---
task_categories:
- text-classification
language:
- en
- fr
- es
- de
- pt
- id
- ar
- tr
- ha
- yo
- ig
- sw
- pcm
tags:
- hate speech
size_categories:
- 100K<n<1M
extra_gated_prompt: Please provide additional information on your identity and how you plan to use this dataset.
extra_gated_fields:
  Name:
    type: text
  Institution:
    type: text
  Country:
    type: country
  Email address:
    type: text
  How you plan to use this dataset?:
    type: text
  I confirm that I will not share this dataset with others:
    type: checkbox
  I confirm that I will not use this dataset to conduct any activity that causes harm to human subjects:
    type: checkbox
---

# HateDay


This dataset consists of twelve representative sets of Twitter annotated for hate speech detection for eight languages and four countries. 
Each representative set corresponds to a language or country and consists of 20,000 tweets randomly sampled from all tweets posted on September 21, 2022 in that language or country, for a total of 240K annotated tweets. 
We cover eight languages (Arabic, English, French, German, Indonesian, Portuguese, Spanish and Turkish) and four countries where English is the main language on Twitter (United States, India, Nigeria, Kenya).
Each tweet is labeled as hateful, offensive or neutral by three human annotators and the final label is determined by majority vote. In case the tweet is marked as hateful, the target of hate is also indicated.

The dataset and annotation process are presented in more details in [the corresponding paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.15462).

## Data access and intended use
Please send an access request detailing how you plan to use the data. The main purpose of this dataset is to evaluate hate speech detection models, as well as study hateful discourse online. This dataset is NOT intended to train generative LLMs to produce hateful content. 

In compliance with Twitter's Terms of Service, we only release tweet IDs, and users are responsible for hydrating the data to retrieve the full content.
## Columns

The dataset contains six columns:
- `tweet_id`: the ID the of the tweet
- `class`: the label of the tweet (2 if hateful, 1 if offensive and 0 if neutral) -->
- `hate_target`: the target of hate in case the tweet is hateful
- `lang_country`: the language or country of interest

## Preprocessing

We replace all usernames and links by fixed tokens to maximize user privacy. 


## Citation
Please cite our [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.15462) if you use this dataset.

```
@article{tonneau2024hateday,
  title={HateDay: Insights from a Global Hate Speech Dataset Representative of a Day on Twitter},
  author={Tonneau, Manuel and Liu, Diyi and Malhotra, Niyati and Hale, Scott A and Fraiberger, Samuel P and Orozco-Olvera, Victor and R{\"o}ttger, Paul},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2411.15462},
  year={2024}
}


```