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What does point 10 of Article 29 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

The Pay Commission shall recommend to the Government revisions in the structure of the salary, allowances, benefits,and other emoluments of the Royal Civil Service, the Judiciary,the members of Parliament and Local Governments, theholders and the members of constitutional offices and all otherpublic servants with due regard to the economy of the Kingdomand other provisions of this Constitution.

What does point 11 of Article 29 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

The recommendations of the Commission shall be implemented only on the approval of the Lhengye Zhungtshogand subject to such conditions and modifications as may bemade by Parliament.

Summarize the key provisions of Article 29 (The Attorney General) in the Bhutan Constitution

Article 29 of the Bhutan Constitution, which deals with The Attorney General, contains 11 key provisions that establish: . There shall be an Office of the Attorney General, which shall be autonomous, to carry out the responsibilities within thedomain and authority of the Government and such other legalmatters as may be entrusted to the office. 2. The Druk Gyalpo shall, by warrant under His hand and seal, appoint an eminent jurist as the Attorney General on therecommendation of the Prime Minister. 3. The Attorney General as the chief legal officer shall be the legal advisor to and legal representative of the Govern

What does Article 31 of the Constitution of Bhutan state?

. No person shall hold a constitutional office or post under this Constitution unless the person is: (a) A natural born citizen of Bhutan; and (b) Not married to a person who is not a citizen of Bhutan. 572. The holders of constitutional offices under this Constitution shall be: (a) The Chief Justice of Bhutan and the Drangpons of the Supreme Court; (b) The Chief Justice and the Drangpons of the High Court; (c) The Chief Election Commissioner;(d) The Auditor General;(e) The Chairperson of the Royal Civil Service Commission; and (f) The Chairperson of the Anti-Corruption Commission. 3. The holders of the constitutional offices shall have no political affiliation. 4. The holders of the constitutional offices shall not be eligible for re-appointment. 5. Parliament may, by law, prescribe necessary educational and other qualifications for the holders of constitutional offices. 6. The holders of constitutional offices shall take an Oath or Affirmation of Office, as provided for in the Third Scheduleof this Constitution, before assuming office. 7. The salary, tenure, discipline and other conditions of service of the holders of constitutional offices shall be as prescribedby law, provided that the salary and benefits of the holders ofconstitutional offices shall not be varied to their disadvantageafter appointment. 58Article 32 Impeachment 1. The holders of constitutional offices shall be removed only by way of impeachment by Parliament. 2. A holder of constitutional office shall be liable to be impeached only on the ground of incapacity, incompetency or seriousmisconduct with the concurrence of not less than two-thirdsof the total number of members of Parliament. 3. The Chief Justice of Bhutan shall preside over all impeachment proceedings and, in the case of the impeachment of the ChiefJustice of Bhutan, the senior most Drangpon of the SupremeCourt shall preside. 4. The Attorney General shall submit a written report on the Articles of impeachment to the Speaker. 5. The procedure for impeachment, incorporating the principles of natural justice, shall be as laid down by law made byParliament.

What is Article 31 of the Bhutan Constitution about?

Article 31 of the Bhutan Constitution is about Holders of Constitutional Offices. It establishes and regulates: . No person shall hold a constitutional office or post under this Constitution unless the person is: (a) A natural born citizen of Bhutan; and (b) Not married to a person who is not a citizen of Bhutan. 572. The holders of constitutional offices under this Constitution shall be: (a) The Chief Justice of Bhutan and the Drangpons of the Supreme Court; (b) The Chief Justice and the Drangpons of the High Court; (c) The Chief Election Commissioner;(d) The Auditor General;(e) The Chairperson of the Ro

What does point 1 of Article 31 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

No person shall hold a constitutional office or post under this Constitution unless the person is: (a) A natural born citizen of Bhutan; and (b) Not married to a person who is not a citizen of Bhutan.

What does point 2 of Article 31 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

The holders of constitutional offices under this Constitution shall be: (a) The Chief Justice of Bhutan and the Drangpons of the Supreme Court; (b) The Chief Justice and the Drangpons of the High Court; (c) The Chief Election Commissioner;(d) The Auditor General;(e) The Chairperson of the Royal Civil Service Commission; and (f) The Chairperson of the Anti-Corruption Commission.

What does point 3 of Article 31 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

The holders of the constitutional offices shall have no political affiliation.

What does point 4 of Article 31 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

The holders of the constitutional offices shall not be eligible for re-appointment.

What does point 5 of Article 31 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

Parliament may, by law, prescribe necessary educational and other qualifications for the holders of constitutional offices.

What does point 6 of Article 31 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

The holders of constitutional offices shall take an Oath or Affirmation of Office, as provided for in the Third Scheduleof this Constitution, before assuming office.

What does point 7 of Article 31 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

The salary, tenure, discipline and other conditions of service of the holders of constitutional offices shall be as prescribedby law, provided that the salary and benefits of the holders ofconstitutional offices shall not be varied to their disadvantageafter appointment. 58Article 32 Impeachment

What does point 8 of Article 31 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

The holders of constitutional offices shall be removed only by way of impeachment by Parliament.

What does point 9 of Article 31 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

A holder of constitutional office shall be liable to be impeached only on the ground of incapacity, incompetency or seriousmisconduct with the concurrence of not less than two-thirdsof the total number of members of Parliament.

What does point 10 of Article 31 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

The Chief Justice of Bhutan shall preside over all impeachment proceedings and, in the case of the impeachment of the ChiefJustice of Bhutan, the senior most Drangpon of the SupremeCourt shall preside.

What does point 11 of Article 31 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

The Attorney General shall submit a written report on the Articles of impeachment to the Speaker.

What does point 12 of Article 31 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

The procedure for impeachment, incorporating the principles of natural justice, shall be as laid down by law made byParliament.

Summarize the key provisions of Article 31 (Holders of Constitutional Offices) in the Bhutan Constitution

Article 31 of the Bhutan Constitution, which deals with Holders of Constitutional Offices, contains 12 key provisions that establish: . No person shall hold a constitutional office or post under this Constitution unless the person is: (a) A natural born citizen of Bhutan; and (b) Not married to a person who is not a citizen of Bhutan. 572. The holders of constitutional offices under this Constitution shall be: (a) The Chief Justice of Bhutan and the Drangpons of the Supreme Court; (b) The Chief Justice and the Drangpons of the High Court; (c) The Chief Election Commissioner;(d) The Auditor General;(e) The Chairperson of the Ro

What does Article 33 of the Constitution of Bhutan state?

. The Druk Gyalpo may, on the written advice of the Prime Minister, proclaim an emergency if the sovereignty, security,and territorial integrity of Bhutan or any part thereof isthreatened by an act of external aggression or armed rebellion. 2. The Druk Gyalpo may, on the written advice of the Prime Minister, proclaim that a public emergency or calamity, which 59threatens or affects the nation as a whole or part thereof, exists in which case the Government may take measures to the extentstrictly required by the exigencies of the situation. 3. The Proclamation of Emergency under section 1 or 2 of this Article shall remain in force for a period of not more thantwenty-one days from the date of the Proclamation unlessParliament, in a joint sitting, resolves by not less than two-thirds of the total number of members of Parliament to extendit within the said period. 4. Not less than one-fourth of the total number of members of the National Assembly may move a resolution to disapprovesuch a Proclamation of Emergency or disapprove thecontinuance in force of such Proclamation by writing to theDruk Gyalpo if the House is not in session and to the Speakerif the House is in session. 5. A joint sitting shall be held at the earliest date within twenty- one days from the day on which the motion is received by theSpeaker or, as the case may be, by the Druk Gyalpo, failingwhich the Proclamation of Emergency shall lapse. 6. Where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, the Government shall be empowered to give appropriate directionsto the concerned Local Government. 7. Where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Constitution undersections 2, 3, 5, 12 and 19 of Article 7 may be suspended. 608. The Druk Gyalpo may, on the written advice of the Prime Minister, proclaim a Financial Emergency if His Majesty issatisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financialstability or credit of Bhutan is threatened. Such a Proclamationshall be laid before each House within a period of twenty-onedays after such Proclamation unless Parliament, in a jointsitting, resolves by not less than two-thirds of the total numberof members of Parliament to extend it within the said period. 9. The Constitution shall not be amended during a state of emergency.

What is Article 33 of the Bhutan Constitution about?

Article 33 of the Bhutan Constitution is about Emergency. It establishes and regulates: . The Druk Gyalpo may, on the written advice of the Prime Minister, proclaim an emergency if the sovereignty, security,and territorial integrity of Bhutan or any part thereof isthreatened by an act of external aggression or armed rebellion. 2. The Druk Gyalpo may, on the written advice of the Prime Minister, proclaim that a public emergency or calamity, which 59threatens or affects the nation as a whole or part thereof, exists in which case the Government may take measures to the extentstrictly

What does point 1 of Article 33 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

The Druk Gyalpo may, on the written advice of the Prime Minister, proclaim an emergency if the sovereignty, security,and territorial integrity of Bhutan or any part thereof isthreatened by an act of external aggression or armed rebellion.

What does point 2 of Article 33 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

The Druk Gyalpo may, on the written advice of the Prime Minister, proclaim that a public emergency or calamity, which 59threatens or affects the nation as a whole or part thereof, exists in which case the Government may take measures to the extentstrictly required by the exigencies of the situation.

What does point 3 of Article 33 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

The Proclamation of Emergency under section 1 or 2 of this Article shall remain in force for a period of not more thantwenty-one days from the date of the Proclamation unlessParliament, in a joint sitting, resolves by not less than two-thirds of the total number of members of Parliament to extendit within the said period.

What does point 4 of Article 33 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

Not less than one-fourth of the total number of members of the National Assembly may move a resolution to disapprovesuch a Proclamation of Emergency or disapprove thecontinuance in force of such Proclamation by writing to theDruk Gyalpo if the House is not in session and to the Speakerif the House is in session.

What does point 5 of Article 33 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

A joint sitting shall be held at the earliest date within twenty- one days from the day on which the motion is received by theSpeaker or, as the case may be, by the Druk Gyalpo, failingwhich the Proclamation of Emergency shall lapse.

What does point 6 of Article 33 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

Where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, the Government shall be empowered to give appropriate directionsto the concerned Local Government.

What does point 7 of Article 33 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

Where a Proclamation of Emergency is in operation, the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Constitution undersections 2, 3, 5, 12 and 19 of Article 7 may be suspended.

What does point 8 of Article 33 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

The Druk Gyalpo may, on the written advice of the Prime Minister, proclaim a Financial Emergency if His Majesty issatisfied that a situation has arisen whereby the financialstability or credit of Bhutan is threatened. Such a Proclamationshall be laid before each House within a period of twenty-onedays after such Proclamation unless Parliament, in a jointsitting, resolves by not less than two-thirds of the total numberof members of Parliament to extend it within the said period.

What does point 9 of Article 33 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

The Constitution shall not be amended during a state of emergency.

Summarize the key provisions of Article 33 (Emergency) in the Bhutan Constitution

Article 33 of the Bhutan Constitution, which deals with Emergency, contains 9 key provisions that establish: . The Druk Gyalpo may, on the written advice of the Prime Minister, proclaim an emergency if the sovereignty, security,and territorial integrity of Bhutan or any part thereof isthreatened by an act of external aggression or armed rebellion. 2. The Druk Gyalpo may, on the written advice of the Prime Minister, proclaim that a public emergency or calamity, which 59threatens or affects the nation as a whole or part thereof, exists in which case the Government may take measures to the extentstrictly

What does Article 34 of the Constitution of Bhutan state?

. The will of the people shall be expressed in a National Referendum. A simple majority of the total number of votescast and counted shall be required for the referendum to beadopted. 2. The Druk Gyalpo may command a National Referendum if: (a) In His opinion a Bill, which is not passed in a joint sitting of Parliament, is of national importance; or (b) An appeal is made by not less than fifty percent of the total number of members of all Dzongkhag Tshogdues. 3. A National Referendum shall not be held on the question of imposition, variation, repeal of taxes or any other grounds asmay be prescribed by law made by Parliament. 4. Parliament shall, by law, prescribe the procedure for holding a National Referendum. 61Article 35 Amendment & Authoritative Text 1. Subject to the provision of section 26 of Article 2 and section 9 of Article 33, Parliament shall have the power to amend byway of addition, variation, or repeal the provisions of thisConstitution in accordance with the procedure set out in thisArticle. 2. A motion to amend the Constitution under section 1 of this Article shall be initiated by a simple majority of the totalnumber of members of Parliament at a joint sitting and, onbeing passed by not less than three-fourths of the total numberof members in the next session at a joint sitting of Parliament,the Constitution shall stand amended on Assent being grantedby the Druk Gyalpo. 3. Parliament may call for a National Referendum if, in its opinion, a Constitutional Bill, which is not granted Assent bythe Druk Gyalpo is of national importance. Accordingly,sections 1, 3 and 4 of Article 34 shall apply. 4. In any instance of a difference in meaning between the Dzongkha and the English texts of this Constitution, each textshall be regarded as equally authoritative and courts shallreconcile the two texts. 62First Schedule The National Flag and the National Emblem of Bhutan The National Flag The upper yellow half that touches the base symbolizes the secular tradition. It personifies His Majesty the King, whose noble actionsenhance the Kingdom. Hence, it symbolizes that His Majesty is theupholder of the spiritual and secular foundations of the Kingdom. The lower orange half that extends to the top symbolizes the spiritual tradition. It also symbolizes the flourishing of the Buddhist teachingsin general and that of the Kagyu and Nyingma traditions in particular. The dragon that fully presses down the fimbriation symbolizes the name of the Kingdom, which is endowed with the spiritual and seculartraditions. The white dragon symbolizes the undefiled thoughts of the people that express their loyalty, patriotism and great sense of belonging tothe Kingdom although they have different ethnic and linguistic origins. The National Emblem Within the circle of the national emblem, two crossed-vajras are placed over a lotus. They are flanked on either side by a male and femalewhite dragon. A wish-fulfilling jewel is located above them. Thereare four other jewels inside the circle where the two vajras intersect.They symbolize the spiritual and secular traditions of the Kingdombased on the four spiritual undertakings of Vajrayana Buddhism. Thelotus symbolizes absence of defilements, the wish-fulfilling jewel,the sovereign power of the people, and the two dragons, the name ofthe Kingdom. 63Second Schedule The National Anthem of Bhutan In the Kingdom of Bhutan adorned with cypress trees,The Protector who reigns over the realm of spiritual and seculartraditions,He is the King of Bhutan, the precious sovereign. May His being remain unchanging, and the Kingdom prosper, May the teachings of the Enlightened One flourish,May the sun of peace and happiness shine over all people. Third Schedule Oath or Affirmation of Office “I, ….., do solemnly swear/affirm that I shall uphold the sovereigntyand integrity of Bhutan faithfully, conscientiously discharge my dutiesin the service of the Tsawa-sum and perform the duties of my officewithout fear or favour to the best of my ability, and that I shall beartrue faith and allegiance to the Constitution of Bhutan.” Fourth Schedule Oath or Affirmation of Secrecy “I, …., do solemnly swear/affirm that I shall not directly or indirectlycommunicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be broughtunder my consideration or shall become known to me as a ….for theRoyal Government of Bhutan except as may be required for the duedischarge of my duties as ” 64GLOSSARY Chhoe-sid: Religion and politics (temporal and secular). Chhoe-sid-nyi: Dual system of religion and politics (temporal and secular).Chibdrel: A ceremonial procession to receive and honour distinguished personages and personalities.Chiwog: A unit under a Gewog. Dakyen: Award of rank and responsibility. Dar: Scarf that symbolizes the conferring of rank. Drangpon: Judge or Justice of a Royal Court of Justice. Dratshang: Monastic Body. Dratshang Lhentshog: The Commission for the Monastic Affairs. Druk: Bhutan. Druk Gyalpo: The King of Bhutan. Druk-lu: The tradition of the Drukpa Kargyu, established by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal.Dungkhag Court: Sub-district Court. Dzong: Fortress, which is commonly used as an administrative center and traditionally is the abode of monks.Dzongdag: District Administrator. Dzongkha: The National Language of Bhutan. Dzongkhag: District. Dzongkhag Tshogdu: District Council. Gewog: County. Gewog Tshogde: County Committee. Goendey: A monastic community. Gup: Head of a Gewog. Gyenja: Agreement. Jabmi: Legal Counsel. Je Khenpo: The Chief Abbot of the Central Monastic Body of Bhutan. Kargyu: One of the four orders of Mahayana Buddhism. Kasho: A written order. 65Ked-dzog: Stages of development and completion in Vajrayana practice.Kidu: Benefits granted by the King or the Government of Bhutan. Lhakhang: Temple. Lhengye: Ministerial position. Lhengye Zhungtshog: Council of Ministers or Cabinet. Lhentshog: Commission. Lopon: Teacher. Machhen: The holy relic of Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, who unified Bhutan in the 17 th century. Mangmi: An elected representative of the Gewog, who is also a deputy Gup.Nye: Sacred pilgrimage site. Nyi-Kyelma: Conferring a red scarf (rank and honour with the title of Dasho).Nyingma: One of the four orders of Mahayana Buddhism. Pelden Drukpa: Glorious Bhutan or an illustrious Bhutanese person. Rabdeys: Monastic bodies in dzongs other than Punakha and Thimphu.Tashi-mon-lam: Prayers for fulfillment of good wishes and aspirations.Ten-sum: Three types of sacred treasures comprising of images, scriptures and stupas.Thromde: Municipality. Thromde Tshogde: Municipal Committee. Thrompon: Municipal Administrator or Mayor. Triple Gem: Buddha, Dharma and Sangha. Tsa Thrim Chhenmo: The Supreme Constitution. Tsawa-Sum: The King, Country and People. Tshogpa: An association or committee. Yenlag Thromde: Satellite town. 66Zhug-drel-phunsum tshog-pai ten-drel: Traditional ceremony for the acquisition of the triple attributes of grace, glory and wealth duringa formal and auspicious occasion.Zhung Dratshang: Central Monastic Body.

What is Article 34 of the Bhutan Constitution about?

Article 34 of the Bhutan Constitution is about National Referendum. It establishes and regulates: . The will of the people shall be expressed in a National Referendum. A simple majority of the total number of votescast and counted shall be required for the referendum to beadopted. 2. The Druk Gyalpo may command a National Referendum if: (a) In His opinion a Bill, which is not passed in a joint sitting of Parliament, is of national importance; or (b) An appeal is made by not less than fifty percent of the total number of members of all Dzongkhag Tshogdues. 3. A National Referendum shall not b

What does point 1 of Article 34 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

The will of the people shall be expressed in a National Referendum. A simple majority of the total number of votescast and counted shall be required for the referendum to beadopted.

What does point 2 of Article 34 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

The Druk Gyalpo may command a National Referendum if: (a) In His opinion a Bill, which is not passed in a joint sitting of Parliament, is of national importance; or (b) An appeal is made by not less than fifty percent of the total number of members of all Dzongkhag Tshogdues.

What does point 3 of Article 34 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

A National Referendum shall not be held on the question of imposition, variation, repeal of taxes or any other grounds asmay be prescribed by law made by Parliament.

What does point 4 of Article 34 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

Parliament shall, by law, prescribe the procedure for holding a National Referendum. 61Article 35 Amendment & Authoritative Text

What does point 5 of Article 34 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

Subject to the provision of section 26 of Article 2 and section 9 of Article 33, Parliament shall have the power to amend byway of addition, variation, or repeal the provisions of thisConstitution in accordance with the procedure set out in thisArticle.

What does point 6 of Article 34 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

A motion to amend the Constitution under section 1 of this Article shall be initiated by a simple majority of the totalnumber of members of Parliament at a joint sitting and, onbeing passed by not less than three-fourths of the total numberof members in the next session at a joint sitting of Parliament,the Constitution shall stand amended on Assent being grantedby the Druk Gyalpo.

What does point 7 of Article 34 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

Parliament may call for a National Referendum if, in its opinion, a Constitutional Bill, which is not granted Assent bythe Druk Gyalpo is of national importance. Accordingly,sections 1, 3 and 4 of Article 34 shall apply.

What does point 8 of Article 34 in the Bhutan Constitution state?

In any instance of a difference in meaning between the Dzongkha and the English texts of this Constitution, each textshall be regarded as equally authoritative and courts shallreconcile the two texts. 62First Schedule The National Flag and the National Emblem of Bhutan The National Flag The upper yellow half that touches the base symbolizes the secular tradition. It personifies His Majesty the King, whose noble actionsenhance the Kingdom. Hence, it symbolizes that His Majesty is theupholder of the spiritual and secular foundations of the Kingdom. The lower orange half that extends to the top symbolizes the spiritual tradition. It also symbolizes the flourishing of the Buddhist teachingsin general and that of the Kagyu and Nyingma traditions in particular. The dragon that fully presses down the fimbriation symbolizes the name of the Kingdom, which is endowed with the spiritual and seculartraditions. The white dragon symbolizes the undefiled thoughts of the people that express their loyalty, patriotism and great sense of belonging tothe Kingdom although they have different ethnic and linguistic origins. The National Emblem Within the circle of the national emblem, two crossed-vajras are placed over a lotus. They are flanked on either side by a male and femalewhite dragon. A wish-fulfilling jewel is located above them. Thereare four other jewels inside the circle where the two vajras intersect.They symbolize the spiritual and secular traditions of the Kingdombased on the four spiritual undertakings of Vajrayana Buddhism. Thelotus symbolizes absence of defilements, the wish-fulfilling jewel,the sovereign power of the people, and the two dragons, the name ofthe Kingdom. 63Second Schedule The National Anthem of Bhutan In the Kingdom of Bhutan adorned with cypress trees,The Protector who reigns over the realm of spiritual and seculartraditions,He is the King of Bhutan, the precious sovereign. May His being remain unchanging, and the Kingdom prosper, May the teachings of the Enlightened One flourish,May the sun of peace and happiness shine over all people. Third Schedule Oath or Affirmation of Office “I, ….., do solemnly swear/affirm that I shall uphold the sovereigntyand integrity of Bhutan faithfully, conscientiously discharge my dutiesin the service of the Tsawa-sum and perform the duties of my officewithout fear or favour to the best of my ability, and that I shall beartrue faith and allegiance to the Constitution of Bhutan.” Fourth Schedule Oath or Affirmation of Secrecy “I, …., do solemnly swear/affirm that I shall not directly or indirectlycommunicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be broughtunder my consideration or shall become known to me as a ….for theRoyal Government of Bhutan except as may be required for the duedischarge of my duties as ” 64GLOSSARY Chhoe-sid: Religion and politics (temporal and secular). Chhoe-sid-nyi: Dual system of religion and politics (temporal and secular).Chibdrel: A ceremonial procession to receive and honour distinguished personages and personalities.Chiwog: A unit under a Gewog. Dakyen: Award of rank and responsibility. Dar: Scarf that symbolizes the conferring of rank. Drangpon: Judge or Justice of a Royal Court of Justice. Dratshang: Monastic Body. Dratshang Lhentshog: The Commission for the Monastic Affairs. Druk: Bhutan. Druk Gyalpo: The King of Bhutan. Druk-lu: The tradition of the Drukpa Kargyu, established by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal.Dungkhag Court: Sub-district Court. Dzong: Fortress, which is commonly used as an administrative center and traditionally is the abode of monks.Dzongdag: District Administrator. Dzongkha: The National Language of Bhutan. Dzongkhag: District. Dzongkhag Tshogdu: District Council. Gewog: County. Gewog Tshogde: County Committee. Goendey: A monastic community. Gup: Head of a Gewog. Gyenja: Agreement. Jabmi: Legal Counsel. Je Khenpo: The Chief Abbot of the Central Monastic Body of Bhutan. Kargyu: One of the four orders of Mahayana Buddhism. Kasho: A written order. 65Ked-dzog: Stages of development and completion in Vajrayana practice.Kidu: Benefits granted by the King or the Government of Bhutan. Lhakhang: Temple. Lhengye: Ministerial position. Lhengye Zhungtshog: Council of Ministers or Cabinet. Lhentshog: Commission. Lopon: Teacher. Machhen: The holy relic of Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal, who unified Bhutan in the 17 th century. Mangmi: An elected representative of the Gewog, who is also a deputy Gup.Nye: Sacred pilgrimage site. Nyi-Kyelma: Conferring a red scarf (rank and honour with the title of Dasho).Nyingma: One of the four orders of Mahayana Buddhism. Pelden Drukpa: Glorious Bhutan or an illustrious Bhutanese person. Rabdeys: Monastic bodies in dzongs other than Punakha and Thimphu.Tashi-mon-lam: Prayers for fulfillment of good wishes and aspirations.Ten-sum: Three types of sacred treasures comprising of images, scriptures and stupas.Thromde: Municipality. Thromde Tshogde: Municipal Committee. Thrompon: Municipal Administrator or Mayor. Triple Gem: Buddha, Dharma and Sangha. Tsa Thrim Chhenmo: The Supreme Constitution. Tsawa-Sum: The King, Country and People. Tshogpa: An association or committee. Yenlag Thromde: Satellite town. 66Zhug-drel-phunsum tshog-pai ten-drel: Traditional ceremony for the acquisition of the triple attributes of grace, glory and wealth duringa formal and auspicious occasion.Zhung Dratshang: Central Monastic Body.

Summarize the key provisions of Article 34 (National Referendum) in the Bhutan Constitution

Article 34 of the Bhutan Constitution, which deals with National Referendum, contains 8 key provisions that establish: . The will of the people shall be expressed in a National Referendum. A simple majority of the total number of votescast and counted shall be required for the referendum to beadopted. 2. The Druk Gyalpo may command a National Referendum if: (a) In His opinion a Bill, which is not passed in a joint sitting of Parliament, is of national importance; or (b) An appeal is made by not less than fifty percent of the total number of members of all Dzongkhag Tshogdues. 3. A National Referendum shall not b