n
\n Software Explorer
\n
\n The Advanced Tools section allows users to discover potential vulnerabilities with a series of Software Explorers . They provide views of startup programs , currently running software , network connected applications , and Winsock providers ( Winsock LSPs ) . In each Explorer , every element is rated as either `` Known '' , `` Unknown '' or `` Potentially Unwanted '' . The first and last categories carry a link to learn more about the particular item , and the second category invites users to submit the program to Microsoft SpyNet for analysis by community members . The Software Explorer feature has been removed from Windows Defender in Windows 7 .
\n
\n
\n
\n Notification of startup programs that run as an administrator
\n
\n Windows Defender in Windows Vista automatically blocks all startup items that require administrator privileges to run ( this is considered suspicious behavior for a startup item ) . This automatic blocking is related to the User Account Control functionality in Windows Vista , and requires users to manually run each of these startup items each time they log in if they desire the item to run at startup .
\n
\n
\n
\n User interface
\n
\n In Windows Vista , it is possible to close the window and have the program run in the system tray while a scan is running . However , in Windows 7 , this functionality was removed and the window must remain open while a scan is running .
\n
\n

\n Windows Defender offline ( edit )

\n

\n Windows Defender Offline ( formerly known as Standalone System Sweeper Beta ) is a bootable standalone antimalware program that runs from a bootable disk and is designed to scan infected systems while their operating systems are offline . Since Windows 10 Anniversary Update , offline functionality is integrated into the regular Windows Defender program .

\n

\n Mitigated Security vulnerability ( edit )

\n

\n On 5 May 2017 , Tavis Ormandy , a vulnerability researcher for Google , discovered a security vulnerability in the JavaScript analysis module ( NScript ) of Microsoft Antimalware Engine ( MsMpEngine ) that impacted Windows Defender , Microsoft Security Essentials and System Center Endpoint Protection . By 8 May 2017 , Microsoft had released a patch to all affected systems . Ars Technica commended Microsoft for its unprecedented patching speed and said that the disaster had been averted .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Windows Defender '' . Download Center . Microsoft . 23 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2012 .
    2. \n
  2. \n ^ Jump up to : `` What is Windows Defender ? '' . Computer Hope . Retrieved 31 December 2017 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Shultz , Greg . `` Windows Defender : Past , present , and future '' . Retrieved 13 June 2017 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` How to Remove an Active - X Control in Windows '' . Microsoft . Retrieved 31 December 2017 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ http://www.windowscentral.com/whats-new-windows-defender-windows-10-anniversary-update
    6. \n
  6. \n ^ Jump up to : Thurrot , Paul ( 6 October 2010 ) . `` Microsoft Windows Anti-Spyware Preview : Paul Thurott 's SuperSite for Windows '' . SuperSite for Windows . Retrieved 26 November 2013 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Acquires Anti-Spyware Leader GIANT Company '' . PressPass . Microsoft . December 16 , 2004 . Retrieved 11 November 2009 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ `` Gates Highlights Progress on Security , Outlines Next Steps for Continued Innovation '' . PressPass . Microsoft Corporation . February 15 , 2005 . Retrieved 11 November 2009 .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ Thurrott , Paul ( 14 February 2006 ) . `` Windows Defender Beta 2 Review : Paul Thurrott 's SuperSite for Windows '' . SuperSite for Windows . Retrieved 26 November 2013 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Windows Defender : Startseite '' ( in German ) . Microsoft Corporation . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` \u30de\u30a4\u30af\u30ed\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8 \u30bb\u30ad\u30e5\u30ea\u30c6\u30a3 At Home '' ( in Japanese ) . Microsoft Corporation . Archived from the original on 18 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2011 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Thurrott , Paul ( 24 October 2006 ) . `` Finally , Microsoft Ships Windows Defender '' . Windows IT Pro . Retrieved 8 May 2011 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ Thurrott , Paul ( 18 June 2009 ) . `` Microsoft Security Essentials Public Beta '' . Paul Thurrott 's SuperSite for Windows . Retrieved 8 May 2011 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ Hau , Kevin ( 23 June 2009 ) . `` Windows Defender and Microsoft Security Essentials '' . Microsoft Answers . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved 8 May 2011 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Marius , Marius Oiaga ( 30 August 2010 ) . `` Microsoft Security Essentials 1.0 and 2.0 Disable Windows Defender '' . Softpedia . SoftNews NET SRL . Retrieved 8 May 2011 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Windows 8 Consumer Preview : Set Up Windows 8 with the Web Installer
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ `` Protect your PC '' . Support ( 12 ed . ) . Microsoft . 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 14 December 2016 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Lich , Brian ( 18 May 2017 ) . `` Windows Defender Antivirus in the Windows Defender Security Center app '' . docs.microsoft.com . Microsoft .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Popa , Bogdan ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` Quick Tip : Use the Old Windows Defender in Windows 10 Creators Update '' . Softpedia . SoftNews .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Williams , Wayne ( 24 August 2017 ) . `` How to get the classic Windows Defender back on Windows 10 Creators Update '' . BetaNews .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ http://www.windowscentral.com/whats-new-windows-defender-windows-10-anniversary-update
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ http://betanews.com/2016/11/18/windows-10-block-at-first-sight-protection-in-windows-defender/
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Using Software Explorer in Windows Defender '' . Support . Microsoft . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ O'Reilly , Dennis ( April 22 , 2008 ) . `` Software Explorer keeps unneeded apps from auto - starting '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Thurrott , Paul ( October 6 , 2010 ) . `` Windows 7 Annoyances '' . Supersite for Windows . Penton . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ `` Error message when you start a Windows Vista - based computer : ' Windows has blocked some startup programs ' '' . Support . Microsoft . September 23 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Microsoft Standalone System Sweeper
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` Windows Defender Offline '' . Microsoft.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 1 January 2012 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ `` Help protect my PC with Windows Defender Offline '' Microsoft . Accessed 4 October 2016
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Anthony , Sebastian ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Massive vulnerability in Windows Defender leaves most Windows PCs vulnerable '' . Ars Technica . Cond\u00e9 Nast .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Security Advisory 4022344 '' . TechNet . Microsoft . 8 May 2017 .
    32. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Microsoft security products
\n Numbers in brackets are the years of the initial release of the product .
\n For Windows \n
    \n
  • \n Windows Firewall ( 2001 )
    • \n
  • \n Baseline Security Analyzer ( 2004 )
    • \n
  • \n Malicious Software Removal Tool ( 2005 )
    • \n
  • \n Windows Defender ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Microsoft SmartScreen ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Microsoft Security Essentials ( 2009 )
    • \n
  • \n Microsoft Safety Scanner ( 2011 )
    • \n
\n
\n For Windows Server \n
    \n
  • \n Exchange Online Protection ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n System Center Data Protection Manager ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Identity Manager ( 2010 )
    • \n
\n
\n Discontinued \n
    \n
  • \n MSAV ( 1993 )
    • \n
  • \n Threat Management Gateway ( 1997 )
    • \n
  • \n OneCare Safety Scanner ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n Unified Access Gateway ( 2007 )
    • \n
  • \n Windows Live OneCare ( 2006 )
    • \n
  • \n RootkitRevealer ( 2006 )
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Data Execution Prevention
    • \n
  • \n Kernel Patch Protection
    • \n
  • \n Mandatory Integrity Control
    • \n
  • \n MS Antivirus ( malware )
    • \n
  • \n User Account Control
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Computer security portal
    • \n
  • \n Microsoft portal
    • \n
  • \n Software portal
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Microsoft Windows components
\n Management tools \n
    \n
  • \n App Installer
    • \n
  • \n Command Prompt
    • \n
  • \n Control Panel
      \n
    • \n Applets
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Device Manager
    • \n
  • \n Disk Cleanup
    • \n
  • \n Disk Defragmenter
    • \n
  • \n Driver Verifier
    • \n
  • \n Event Viewer
    • \n
  • \n IExpress
    • \n
  • \n Management Console
    • \n
  • \n Netsh
    • \n
  • \n Performance Monitor
    • \n
  • \n Recovery Console
    • \n
  • \n Resource Monitor
    • \n
  • \n Settings
    • \n
  • \n Sysprep
    • \n
  • \n System Configuration
    • \n
  • \n System File Checker
    • \n
  • \n System Information
    • \n
  • \n System Policy Editor
    • \n
  • \n System Restore
    • \n
  • \n Task Manager
    • \n
  • \n Windows Error Reporting
    • \n
  • \n Windows Ink
    • \n
  • \n Windows Installer
    • \n
  • \n PowerShell
    • \n
  • \n Windows Update
      \n
    • \n Windows Insider
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n WinRE
    • \n
  • \n WMI
    • \n
\n
\n Apps \n
    \n
  • \n Alarms & Clock
    • \n
  • \n Calculator
    • \n
  • \n Calendar
    • \n
  • \n Camera
    • \n
  • \n Character Map
    • \n
  • \n Cortana
    • \n
  • \n Edge
    • \n
  • \n Fax and Scan
    • \n
  • \n Feedback Hub
    • \n
  • \n Get Help
    • \n
  • \n Groove Music
    • \n
  • \n Magnifier
    • \n
  • \n Mail
    • \n
  • \n Messaging
    • \n
  • \n Maps
    • \n
  • \n Media Player
    • \n
  • \n Movies & TV
    • \n
  • \n Mobility Center
    • \n
  • \n Money
    • \n
  • \n News
    • \n
  • \n Narrator
    • \n
  • \n Notepad
    • \n
  • \n OneDrive
    • \n
  • \n OneNote
    • \n
  • \n Paint
    • \n
  • \n Paint 3D
    • \n
  • \n People
    • \n
  • \n Phone Companion
    • \n
  • \n Photos
    • \n
  • \n Quick Assist
    • \n
  • \n Snipping Tool
    • \n
  • \n Speech Recognition
    • \n
  • \n Skype
    • \n
  • \n Sports
    • \n
  • \n Sticky Notes
    • \n
  • \n View 3D
    • \n
  • \n Store
    • \n
  • \n Tips
    • \n
  • \n Voice Recorder
    • \n
  • \n Wallet
    • \n
  • \n Weather
    • \n
  • \n Windows To Go
    • \n
  • \n Windows Story Remix
    • \n
  • \n WordPad
    • \n
  • \n Xbox
    • \n
\n
\n Shell \n
    \n
  • \n Action Center
    • \n
  • \n Aero
    • \n
  • \n AutoPlay
    • \n
  • \n AutoRun
    • \n
  • \n ClearType
    • \n
  • \n Explorer
    • \n
  • \n Search
      \n
    • \n Indexing Service
      • \n
    • \n IFilter
      • \n
    • \n Saved search
      • \n
    • \n Namespace
      • \n
    • \n Special folder
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Start menu
    • \n
  • \n Taskbar
    • \n
  • \n Task View
    • \n
  • \n Windows Spotlight
    • \n
  • \n Windows XP visual styles
    • \n
\n
\n Services \n
    \n
  • \n Service Control Manager
    • \n
  • \n BITS
    • \n
  • \n CLFS
    • \n
  • \n Multimedia Class Scheduler
    • \n
  • \n Shadow Copy
    • \n
  • \n Task Scheduler
    • \n
  • \n Error Reporting
    • \n
  • \n Wireless Zero Configuration
    • \n
\n
\n File systems \n
    \n
  • \n CDFS
    • \n
  • \n DFS
    • \n
  • \n exFAT
    • \n
  • \n IFS
    • \n
  • \n FAT
    • \n
  • \n NTFS
      \n
    • \n Hard link
      • \n
    • \n Junction point
      • \n
    • \n Mount Point
      • \n
    • \n Reparse point
      • \n
    • \n Symbolic link
      • \n
    • \n TxF
      • \n
    • \n EFS
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n ReFS
    • \n
  • \n UDF
    • \n
\n
\n Server \n
    \n
  • \n Domains
    • \n
  • \n Active Directory
    • \n
  • \n DNS
    • \n
  • \n Group Policy
    • \n
  • \n Roaming user profiles
    • \n
  • \n Folder redirection
    • \n
  • \n Distributed Transaction Coordinator
    • \n
  • \n MSMQ
    • \n
  • \n Windows Media Services
    • \n
  • \n Rights Management Services
    • \n
  • \n IIS
    • \n
  • \n Remote Desktop Services
    • \n
  • \n WSUS
    • \n
  • \n SharePoint
    • \n
  • \n Network Access Protection
    • \n
  • \n PWS
    • \n
  • \n DFS Replication
    • \n
  • \n Remote Differential Compression
    • \n
  • \n Print Services for UNIX
    • \n
  • \n Remote Installation Services
    • \n
  • \n Windows Deployment Services
    • \n
  • \n System Resource Manager
    • \n
  • \n Hyper - V
    • \n
  • \n Server Core
    • \n
\n
\n Architecture \n
    \n
  • \n Architecture of Windows NT
    • \n
  • \n Startup process
      \n
    • \n NT
      • \n
    • \n Vista
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n CSRSS
    • \n
  • \n Desktop Window Manager
    • \n
  • \n Portable Executable
      \n
    • \n EXE
      • \n
    • \n DLL
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Enhanced Write Filter
    • \n
  • \n Graphics Device Interface
    • \n
  • \n hal. dll
    • \n
  • \n I / O request packet
    • \n
  • \n Imaging Format
    • \n
  • \n Kernel Transaction Manager
    • \n
  • \n Library files
    • \n
  • \n Logical Disk Manager
    • \n
  • \n LSASS
    • \n
  • \n MinWin
    • \n
  • \n NTLDR
    • \n
  • \n Ntoskrnl. exe
    • \n
  • \n Object Manager
    • \n
  • \n Open XML Paper Specification
    • \n
  • \n Registry
    • \n
  • \n Resource Protection
    • \n
  • \n Security Account Manager
    • \n
  • \n Server Message Block
    • \n
  • \n Shadow Copy
    • \n
  • \n SMSS
    • \n
  • \n System Idle Process
    • \n
  • \n USER
    • \n
  • \n WHEA
    • \n
  • \n Win32 console
    • \n
  • \n Winlogon
    • \n
  • \n WinUSB
    • \n
\n
\n Security \n
    \n
  • \n Security and Maintenance
    • \n
  • \n BitLocker
    • \n
  • \n Data Execution Prevention
    • \n
  • \n Family Safety
    • \n
  • \n Kernel Patch Protection
    • \n
  • \n Mandatory Integrity Control
    • \n
  • \n Protected Media Path
    • \n
  • \n User Account Control
    • \n
  • \n User Interface Privilege Isolation
    • \n
  • \n Windows Defender
    • \n
  • \n Windows Firewall
    • \n
\n
\n Compatibility \n
    \n
  • \n COMMAND.COM
    • \n
  • \n Virtual DOS machine
    • \n
  • \n Windows on Windows
    • \n
  • \n WoW64
    • \n
  • \n Windows Subsystem for Linux
    • \n
\n
\n API \n
    \n
  • \n Active Scripting
      \n
    • \n WSH
      • \n
    • \n VBScript
      • \n
    • \n JScript
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n COM
      \n
    • \n ActiveX
      • \n
    • \n ActiveX Document
      • \n
    • \n COM Structured storage
      • \n
    • \n DCOM
      • \n
    • \n OLE
      • \n
    • \n OLE Automation
      • \n
    • \n Transaction Server
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n DirectX
    • \n
  • \n . NET Framework
    • \n
  • \n Universal Windows Platform
    • \n
  • \n Windows Mixed Reality
    • \n
  • \n Windows Runtime
    • \n
  • \n WinUSB
    • \n
\n
\n Games \n
    \n
  • \n Solitaire Collection
    • \n
\n
\n Discontinued \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Games \n
    \n
  • \n 3D Pinball
    • \n
  • \n Chess Titans
    • \n
  • \n FreeCell
    • \n
  • \n Hearts
    • \n
  • \n InkBall
    • \n
  • \n Hold ' Em
    • \n
  • \n Purble Place
    • \n
  • \n Reversi
    • \n
  • \n Spider Solitaire
    • \n
  • \n Solitaire
    • \n
  • \n Tinker
    • \n
\n
\n Apps \n
    \n
  • \n ActiveMovie
    • \n
  • \n Anytime Upgrade
    • \n
  • \n Address Book
    • \n
  • \n Backup and Restore
    • \n
  • \n Cardfile
    • \n
  • \n CardSpace
    • \n
  • \n Contacts
    • \n
  • \n Desktop Gadgets
    • \n
  • \n Diagnostics
    • \n
  • \n DriveSpace
    • \n
  • \n DVD Maker
    • \n
  • \n Easy Transfer
    • \n
  • \n Fax
    • \n
  • \n File Manager
    • \n
  • \n Food & Drink
    • \n
  • \n Help and Support Center
    • \n
  • \n Health & Fitness
    • \n
  • \n HyperTerminal
    • \n
  • \n Internet Explorer
    • \n
  • \n Journal
    • \n
  • \n Media Center
    • \n
  • \n Meeting Space
    • \n
  • \n Messaging
    • \n
  • \n Messenger
    • \n
  • \n Mobile Device Center
    • \n
  • \n Movie Maker
    • \n
  • \n MSN Dial - up
    • \n
  • \n NetMeeting
    • \n
  • \n NTBackup
    • \n
  • \n Outlook Express
    • \n
  • \n Travel
    • \n
  • \n Photo Gallery
    • \n
  • \n Photo Viewer
    • \n
  • \n Program Manager
    • \n
  • \n Steps Recorder
    • \n
  • \n WinHelp
    • \n
  • \n Write
    • \n
\n
\n Others \n
    \n
  • \n ScanDisk
    • \n
  • \n File Protection
    • \n
  • \n Media Control Interface
    • \n
  • \n Next - Generation Secure Computing Base
    • \n
  • \n POSIX subsystem
    • \n
  • \n Interix
    • \n
  • \n Video for Windows
    • \n
  • \n Windows SideShow
    • \n
  • \n Windows Services for UNIX
    • \n
  • \n Windows System Assessment Tool
    • \n
  • \n WinFS
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Spun off to Microsoft Store \n
    \n
  • \n DVD Player
    • \n
  • \n Hover !
    • \n
  • \n Mahjong
    • \n
  • \n Minesweeper
    • \n
\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Antivirus software
\n Companies \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Major \n
    \n
  • \n Agnitum
    • \n
  • \n Avast Software
    • \n
  • \n AVG Technologies
    • \n
  • \n Avira
    • \n
  • \n Bitdefender
    • \n
  • \n Comodo
    • \n
  • \n Dr. Web
    • \n
  • \n ESET
    • \n
  • \n F - Secure
    • \n
  • \n Kaspersky
    • \n
  • \n McAfee
    • \n
  • \n Microsoft
    • \n
  • \n Panda
    • \n
  • \n Quick Heal
    • \n
  • \n Qihoo 360
    • \n
  • \n Sophos
    • \n
  • \n Symantec
    • \n
  • \n Trend Micro
    • \n
\n
\n Minor \n
    \n
  • \n AhnLab
    • \n
  • \n Cisco
    • \n
  • \n Check Point
    • \n
  • \n ClamWin
    • \n
  • \n Fortinet
    • \n
  • \n FRISK
    • \n
  • \n G Data
    • \n
  • \n Intego
    • \n
  • \n Kingsoft
    • \n
  • \n Lavasoft
    • \n
  • \n Malwarebytes
    • \n
  • \n TrustPort
    • \n
  • \n VirusBlokAda
    • \n
  • \n Webroot
    • \n
  • \n ZoneAlarm
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Products \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Desktop , server \n
    \n
  • \n AhnLab V3 Internet Security
    • \n
  • \n Avast Antivirus
    • \n
  • \n AVG
    • \n
  • \n Avira Internet Security
    • \n
  • \n Bitdefender
    • \n
  • \n ClamWin
    • \n
  • \n Clam AntiVirus
    • \n
  • \n Comodo Antivirus
    • \n
  • \n Comodo Internet Security
    • \n
  • \n Dr. Web
    • \n
  • \n ESET NOD32
    • \n
  • \n F - Secure
    • \n
  • \n F - PROT
    • \n
  • \n Fortinet
    • \n
  • \n G Data
    • \n
  • \n Kaspersky Anti-Virus
    • \n
  • \n Kaspersky Internet Security
    • \n
  • \n Mac Internet Security
    • \n
  • \n Malwarebytes ' Anti-Malware
    • \n
  • \n McAfee VirusScan
    • \n
  • \n Microsoft Security Essentials
    • \n
  • \n Windows Defender
    • \n
  • \n Panda
    • \n
  • \n 360 Safeguard
    • \n
  • \n Sophos
    • \n
  • \n Symantec Endpoint Protection
    • \n
  • \n Immunet
    • \n
  • \n Element Anti-Virus
    • \n
  • \n Norton AntiVirus
    • \n
  • \n Norton Internet Security
    • \n
  • \n Spyware Doctor
    • \n
  • \n VirusBarrier
    • \n
  • \n Trend Micro Internet Security
    • \n
  • \n TrustPort
    • \n
  • \n Vba32 AntiVirus
    • \n
  • \n ZoneAlarm
    • \n
\n
\n Mobile , tablet \n
    \n
  • \n AhnLab Mobile Security
    • \n
  • \n Avast Antivirus
    • \n
  • \n AVG AntiVirus
    • \n
  • \n Avira Free Android Security
    • \n
  • \n Bitdefender Mobile Security
    • \n
  • \n CM Security
    • \n
  • \n Comodo Mobile Security
    • \n
  • \n Dr. Web Mobile Security Suite
    • \n
  • \n ESET Mobile Security
    • \n
  • \n F - Secure Mobile Security
    • \n
  • \n G Data Internet Security
    • \n
  • \n Lookout Mobile Security
    • \n
  • \n McAfee Mobile Security
    • \n
  • \n FireAMP Mobile
    • \n
  • \n Trend Micro Mobile Security
    • \n
  • \n TrustPort Mobile Security
    • \n
  • \n VirusBarrier
    • \n
\n
\n
\n Related \n
    \n
  • \n Comparison of antivirus software
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Windows_Defender&oldid=818651625 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n Search

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what is windows defender and what does it do", "long_answers": ["Windows Defender , officially called Windows Defender Antivirus in Windows 10 Creators Update , is an anti-malware component of Microsoft Windows.It was first released as a free antispyware program download for Windows XP , shipped with Windows Vista and Windows 7 and made into a full antivirus program replacing Microsoft Security Essentials as part of Windows 8 and later versions .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "List of dates for Easter - wikipedia

\n List of dates for Easter

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n Dates for Easter in the past and coming 20 years ( 1998 -- 2038 in Gregorian dates ) \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Year \n Western \n Eastern
\n 1998 \n April 12 \n April 19
\n 1999 \n April 4 \n April 11
\n 2000 \n April 23 \n April 30
\n \n April 15
\n 2002 \n March 31 \n May 5
\n 2003 \n April 20 \n April 27
\n \n April 11
\n 2005 \n March 27 \n May 1
\n 2006 \n April 16 \n April 23
\n 2007 \n April 8
\n 2008 \n March 23 \n April 27
\n 2009 \n April 12 \n April 19
\n \n April 4
\n 2011 \n April 24
\n 2012 \n April 8 \n April 15
\n 2013 \n March 31 \n May 5
\n 2014 \n April 20
\n 2015 \n April 5 \n April 12
\n 2016 \n March 27 \n May 1
\n 2017 \n April 16
\n 2018 \n April 1 \n April 8
\n 2019 \n April 21 \n April 28
\n 2020 \n April 12 \n April 19
\n 2021 \n April 4 \n May 2
\n 2022 \n April 17 \n April 24
\n 2023 \n April 9 \n April 16
\n 2024 \n March 31 \n May 5
\n 2025 \n April 20
\n 2026 \n April 5 \n April 12
\n 2027 \n March 28 \n May 2
\n 2028 \n April 16
\n 2029 \n April 1 \n April 8
\n 2030 \n April 21 \n April 28
\n 2031 \n April 13
\n 2032 \n March 28 \n May 2
\n 2033 \n April 17 \n April 24
\n 2034 \n April 9
\n 2035 \n March 25 \n April 29
\n 2036 \n April 13 \n April 20
\n 2037 \n April 5
\n 2038 \n April 25
\n

\n This is a list of dates for Easter . The Easter dates also affect when Ash Wednesday , Good Friday , Holy Saturday , Maundy Thursday , the Ascension of the Lord and Pentecost occur . Easter may occur on different dates in the Gregorian Calendar and the Julian Calendar . The accompanying table provides both sets of dates , for recent decades and forthcoming years -- see the computus article for more details on the calculation .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Earliest Easter ( edit )

\n

\n Western ( Gregorian ) ( edit )

\n

\n In 1818 the Paschal Full Moon fell on Saturday , March 21 ( the equinox ) . Therefore , the following day , March 22 , was Easter . It will not fall as early again until 2285 , a span of 467 years . The next earliest Easter between 1818 and 2285 ( March 23 ) occurred in 1845 , 1856 , 1913 and 2008 , and will occur again in 2160 -- a 11 , 57 , 95 and 152 - year gap , respectively .

\n

\n Orthodox ( Julian ) ( edit )

\n

\n The earliest dates for Easter in the Eastern Orthodox Church between 1875 and 2099 are April 4 , 1915 and April 4 , 2010 ( Gregorian ) . Both dates are equivalent to March 22 in the Julian Calendar .

\n

\n Latest Easter ( edit )

\n

\n Western ( Gregorian ) ( edit )

\n

\n In 1943 Easter fell on Sunday , April 25 . The ecclesiastical full moon did not occur until Saturday , March 20 ; because it came before the vernal equinox , the paschal full moon did not happen until Sunday , April 18 . Consequently , Easter was the following Sunday ( April 25 ) . Easter will not fall as late again until 2038 -- a span of 95 years . The second latest date for Easter , April 24 , occurred in 2011 . The latter occurred in 1859 and will not happen again until 2095 -- 152 and 84 years , respectively . However between years 5121 and 6482 , Easter will be no later than April 24 .

\n

\n Orthodox ( Julian ) ( edit )

\n

\n The latest dates for Orthodox Easter between 1875 and 2099 are May 8 , 1983 , and May 8 , 2078 ( Gregorian ) . Both dates are equivalent to April 25 in the Julian Calendar . Orthodox Easter has never fallen on Gregorian May 7 yet ; it will happen in 2051 unless these churches change to another calendar .

\n

\n Western and Orthodox Easter on the same date ( edit )

\n

\n Despite using calendars that are apart by 13 days , Easter 2014 fell on the same date . According to the Western ( Gregorian ) calendar , the first Paschal Full Moon after the Spring Equinox ( March 20 ) fell on Monday , April 14 , 2014 . The following Sunday , April 20 , was , therefore , Easter Day .

\n

\n According to the Orthodox ( Julian ) calendar ( which is 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar ) , the Spring Equinox also falls on March 21 . However , in the Gregorian Calendar , this is April 3 . The first Orthodox Full Moon after the Equinox falls on ( Julian ) Tuesday , April 2 , 2014 ( Gregorian April 15 ) . The following Sunday , ( Julian ) April 7 , is , therefore , Easter Day ( Gregorian April 20 ) .

\n

\n Range of dates for Western and Orthodox Easter ( edit )

\n

\n Both calendars ( Gregorian and Julian ) calculate Easter as falling on dates between March 22 and April 25 on their calendars . However , because of the 13 - day difference , any member of an Orthodox church would observe that the Western Easter falls between March 10 and April 12 on the Julian calendar . Conversely , any member of a Western church would observe that Orthodox Easter falls between April 4 and May 8 on the Gregorian calendar .

\n

\n Beginning March 14 , 2100 ( February 29 , 2100 , in the Julian Calendar ) , the difference between the Julian and Gregorian calendars will increase to 14 days .

\n

\n Public holidays ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This section needs expansion with : details of Easter holidays in other countries ; this section currently only mentions those with a four - day weekend . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2018 )
\n

\n In Hungary , the United Kingdom except Scotland , Australia , Canada , South Africa , Germany , Switzerland and New Zealand , Easter comprises two public holidays , Good Friday and Easter Monday , making a four - day weekend . The moveable date of Easter sometimes brings it into conflict with other , fixed , public holidays .

\n \n

\n Easter is not a federal holiday in the United States . In North Carolina , however , it was a public holiday from 1935 to 1987 .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Royal Wedding Bank Holiday in the United Kingdom '' .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` Irish bishops move St. Patrick 's Day 2008 over conflict with Holy Week '' . Catholic News Agency . July 19 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/australia/2011.php
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ `` Easter Monday in the United States '' . TimeandDate.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 .
    5. \n
\n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_dates_for_Easter&oldid=835274731 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "when is the next time easter falls on april 11th", "long_answers": [], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Thunderstorm - wikipedia

\n Thunderstorm

\n Jump to : navigation , search `` Electrical storm '' redirects here . For other uses , see Electrical storm ( disambiguation ) . `` TSTM '' redirects here . For the musical ensemble , see Thirty Seconds to Mars . For other uses , see Thunderstorm ( disambiguation ) . \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Thunderstorm
\n A thunderstorm over Corfu .
\n Sign \n A large cumulonimbus cloud with lightning and thunder .
\n Type \n Severe
\n Cloud of origin \n Cumulonimbus .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Part of the nature series
\n Weather
\n Calendar seasons
\n
    \n
  • \n Winter
    • \n
  • \n Spring
    • \n
  • \n Summer
    • \n
  • \n Autumn
    • \n
\n
\n Tropical seasons
\n
    \n
  • \n Dry season
    • \n
  • \n Wet season
    • \n
\n
\n Storms
\n
    \n
  • \n Cloud
    • \n
  • \n Cumulonimbus cloud
    • \n
  • \n Arcus cloud
    • \n
  • \n Downburst
    • \n
  • \n Microburst
    • \n
  • \n Heat burst
    • \n
  • \n Dust storm
    • \n
  • \n Simoom
    • \n
  • \n Haboob
    • \n
  • \n Monsoon
    • \n
  • \n Gale
    • \n
  • \n Sirocco
    • \n
  • \n Firestorm
    • \n
  • \n Lightning
    • \n
  • \n Supercell
    • \n
  • \n Thunderstorm
    • \n
  • \n Severe thunderstorm
    • \n
  • \n Thundersnow
    • \n
  • \n Storm surge
    • \n
  • \n Tornado
    • \n
  • \n Cyclone
    • \n
  • \n Mesocyclone
    • \n
  • \n Anticyclone
    • \n
  • \n Tropical cyclone ( Hurricane )
    • \n
  • \n Extratropical cyclone
    • \n
  • \n European windstorm
    • \n
  • \n Atlantic Hurricane
    • \n
  • \n Typhoon
    • \n
  • \n Derecho
    • \n
  • \n Landspout
    • \n
  • \n Dust devil
    • \n
  • \n Fire whirl
    • \n
  • \n Waterspout
    • \n
  • \n Winter storm
      \n
    • \n Ice storm
      • \n
    • \n Blizzard
      • \n
    • \n Ground blizzard
      • \n
    • \n Snowsquall
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Precipitation
\n
    \n
  • \n Drizzle ( Freezing drizzle )
    • \n
  • \n Graupel
    • \n
  • \n Hail
    • \n
  • \n Ice pellets ( Diamond dust )
    • \n
  • \n Rain ( Freezing rain )
    • \n
  • \n Cloudburst
    • \n
  • \n Snow
      \n
    • \n Rain and snow mixed
      • \n
    • \n Snow grains
      • \n
    • \n Snow roller
      • \n
    • \n Slush
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
\n
\n Topics
\n
    \n
  • \n Atmospheric river
    • \n
  • \n Atmospheric convection
    • \n
  • \n Air pollution
    • \n
  • \n Climate
    • \n
  • \n Cloud
    • \n
  • \n Fog
    • \n
  • \n Cold wave
    • \n
  • \n Heat wave
    • \n
  • \n Jet stream
    • \n
  • \n Meteorology
    • \n
  • \n Severe weather
    • \n
  • \n Weather forecasting
    • \n
\n
\n Weather portal
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n A typical thunderstorm over a field

\n A thunderstorm , also known as an electrical storm , lightning storm , or thundershower , is a storm characterized by the presence of lightning and its acoustic effect on the Earth 's atmosphere , known as thunder . Thunderstorms occur in association with a type of cloud known as a cumulonimbus . They are usually accompanied by strong winds , heavy rain , and sometimes snow , sleet , hail , or , in contrast , no precipitation at all . Thunderstorms may line up in a series or become a rainband , known as a squall line . Strong or severe thunderstorms , known as supercells , rotate as do cyclones . While most thunderstorms move with the mean wind flow through the layer of the troposphere that they occupy , vertical wind shear sometimes causes a deviation in their course at a right angle to the wind shear direction .

\n Warm , moist updraft from a thunderstorm associated with a southward - moving frontal boundary -- taken from Texarkana , Texas looking north .

\n Thunderstorms result from the rapid upward movement of warm , moist air , sometimes along a front . As the warm , moist air moves upward , it cools , condenses , and forms a cumulonimbus cloud that can reach heights of over 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) . As the rising air reaches its dew point temperature , water vapor condenses into water droplets or ice , reducing pressure locally within the thunderstorm cell . Any precipitation falls the long distance through the clouds towards the Earth 's surface . As the droplets fall , they collide with other droplets and become larger . The falling droplets create a downdraft as it pulls cold air with it , and this cold air spreads out at the Earth 's surface , occasionally causing strong winds that are commonly associated with thunderstorms .

\n

\n Thunderstorms can form and develop in any geographic location but most frequently within the mid-latitude , where warm , moist air from tropical latitudes collides with cooler air from polar latitudes . Thunderstorms are responsible for the development and formation of many severe weather phenomena . Thunderstorms , and the phenomena that occur along with them , pose great hazards . Damage that results from thunderstorms is mainly inflicted by downburst winds , large hailstones , and flash flooding caused by heavy precipitation . Stronger thunderstorm cells are capable of producing tornadoes and waterspouts .

\n

\n There are four types of thunderstorms : single - cell , multi-cell cluster , multi-cell lines , and supercells . Supercell thunderstorms are the strongest and most severe . Mesoscale convective systems formed by favorable vertical wind shear within the tropics and subtropics can be responsible for the development of hurricanes . Dry thunderstorms , with no precipitation , can cause the outbreak of wildfires from the heat generated from the cloud - to - ground lightning that accompanies them . Several means are used to study thunderstorms : weather radar , weather stations , and video photography . Past civilizations held various myths concerning thunderstorms and their development as late as the 18th century . Beyond the Earth 's atmosphere , thunderstorms have also been observed on the planets of Jupiter , Saturn , Neptune , and , probably , Venus .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Life cycle ( edit )

\n Stages of a thunderstorm 's life . See also : Cloud

\n Warm air has a lower density than cool air , so warmer air rises upwards and cooler air will settle at the bottom ( this effect can be seen with a hot air balloon ) . Clouds form as relatively warmer air , carrying moisture , rises within cooler air . The moist air rises , and , as it does so , it cools and some of the water vapor in that rising air condenses . When the moisture condenses , it releases energy known as latent heat of vaporization , which allows the rising packet of air to cool less than the cooler surrounding air continuing the cloud 's ascension . If enough instability is present in the atmosphere , this process will continue long enough for cumulonimbus clouds to form and produce lightning and thunder . Meteorological indices such as convective available potential energy ( CAPE ) and the lifted index can be used to assist in determining potential upward vertical development of clouds . Generally , thunderstorms require three conditions to form :

\n
    \n
  1. \n Moisture
    2. \n
  2. \n An unstable airmass
    3. \n
  3. \n A lifting force ( heat )
    4. \n
\n

\n All thunderstorms , regardless of type , go through three stages : the developing stage , the mature stage , and the dissipation stage . The average thunderstorm has a 24 km ( 15 mi ) diameter . Depending on the conditions present in the atmosphere , each of these three stages take an average of 30 minutes .

\n

\n Cumulus stage ( edit )

\n

\n The first stage of a thunderstorm is the cumulus stage or developing stage . During this stage , masses of moisture are lifted upwards into the atmosphere . The trigger for this lift can be solar illumination , where the heating of the ground produces thermals , or where two winds converge forcing air upwards , or where winds blow over terrain of increasing elevation . The moisture carried upward cools into liquid drops of water due to lower temperatures at high altitude , which appear as cumulus clouds . As the water vapor condenses into liquid , latent heat is released , which warms the air , causing it to become less dense than the surrounding , drier air . The air tends to rise in an updraft through the process of convection ( hence the term convective precipitation ) . This process creates a low - pressure zone within and beneath the forming thunderstorm . In a typical thunderstorm , approximately 500 million kilograms of water vapor are lifted into the Earth 's atmosphere .

\n

\n Mature stage ( edit )

\n Anvil - shaped thundercloud in the mature stage over Swifts Creek , Victoria

\n In the mature stage of a thunderstorm , the warmed air continues to rise until it reaches an area of warmer air and can rise no farther . Often this ' cap ' is the tropopause . The air is instead forced to spread out , giving the storm a characteristic anvil shape . The resulting cloud is called cumulonimbus incus . The water droplets coalesce into larger and heavier droplets and freeze to become ice particles . As these fall , they melt to become rain . If the updraft is strong enough , the droplets are held aloft long enough to become so large that they do not melt completely but fall as hail . While updrafts are still present , the falling rain drags the surrounding air with it , creating downdrafts as well . The simultaneous presence of both an updraft and a downdraft marks the mature stage of the storm and produces cumulonimbus clouds . During this stage , considerable internal turbulence can occur within , which manifests as strong winds , severe lightning , and even tornadoes .

\n

\n Typically , if there is little wind shear , the storm will rapidly enter the dissipating stage and ' rain itself out ' , but , if there is sufficient change in wind speed or direction , the downdraft will be separated from the updraft , and the storm may become a supercell , where the mature stage can sustain itself for several hours .

\n

\n Dissipating stage ( edit )

\n A thunderstorm in an environment with no winds to shear the storm or blow the anvil in any one direction

\n In the dissipation stage , the thunderstorm is dominated by the downdraft . If atmospheric conditions do not support super cellular development , this stage occurs rather quickly , approximately 20 -- 30 minutes into the life of the thunderstorm . The downdraft will push down out of the thunderstorm , hit the ground and spread out . This phenomenon is known as a downburst . The cool air carried to the ground by the downdraft cuts off the inflow of the thunderstorm , the updraft disappears and the thunderstorm will dissipate . Thunderstorms in an atmosphere with virtually no vertical wind shear weaken as soon as they send out an outflow boundary in all directions , which then quickly cuts off its inflow of relatively warm , moist air , and kills the thunderstorm 's further growth . The downdraft hitting the ground creates an outflow boundary . This can cause downbursts , a potential hazardous condition for aircraft to fly through , as a substantial change in wind speed and direction occurs , resulting in a decrease of airspeed and the subsequent reduction in lift for the aircraft . The stronger the outflow boundary is , the stronger the resultant vertical wind shear becomes .

\n

\n Classification ( edit )

\n Conditions favorable for thunderstorm types and complexes

\n There are four main types of thunderstorms : single - cell , multi-cell , squall line ( also called multi-cell line ) and supercell . Which type forms depends on the instability and relative wind conditions at different layers of the atmosphere ( `` wind shear '' ) . Single - cell thunderstorms form in environments of low vertical wind shear and last only 20 -- 30 minutes .

\n

\n Organized thunderstorms and thunderstorm clusters / lines can have longer life cycles as they form in environments of significant vertical wind shear , normally greater than 25 knots ( 13 m / s ) in the lowest 6 kilometres ( 3.7 mi ) of the troposphere , which aids the development of stronger updrafts as well as various forms of severe weather . The supercell is the strongest of the thunderstorms , most commonly associated with large hail , high winds , and tornado formation . Precipitable water values of greater than 31.8 millimetres ( 1.25 in ) favor the development of organized thunderstorm complexes . Those with heavy rainfall normally have precipitable water values greater than 36.9 millimetres ( 1.45 in ) . Upstream values of CAPE of greater than 800 J / kg are usually required for the development of organized convection .

\n

\n Single - cell ( edit )

\n Main article : Air - mass thunderstorm A single - cell thunderstorm over Wagga Wagga .

\n This term technically applies to a single thunderstorm with one main updraft . Also known as air - mass thunderstorms , these are the typical summer thunderstorms in many temperate locales . They also occur in the cool unstable air that often follows the passage of a cold front from the sea during winter . Within a cluster of thunderstorms , the term `` cell '' refers to each separate principal updraft . Thunderstorm cells occasionally form in isolation , as the occurrence of one thunderstorm can develop an outflow boundary that sets up new thunderstorm development . Such storms are rarely severe and are a result of local atmospheric instability ; hence the term `` air mass thunderstorm '' . When such storms have a brief period of severe weather associated with them , it is known as a pulse severe storm . Pulse severe storms are poorly organized and occur randomly in time and space , making them difficult to forecast . Single - cell thunderstorms normally last 20 -- 30 minutes .

\n

\n Multi-cell clusters ( edit )

\n Main article : Multicellular thunderstorm A group of thunderstorms over Brazil photographed by the Space Shuttle Challenger .

\n This is the most common type of thunderstorm development . Mature thunderstorms are found near the center of the cluster , while dissipating thunderstorms exist on their downwind side . Multicell storms form as clusters of storms but may then evolve into one or more squall lines . While each cell of the cluster may only last 20 minutes , the cluster itself may persist for hours at a time . They often arise from convective updrafts in or near mountain ranges and linear weather boundaries , such as strong cold fronts or troughs of low pressure . These type of storms are stronger than the single - cell storm , yet much weaker than the supercell storm . Hazards with the multicell cluster include moderate - sized hail , flash flooding , and weak tornadoes .

\n

\n Multi-cell lines ( edit )

\n Main article : Squall line See also : List of derecho events

\n A squall line is an elongated line of severe thunderstorms that can form along or ahead of a cold front . In the early 20th century , the term was used as a synonym for cold front . The squall line contains heavy precipitation , hail , frequent lightning , strong straight line winds , and possibly tornadoes and waterspouts . Severe weather in the form of strong straight - line winds can be expected in areas where the squall line itself is in the shape of a bow echo , within the portion of the line that bows out the most . Tornadoes can be found along waves within a line echo wave pattern , or LEWP , where mesoscale low pressure areas are present . Some bow echoes in the summer are called derechos , and move quite fast through large sections of territory . On the back edge of the rain shield associated with mature squall lines , a wake low can form , which is a mesoscale low pressure area that forms behind the mesoscale high pressure system normally present under the rain canopy , which are sometimes associated with a heat burst . This kind of storm is also known as `` Wind of the Stony Lake '' ( Traditional Chinese : \u77f3 \u6e56 \u98a8 -- shi2 hu2 feng1 , Simplified Chinese : \u77f3 \u6e56 \u98ce ) in southern China .

\n

\n Supercells ( edit )

\n Main article : Supercell A supercell thunderstorm over Chaparral , New Mexico . The setting sun illuminates the top of a classic anvil - shaped thunderstorm cloud in eastern Nebraska , United States .

\n Supercell storms are large , usually severe , quasi-steady - state storms that form in an environment where wind speed or wind direction varies with height ( `` wind shear '' ) , and they have separate downdrafts and updrafts ( i.e. , where its associated precipitation is not falling through the updraft ) with a strong , rotating updraft ( a `` mesocyclone '' ) . These storms normally have such powerful updrafts that the top of the supercell storm cloud ( or anvil ) can break through the troposphere and reach into the lower levels of the stratosphere , and supercell storms can be 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) wide . Research has shown that at least 90 percent of supercells cause severe weather . These storms can produce destructive tornadoes , sometimes F3 or higher , extremely large hailstones ( 10 centimetres or 4 inches diameter ) , straight - line winds in excess of 130 km / h ( 81 mph ) , and flash floods . In fact , research has also shown that most tornadoes occur from this type of thunderstorm . Supercells are the strongest type of thunderstorm , even stronger than the most severe thunderstorms .

\n

\n Severe thunderstorms ( edit )

\n

\n A thunderstorm is classed as severe if winds reach at least 93 kilometres per hour ( 58 mph ) , hail is 25 millimetres ( 1 in ) in diameter or larger , or if funnel clouds or tornadoes are reported . Although a funnel cloud or tornado indicates a severe thunderstorm , a tornado warning is issued in place of a severe thunderstorm warning . A severe thunderstorm warning is issued if a thunderstorm becomes severe , or will soon turn severe . In Canada , a rainfall rate greater than 50 millimetres ( 2 in ) in one hour , or 75 millimetres ( 3 in ) in three hours , is also used to indicate severe thunderstorms . Severe thunderstorms can occur from any type of storm cell . However , multicell , supercell , and squall lines represent the most common forms of thunderstorms that produce severe weather .

\n

\n Mesoscale convective systems ( edit )

\n See also : Mesoscale convective system MCC moving through New England : August 2 , 2006 0600 UTC

\n A mesoscale convective system ( MCS ) is a complex of thunderstorms that becomes organized on a scale larger than the individual thunderstorms but smaller than extratropical cyclones , and normally persists for several hours or more . A mesoscale convective system 's overall cloud and precipitation pattern may be round or linear in shape , and include weather systems such as tropical cyclones , squall lines , lake - effect snow events , polar lows , and Mesoscale Convective Complexes ( MCCs ) , and they generally form near weather fronts . Most mesoscale convective systems develop overnight and continue their lifespan through the next day . The type that forms during the warm season over land has been noted across North America , Europe , and Asia , with a maximum in activity noted during the late afternoon and evening hours .

\n

\n Forms of MCS that develop in the tropics are found in use either the Intertropical Convergence Zone or monsoon troughs , generally within the warm season between spring and fall . More intense systems form over land than over water . One exception is that of lake - effect snow bands , which form due to cold air moving across relatively warm bodies of water , and occurs from fall through spring . Polar lows are a second special class of MCS . They form at high latitudes during the cold season . Once the parent MCS dies , later thunderstorm development can occur in connection with its remnant mesoscale convective vortex ( MCV ) . Mesoscale convective systems are important to the United States rainfall climatology over the Great Plains since they bring the region about half of their annual warm season rainfall .

\n

\n Motion ( edit )

\n Thunderstorm line viewed in reflectivity ( dBZ ) on a plan position indicator radar display

\n The two major ways thunderstorms move are via advection of the wind and propagation along outflow boundaries towards sources of greater heat and moisture . Many thunderstorms move with the mean wind speed through the Earth 's troposphere , the lowest 8 kilometres ( 5.0 mi ) of the Earth 's atmosphere . Weaker thunderstorms are steered by winds closer to the Earth 's surface than stronger thunderstorms , as the weaker thunderstorms are not as tall . Organized , long - lived thunderstorm cells and complexes move at a right angle to the direction of the vertical wind shear vector . If the gust front , or leading edge of the outflow boundary , races ahead of the thunderstorm , its motion will accelerate in tandem . This is more of a factor with thunderstorms with heavy precipitation ( HP ) than with thunderstorms with low precipitation ( LP ) . When thunderstorms merge , which is most likely when numerous thunderstorms exist in proximity to each other , the motion of the stronger thunderstorm normally dictates the future motion of the merged cell . The stronger the mean wind , the less likely other processes will be involved in storm motion . On weather radar , storms are tracked by using a prominent feature and tracking it from scan to scan .

\n

\n Back - building thunderstorm ( edit )

\n

\n A back - building thunderstorm , commonly referred to as a training thunderstorm , is a thunderstorm in which new development takes place on the upwind side ( usually the west or southwest side in the Northern Hemisphere ) , such that the storm seems to remain stationary or propagate in a backward direction . Though the storm often appears stationary on radar , or even moving upwind , this is an illusion . The storm is really a multi-cell storm with new , more vigorous cells that form on the upwind side , replacing older cells that continue to drift downwind . When this happens , catastrophic flooding is possible . In Rapid City , South Dakota , in 1972 , an unusual alignment of winds at various levels of the atmosphere combined to produce a continuously training set of cells that dropped an enormous quantity of rain upon the same area , resulting in devastating flash flooding . A similar event occurred in Boscastle , England , on 16 August 2004 .

\n

\n Hazards ( edit )

\n

\n Each year , many people are killed or seriously injured by severe thunderstorms despite the advance warning . While severe thunderstorms are most common in the spring and summer , they can occur at just about any time of the year .

\n

\n Cloud - to - ground lightning ( edit )

\n See also : Lightning strike and Wildfire A return stroke , cloud - to - ground lightning strike during a thunderstorm .

\n Cloud - to - ground lightning frequently occurs within the phenomena of thunderstorms and have numerous hazards towards landscapes and populations . One of the more significant hazards lightning can pose is the wildfires they are capable of igniting . Under a regime of low precipitation ( LP ) thunderstorms , where little precipitation is present , rainfall can not prevent fires from starting when vegetation is dry as lightning produces a concentrated amount of extreme heat . Direct damage caused by lightning strikes occurs on occasion . In areas with a high frequency for cloud - to - ground lightning , like Florida , lightning causes several fatalities per year , most commonly to people working outside .

\n

\n Acid rain is also a frequent risk produced by lightning . Distilled water has a neutral pH of 7 . `` Clean '' or unpolluted rain has a slightly acidic pH of about 5.2 , because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid , a weak acid ( pH 5.6 in distilled water ) , but unpolluted rain also contains other chemicals . Nitric oxide present during thunderstorm phenomena , caused by the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen , can result in the production of acid rain , if nitric oxide forms compounds with the water molecules in precipitation , thus creating acid rain . Acid rain can damage infrastructures containing calcite or certain other solid chemical compounds . In ecosystems , acid rain can dissolve plant tissues of vegetations and increase acidification process in bodies of water and in soil , resulting in deaths of marine and terrestrial organisms .

\n

\n Hail ( edit )

\n Main article : Hail Hailstorm in Bogot\u00e1 , Colombia .

\n Any thunderstorm that produces hail that reaches the ground is known as a hailstorm . Thunderclouds that are capable of producing hailstones are often seen obtaining green coloration . Hail is more common along mountain ranges because mountains force horizontal winds upwards ( known as orographic lifting ) , thereby intensifying the updrafts within thunderstorms and making hail more likely . One of the more common regions for large hail is across mountainous northern India , which reported one of the highest hail - related death tolls on record in 1888 . China also experiences significant hailstorms . Across Europe , Croatia experiences frequent occurrences of hail .

\n

\n In North America , hail is most common in the area where Colorado , Nebraska , and Wyoming meet , known as `` Hail Alley . '' Hail in this region occurs between the months of March and October during the afternoon and evening hours , with the bulk of the occurrences from May through September . Cheyenne , Wyoming is North America 's most hail - prone city with an average of nine to ten hailstorms per season . In South America , areas prone to hail are cities like Bogot\u00e1 , Colombia .

\n

\n Hail can cause serious damage , notably to automobiles , aircraft , skylights , glass - roofed structures , livestock , and most commonly , farmers ' crops . Hail is one of the most significant thunderstorm hazards to aircraft . When hail stones exceed 13 millimetres ( 0.5 in ) in diameter , planes can be seriously damaged within seconds . The hailstones accumulating on the ground can also be hazardous to landing aircraft . Wheat , corn , soybeans , and tobacco are the most sensitive crops to hail damage . Hail is one of Canada 's most costly hazards . Hailstorms have been the cause of costly and deadly events throughout history . One of the earliest recorded incidents occurred around the 9th century in Roopkund , Uttarakhand , India . The largest hailstone in terms of maximum circumference and length ever recorded in the United States fell in 2003 in Aurora , Nebraska , United States .

\n

\n Tornadoes and waterspouts ( edit )

\n In June 2007 , the town of Elie , Manitoba was struck by an F5 tornado . Main articles : Tornado and Waterspout

\n A tornado is a violent , rotating column of air in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud ( otherwise known as a thundercloud ) or , in rare cases , the base of a cumulus cloud . Tornadoes come in many sizes but are typically in the form of a visible condensation funnel , whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris and dust . Most tornadoes have wind speeds between 40 and 110 mph ( 64 and 177 km / h ) , are approximately 75 metres ( 246 ft ) across , and travel several kilometers ( a few miles ) before dissipating . Some attain wind speeds of more than 300 mph ( 480 km / h ) , stretch more than 1,600 metres ( 1 mi ) across , and stay on the ground for more than 100 kilometres ( dozens of miles ) .

\n

\n The Fujita scale and the Enhanced Fujita Scale rate tornadoes by damage caused . An EF0 tornado , the weakest category , damages trees but not substantial structures . An EF5 tornado , the strongest category , rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large skyscrapers . The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes . Doppler radar data , photogrammetry , and ground swirl patterns ( cycloidal marks ) may also be analyzed to determine intensity and award a rating .

\n Formation of numerous waterspouts in the Great Lakes region . ( North America ) A flash flood caused by a severe thunderstorm

\n Waterspouts have similar characteristics as tornadoes , characterized by a spiraling funnel - shaped wind current that form over bodies of water , connecting to large cumulonimbus clouds . Waterspouts are generally classified as forms of tornadoes , or more specifically , non-supercelled tornadoes that develop over large bodies of water . These spiralling columns of air are frequently developed within tropical areas close to the equator , but are less common within areas of high latitude .

\n

\n Flash Flood ( edit )

\n Main article : Flash flood

\n Flash flooding is the process where a landscape , most notably an urban environment , is subjected to rapid floods . These rapid floods occur more quickly and are more localized than seasonal river flooding or areal flooding and are frequently ( though not always ) associated with intense rainfall . Flash flooding can frequently occur in slow - moving thunderstorms and is usually caused by the heavy liquid precipitation that accompanies it . Flash floods are most common in densely populated urban environments , where few plants and bodies of water are present to absorb and contain the extra water . Flash flooding can be hazardous to small infrastructure , such as bridges , and weakly constructed buildings . Plants and crops in agricultural areas can be destroyed and devastated by the force of raging water . Automobiles parked within affected areas can also be displaced . Soil erosion can occur as well , exposing risks of landslide phenomena .

\n

\n Downburst ( edit )

\n Main article : Downburst Trees uprooted or displaced by the force of a downburst wind in northwest Monroe County , Wisconsin .

\n Downburst winds can produce numerous hazards to landscapes experiencing thunderstorms . Downburst winds are generally very powerful , and are often mistaken for wind speeds produced by tornadoes , due to the concentrated amount of force exerted by their straight - horizontal characteristic . Downburst winds can be hazardous to unstable , incomplete , or weakly constructed infrastructures and buildings . Agricultural crops , and other plants in nearby environments can be uprooted and damaged . Aircraft engaged in takeoff or landing can crash . Automobiles can be displaced by the force exerted by downburst winds . Downburst winds are usually formed in areas when high pressure air systems of downdrafts begin to sink and displace the air masses below it , due to their higher density . When these downdrafts reach the surface , they spread out and turn into the destructive straight - horizontal winds .

\n

\n Thunderstorm asthma ( edit )

\n Main article : Thunderstorm asthma

\n Thunderstorm asthma is the triggering of an asthma attack by environmental conditions directly caused by a local thunderstorm . During a thunderstorm , pollen grains can absorb moisture and then burst into much smaller fragments with these fragments being easily dispersed by wind . While larger pollen grains are usually filtered by hairs in the nose , the smaller pollen fragments are able to pass through and enter the lungs , triggering the asthma attack .

\n

\n Safety precautions ( edit )

\n See also : Emergency management and Tornado preparedness

\n Most thunderstorms come and go fairly uneventfully ; however , any thunderstorm can become severe , and all thunderstorms , by definition , present the danger of lightning . Thunderstorm preparedness and safety refers to taking steps before , during , and after a thunderstorm to minimize injury and damage .

\n

\n Preparedness ( edit )

\n

\n Preparedness refers to precautions that should be taken before a thunderstorm . Some preparedness takes the form of general readiness ( as a thunderstorm can occur at any time of the day or year ) . Preparing a family emergency plan , for example , can save valuable time if a storm arises quickly and unexpectedly . Preparing the home by removing dead or rotting limbs and trees , which can be blown over in high winds , can also significantly reduce the risk of property damage and personal injury .

\n

\n The National Weather Service ( NWS ) in the United States recommends several precautions that people should take if thunderstorms are likely to occur :

\n
\n
\n \n
\n
\n

\n Safety ( edit )

\n

\n While safety and preparedness often overlap , `` thunderstorm safety '' generally refers to what people should do during and after a storm . The American Red Cross recommends that people follow these precautions if a storm is imminent or in progress :

\n
\n
\n \n
\n
\n

\n The NWS stopped recommending the `` lightning crouch '' in 2008 as it does n't provide a significant level of protection and will not significantly lower the risk of being killed or injured from a nearby lightning strike .

\n

\n Frequent occurrences ( edit )

\n See also : United States rainfall climatology A mild thunderstorm over Niagara Falls , Ontario .

\n Thunderstorms occur throughout the world , even in the polar regions , with the greatest frequency in tropical rainforest areas , where they may occur nearly daily . At any given time approximately 2,000 thunderstorms are occurring on Earth . Kampala and Tororo in Uganda have each been mentioned as the most thunderous places on Earth , a claim also made for Singapore and Bogor on the Indonesian island of Java . Other cities known for frequent storm activity include Darwin , Caracas , Manila and Mumbai . Thunderstorms are associated with the various monsoon seasons around the globe , and they populate the rainbands of tropical cyclones . In temperate regions , they are most frequent in spring and summer , although they can occur along or ahead of cold fronts at any time of year . They may also occur within a cooler air mass following the passage of a cold front over a relatively warmer body of water . Thunderstorms are rare in polar regions because of cold surface temperatures .

\n

\n Some of the most powerful thunderstorms over the United States occur in the Midwest and the Southern states . These storms can produce large hail and powerful tornadoes . Thunderstorms are relatively uncommon along much of the West Coast of the United States , but they occur with greater frequency in the inland areas , particularly the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys of California . In spring and summer , they occur nearly daily in certain areas of the Rocky Mountains as part of the North American Monsoon regime . In the Northeast , storms take on similar characteristics and patterns as the Midwest , but with less frequency and severity . During the summer , air - mass thunderstorms are an almost daily occurrence over central and southern parts of Florida .

\n

\n Energy ( edit )

\n See also : Sprite ( lightning ) , Upper - atmospheric lightning , and St. Elmo 's fire How thunderstorms launch particle beams into space

\n If the quantity of water that is condensed in and subsequently precipitated from a cloud is known , then the total energy of a thunderstorm can be calculated . In a typical thunderstorm , approximately 5 \u00d7 10 kg of water vapor are lifted , and the amount of energy released when this condenses is 10 joules . This is on the same order of magnitude of energy released within a tropical cyclone , and more energy than that released during the atomic bomb blast at Hiroshima , Japan in 1945 .

\n

\n The Fermi Gamma - ray Burst Monitor results show that gamma rays and antimatter particles ( positrons ) can be generated in powerful thunderstorms . It is suggested that the antimatter positrons are formed in terrestrial gamma - ray flashes ( TGF ) . TGFs are brief bursts occurring inside thunderstorms and associated with lightning . The streams of positrons and electrons collide higher in the atmosphere to generate more gamma rays . About 500 TGFs may occur every day worldwide , but mostly go undetected .

\n

\n Studies ( edit )

\n

\n In more contemporary times , thunderstorms have taken on the role of a scientific curiosity . Every spring , storm chasers head to the Great Plains of the United States and the Canadian Prairies to explore the scientific aspects of storms and tornadoes through use of videotaping . Radio pulses produced by cosmic rays are being used to study how electric charges develop within thunderstorms . More organized meteorological projects such as VORTEX2 use an array of sensors , such as the Doppler on Wheels , vehicles with mounted automated weather stations , weather balloons , and unmanned aircraft to investigate thunderstorms expected to produce severe weather . Lightning is detected remotely using sensors that detect cloud - to - ground lightning strokes with 95 percent accuracy in detection and within 250 metres ( 820 ft ) of their point of origin .

\n

\n Mythology and religion ( edit )

\n

\n Thunderstorms strongly influenced many early civilizations . Greeks believed that they were battles waged by Zeus , who hurled lightning bolts forged by Hephaestus . Some American Indian tribes associated thunderstorms with the Thunderbird , who they believed was a servant of the Great Spirit . The Norse considered thunderstorms to occur when Thor went to fight J\u00f6tnar , with the thunder and lightning being the effect of his strikes with the hammer Mj\u00f6lnir . Hinduism recognizes Indra as the god of rain and thunderstorms . Christian doctrine accepted the ideas of Aristotle 's original work , called Meteorologica , that winds were caused by exhalations from the Earth and that fierce storms were the work of God . These ideas were still within the mainstream as late as the 18th century .

\n

\n Martin Luther was out walking when a thunderstorm began , causing him to pray to God for being saved and promising to become a monk .

\n

\n Outside of Earth ( edit )

\n

\n Thunderstorms , evidenced by flashes of lightning , on Jupiter have been detected and are associated with clouds where water may exist as both a liquid and ice , suggesting that a similar mechanism may act as on Earth . ( Water is a polar molecule that can carry a charge , so it is capable of creating the charge separation needed to produce lightning . ) These electrical discharges can be up to a thousand times as powerful as lightning on the Earth . The water clouds can form thunderstorms driven by the heat rising from the interior . The clouds of Venus may also be capable of producing lightning ; some observations suggest that the lightning rate is at least half of that on Earth .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n References ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ `` Weather Glossary -- T '' . National Weather Service . 21 April 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 23 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ National Severe Storms Laboratory ( September 1992 ) . `` tornadoes ... Nature 's Most Violent Storms '' . A PREPAREDNESS GUIDE . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 03 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ Albert Irvin Frye ( 1913 ) . Civil engineers ' pocket book : a reference - book for engineers , contractors . D. Van Nostrand Company . p. 462 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ Yikne Deng ( 2005 ) . Ancient Chinese Inventions . Chinese International Press . pp. 112 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 7 - 5085 - 0837 - 5 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 18 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ FMI ( 2007 ) . `` Fog And Stratus -- Meteorological Physical Background '' . Zentralanstalt f\u00fcr Meteorologie und Geodynamik . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 07 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Chris C. Mooney ( 2007 ) . Storm world : hurricanes , politics , and the battle over global warming . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 101287 - 9 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ David O. Blanchard ( September 1998 ) . `` Assessing the Vertical Distribution of Convective Available Potential Energy '' . Weather and Forecasting . American Meteorological Society . 13 ( 3 ) : 870 -- 7 . Bibcode : 1998WtFor ... 13 ... 870B . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0434 ( 1998 ) 013 < 0870 : ATVDOC > 2.0.CO ; 2 .
    8. \n
  8. \n ^ Jump up to : Michael H. Mogil ( 2007 ) . Extreme Weather . New York : Black Dog & Leventhal Publisher . pp. 210 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57912 - 743 - 5 .
    9. \n
  9. \n ^ Jump up to : National Severe Storms Laboratory ( 2006 - 10 - 15 ) . `` A Severe Weather Primer : Questions and Answers about Thunderstorms '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 01 .
    10. \n
  10. \n ^ Jump up to : Gianfranco Vidali ( 2009 ) . `` Rough Values of Various Processes '' . University of Syracuse . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 31 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ Pilot 's Web The Aviator 's Journal ( 2009 - 06 - 13 ) . `` Structural Icing in VMC '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 02 .
    12. \n
  12. \n ^ Jump up to : Jon W. Zeitler & Matthew J. Bunkers ( March 2005 ) . `` Operational Forecasting of Supercell Motion : Review and Case Studies Using Multiple Datasets '' ( PDF ) . National Weather Service Forecast Office , Riverton , Wyoming . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 30 .
    13. \n
  13. \n Jump up ^ The Weather World 2010 Project ( 2009 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Vertical Wind Shear '' . University of Illinois . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 21 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ T.T. Fujita ( 1985 ) . The Downburst , microburst and macroburst : SMRP Research Paper 210 .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Markowski , Paul and Yvette Richardson . Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes . John Wiley & Sons , Ltd. , 2010 . pp. 209 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Maddox , R.A. , C.F. Chappell , and L.R. Hoxit , ( 1979 ) . Synoptic and meso - \u03b1 scale aspects of flash flood events . Bull . Amer . Meteor . Soc. , 60 , 115 - 123 .
    17. \n
  17. \n Jump up ^ Schnetzler , Amy Eliza . Analysis of Twenty - Five Years of Heavy Rainfall Events in the Texas Hill Country . University of Missouri - Columbia , 2008 . pp. 74 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ Markowski , Paul and Yvette Richardson . Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes . John Wiley & Sons , Ltd. , 2010 . pp. 215 , 310 .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . `` Squall line '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . `` Prefrontal squall line '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ University of Oklahoma ( 2004 ) . `` The Norwegian Cyclone Model '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 17 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Definitions '' ( PDF ) . NOAA . pp. 2 -- 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . `` Bow echo '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 .
    24. \n
  24. \n Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . Line echo wave pattern . American Meteorological Society . ISBN 1 - 878220 - 34 - 9 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 03 .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Stephen F. Corfidi ; Jeffry S. Evans & Robert H. Johns ( 2015 ) . `` About Derechos '' . Storm Prediction Center , NCEP , NWS , NOAA Web Site . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 17 .
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . Heat burst . American Meteorological Society . ISBN 1 - 878220 - 34 - 9 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 14 .
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ `` Squall lines and `` Shi Hu Feng '' -- what you want to know about the violent squalls hitting Hong Kong on 9 May 2005 `` . Hong Kong Observatory . 17 June 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 23 .
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ `` Supercell Thunderstorms '' . Weather World 2010 Project . University of Illinois . October 4 , 1999 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 23 .
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ National Weather Service ( 2005 - 04 - 21 ) . `` Weather Glossary -- S '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 17 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Kim Runk ( 2009 ) . 1 '' Hail (. wmv ) . Silver Spring , Maryland : NOAA .
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office , Phoenix , Arizona ( 2009 - 04 - 07 ) . `` New Hail Criteria '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link )
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ Environment Canada Ontario Region ( 2005 - 05 - 24 ) . `` Fact Sheet -- Summer Severe Weather Warnings '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 .
    33. \n
  33. \n Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . `` Mesoscale convective system '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ William R. Cotton ; Susan van den Heever & Israel Jirak ( 2003 ) . `` Conceptual Models of Mesoscale Convective Systems : Part 9 '' ( PDF ) . Colorado State University . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 23 .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ C. Morel & S. Senesi ( 2002 ) . `` A climatology of mesoscale convective systems over Europe using satellite infrared imagery II : Characteristics of European mesoscale convective systems '' . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society . 128 ( 584 ) : 1973 . Bibcode : 2002QJRMS. 128.1973 M . doi : 10.1256 / 003590002320603494 . ISSN 0035 - 9009 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 02 .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Semyon A. Grodsky & James A. Carton ( 2003 - 02 - 15 ) . `` The Intertropical Convergence Zone in the South Atlantic and the Equatorial Cold Tongue '' ( PDF ) . University of Maryland , College Park . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Michael Garstang ; David Roy Fitzjarrald ( 1999 ) . Observations of surface to atmosphere interactions in the tropics . Oxford University Press US . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 511270 - 2 .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ B. Geerts ( 1998 ) . `` Lake Effect Snow '' . University of Wyoming . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 24 .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ E.A. Rasmussen & J. Turner ( 2003 ) . Polar Lows : Mesoscale Weather Systems in the Polar Regions . Cambridge University Press . p. 612 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 62430 - 5 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ Lance F. Bosart & Thomas J. Galarneau Jr. ( 2005 ) . `` 3.5 The Influence of the Great Lakes on Warm Season Weather Systems During BAMEX '' ( PDF ) . 6th American Meteorological Society Coastal Meteorology Conference . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 15 .
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ William R. Cotton ; Susan van den Heever & Israel Jirak ( Fall 2003 ) . `` Conceptual Models of Mesoscale Convective Systems : Part 9 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 23 .
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Stephen Corfidi ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) . `` MCS Movement and Behavior ( PowerPoint ) '' . National Weather Service , Storm Prediction Center . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 18 .
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ National Weather Service ( 2009 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Types of Thunderstorms '' . National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 .
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office , Rapid City , South Dakota ( 2007 - 05 - 15 ) . `` The Rapid City Flood of 1972 '' . National Weather Service Central Region Headquarters . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link )
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ David Flower ( 2008 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Boscastle Flood 2004 '' . Tintagel -- King Arthur Country . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 03 .
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Scott , A ( 2000 ) . `` The Pre-Quaternary history of fire '' . Palaeogeography , Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoecology. 164 : 281 . Bibcode : 2000PPP ... 164 ... 281S . doi : 10.1016 / S0031 - 0182 ( 00 ) 00192 - 9 .
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Vladimir A. Rakov ( 1999 ) . `` Lightning Makes Glass '' . University of Florida , Gainesville . Retrieved November 7 , 2007 .
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Bruce Getz & Kelli Bowermeister ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) . `` Lightning and Its Hazards '' . Hughston Sports Medicine Foundation . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 .
    49. \n
  49. \n Jump up ^ Charles H. Paxton ; J. Colson & N. Carlisle ( 2008 ) . `` P2. 13 Florida lightning deaths and injuries 2004 -- 2007 '' . American Meteorological Society . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 05 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ G.E. Likens ; W.C. Keene ; J.M. Miller & J.N. Galloway ( 1987 ) . `` Chemistry of precipitation from a remote , terrestrial site in Australia '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 92 ( 13 ) : 299 -- 314 . Bibcode : 1987JGR ... 92 ... 299R . doi : 10.1029 / JA092iA01p00299 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ Joel S. Levine ; Tommy R. Augustsson ; Iris C. Andersont ; James M. Hoell Jr . & Dana A. Brewer ( 1984 ) . `` Tropospheric sources of NOx : Lightning and biology '' . Atmospheric Environment. 18 ( 9 ) : 1797 -- 1804 . Bibcode : 1984AtmEn ... 18.1797 L . doi : 10.1016 / 0004 - 6981 ( 84 ) 90355 - X . PMID 11540827 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Office of Air and Radiation Clean Air Markets Division ( 2008 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Effects of Acid Rain -- Surface Waters and own Aquatic Animals '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 05 .
    53. \n
  53. \n Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . `` Hailstorm '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 29 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Geoscience Australia ( 2007 - 09 - 04 ) . `` Where does severe weather occur ? '' . Commonwealth of Australia . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 28 .
    55. \n
  55. \n ^ Jump up to : John E. Oliver ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World Climatology . Springer . p. 401 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 28 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Dongxia Liu ; Guili Feng & Shujun Wu ( February 2009 ) . `` The characteristics of cloud - to - ground lightning activity in hailstorms over northern China '' . Atmospheric Research . 91 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 459 -- 465 . Bibcode : 2009AtmRe ... 91 ... 459L . doi : 10.1016 / j. atmosres. 2008.06. 016 .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ Damir Po\u010dakal ; \u017deljko Ve\u010denaj & Janez \u0160talec ( 2009 ) . `` Hail characteristics of different regions in continental part of Croatia based on influence of orography '' . Atmospheric Research . 93 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 516 . Bibcode : 2009AtmRe ... 93 ... 516P . doi : 10.1016 / j. atmosres. 2008.10. 017 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ Rene Munoz ( 2000 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Fact Sheet on Hail '' . University Corporation for Atmospheric Research . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 18 .
    59. \n
  59. \n ^ Jump up to : Nolan J. Doesken ( April 1994 ) . `` Hail , Hail , Hail ! The Summertime Hazard of Eastern Colorado '' ( PDF ) . Colorado Climate. 17 ( 7 ) . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 18 .
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Federal Aviation Administration ( 2009 ) . `` Hazards '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 29 .
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Damon P. Coppola ( 2007 ) . Introduction to international disaster management . Butterworth - Heinemann . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7506 - 7982 - 4 .
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ David Orr ( 2004 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Giant hail killed more than 200 in Himalayas '' . Telegraph Group Unlimited via the Internet Wayback Machine . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 28 .
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ C.A. Knight and N.C. Knight , 2005 : Very Large Hailstones From Aurora , Nebraska . Bull . Amer . Meteor . Soc. , 86 , 1773 -- 1781 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Renno , Nilton O. ( August 2008 ) . `` A thermodynamically general theory for convective vortices '' ( PDF ) . Tellus A. 60 ( 4 ) : 688 -- 99 . Bibcode : 2008TellA ... 60 ... 688R . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1600 - 0870.2008. 00331. x .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Edwards , Roger ( 2006 - 04 - 04 ) . `` The Online Tornado FAQ '' . Storm Prediction Center . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 08 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ `` Doppler On Wheels '' . Center for Severe Weather Research . 2006 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2006 - 12 - 29 .
    67. \n
  67. \n Jump up ^ `` Hallam Nebraska Tornado '' . Omaha / Valley , NE Weather Forecast Office . 2005 - 10 - 02 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 08 .
    68. \n
  68. \n Jump up ^ Dr. Terence Meaden ( 2004 ) . `` Wind Scales : Beaufort , T -- Scale , and Fujita 's Scale '' . Tornado and Storm Research Organisation . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 11 .
    69. \n
  69. \n Jump up ^ Storm Prediction Center . `` Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 .
    70. \n
  70. \n Jump up ^ `` Waterspout '' . American Meteorological Society . 2009 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 11 .
    71. \n
  71. \n Jump up ^ National Weather Service Forecast Office , Burlington , Vermont ( 2009 - 02 - 03 ) . `` 15 January 2009 : Lake Champlain Sea Smoke , Steam Devils , and Waterspout : Chapters IV and V '' . Eastern Region Headquarters . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 21 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link )
    72. \n
  72. \n Jump up ^ Glossary of Meteorology ( 2009 ) . `` Flash Flood '' . American Meteorological Society . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 .
    73. \n
  73. \n Jump up ^ National Weather Service . `` Flood Products : What Do They Mean ? '' . NOAA . Retrieved 23 August 2011 .
    74. \n
  74. \n Jump up ^ National Weather Service . `` Flash Flood '' . NOAA . Retrieved 23 August 2011 .
    75. \n
  75. \n ^ Jump up to : National Weather Service Forecast Office Columbia , South Carolina ( 2009 - 01 - 27 ) . `` Downbursts ... '' National Weather Service Eastern Region Headquarters . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 .
    76. \n
  76. \n Jump up ^ Suphioglu C. Thunderstorm Asthma Due to Grass Pollen . Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1998 ; 116 : 253 -- 260 . doi : 10.1159 / 000023953
    77. \n
  77. \n Jump up ^ Taylor , P.E. & Jonsson , H. Thunderstorm asthma . Curr Allergy Asthma Rep ( 2004 ) 4 : 409 . doi : 10.1007 / s11882 - 004 - 0092 - 3
    78. \n
  78. \n Jump up ^ Dabrera G , Murray V , Emberlin J , Ayres JG , Collier C , Clewlow Y , Sachon P. Thunderstorm asthma : an overview of the evidence base and implications for public health advice . QJM. 2013 Mar ; 106 ( 3 ) : 207 - 17 . doi : 10.1093 / qjmed / hcs234 . PMID 23275386
    79. \n
  79. \n Jump up ^ D'Amato G , Vitale C , D'Amato M , Cecchi L , Liccardi G , Molino A , Vatrella A , Sanduzzi A , Maesano C , Annesi - Maesano I. Thunderstorm - related asthma : what happens and why . Clin Exp Allergy. 2016 Mar ; 46 ( 3 ) : 390 - 6 . doi : 10.1111 / cea. 12709 . PMID 26765082
    80. \n
  80. \n ^ Jump up to : American Red Cross . `` Thunderstorm Safety Checklist '' ( PDF ) . American Red Cross . Retrieved 24 August 2011 .
    81. \n
  81. \n ^ Jump up to : National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office . `` Thunderstorm '' . Severe Weather Preparedness Information . Albuquerque , NM : NOAA . Retrieved 24 August 2011 .
    82. \n
  82. \n Jump up ^ Federal Emergency Management Agency . `` Thunderstorms and Lightning '' . Ready . US Department of Homeland Security . Archived from the original on 23 June 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 .
    83. \n
  83. \n ^ Jump up to : Federal Emergency Management Agency . `` What to Do Before a Thunderstorm '' . US Department of Homeland Security . Archived from the original on 20 August 2011 . Retrieved 24 August 2011 .
    84. \n
  84. \n ^ Jump up to : `` NWS Lightning Safety Myths '' . Lightningsafety.noaa.gov. 2014 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 20 .
    85. \n
  85. \n Jump up ^ `` NWS JetStream -- Lightning Frequently Asked Questions '' . Srh.noaa.gov. 2014 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 20 .
    86. \n
  86. \n Jump up ^ `` You 're not safer crouching : Six things you did n't know about lightning '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 20 .
    87. \n
  87. \n Jump up ^ National Geographic Almanac of Geography , ISBN 0 - 7922 - 3877 - X , page 75 .
    88. \n
  88. \n Jump up ^ `` How many thunderstorms occur each year ? '' . Thunderstorms . Sky Fire Productions . Archived from the original on 2007 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 23 .
    89. \n
  89. \n Jump up ^ National Weather Service JetStream ( 2008 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Tropical Cyclone Hazards '' . National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 30 .
    90. \n
  90. \n Jump up ^ David Roth . `` Unified Surface Analysis Manual '' ( PDF ) . Hydrometeorological Prediction Center . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 22 .
    91. \n
  91. \n Jump up ^ Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology ( 2001 - 06 - 07 ) . `` National Severe Local Storms Operations Plan -- Chapter 2 '' ( PDF ) . Department of Commerce . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 23 .
    92. \n
  92. \n Jump up ^ Garner , Rob ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` Fermi Catches Antimatter - Hurling Storms '' . nasa.gov . Retrieved 19 July 2016 .
    93. \n
  93. \n Jump up ^ Ouellette , Jennifer ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Fermi Spots Antimatter in Thunderstorms '' . Discovery News . Retrieved 16 January 2011 .
    94. \n
  94. \n Jump up ^ Alan Moller ( 2003 - 03 - 05 ) . `` Storm Chase Ethics '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 .
    95. \n
  95. \n Jump up ^ Florida Institute of Technology ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Scientists use high - energy particles from space to probe thunderstorms '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 .
    96. \n
  96. \n Jump up ^ VORTEX2 ( 2009 ) . `` What is VORTEX2 ? '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 .
    97. \n
  97. \n Jump up ^ Peter P. Neilley & R.B. Bent ( 2009 ) . `` An Overview of the United States Precision Lightning Network ( USPLN ) '' . American Meteorological Society Fourth Conference on the Meteorological Applications of Lightning Data . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 .
    98. \n
  98. \n Jump up ^ John D. Cox ( 2002 ) . Storm Watchers . John Wiley & Sons , Inc. p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 38108 - X .
    99. \n
  99. \n Jump up ^ `` Martin Luther '' . Christian History . Retrieved 6 July 2016 .
    100. \n
  100. \n Jump up ^ Elkins - Tanton , Linda T. ( 2006 ) . Jupiter and Saturn . New York : Chelsea House . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5196 - 8 .
    101. \n
  101. \n Jump up ^ Watanabe , Susan , ed . ( February 25 , 2006 ) . `` Surprising Jupiter : Busy Galileo spacecraft showed jovian system is full of surprises '' . NASA . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 20 .
    102. \n
  102. \n Jump up ^ Kerr , Richard A. ( 2000 ) . `` Deep , Moist Heat Drives Jovian Weather '' . Science . 287 ( 5455 ) : 946 -- 947 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 287.5455. 946b . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 24 .
    103. \n
  103. \n Jump up ^ Russell , S.T. ; Zhang , T.L. ; Delva , M. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Lightning on Venus inferred from whistler - mode waves in the ionosphere '' . Nature . 450 ( 7170 ) : 661 -- 662 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 450 ... 661R . doi : 10.1038 / nature05930 . PMID 18046401 .
    104. \n
\n

\n Further reading ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thunderstorm .
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Meteorological data and variables
\n General \n
    \n
  • \n Adiabatic processes
    • \n
  • \n Advection
    • \n
  • \n Buoyancy
    • \n
  • \n Lapse rate
    • \n
  • \n Lightning
    • \n
  • \n Surface solar radiation
    • \n
  • \n Surface weather analysis
    • \n
  • \n Visibility
    • \n
  • \n Vorticity
    • \n
  • \n Wind
    • \n
  • \n Wind shear
    • \n
\n
\n Condensation \n
    \n
  • \n Cloud
    • \n
  • \n Cloud condensation nuclei ( CCN )
    • \n
  • \n Fog
    • \n
  • \n Convective condensation level ( CCL )
    • \n
  • \n Lifted condensation level ( LCL )
    • \n
  • \n Precipitation
    • \n
  • \n Water vapor
    • \n
\n
\n Convection \n
    \n
  • \n Convective available potential energy ( CAPE )
    • \n
  • \n Convective inhibition ( CIN )
    • \n
  • \n Convective instability
    • \n
  • \n Convective momentum transport
    • \n
  • \n Convective temperature ( T )
    • \n
  • \n Equilibrium level ( EL )
    • \n
  • \n Free convective layer ( FCL )
    • \n
  • \n Helicity
    • \n
  • \n K Index
    • \n
  • \n Level of free convection ( LFC )
    • \n
  • \n Lifted index ( LI )
    • \n
  • \n Maximum parcel level ( MPL )
    • \n
  • \n Bulk Richardson number ( BRN )
    • \n
\n
\n Temperature \n
    \n
  • \n Dew point ( T )
    • \n
  • \n Dew point depression
    • \n
  • \n Dry - bulb temperature
    • \n
  • \n Equivalent temperature ( T )
    • \n
  • \n Forest fire weather index
    • \n
  • \n Haines Index
    • \n
  • \n Heat index
    • \n
  • \n Humidex
    • \n
  • \n Humidity
    • \n
  • \n Relative humidity ( RH )
    • \n
  • \n Mixing ratio
    • \n
  • \n Potential temperature ( \u03b8 )
    • \n
  • \n Equivalent potential temperature ( \u03b8 )
    • \n
  • \n Sea surface temperature ( SST )
    • \n
  • \n Thermodynamic temperature
    • \n
  • \n Vapor pressure
    • \n
  • \n Virtual temperature
    • \n
  • \n Wet - bulb temperature
    • \n
  • \n Wet - bulb potential temperature
    • \n
  • \n Wind chill
    • \n
\n
\n Pressure \n
    \n
  • \n Atmospheric pressure
    • \n
  • \n Baroclinity
    • \n
  • \n Barotropicity
    • \n
  • \n Pressure gradient
    • \n
  • \n Pressure - gradient force ( PGF )
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thunderstorm&oldid=821769562 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "how far from the heavy rain of a thunder storm can lightning strike", "long_answers": ["Take action immediately upon hearing thunder . Anyone close enough to the storm to hear thunder can be struck by lightning . Avoid electrical appliances , including corded telephones . Cordless and wireless telephones are safe to use during a thunderstorm . Close and stay away from windows and doors , as glass can become a serious hazard in high wind . Do not bathe or shower , as plumbing conducts electricity . If driving , safely exit the roadway , turn on hazard lights , and park . Remain in the vehicle and avoid touching metal .\n", "Take action immediately upon hearing thunder . Anyone close enough to the storm to hear thunder can be struck by lightning .\n"], "short_answers": []} {"text": "Board of directors - wikipedia

\n Board of directors

\n Jump to : navigation , search `` Board Room '' and `` Board of Trustees '' redirect here . For other uses , see Board Room ( disambiguation ) and Board of Trustees ( disambiguation ) . A meeting of a board of directors of the Leipzig -- Dresden Railway Company in 1852

\n A board of directors is a recognized group of people who jointly oversee the activities of an organization , which can be either a for - profit business , nonprofit organization , or a government agency . Such a board 's powers , duties , and responsibilities are determined by government regulations ( including the jurisdiction 's corporations law ) and the organization 's own constitution and bylaws . These authorities may specify the number of members of the board , how they are to be chosen , and how often they are to meet .

\n

\n In an organization with voting members , the board is accountable to , and might be subordinate to , the organization 's full membership , which usually vote for the members of the board . In a stock corporation , non-executive directors are voted for by the shareholders and the board is the highest authority in the management of the corporation . The board of directors appoints the chief executive officer of the corporation and sets out the overall strategic direction . In corporations with dispersed ownership , the identification and nomination of directors ( that shareholders vote for or against ) are often done by the board itself , leading to a high degree of self - perpetuation . In a non-stock corporation with no general voting membership , the board is the supreme governing body of the institution ; its members are sometimes chosen by the board itself .

\n

\n

\n

\n Contents

\n ( hide ) \n

\n

\n

\n Terminology ( edit )

\n

\n Other names include board of directors and advisors , board of governors , board of managers , board of regents , board of trustees , or board of visitors . It may also be called `` the executive board '' and is often simply referred to as `` the board '' .

\n

\n Roles ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Business administration
\n Management of a business
\n Accounting ( show )
    \n
  • \n Management accounting
    • \n
  • \n Financial accounting
    • \n
  • \n Financial audit
    • \n
\n
\n Business entities ( show )
    \n
  • \n Cooperative
    • \n
  • \n Corporation
    • \n
  • \n Limited liability company
    • \n
  • \n Partnership
    • \n
  • \n Sole proprietorship
    • \n
  • \n State - owned enterprise
    • \n
\n
\n Corporate governance ( show )
    \n
  • \n Annual general meeting
    • \n
  • \n Board of directors
    • \n
  • \n Supervisory board
    • \n
  • \n Advisory board
    • \n
  • \n Audit committee
    • \n
\n
\n Corporate law ( show )
    \n
  • \n Commercial law
    • \n
  • \n Constitutional documents
    • \n
  • \n Contract
    • \n
  • \n Corporate crime
    • \n
  • \n Corporate liability
    • \n
  • \n Insolvency law
    • \n
  • \n International trade law
    • \n
  • \n Mergers and acquisitions
    • \n
\n
\n Economics ( show )
    \n
  • \n Commodity
    • \n
  • \n Public economics
    • \n
  • \n Labour economics
    • \n
  • \n Development economics
    • \n
  • \n International economics
    • \n
  • \n Mixed economy
    • \n
  • \n Planned economy
    • \n
  • \n Econometrics
    • \n
  • \n Environmental economics
    • \n
  • \n Open economy
    • \n
  • \n Market economy
    • \n
  • \n Knowledge economy
    • \n
  • \n Microeconomics
    • \n
  • \n Macroeconomics
    • \n
  • \n Economic development
    • \n
  • \n Economic statistics
    • \n
\n
\n Finance ( show )
    \n
  • \n Financial statement
    • \n
  • \n Insurance
    • \n
  • \n Factoring
    • \n
  • \n Cash conversion cycle
    • \n
  • \n Insider dealing
    • \n
  • \n Capital budgeting
    • \n
  • \n Commercial bank
    • \n
  • \n Derivative
    • \n
  • \n Financial statement analysis
    • \n
  • \n Financial risk
    • \n
  • \n Public finance
    • \n
  • \n Corporate finance
    • \n
  • \n Managerial finance
    • \n
  • \n International finance
    • \n
  • \n Liquidation
    • \n
  • \n Stock market
    • \n
  • \n Financial market
    • \n
  • \n Tax
    • \n
  • \n Financial institution
    • \n
  • \n Working capital
    • \n
  • \n Venture capital
    • \n
\n
\n Marketing ( show )
    \n
  • \n Marketing
    • \n
  • \n Marketing research
    • \n
  • \n Public relations
    • \n
  • \n Sales
    • \n
\n
\n Types of management ( show )
    \n
  • \n Asset
    • \n
  • \n Brand
    • \n
  • \n Business intelligence
    • \n
  • \n Business development
    • \n
  • \n Capacity
    • \n
  • \n Change
      \n
    • \n innovation
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Commercial
      \n
    • \n marketing
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Communications
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n Conflict
    • \n
  • \n Content
    • \n
  • \n Customer relationship
    • \n
  • \n Distributed
    • \n
  • \n Earned value
    • \n
  • \n Electronic business
    • \n
  • \n Enterprise resource planning
      \n
    • \n management information system
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Financial
    • \n
  • \n Human resource
      \n
    • \n development
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Incident
    • \n
  • \n Integrated
    • \n
  • \n Knowledge
    • \n
  • \n Materials
    • \n
  • \n Network
      \n
    • \n administrator
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Office
    • \n
  • \n Operations
      \n
    • \n services
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Performance
    • \n
  • \n Power
    • \n
  • \n Problem
    • \n
  • \n Process
    • \n
  • \n Product life - cycle
    • \n
  • \n Product
    • \n
  • \n Project
    • \n
  • \n Quality
    • \n
  • \n Records
    • \n
  • \n Resource
    • \n
  • \n Risk
      \n
    • \n crisis
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Sales
    • \n
  • \n Security
    • \n
  • \n Service
    • \n
  • \n Strategic
    • \n
  • \n Supply chain
    • \n
  • \n Systems
      \n
    • \n administrator
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Talent
    • \n
  • \n Technology
    • \n
\n
\n Organization ( show )
    \n
  • \n Architecture
    • \n
  • \n Behavior
    • \n
  • \n Communication
    • \n
  • \n Culture
    • \n
  • \n Conflict
    • \n
  • \n Development
    • \n
  • \n Engineering
    • \n
  • \n Hierarchy
    • \n
  • \n Patterns
    • \n
  • \n Space
    • \n
  • \n Structure
    • \n
\n
\n Trade ( show )
    \n
  • \n Business analysis
    • \n
  • \n Business ethics
    • \n
  • \n Business plan
    • \n
  • \n Business judgment rule
    • \n
  • \n Consumer behaviour
    • \n
  • \n Business operations
    • \n
  • \n International business
    • \n
  • \n Business model
    • \n
  • \n International trade
    • \n
  • \n Business process
    • \n
  • \n Business statistics
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n Business and economics portal
    • \n
\n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n
\n

\n Typical duties of boards of directors include :

\n \n

\n The legal responsibilities of boards and board members vary with the nature of the organization , and between jurisdictions . For companies with publicly trading stock , these responsibilities are typically much more rigorous and complex than for those of other types .

\n

\n Typically , the board chooses one of its members to be the chairman ( more usually now called the `` chair '' or `` chairperson '' ) , who holds whatever title is specified in the bylaws or articles of association . However , in membership organizations , the members elect the president of the organization and the president becomes the chair of the board , unless the bylaws say otherwise .

\n

\n Directors ( edit )

\n

\n The directors of an organization are the persons who are members of its board . Several specific terms categorize directors by the presence or absence of their other relationships to the organization .

\n

\n Inside director ( edit )

\n

\n An inside director is a director who is also an employee , officer , chief executive , major shareholder , or someone similarly connected to the organization . Inside directors represent the interests of the entity 's stakeholders , and often have special knowledge of its inner workings , its financial or market position , and so on .

\n

\n Typical inside directors are :

\n \n

\n An inside director who is employed as a manager or executive of the organization is sometimes referred to as an executive director ( not to be confused with the title executive director sometimes used for the CEO position in some organizations ) . Executive directors often have a specified area of responsibility in the organization , such as finance , marketing , human resources , or production .

\n

\n Outside director ( edit )

\n Main article : Independent director

\n An outside director is a member of the board who is not otherwise employed by or engaged with the organization , and does not represent any of its stakeholders . A typical example is a director who is president of a firm in a different industry . Outside directors are not employees of the company or affiliated with it in any other way .

\n

\n Outside directors bring outside experience and perspectives to the board . For example , for a company that only serves a domestic market , the presence of CEOs from global multinational corporations as outside directors can help to provide insights on export and import opportunities and international trade options . One of the arguments for having outside directors is that they can keep a watchful eye on the inside directors and on the way the organization is run . Outside directors are unlikely to tolerate `` insider dealing '' between insider directors , as outside directors do not benefit from the company or organization . Outside directors are often useful in handling disputes between inside directors , or between shareholders and the board . They are thought to be advantageous because they can be objective and present little risk of conflict of interest . On the other hand , they might lack familiarity with the specific issues connected to the organization 's governance and they might not know about the industry or sector in which the organization is operating .

\n

\n Terminology ( edit )

\n \n

\n Individual directors often serve on more than one board . This practice results in an interlocking directorate , where a relatively small number of individuals have significant influence over a large number of important entities . This situation can have important corporate , social , economic , and legal consequences , and has been the subject of significant research .

\n

\n Process and structure ( edit )

\n

\n The process for running a board , sometimes called the board process , includes the selection of board members , the setting of clear board objectives , the dissemination of documents or board package to the board members , the collaborative creation of an agenda for the meeting , the creation and follow - up of assigned action items , and the assessment of the board process through standardized assessments of board members , owners , and CEOs . The science of this process has been slow to develop due to the secretive nature of the way most companies run their boards , however some standardization is beginning to develop . Some who are pushing for this standardization in the USA are the National Association of Corporate Directors , McKinsey Consulting and The Board Group .

\n

\n Board meetings ( edit )

\n

\n A board of directors conducts its meetings according to the rules and procedures contained in its governing documents . These procedures may allow the board to conduct its business by conference call or other electronic means . They may also specify how a quorum is to be determined .

\n

\n Most organizations have adopted Robert 's Rules of Order as its guide to supplement its own rules . In this book , the rules for conducting board meetings may be less formal if there is no more than about a dozen board members present . An example of the informality is that motions are not required if it 's clear what is being discussed .

\n

\n Size ( edit )

\n

\n Historically , nonprofit boards have not uncommonly had large boards with up to twenty - four members , but a modern trend is to have smaller boards as small as six or seven people . Studies suggest that after seven people , each additional person reduces the effectiveness of group - decision - making .

\n

\n Non-corporate boards ( edit )

\n

\n The role and responsibilities of a board of directors vary depending on the nature and type of business entity and the laws applying to the entity ( see types of business entity ) . For example , the nature of the business entity may be one that is traded on a public market ( public company ) , not traded on a public market ( a private , limited or closely held company ) , owned by family members ( a family business ) , or exempt from income taxes ( a non-profit , not for profit , or tax - exempt entity ) . There are numerous types of business entities available throughout the world such as a corporation , limited liability company , cooperative , business trust , partnership , private limited company , and public limited company .

\n

\n Much of what has been written about boards of directors relates to boards of directors of business entities actively traded on public markets . More recently , however , material is becoming available for boards of private and closely held businesses including family businesses .

\n

\n A board - only organization is one whose board is self - appointed , rather than being accountable to a base of members through elections ; or in which the powers of the membership are extremely limited .

\n

\n Membership organizations ( edit )

\n

\n In membership organizations , such as a society made up of members of a certain profession or one advocating a certain cause , a board of directors may have the responsibility of running the organization in between meetings of the membership , especially if the membership meets infrequently , such as only at an annual general meeting . The amount of powers and authority delegated to the board depend on the bylaws and rules of the particular organization . Some organizations place matters exclusively in the board 's control while in others , the general membership retains full power and the board can only make recommendations .

\n

\n The setup of a board of directors vary widely across organizations and may include provisions that are applicable to corporations , in which the `` shareholders '' are the members of the organization . A difference may be that the membership elects the officers of the organization , such as the president and the secretary , and the officers become members of the board in addition to the directors and retain those duties on the board . The directors may also be classified as officers in this situation . There may also be ex-officio members of the board , or persons who are members due to another position that they hold . These ex-officio members have all the same rights as the other board members .

\n

\n Members of the board may be removed before their term is complete . Details on how they can be removed are usually provided in the bylaws . If the bylaws do not contain such details , the section on disciplinary procedures in Robert 's Rules of Order may be used .

\n

\n Corporations ( edit )

\n

\n In a publicly held company , directors are elected to represent and are legally obligated as fiduciaries to represent owners of the company -- the shareholders / stockholders . In this capacity they establish policies and make decisions on issues such as whether there is dividend and how much it is , stock options distributed to employees , and the hiring / firing and compensation of upper management .

\n

\n Governance ( edit )

\n

\n Theoretically , the control of a company is divided between two bodies : the board of directors , and the shareholders in general meeting . In practice , the amount of power exercised by the board varies with the type of company . In small private companies , the directors and the shareholders are normally the same people , and thus there is no real division of power . In large public companies , the board tends to exercise more of a supervisory role , and individual responsibility and management tends to be delegated downward to individual professional executives ( such as a finance director or a marketing director ) who deal with particular areas of the company 's affairs .

\n

\n Another feature of boards of directors in large public companies is that the board tends to have more de facto power . Many shareholders grant proxies to the directors to vote their shares at general meetings and accept all recommendations of the board rather than try to get involved in management , since each shareholder 's power , as well as interest and information is so small . Larger institutional investors also grant the board proxies . The large number of shareholders also makes it hard for them to organize . However , there have been moves recently to try to increase shareholder activism among both institutional investors and individuals with small shareholdings .

\n

\n A contrasting view is that in large public companies it is upper management and not boards that wield practical power , because boards delegate nearly all of their power to the top executive employees , adopting their recommendations almost without fail . As a practical matter , executives even choose the directors , with shareholders normally following management recommendations and voting for them .

\n

\n In most cases , serving on a board is not a career unto itself . For major corporations , the board members are usually professionals or leaders in their field . In the case of outside directors , they are often senior leaders of other organizations . Nevertheless , board members often receive remunerations amounting to hundreds of thousands of dollars per year since they often sit on the boards of several companies . Inside directors are usually not paid for sitting on a board , but the duty is instead considered part of their larger job description . Outside directors are usually paid for their services . These remunerations vary between corporations , but usually consist of a yearly or monthly salary , additional compensation for each meeting attended , stock options , and various other benefits . such as travel , hotel and meal expenses for the board meetings . Tiffany & Co. , for example , pays directors an annual retainer of $46,500 , an additional annual retainer of $2,500 if the director is also a chairperson of a committee , a per - meeting - attended fee of $2,000 for meetings attended in person , a $500 fee for each meeting attended via telephone , in addition to stock options and retirement benefits .

\n

\n Two - tier system ( edit )

\n

\n In some European and Asian countries , there are two separate boards , an executive board for day - to - day business and a supervisory board ( elected by the shareholders and employees ) for supervising the executive board . In these countries , the CEO ( chief executive or managing director ) presides over the executive board and the chairman presides over the supervisory board , and these two roles will always be held by different people . This ensures a distinction between management by the executive board and governance by the supervisory board and allows for clear lines of authority . The aim is to prevent a conflict of interest and too much power being concentrated in the hands of one person . There is a strong parallel here with the structure of government , which tends to separate the political cabinet from the management civil service . In the United States , the board of directors ( elected by the shareholders ) is often equivalent to the supervisory board , while the executive board may often be known as the executive committee ( operating committee or executive council ) , composed of the CEO and their direct reports ( other C - level officers , division / subsidiary heads ) .

\n

\n History ( edit )

\n The meeting room of the Heren XVII ( nl ) , the Dutch East India Company 's board of directors , in the Oost - Indisch Huis ( Amsterdam ) . The Dutch East India Company ( VOC ) is often considered by many to be an early pioneering model of the modern corporation . In 1610 , the company established its administrative center ( the VOC 's second headquarters ) in Batavia with a Governor - General in charge , as the company 's de facto chief executive . \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n

\n The development of a separate board of directors to manage / govern / oversee a company has occurred incrementally and indefinitely over legal history . Until the end of the 19th century , it seems to have been generally assumed that the general meeting ( of all shareholders ) was the supreme organ of a company , and that the board of directors merely acted as an agent of the company subject to the control of the shareholders in general meeting .

\n

\n However , by 1906 , the English Court of Appeal had made it clear in the decision of Automatic Self - Cleansing Filter Syndicate Co Ltd v Cuninghame ( 1906 ) 2 Ch 34 that the division of powers between the board and the shareholders in general meaning depended on the construction of the articles of association and that , where the powers of management were vested in the board , the general meeting could not interfere with their lawful exercise . The articles were held to constitute a contract by which the members had agreed that `` the directors and the directors alone shall manage . ''

\n

\n The new approach did not secure immediate approval , but it was endorsed by the House of Lords in Quin & Axtens v Salmon ( 1909 ) AC 442 and has since received general acceptance . Under English law , successive versions of Table A have reinforced the norm that , unless the directors are acting contrary to the law or the provisions of the Articles , the powers of conducting the management and affairs of the company are vested in them .

\n

\n The modern doctrine was expressed in John Shaw & Sons ( Salford ) Ltd v Shaw ( 1935 ) 2 KB 113 by Greer LJ as follows :

\n

\n A company is an entity distinct alike from its shareholders and its directors . Some of its powers may , according to its articles , be exercised by directors , certain other powers may be reserved for the shareholders in general meeting . If powers of management are vested in the directors , they and they alone can exercise these powers . The only way in which the general body of shareholders can control the exercise of powers by the articles in the directors is by altering the articles , or , if opportunity arises under the articles , by refusing to re-elect the directors of whose actions they disapprove . They can not themselves usurp the powers which by the articles are vested in the directors any more than the directors can usurp the powers vested by the articles in the general body of shareholders .

\n

\n It has been remarked that this development in the law was somewhat surprising at the time , as the relevant provisions in Table A ( as it was then ) seemed to contradict this approach rather than to endorse it .

\n

\n Election and removal ( edit )

\n

\n In most legal systems , the appointment and removal of directors is voted upon by the shareholders in general meeting or through a proxy statement . For publicly traded companies in the U.S. , the directors which are available to vote on are largely selected by either the board as a whole or a nominating committee . Although in 2002 the New York Stock Exchange and the NASDAQ required that nominating committees consist of independent directors as a condition of listing , nomination committees have historically received input from management in their selections even when the CEO does not have a position on the board . Shareholder nominations can only occur at the general meeting itself or through the prohibitively expensive process of mailing out ballots separately ; in May 2009 the SEC proposed a new rule allowing shareholders meeting certain criteria to add nominees to the proxy statement . In practice for publicly traded companies , the managers ( inside directors ) who are purportedly accountable to the board of directors have historically played a major role in selecting and nominating the directors who are voted on by the shareholders , in which case more `` gray outsider directors '' ( independent directors with conflicts of interest ) are nominated and elected .

\n

\n Directors may also leave office by resignation or death . In some legal systems , directors may also be removed by a resolution of the remaining directors ( in some countries they may only do so `` with cause '' ; in others the power is unrestricted ) .

\n

\n Some jurisdictions also permit the board of directors to appoint directors , either to fill a vacancy which arises on resignation or death , or as an addition to the existing directors. ( needs citation )

\n

\n In practice , it can be quite difficult to remove a director by a resolution in general meeting . In many legal systems , the director has a right to receive special notice of any resolution to remove him or her ; the company must often supply a copy of the proposal to the director , who is usually entitled to be heard by the meeting . The director may require the company to circulate any representations that he wishes to make . Furthermore , the director 's contract of service will usually entitle him to compensation if he is removed , and may often include a generous `` golden parachute '' which also acts as a deterrent to removal .

\n

\n A recent study examines how corporate shareholders voted in director elections in the United States . It found that directors received fewer votes from shareholders when their companies performed poorly , had excess CEO compensation , or had poor shareholder protection . Also , directors received fewer votes when they did not regularly attend board meetings or received negative recommendations from a proxy advisory firm . The study also shows that companies often improve their corporate governance by removing poison pills or classified boards and by reducing excessive CEO pay after their directors receive low shareholder support .

\n

\n Board accountability to shareholders is a recurring issue . In 2010 , the New York Times noted that several directors who had overseen companies which had failed in the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2010 had found new positions as directors . The SEC sometimes imposes a ban ( a `` D&O bar '' ) on serving on a board as part of its fraud cases , and one of these was upheld in 2013 .

\n

\n Exercise of powers ( edit )

\n

\n The exercise by the board of directors of its powers usually occurs in board meetings . Most legal systems require sufficient notice to be given to all directors of these meetings , and that a quorum must be present before any business may be conducted . Usually , a meeting which is held without notice having been given is still valid if all of the directors attend , but it has been held that a failure to give notice may negate resolutions passed at a meeting , because the persuasive oratory of a minority of directors might have persuaded the majority to change their minds and vote otherwise .

\n

\n In most common law countries , the powers of the board are vested in the board as a whole , and not in the individual directors . However , in instances an individual director may still bind the company by his acts by virtue of his ostensible authority ( see also : the rule in Turquand 's Case ) .

\n

\n Duties ( edit )

\n Main articles : Directors ' duties and Fiduciary duties

\n Because directors exercise control and management over the organization , but organizations are ( in theory ) run for the benefit of the shareholders , the law imposes strict duties on directors in relation to the exercise of their duties . The duties imposed on directors are fiduciary duties , similar to those that the law imposes on those in similar positions of trust : agents and trustees .

\n

\n The duties apply to each director separately , while the powers apply to the board jointly . Also , the duties are owed to the company itself , and not to any other entity . This does not mean that directors can never stand in a fiduciary relationship to the individual shareholders ; they may well have such a duty in certain circumstances .

\n `` Proper purpose '' ( edit )

\n Directors must exercise their powers for a proper purpose . While in many instances an improper purpose is readily evident , such as a director looking to feather his or her own nest or divert an investment opportunity to a relative , such breaches usually involve a breach of the director 's duty to act in good faith . Greater difficulties arise where the director , while acting in good faith , is serving a purpose that is not regarded by the law as proper .

\n

\n The seminal authority in relation to what amounts to a proper purpose is the Supreme Court decision in Eclairs Group Ltd v JKX Oil & Gas plc ( 2015 ) UKSC 71 ( 2 December 2015 ) . The case concerned the powers of directors under the articles of association of the company to disenfranchise voting rights attached to shares for failure to properly comply with notice served on the shareholders . Prior to that case the leading authority was Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Ltd ( 1974 ) AC 821 . The case concerned the power of the directors to issue new shares . It was alleged that the directors had issued a large number of new shares purely to deprive a particular shareholder of his voting majority . An argument that the power to issue shares could only be properly exercised to raise new capital was rejected as too narrow , and it was held that it would be a proper exercise of the director 's powers to issue shares to a larger company to ensure the financial stability of the company , or as part of an agreement to exploit mineral rights owned by the company . If so , the mere fact that an incidental result ( even if it was a desired consequence ) was that a shareholder lost his majority , or a takeover bid was defeated , this would not itself make the share issue improper . But if the sole purpose was to destroy a voting majority , or block a takeover bid , that would be an improper purpose .

\n

\n Not all jurisdictions recognised the `` proper purpose '' duty as separate from the `` good faith '' duty however .

\n `` Unfettered discretion '' ( edit )

\n Directors can not , without the consent of the company , fetter their discretion in relation to the exercise of their powers , and can not bind themselves to vote in a particular way at future board meetings . This is so even if there is no improper motive or purpose , and no personal advantage to the director .

\n

\n This does not mean , however , that the board can not agree to the company entering into a contract which binds the company to a certain course , even if certain actions in that course will require further board approval . The company remains bound , but the directors retain the discretion to vote against taking the future actions ( although that may involve a breach by the company of the contract that the board previously approved ) .

\n `` Conflict of duty and interest '' ( edit )

\n As fiduciaries , the directors may not put themselves in a position where their interests and duties conflict with the duties that they owe to the company . The law takes the view that good faith must not only be done , but must be manifestly seen to be done , and zealously patrols the conduct of directors in this regard ; and will not allow directors to escape liability by asserting that his decision was in fact well founded . Traditionally , the law has divided conflicts of duty and interest into three sub-categories .

\n Transactions with the company ( edit )

\n By definition , where a director enters into a transaction with a company , there is a conflict between the director 's interest ( to do well for himself out of the transaction ) and his duty to the company ( to ensure that the company gets as much as it can out of the transaction ) . This rule is so strictly enforced that , even where the conflict of interest or conflict of duty is purely hypothetical , the directors can be forced to disgorge all personal gains arising from it . In Aberdeen Ry v Blaikie ( 1854 ) 1 Macq HL 461 Lord Cranworth stated in his judgment that :

\n
\n
\n `` A corporate body can only act by agents , and it is , of course , the duty of those agents so to act as best to promote the interests of the corporation whose affairs they are conducting . Such agents have duties to discharge of a fiduciary nature towards their principal . And it is a rule of universal application that no one , having such duties to discharge , shall be allowed to enter into engagements in which he has , or can have , a personal interest conflicting or which possibly may conflict , with the interests of those whom he is bound to protect ... So strictly is this principle adhered to that no question is allowed to be raised as to the fairness or unfairness of the contract entered into ... '' ( emphasis added )
\n
\n

\n However , in many jurisdictions the members of the company are permitted to ratify transactions which would otherwise fall foul of this principle . It is also largely accepted in most jurisdictions that this principle can be overridden in the company 's constitution .

\n

\n In many countries , there is also a statutory duty to declare interests in relation to any transactions , and the director can be fined for failing to make disclosure .

\n Use of corporate property , opportunity , or information ( edit )

\n Directors must not , without the informed consent of the company , use for their own profit the company 's assets , opportunities , or information . This prohibition is much less flexible than the prohibition against the transactions with the company , and attempts to circumvent it using provisions in the articles have met with limited success .

\n

\n In Regal ( Hastings ) Ltd v Gulliver ( 1942 ) All ER 378 the House of Lords , in upholding what was regarded as a wholly unmeritorious claim by the shareholders , held that :

\n
\n
\n `` ( i ) that what the directors did was so related to the affairs of the company that it can properly be said to have been done in the course of their management and in the utilisation of their opportunities and special knowledge as directors ; and ( ii ) that what they did resulted in profit to themselves . ''
\n
\n

\n And accordingly , the directors were required to disgorge the profits that they made , and the shareholders received their windfall .

\n

\n The decision has been followed in several subsequent cases , and is now regarded as settled law .

\n Competing with the company ( edit )

\n Directors can not compete directly with the company without a conflict of interest arising . Similarly , they should not act as directors of competing companies , as their duties to each company would then conflict with each other .

\n Common law duties of care and skill ( edit )

\n Traditionally , the level of care and skill which has to be demonstrated by a director has been framed largely with reference to the non-executive director . In Re City Equitable Fire Insurance Co ( 1925 ) Ch 407 , it was expressed in purely subjective terms , where the court held that :

\n
\n
\n `` a director need not exhibit in the performance of his duties a greater degree of skill than may reasonably be expected from a person of his knowledge and experience . '' ( emphasis added )
\n
\n

\n However , this decision was based firmly in the older notions ( see above ) that prevailed at the time as to the mode of corporate decision making , and effective control residing in the shareholders ; if they elected and put up with an incompetent decision maker , they should not have recourse to complain .

\n

\n However , a more modern approach has since developed , and in Dorchester Finance Co Ltd v Stebbing ( 1989 ) BCLC 498 the court held that the rule in Equitable Fire related only to skill , and not to diligence . With respect to diligence , what was required was :

\n
\n
\n `` such care as an ordinary man might be expected to take on his own behalf . ''
\n
\n

\n This was a dual subjective and objective test , and one deliberately pitched at a higher level .

\n

\n More recently , it has been suggested that both the tests of skill and diligence should be assessed objectively and subjectively ; in the United Kingdom , the statutory provisions relating to directors ' duties in the new Companies Act 2006 have been codified on this basis .

\n Remedies for breach of duty ( edit )

\n In most jurisdictions , the law provides for a variety of remedies in the event of a breach by the directors of their duties :

\n
    \n
  1. \n injunction or declaration
    2. \n
  2. \n damages or compensation
    3. \n
  3. \n restoration of the company 's property
    4. \n
  4. \n rescission of the relevant contract
    5. \n
  5. \n account of profits
    6. \n
  6. \n summary dismissal
    7. \n
\n Current trends ( edit )

\n Historically , directors ' duties have been owed almost exclusively to the company and its members , and the board was expected to exercise its powers for the financial benefit of the company . However , more recently there have been attempts to `` soften '' the position , and provide for more scope for directors to act as good corporate citizens . For example , in the United Kingdom , the Companies Act 2006 requires directors of companies `` to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole '' and sets out the following six factors regarding a director 's duty to promote success :

\n \n

\n This represents a considerable departure from the traditional notion that directors ' duties are owed only to the company . Previously in the United Kingdom , under the Companies Act 1985 , protections for non-member stakeholders were considerably more limited ( see for example , s. 309 which permitted directors to take into account the interests of employees but which could only be enforced by the shareholders and not by the employees themselves ) . The changes have therefore been the subject of some criticism .

\n

\n United States ( edit )

\n Sarbanes -- Oxley Act ( edit )

\n The Sarbanes -- Oxley Act of 2002 has introduced new standards of accountability on boards of U.S. companies or companies listed on U.S. stock exchanges . Under the Act , directors risk large fines and prison sentences in the case of accounting crimes . Internal control is now the direct responsibility of directors . The vast majority of companies covered by the Act have hired internal auditors to ensure that the company adheres to required standards of internal control . The internal auditors are required by law to report directly to an audit board , consisting of directors more than half of whom are outside directors , one of whom is a `` financial expert . ''

\n

\n The law requires companies listed on the major stock exchanges ( NYSE , NASDAQ ) to have a majority of independent directors -- directors who are not otherwise employed by the firm or in a business relationship with it .

\n Size ( edit )

\n According to the Corporate Library 's study , the average size of publicly traded company 's board is 9.2 members , and most boards range from 3 to 31 members . According to Investopedia , some analysts think the ideal size is seven . State law may specify a minimum number of directors , maximum number of directors , and qualifications for directors ( e.g. whether board members must be individuals or may be business entities ) .

\n Committees ( edit )

\n While a board may have several committees , two -- the compensation committee and audit committee -- are critical and must be made up of at least three independent directors and no inside directors . Other common committees in boards are nominating and governance .

\n Compensation ( edit )

\n Directors of Fortune 500 companies received median pay of $234,000 in 2011 . Directorship is a part - time job . A recent National Association of Corporate Directors study found directors averaging just 4.3 hours a week on board work . Surveys indicate that about 20 % of nonprofit foundations pay their board members , and 2 % of American nonprofit organizations do . 80 % of nonprofit organizations require board members to personally contribute to the organization , as BoardSource recommends . This percentage has increased in recent years .

\n

\n Criticism ( edit )

\n

\n According to John Gillespie , a former investment banker and co-author of a book critical of boards , `` Far too much of their time has been for check - the - box and cover - your - behind activities rather than real monitoring of executives and providing strategic advice on behalf of shareholders '' . At the same time , scholars have found that individual directors have a large effect on major corporate initiatives such as mergers and acquisitions and cross-border investments .

\n

\n The issue of gender representation on corporate boards of directors has been the subject of much criticism in recent years . Governments and corporations have responded with measures such as legislation mandating gender quotas and comply or explain systems to address the disproportionality of gender representation on corporate boards . A study of the French corporate elite has found that certain social classes are also disproportionately represented on boards , with those from the upper and , especially , upper - middle classes tending to dominate .

\n

\n See also ( edit )

\n \n

\n Notes ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ For example , in the United Kingdom , see section 303 of the Companies Act 1985 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ In the United Kingdom it is 28 days ' notice , see sections 303 ( 2 ) and 379 of the Companies Act 1985 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ In the United Kingdom , see section 304 ( 1 ) of the Companies Act 1985 . A private company can not use a written resolution under section 381A -- a meeting must be held .
    4. \n
  4. \n Jump up ^ In the United Kingdom , see sections 303 ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) of the Companies Act 1985 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ This division was rejected in British Columbia in Teck Corporation v Millar ( 1972 ) 33 DLR ( 3d ) 288 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ Although as Gower points out , as well understood as the rule is , there is a paucity of authority on the point . But see Clark v Workman ( 1920 ) 1 Ir R 107 and Dawson International plc v Coats Paton plc 1989 SLT 655 .
    7. \n
  7. \n Jump up ^ In the United Kingdom , see section 317 of the Companies Act 1985 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ In summary , the facts were as follows : Company A owned a cinema , and the directors decided to acquire two other cinemas with a view to selling the entire undertaking as a going concern . They formed a new company ( `` Company B '' ) to take the leases of the two new cinemas . But the lessor insisted on various stipulations , one of which was that Company B had to have a paid up share capital of not less than \u00a3 5,000 ( a substantial sum at the time ) . Company A was unable to subscribe for more than \u00a3 2,000 in shares , so the directors arranged for the remaining 3,000 shares to be taken by themselves and their friends . Later , instead of selling the undertaking , they sold all of the shares in both companies and made a substantial profit . The shareholders of Company A sued asking that directors and their friends to disgorge the profits that they had made in connection with their 3,000 shares in Company B -- the very same shares which the shareholders in Company A had been asked to subscribe ( through Company A ) but refused to do so .
    9. \n
\n

\n References ( edit )

\n

\n Citations ( edit )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Robert 2011 , p. 9 .
    2. \n
  2. \n Jump up ^ `` How are the directors selected ? '' . Commonwealth of Virginia , State Corporation Commission , Business FAQs . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 .
    3. \n
  3. \n Jump up ^ `` Chapter 181 , Nonstock Corporations ( Sect . 181.0804 ) '' ( PDF ) . Wisconsin Statutes Database . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 08 .
    4. \n
  4. \n ^ Jump up to : Robert 2011 , p. 481 - 483 .
    5. \n
  5. \n Jump up ^ McNamara , Carter . `` Overview of Roles and Responsibilities of Corporate Board of Directors '' . Free Management Library . Authenticity Consulting , LLC . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 26 .
    6. \n
  6. \n Jump up ^ `` Basic Role of the Board '' . Governance Basics . Institute on Governance ( Canada ) . Archived from the original on 30 December 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 27 .
    7. \n
  7. \n ^ Jump up to : Robert 2011 , p. 484 .
    8. \n
  8. \n Jump up ^ This section was developed from numerous definitions in USLegal.com , BusinessDictionary.com , Dictionary.com , The Free Dictionary by Farlex ( `` inside director '' ; `` executive director '' ; `` outside director '' ; `` nonexecutive director '' ) , Macmillan Dictionary , and Economics-dictionary.com .
    9. \n
  9. \n Jump up ^ `` Executive Director '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 24 May 2013 .
    10. \n
  10. \n Jump up ^ `` Outside Director '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 24 May 2013 .
    11. \n
  11. \n Jump up ^ `` Executive Director '' . Business Dictionary . Retrieved 24 May 2013 .
    12. \n
  12. \n Jump up ^ Board Process Archived 20 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine .
    13. \n
  13. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions about RONR ( Question 19 ) '' . The Official Robert 's Rules of Order Web Site . The Robert 's Rules Association . Archived from the original on 26 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 .
    14. \n
  14. \n Jump up ^ `` National Association of Parliamentarians > > FAQ '' ... the 11th edition of Robert 's Rules of Order Newly Revised is the current edition of the most widely used reference for meeting procedure and business rules in the English - speaking world .
    15. \n
  15. \n Jump up ^ Robert 2011 , p. 9 - 10,487 - 488 .
    16. \n
  16. \n Jump up ^ Robert III , Henry M. ; et al. ( 2011 ) . Robert 's Rules of Order Newly Revised In Brief ( 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Da Capo Press . p. 158 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82019 - 9 .
    17. \n
  17. \n ^ Jump up to : White , Cyrus . `` For Nonprofit Boards , Smaller is Better '' . perma.cc . The South Cabin Group LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 08 .
    18. \n
  18. \n Jump up ^ See generally , Bowen , William G. , The board book : an insider 's guide for directors and trustees ( 2008 W.W. Norton & Co . ) ; Murray , Alan S. , Revolt in the boardroom : the new rules of power in corporate America ( 2007 Collins ) ; Charan , Ram , Boards that deliver : advancing corporate governance from compliance to competitive advantage ( 2005 Jossey - Bass ) ; Carver , John , Corporate boards that create value : governing company performance from the boardroom ( 2002 Jossey - Bass ) ; Harvard business review on corporate governance ( 2000 Harvard Business School Press ) .
    19. \n
  19. \n Jump up ^ See specifically Tutelman and Hause , The Balance Point : New Ways Business Owners Can Use Boards ( 2008 Famille Press ) .
    20. \n
  20. \n Jump up ^ Robert 2011 , p. 481 -- 483 .
    21. \n
  21. \n Jump up ^ Robert 2011 , p. 572 .
    22. \n
  22. \n Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about RONR ( Question 2 ) '' . The Official Robert 's Rules of Order Web Site . The Robert 's Rules Association . Archived from the original on 26 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 .
    23. \n
  23. \n Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions about RONR ( Question 20 ) '' . The Official Robert 's Rules of Order Web Site . The Robert 's Rules Association . Archived from the original on 26 July 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2015 .
    24. \n
  24. \n ^ Jump up to : Titles Associated with Executive Compensation Archived 17 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Compensation Resources Inc .
    25. \n
  25. \n Jump up ^ Fees , CEO Evaluation , and Ownership Structure By Joshua Kennon , About.com
    26. \n
  26. \n Jump up ^ Steensgaard , Niels ( 1982 ) . `` The Dutch East India Company as an Institutional Innovation '' , in Maurice Aymard ( ed . ) , Dutch Capitalism and World Capitalism / Capitalisme hollandais et capitalisme mondial ( Studies in Modern Capitalism / Etudes sur le capitalisme moderne ) , pp. 235 -- 257
    27. \n
  27. \n Jump up ^ Jonker , Joost ; Gelderblom , Oscar ; de Jong , Abe ( 2013 ) . The Formative Years of the Modern Corporation : The Dutch East India Company VOC , 1602 -- 1623 . ( The Journal of Economic History / Volume 73 / Issue 04 / December 2013 , pp. 1050 -- 1076 )
    28. \n
  28. \n Jump up ^ Von Nordenflycht , Andrew : The Great Expropriation : Interpreting the Innovation of `` Permanent Capital '' at the Dutch East India Company , in Origins of Shareholder Advocacy , edited by Jonathan GS Koppell ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2011 ) , pp. 89 -- 98
    29. \n
  29. \n Jump up ^ Taylor , Bryan ( 6 November 2013 ) . `` The Rise and Fall of the Largest Corporation in History '' . BusinessInsider.com . Retrieved 13 March 2018 .
    30. \n
  30. \n Jump up ^ Gower , Principles of Company Law ( 6th ed . ) , citing Isle of Wight Rly Co v Tahourdin ( 1884 ) LR 25 Ch D 320
    31. \n
  31. \n Jump up ^ Per Cozens - Hardy LJ at 44
    32. \n
  32. \n Jump up ^ See Gower , Principles of Company Law ( 6th ed . ) at 185 .
    33. \n
  33. \n ^ Jump up to : Shivdasani A , Yermack D. ( 1999 ) . CEO involvement in the selection of new board members : An empirical analysis . Journal of Finance .
    34. \n
  34. \n Jump up ^ Chhaochharia V , Grinstein Y. ( 2007 ) . Corporate governance and firm value : The impact of the 2002 governance rules Archived 11 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine ... The Journal of Finance .
    35. \n
  35. \n Jump up ^ SEC . ( May 2009 ) . SEC Votes to Propose Rule Amendments to Facilitate Rights of Shareholders to Nominate Directors .
    36. \n
  36. \n Jump up ^ Cai , Jay ; Garner , Jacqueline ; Walkling , Ralph ( 2010 ) . `` Shareholder Access to the Boardroom : A Survey of Recent Evidence '' . Journal of Applied Finance . 20 ( 2 ) : 15 -- 26 .
    37. \n
  37. \n Jump up ^ Cai , J. ; Garner , J.L. ; Walkling , R.A. ( 2009 ) . `` Electing Directors '' . Journal of Finance . 64 ( 5 ) : 2387 -- 2419 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6261.2009. 01504. x .
    38. \n
  38. \n Jump up ^ Craig S , Lattman P. ( 2010 ) . Companies May Fail , but Directors Are in Demand . New York Times .
    39. \n
  39. \n Jump up ^ SEC Wins D&O Bar Against Alleged Hedge Fund Scammer . Law360 .
    40. \n
  40. \n Jump up ^ See for example Barber 's Case ( 1877 ) 5 Ch D 963 and Re Portuguese Consolidated Copper Mines ( 1889 ) 42 Ch D 160
    41. \n
  41. \n Jump up ^ Breckland Group Holdings Ltd v London and Suffolk Properties ( 1989 ) BCLC 100
    42. \n
  42. \n Jump up ^ Percival v Wright ( 1902 ) Ch 421
    43. \n
  43. \n Jump up ^ For example , if the board is authorised by the shareholders to negotiate with a takeover bidder . It has been held in New Zealand that `` depending upon all the surround circumstances and the nature of the responsibility which in a real and practical sense the director has assumed towards the shareholder , '' Coleman v Myers ( 1977 ) 2 NZLR 225
    44. \n
  44. \n Jump up ^ Following Hogg v Cramphorn Ltd ( 1967 ) Ch 254
    45. \n
  45. \n Jump up ^ Teck Corporation v Millar ( 1972 ) 33 DLR ( 3d ) 288
    46. \n
  46. \n Jump up ^ Industrial Development Consultants v Cooley ( 1972 ) 1 WLR 443 ( corporate information ) , Canadian Aero Service v. O'Malley ( 1973 ) 40 DLR ( 3d ) 371 ( corporate opportunity ) and Boardman v Phipps ( 1967 ) 2 AC 46 ( corporate opportunity , which again , the company itself had declined to take up )
    47. \n
  47. \n Jump up ^ Norman v Theodore Goddard ( 1991 ) BCLC 1027
    48. \n
  48. \n Jump up ^ Director 's duties
    49. \n
  49. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Evaluating The Board Of Directors '' . investopedia.com. 29 February 2008 .
    50. \n
  50. \n Jump up ^ `` U.S. Corporate Governance by State '' . harborcompliance.com. 22 April 2014 .
    51. \n
  51. \n Jump up ^ `` U.S. Nonprofit Governance by State '' . harborcompliance.com. 27 January 2014 .
    52. \n
  52. \n Jump up ^ Compensation Committee Structure , Function and Best Practices Richard E. Wood
    53. \n
  53. \n ^ Jump up to : `` Company directors see pay skyrocket '' . USA Today . 26 October 2011 .
    54. \n
  54. \n Jump up ^ Schambra , William A. ( Winter 2008 ) . `` Board Compensation : To Pay or Not to Pay ? '' . Philanthropy magazine . Philanthropy Roundtable . Retrieved 2 May 2017 .
    55. \n
  55. \n Jump up ^ BoardSource 2015 , p. 52 .
    56. \n
  56. \n Jump up ^ Cf . Internal Revenue Service ( 4 February 2008 ) , Governance and Related Topics - 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) Organizations ( PDF ) , Washington , DC : Author , Charities should generally not compensate persons for service on the board of directors except to reimburse direct expenses of such service ... Charities may pay reasonable compensation for services provided by officers and staff .
    57. \n
  57. \n Jump up ^ BoardSource 2015 , p. 31 .
    58. \n
  58. \n Jump up ^ BoardSource ( 12 October 2016 ) , Recommended governance practices ( PDF ) , Washington , DC : Author , p. 4 , retrieved 2 May 2017
    59. \n
  59. \n Jump up ^ Grant Thornton ( 7 November 2007 ) , National Board Governance Survey for Not - for - Profit Organizations 2007 ( PDF ) , Chicago , IL : Author , p. 9 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 November 2008 , retrieved 2 May 2017
    60. \n
  60. \n Jump up ^ Cf . http://leadingwithintent.org/past-reports/
    61. \n
  61. \n Jump up ^ Cf . BoardSource ( 17 November 2010 ) , BoardSource nonprofit governance index 2010 ( PDF ) , Washington , DC : Author , p. 12
    62. \n
  62. \n Jump up ^ Money for Nothing : How the Failure of Corporate Boards is Ruining American Business and Costing Us Trillions
    63. \n
  63. \n Jump up ^ Rousseau , Peter ; Stroup , Caleb ( 2015 ) . `` Director Histories and the Pattern of Acquisitions '' . Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis . 50 ( 04 ) : 671 -- 698 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022109015000289 .
    64. \n
  64. \n Jump up ^ Stroup , Caleb ( November 28 , 2015 ) . `` International Deal Experience and Cross-Border Acquisitions '' . Economic Inquiry . doi : 10.1111 / ecin. 12365 . SSRN 2037512 .
    65. \n
  65. \n Jump up ^ Senden , Linda ( December 2014 ) . `` The Multiplicity of Regulatory Responses to Remedy the Gender Imbalance on Company Boards '' . Utrecht Law Review . 10 ( 5 ) : 51 -- 66 . doi : 10.18352 / ulr. 300 .
    66. \n
  66. \n Jump up ^ Maclean , Mairi ; Harvey , Charles ; Kling , Gerhard ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Pathways to Power : Class , Hyper - Agency and the French Corporate Elite '' . Organization Studies . 35 ( 6 ) : 825 -- 855 . doi : 10.1177 / 0170840613509919 . ISSN 0170 - 8406 .
    67. \n
\n

\n Sources ( edit )

\n \n

\n External links ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n ( hide )
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Corporate titles
\n Chief officers \n
    \n
  • \n Administrative
    • \n
  • \n Analytics
    • \n
  • \n Audit
    • \n
  • \n Brand
    • \n
  • \n Business
    • \n
  • \n Channel
    • \n
  • \n Commercial
    • \n
  • \n Chief communications
    • \n
  • \n Compliance
    • \n
  • \n Content
    • \n
  • \n Creative
    • \n
  • \n Data
    • \n
  • \n Design
    • \n
  • \n Digital
    • \n
  • \n Diversity
    • \n
  • \n Executive ( CEO )
    • \n
  • \n Experience
    • \n
  • \n Financial
    • \n
  • \n Human resources
    • \n
  • \n Information
    • \n
  • \n Information security
    • \n
  • \n Innovation
    • \n
  • \n Investment
    • \n
  • \n Knowledge
    • \n
  • \n Learning
    • \n
  • \n Legal
    • \n
  • \n Marketing
    • \n
  • \n Medical
    • \n
  • \n Networking
    • \n
  • \n Operating
    • \n
  • \n Privacy
    • \n
  • \n Procurement
    • \n
  • \n Product
    • \n
  • \n Quality
    • \n
  • \n Research
    • \n
  • \n Restructuring
    • \n
  • \n Revenue
    • \n
  • \n Risk
    • \n
  • \n Science
    • \n
  • \n Security
    • \n
  • \n Strategy
    • \n
  • \n Sustainability
    • \n
  • \n Technology
    • \n
  • \n Visionary
    • \n
  • \n Web
    • \n
\n
\n Senior executives \n
    \n
  • \n Chairman
    • \n
  • \n Chief managing director
    • \n
  • \n Creative director
    • \n
  • \n Development director
    • \n
  • \n General counsel
    • \n
  • \n Executive director
    • \n
  • \n Non-executive director
    • \n
  • \n President
    • \n
  • \n Vice president
    • \n
\n
\n Mid-level executives \n
    \n
  • \n General manager
    • \n
  • \n Divisional manager
    • \n
  • \n Regional manager
    • \n
\n
\n First - level executives \n
    \n
  • \n Departmental manager
    • \n
  • \n Manager
    • \n
\n
\n Related topics \n
    \n
  • \n Board of directors
    • \n
  • \n Corporate governance
    • \n
  • \n Executive pay
    • \n
  • \n Senior management
    • \n
  • \n Supervisory board
    • \n
  • \n Talent management
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Board_of_directors&oldid=836048392 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "what does the board of directors consist of", "long_answers": ["A board of directors is a recognized group of people who jointly oversee the activities of an organization , which can be either a for - profit business , nonprofit organization , or a government agency . Such a board 's powers , duties , and responsibilities are determined by government regulations ( including the jurisdiction 's corporations law ) and the organization 's own constitution and bylaws . These authorities may specify the number of members of the board , how they are to be chosen , and how often they are to meet .\n"], "short_answers": ["a recognized group of people who jointly oversee the activities of an organization\n"]} {"text": "Ossification center - wikipedia

\n Ossification center

\n Jump to : navigation , search \n \n \n \n \n
\n \n This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n Ossification center
\n X-ray of ossification centers in a child .
\n Details
\n Identifiers
\n Latin \n centrum ossificationis
\n Dorlands / Elsevier \n 12227335
\n TA \n A02. 0.00. 043
\n FMA \n 75436
\n Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata )
\n

\n The first step in ossification of the cartilage is that the cartilage cells , at the point where ossification is commencing and which is termed as an ossification center , enlarge and arrange themselves in rows .

\n

\n The matrix in which they are imbedded increases in quantity , so that the cells become further separated from each other .

\n

\n A deposit of calcareous material now takes place in this matrix , between the rows of cells , so that they become separated from each other by longitudinal columns of calcified matrix , presenting a granular and opaque appearance .

\n

\n Here and there the matrix between two cells of the same row also becomes calcified , and transverse bars of calcified substance stretch across from one calcareous column to another .

\n

\n Thus there are longitudinal groups of the cartilage cells enclosed in oblong cavities , the walls of which are formed of calcified matrix which cuts off all nutrition from the cells ; the cells , in consequence , atrophy , leaving spaces called the primary areol\u00e6 .

\n

\n Types of ossification centers ( edit )

\n Section of fetal bone of cat . ir . Irruption of the subperiosteal tissue . p . Fibrous layer of the periosteum . o . Layer of osteoblasts . im . Subperiosteal bony deposit .

\n There are two types of ossification centers -- primary and secondary .

\n

\n A primary ossification center is the first area of a bone to start ossifying . It usually appears during prenatal development in the central part of each developing bone . In long bones the primary centers occur in the diaphysis / shaft and in irregular bones the primary centers occur usually in the body of the bone . Most bones have only one primary center ( e.g. all long bones ) but some irregular bones such as the os coxa ( hip ) and vertebrae have multiple primary centers .

\n

\n A secondary ossification center is the area of ossification that appears after the primary ossification center has already appeared -- most of which appear during the postnatal and adolescent years . Most bones have more than one secondary ossification center . In long bones , the secondary centres appear in the epiphyses .

\n

\n References ( edit )

\n

\n This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 )

\n
    \n
  1. \n Jump up ^ Gray and Spitzka ( 1910 ) , page 44 .
    2. \n
\n

\n Bibliography ( edit )

\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n
\n
    \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
  • \n
    • \n
\n Development of bone
\n Ossification \n
    \n
  • \n Triradiate cartilage
    • \n
  • \n Limb development
      \n
    • \n Limb bud
      • \n
    \n
    • \n
  • \n Apical ectodermal ridge
    • \n
  • \n Zone of polarizing activity
    • \n
  • \n Sclerotome
    • \n
  • \n Myotome
    • \n
  • \n Septum transversum
    • \n
\n
\n Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ossification_center&oldid=808049222 '' Categories : \n Hidden categories : \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n

\n

\n \n Edit links \n \n \n", "question": "when do primary ossification centers appear in an embryo", "long_answers": ["A primary ossification center is the first area of a bone to start ossifying . It usually appears during prenatal development in the central part of each developing bone . In long bones the primary centers occur in the diaphysis / shaft and in irregular bones the primary centers occur usually in the body of the bone . Most bones have only one primary center ( e.g. all long bones ) but some irregular bones such as the os coxa ( hip ) and vertebrae have multiple primary centers .\n"], "short_answers": ["prenatal development\n"]}