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838200318_24433-24538 | Charlie ( 2007 ) A very large man , seemingly obese , enough even to make the Osprey Heights lift break . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_24539-24791 | Joe ( 2002 ) Winston 's grandson . Winston managed Joe for boxing , but was unsuccessful . Winston wanted his friends to offer Joe as much support as possible . Everyone in Craiglang thought that Joe was a rubbish boxer , much to Winston 's annoyance . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_24792-25401 | Barbara ( 2002 ) Played by Eileen McCallum . A lady who volunteers in the local charity shop . She is attractive and has big breasts . Jack fancied her but was reluctant to ask her out because he feared it would betray the memory of his late wife Jean . Victor encouraged him by saying that Jean would want Jack to be happy . Jack and Barbara started a relationship during which Victor was left on his own . Eventually Isa told Victor that Barbara was married and Victor confronted Barbara telling her that she should not be with Jack . This ended their relationship and Jack and Victor became friends again . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_25402-25946 | Ronnie ( 2003 ) An elderly man , formerly a quiz show contestant , who took a ' goofy turn ' in George Square , Ronnie stripped down to his boxers and began bawling and shouting . The police came and arrested him and his son , Norman , put him in an asylum . Jack and Victor visited him in the hospital and he seemed fine to them . Ronnie explained that he had a dream that he was 10 years old and that he was on a beach . Jack and Victor believed this was reasonable and signed their friend out of the asylum by pretending to be his brothers . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_25947-26310 | Mrs Begg ( 2003 ) Played by Celia Imrie . A ' home help ' worker . She is attractive and is employed to help out pensioners in the Craiglang area who have disabilities . In particular , Mrs Begg was Winston 's home help ; however , she was highly suspicious of Winston 's sore leg . After finding out about his deception , she banned him from using her services . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_26311-26599 | Bert Findlay ( 2003 ) Played by Brian Pettifer . A friend of Jack and Victor 's . He is depressed because his wife , Annie , has died . Jack and Victor being widowers themselves try to help their friend and prevent him from committing suicide . He ends up having an affair with Mrs Begg . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_26600-26877 | Stewart Anderson ( 2003 ) A Craiglang resident . Stewart is said by Jack and Victor to have been highly depressed . That was before Stewart starting taking an American drug for depression . Now he has the energy of a teenager . Stewart recommends the drugs to Jack and Victor . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_26878-28024 | Vince Gallagher ( 2003 ) Played by David Hayman . The local mobile snack bar owner , Vince used to run the canteen at Yarrows where Winston worked , but he was very unhygienic . He made a stew , which caused Winston and hundreds of other men to have food poisoning . Vince was sacked , but years later , Winston confronted him and saw that he was running a mobile snack bar . Vince claimed that he had changed his ways but Winston does not trust him . Vince proves that he is immaculate and the builders are satisfied with his food . At the same time , Navid is away in India for his brother 's funeral and Jack and Victor are running the shop in his absence . Winston takes advantage of this and along with Jack and Victor , turns Navid 's shop into a snack bar , distracting the workers from Vince . Vince took his revenge by sabotaging the soup causing the customers of Navid 's shop to have diarrhoea . Winston then planted cockroaches on Vince 's van , making out Vince 's food to be contaminated . Vince broke down and drove his van through Navid 's shop when the latter returned from India . Vince got out the van and is still at large ... | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_28025-28931 | Big Innes ( 2004 ) Played by Clive Russell . A large man who is friendly with the Craiglang locals . He is so big , he drinks four pints at a time and eats cornflakes from a soup pot . When he lived in Craiglang , he did not stand for any nonsense from Neds and would sort them out . However , he moved away up north to Elgin . Recently , the Neds in Craiglang have become worse than ever . Jack decided to phone Innes up in Elgin and ask him if he could come down and sort out the Neds . Innes ' wife agrees to let Innes go down , but makes Jack promise not to give him any Midori . Innes likes to drink Midori , but it has a strange effect on him . Jack lets Innes stay at his house and Innes sets to work . After two days of Innes ' arrival , the neds never bother anyone again . Not for a while . Unfortunately , Isa unwittingly gives Innes a bottle of Midori causing him to go mental in the Clansman . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_28932-29802 | Kevin ( 2004 ) A young supermarket worker . Kevin is in his early 20s and is extremely ageist . He is cocky and is a bully at heart . One night he accidentally switched off a fridge , ruining a pile of dairy products . Kevin got in a state and feared he 'd be sacked . Andy , an elderly worker , felt sorry for Kevin and took the fall for him . Kevin left Andy a line ever since . Recently , Winston had to take a job at FoodFare due to his excessive spending . Kevin hassles Winston from their first meeting . Andy offers Winston advice on how to beat Kevin , but Winston ignores Andy . Eventually Jack and Victor came into FoodFare as it was an emergency situation to take all the bottles of Midori away before Big Innes came . They succeeded but Kevin seeing the three old men insults him . By this time , Winston has had enough . He punches Kevin and quits his job . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_29803-30578 | Archie ( 2004 ) Played by Sylvester McCoy . A reclusive man . Despite being a friend of Jack and Victor , he has n't set foot outside his house since the mid-1960s . His reason for this is that he was evacuated during the war to a farm and was comfortable with a peaceful life . When he returned to Craiglang , it was like New York to him . In 1966 , he put his boot through his TV after England 's victory in the world cup . Because of his reclusive lifestyle , the social services would visit him making sure he was alright for food , clothes and money . In 2004 , his house was to be demolished so he came out his home for the first time in decades . Jack , Victor and the Craiglang locals welcomed him out and encouraged him not to shut himself in again without success . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_30579-31379 | John McDade ( 2004 ) Victor 's son . So far , John has had only one appearance on Still Game , but is regularly referred to . John lives in South Africa with his family . He does n't keep in contact with his father much . This upsets Victor , because he misses his son deeply . Victor is so annoyed with John , he sometimes refers to him as an `` uncaring bastard '' . To try to get more attention from his son , Victor pretended he was ill . This news worried John so much that he flew over from South Africa to Craiglang to be at his father 's side . John later discovered that Victor was only pretending to be ill and he was annoyed . Victor apologised , but pointed out to John that it was due to lack of contact . John understood he was on the wrong as well and they made up . At least for now . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_31380-32526 | Rena ( 2005 ) The lady who works in the cafe . Rena is a widow and she is having an affair with a man almost twice her age , Wullie . Wullie is a friend of Jack and Victor 's . They believe it 's good for Wullie that he 's found love , but Isa believes that Rena is trying to kill Wullie in order to keep his house . For example , Rena has Wullie working hard for her and Isa thinks Wullie will end up dying from being overworked . Nobody believes Isa until Rena comes into Navid 's and buys a bottle of white spirits , a box of matches and a packet of jammie dodgers . Even Navid believed that Rena was going to set a trap for Wullie and felt that Isa was not as crazy as he thought . That night , there is a storm . Wullie is on the roof of his house fixing the TV aerial when he slips and crashes through the greenhouse . Isa looks out her window and sees the police and an ambulance outside his house . She knocks on Jack and Victor 's and asks them to come with her . However , it is revealed that Wullie has survived the fall , but Rena has died . Rena had heard the noise and came running down the stairs , but tripped and broke her neck . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_32527-33157 | Wullie Reid ( 2005 ) A Craiglang pensioner . Wullie is friendly with Jack and Victor but is having a relationship with Rena , a woman half his age . He believes he is really in love , but Isa suspects that Rena means to kill Wullie . Jack and Victor think it 's funny that Wullie is `` shagging '' Rena . One stormy night , Wullie is on the room fixing the TV aerial for Rena when he slips and falls off the roof . He ended up crashing through the greenhouse . Miraculously he survived , but Rena heard the noise , and fell down the stairs breaking her neck . Wullie is devastated at her death , but fancies the female paramedic . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_33158-34070 | Davie ( 2005 ) Played by Robbie Coltrane . A bus driver working for Dial - a-Bus . Although Davie appears to be friendly and helpful , he suffers from manic depression . This is due to his mother not being well . His mother 's illness means that she only eats doughnuts from Greggs and causes her to be cranky with her son . Despite this , Davie determines to work hard and does n't charge the pensioners for the fares . Jack and Victor get used to this service . One day , he returns to work very quickly after being off with his depression . Because Isa had doughnuts from Greggs , the sight of this causes Davie to have a mental breakdown and he terrorises the passengers . He stops when he nearly ran over Bobby riding his bike . The passengers attempted to shut him out the bus but let him in when he promises to take them to a pub . He explains his sad story and Jack , Victor , Isa and Bobby forgive him . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_34071-34839 | Thomas ( 2005 ) Winston 's other grandson . Thomas is a ned , who causes trouble for his parents . His mother , Margaret , warned him that if he did n't behave , he would n't be coming on holiday with them . This ended up happening and Thomas had to stay with Winston , while his parents were away . Winston was cross and was determined to straighten out Thomas . However , Thomas smuggled in a girl , a cannabis plant disguised as a tomato plant and his friends . His friends made cookies containing cannabis , making Winston believe they killed his tomato plant . They even ate Winston 's pies that were meant to be for his dinner . Winston was very annoyed and was going to grass on Thomas until he ate the cookies . Winston got stoned and Thomas was off the hook . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_34840-36138 | Chris Howden ( 2005 ) A property developer . Chris had made plans to demolish the Clansman . This news upset Bobby and the regulars . Even Navid was concerned because if the only pub in town was to close , his shop would be next . Jack , Victor and Winston made a protest , but it did n't go well . Chris offered to buy them a drink , which they accepted . Chris explained that he wanted to demolish the Clansman in order to recreate the houses that used to stand there . This is because his mother was brought up in one of these houses . However , he reveals that his mother 's name was Jenny Turnbull , a woman who Jack , Victor and Winston had sexual relationships with . This meant that one of them could be Chris ' father . They are worried that their families would be disgusted , but Bobby believes that this could save the pub , since no one would demolish their father 's favourite pub . None of the men are successful in finding out but it is Isa who susses it out when she sees an old photo of Winston 's that she took . Isa worked out that Pete ' the Jakey ' was missing from the photo and he must have had sex with Jenny . Furthermore , Pete has a letter from Jenny proving he is the father of Chris . Chris decides to keep the pub , but renames it ' Jennys ' in honour of his mother . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_36139-36995 | Molly Drummond ( 2006 ) Played by Dorothy Paul . The sister of Frances , Tam 's wife and Tam 's sister in - law . Molly lives in Finport , on the coast and came to Craiglang to visit her sister . Molly did n't manage to make it to Tam and Frances ' wedding . In the past , Molly was a famous singer and was recognised by Jack . Tam claims that Frank Sinatra bought her a drink when she performed in New York , although this is probably a lie in order to get a free round from Bobby . Tam discovered that Molly was just as tight fisted as he is . Tam thought this was a turn on saying as Frances disapproves of his stinginess . Because Frances is busy at the library , Tam has to show Molly around Craiglang . Eventually , Tam decides to lay his feeling for Molly to rest since he is already married and rejects her : Molly is upset and grabs Tam 's balls . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_36996-38189 | Mrs. Fletcher ( 2016 ) Played by Ronni Ancona . The owner of a residential care home that Jack , Victor and Isa temporary stay at whilst waiting on new homes as Osprey Heights is set to be demolished . She starts off as friendly , but reveals her true nature as being stern and strict when she confiscates the home 's remote control off Jack and Victor after they `` forced '' the other residents to watch the programme they were watching . She also places a curfew for the residents to not leave the home after 9pm due to the residents escaping after Jack and Victor leave the doors open to go to the Clansman . Jack and Victor contact Bobby and inform him that they wo n't be able to come to the party at the Clansman due to the curfew . This results in Bobby , Winston , Tam , Navid and the other party guests going to the home to have the party there . The following morning , Mrs. Fletcher sees Jack , Victor , Isa and the guests escaping and discovers Navid asleep in one of the chairs . After Navid wakes up , Mrs. Fletcher tells him that the doors are locked and she has called the police . Luckily , Navid is able to escape by throwing a water cooler through the home 's glass doors . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_38190-38729 | Iain Duncan `` I.D. '' Sheathing ( 2018 ) played by Bruce Morton . The new undertaker in Craiglang after Mr. Mcleary dies . Isa spreads a rumour the Mr. Sheathing is the grim reapers and that anyone he touches dies . Suspicion growns when Eric drops dead when Sheathing touches his arm and Boabby faints after touching him . He follows Isa home and talks to her , Jack and Victor . He explains that Eric was 85 and had heart problems and goes on to conduct Eric 's funeral service . The name I.D. Sheathing is an anagram of Death is Nigh . | List of Still Game characters |
838200318_38730-39644 | Callum Coburn ( 2018 ) played by Craig Ferguson . A old friend of Isa , who left Craiglang to become a stuntman in Hollywood . He returns to Craiglang 50 years later after retiring and hopes to reconnect with Isa and his old life . He appeared to be a handsome man with short hair and white teeth , but when Isa agrees to start a relationship with him , She is shocked to see that he is actually overweight with long balding hair and toothless . Upset about Isa not loving his true self , Callum ( whilst giving Boabby a driving lesson ) attempts to commit suicide by driving the car into a canal . Jack and Victor attempt to save them , but get into trouble . Fourtunaly Methadone Mick is able to save the four men by throwing them life buoys . Afterwards , Callum leaves Craiglang , but not before apologising to Isa for not being what he seemed and promises to keep in touch . He appears in `` The Fall Guy '' . | List of Still Game characters |
834411915_112-301 | This list has no precise inclusion criteria as described in the Manual of Style for standalone lists . Please improve this article by adding inclusion criteria . ( Discuss ) ( August 2015 ) | List of massacres in Great Britain |
834411915_302-560 | This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This | List of massacres in Great Britain |
834411915_613-703 | This is a list of incidents that happened in Great Britain and commonly called massacres . | List of massacres in Great Britain |
834411915_704-893 | This list does not include massacres on the island of Ireland from times when there was United Kingdom jurisdiction on that island . For those massacres , see List of massacres in Ireland . | List of massacres in Great Britain |
834411915_908-8413 | Date Name Location Deaths Injuries Notes 61 AD Menai Massacre Anglesey , North Wales unknown Roman suppression of Druid religion 60 or 61 AD Boudica 's attacks on the Romans Camulodunum ( modern - day Colchester ) , Londinium and Verulamium ( modern - day St Albans ) 70,000 -- 80,000 ( Mostly Britons ) Forces led by Boudica , Queen of the British Iceni tribe , massacred both Romans and Britons in Camulodunum , Londinium and Verulamium . Her forces were later defeated by the Romans at the Battle of Watling Street . 686 Caedwalla 's attack on Wihtwara Isle of Wight All but one According to Bede , King Caedwalla of Wessex `` endeavoured to destroy all the inhabitants '' of the island for reverting to paganism . 13 November 1002 St. Brice 's Day massacre Throughout the Kingdom of England Unknown The St. Brice 's Day massacre was the mass killing of Danes in the Kingdom of England on orders of King Æthelred the Unready . 1069 -- 1070 Harrying of the North The North of England between the Humber and the Tees 100,000 William the Conqueror 's men burnt whole villages and slaughtered the inhabitants . Foodstores and livestock were destroyed so that anyone surviving the initial massacre would starve over the winter . 16 March 1190 Massacre of the Jews at York York , England 0150 ! 150 ' A wave of anti-Semitic riots culminated in the massacre of an estimated 150 Jews -- the entire Jewish community of York -- who had taken refuge in the royal castle where Clifford 's Tower now stands . The chronicler William of Newburgh described the rioters in York as acting `` without any scruple of Christian conscientiousness '' in wiping out the Jewish community ' . 30 March 1296 Massacre of Berwick Berwick - upon - Tweed , Scotland ( at the time ) 7,500 -- 16,000 unknown English troops massacred the civilian and military population , including women and children , after besieging the Scottish town . 10 - 12 February 1355 St Scholastica Day riot Oxford , England 93 Unknown A riot culminating from tensions between the city of Oxford and the academic community of the university . 21 October 1490 Massacre of Monzievaird Monzievaird , Scotland possibly 120 Clan warfare 1577 Eigg Massacre Isle of Eigg , Scotland 395 Clan warfare According to the Clanranald legend all but one of the Isle of Eigg 's MacDonald clan were asphyxiated by their rival MacLeod clan in Massacre Cave on the south coast of the island . 28 May 1644 Bolton Massacre Bolton , England 1600 ! 1,600 During the English Civil War , Royalist Forces under Prince Rupert of the Rhine slaughtered a large population of the strongly Roundhead town of Bolton . 1646 Dunoon Massacre Dunoon , Scotland 200 Clan warfare May 1647 Battle of Dunaverty Kintyre , Scotland 300 More than 300 MacDougalls and MacDonald 's followers , men , women and children , were slaughtered at Dunaverty after being promised quarter ( mercy ) by the Covenanters . 13 February 1692 Massacre of Glencoe Glen Coe , Scotland 0078 ! 78 Committed by the Clan Campbell under Captain Robert Campbell of Glenlyon , ostensibly due to irregularities concerning the swearing of an oath of allegiance to William II of Scotland . 10 May 1768 Massacre of St George 's Fields London , England 0006 ! 6 -- 7 Committed by the military during a riot . 29 October 1797 Massacre of Tranent Tranent , East Lothian , Scotland 12 Townsfolk , including women and children , were killed by members of the Cinque Ports Dragoons , a fencible cavalry regiment , during a protest against the Act of Parliament to raise a Scots militia by a form of conscription . 16 August 1819 Peterloo Massacre Manchester , Lancashire , England 015 ! 15 0400 ! 400 -- 700 Committed by the military during a large outdoor protest . May - 7 June 1831 Merthyr Rising Merthyr Tydfil , Wales 0024 - 26 ! 24 - 26 070 + ! 70 + Described by historian John Davies as `` the most ferocious and bloody event in the history of industrialised Britain '' , the rebellion in Merthyr Tydfil and surrounding areas broke out following protests against falling wages , the price of bread , and forced redundancy . During the bloodiest incident , Highland troops sent to retake Merthyr fired on protesters during a fight against a large crowd . 4 November 1839 Newport Rising Newport , Wales 0022 ! 22 050 + ! 50 + Led by John Frost , between 1,000 and 5,000 Chartist sympathisers armed with home - made weapons marched on Newport , intent on liberating fellow Chartists who had been reportedly taken prisoner . About 22 demonstrators were killed when troops opened fire on them . The leaders of the rebellion were convicted of high treason , and sentenced to transportation for life . 12 / 13 August 1842 Preston Strike of 1842 Preston , Lancashire , England 0004 ! 4 0003 ! 3 + The Mayor Samuel Horrocks read the Riot Act . This gave local authorities the right to use force if necessary to disperse unlawful assemblies and stop riots . When violence escalated and the crowd did not disperse , the military then fired , shooting at least eight men . 30 January 1972 Bloody Sunday Derry , Northern Ireland 14 14 + During a peaceful protest march against internment , 28 unarmed civilians are shot by British soldiers . 22 February 1972 Aldershot Bombing Aldershot , England 7 18 A car bomb outside the headquarters of the British Army 's 16th Parachute Regiment by Official IRA member Noel Jenkinson . 4 February 1974 M62 coach bombing West Yorkshire , England 12 38 A bombing on a coach carrying servicemen and their families by the Provisional IRA . 5 October 1974 Guildford pub bombings Guildford , England 65 Two bombs detonated in two separate Guildford pubs by the Provisional IRA who targeted them because they were popular with British servicemen . 21 November 1974 Birmingham pub bombings Birmingham , England 21 182 Two bombs detonated in two separate Birmingham pubs by the Provisional IRA . 16 August 1980 Denmark Place fire London , England 0037 ! 37 An arson attack against a night club on Denmark Street by patron who was angry at being barred from the club for arguing with a bartender . Described as the deadliest mass murder in modern British history . 19 August 1987 Hungerford massacre Hungerford , England 0016 ! 16 0015 ! 15 A spree shooting / murder -- suicide . 21 December 1988 Lockerbie Bombing Lockerbie , Scotland 00270 ! 270 A bombing on the Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie by Libyan terrorist Abdelbaset al - Megrahi , the wreckage of the destroyed plane fell onto the town of Lockerbie . All passengers and crew members on the flight died , and eleven people on the ground . 13 March 1996 Dunblane school massacre Dunblane , Scotland 0018 ! 17 0015 ! 15 A school shooting / murder -- suicide . 7 July 2005 7 July 2005 London bombings London , England 0052 ! 52 0700 ! 700 + A series of coordinated terrorist suicide attacks throughout central London between 08 : 50 - 09 : 47 . It was the United Kingdom 's worst terrorist incident since the 1988 Lockerbie bombing , as well as the country 's first ever suicide attack . 2 June 2010 Cumbria shootings Cumbria , England 0012 ! 12 0011 ! 11 A killing spree / murder -- suicide . 22 March 2017 2017 Westminster attack London , England 6 49 A vehicle and knife attack . Islamist terror attack . 22 May 2017 Manchester Arena Bombing Manchester , England 0022 ! 23 0059 ! 400 + Islamist terror attack / suicide attack . 3 June 2017 June 2017 London Bridge attack London , England 0008 ! 8 0048 ! 48 Islamist terror / vehicle and knife attack . | List of massacres in Great Britain |
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819283879_505-1303 | Sociology History Outline Portal Main theories Structural functionalism Conflict theory Symbolic interactionism Methods Quantitative Qualitative Historical Comparative Mathematical Computational Ethnography Ethnomethodology Network analysis Positivism Critical theory Subfields and other major theories Conflict Criminology Social constructionism Culture Development Deviance Demography Education Economic Environmental Family Feminist sociology Gender Health Industrial Inequality Knowledge Law Literature Medical Military Organizational Political Race and ethnicity Religion Rural Science Social change Social movements Social psychology in sociology Stratification Science and technology Technology Urban Utilitarianism Browse Bibliography By country Index Journals Organizations People Timeline | Institution |
819283879_1304-1645 | Institutions are `` stable , valued , recurring patterns of behavior '' . As structures or mechanisms of social order , they govern the behaviour of a set of individuals within a given community . Institutions are identified with a social purpose , transcending individuals and intentions by mediating the rules that govern living behavior . | Institution |
819283879_1646-2009 | The term `` institution '' commonly applies to both informal institutions such as customs , or behavior patterns important to a society , and to particular formal institutions created by entities such as the government and public services . Primary or meta - institutions are institutions such as the family that are broad enough to encompass other institutions . | Institution |
819283879_2010-2427 | As structures and mechanisms of social order , institutions are a principal object of study in social sciences such as political science , anthropology , economics , and sociology ( the latter described by Émile Durkheim as the `` science of institutions , their genesis and their functioning '' ) . Institutions are also a central concern for law , the formal mechanism for political rule - making and enforcement . | Institution |
819283879_2719-3098 | People may deliberately create individual , formal organizations commonly identified as `` institutions '' -- but the development and function of institutions in society in general may be regarded as an instance of emergence . That is , institutions arise , develop and function in a pattern of social self - organization beyond conscious intentions of the individuals involved . | Institution |
819283879_3099-3593 | As mechanisms of social interaction , institutions manifest in both formal organizations , such as the U.S. Congress , or the Roman Catholic Church , and , also , in informal social order and organization , reflecting human psychology , culture , habits and customs , and encompassing subjective experience of meaningful enactments . Formal institutions are explicitly set forth by a relevant authority and informal institutions are generally unwritten societal rules , norms , and traditions . | Institution |
819283879_3594-4611 | Primary or meta - institutions are institutions that encompass many other institutions , both formal and informal ( e.g. the family , government , the economy , education , and religion . Most important institutions , considered abstractly , have both objective and subjective aspects : examples include money and marriage . The institution of money encompasses many formal organizations , including banks and government treasury departments and stock exchanges , which may be termed , `` institutions , '' as well as subjective experiences , which guide people in their pursuit of personal well - being . Powerful institutions are able to imbue a paper currency with certain value , and to induce millions into production and trade in pursuit of economic ends abstractly denominated in that currency 's units . The subjective experience of money is so pervasive and persuasive that economists talk of the `` money illusion '' and try to disabuse their students of it , in preparation for learning economic analysis . | Institution |
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819283879_4920-10660 | Family : The family is the center of the child 's life , as infants are totally dependent on others . The family teaches children cultural values and attitudes about themselves and others -- see sociology of the family . Children learn continuously from the environment that adults create . Children also become aware of class at a very early age and assign different values to each class accordingly . Religion : Some believe religion is like an ethnic or cultural category , making it less likely for the individuals to break from religious affiliations and be more socialized in this setting . Parental religious participation is the most influential part of religious socialization -- more so than religious peers or religious beliefs . See sociology of religion and civil religion . Peer groups : A peer group is a social group whose members have interests , social positions and age in common . This is where children can escape supervision and learn to form relationships on their own . The influence of the peer group typically peaks during adolescence however peer groups generally only affect short term interests unlike the family which has long term influence . Economic systems : Economic systems dictate `` acceptable alternatives for consumption , '' `` social values of consumption alternatives , '' the `` establishment of dominant values , '' and `` the nature of involvement in consumption '' . Capitalist society may encourage the growth of centralization and interdependence under the control of an elite . Socialism encourages democratic , bottom - up control by the people and their communities . Legal systems : Children are pressured from both parents and peers to conform and obey certain laws or norms of the group / community . Parents ' attitudes toward legal systems influence children 's views as to what is legally acceptable . For example , children whose parents are continually in jail are more accepting of incarceration . See jurisprudence , philosophy of law , sociology of law . Penal systems : The penal systems acts upon prisoners and the guards . Prison is a separate environment from that of normal society ; prisoners and guards form their own communities and create their own social norms . Guards serve as `` social control agents '' who discipline and provide security . From the view of the prisoners , the communities can be oppressive and domineering , causing feelings of defiance and contempt towards the guards . Because of the change in societies , prisoners experience loneliness , a lack of emotional relationships , a decrease in identity and `` lack of security and autonomy '' . Both the inmates and the guards feel tense , fearful , and defensive , which creates an uneasy atmosphere within the community . See sociology of punishment . Language : People learn to socialize differently depending on the specific language and culture in which they live . A specific example of this is code switching . This is where immigrant children learn to behave in accordance with the languages used in their lives : separate languages at home and in peer groups ( mainly in educational settings ) . Depending on the language and situation at any given time , people will socialize differently . See linguistics , sociolinguistics , sociology of language . Mass media : The mass media are the means for delivering impersonal communications directed to a vast audience . The term media comes from Latin meaning , `` middle , '' suggesting that the media 's function is to connect people . The media can teach norms and values by way of representing symbolic reward and punishment for different kinds of behavior . Mass media has enormous effects on our attitudes and behavior , notably in regards to aggression . See media studies . Learning : Learning can be social or nonsocial . Consider the example of a child learning about bees . If is child is exploring and playing with no one else around , the child may see a bee and touch it ( out of curiosity ) . If the child is stung by the bee , the child learns that touching bees is associated with pain . This is nonsocial learning , since no one else was around . In contrast , a child may benefit from social learning about bees . If the child is with a parent , relative or anyone else , the child 's inquisitive approach to a bee may lead to some kind of social intervention . Maybe Aunt Emy sees the child reaching for a bee and simply points the child in another direction , saying `` Look at that pretty butterfly . '' Maybe Uncle Ed would say , `` Do n't touch the bee , because it can hurt you and make you cry . '' Maybe Mom would have said , `` Honey , stay away from bees because they sting . '' There are all sorts of ways that people can interact with a child to help the child learn to avoid ever being stung . Any and all of these social interventions allow the child to benefit from social learning , though some of these social interventions may be more educational and useful than others . Educational institutions -- schools ( preschool , primary / elementary , secondary , and post-secondary / higher -- see sociology of education ) Research community -- academia and universities ; research institutes -- see sociology of science Medicine -- hospitals and other health care institutions -- see sociology of health and illness , medical sociology Psychiatric hospitals ( history ) Military or paramilitary forces -- see military sociology Industry -- businesses , including corporations -- see financial institution , factory , capitalism , division of labour , social class , industrial sociology Civil society or NGOs -- charitable organizations ; advocacy groups ; political parties ; think tanks ; virtual communities | Institution |
819283879_10686-11481 | Art and culture ( See also : culture industry , critical theory , cultural studies , cultural sociology ) The nation - state -- Social and political scientists often speak of the state as embodying all institutions such as schools , prisons , police , and so on . However , these institutions may be considered private or autonomous , whilst organised religion and family life certainly pre-date the advent of the nation state . The Neo-Marxist thought of Antonio Gramsci , for instance , distinguishes between institutions of political society ( police , the army , legal system , etc . ) , which dominate directly and coercively -- and civil society ( the family , education system , etc . ) . For example , in Schenck v. United States , the circumstance of which made that speech case special | Institution |
819283879_11513-13989 | Informal institutions have been largely overlooked in comparative politics , but in many countries it is the informal institutions and rules that govern the political landscape . To understand the political behaviour in a country it is important to look at how that behaviour is enabled or constrained by informal institutions , and how this affects how formal institutions are run . For example , if there are high levels of extra judicial killings in a country , it might be that while it is prohibited by the state the police are actually enabled to carry out such killings and informally encouraged to prop up an inefficient formal state police institution . An informal institution tends to have socially shared rules , which are unwritten and yet are often known by all inhabitants of a certain country , as such they are often referred to as being an inherent part of the culture of a given country . Informal practices are often referred to as `` cultural '' , for example clientelism or corruption is sometimes stated as a part of the political culture in a certain place , but an informal institution itself is not cultural , it may be shaped by culture or behaviour of a given political landscape , but they should be looked at in the same way as formal institutions to understand their role in a given country . Informal institutions might be particularly used to pursue a political agenda , or a course of action that might not be publicly popular , or even legal , and can be seen as an effective way of making up for lack of efficiency in a formal institution . For example , in countries where formal institutions are particularly inefficient , an informal institution may be the most cost effective way or actually carrying out a given task , and this ensures that there is little pressure on the formal institutions to become more efficient . The relationship between formal and informal institutions is often closely aligned and informal institutions step in to prop up inefficient institutions . However , because they do not have a centre , which directs and coordinates their actions , changing informal institutions is a slow and lengthy process . It is as such important to look at any given country and note the presence of informal institutions when looking at the political landscape , and note that they are not necessarily a rejection of the state , but an integral part of it and broadening the scope of the role of the state in a given country . | Institution |
819283879_14027-14941 | While institutions tend to appear to people in society as part of the natural , unchanging landscape of their lives , study of institutions by the social sciences tends to reveal the nature of institutions as social constructions , artifacts of a particular time , culture and society , produced by collective human choice , though not directly by individual intention . Sociology traditionally analyzed social institutions in terms of interlocking social roles and expectations . Social institutions created and were composed of groups of roles , or expected behaviors . The social function of the institution was executed by the fulfillment of roles . Basic biological requirements , for reproduction and care of the young , are served by the institutions of marriage and family , for example , by creating , elaborating and prescribing the behaviors expected for husband / father , wife / mother , child , etc . | Institution |
819283879_14942-15904 | The relationship of institutions to human nature is a foundational question for the social sciences . Institutions can be seen as `` naturally '' arising from , and conforming to , human nature -- a fundamentally conservative view -- or institutions can be seen as artificial , almost accidental , and in need of architectural redesign , informed by expert social analysis , to better serve human needs -- a fundamentally progressive view . Adam Smith anchored his economics in the supposed human `` propensity to truck , barter and exchange '' . Modern feminists have criticized traditional marriage and other institutions as element of an oppressive and obsolete patriarchy . The Marxist view -- which sees human nature as historically ' evolving ' towards voluntary social cooperation , shared by some anarchists -- is that supra - individual institutions such as the market and the state are incompatible with the individual liberty of a truly free society . | Institution |
819283879_15905-16605 | Economics , in recent years , has used game theory to study institutions from two perspectives . Firstly , how do institutions survive and evolve ? In this perspective , institutions arise from Nash equilibria of games . For example , whenever people pass each other in a corridor or thoroughfare , there is a need for customs , which avoid collisions . Such a custom might call for each party to keep to their own right ( or left -- such a choice is arbitrary , it is only necessary that the choice be uniform and consistent ) . Such customs may be supposed to be the origin of rules , such as the rule , adopted in many countries , which requires driving automobiles on the right side of the road . | Institution |
819283879_16606-17508 | Secondly , how do institutions affect behaviour ? In this perspective , the focus is on behaviour arising from a given set of institutional rules . In these models , institutions determine the rules ( i.e. strategy sets and utility functions ) of games , rather than arise as equilibria out of games . Douglass North argues , the very emergence of an institution reflects behavioral adaptations through his application of increasing returns . Over time institutions develop rules that incentivize certain behaviors over others because they present less risk or induce lower cost , and establish path dependent outcomes . For example , the Cournot duopoly model is based on an institution involving an auctioneer who sells all goods at the market - clearing price . While it is always possible to analyze behaviour with the institutions - as - equilibria approach instead , it is much more complicated . | Institution |
819283879_17509-18540 | In political science , the effect of institutions on behavior has also been considered from a meme perspective , like game theory borrowed from biology . A `` memetic institutionalism '' has been proposed , suggesting that institutions provide selection environments for political action , whereby differentiated retention arises and thereby a Darwinian evolution of institutions over time . Public choice theory , another branch of economics with a close relationship to political science , considers how government policy choices are made , and seeks to determine what the policy outputs are likely to be , given a particular political decision - making process and context . Credibility thesis purports that institutions emerge from intentional institution - building but never in the originally intended form . Instead , institutional development is endogenous and spontaneously ordered and institutional persistence can be explained by their credibility , which is provided by the function that particular institutions serve . | Institution |
819283879_18541-19019 | In history , a distinction between eras or periods , implies a major and fundamental change in the system of institutions governing a society . Political and military events are judged to be of historical significance to the extent that they are associated with changes in institutions . In European history , particular significance is attached to the long transition from the feudal institutions of the Middle Ages to the modern institutions , which govern contemporary life . | Institution |
819283879_19062-20251 | In order to understand why some institutions persist and other institutions only appear in certain contexts , it is important to understand what drives institutional change . Acemoglu , Johnson and Robinson assert that institutional change is endogenous . They posit a framework for institutional change that is rooted in the distribution of resources across society and preexisting political institutions . These two factors determine de jure and de facto political power , respectively , which in turn defines this period 's economic institutions and next period 's political institutions . Finally , the current economic institutions determine next period 's distribution of resources and the cycle repeats . Douglass North attributes institutional change to the work of `` political entrepreneurs '' , who see personal opportunities to be derived from a change institutional framework . These entrepreneurs weigh the expected costs of altering the institutional framework against the benefits they can derive from the change . North describes institutional change as a process that is extremely incremental , and that works through both formal and informal institutions . Institutional | Institution |
819283879_20273-21403 | North argues that because of the preexisting influence that existing organizations have over the existing framework , change that is brought about is often in the interests of these organizations . This produces a phenomenon called path dependence , which states that institutional patterns are persistent and endure over time . These paths are determined at critical junctures , analogous to a fork in the road , whose outcome leads to a narrowing of possible future outcomes . Once a choice is made during a critical juncture , it becomes progressively difficult to return to the initial point where the choice was made . James Mahoney studies path dependence in the context of national regime change in Central America and finds that liberal policy choices of Central American leaders in the 19th century was the critical juncture that led to the divergent levels of development that we see in these countries today . The policy choices that leaders made in the context of liberal reform policy led to a variety of self - reinforcing institutions that created divergent development outcomes for the Central American countries . | Institution |
819283879_21404-22639 | Though institutions are persistent , North states that paths can change course when external forces weaken the power of an existing organization . This allows other entrepreneurs to affect change in the institutional framework . This change can also occur as a result of gridlock between political actors produced by a lack of mediating institutions and an inability to reach a bargain . Artificial implementation of institutional change has been tested in political development but can have unintended consequences . North , Wallis , and Weingast divide societies into different social orders : open access orders , which about a dozen developed countries fall into today , and limited access orders , which accounts for the rest of the countries . Open access orders and limited access orders differ fundamentally in the way power and influence is distributed . As a result , open access institutions placed in limited access orders face limited success and are often coopted by the powerful elite for self - enrichment . Transition to more democratic institutions is not created simply by transplanting these institutions into new contexts , but happens when it is in the interest of the dominant coalition to widen access . Natural | Institution |
819283879_22659-23642 | Ian Lustick suggests that the social sciences , particularly those with the institution as a central concept , can benefit by applying the concept of natural selection to the study of how institutions change over time . By viewing institutions as existing within a fitness landscape , Lustick argues that the gradual improvements typical of many institutions can be seen as analogous to hill - climbing within one of these fitness landscapes . This can eventually lead to institutions becoming stuck on local maxima , such that for the institution to improve any further , it would first need to decrease its overall fitness score ( e.g. , adopt policies that may cause short - term harm to the institution 's members ) . The tendency to get stuck on local maxima can explain why certain types of institutions may continue to have policies that are harmful to its members or to the institution itself , even when members and leadership are all aware of the faults of these policies . | Institution |
819283879_23643-24665 | As an example , Lustick cites Amyx 's analysis of the gradual rise of the Japanese economy and its seemingly sudden reversal in the so - called `` Lost Decade '' . According to Amyx , Japanese experts were not unaware of the possible causes of Japan 's economic decline . Rather , to return Japan 's economy back to the path to economic prosperity , policymakers would have had to adopt policies that would first cause short - term harm to the Japanese people and government . Under this analysis , says Ian Lustick , Japan was stuck on a `` local maxima , '' which it arrived at through gradual increases in its fitness level , set by the economic landscape of the 1970s and 80s . Without an accompanying change in institutional flexibility , Japan was unable to adapt to changing conditions , and even though experts may have known which changes the country needed , they would have been virtually powerless to enact those changes without instituting unpopular policies that would have been harmful in the short - term . | Institution |
819283879_24666-25238 | The lessons from Lustick 's analysis applied to Sweden 's economic situation can similarly apply to the political gridlock that often characterizes politics in the United States . For example , Lustick observes that any politician who hopes to run for elected office stands very little to no chance if they enact policies that show no short - term results . Unfortunately , there is a mismatch between policies that bring about short - term benefits with minimal sacrifice , and those that bring about long - lasting change by encouraging institution - level adaptations . | Institution |
819283879_25239-26396 | There are some criticisms to Lustick 's application of natural selection theory to institutional change . Lustick himself notes that identifying the inability of institutions to adapt as a symptom of being stuck on a local maxima within a fitness landscape does nothing to solve the problem . At the very least , however , it might add credibility to the idea that truly beneficial change might require short - term harm to institutions and their members . David Sloan Wilson notes that Lustick needs to more carefully distinguish between two concepts : multilevel selection theory and evolution on multi-peaked landscapes . Bradley Thayer points out that the concept of a fitness landscape and local maxima only makes sense if one institution can be said to be `` better '' than another , and this in turn only makes sense insofar as there exists some objective measure of an institution 's quality . This may be relatively simple in evaluating the economic prosperity of a society , for example , but it is difficult to see how objectively a measure can be applied to the amount of freedom of a society , or the quality of life of the individuals within . | Institution |
819283879_26463-27170 | The term `` institutionalization '' is widely used in social theory to refer to the process of embedding something ( for example a concept , a social role , a particular value or mode of behavior ) within an organization , social system , or society as a whole . The term may also be used to refer to committing a particular individual to an institution , such as a mental institution . To this extent , `` institutionalization '' may carry negative connotations regarding the treatment of , and damage caused to , vulnerable human beings by the oppressive or corrupt application of inflexible systems of social , medical , or legal controls by publicly owned , private or not - for - profit organizations . | Institution |
819283879_27171-27427 | The term `` institutionalization '' may also be used in a political sense to apply to the creation or organization of governmental institutions or particular bodies responsible for overseeing or implementing policy , for example in welfare or development . | Institution |
856872117_122-762 | The Mask of Zorro Theatrical release poster Directed by Martin Campbell Produced by Doug Claybourne David Foster Screenplay by John Eskow Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Story by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Randall Jahnson Based on Zorro by Johnston McCulley Starring Antonio Banderas Anthony Hopkins Catherine Zeta - Jones Stuart Wilson Matt Letscher Music by James Horner Cinematography Phil Méheux Edited by Thom Noble Production company Amblin Entertainment Distributed by TriStar Pictures Release date July 17 , 1998 ( 1998 - 07 - 17 ) Running time 137 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $95 million Box office $250.3 million | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_763-1441 | The Mask of Zorro is a 1998 American swashbuckler film based on the character of the masked vigilante Zorro created by Johnston McCulley . It was directed by Martin Campbell and stars Antonio Banderas , Anthony Hopkins , Catherine Zeta - Jones , and Stuart Wilson . The film features the original Zorro , Don Diego de la Vega ( Hopkins ) , escaping from prison to find his long - lost daughter ( Zeta - Jones ) and avenge the death of his wife at the hands of the corrupt governor Rafael Montero ( Wilson ) . He is aided by his successor ( Banderas ) , who is pursuing his own vendetta against the governor 's right - hand man while falling in love with de la Vega 's daughter . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_1442-2132 | Producer Steven Spielberg had initially developed the film for TriStar Pictures with directors Mikael Salomon and Robert Rodriguez , before Campbell signed on in 1996 . Salomon cast Sean Connery as Don Diego de la Vega , while Rodriguez brought Banderas in the lead role . Connery dropped out and was replaced with Hopkins , and The Mask of Zorro began filming in January 1997 at Estudios Churubusco in Mexico City , Mexico . The film was released in the United States on July 17 , 1998 to critical and commercial success . The Legend of Zorro , a sequel also starring Banderas and Zeta - Jones and directed by Campbell , was released in 2005 , but did not fare as well as its predecessor . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_2408-3740 | In 1821 , Don Diego de la Vega ( Anthony Hopkins ) , a Californio nobleman , fights against the Spanish in the Mexican War of Independence as Zorro , a mysterious swordsman who defends the Mexican peasants and commoners of Las Californias . Don Rafael Montero ( Stuart Wilson ) , the corrupt governor of the region , learns of De La Vega 's alter ego , and attempts to arrest him . De la Vega 's wife Esperanza is killed during the scuffle . Montero imprisons de La Vega and takes his infant daughter , Elena , as his own before returning to Spain . Twenty years later Montero returns to California as a civilian , alongside Elena ( Catherine Zeta - Jones ) who has grown into a beautiful woman and resembles her late mother . Montero 's reappearance motivates de La Vega to escape from prison . He encounters a thief , Alejandro Murietta ( Antonio Banderas ) who , as a child , once did Zorro a favor . De la Vega decides that fate has brought them together , and agrees to make Alejandro his protégé , grooming him to be the new Zorro . Alejandro agrees to undergo de La Vega 's training regimen in Zorro 's lair underneath the ruins of his family estate in order to be able to take revenge on Captain Harrison Love ( Matt Letscher ) Montero 's right - hand man , who was responsible for killing Alejandro 's brother , Joaquin . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_3741-4490 | While still being trained , Alejandro steals a black stallion resembling Tornado from the local garrison . De La Vega scolds Alejandro , claiming that Zorro was a servant of the people , not a thief and adventurer . He challenges Alejandro to gain Montero 's trust instead . Alejandro poses as a visiting nobleman named Don Alejandro del Castillo y García , with de la Vega as his servant , and attends a party at Montero 's hacienda . At the party he gains Elena 's admiration and enough of Montero 's trust to be invited to a secret meeting where several other noblemen are present . Montero hints at a plan to retake California for the Dons by buying it from General Santa Anna , who needs money to fund his upcoming war with the United States . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_4491-5352 | Montero takes Alejandro and the noblemen to a secret gold mine known as `` El Dorado '' , where peasants and prisoners are used for slave labor . Montero plans to buy California from Santa Anna using gold mined from Santa Anna 's own land . De la Vega uses this opportunity to become closer to Elena , though he identifies himself as `` Bernardo '' the servant , learning that Montero told Elena that her mother died in childbirth . While walking in a market , Elena meets the woman who was her nanny who tells Elena her parents ' real identity . De la Vega sends Alejandro , dressed as Zorro , to steal Montero 's map leading to the gold mine . Zorro duels Montero , Love , and their guards at the hacienda . When Zorro escapes , Elena attempts to retrieve Montero 's map from the swordsman , but he seduces her , leading to a passionate kiss before he flees . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_5353-6546 | Terrified of Santa Anna 's retribution if he discovers that he is being paid with his own gold , Montero , at Love 's urging , decides to destroy the mine and kill the workers . De la Vega tells Alejandro to release the workers on his own so that de La Vega can reclaim Elena . Alejandro sets off , feeling betrayed by Diego 's vendetta . De la Vega corners Montero at the hacienda and reveals his identity , but Montero captures him by threatening Elena . As he is taken away , de la Vega tells Elena the name of the flowers , romneya , she recognized upon her arrival in California , convincing her that he is her father . She releases de la Vega from his cell and they proceed to the mine , where Alejandro and de la Vega respectively defeat and slay Love and Montero . Elena and Alejandro free the workers before the explosives go off , and then find the mortally wounded de la Vega . He makes peace with Alejandro before dying , passing the mantle of Zorro to him , and gives his blessings for his marriage to Elena . In a closing sequence they are shown to be living together after rebuilding the de la Vega family señorío with a son named Joaquín , in honor of Alejandro 's brother . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_6596-8187 | Antonio Banderas as Alejandro Murrieta / Zorro : Despite claims made by several media outlets and Antonio Banderas , Banderas was not the first Spanish actor to portray Zorro . Spanish actor José Suárez was cast as Zorro in the 1953 film Lawless Mountain , and Spanish actor Carlos Quiney ( aka Charles Quiney ) portrayed Zorro in three films : Zorro 's Latest Adventure ( 1969 ) , Zorro , Rider of Vengeance ( 1971 ) and Zorro the Invincible ( 1971 ) ( though Banderas was still the first Spanish actor to portray Zorro in a Hollywood production ) . Banderas was paid $5 million for the role . The character of Alejandro Murrieta was conceived as the fictional brother of the real - life Joaquin Murrieta , making the character either Mexican or Chilean . To prepare for his role , Banderas practiced with the Olympic fencing team in Spain for four months , before studying additional fencing and swordsmanship with Anthony Hopkins and Catherine Zeta - Jones . The three were trained by Bob Anderson during pre-production in Mexico , spending 10 hours a day for two months specifically on fight scenes from the film . `` We used to call him Grumpy Bob on the set , he was such a perfectionist , '' director Martin Campbell reflected . `` He was incredibly inventive , and also refused to treat any of the actors as stars . They would complain about the intensity of the training , but having worked with him there 's nobody I 'd rather use . '' During interviews for The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , Anderson rated Banderas the best natural talent he had worked with . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_8249-9035 | Anthony Hopkins as Don Diego de la Vega / Zorro : Hopkins was cast in December 1996 , one month before filming began . Hopkins , known for his dramatic acting , took up the role over his enthusiasm to be in an action film . Catherine Zeta - Jones as Elena Montero : The actress signed on in November 1996 , when Spielberg saw her performance in the Titanic miniseries and recommended her to Campbell . Despite being a Welsh actress portraying a Latina character , Zeta - Jones discovered similarities between her `` volatile '' Celtic temper and the Latin temperament of Eléna . Izabella Scorupco , who worked with Campbell on GoldenEye , and Judith Godrèche both screen tested for the part . Zeta - Jones credits The Mask of Zorro as her breakthrough in entering A-list recognition . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_9109-9705 | Stuart Wilson as Don Rafael Montero : Armand Assante had initially been cast in the role , but dropped out due to scheduling conflicts with The Odyssey . Stuart Wilson , who Campbell previously directed in No Escape , was cast in Assante 's place four months after . Matt Letscher as Captain Harrison Love Tony Amendola as Don Luiz Pedro Armendáriz , Jr. as Don Pedro Victor Rivers as Joaquín Murrieta Diego Sieres as Young Joaquín Murrieta L.Q. Jones as Three - fingered Jack Julieta Rosen as Esperanza De La Vega , Don Diego 's beloved wife and Elena 's mother Maury Chaykin as Prison Warden | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_9895-10779 | In October 1992 , TriStar Pictures and Steven Spielberg 's Amblin Entertainment were planning to start production on Zorro the following year , and hired Joel Gross to rewrite the script after they were impressed with his adaptation of The Three Musketeers . At the time , Spielberg was producing Zorro with the potential to direct . Gross completed his rewrite in March 1993 , and TriStar entered pre-production , creating early promotion for the film that same month at the ShoWest trade show . By December 1993 , Branko Lustig was producing the film with Spielberg , and Mikael Salomon was attached as director . In August 1994 , Sean Connery was cast as Don Diego de la Vega , while Salomon stated that the rest of the major cast would be Hispanic or Latino . Pre-production proceeded even further in August when Salomon compiled test footage for a planned April 1995 start date . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_10780-12065 | Connery and Salomon eventually dropped out , and in September 1995 , Robert Rodriguez , fresh from the success of Desperado , signed to direct with Antonio Banderas , who had also starred in Desperado , playing the title role . TriStar and Amblin had been surprised by Rodriguez 's low - budget filming techniques for his action films , El Mariachi and Desperado , and shifted away from their initial plans with Salomon to make a big - budget version of Zorro . Spielberg had hoped Rodriguez would start filming in January 1996 for a Christmas release date , but the start date was pushed back to July . The release date was later moved to Easter 1997 . Rodriguez pulled out of the film ' in June 1996 over difficulties coming to terms with TriStar on the budget . The studio projected a range of $35 million , while Rodriguez wanted $45 million . They both attempted to compromise when Rodriguez lowered it to $42 million , but the studio refused and set $41 million as their highest mark . Banderas remained with the production , and Martin Campbell signed on later that month , turning down the chance to direct Tomorrow Never Dies . The finished screenplay would be written by John Eskow , Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio , based on a story by Elliott , Rossio , and Randall Jahnson . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_13314-14278 | On January 24 , 2001 , Sony Pictures Entertainment filed a lawsuit in United States District Court , Central District of California , Western Division , against Fireworks Entertainment Group , the producers of the syndicated television series Queen of Swords . Sony alleged copyright infringement and other claims , saying the series `` copied protectable elements from ( the ) ' Zorro ' character and ' Zorro ' related works '' . On April 5 , 2001 , U.S. District Judge Collins denied Sony 's motion for a preliminary injunction , noting `` that since the copyrights in ( Johnson McCulley 's 1919 short story ) The Curse of Capistrano and ( the 1920 movie ) The Mark of Zorro lapsed in 1995 or before , the character Zorro has been in the public domain . '' As to specific elements of The Mask of Zorro , the judge found that any similarities between the film and the TV series ' secondary characters and plot elements were insufficient to warrant an injunction . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_14294-14927 | The Mask of Zorro : Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack album by James Horner Released July 7 , 1998 Recorded 1997 -- 1998 Genre Soundtrack Length 74 : 47 Label Sony Classical Records Epic Soundtrax Producer Jim Steinman Simon Rhodes Tony Hinnigan James Horner James Horner soundtracks chronology Deep Impact String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found The Mask of Zorro Back to Titanic String Module Error : Match not foundString Module Error : Match not found Singles from The Mask of Zorro : Music from the Motion Picture `` I Want to Spend My Lifetime Loving You '' Released : October 9 , 1998 | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_15018-15611 | James Horner was hired to compose the film score in September 1997 . Horner 's work on The Mask of Zorro was influenced by Miklós Rózsa 's score from El Cid . The soundtrack , released by Sony Classical Records and Epic Soundtrax , was commercially successful and propelled by the rising profile of the Latin heartthrobs of Marc Anthony and Australian singer Tina Arena . Their duet , `` I Want to Spend My Lifetime Loving You '' , plays in the closing credits of the film and was released as a single in Europe . The song went # 3 on the French singles and # 4 on the Dutch singles charts . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_15643-16659 | The Mask of Zorro and its sequel The Legend of Zorro incorporate certain historical events and people into their narrative . Antonio Banderas ' character , Alejandro Murrieta , is a fictional brother of Joaquin Murrieta , a real Mexican outlaw who was killed by the California State Rangers led by Harry Love ( portrayed in the film as Texas Army Captain `` Harrison Love '' ) in 1853 . The confrontation in the film takes place more than a decade earlier , in 1841 . The capture of Murrieta 's right - hand man Three - Fingered Jack by Love was also historical ; however , the real person was a Mexican named Manuel Garcia rather than an Anglo - American . As he did in the movie , the actual Harry Love preserved both Murrieta 's head and Jack 's hand in large , alcohol - filled glass jars . The opening sequence is set during the aftermath of the Mexican War of Independence , and an original ending on the DVD includes an appearance by Antonio López de Santa Anna , who is only mentioned in the finished film . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_16677-17325 | The Mask of Zorro was initially set for release on December 19 , 1997 before the release date was changed to March 1998 . There was speculation within the media about whether TriStar changed the date in an attempt to avoid competition with Titanic . In reality Zorro had encountered production problems that extended its shooting schedule . In addition , Sony Pictures Entertainment , TriStar 's parent company , wanted an action film for its first quarter releases of 1998 . The release date was once again pushed back , this time to July 1998 , when pick - ups were commissioned . The delay from March to July added $3 million in interest costs . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_17326-17875 | To market Zorro , TriStar purchased a 30 - second advertising spot at Super Bowl XXXII for $1.3 million . Sony , who had been known for their low - key presence at the ShoWest trade show , showed clips from the film , while actors Antonio Banderas and Anthony Hopkins presented a panel at the conference on May 10 , 1998 . The studio also attached Zorro 's trailer to prints of Godzilla . Sony launched an official website in June 1998 . Internet marketing was an emerging concept in the late - 1990s , and Zorro was Sony 's first film to use VRML . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_17876-18204 | The Mask of Zorro caught the attention of European Royalty with the film 's foreign premieres . Spain 's King Juan Carlos I , Queen Sophia , and Princess Elena attended the first Royal premiere in Madrid in seven years . On December 10 , 1998 , a Royal Command Performance for Zorro was toplined by Prince Charles and his sons . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_18225-18399 | The Mask of Zorro was released on VHS and DVD on December 1 , 1998 by Columbia TriStar Home Video . The film was released on Blu - ray on December 1 , 2009 by Sony Pictures . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_18446-18762 | Based on 69 reviews aggregated by Rotten Tomatoes , 81 % of the critics enjoyed The Mask of Zorro , giving it an average score of 7.1 / 10 . Metacritic gave the film an average score of 63 / 100 , based on 22 reviews . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_18763-19922 | Richard Schickel of Time magazine praised Zorro as a summer blockbuster which paid tribute to the classical Hollywood swashbuckler films . `` The action in this movie , most of which takes the form of spectacular stunt work performed by real , as opposed to digitized , people , '' Schickel stated , `` is motivated by simple , powerful emotions of an old - fashioned and rather melodramatic nature . '' Zorro exceeded Roger Ebert 's expectations , who was surprised by the screenplay 's display of traditional film craftsmanship . `` It 's a reminder of the time when stunts and special effects were integrated into stories , rather than the other way around . '' Ebert later called The Mask of Zorro `` probably the best Zorro movie ever made . '' Despite giving credit to Anthony Hopkins for his masculine portrayal of an older Zorro , Mick LaSalle , writing in the San Francisco Chronicle , found that the actor 's `` performance presents a slight problem : The film asks us to believe that no one has figured out that Zorro and his real - life persona are the same person , even though they are the only guys in Mexico who talk with a British accent . '' | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_19923-21351 | Todd McCarthy of Variety found the film 's length to be `` somewhat overlong '' and lacking `` the snap and concision that would have put it over the top as a bang - up entertainment , but it 's closer in spirit to a vintage Errol Flynn or Tyrone Power swashbuckler than anything that 's come out of Hollywood in quite some time . '' In his review for Rolling Stone magazine , Peter Travers criticized the casting choices for the Mexican roles , which included Banderas , a Spaniard , as well as Hopkins and Zeta - Jones , who are both Welsh . Disappointed with the film 's entertainment value , Travers also expected the film to be a failure with audiences . Internet reviewer James Berardinelli compared the tone and style of The Mask of Zorro to producer Steven Spielberg 's Raiders of the Lost Ark . `` While The Mask of Zorro is n't on the same level , it 's not an altogether ridiculous comparison . Even though Zorro does n't feature the non-stop cliffhanger adventure of Raiders , '' Berardinelli continued , `` there 's still plenty of action , tumult , and derring - do . '' He was undecided whether the film would be a box office success , and that it would depend on the on - screen chemistry between Banderas and Zeta - Jones . In one of the film 's most popular scenes , Alejandro renders Eléna topless with a flurry of sword slashes . One critic placed it on his list of `` Erotic ( Film ) Scenes in the 90s '' . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_21372-21948 | The Mask of Zorro was released in the United States on July 17 , 1998 in 2,515 theaters , earning $22,525,855 in its opening weekend . The film dropped from its number one position in the second week with the releases of Saving Private Ryan and There 's Something About Mary . The Mask of Zorro eventually earned $94,095,523 within the US , and $156,193,000 internationally , coming to a worldwide total of $250,288,523 . With the commercial success of the film , Sony sold the TV rights of Zorro for $30 million in a joint deal to CBS and Turner Broadcasting System ( TBS ) . | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_21968-22670 | Awarding Body Award Nominee Result Academy Awards Best Sound Effects Editing Dave McMoyler Nominated Best Sound Kevin O'Connell , Greg P. Russell , and Pud Cusack Nominated British Academy Film Awards ( BAFTAs ) Best Costume Design Graciela Mazón Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Nominated Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Antonio Banderas Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Breakthrough Female Performance Catherine Zeta - Jones Nominated Best Fight Antonio Banderas , Catherine Zeta - Jones Nominated Saturn Awards Best Action / Adventure / Thriller Film Nominated Best Actress Catherine Zeta - Jones Nominated Best Costumes Graciela Mazón Nominated | The Mask of Zorro |
856872117_12576-13789 | The principal photography for the film began in Mexico on January 27 , 1997 on a $60 million budget . The Mask of Zorro was mostly shot at Estudios Churubusco in Mexico City . Production stalled for four days in February when the director , Martin Campbell , was hospitalized for bronchitis . Filming resumed in Tlaxcala , three hours east of Mexico City , where the production crew constructed the Montero hacienda and town set pieces . Sony sent David Foster to join the project as a producer to help fill the void left by Steven Spielberg , Walter F. Parkes , and Laurie MacDonald , who were busy running DreamWorks . Foster and David S. Ward , who went uncredited , re-wrote some scenes ; the troubled production caused The Mask of Zorro to go $10 million over its budget . In December , the producers were frustrated by customs agents when some props and other items , including Zorro 's plastic sword , were held for nine days . During the post-production phase , Spielberg and Campbell decided that Diego de la Vega 's death in the arms of his daughter was too depressing . The ending , where Alejandro and Eléna are happily married with their infant son , was added three months after filming had ended . | The Mask of Zorro |
838260565_66-418 | Gynaecology A dilating vaginal speculum , a tool for examining the vagina , in a model of the female reproductive system System Female reproductive system Subdivisions Oncology , Maternal medicine , Maternal - fetal medicine Significant diseases Gynaecological cancers , infertility , dysmenorrhea Significant tests Laparoscopy Specialist Gynaecologist | Gynaecology |
838260565_419-777 | Gynaecology or gynecology ( see spelling differences ) is the medical practice dealing with the health of the female reproductive systems ( vagina , uterus , and ovaries ) and the breasts . Outside medicine , the term means `` the science of women '' . Its counterpart is andrology , which deals with medical issues specific to the male reproductive system . | Gynaecology |
838260565_778-943 | Almost all modern gynaecologists are also obstetricians ( see obstetrics and gynaecology ) . In many areas , the specialities of gynaecology and obstetrics overlap . | Gynaecology |
838260565_1127-1271 | The word `` gynaecology '' comes from the oblique stem ( γυναικ - ) of Greek γυνή ( gyne ) , `` woman '' , and - logia , `` study '' . | Gynaecology |
838260565_1289-1824 | The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus , dated to about 1800 BC , deals with women 's complaints -- gynaecological diseases , fertility , pregnancy , contraception , etc . The text is divided into thirty - four sections , each section dealing with a specific problem and containing diagnosis and treatment ; no prognosis is suggested . Treatments are non surgical , comprising applying medicines to the affected body part or swallowing them . The womb is at times seen as the source of complaints manifesting themselves in other body parts . | Gynaecology |
838260565_1825-2404 | The Hippocratic Corpus contains several gynaecological treatises dating to the 5th / 4th centuries BC . Aristotle is another strong source for medical texts from the 4th century BC with his descriptions of biology primarily found in History of Animals , Parts of Animals , Generation of Animals . The gynaecological treatise Gynaikeia by Soranus of Ephesus ( 1st / 2nd century AD ) is extant ( together with a 6th - century Latin paraphrase by Muscio , a physician of the same school ) . He was the chief representative of the school of physicians known as the `` Methodists '' . | Gynaecology |
838260565_2405-3537 | J. Marion Sims is widely considered the father of modern gynaecology . Now criticized for the short comings . He developed some of his techniques by operating on slaves , many of whom were not given anaesthesia . Sims performed surgeries on 12 enslaved women in his homemade backyard hospital for four years . While performing the surgeries he invited men physicians and students to come watch the invasive and painful surgeries while the women were exposed . On one of the women , named Anarcha , he performed 13 surgeries and without anesthesia . Due to having so many enslaved women he would rotate from one to another continuous trying to perfect the repairment of fistulas . In the four years he performed these surgeries the physicians and students lost interest in assisting him . Due to this he got the other enslaved women , who were healing from their surgeries , to assist him in the operations , which required them to help in the performance of these painful surgeries on the other women . In 1855 Sims went on to found the Woman 's Hospital in New York , this was the first hospital specifically for female disorders . | Gynaecology |
838260565_3898-4516 | In some countries , women must first see a general practitioner ( GP ; also known as a family practitioner ( FP ) ) prior to seeing a gynaecologist . If their condition requires training , knowledge , surgical procedure , or equipment unavailable to the GP , the patient is then referred to a gynaecologist . In the United States , however , law and many health insurance plans allow gynaecologists to provide primary care in addition to aspects of their own specialty . With this option available , some women opt to see a gynaecological surgeon for non-gynaecological problems without another physician 's referral . | Gynaecology |
838260565_4517-5555 | As in all of medicine , the main tools of diagnosis are clinical history and examination . Gynaecological examination is quite intimate , more so than a routine physical exam . It also requires unique instrumentation such as the speculum . The speculum consists of two hinged blades of concave metal or plastic which are used to retract the tissues of the vagina and permit examination of the cervix , the lower part of the uterus located within the upper portion of the vagina . Gynaecologists typically do a bimanual examination ( one hand on the abdomen and one or two fingers in the vagina ) to palpate the cervix , uterus , ovaries and bony pelvis . It is not uncommon to do a rectovaginal examination for complete evaluation of the pelvis , particularly if any suspicious masses are appreciated . Male gynaecologists may have a female chaperone for their examination . An abdominal or vaginal ultrasound can be used to confirm any abnormalities appreciated with the bimanual examination or when indicated by the patient 's history . | Gynaecology |
838260565_5633-6189 | Cancer and pre-cancerous diseases of the reproductive organs including ovaries , fallopian tubes , uterus , cervix , vagina , and vulva Incontinence of urine Amenorrhoea ( absent menstrual periods ) Dysmenorrhoea ( painful menstrual periods ) Infertility Menorrhagia ( heavy menstrual periods ) ; a common indication for hysterectomy Prolapse of pelvic organs Infections of the vagina ( vaginitis ) , cervix and uterus ( including fungal , bacterial , viral , and protozoal ) UTI and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Premenstrual Syndrome Other vaginal diseases | Gynaecology |
838260565_6190-6311 | There is some crossover in these areas . For example , a woman with urinary incontinence may be referred to a urologist . | Gynaecology |
838260565_6331-6939 | As with all surgical specialties , gynaecologists may employ medical or surgical therapies ( or many times , both ) , depending on the exact nature of the problem that they are treating . Pre - and post-operative medical management will often employ many standard drug therapies , such as antibiotics , diuretics , antihypertensives , and antiemetics . Additionally , gynaecologists make frequent use of specialized hormone - modulating therapies ( such as Clomifene citrate and hormonal contraception ) to treat disorders of the female genital tract that are responsive to pituitary or gonadal signals . For | Gynaecology |
838260565_7045-7988 | Surgery , however , is the mainstay of gynaecological therapy . For historical and political reasons , gynaecologists were previously not considered `` surgeons '' , although this point has always been the source of some controversy . Modern advancements in both general surgery and gynaecology , however , have blurred many of the once rigid lines of distinction . The rise of sub-specialties within gynaecology which are primarily surgical in nature ( for example urogynaecology and gynaecological oncology ) have strengthened the reputations of gynaecologists as surgical practitioners , and many surgeons and surgical societies have come to view gynaecologists as comrades of sorts . As proof of this changing attitude , gynaecologists are now eligible for fellowship in both the American College of Surgeons and Royal Colleges of Surgeons , and many newer surgical textbooks include chapters on ( at least basic ) gynaecological surgery . | Gynaecology |
838260565_8062-9438 | Dilation and curettage ( removal of the uterine contents for various reasons , including completing a partial miscarriage and diagnostic sampling for dysfunctional uterine bleeding refractive to medical therapy ) Hysterectomy ( removal of the uterus ) Oophorectomy ( removal of the ovaries ) Tubal ligation ( a type of permanent sterilization ) Hysteroscopy ( inspection of the uterine cavity ) Diagnostic laparoscopy -- used to diagnose and treat sources of pelvic and abdominal pain ; perhaps most famously used to provide a definitive diagnosis of endometriosis . Exploratory laparotomy -- may be used to investigate the level of progression of benign or malignant disease , or to assess and repair damage to the pelvic organs . Various surgical treatments for urinary incontinence , including cystoscopy and sub-urethral slings . Surgical treatment of pelvic organ prolapse , including correction of cystocele and rectocele . Appendectomy -- often performed to remove site of painful endometriosis implantation or prophylactically ( against future acute appendicitis ) at the time of hysterectomy or Caesarean section . May also be performed as part of a staging operation for ovarian cancer . Cervical Excision Procedures ( including cryosurgery ) -- removal of the surface of the cervix containing pre-cancerous cells which have been previously identified on Pap smear . | Gynaecology |
838260565_9468-9710 | Gynaecologist Occupation Names Doctor , Medical Specialist Specialty Activity sectors Medicine Description Education required Doctor of Medicine ( M.D. or MBBS ) Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( D.O. ) Fields of employment Hospitals , Clinics | Gynaecology |
838260565_9711-10237 | In the UK the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists , based in London , encourages the study and advancement of both the science and practice of obstetrics and gynaecology . This is done through postgraduate medical education and training development , and the publication of clinical guidelines and reports on aspects of the specialty and service provision . The RCOG International Office works with other international organisations to help lower maternal morbidity and mortality in under - resourced countries . | Gynaecology |
838260565_10238-10338 | Gynaecologic oncology is a subspecialty of gynaecology , dealing with gynaecology - related cancer . | Gynaecology |
838260565_10369-10917 | Despite the patients being predominantly female , like all specialist areas of health , historically gynaecology has been dominated by male doctors . However , in recent times as many of the barriers to access the education and training required to successfully practice gynaecology were removed , women have started to outnumber men in the field . There are a number of reasons for this , ranging from women being motivated to become gynaecologists after having bad experiences with male doctors to men choosing to specialize in different fields . | Gynaecology |
838260565_10918-11372 | Possible reasons reported for the decrease in male gynaecologists range from there being a perception of a lack of respect from other doctors towards them , distrust about their motivations for wanting to work exclusively with female sexual organs and questions about their overall character , as well as a concern about being associated with other male gynaecologists who have been arrested for sex offences and limited future employment opportunities . | Gynaecology |
838260565_11373-11942 | Surveys have also shown a large and consistent majority of women are uncomfortable being forced to have intimate exams done by a male doctor . They are also less likely to be embarrassed , so as a result talk more openly and in greater details , when discussing their sexual history with another woman rather than a man , leading to questions about the ability of male gynaecologists to offer quality care to patients . This , when coupled with more women choosing female physicians has decreased the employment opportunities for men choosing to become gynaecologists . | Gynaecology |
838260565_11943-12505 | In the United States , it has been reported that 4 in 5 students choosing a residency in gynaecology are now female . In Sweden , to comply with discrimination laws , patients may not choose a doctor -- irregardless of specialty -- based on factors such as ethnicity or gender and declining to see a doctor solely because of preference regarding e.g. the practitioner 's skin color or gender may legally be viewed as refusing care . In Turkey , due to patient preference to be seen by another female , there are now few male gynaecologists working in the field . | Gynaecology |