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Plumber's nightmare In soft matter physics, plumber's nightmare are structures that are characterized by fully connected, periodic, and topologically nontrivial surfaces. The term plumber's nightmare became widely known through a publication by David A. Huse and Stanislas Leibler who attribute the name to Sol Gruner. References Category:Soft matter

The Wish List (political organization) The Wish List is a political action committee devoted to electing pro-choice Republican women to the House of Representatives and Senate. The Wish List was founded in 1992. The acronym "WISH" stands for Women In the Senate and House. The Wish List recruits candidates to run for federal office and state legislative offices. The Wish List offers support for candidates by bundling contributions from their members. They have hosted events on in DC, being featured on C-SPAN, to promote their candidates. The organization encourages members to donate to two of the eligible candidates during an election cycle. The organization claims to raise over 1 million per year from their supporters. In 2004, the Wish List supported 11 Republican candidates for federal office. This committee is the Republican equivalent to EMILY's List, whose goal is to elect pro-choice Democratic women. Susan B. Anthony List is the anti-abortion counterpart to this organization, whose goal is to assist pro-life women candidates. The Wish List maintained strong alliances with other moderate Republican groups, such as the Republican Majority for Choice, It's My Party Too, and Republicans For Choice. In 2010, the Wish List had officially joined with the Republican Majority for Choice. In 2018, the Republican Majority for Choice ceased to be an active PAC. The Wish List continues to be an active PAC. Members Wish List Chairwoman, Glenda L. Greenwald President, Pat Giardina Carpenter Secretary, Victoria Toensing Treasurer, Maureen H. Lydon Senate Lisa Murkowski, Alaska Susan Collins, Maine Shelley Moore Capito, West Virginia Kay Bailey Hutchison, Texas (former Senator) Olympia Snowe, Maine (former Senator) House Mary Bono Mack of California (former U.S. Representative) Lynn Jenkins of Kansas (former U.S. Representative) Kay Granger of Texas (currently identifies as pro-life; no longer as pro-choice) Nancy Johnson, Connecticut (former U.S. Representative) Heather Wilson of New Mexico (former U.S. Representative) Ginny Brown-Waite, Florida (former U.S. Representative) Sue Kelly, New York (former U.S. Representative) Judy Biggert of Illinois (former U.S. Representative) Deborah Pryce of Ohio (former U.S. Representative) Governors Jodi Rell, Connecticut (No longer a governor) Linda Lingle, Hawaii (No longer a governor) Other statewide offices Arizona Corporation Commissioner Kristin Mayes (No longer in office) Kansas Insurance Commissioner Sandy Praeger (No longer Insurance Commissioner; now a Democrat) North Carolina Labor Commissioner Cherie Killian Berry Arizona Secretary of State Michele Reagan (No longer Secretary of State) Illinois State Comptroller Judy Baar Topinka (died in office) Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor Kerry Healey (No longer Lt. Governor) Delaware State Treasurer Janet Rzewnicki (No longer in office) Massachusetts Acting Governor Jane Swift (No longer in office) State Senate State House References External links Category:Abortion-rights organizations in the United States Category:Republican Party (United States) organizations Category:1992 establishments in the United States Category:Organizations established in 1992

Schmerbach (Herrgottsbach) Schmerbach is a river of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is the right headstream of the Herrgottsbach. References See also List of rivers of Baden-Württemberg Category:Rivers of Baden-Württemberg Category:Rivers of Germany de:Herrgottsbach (Tauber)#Schmerbach

Nueve de Julio Department, Santa Fe The Nueve de Julio Department (in Spanish, Departamento Nueve de Julio) is an administrative subdivision (departamento) of the province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It is located in the northwestern corner of the province, limiting with the Vera Department in the east, and with the San Cristóbal Department in the south. To the north it limits with the province of Chaco, and to the west with the province of Santiago del Estero. The department is the second largest in the province, but it has only about 28,000 inhabitants. The head town is Tostado (population 14,000). Other cities and towns are Esteban Rams, Gato Colorado, Gregoria Pérez de Denis, Juan De Garay, Logroño, Montefiore, Pozo Borrado, San Bernardo, Santa Margarita, and Villa Minetti. The name of this department corresponds to the date of the Argentine Declaration of Independence (9 July 1816) and is often spelled with the actual figure 9 (Departamento 9 de Julio). References Inforama - Municipalities of the Nueve de Julio Department. Category:Departments of Santa Fe Province

42nd Group 42nd Group may refer to: 42nd Support Group (United Kingdom), a unit of the United Kingdom Army Marine Aircraft Group 42, a unit of the United States Marine Corps 42d Air Base Wing (42nd Bombardment Group), a unit of the United States Air Force See also 42nd Division (disambiguation) 42nd Brigade (disambiguation) 42nd Regiment (disambiguation) 42nd Battalion (disambiguation) 42nd Squadron (disambiguation)

Alexander Murison A. F. Murison, MA, LLD, KC. (3 March 1847 – 8 June 1934) was an eminent Professor of Roman Law and Jurisprudence at University College, London and at Oxford University. He was a prolific writer for newspapers and journals in a wide variety of subjects with comparatively few publications in his specialism of Roman Law. He collated the text of Theophilus' Greek of Justinian's Institutes but failed to finish his extensive work in this field. However, his translation of Theophilus was published in 2010 as the parallel English text accompanying the Greek in the new edition. He also wrote two biographical works in Scottish history: Sir William Wallace (1898) and King Robert the Bruce (1899) in the Famous Scots Series published by Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier. Lack of money took him into journalism and he was editor of the Educational Times (now the Times Educational Supplement) from 1902 to 1912 and on the staff of the Daily Chronicle. He even had time to enter politics and he stood as a Liberal Party candidate in at least three General Elections: for the Glasgow and Aberdeen Universities constituency in 1906 and for the Glasgow Central constituency in December 1910 and January 1910 and lost on all three occasions to a Conservative candidate. He died on 8 June 1934 at his home in Clapham Common, London. Origins in Scotland Murison was born at New Deer, Aberdeenshire, Scotland on 3 March 1847. He was born to a crofting family and looked after cattle as a boy. He won a bursary to Aberdeen Grammar School where he excelled and won a scholarship to Aberdeen University. After achieving a first class honours M.A. degree in classics, he returned to his old school and was an English Master there from 1869 to 1876. He married Elizabeth Logan in 1870 and they had two children, Alexander Logan (1871) and James William (1872). William (as he preferred to be called) became Chief Justice of the Straits Settlements. Academic career in London and Oxford 1876–81: Moved to London in 1876 and enrolled as trainee barrister in the Middle Temple and was called to the bar in 1881. 1881–83: Earned his living as a teacher, journalist, and legal practice before the Privy Council and the Chancery Division. 1883–1925: Professor of Roman Law and later of Jurisprudence at University College, London. 1912–24: Dean of the Faculty of Laws and member of the senate of the University of London. Also, in 1915, he became deputy reader in Roman Law at Oxford and then deputy professor of civil law in 1916. 1925–34: Years of retirement and journalism. Selected bibliography First Work in English: Grammar and Composition Taught by a Comparative Study of Equivalent Forms, Oxford University, 1875 The Globe Readers, Books One to Five, London: Macmillan & Co., 1881–84. “A short history of Roman law” in W.A. Hunter, A Systematic and Historical Exposition of Roman Law in the Order of a Code, 2nd edition (London, 1885) 1–121 [repr. in 3rd ed. 1897; 4th ed. 1903]; usually referred to as "The External History of Roman Law” "Lex Dei," Classical Review 27 (1913) 274–277 [review of M. Hyamson, Mosicarum et Romanarum Legum Collatio (London, 1913)] W.A. Hunter (revised and enlarged by A.F. Murison), Introduction to Roman Law, 8th edition (London, 1921) Horace rendered in English verse (London, 1931) The Bucolics & Georgics of Vergil rendered in English hexameters (London, 1932) The Odes of Pindar rendered in English verse (London, 1933) The Iliad of Homer rendered in English hexameters, vol.1: Books I-XII (London, 1933) "The law in the Latin poets," in Atti del Congresso Internazionale

di diritto romano: Roma 2 (Pavia, 1935) 607–639 Schiller's Wallenstein: A Dramatic Poem rendered into English Verse. Translated by Alexander Falconer Murison. London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1931. Footnotes Sources External links http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35152 http://www.electricscotland.com/history/other/murison_alexander.htm http://www.murison.net https://web.archive.org/web/20100508012100/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/history2/volterra/murison.htm Category:1847 births Category:1934 deaths Category:Scottish scholars and academics Category:People from Buchan Category:Scottish lawyers Category:Scottish biographers Category:Legal historians

Voivodeship road 113 (Poland) Voivodeship road 113 (, abbreviated DW 113) is a route in the Polish voivodeship roads network. The route runs through the Goleniów County. The route has 19 km in length. Important settlements along the route Żółwia Błoć Żółwia Mosty Jarosławki Maszewo Route plan References 113

Jody Rigby Jody Rigby is an Australian television personality, often appearing as a horticulturist on gardening programs. Television Rigby began her career on the Nine Network's Backyard Blitz in 2000, where she remained until the show finished in early 2008. The show was popular and it won six Logies. In 2008, she moved to the Seven Network to appear on The Outdoor Room, along with Jamie Durie, who also was a part of Backyard Blitz. She is currently hosting Garden Angels alongside Melissa King and Linda Ross on Foxtel's Lifestyle channel. Other media appearances Rigby appeared on the cover of Ralph magazine in September 2004. References External links Category:Australian gardeners Category:Australian horticulturists Category:Australian television presenters Category:Living people Category:1976 births

Kamar Jorden Kamar Isaias Jorden (born May 17, 1989) is a Canadian football wide receiver for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football at Bowling Green. He was signed by the Minnesota Vikings as an undrafted free agent in 2012. He has also played for the Spokane Shock of the Arena Football League. Bowling Green State University Jorden transferred to BG after playing two years at Hudson Valley Community College, where he set school records receptions and yards. In 2010, he earned First-Team All-MAC in his first season with the Falcons while leading the MAC with 96 receptions and chipped in with 1,109 receiving yards and four touchdowns (both third-best in school history). Set a career-high 14 catches for 168 yards at Tulsa in Week 3. Had big games against Temple (12 balls for 143 yards), Ohio (8 catches for 129 yards and 2 touchdowns) and Western Michigan (8 catches for 114 yards and a score). In 2011, he continued his success his senior year earning First-Team All-MAC honors again becoming the first BGSU player since Kory Lichtensteiger in 2004 to be a back-to-back 1st Team All-MAC performer. Finished the year with 78 receptions for 1,089 yards and 12 touchdowns which was fourth-best in school history and made him the first Bowling Green receiver with multiple 1000 yard receiving seasons. Set a career-high 203 yards to go along with 12 catches at Kent State. Had 100-yard games versus Western Michigan (4–103), Toledo (7–106), Wyoming (9–101) and Northern Illinois (8–152). Caught touchdowns in nine different games and had at least four catches in 11 contests. Concluding his senior season he ended 8th All-Time on Bowling Green's Receptions leaders list in only two seasons. Professional career Minnesota Vikings After going undrafted in the 2012 NFL Draft Jorden signed with the Minnesota Vikings on April 29, 2012. However, he was unable to make the final roster after suffering an injury in training camp. He was released by the Vikings on August 27. Spokane Shock Jorden opted to play for the Spokane Shock of the Arena Football League for their 2013 season (March–July). In one season in the AFL he caught 95 passes for 1,082 yards with 26 touchdowns. Calgary Stampeders Following the conclusion of the 2013 AFL season, nearing the close of the CFL season Jorden signed onto the practice roster of the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League. Following the season Jorden was released so he could pursue NFL opportunities. Minnesota Vikings (II) Jorden signed a future/reserve contract with the Minnesota Vikings on January 4, 2014, and a full contract on March 1, 2014. He was released prior to final roster cut down on August 25, 2014. Calgary Stampeders (II) Similar to a year prior Jorden once again signed on with the Calgary Stampeders late in the 2014 CFL season. Jorden played in one game during the season, catching one pass for 7 yards. In his second season in the league Jorden only played in two games, catching 2 passes for 6 yards. He was however a contributor in the Stamps pre-season games. Jorden and the Stamps agreed to a contract extension on January 12, 2016. The 2016 season would prove to be a breakout year for Jorden as he played in 9 games catching 42 passes for 580 yards with 3 touchdowns. In two post-season contests, Jorden had a total of 10 receptions for 127 yards and a catch for a two-point convert. Set to become a free-agent he was re-signed by the Stamps again in early January 2017. Jorden followed up his breakout

2016 season with a strong 2017 campaign, despite missing eight games with injury: He caught 52 passes for 717 yards with six touchdowns. He had a very strong performance in the playoffs as well, catching 12 passes for 228 yards and one touchdown in two games. However, Jorden's fumble late in the 105th Grey Cup game, returned 109 yards for an Argonaut touchdown, was arguably the turning point in a contest that found the Stampeders once again on the losing side. On December 15, 2017 the Stamps announced they had agreed to a contract extension with Jorden. On August 25, 2018 Jordan set the Stampeders record for most receiving yards in a single game with 249, surpassing the previous record of 237 by Herm Harrison. Jordan had another exceptional season in 2018 and was second in the league in receiving yards (944) in early September when it was announced he would miss the remainder of the season with a torn ACL. Following the season the Stamps and Jorden agreed to a two-year contract extension; which prevented him from becoming a free agent the following month. References External links Minnesota Vikings bio Calgary Stampeders bio Bowling Green Falcons bio Spokane Shock bio Category:1989 births Category:Living people Category:People from Lansdowne, Pennsylvania Category:Players of American football from Pennsylvania Category:American football wide receivers Category:Canadian football wide receivers Category:American players of Canadian football Category:Bowling Green Falcons football players Category:Minnesota Vikings players Category:Spokane Shock players Category:Grey Cup champions Category:Calgary Stampeders players

Ray Rhodes Raymond Earl Rhodes (born October 20, 1950) is a former American football player and coach. Rhodes played cornerback for the New York Giants and the San Francisco 49ers. He served as the head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles and the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL), as well as the former assistant defensive backs coach of the Houston Texans. He earned five Super Bowl rings as an assistant coach with the San Francisco 49ers, and was named Coach of the Year by The Associated Press in 1995, his first season as Eagles head coach. He last served as the senior defensive assistant for the Cleveland Browns. Playing career High school Born and raised in Mexia, Texas, Rhodes graduated from Mexia High School in 1969, and was a letterman in football, basketball, and track and field. He transferred from crosstown Dunbar High School after his sophomore year. College Rhodes was a running back at Texas Christian University in Fort Worth for two seasons, then transferred to the University of Tulsa, where he played wide receiver and cornerback. NFL Rhodes was selected by the New York Giants in the tenth round of the 1974 NFL draft, 236th overall. He spent his first three years in the NFL as a wide receiver before switching to defensive back. In 1979, he was traded to the San Francisco 49ers for Tony Dungy, another future head coach. He retired after one season with the 49ers. Coaching career NFL Assistant coach Rhodes remained with the 49ers as an assistant secondary coach before becoming defensive backs coach. He won four Super Bowls with a group that included Ronnie Lott, Eric Wright, and Dwight Hicks. After serving that position for many years, he was hired by former colleague Mike Holmgren to be the new defensive coordinator for the Green Bay Packers. After two years Rhodes returned to San Francisco as the defensive coordinator of their 1994 Super Bowl Winning team. Following his head coaching jobs, Rhodes served as the defensive coordinator for the Washington Redskins and the Denver Broncos. After the 2002 season, Rhodes was reunited with Holmgren when he became the defensive coordinator for the Seattle Seahawks, where he remained through the 2007 season. In September 2005, Rhodes was hospitalized for dizziness and tests later revealed that he had suffered from a mild stroke. Early Monday October 2, 2006, the Seahawks charter flight had to make an emergency landing in Rapid City, South Dakota to get precautionary medical care for Rhodes. The Seahawks were flying home from a loss at the Chicago Bears. On January 28, 2008, Ray Rhodes joined his sixth NFL organization when he was hired by the Houston Texans as an assistant defensive backs coach. Head coach Philadelphia Eagles On February 2, 1995, five days after the 49ers won Super Bowl XXIX, Ray Rhodes was named head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles, becoming the fourth African-American head coach in NFL history behind Fritz Pollard, Art Shell and Dennis Green. Rhodes gained notoriety for his no-nonsense approach and unusual ways of motivating his players. One such tactic was an analogy "comparing the feeling of a loss to someone breaking into (one's) home and sodomizing (one's) horses and kids." In Rhodes's first season, he received the NFL Coach of the Year Award as the Eagles overcame a 1-3 start to finish 10-6 and qualify for the playoffs as a wild card. Despite playing the first-round game at home, the Eagles were an underdog to the Detroit Lions, whose starting left tackle, Lomas Brown, guaranteed an easy win. Using this perceived lack of

respect as a rallying cry, Philadelphia dismantled Detroit, 58-37, at one point leading the game by a 51-7 score. Rhodes said after the victory that the only things guaranteed in life are "death and taxes." Though the Eagles were eliminated by the Dallas Cowboys the following week, the 1995 season was considered an enormous success. In 1996, the Eagles again finished 10-6, but struggled down the stretch after an impressive 7-2 start. Once again, Philadelphia reached the playoffs as a wild card, traveling to San Francisco to face the 49ers, Rhodes's former team. At a rain-soaked 3com Park, the Eagles, who boasted the top-ranked offense in the NFC during the regular season, were shut out, 14-0. During training camp in 1997, Rhodes remarked that season's Eagles team was his most talented one to date. Despite the optimism, Philadelphia started 1-3, and never quite recovered, stumbling to a disappointing 6-9-1 record, including an 0-7-1 mark on the road. As the team struggled through the season, it was widely speculated that players had grown weary of Rhodes's fiery approach and were tuning him out. The 1998 season proved to be a disaster. A listless Eagles team finished 3-13, setting a franchise record for losses in a season. For the second straight season, Philadelphia did not win a road game, going 0-8 away from home. The offense, which ranked first in the NFC two years earlier, finished dead last in the NFL. The Eagles were shut out three times and scored only 161 total points. On December 28, one day after the season's final game, Rhodes was fired as Philadelphia's head coach. In four seasons as the Eagles' head coach, Rhodes compiled a 29-34-1 record in the regular season and a 1-2 record in the playoffs. Green Bay Packers The Green Bay Packers were looking for a new coach after Mike Holmgren had left to become head coach and general manager of the Seattle Seahawks. Green Bay GM Ron Wolf was a fan of Rhodes' coaching style. On January 11, 1999, Rhodes was hired to coach the Packers after being the only candidate to interview for the position. Rhodes's tenure as head coach lasted only one season. The Packers finished 8-8, their only non-winning season between 1992 and 2004. Green Bay missed the playoffs for the first time since 1992, based on a complicated tiebreaker system (Detroit and Dallas reached the playoffs with 8-8 records, while Green Bay and the Carolina Panthers did not). Rhodes, a former NFL Coach of the Year, spent the 1999 season under heavy scrutiny by the Wisconsin sports media, beginning with accusations of underachieving, and highlighted by objection to his use of replay to overrule a go-ahead 4th-quarter touchdown by the opposing Carolina Panthers along with failing to call time out with less than a minute remaining with Carolina driving down the field. The criticism of this decision was also echoed by NBC's Paul Maguire. On January 3, 2000, Rhodes was fired by the Packers, and subsequently replaced by Mike Sherman. Head coaching record Personal life While in Philadelphia, Rhodes spent a lot of time enjoying his favorite hobby, horse racing. He appeared regularly on Courier-Post's "Dusty Nathan's Winner's Circle" radio show. Additionally, Rhodes had his own TV and radio shows in the Philadelphia market before moving to the Green Bay Packers in 1999 and deciding to end his foray into on-air media talent. In September 2005, Rhodes suffered a stroke while at his suburban Seattle home. During the 2006 season, Rhodes suffered from stroke-like symptoms while on the Seahawks' team flight home from a game at Chicago;

the plane made an emergency landing in South Dakota due to the incident. References External links Category:1950 births Category:Living people Category:American football cornerbacks Category:American football wide receivers Category:Denver Broncos coaches Category:Green Bay Packers head coaches Category:Houston Texans coaches Category:New York Giants players Category:Philadelphia Eagles head coaches Category:San Francisco 49ers coaches Category:San Francisco 49ers players Category:Seattle Seahawks coaches Category:TCU Horned Frogs football players Category:Tulsa Golden Hurricane football players Category:Washington Redskins coaches Category:National Football League defensive coordinators Category:People from Mexia, Texas Category:Players of American football from Texas Category:African-American coaches of American football Category:African-American players of American football

Quill (horse) Quill (foaled 1956 in Kentucky) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who was the 1958 Champion Two-Year-Old Filly in the United States. After her retirement from racing she became a successful broodmare. Among her foals was Caucasus who won the Irish St Leger and several major turf races in North America. She made Lucien Laurin's name as a trainer. References Quill's pedigree and partial racing stats Category:1956 racehorse births Category:Racehorses bred in Kentucky Category:Racehorses trained in the United States Category:American Champion racehorses Category:Thoroughbred family 5-g

Paconius Paconius is a monotypic snout moth genus described by Carl Heinrich in 1956. Its only species, Paconius corniculatus, described in the same article, is found in the US territory of Puerto Rico. References Category:Pyralidae genera Category:Phycitinae Category:Monotypic moth genera Category:Moths of the Caribbean Category:Taxa named by Carl Heinrich

Governors of Plantations Act 1698 The Governors of Plantations Act 1698 or "An Act to punish Governors of Plantations in this Kingdom for crimes by them committed in the Plantations" was an English Act of Parliament passed in the reign of William III of England. It is the earliest English or British legislation by which Crown servants, including diplomats and governors, could be punished under English law for offences committed abroad. A notable prosecution under the Act was in the case of R v. Wall in which Joseph Wall, the former governor of Gorée, was hanged for causing the death of a soldier following an illegal flogging 20 years previously. The Act was repealed by section 1 of, and Part II of Schedule 1 to, the Statute Law (Repeals) Act 1995. References Category:Acts of the Parliament of England Category:1698 in law Category:1698 in England

Herman Van Rompuy Herman Achille, Count Van Rompuy (, ; born 31 October 1947) is a Belgian politician, who served as Prime Minister of Belgium from 2008 to 2009 and then as the first permanent President of the European Council from 2009 to 2014. A politician from Belgium's Christian Democratic and Flemish party, Van Rompuy served as the 49th prime minister of Belgium from 30 December 2008 until Yves Leterme (who was also his predecessor) succeeded him on 25 November 2009. On 19 November 2009 Van Rompuy was selected by the members of the European Council, which is the institution of the European Union (EU) comprising the heads of state or government of the EU member states, as the first full-time President of that Council under the Treaty of Lisbon. He was appointed for the period from 1 December 2009 until 31 May 2012, though he only took up his position officially on 1 January 2010. On 1 March 2012 he was re-elected for a second (and last) term, to last from 1 June 2012 until 30 November 2014. He was appointed chairman of the board of the College of Europe in 2019. Early life, career and family Early life Born in Etterbeek, Brussels, to Dr., later Professor of Economics, Victor Lodewijk Maurits "Vic" van Rompuy (Begijnendijk, 27 February 1923 – Begijnendijk, 14 November 2004) and wife Germaine Geens (Begijnendijk, 1 December 1921 – Begijnendijk, 23 November 2004), he attended Sint-Jan Berchmanscollege in Brussels (until 1965), where Ancient Greek and Latin were his main subjects. During his early teens, he was an avid rock and roll fan, especially of US singer Elvis Presley. Later he studied at the and received a bachelor's degree in Philosophy (1968) and a master's degree in Applied Economics (1971). He worked at the Belgian Central Bank from 1972 to 1975. From 1980 to 1987 he was a Lecturer at the Handelshogeschool Antwerpen (now Lessius University College); from 1982 he was also a lecturer at the Vlaamse Economische Hogeschool Brussel (VLEKHO later Hogeschool-Universiteit Brussel; now University of Leuven Brussels campus University of Leuven). Family Van Rompuy is married to Geertrui Windels, with whom he has four children: Peter (born 1980), Laura (born 1981), Elke (born 1983) and Thomas (born 1986). His eldest son, Peter, is active in the Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V) party and stood as a candidate in the Belgian regional elections of 2009. His younger brother, Eric Van Rompuy, is also a politician in the CD&V and was a minister in the Flemish Government from 1995 to 1999. His sister, Tine Van Rompuy, is a member of the Workers Party of Belgium. He has another sister, Anita Van Rompuy, who is not politically active, married to Arne van der Graesen. Political career Early career Van Rompuy was the chairman of the national Christian People's Party's (CVP) youth council (1973–1977). From 1975 to 1980 he worked in the ministerial cabinets of Leo Tindemans and Gaston Geens. In 1978 he was elected a member of the national CVP's bureau (1978–present). He first was elected to the Belgian Senate in 1988 and served until 1995. In 1988 he briefly served as Secretary of State for Finance and for Small and Medium Enterprises before becoming the national chairman of the CVP (1988–1993). Belgian Minister of Budget (1993–1999) Van Rompuy was Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Budget from September 1993 to July 1999 in the two governments led by Jean-Luc Dehaene. As budget minister, together with finance minister Philippe Maystadt, he helped drive down Belgium's debt from a peak of 135% of gross domestic product (GDP) in

1993. It fell to below 100% of GDP in 2003. Member of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives (1995–2009) He was elected to the Belgian Chamber of Representatives in the 1995 general election, but as he remained a minister, he was barred from taking the seat while holding that office. After his party's defeat in the 1999 Belgian general election, he became a member of the Chamber of Representatives. He was re-elected in 2003 and 2007. In 2004, he was designated Minister of State. Position on Turkish accession to the union Before he was President, Van Rompuy expressed reticence about possible Turkish membership of the EU. In 2004, he stated "An enlargement [of the EU] with Turkey is not in any way comparable with previous enlargement waves. Turkey is not Europe and will never be Europe." He continued "But it's a matter of fact that the universal values which are in force in Europe, and which are also the fundamental values of Christianity, will lose vigour with the entry of a large Islamic country such as Turkey." As President, Van Rompuy has avoided opposing Turkish membership. On 23 December 2010, he said "Turkish reform efforts have delivered impressive results." He continued "Turkey plays an ever more active role in its neighbourhood. Turkey is also a full-standing member of the G-20, just like five EU countries and the EU itself. In my view, even before an outcome of the negotiations, the European Union should develop a close partnership with the Turkish Republic." President of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives (2007–2008) After eight years in opposition, CD&V (formerly known as CVP) returned to government. On 12 July 2007, was elected as the President of the Belgian Chamber of Representatives, succeeding Herman De Croo. Prime Minister of Belgium On 28 December 2008, following the 2007–2008 Belgian political crisis, Van Rompuy was asked by King Albert II to form a new government after he was reluctant to take up the role of Prime Minister. He was sworn in as Belgian prime minister on 30 December 2008. Taxes On 13 October 2009 Bloomberg reported that the government of Herman Van Rompuy would seek to tax banks and nuclear power to tame the deficit. Quote on financial recovery "We are in the early stages of a recovery and at this time it is important not to weaken burgeoning confidence and to lay the foundations of a sustainable recovery" Van Rompuy said in a speech to parliament in Brussels. "Most important is to keep the direction. That will also provide stability and support." Policy on government debt On 13 October Bloomberg reported the following about Government Debt Policy: "Belgium will trim its budget deficit to 5.3% of gross domestic product in 2011 from almost 5.7% both this year and next, according to a slide presentation handed out by State Secretary for the Budget . told Parliament earlier today that the deficit would widen to 5.4% of GDP this year. Belgium's deficit will be little changed next year as the shortfall at the level of regional governments and municipalities will widen to 1.5% of GDP from 0.7%, offsetting efforts by the federal government to trim its deficit. Government debt will start exceeding one year's worth of national output , according to European Commission forecasts. Belgium had trimmed debt to as little as 84% of GDP in 2007, before bailouts of Fortis, Dexia SA, KBC Group NV and mutual insurer Ethias Group increased the nation's borrowing costs and inflated the debt ratio to 89.6% at the end of last year." Negotiations and dispute with GDF Suez On 22 October 2009

Reuters reported that the government had signed a commitment with GDF Suez for nuclear power fees to Belgium. The outstanding dispute with GDF concerns the €250 million fee that Belgium is attempting to charge GDF for 2009 as part of its "Renewable Energy Fund" as stated in the article: "Belgium has also charged nuclear producers a total of 250 million euros for 2008 and the same for 2009, as well as 250 million euros this year payable to a renewable energy fund. These fees remain in dispute. The producers are challenging the 2008 payment in Belgium's constitutional court. A spokesman for said the government would pass a law to enforce the 500 million euro charge for this year, adding that this could also be contested by GDF Suez." President of the European Council On 19 November 2009, Van Rompuy was chosen unanimously by the European Council, at an informal meeting in Brussels, to be the first full-time President of the European Council; for the period of 1 December 2009 (the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon) until 31 May 2012. He took up his position officially on 1 January 2010. Gordon Brown also praised Van Rompuy as "a consensus-builder" who had "brought a period of political stability to his country after months of uncertainty". This opinion is shared by others; he has been described as the painstaking builder of impossible compromises (l'horloger des compromis impossibles) A statement made by Van Rompuy at a news conference after his selection illustrates his approach: Being pro-Europe, not all parties and factions had positive words for Van Rompuy when he took office. Nigel Farage attacked the freshly appointed president by saying, "You have the charisma of a damp rag and the appearance of a low grade bank clerk." He was fined €3000 (ten days' pay) for this statement by the Bureau of the European Parliament. These comments were a manifestation of the frustration of lack of democratic process in the appointment of Van Rompuy to presidency. In a November 2009 press conference, Van Rompuy related to global governance by stating: "2009 is also the first year of global governance with the establishment of the G20 in the middle of a financial crisis; the climate conference in Copenhagen is another step towards the global management of our planet." Van Rompuy referred to the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009. In or just before the first months of his presidency Van Rompuy visited all EU member states, he also organised an informal meeting of the heads of state of the EU. The meeting took place on 11 February 2010 in the Solvay Library (Brussels), topics to be discussed were the future direction of the economic policies of the EU, the outcome of the Copenhagen Conference and the then recent earthquake in Haiti. In fact, the meeting was in part taken over by the growing sovereign debt crisis (at that time, Greece), which was to become the hall mark of Van Rompuy's first two years as President. With EU member states holding divergent positions on this issue, he had to find compromises, not least between France and Germany, at subsequent European Council meetings and summits of Eurozone heads of state or government leading to the establishment of the three-year European Financial Stability Mechanism (EFSM)and the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) in May 2010 to provide loans to Greece (and later Ireland and Portugal) to help stabilise their borrowing costs, but subject to strict conditions. The European Council also gave him the assignment of chairing a task force on economic governance, composed of personal representatives (mostly

ministers of finance) of the heads of government, which reported ahead of schedule to the October 2010 European Council. Its report, which proposed stronger macro-economic co-ordination within the EU in general and the Eurozone in particular and also a tightening of the Stability and Growth Pact was endorsed by the European Council. The latter also charged him with preparing, by December 2010, a proposal for a limited change to the Treaty required to enable a more permanent financial stability mechanism. His draft – for an addition to Article 136 TFEU, pertaining to the Eurozone – was endorsed by the European Council at its October 2010 meeting. His second year in office, 2011, was also marked by a deterioration of the Greek debt crisis, leading to Van Rompuy calling an extraordinary meeting of the Eurozone heads of state or government in July to adopt a first package of further measures (notably longer term loans at lower interest rates, private sector debt-writedown, further fiscal consolidation in Greece) and again in October (in conjunction with full European Council meetings) to contain contagion from Greece to other countries (through bank recapitalisation across Europe and by leveraging the firepower of the EFSF to about €1 trillion). His first two years were also marked by his role in co-ordinating European positions on the world stage at G8 and G20 summits and bilateral summits, such as the tense 5 October 2010 EU-China summit. He called a special European Council at short notice in early 2011 on the emerging Libya crisis, which, in agreeing conditions for military intervention, made it impossible for Germany to oppose such intervention once the conditions were fulfilled. On 1 March 2012 Herman Van Rompuy was re-elected unanimously as President of the European Council by the heads of state or government of the 28 EU member states. President Van Rompuy's second term has lasted for two and a half years, from 1 June 2012 to 30 November 2014. After this second mandate he could not have been re-elected because the European Council President's term of office can only be extended once. Herman Van Rompuy was also appointed as the first President of the Euro Summit, and this for the same term of office as his Presidency of the European Council. The Euro Summit meetings are to take place at least twice a year. In 2014, Van Rompuy was awarded the International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen for his EU role. Later career When the EPP membership of Hungarian party Fidesz was suspended in 2019, EPP president Joseph Daul appointed van Rompuy – alongside Hans-Gert Pöttering and Wolfgang Schüssel – to a group of high-level experts who were mandated to monitor Fidesz's compliance with EPP values. He was appointed chairman of the board of the College of Europe in 2019. Other activities Corporate boards Dexia, Board member and member of the audit committee (before 2008) Educational institutions Centre International de Formation Européenne (CIFE), President Non-profit organizations Club of Madrid, Member European Policy Centre (EPC), Chair of the Strategic Council New Pact for Europe, Chair of the Advisory Group Trilateral Commission, Member of the European Group Honours and awards Belgian honours : Created Count van Rompuy, by Royal Decree of 8 July 2015 of King Philippe. Minister of State, by Royal decree of 26 January 2004. Order of Leopold: Commander, by Royal decree of 22 May 2003. Grand Cordon, by Royal decree of 23 December 2009. Foreign honours : Grand Cross of the National Order of Benin : Grand Officier of the Legion of Honour : Grand Officer of the National Order of the Ivory Coast :

Grand Cordon (or 1st Class) of the Order of the Rising Sun : Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau (10 October 2014) : Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania : Grand Officer (or 2nd Class) of the Order of the White Double Cross Gold Medal of the Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe, in 2014. : Order for Exceptional Merits Honorary citizenships Beersel, Belgium (13 May 2012) De Haan, Belgium (7 July 2012) Olen, Belgium (3 October 2013) Matsuyama, Japan (18 November 2013) Kortessem, Belgium (16 May 2014) Academic honorary degrees : Doctor honoris causa from the Catholic University of Louvain (2 February 2010) Doctor honoris causa from the Ghent University (18 March 2011) Doctor honoris causa from the Catholic University of Leuven (1 June 2012) : Doctor honoris causa from the Kobe University (4 March 2011) : Doctor honoris causa from the Azerbaijan University of Languages (5 July 2012) : Doctor honoris causa from the Vietnam National University, Hanoi (1 November 2012) : Doctor honoris causa from the CEU San Pablo University (12 December 2013) : Doctor honoris causa from the University of Abomey-Calavi (21 February 2014) : Doctor honoris causa from the VU University Amsterdam (20 October 2015) : Honorary LL.D. degree from the University of St Andrews (21 June 2016) : Honorary D.C.L. degree from the University of Kent (14 July 2016) Awards : Charlemagne Prize (29 May 2014) : Benelux-Europa Prize (12 June 2010) : Harvard Club of Belgium Leadership Prize (8 September 2010) : Collier du Mérite européen awarded by the European Merit Foundation (25 November 2010) : Nueva Economía Forum Prize (10 December 2010) : Golden medal of the Royal Flemish Academy of Belgium for Science and the Arts (14 January 2012) : Honorary senator E Meritu et Honoris Causa of the Movement for a United States of Europe – Action Centre for European federalism (AEF – BVSE), Antwerp (5 February 2012) : Otto von der Gablentz Prize (18 April 2012) : European Prize Coudenhove-Kalergi (16 November 2012) : Michele de Gianni Award (4 October 2013) : Golden Business Centre Club Statuette Award, awarded at the Grand Gala of Polish Business Leaders, Warsaw (25 January 2014) : ESMT Responsible Leadership Award, awarded by the European School of Management and Technology, Berlin, (3 July 2014) : Comenius prize (2 April 2016) President's cabinet Although the European Council is, under the terms of the Lisbon treaty, a separate institution of the EU, it does not have its own administration. The administrative support for both the European Council and its president is provided by the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union. The president does have, however, his own private office (cabinet) of close advisers. Van Rompuy chose as his chief of staff (chef de cabinet) Baron Frans van Daele, formerly Belgian ambassador to, variously, the US, the UN, the EU and NATO and chief of staff of several Belgian foreign ministers. Also in his team are the former UK Labour MEP Richard Corbett, former Hungarian Ambassador to NATO Zoltan Martinusz, former head of the EU's economic & financial committee Odile Renaud-Basso, Luuk van Middelaar, his main speech writer, and Van Rompuy's long standing press officer Dirk De Backer. In 2013 Frans Van Daele retired both as a diplomat and as chief of Staff of Van Rompuy, and was appointed chief of staff to king Philippe. He was succeeded as chief of staff of Herman Van Rompuy by Didier Seeuws. References External links President's pages on the European Council website. Website 'Manual on Haiku Herman' (Knack December 2009) by his

son, Peter Van Rompuy Herman Van Rompuy in ODIS - Online Database for Intermediary Structures Archives of Herman Van Rompuy in ODIS - Online Database for Intermediary Structures |- |- |- |- Alongside with José Manuel Barroso Category:1947 births Category:Belgian economists Category:Belgian Ministers of State Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Orange-Nassau Category:Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur Category:Ministers of Agriculture of Belgium Category:Belgian Roman Catholics Category:Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams politicians Category:Counts of Belgium Category:European People's Party politicians Category:Flemish politicians Category:KU Leuven alumni Category:Living people Category:Members of the Belgian Federal Parliament Category:People from Brussels Category:People from Etterbeek Category:Presidents of the Chamber of Representatives (Belgium) Category:Presidents of the European Council Category:21st-century Belgian politicians

Faxon House The Faxon House is a historic house at 310 Adams Street in Quincy, Massachusetts. The oldest portion of this house was built in 1880 by Job Faxon, a Boston-based flour merchant. His son Henry retained the Boston firm of Shepard and Stearns, and expanded and redesigned the house in Colonial Revival style in 1931, a time when larger estates on Adams Street were being subdivided for development. The house is one of the most elaborate and well-preserved examples of the style in Quincy. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Quincy, Massachusetts References Category:Colonial Revival architecture in Massachusetts Category:Houses completed in 1880 Category:Houses in Quincy, Massachusetts Category:National Register of Historic Places in Quincy, Massachusetts Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Norfolk County, Massachusetts

Bismarck-Mandan Symphony Orchestra The Bismarck-Mandan Symphony Orchestra is a community orchestra based out of Bismarck, North Dakota. The symphony employs local and regional amateur musicians and music enthusiasts in performances of classical and modern symphonic music. External links Bismarck-Mandan Symphony Orchestra website Category:Bismarck–Mandan Category:Musical groups from North Dakota Category:American orchestras Category:Tourist attractions in Burleigh County, North Dakota Category:Performing arts in North Dakota

Zarrinabad Zarrinabad (), also Romanized as Zarrīnābād and Zarinabad) is a city in and capital of Ijrud County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,944, in 512 families. References Category:Populated places in Ijrud County Category:Cities in Zanjan Province

Austrocidaria lithurga Austrocidaria lithurga is a species of moth in the family Geometridae. It is endemic to New Zealand. This moth is classified as at risk, naturally uncommon by the Department of Conservation. Taxonomy This species was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1911 and named Hydriomena lithurga. Meyrick used a specimen obtained from R. M. Sunley who had collected a pupa from a Muehlenbeckia plant at Makara Beach, Wellington, in November and had raised the adult in captivity. George Hudson described and illustrated the species in his 1928 book The Butterflies and Moths of New Zealand. In 1971 John S. Dugdale assigned H. lithurga to the genus Austrocidaria. Dugdale postulated that A. lithurga might prove synonymous with Austrocidaria prionota. The holotype specimen is held at the Natural History Museum, London. Description Meyrick originally described this species as follows: Distribution This species is endemic to New Zealand. This species range is Wellington and Mid Canterbury. As well as the type locality, this species is recorded as having been collected at Sinclair Head and at Baring Head, both in Wellington. It has also been located in south Marlborough. It is possible that the species is also present at Little Bush, Puketitiri, in the Hawkes Bay. Biology and life cycle The pupa of this species is attached to a loose cocoon. The adult moth is on the wing in October and November. Host species and habitat Hudson hypothesised that the host plants of the larvae of this moth are Muehlenbeckia species and it has also been suggested that the host plants are divaricating small-leaved Coprosma species. However the precise host species for this moth is unknown as is its preferred habitat but it has been hypothesised that A. tithurga prefers open shrub-land. Conservation status This moth is classified under the New Zealand Threat Classification System as being at risk, naturally uncommon. References External links Image of holotype specimen Category:Xanthorhoini Category:Moths of New Zealand Category:Moths described in 1911 Category:Endemic fauna of New Zealand Category:Endangered biota of New Zealand Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick

Juanqinzhai Juanqinzhai (Chinese: 倦勤斋), or the "Studio of Exhaustion From Diligent Service," is a hall in the Palace of Tranquil Longevity built by the aging Qianlong Emperor as part of his retirement suite. After announcing his desire to retire from the throne, the emperor began building a retirement suite, the Palace of Tranquil Longevity, in the northeast corner of the Forbidden City. This complex, also called the Qianlong Garden, was built with the highest quality and designed with the most exceptional Chinese techniques. Juanqinzhai was an imperial lodge in the north end of the garden, and contains rare examples of murals painted on silk and bamboo craftsmanship. In 2002, the World Monuments Fund (WMF) began a partnership with the Palace Museum to restore the Qianlong Garden. The first of the 27 pavilions to be restored was the Juanqinzhai, which was completed in 2008. Because of the huge success of this restoration, the partnership has been extended so that each of the other 26 buildings in the garden can be fully restored. History Juanqinzhai was built as part of the Palace of Tranquil Longevity in the Forbidden City. The Qianlong Emperor ruled from the Forbidden City in Beijing, where he presided over the zenith of the Qing Dynasty. Art and architecture flourished during his reign and China reached a new peak of wealth and culture. The Qianlong Emperor's passion for painting, sculpture and embroidery extended to his palaces. Even late in his reign, when the Qianlong Garden was being built, the emperor's passion for art was displayed in the beautiful decoration of the pavilions and halls there. The Qianlong Emperor's grandfather, the Kangxi Emperor, had such a long and impressive reign that intimidated the Qianlong Emperor so much that he refused to out-reign his grandfather. In 1772, in anticipation of his planned retirement, the Qianlong Emperor ordered the construction of a small retreat. These small buildings were much different from the monumental buildings in the Outer Court and were much more intimate. However, these buildings remained as dignified and noble as the governmental buildings, as they would be still be the home and office of the Retired Qianlong Emperor. After the completion of the imperial residence, the emperor prepared to move into his new home. The Qianlong Emperor abdicated in 1796, leaving the throne to his son, who would reign as the Jiaqing Emperor. However, between 1796 and 1799, the Qianlong Emperor continued to effectively rule China behind the scenes, and the Jiaqing Emperor was emperor in name only. Despite the creation of the beautiful gardens and buildings of the Palace of Tranquil Longevity, the Qianlong Emperor never moved into his new suite, and remained in the traditional residence of the emperors. After the emperors death, an edict was produced ordering that no one could rebuild or change the designs of the garden, preserving it untouched. This edict is one of the main reasons that the original eighteenth century interiors remained in the Juanqinzhai and other buildings of the garden. When the last emperor was removed from the Forbidden City in 1924, the doors of the Qianlong Garden and many other halls of the Forbidden City were locked and forgotten. Restoration In 2001, after years of neglect, the World Monuments Fund began a partnership with the Palace Museum in Beijing to restore the Qianlong Garden. The project, which cost 18 million, is slated to be finished in 2019, in time for the 600th anniversary of the construction of the Forbidden City (2020). Juanqinzhai's murals, which are the only large ensemble of eighteenth illusionist painting in China, were removed from their backing,

and painstakingly cleaned. After much searching, the conservators found a source of paper for the new backing. This paper was made using traditional materials rather than modern techniques, which is revolutionary for a Chinese restoration. In China, "historic preservation usually entails razing a structure and replacing it with a brightly painted replica." In Suzhou, the same city where the Qianlong Emperor himself ordered silks, dozens or workers labored extensively to produce the beautiful screens that decorate the reception room and the theater room. Each of the embroideries were carefully sewn by hand, even the unique double-sided transparent screens in the audience hall. Like the paper, a trial and error process was used to produce the brocade on the various thrones and tables. It took many tries to replicate the Qing dynasty "cloud brocade" which was used extensively in Juanqinzhai. Finally, a carver of inner skin bamboo was found to carve the deer in relief in the audience hall. The restoration of Juanqinzhai was lauded throughout China and the West as a milestone in the history of restoration, especially in the Forbidden City. The Chinese team even raised another $5 million to help with the restoration of the other 26 buildings of the Qianlong Garden. Layout Though he never stayed in Juanqinzhai, the Qianlong Emperor still planned the Palace of Tranquil Longevity as his personal retreat, filled with his favorite designs and motifs. From the eastern entrance, the emperor entered a large, two storied audience room, paneled with bamboo and silk screens. On the lower half of the screen is a carving of deer playing amongst pines and rocks, while the top half of each partition is decorated with an intricate, semitransparent silk screen. In the center of lower level sits a formal throne, embroidered in imperial yellow and flanked by traditional Chinese couplets. Behind the partitions is an enfilade of rooms, filled with calligraphy, artworks, and mirrors. On both floors, the emperor had a set of private rooms and thrones, each filled with natural light, due to the semi-transparent silk screens, which also appear on both levels. On the western half of Juanqinzhai is the "Theater Room." In this section, a small pavilion equipped with a stage is surrounded by a bamboo fence and is faced by another two-floored viewing platform, from which the emperor could watch theatrical performances. The pavilion and fence bring to mind the outdoors, and the warm colors of the bamboo and the light from the windows bring the feeling of summer into this room. Though the room has a warm and informal feel, the ideals of the Forbidden City are still present in the room. Like the columns in the main halls in the Outer Court, the faux bamboo is made of a rare nanmu tree, painted to look like bamboo. Despite this expensive touch, the pièce de résistance of the room are the floor-to-ceiling trompe-l'œil murals hung here. On the wall the bamboo fence is replicated in paint, and behind it stands a large pavilion with trees and birds. Mimicking the real bamboo fence, the mural also contains a circular "moon gate," where a crane stands watch. On the ceiling is a bamboo lattice motif, interlaced with vibrant grapevines. Here, the emperor could entertain his passion for art, gardening, and theatre throughout the year. References Category:Forbidden City

Kei Akagi is a Japanese American jazz pianist. In particular, he is known for his work with the Airto Moreira/Flora Purim group and in Miles Davis's band in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He was born in Japan, but lived in Cleveland, Ohio, for part of his childhood, until he moved back to Japan at the age of 12. He later returned to the United States at 22. He is associated with the Californian jazz scene at present. He is the Chancellor Professor of Music at the University of California, Irvine. Discography As leader/co-leader As sideman With Miles Davis Miles in Paris (1989) Live Around the World (1996) With Frank Gambale Live! (1989) With Al di Meola References External links Official Website (Japanese) Billboard bio Faculty bio UCI Allmusic Category:1953 births Category:Living people Category:American jazz pianists Category:American male pianists Category:Japanese jazz pianists Category:American musicians of Japanese descent Category:Miles Davis Category:Japanese emigrants to the United States Category:American academics of Japanese descent Category:University of California, Irvine faculty Category:Musicians from Aomori Prefecture Category:International Christian University alumni Category:20th-century American pianists Category:Male jazz musicians

Bjarte Eikeset Bjarte Erling Eikeset (22 February 1937 – 22 April 2017) was a Norwegian lawyer, judge and politician for the Conservative Party. He was born in Førde. He graduated from the University of Oslo with a cand.jur. degree in 1964, and at that institution he was a research assistant from 1964 to 1965 and lecturer from 1965 to 1969. From 1969 to 1980 he worked as a lawyer in Førde, from 1976 with access to Supreme Court cases. In 1980 he was promoted to district stipendiary magistrate in Sunnfjord. In 1993 he applied, unsuccessfully, for the position as County Governor of Sogn og Fjordane. He remained in Sunnfjord except for the years 1981 to 1983, and in 2004 he moved to the district stipendiary magistrate chair Fjordane. He retired in 2007 due to the age limit of 70 years. Eikeset became involved in local politics as an elected member of Førde municipal council from 1972 to 1975 and Sogn og Fjordane county council from 1976 to 1983. He chaired the county party chapter from 1973 to 1976. In 1981, when the Willoch's First Cabinet assumed office, he was appointed State Secretary in the Ministry of the Environment. He held this position until 1983. He served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Sogn og Fjordane during the terms 1981–1985 and 1985–1989. In total he met during 66 days of parliamentary session. Eikeset was a board member of the Norwegian Association of Judges from 1992 to 2000 and Sogn og Fjordane Energi from 1992 to 1995, and chair of Sogn og Fjordane Energi from 1988 to 1991. He has also been a board member of Den norske Bank's branch in Førde. He died at Haukeland University Hospital on 22 April 2017, four days after colliding with an RV at Storebru near Eikefjord. References Category:1937 births Category:2017 deaths Category:Conservative Party (Norway) politicians Category:Norwegian state secretaries Category:Deputy members of the Storting Category:Sogn og Fjordane politicians Category:Norwegian lawyers Category:Norwegian judges Category:University of Oslo alumni Category:University of Oslo faculty Category:People from Førde Category:Road incident deaths in Norway

Assistant Secretary for Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs The United States Department of Commerce Assistant Secretary for Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs is the Department of Commerce principal liaison to the U.S. Congress, Governors, and other state officials. He heads the Department of Commerce Office of Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs (OLIA). The position is currently held by Michael R. Platt, Jr. The Assistant Secretary is responsible for coordinating and overseeing Department legislative activity, which entails working closely with the Appropriations, Oversight, and Authorization (Armed Services) committees in the House and Senate to ensure Department priorities are considered throughout the legislative and oversight process. He also routinely advises the Secretary of Commerce (to whom he reports), the Deputy Secretary, and other senior leadership in the Department of Commerce on legislative matters and congressional relations, with the exception of certain areas under the purview of the Office of the General Counsel, and the Chief Financial Officer and Assistant Secretary for Administration. He leads the confirmation process for all presidential nominees who require Senate approval to serve in the Department. The Assistant Secretary himself is nominated by the President and requires Senate confirmation before serving. The Assistant Secretary is assisted by the Deputy Assistant Secretary for Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs (the Deputy Assistant Secretary), the Director of Legislative Affairs, and the Director of Intergovernmental Affairs. The Deputy Assistant Secretary is the principal deputy to the Assistant Secretary on all operational matters and performs the duties of the Assistant Secretary during the latter's absence. The Director of Legislative affairs advises the Assistant and Deputy Secretaries on the Department of Commerce's relationship with Congress, congressional committees, and individual members of the House and Senate. The Director of Intergovernmental Affairs assists the Assistant and Deputy Secretaries in managing relationships with state, county, and municipal governments. References External links Office of Legislative and Intergovernmental Affairs (OLIA) Category:United States Department of Commerce officials

Bindi (decoration) A bindi (, from Sanskrit बिन्दु bindú, meaning "point, drop, dot or small particle") is a colored dot worn on the center of the forehead, originally by Hindus and Jains from the Indian subcontinent. The word bindu dates back to the hymn of creation known as Nasadiya Sukta in the Rigveda. Bindu is considered the point at which creation begins and may become unity. It is also described as "the sacred symbol of the cosmos in its unmanifested state". A bindi is a bright dot of some colour applied in the centre of the forehead close to the eyebrows worn in the Indian subcontinent (particularly amongst Hindus in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka) and Southeast Asia among Balinese, Javanese, Malaysian, Singaporean and Burmese Hindus. A similar marking is also worn by babies and children in China and, as in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, represents the opening of the third eye. Bindi in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism is associated with ajna chakra, and Bindu is known as the third eye chakra. Bindu is the point or dot around which the mandala is created, representing the universe. The bindi has a historical and cultural presence in the region of Greater India. Religious significance Traditionally, the area between the eyebrows (where the bindi is placed) is said to be the sixth chakra, ajna, the seat of "concealed wisdom". The bindi is said to retain energy and strengthen concentration. The bindi also represents the third eye. The Nasadiya Sukta of the Rig Veda, the earliest known Sanskrit text, mentions the word Bindu. The Ajna is symbolised by a sacred lotus with two petals, and corresponds to the colours violet, indigo or deep blue, though it is traditionally described as white. It is at this point that the two sides Nadi Ida (yoga) and Pingala are said to terminate and merge with the central channel Sushumna, signifying the end of duality, the characteristic of being dual (e.g. light and dark, or male and female). The seed syllable for this chakra is the syllable OM, and the presiding deity is Ardhanarishvara, who is a half male, half female Shiva/Shakti. The Shakti goddess of Ajna is called Hakini. In metaphysics, Bindu is considered the dot or point at which creation begins and may become unity. It is also described as "the sacred symbol of the cosmos in its unmanifested state". Bindu is the point around which the mandala is created, representing the universe. Ajna (along with Bindu), is known as the third eye chakra and is linked to the pineal gland which may inform a model of its envisioning. The pineal gland is a light sensitive gland that produces the hormone melatonin which regulates sleep and waking up, and is also postulated to be the production site of the psychedelic dimethyltryptamine, the only known hallucinogen endogenous to the human body. Ajna's key issues involve balancing the higher and lower selves and trusting inner guidance. Ajna's inner aspect relates to the access of intuition. Mentally, Ajna deals with visual consciousness. Emotionally, Ajna deals with clarity on an intuitive level. In Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, bindi is associated with Ajna Chakra and Bindu. Divinities in these religions are typically depicted with Bhrumadhya Bindu, in meditative pose with their eyes nearly closed show the gaze focused between eyebrows, other spot being the tip of the nose—Naasikagra. The very spot between the eyebrows known as Bhrumadhya is where one focuses his/her sight, so that it helps concentration. In South Asia, bindi is worn by women of all religious dispositions and is not restricted to

religion or region. However, the Islamic Research Foundation, located in India, says "wearing a bindi or mangalsutra is a sign of Hindu women. The traditional bindi still represents and preserves the symbolic significance that is integrated into Indian mythology in many parts of India." The red bindi has multiple meanings which are all simultaneously valid: One simple interpretation is that it is a cosmetic mark used to enhance beauty. Archaeology has yielded clay female figurines from the Indus Valley with red pigment on the forehead and hair parting. It is unclear whether this held any religious or cultural significance. In Hinduism, the color red represents honor, love, and prosperity, hence it was worn to symbolise these aspects. In meditation, the point between the eyebrows (Bhrumadhya) is where one focuses his/her sight, to help concentration. Most images of Hindu, Jain or Buddhist divinities in meditative poses with their eyes nearly closed show the gaze focused between the eyebrows (another spot being the tip of the nose—naasikagra). Swami Muktananda writes that "auspicious Kumkum or sandalwood paste is applied (between the eyebrows) out of respect for the inner Guru. It is the Guru's seat. There is a chakra (centre of spiritual energy within the human body) here called Ajna (Aadnyaa) chakra, meaning 'Command centre'. Here is received the Guru's command to go higher in Sadhana (spiritual practice) to the 'Sahasraar' (seventh and final chakra) which leads to Self-realisation. The flame seen at the eyebrow is called 'Guru Jyoti'." The encyclopaedic Dictionary of Yoga reports that this 'Ajna Chakra' is also called the 'Third eye'. This centre is connected with the sacred syllable 'Om' and presiding, is 'Parashiva'. On activating this centre, the aspirant overcomes 'Ahamkar' (the ego or sense of individuality), the last hoe on the path of spirituality. Traditional application method A traditional bindi is red or maroon in colour. A pinch of vermilion powder is applied skilfully with a ring-finger to make a perfect red dot. It takes considerable practice to achieve the perfect round shape by hand. A small annular disc aids application for beginners. First, they apply a sticky wax paste through the empty centre of the disc. This is then covered with kumkum or vermilion and then the disc is removed to get a perfect round bindi. Various materials such as lac, sandal, 'aguru', mica, 'kasturi', kumkum (made of red turmeric) and sindoor colour the dot. Saffron ground together with 'kusumba' flower can also work. Traditionally they are green in colour with a red dot in the middle. The bindi is no longer restricted in colour or shape. Historically, the ornamental bindi spangle consists of a small piece of lac over which is smeared vermilion, while above it a piece of mica or thin glass is fixed for ornament. Women wore large spangles set in gold with a border of jewels if they could afford it. The bindi was made and sold by lac workers known as Lakhera. In Hinduism, it's part of the Suhāg or lucky trousseau at marriages and is affixed to the girl's forehead on her wedding and thereafter always worn. Unmarried girls optionally wore small ornamental spangles on their foreheads. A widow was not allowed to wear bindi or any ornamentation associated with married women. In modern times, self-adhesive bindis are available in various materials, usually made of felt or thin metal and adhesive on the other side. These are simple to apply, disposable substitutes for older lac tikli bindis. Sticker bindis come in many colours, designs, materials, and sizes. There are different regional variations of the bindi. In Maharashtra a large crescent moon

shaped bindi is worn with a smaller black dot underneath or above, associated with Chandrabindu and Bindu chakra represented by crescent moon, they are commonly known as Chandrakor in this region, outside Maharashtra they are popularly known as Marathi bindi. In Bengal region a large round red bindi is worn, brides in this region are often decorated with Alpana design on forehead and cheeks, along with bindi. In southern India a smaller red bindi is worn with a white tilak at the bottom, another common type is a red tilak shaped bindi. In Rajasthan the bindi is often worn round, long tilak shaped bindi are also common, as well as the crescent moon on some occasions. Decorative bindis have become popular among women in South Asia, regardless of religious background. Bindis are a staple and symbolic for women in the Indian subcontinent. In addition to the bindi, in India, a vermilion mark in the parting of the hair just above the forehead is worn by married women as commitment to long-life and well-being of their husbands. During all Hindu marriage ceremonies, the groom applies sindoor in the part in the bride's hair. Apart from their cosmetic use, bindis have found a modern medical application in India. Iodine patch bindis have often been used among women in north-west Maharashtra to battle iodine deficiency. Related customs in other Asian regions In Southeast Asia, bindis are worn by Balinese and Javanese Hindus of Indonesia. Historically, it was worn by many Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia. Bindis are also decorated on wedding brides and grooms of Java and other parts of Indonesia, even worn by non-Hindus. It is worn for cultural purposes because Indonesia was once ruled by Indianized Hindu kingdoms, thus the culture still preserves until today. Bindis in Indonesia are usually white, rather than red as in India. Modern use Bindis are popular outside the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia as well. They are sometimes worn purely for decorative purpose or style statement without any religious or cultural affiliation. Decorative and ornamental bindis were introduced to other parts of the world by immigrants from the Indian subcontinent. International celebrities such as Gwen Stefani, Julia Roberts, Madonna, Selena Gomez and many others have been seen wearing bindis. The appropriateness of such uses has been disputed. Reacting to Gomez wearing a bindi while singing her song "Come and Get It", Hindu leader Rajan Zed said that the bindi has religious significance and should not be used as a fashion accessory, but Indian actress Priyanka Chopra praised Gomez's choice as "an embrace of Indian culture". Alternative terms A bindi can be called: Phot (literally meaning a small pressing mark) in Assamese Tip (literally meaning "a pressing") in Bengali Tikuli (literally meaning "a small tika") in Madhyadeshi areas Chandlo in Gujarati meaning moon shape Tilaka in Hindi Tika in Nepali Kunkuma or Bottu or Tilaka in Kannada Tilakaya in Sinhala Tikli in Konkani Kunkoo कुंकू or Tikali टिकली in Marathi Tikili in Odia Bindi in Punjabi meaning long red mark Pottu or Kunkumam or Netri or Tilakam' in Tamil and Malayalam Bottu or Tilakam in Telugu Bottu in Kannada Alpana'' are the small decorative design over the eyebrows and cheeks used in marriage or festivals "Tikli" in Maithili Images See also Tilaka Thirunamam Urna References External links Bindi design as hobby Bindi and its significance Category:Bangladeshi culture Category:Body art Category:Cosmetics Category:Indian culture Category:Red symbols Category:Types of jewellery Category:Desi culture fr:Bindi

Southern Alleghenies Conservancy Southern Alleghenies Conservancy is a non-profit nature group preserving the environment in South Western and South Central Pennsylvania, covering Bedford, Blair, Cambria, Fulton, Huntingdon, and Somerset counties. Current projects The SAC has many projects in preserving the environment in South Western and South Central PA, the most notable include converting the Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike (which the SAC bought from the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission in 2001 for $1) into a biketrail and, to a lesser extent, some involvement in getting a permanent Flight 93 memorial built in Somerset County to honor the victims of 9/11. In the case of the Abandoned Turnpike, the property is currently leased to the Pike2Bike, a coalition of other non-profit groups including the SAC to convert it into the biketrail. See also Abandoned Pennsylvania Turnpike Flight 93 Memorial External links Pike2Bike's Web Site Category:Environmental organizations based in Pennsylvania

List of forests in Israel The forests of contemporary Israel are mainly the result of a massive afforestation campaign by the Jewish National Fund (JNF). This article is a list of these forests. In the 19th century and up to World War I, the Ottoman Empire cleared the land of Israel of its natural reserves of pine and oak trees, in order to build railways across the empire. Since it was founded the JNF has planted in Israel more than 185 million trees creating 280 forests, and still operates today. Jerusalem District Aminadav Forest – Judean hills near Aminadav Canada Forest – Jerusalem corridor Eshtaol Forest - near Beit Shemesh Gilo Forest – (Gilo neighborhood) Jerusalem Forest – (between Givat Shaul neighborhood and Ein Karem) Martyrs Forest – (above Moshav Ksalon (Shimshon-Sha'ar HaGai Junction) Peace Forest – (below East Talpiot promenade) Ramot Forest – (between Ramot neighborhood and Shu'afat) Central District Ben Shemen Forest – (east of Ben Shemen youth village) Hulda Forest – (Nahshon Junction – Rehovot road) Planned in 1907 by the Jewish National Fund, which brought in a German agronomist, Louis Barish, to manage the project. Restored in 1998. Meginim Forest - Gezer region Tzora Forest – (between Shimshon and Nahshon Junctions) near Tzora Northern District Carmel Coast Forest – (Fureidis-Haifa Road) Hadera Forest – (near railway station) Irron Forest – (Hadera-Megiddo Road) Mt. Hurshan – (near Amikam) Mt. Shehumit (Har Nahash) - (Kiryat Shmona) Atatürk Forest - Mount Carmel Galilee Ahihud Forest – (Acre-Safed Road near Mt. Gamal) Biriya Forest – (Safed-Biriya Road) Lower Hanita Forest – (Shlomi-Hanita Road) Parod Forest – (Acre-Safed Road, near Kibbutz Parod) Upper Galilee Baram Forest – (Shlomi-Sasa Road, near Meron Junction) Lavi Forest – (Golani Interchange) Mt. Turan – (near Golani Interchange-Mitzpe Netofa) Segev Forest Lower Galilee Beit Keshet Forest Swiss Forest Tiberias Forest Southern District Amatzia woodlands – (near Amatzia) Melachim Forest, Shachariya – (between Kiryat Gat and Lakhish Junction) Negev Be'eri Forest – (on Road No. 232 near Be'eri from Hodiya Junction (Road No. 232) off Zikim-Karmia Road) Lahav Forest – (northern Negev) Yatir Forest – (northeast Negev) Jewish mythology Dvei Ilai See also National parks and nature reserves of Israel References External links KKL-JNF Forest Recreation Sites Forests Israel Category:Protected areas of Israel Category:Desert greening

Act. 7 Act. 7 is the seventh and final extended play by South Korean girl group 4Minute. It was released on February 1, 2016 and consists of five songs. The lead track "Hate" was released in promotion. This is the last release from 4Minute prior to their disbandment announced on June 2016. Background On January 25, Cube Entertainment released the track list and individual teaser images for the members. The first track, "Hate", was co-composed and arranged by EDM DJ Skrillex. Release and promotion On January 29, the group released their first teaser video for "Hate" with a dramatic scene of each member. The music video for "Hate" was released on February 1, with the concept being a sexy take on a hip hop clip. The music video achieved 1 million views in under 24 hours of release, with some commentators attributing the high figure to anticipation for the group's comeback. The group began promotion on MBC Music's Show Champion on February 3, then continued their first week of performances for the album on Mnet's M! Countdown, KBS's Music Bank, MBC's Music Core and SBS's Inkigayo on February 4, 5, 6 and 7 respectively. On April 15, 2016, the group released a music video for the track "Canvas". Track listing Charts Weekly charts Release history References External links "Hate" Music Video Category:4Minute EPs Category:Cube Entertainment EPs Category:2016 EPs Category:Korean-language EPs Category:Dance-pop EPs

Kyzyl-Jar, Aksy Kyzyl-Jar (also Kyzyl-Dzhar, , pronounced , literally "Red cliff") is a village in Aksy District of Jalal-Abad Region in Kyrgyzstan. Its population was 5,016 in 2009. The Naryn River separates the village from Uch-Kurgan, Uzbekistan, not far from Namangan. The area and even the village are still sometimes referred to as Uch-Korgon, presumably due to the lumping together of the two villages during Soviet times. The village is located on the edge of the Fergana Valley and as such is a heavy watermelon, melon, and cotton-producing area. References Category:Populated places in Jalal-Abad Region

Salvetti Salvetti is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include: Alida Maria Salvetti (1941-1991), Italian operatic soprano Antonio Salvetti (1854–1931), Italian architect and painter Emiliano Salvetti (born 1974), Italian footballer Category:Italian-language surnames

Chikan (embroidery) Chikan () is a traditional embroidery style from Lucknow, India. Literally translated, the word means embroidery, and it is one of Lucknow's best known textile decoration styles. The market for local chikan is mainly in Chowk, Lucknow. Origin There are references to embroidery similar to chikan work in India as early as 3rd century BC by Megasthenes, who mentioned the use of flowered muslins by Indians. But these embroidered patterns lack any colour, ornamentation or anything spectacular to embellish it. According to Laila Tyabji, chikankari stems from the white-on-white embroidery of Shiraz and came to India as part of culture of Persian nobles at the Mughal court. There is also a tale that mentions how a traveler taught chikan to a peasant in return of water to drink. The most popular origin story credits Noor Jahan, Mughal empress and wife of Jahangir, with introducing chikankari to India. Chikan began as a type of white-on-white (or whitework) embroidery. Technique The technique of creation of a chikan work is known as chikankari ( ). Chikan is a delicate and artfully done hand embroidery on a variety of textile fabric like muslin, silk, chiffon, organza, net, etc. White thread is embroidered on cool, pastel shades of light muslin and cotton garments. Nowadays chikan embroidery is also done with coloured and silk threads in colours to meet the fashion trends and keep chikankari up-to-date. Lucknow is the heart of the chikankari industry today and the variety is known as Lucknawi chikan. Chikan work in the recent times has adapted additional embellishments like Mukaish, Kamdani, Badla, sequin, bead and mirror work, which gives it a rich look. Chikan embroidery is mostly done on fabrics like cotton, semi-Georgette, pure Georgette, crepe, chiffon, silk and any other fabric which is light and which highlights the embroidery. The fabric cannot be too thick or hard, else the embroidery needle won't pierce it. The piece begins with one or more pattern blocks that are used to block-print a pattern on the ground fabric. The embroiderer stitches the pattern, and the finished piece is carefully washed to remove all traces of the printed pattern. The process of chikankari includes the following steps: Design Engraving Block printing Embroidery Washing and finishing Stitches The patterns and effects created depend on the stitches and the thicknesses of the threads used. Some of the stitches include backstitch, chain stitch and hemstitch. The result is an open work pattern, jali (lace) or shadow-work. Often the embroiderer creates mesh-like sections by using a needle to separate threads in the ground fabric, and then working around the spaces. It consists of 32 stitches: Chikankari-Tepchi is a long running or darning stitch worked with six strands on the right side of the fabric taken over four threads and picking up one. Thus, a line is formed. It is used principally as a basis for further stitchery and occasionally to form a simple shape. Bakhiya — 'Shadow work' or bhakia is one of the stitches of chikankari. The reason for the name shadow is that the embroidery is done on wrong side and we see its shadow on the right side. Hool is a fine detached eyelet stitch. A hole is punched in the fabric and the threads are teased apart. It is then held by small straight stitches all round and worked with one thread on the right side of the fabric. It can be worked with six threads and often forms the center of a flower. Zanzeera Rahet Banarsi Khatau Phanda Murri is the form of stitch used to embroider the centre of the flowers

in chikan work motifs. They are typically French knots that are rice-shaped. Murri is the oldest and most sought-after form of chikankari. The use of this stitch is depleting due to a decrease in the artisans doing this embroidery. Jali stitch is one where the thread is never drawn through the fabric, ensuring that the back portion of the garment looks as impeccable as the front. The warp and weft threads are carefully drawn apart and minute buttonhole stitches are inserted into the cloth. Turpai Darzdari Pechani Bijli Ghaspatti Makra Kauri Hathkadi Banjkali Sazi Karan Kapkapi Madrazi Bulbul-chasm Taj Mahal Janjeera Kangan Dhania-patti Rozan Meharki Chanapatti Baalda Jora Keel kangan Bulbul Sidhaul Ghas ki patti GI status Geographical Indication Registry (GIR) accorded Geographical Indication (GI) status for chikankari in December 2008, which recognized Lucknow as an exclusive hub of chikankari. In popular culture The 1986 Indian film Anjuman directed by Muzaffar Ali and starring Shabana Azmi and Farooque Shaikh is set in Lucknow and deals with issues of chikan workers. In fact, Farooque Shaikh was so charmed by this fabric and style that he wore chikan all his life and came to be identified as a brand ambassador of sorts of Lakhnavi chikankari. References Further reading External links Category:Embroidery in India Category:Culture of Lucknow Category:Culture of Uttar Pradesh Category:Economy of Lucknow Category:Geographical indications in Uttar Pradesh

Jussi Länsitalo Jussi Länsitalo (born 30 June 1990) is a Finnish football player currently playing for FC Lahti. References Guardian Football fclahti.fi Profile Category:1990 births Category:Living people Category:Finnish footballers Category:Finnish expatriate footballers Category:FC Lahti players Category:Veikkausliiga players Category:Association football forwards

Macrourus berglax Macrourus berglax, the roughhead grenadier or onion-eye grenadier, is a species of marine ray-finned fish in the family Macrouridae. It is a deep-water fish found in the Atlantic Ocean. Description The roughhead grenadier can reach a length of one metre (yard). The head occupies about one quarter of the total length of the fish, it has a slender body and long tapering tail. There are some bony spiny scutes or scales on the upper side of the head but the lower side is scaleless. The snout is pointed and the small mouth is set far back on the lower side of the head with a short barbel underneath. There are 3 to 5 rows of sharp teeth in the upper jaw and 1 or 2 rows in the lower jaw. The eye is large and bulbous, giving the fish its alternative name of onion-eye grenadier. There are two dorsal fins, the front one having 11 to 13 finrays and the hind one running along the back to the tip of the tail. The anal fin is similarly long and narrow and there is no tailfin. The body is covered in large ridged, spiny scales. The general body colour is grey, darker underneath, with dark fins and dark edges to some of the scales. Distribution The roughhead grenadier is found in the North Atlantic Ocean at depths between and water temperatures below . Its range includes the waters around Greenland and Iceland, and extends in the west from the Bear Seamount, Norfolk Canyon and Georges Bank north to Labrador and the Davis Strait and in the east from Ireland north to the Faeroe Islands, Norway, Spitzbergen and the Barents Sea. Biology The roughhead grenadier feeds on crustaceans and other small invertebrates it finds on the seabed. The diet includes small fish, shrimps, amphipods, polychaete worms, bivalve molluscs, isopods, brittle stars, other echinoderms and comb jellies. The roughhead grenadier is a slow growing fish. The females mature at an age of about 14 years and a length of while males reach maturity at a length of . The potential fecundity of the female is 17,000 to 56,000 eggs. The eggs are laid in batches and spawning takes place at any time of year, with a peak in late winter and early spring. Fishery The roughhead grenadier is landed as a by-catch when fishing for Greenland halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) and Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). In a study off the east coast of Greenland, more males were taken by trawling and more females by long line. This seemed to be due to the females being in the depth range while the males predominated at shallower depths. References Category:Macrouridae Category:Fish described in 1801

Bittering Bittering is the name of two former parishes in the county of Norfolk, England, now in the civil parish of Beeston with Bittering , west of East Dereham and south of Fakenham. Little Bittering parish was annexed to the neighbouring Beeston. Great Bittering parish was annexed to the neighbouring Gressenhall and Beetley. The mediaeval church of St Peter's is a grade II* listed building. References Francis White, History, Gazetteer, and Directory, of Norfolk (1845, reprinted 1969) pp. 327–329 External links Category:Villages in Norfolk Category:Breckland District

Bad Bleiberg Bad Bleiberg () is a market town in the district of Villach-Land, in Carinthia, Austria. Originally a mining area, especially for lead (), Bad Bleiberg today due to its hot springs is a spa town. Geography Bad Bleiberg is situated west of the district's capital Villach in a high valley on the northern slope of the Dobratsch (Villacher Alpe) massif, the easternmost part of the Gailtal Alps mountain range. The municipal area comprises the cadastral communities of Bleiberg proper and Kreuth. History King Henry II of Germany granted the Carinthian lands around Villach to the newly created Diocese of Bamberg at the Frankfurt synod of 1 November 1007, together with other estates like Griffen or the Canal Valley around Tarvisio. When under Emperor Frederick II Bamberg was elevated to a Prince-Bishopric, the territories became ecclesiastical exclaves within the territory of the Carinthian dukes. In 1759 the Bamberg estates were finally acquired by Empress Maria Theresa and incorporated into Habsburg Carinthia. The mine was first mentioned as Pleyberg in a 1333 deed issued by the Bamberg bishops; it was operated by the Swabian Fugger family from the late 15th century onwards. Georgius Agricola described the mining and smelting of lead and zinc in his 1556 book De re metallica. Mining operations ceased in 1993 for economic reasons, today a tourist mine offers guided underground tours. The current municipality was established in 1850, it received the status of a market town in 1930. When in 1951 a hot spring had flooded an adit, a public bath was established and Bleiberg received the official Bad title of a spa town in 1978. Politics Seats in the municipal assembly (Gemeinderat) as of 2015 local elections: Independent List Bad Bleiberg (ULB): 10 Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ): 7 Freedom Party of Austria (FPö): 1 The Greens – The Green Alternative: 1 Twin town Pradamano, Italy Notable people Oskar Potiorek (1853–1933), Austro-Hungarian army officer References Category:Cities and towns in Villach-Land District Category:Gailtal Alps

Berezanka Raion Berezanka Raion () is located in Mykolaiv Oblast of Ukraine. Its administrative center is the urban-type settlement of Berezanka. Population: History In the 19th century, the area belonged to Odessky Uyezd of Kherson Governorate. On 16 April 1920, Odessa Governorate split off, and Odessky Uyezd was moved to Odessa Governorate. In 1923, uyezds in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic were abolished, and the governorates were divided into okruhas. In 1923, Anatolivka Raion of Odessa Okruha, with the administrative center in Anatolivka, was established. In the same year, the center of the raion was moved to Tylihulo-Berezanka, and later raion was renamed Tylihulo-Berezanka. In 1925, the governorates were abolished, and okruhas were directly subordinated to Ukrainian SSR. In 1926, Tylihulo-Berezanka was renamed Berezanka. In 1930, okruhas were abolished, and on 27 February 1932, Odessa Oblast was established, and Tylihulo-Berezanka Raion was included into Odessa Oblast. On 22 September 1937, Mykolaiv Oblast split off Odessa Oblast, and Tylihulo-Berezanka Raion became part of newly created Mykolaiv Oblast. In January 1963, during the abortive Khrushchyov administrative reform, Tylihulo-Berezanka Raion was abolished and split between Mykolaiv and Ochakiv Raions. In 1966, Berezanka Raion was re-established in the area previously occupied by Tylihulo-Berezanka Raion. References Category:Raions of Mykolaiv Oblast Category:States and territories established in 1923 Category:States and territories disestablished in 1963 Category:States and territories established in 1966

Czaplice-Kurki Czaplice-Kurki is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Krzynowłoga Mała, within Przasnysz County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. During Nazi Occupation it was part of New Berlin military training area References Czaplice-Kurki

Jack Moule Jack Moule (born 1994) is a young professional jet skier. In 2008, he became the British National Freestyle Champion in both the amateur and professional classes, just 18 months after he was considered old enough to ride his own jetski, making him the youngest ever jetski champion at the age of 14. Jack won the amateur competition 41 points ahead of his nearest competitor, and the professional class by 13 points. His competition was aged 17 to 45. In the freestyle round, he won all rounds on the tour except for one. He subsequently signed a 12-month sponsorship deal with Jobe Sports Europe after a representative of the company saw him skiing in the central pool of Earls Court on the opening day of the Sail, Power and Watersports Show to which Moule was invited as a VIP guest and Youth Ambassador of the Show. References Further reading http://www.bymnews.com/news/newsDetails.php?id=46807 (same as Earls Court, but with date) http://www.metro.co.uk/news/article.html?Jet_ski_Jack_a_UK_champion_at_14&in_article_id=353987&in_page_id=34 http://www.jetskier.co.uk/editorial.php?ed_id=2031&channel=news&limit=1&pos=16&keywords= External links Youngest Ever Jet Ski Champion, 14 October 2008, Sky News Online (video) "Jet-ski boy shows off his skills", Interview on BBC Breakfast (video) https://web.archive.org/web/20081223204008/http://www.freestylenationaltour.co.uk/ Category:1994 births Category:Living people

St Peter's College, Wexford St Peter's College, Wexford is an Irish secondary school and former seminary located in Summerhill, overlooking Wexford town. It is a single sex school for male pupils. Currently, the schools population is over 770. The current Principal is Mr. Robert O'Callaghan and the current Deputy Principals are Mr. John Banville & Mr. Sean Foley. History Founded in 1811 by Most Rev. Patrick Ryan, Bishop of Ferns, the College has progressed from a Roman Catholic Seminary in Michael Street, Wexford to the present buildings. In 1818, the large house at Summerhill was purchased and Bishop Ryan blessed the foundation stone of an extension to be constructed to the rear of the house. In 1819, Bishop James Keating opened the new college and the President, staff and student body of Michael Street took up residence. Rev. Miles Murphy was the first president, he went on to become a Bishop. Expansion occurred for years afterwards and the impressive facade with its distinctive tower and the chapel designed by Augustus Welby Pugin were constructed. In 1855 the college became affiliated to the Catholic University of Ireland, in 1858 a theology course was offered to students. Up until 1897 students went on to finish their Theology and Philosophy courses St Patrick's College, Maynooth, (or another seminary), but from 1901 students completed their studies in St. Peter's and were ordained. Over 160 priests ordained for American dioceses were trained in St. Peter's. In 1938, due to increasing numbers of students, a seminary wing was added to facilitate expansion. This wing is now occupied by the Wexford Campus of Institute of Technology, Carlow. The Seminary closed in 1999 and the 10 remaining students for the priesthood transferred to other seminaries, and new construction work was completed in 2001. In 2009, a new building was completed, €3.5 Million, the building links the two older sections of the school and provides many specialist rooms such as CAD rooms and Physics Labs. In 1988 the Christian Media Trust, was set up in St. Peter's, with radio studios and production facilities; this is an interdenominational grouping including representatives from Wexford's Church of Ireland, Methodist and Presbyterian Churches. The group's programmes are broadcast on South East Radio on 95.6 FM . The building of the studio at St. Peter's was financed by Dr. Comiskey and the Ferns Diocese. In 2005 the college featured prominently in The Ferns Report enquiry into paedophile activities in the Roman Catholic Church in the Diocese of Ferns. Syllabus The Junior certificate cycle subjects are: English, Irish, Mathematics, Geography, CSPE, History, Religion, Physical Education, Computer Studies & CSPE. The optional or 'choice' subjects are: French or German, Science, Technical Graphics, Material Technology (Wood), Music, Art & Business Studies. St. Peter's also offer a Transition Year programme for students between Junior Certificate and Leaving Certificate cycles, which allows students to experience new subjects that are included in the Leaving Certificate as well as exclusive subjects purely for Transition Year. The Leaving Certificate cycle include the mandatory Irish, English, Maths, and Religion and P.E., and subjects chosen from Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Applied Maths, French, German, History, Geography, Accounting, Economics, Agricultural Science, Art, Music, Business, Technical Drawing and Construction Studies. (M) = Mandatory subject (O) = Optional subject " ~ " = No Junior Certificate examination Sport The college has a Gaelic Athletic Association tradition with All Ireland glory in hurling in 1962, 1967,1968 and 1973. Other successes include Leinster Hurling and Football championships. The college's recent victories include the Senior Leinster A Football in 2017 and the Junior Leinster A Hurling 2007/8. The school has teams

in basketball, handball and many other sports.The school also won the Juvenile Leinster Football Final 2008/2009 and reached the final of the Juvenile Leinster Handball Final. In the GAA Centenary year of 1984, Martin Casey (Kilmore) and Chris Murray (Castlebridge) won the All Ireland U15 Colleges Handball Doubles Final for the school at Croke Park. Power Park Power Park, the all-weather pitch commemorates the name of Ned Power – former Vice-Principal – who did so much to promote drama and games, not only in the College, but also in County Wexford. . Decisions were taken to close the boarding school 1997 and the Seminary in 1998. The Patron allocated a portion of the available rooms to the Secondary School. Substantial refurbishment of these buildings and the construction of a new extension was made possible through funding from the Department of Education & Science. People Associated with St. Peter's College Notable alumni John Banville – (b. 1945) novelist and screenwriter. Des Bishop – (b. 1975) Irish-American comedian Bishop Denis Brennan – (b. 1945) Current Bishop of Ferns, Wexford, appointed 2006. Bishop Abraham Brownrigg – (1836–1931), Catholic Bishop of Ossory, Kilkenny (1884–1928). Bishop Henry Cleary, O.B.E. – (1859–1929), Catholic Bishop of the Diocese of Auckland, New Zealand (1910–1929). Jamie Codd, jockey, finished second on Cause of Causes in the 2017 Grand National Prof. Arthur W. Conway FRS (1876–1950) Mathematical Physicist, President of University College Dublin (1940–1947). Donal Collins – Principal St Peter's College – (1988–1991). Jailed for indecent assault, gross indecency, buggery 1998 (d.2010). Seán Fortune – (1954 – 13 March 1999) Catholic priest accused of child molestation. Cardinal Tomás Ó Fiaich – (1923–1990) Catholic Archbishop of Armagh (1977), Primate of All Ireland (1977), Cardinal (1979). Daniel Furlong – (b. 1998) Winner of The All Ireland Talent Show, 2011. Bishop Thomas Grace – (1841–1921) Catholic Bishop of Sacramento, California (1896–1921). Neil Horan – (b. 1947)is a laicised Catholic priest, notorious for Grand Prix and Olympic marathon protests. Dr. James B. Kavanagh – (1800–1886), President of Carlow College (1864–1880). Archbishop Michael Kelly – (1850–1940) Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, Australia(1911–1940). Pat McCartan – (b. 1953) Irish Circuit Court judge, TD (1987–1992). Archbishop Redmond Prendiville – (1900–1968) Catholic Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Perth, Australia (1935–1968). Dr. Patrick Prendergast MRIA – 44th Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, appointed 2011. Shaunaka Rishi Das – (b. 1961) Founder of the Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies, Hindu cleric. James Ryan – (1891–1970) founder-member of the Irish Volunteers, MP (1918–1919), TD (1919–1965) and Government Minister for much of that time. Bishop Laurence Bonaventure Sheil – (1815–1872) Catholic Bishop of Adelaide, Australia (1866–1872). Colm Tóibín – writer and critic. Bishop Dr. James Walshe – Bishop of Kildare and Leighlin (1856–1888), President of Carlow College (1850–1856). Presidents/Principals of the College The First President of St. Peters was Rev. Miles Murphy he was succeeded in 1829 by Rev. John Sinnott DD, in 1850 after the death of Dr. Sinnott, Rev. Lawrence Kirwan was appointed president. In 1858 Rev Patrick C Sheridan took over the post of president, he was followed in 1873 by Dr Kavanagh. Very Rev. Luke (Canon) Doyle, served as President of St. Peter's College, from 1890–1895. More recent presidents have included Very Rev. William F. Murphy STL, Rev. Laurence O'Connor,Very Rev. Dr. Thomas Sherwood, and Fr. Seamus S. De Vál who has written about the college. As of 2018, the Principal of St. Peter's College is Mr. Robert O' Callaghan and the 2 Vice-Principals being Mr. John Banville & Mr. Sean Foley. Institute of Technology, Carlow – Wexford Campus The Institute of Technology, Carlow delivers courses at St. Peter's,

in the former Seminary wing. There is approx. 900 students doing various full and part-time certificate, diploma, degree and masters courses in Business, Arts, Childhood studies, Visual Communications and Design, Sustainable Architectural Technology and Economics. 2012 sees the commencement of an MBA programme at the IT Carlow Wexford Campus. References Further reading A Nineteenth-Century Tabernacle, Séamas S. de Vál, The Past: The Organ of the Uí Cinsealaigh Historical Society, No. 22 (2000), pp. 67–69. Published by: Uí Cinsealaigh Historical Society. Sesquicentenary of St. Peter's College, Wexford, Séamas V. Ó Súilleabháin, The Past: The Organ of the Uí Cinsealaigh Historical Society, No. 8 (1970), pp. 52–59, Published by: Uí Cinsealaigh Historical Society. In the Shadow of Pugin: A Troubled Local Church, Colm Tóibín, The Furrow, Vol. 54, No. 6 (Jun. 2003), pp. 352–356, Published by: The Furrow. External links St. Peter's College on The Wexford Web School's home page Hidden Wexford Genealogy – 1901 & 1911 census, St Peter's Ferns Diocese Website School's Student Archive website Article in memory of Ned Power, for whom Power Park is named Category:Boys' schools in the Republic of Ireland Category:Secondary schools in County Wexford Category:Educational institutions established in 1811 Category:Catholic seminaries Category:Wexford, County Wexford Category:1811 establishments in Ireland

John Frederick, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt John Frederick, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (8 January 1721 in Rudolstadt – 10 July 1767 in ibid) was the ruling Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt from 1744 to 1767. Life John Frederick von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt was the only son of Frederick Anton, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and his first wife, Princess Sophia Wilhelmina of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. John Frederick mastered the French language. Between 1738 and 1742, John Frederick made a Grand Tour. He attended lectures on theology at the University of Strasbourg and lectures on mathematics and physics at the University of Utrecht. During his Grand Tour, he came into contact with the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment. He later tried to reconcile these ideas with his faith. In 1742, John Frederick represented his father at the coronation of Emperor Charles. The ceremony in Frankfurt Cathedral lasted several hours and John Frederick found it very impressive. In 1744, at the age of 23, he inherited the Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. He continued the Heidecksburg construction project his father had begun. His father had built the exterior of the castle, John Frederick took up decorating the interior. He commissioned frescoed ceilings and overdoor ornaments. In 1750, the ballroom was completed by Gottfried Heinrich Krohne. It is considered a prime example of Rococo interior design in Germany. The princely collection of sheet music had been lost in a fire in 1735. John Frederick started a new collection to replace it. Georg Gebel composed at least nine opera libretti and about a hundred symphonies, partitas and concerts. In 1746, John Frederick rewarded him with the title of Concertmeister and in 1750 with the title of Kapellmeister. In 1754, Christian Gotthelf Scheinpflug succeeded gebel as Kapellmeister. He composed music for all kinds of courtly occasions. In 1746, he founded a theological seminary and supported the founding of an extensive public library. He added his private library to the existing collection and from 1751 onwards, he allowed the general public to access it once a week. He considerably extended the collection of the "Princely public library Rudolstadt", founded in 1748, be purchasing scientific literature and numerous valuable books, incunables and oriental manuscripts. The collection is currently split between the , and the . On 4 October 1760, John Frederick granted a license to operate a porcelain factory to Georg Heinrich Macheleid. John Frederick himself acted as a director for this company, which still exists under the name of Aelteste Volkstedter Porzellanmanufaktur. On 20 January 1764, the local gymnasium celebrated its centenary. On this occasion, John Frederick officially named the building and added a position teaching mathematics and physics. The ceremony was attended by the Prince and the entire princely household. John Frederick died on 10 July 1767. As he had no male heir, he was succeeded by his uncle Louis Günther II. In 1763, Louis Günther II's eldest son, the new Crown Prince Frederick Charles, had married John Frederick's eldest daughter, Frederike. Marriage and issue John Frederick married on 19 November 1744 in Eisenach to Princess Bernardina Christina Sophia of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1724–1757). They had the following children: Princess Frederike of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1745–1778); married on 1763 Frederick Charles, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1736-1793) Daughter (1746-1746) Son (1747-1747) Princess Sophie Ernestine of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1749–1754) Princess Wilhelmina of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1751–1780); married in 1766 Louis, Prince of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1745-1794). Princess Henrietta Charlotte of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1752–1756) Ancestry References Bernhard Anemüller: Johann Friedrich Fürst zu Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 1721 bis 1767, 1864 Jens Henkel and Lutz Unbehaun: Die Fürsten von Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Thüringer Landesmuseum Heidecksburg, Rudolstadt, 1997 (3rd ed.: 2001), Johann Christian August Junghans: Geschichte der schwarzburgischen Regenten, Leipzig, 1821, online, viewed on 2 march 2012

Friedrich Apfelstedt: Das Haus Kevernburg-Schwarzburg von seinem Ursprunge bis auf unsere Zeit: dargestellt in den Stammtafeln seiner Haupt- und Nebenlinien und mit biographischen Notizen über die wichtigsten Glieder derselben, Bertram, Sondershausen, 1890, Footnotes Category:House of Schwarzburg Category:Princes of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt Category:1721 births Category:1767 deaths Category:18th-century German people

The Rains (EP) The Rains is the first recording by supergroup Some Girls. Track listing Category:Some Girls (California band) albums Category:2002 debut EPs Category:Deathwish Inc. EPs

Globke Globke is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Hans Globke (1898–1973), high-ranking German public servant Rob Globke (born 1982), American former professional ice hockey player

Meredith Coloma Meredith Coloma (born 1990) is an award-winning songwriter and luthier from Vancouver, Canada. She is known for her handcrafted gypsy jazz guitars, mandolins, violins, ukuleles, acoustic guitars and electric guitars. She grew up in Canada, Chile and Taiwan. She won the 'British Columbia 30 under 30 business award in 2018' and is a co-producer of the Vancouver International Guitar Festival. Mother of Pickles Von French References Category:Luthiers Category:1991 births Category:Living people

Ghazal The ghazal (, Sylheti: , , Urdu: , Nepali: गजल, , , , , , , ,) is a form of amatory poem or ode, originating in Arabic poetry. A ghazal may be understood as a poetic expression of both the pain of loss or separation and the beauty of love in spite of that pain. The ghazal form is ancient, tracing its origins to 7th-century Arabic poetry. The ghazal spread into South Asia in the 12th century due to the influence of Sufi mystics and the courts of the new Islamic Sultanate, and is now most prominently a form of poetry of many languages of the Indian subcontinent and Turkey. A ghazal commonly consists of between five and fifteen couplets, which are independent, but are linked – abstractly, in their theme; and more strictly in their poetic form. The structural requirements of the ghazal are similar in stringency to those of the Petrarchan sonnet. In style and content, due to its highly allusive nature, the ghazal has proved capable of an extraordinary variety of expression around its central themes of love and separation. Etymology and Pronunciation The word ghazal originates from the Arabic word (ġazal). The root syllables Gh-Z-L have three possible meanings in Arabic: (ḡazal) or (ḡazila) - To sweet-talk, to flirt, to display amorous gestures. (ḡazaal) - A young, graceful doe (this is the root of the english word gazelle). (ḡazala) - to spin (thread or yarn). The poetic form derives its name from the first and the second etymological roots, One particular translation posits a meaning of ghazal as the wail of a wounded deer, which potentially provides context to the theme of unrequited love common to many ghazals. The Arabic word ġazal is pronounced , roughly like the English word guzzle, but with the ġ pronounced without a complete closure between the tongue and the soft palate. In English, the word is pronounced or . Poetic form The ghazal is a short poem consisting of rhyming couplets, called Sher or Bayt. Most ghazals have between seven and twelve shers. For a poem to be considered a true ghazal, it must have no fewer than five couplets. Almost all ghazals confine themselves to less than fifteen couplets (poems that exceed this length are more accurately considered as qasidas). Ghazal couplets end with the same rhyming pattern and are expected to have the same meter. The ghazal's uniqueness arises from its rhyme and refrain rules, referred to as the qaafiyaa and radif respectively. A ghazal's rhyming pattern may be described as AA, BA, CA, DA, ... and so on. In its strictest form, a ghazal must follow five rules: Matlaa: The first sher in a ghazal is called the matlaa. Both lines of the matla must contain the qaafiyaa and radif. The matlaa sets the tone of the ghazal, as well as its rhyming and refrain pattern. . Radif/Radeef: The refrain word or phrase. Both lines of the matlaa and the second lines of all subsequent shers must end in the same refrain word called the radif. Qaafiyaa: The rhyming pattern. The radif is immediately preceded by words or phrases with the same end rhyme pattern, called the qaafiyaa. Maqtaa/Maktaa: The last couplet of the ghazal is called the maqtaa. It is common in ghazals for the poet's nom de plume, known as takhallus to be featured in the maqtaa. The maqtaa is typically more personal than the other couplets in a ghazal. The creativity with which a poet incorporates homonymous meanings of their takhallus to offer additional layers of meaning to the couplet is an

indicator of their skill. Bahr/Beher: Each line of a ghazal must follow the same metrical pattern and syllabic (or morae) count. Unlike in a nazm, a ghazal's couplets do not need a common theme or continuity. Each sher is self-contained and independent from the others, containing the complete expression of an idea. However, the shers all contain a thematic or tonal connection to each other, which may be highly allusive. A near-universal convention (although not a hard rule) that traces its history to the origins of the ghazal form is that the poem is addressed to a female beloved by a male narrator. History Origins in Arabia The ghazal originated in Arabia in the 7th century, evolving from the qasida, a much older pre-Islamic Arabic poetic form. Qaṣīdas were typically much longer poems, with up to 100 couplets. Thematically, qaṣīdas did not include love, and were usually panegyrics for a tribe or ruler, lampoons, or moral maxims. However, the qaṣīda's opening prelude, called the nasīb, was typically nostalgic and/or romantic in theme, and highly ornamented and stylized in form. In time, the nasīb began to be written as standalone, shorter poems, which became the ghazal. The ghazal came into its own as a poetic genre during the Umayyad Era (661–750) and continued to flower and develop in the early Abbasid Era. The Arabic ghazal inherited the formal verse structure of the qaṣīda, specifically, a strict adherence to meter and the use of the Qaafiyaa, a common end rhyme on each couplet (called a bayt in Arabic and a sher in Persian). The nature of the ghazals also changed to meet the demands of musical presentation, becoming briefer in length. Lighter poetic meters, such as khafîf, ramal, and muqtarab were preferred, instead of longer, more ponderous meters favored for qaṣīdas (such as kâmil, basît, and rajaz). Topically, the ghazal focus also changed from nostalgic reminisces of the homeland and loved-ones, towards romantic or erotic themes – These included sub-genres with themes of courtly love (udharî), eroticism (hissî), homoeroticism (mudhakkar), and as a highly stylized introduction to a larger poem (tamhîdî). Spread of the Arabian ghazal With the spread of Islam, the Arabian ghazal spread both westwards, into Africa and Spain, as well as eastwards, into Persia. The popularity of ghazals in a particular region was usually preceded by a spread of the Arabic language in that country. In medieval Spain, ghazals written in Hebrew as well as Arabic have been found as far back the 11th century. It is possible that ghazals were also written in the Mozarabic language. Ghazals in the Arabic form have also been written in a number of major West African literary languages like Hausa and Fulfulde. Dispersion into Persia Early Arabo-Persian ghazals (10th to 11th century) However, the most significant changes to the ghazal occurred in its introduction into Iran in the 10th century. The early Persian ghazals largely imitated the themes and form of the Arabian ghazal. These "Arabo-Persian" ghazals introduced two differences compared to their Arabian poetic roots. Firstly, the Persian ghazals did not employ radical enjambment between the two halves of the couplet, and secondly, the Persian ghazals formalized the use of the common rhyme in both lines of the opening couplet ("matla"). The imitation of Arabian forms in Persia extended to the qaṣīda, which was also popular in Persia. Because of its comparative brevity, thematic variety and suggestive richness, the ghazal soon eclipsed the qaṣīda, and became the most popular poetry form in Persia. Much like Arabian ghazals, early Persian ghazals typically employed more musical meters compared to other Persian poetry forms.

Rudaki (858–941 CE) is considered the most important Persian ghazal poet of this period, and the founder of classical Persian literature. Early Persian ghazal poetry (12th to early 13th century) The Persian ghazal evolved into its own distinctive form between the 12th and 13th centuries. Many of those innovations created what we now recognize as the archetypical ghazal form. These changes occurred in two periods, separated by the Mongol Invasion of Persia from 1219–1221 AD. The 'Early Persian poetry' period spanned approximately one century, from the Ghaznavid era (which lasted until 1187) till a little after the Mongol Invasion. Apart from the movement towards brevity, this period also saw two significant and lasting changes to the ghazal form. The first change was the adoption of the Takhallus, the practice of mentioning the poet's pen-name in the final couplet (called the maqta). The adoption of the takhallus became a gradually accepted part of the ghazal form, and by the time of Saadi Shirazi (1210–1291 AD), the most important ghazal poet of this period, it had become de rigueur. The second marked change from Arabian ghazal form in Persian ghazals was a movement towards far greater autonomy between the couplets. Late Persian poetry in the Early Mongol Period (1221–) The ghazal later spread throughout the Middle East and South Asia. It was famous all around the Indian subcontinent in the 18th and 19th centuries Introduction into South Asia The ghazal was spread from Persia into South Asia in the 12th century by the influence of Sufi mystics and the courts of the new Islamic sultanates. This period coincided with the early Islamic Sultanates in India, through the wave of Islamic invasions into the region in that period. The 13th century poet and musician Ameer Khusrow is considered the first Urdu poet. During the reign of the Sultan of Bengal Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah, the city of Sonargaon became an important centre of Persian literature, with many publications of prose and poetry. The period is described as the "golden age of Persian literature in Bengal". Its stature is illustrated by the Sultan's own correspondence with the Persian poet Hafez. When the Sultan invited Hafez to complete an incomplete ghazal by the ruler, the renowned poet responded by acknowledging the grandeur of the king's court and the literary quality of Bengali-Persian poetry. It is said that Atul Prasad Sen pioneered the introduction of Bengali ghazals. Residing in Lucknow, he was inspired by Persian ghazals and experimented a stream of Bengali music which was later enriched profusely by the contribution of Kazi Nazrul Islam and Moniruddin Yusuf. Themes "The ghazal was initially composed to a purely religious theme". Now in this era Ghazals are more likely to have romantic themes. Unconditional, superior love Can usually be interpreted for a higher being or for a mortal beloved. Love is always viewed as something that will complete a human being, and if attained will lift him or her into the ranks of the wise, or will bring satisfaction to the soul of the poet. Traditional ghazal law may or may not have an explicit element of sexual desire in it, and the love may be spiritual. The love may be directed to either a man or a woman. The ghazal is always written from the point of view of the unrequited lover whose beloved is portrayed as unattainable. Most often, either the beloved has not returned the poet's love or returns it without sincerity or else the societal circumstances do not allow it. The lover is aware and resigned to this fate but continues loving nonetheless; the lyrical

impetus of the poem derives from this tension. Representations of the lover's powerlessness to resist his feelings often include lyrically exaggerated violence. The beloved's power to captivate the speaker may be represented in extended metaphors about the "arrows of his eyes", or by referring to the beloved as an assassin or a killer. Take, for example, the following couplets from Amir Khusro's Persian ghazal Nemidanam che manzel būd shab: Sufism Many of the major historical ghazal poets were either avowed Sufis themselves (like Rumi or Hafiz), or were sympathizers with Sufi ideas. Most ghazals can be viewed in a spiritual context, with the Beloved being a metaphor for God or the poet's spiritual master. It is the intense Divine Love of Sufism that serves as a model for all the forms of love found in ghazal poetry. Most ghazal scholars today recognize that some ghazal couplets are exclusively about Divine Love (ishq-e-haqiqi). Others are about "earthly love" (ishq-e-majazi), but many of them can be interpreted in either context. Traditionally invoking melancholy, love, longing, and metaphysical questions, ghazals are often sung by Afghan, Pakistani, and Indian musicians. The form has roots in seventh-century Arabia, and gained prominence in the thirteenth- and fourteenth centuries, thanks to such Persian poets as Rumi and Hafiz, and later to Indian poets such as Mirza Ghalib. In the eighteenth-century, the ghazal was used by poets writing in Urdu. Among these poets, Ghalib is the recognized master. Important ghazal poets Ghazals were written by Rumi, Hafiz and Saadi Shirazi of Persia; the Azerbaijani Turkish poet Fuzûlî in the Ottoman Empire; Mirza Ghalib and Muhammad Iqbal of North India; and Kazi Nazrul Islam of Bengal. Through the influence of Goethe (1749–1832), the ghazal became very popular in Germany during the 19th century; the form was used extensively by Friedrich Rückert (1788–1866) and August von Platen (1796–1835). The Kashmiri poet Agha Shahid Ali was a proponent of the form, both in English and in other languages; he edited a volume of "real Ghazals in English". Ghazals were also written by Moti Ram Bhatta (1866–1896), the pioneer of Nepali ghazal writing in Nepali. Ghazals were also written by Hamza Shinwari, He is known as the father of Pashto Ghazals. Important poets of Persian ghazal In Persian, prominent and acclaimed ghazal poets include Hafiz, Rumi, Saadi Shirazi, Fakhr-al-Din Iraqi, Khwaju Kermani, Saib Tabrizi, Hossein Monzavi, Maryam Jafari Azarmani, Wali Mohammed Wali, Mirza Ghalib, Mir Taqi Mir, Momin Khan Momin, Daagh Dehlvi, Khwaja Haidar Ali Aatish, Jan Nisar Akhtar, Khwaja Mir Dard, Jaun Elia, Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Ahmad Faraz, Firaq Gorakhpuri, Muhammad Iqbal, Syed Amin Ashraf, Qamar Jalalabadi, Shakeb Jalali, Nasir Kazmi, Sahir Ludhianvi, Hasrat Mohani, Makhdoom Mohiuddin, Jigar Moradabadi, Khumar Barabankvi Saghar Siddiqui, Munir Niazi, Mirza Rafi Sauda, Qateel Shifai, Majrooh Sultanpuri, Dushyant Kumar, Syed Waheed Ashraf, Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq, Madan Pal,, Ghulam Abbas Saghar and Kashmiri Lal Zakir, Khumar Barabankvi. Translations and performance of classical ghazal Enormous collections of ghazal have been created by hundreds of well-known poets over the past thousand years in Persian, Turkish, and Urdu as well as in the Central Asian Turkic languages. Ghazal poems are performed in Uzbek-Tajik Shashmakom, Turkish Makam, Persian Dastgah and Uyghur Muqam. There are many published translations from Persian and Turkish by Annemarie Schimmel, Arthur John Arberry and many others. Ghazal "Gayaki", the art of singing or performing the ghazal in the Indian classical tradition, is very old. Singers like Ustad Barkat Ali and many other singers in the past used to practice it, but the lack of historical records make many names anonymous. It was with Begum Akhtar and later

on Ustad Mehdi Hassan that classical rendering of ghazals became popular in the masses. The categorization of ghazal singing as a form of "light classical" music is a misconception. Classical ghazals are difficult to render because of the varying moods of the "shers" or couplets in the ghazal. Amanat Ali Khan, Begum Akhtar, Talat Mahmood, Mehdi Hassan, Abida Parveen, Jagjit Singh, Farida Khanum and Ustad Ghulam Ali, Moinuddin Ahamed, are popular classical ghazal singers. Popularity The ghazal is one of the most popular poetic forms across the Middle East and South Asia. Readings or musical renditions of ghazals, such as at mehfils and Mushairas, are well attended in these countries, even by the laity. Ghazals are popular in South Asian film music. The ragas to which ghazals are sung are usually chosen to be in consonance with their lyrical content. Understanding the complex lyrics of traditional ghazals required education typically available only to the upper classes. The traditional classical rāgas in which the lyrics were rendered were also difficult to understand. The ghazal has undergone some simplification in recent years, in terms of words and phrasings, which helps it to reach a larger audience around the world. Modern shayars (poets) are also moving towards a less strict adherence to form and rules, using simpler language and words (sometimes even incorporating words from other languages, such as English - see Parveen Shakir), and moving away from a strictly male narrator. Most of the ghazals are now sung in styles that are not limited to khayāl, thumri, rāga, tāla and other classical and light classical genres. However, those forms of the ghazal are looked down on by purists of the Indian classical tradition. In Pakistan, Noor Jehan, Iqbal Bano, Abida Parveen, Farida Khanum, Ghulam Ali, Ahmed Rushdi, Ustad Amanat Ali Khan, Parvez Mehdi and Mehdi Hassan are known for ghazal renditions. Indian Singers like Jagjit Singh (who first used a guitar in ghazals), Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain, Hariharan, Adithya Srinivasan, Mohammad Rafi, Pankaj Udhas, Satyam Anandjee, Umbayee, Rajendra Mehta, Nina Mehta and many others have been able to give a new shape to the ghazal by incorporating elements of Western music. Ghazals in local languages In North India, in addition to Hindustani, ghazals have been very popular in the Gujarati language. For around a century, starting with Balashankar Kantharia, there have been many notable Gujarati ghazal writers like Kalapi, Barkat Virani 'Befaam', Aasim Randeri, Shunya Palanpuri, Amrut Ghayal, Khalil Dhantejvi and many more. Some notable ghazals of those prominent writers have been sung by Bollywood playback singer Manhar Udhas. Renowned ghazal singer, and pioneer of Telugu ghazals, Ghazal Srinivas popularized the ghazal in Telugu. Srinivas also introduced ghazal singing in Kannada, and Ghazals in Kannada were written by Markandapuram Srinivas. Legendary musician Umbayee composed ghazals in Malayalam and popularised this form of music across Kerala. Suresh Bhat popularize gazhals in Marathi language, Some of his amazing gazhals sung by famous artist like Lata Mangeshkar and Asha Bhosale. He was known as Ghazal Samrat (Emperor of ghazals) for his exposition of the ghazal form of poetry and its adaptation to the Marathi language. In English After nearly a century of "false starts", the early experiments of James Clarence Mangan, James Elroy Flecker, Adrienne Rich, Phyllis Webb, etc., many of whom did not adhere wholly or in part to the traditional principles of the form, experiments dubbed as "the bastard Ghazal", the ghazal finally began to be recognized as a viable closed form in poetry of the English language some time in the early to mid-1990s. It came about largely as a result of

serious, true-to-form examples being published by noted American poets John Hollander, W. S. Merwin and Elise Paschen as well as by Kashmiri-American poet Agha Shahid Ali, who had been teaching and spreading word of the Ghazal at American universities over the previous two decades. Jim Harrison created his own free-form Ghazal true to his poetic vision in Outlyer and Ghazals (1971). In 1996, Ali compiled and edited the world's first anthology of English-language Ghazals, published by Wesleyan University Press in 2000, as Ravishing DisUnities: Real Ghazals in English. (Fewer than one in ten of the ghazals collected in Real Ghazals in English observe the constraints of the form.) Devi Panthi of Nepal started composing ghazals claiming himself the pioneer of English ghazals since 2006. A ghazal is composed of couplets, five or more. The couplets may have nothing to do with one another except for the formal unity derived from a strict rhyme and rhythm pattern. A ghazal in English observes the traditional restrictions of the form: Where are you now? Who lies beneath your spell tonight? Whom else from rapture's road will you expel tonight? Those "Fabrics of Cashmere—" "to make Me beautiful—" "Trinket"— to gem– "Me to adorn– How– tell"— tonight? I beg for haven: Prisons, let open your gates– A refugee from Belief seeks a cell tonight. God's vintage loneliness has turned to vinegar– All the archangels– their wings frozen– fell tonight. Lord, cried out the idols, Don't let us be broken Only we can convert the infidel tonight. Mughal ceilings, let your mirrored convexities multiply me at once under your spell tonight. He's freed some fire from ice in pity for Heaven. He's left open– for God– the doors of Hell tonight. In the heart's veined temple, all statues have been smashed No priest in saffron's left to toll its knell tonight. God, limit these punishments, there's still Judgment Day– I'm a mere sinner, I'm no infidel tonight. Executioners near the woman at the window. Damn you, Elijah, I'll bless Jezebel tonight. The hunt is over, and I hear the Call to Prayer fade into that of the wounded gazelle tonight. My rivals for your love– you've invited them all? This is mere insult, this is no farewell tonight. And I, Shahid, only am escaped to tell thee– God sobs in my arms. Call me Ishmael tonight. — Agha Shahid Ali Notable poets who composed ghazals Agha Shahid Ali, "Ghazal ('...exiles')" Robert Bly, The Night Abraham Called to the Stars and My Sentence Was a Thousand Years of Joy Francis Brabazon, In Dust I Sing (Beguine Library, 1974). G.S. Sharat Chandra, "The Anonymous Lover" Andrew D. Chumbley, "Qutub" (Xoanon), 1995. Lorna Crozier, "Bones in Their Wings" Sukhdarshan Dhaliwal, "Ghazals at Twilight" (SD Publications), 2009 Judith Fitzgerald, Twenty-Six Ways Out of This World (Oberon), 1999. Thomas Hardy, "The Mother Mourns" Jim Harrison, Outlyer and Ghazals (Touchstone), 1971 John Hollander, "Ghazal On Ghazals" Galway Kinnell, "Sheffield Ghazal 4: Driving West", "Sheffield Ghazal 5: Passing the Cemetery" (Mariner Books), 2001 Marilyn Krysl, "Ghazals for the Turn of the Century" Maxine Kumin, "On the Table" Edward Lowbury, "A Ghazel (for Pauline)" (1968); "Prometheus: a ghazel" (1976); "Remembering Nine (a ghazel for Peter Russell)" (1981) William Matthews, "Guzzle", "Drizzle" W. S. Merwin, "The Causeway" Elise Paschen, "Sam's Ghazal" Robert Pinsky, "The Hall" Spencer Reece, Florida Ghazals Adrienne Rich, Ghazals: Homage to Ghalib John Thompson, "Stilt Jack" (Anansi), 1978. Natasha Trethewey, "Miscegenation", 2006. Phyllis Webb, Water and Light: Ghazals and Anti Ghazals (Coach House), 1984. John Edgar Wideman, "Lost Letter" Eleanor Wilner, "Ghazal on What's to Lose, or Not" Rob Winger, "The

Chimney Stone" (Nightwood Editions), 2010 Ghazal singers Some notable ghazal singers are: Ghulam Farid Sabri Maqbool Ahmed Sabri Ahmed Rushdi Abida Parveen Amjad Parvez Anuradha Paudwal Anup Jalota Ataullah Khan Ateeq Hussain Khan Salma Agha Kiran Ahluwalia Begum Akhtar Najma Akhtar Ghulam Ali Talat Aziz Gulbahar Bano Iqbal Bano Beauty Sharma Barua Munni Begum Dr.Roshan Bharti Asha Bhosle Rahmatullah Dard Chandan Dass Hariharan Mehdi Hassan Ahmed and Mohammed Hussain Cassius Khan Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan Ustad Amanat Ali Khan Asad Amanat Ali Khan Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan Bade Fateh Ali Khan Hamid Ali Khan Shahabaz Aman Khalil Haider Farida Khanum Runa Laila Master Madan Talat Mahmood Mahwash Lata Mangeshkar Penaz Masani Aziz Mian Habib Wali Mohammad Mukesh Sonu Nigam Nizami Brothers Nayyara Noor Noorjehan Bhimrao Panchale Shishir Parkhie Malika Pukhraj Mohammed Rafi Roop Kumar Rathod Sunali Rathod Reshma Rahat Fateh Ali Khan Sabri Brothers Jagjit Singh Sajjad Ali Mohammad Hussain Sarahang Mohammad Reza Shajarian Bhupinder and Mitali Singh Jasvinder Singh Ghazal Srinivas Adithya Srinivasan Tahira Syed Manhar Udhas Nirmal Udhas Pankaj Udhas Suresh Wadkar Ahmad Wali Alka Yagnik Umbayee Many Indian and Pakistani film singers are famous for singing ghazals, such as these: Ahmed Rushdi Hariharan Mehdi Hassan Jagjit Singh Noor Jehan Talat Mahmood Lata Mangeshkar Srilekha Parthasarathy Mohammad Rafi Ghulam Ali K. L. Saigal Chitra Singh Asha Bhosle Tina Sani Some Malay singers are famous for singing Ghazal, such as these: Jamal Abdillah Sharifah Aini Rosiah Chik Noraniza Idris Rhoma Irama M. Nasir Jazim Sharma Ranjit Rajwada Mohhamed Vaki See also Filmi-ghazal, Indian filmi music based on ghazal poetry Footnotes References Agha Shahid Ali (ed.). Ravishing Disunities: Real Ghazals in English. Agha Shahid Ali. Call Me Ishmael Tonight: A Book of Ghazals. Bailey, J. O. The Poetry of Thomas Hardy: A handbook and Commentary. Doty, Gene (ed. 1999–2014) and Jensen, Holly (ed. 2015-today). The Ghazal Page; various postings, 1999—today Kanda, K.C., editor. Masterpieces of the Urdu Ghazal: From the 17th to the 20th Century. Sterling Pub Private Ltd., 1991 Mufti, Aamir. "Towards a Lyric History of India." boundary 2, 31: 2, 2004 Reichhold, Jane (ed.). Lynx; various issues, 1996–2000 Watkins, R. W. (ed.). Contemporary Ghazals; Nos. 1 and 2, 2003–2004 Lall, Inder jit. "Ghazal Movements", Century, May 23, 1964 Lall, Inder jit. "Heightened sensibility" The Economic Times, December 31, 1978 Lall, Inder jit. "The Ghazal – Evolution & Prospects", The Times of India, November 8, 1970 Lall, Inder Jit. "The New Ghazal", The Times of India, July 3, 1971 Lall, Inder jit. "Ghazal: A Sustainer of Spasms", Thought, May 20, 1967 Lall, Inder jit. "Tuning into modern ghazals", Sunday Herald, January 29, 1989 Lall, Inder Jit. "Ghazal: Melodies and minstrels", Sunday Patriot, June 29, 1986 Lall, Inder jit. "Charm of ghazal lies in lyricism", Hindustan Times, August 8, 1985 External links A Desertful of Roses The Divan-e Ghalib – in Urdu, with Devanagari and Roman transliterations. Ghazal Radio dedicated ghazal radio. Ghazal poets A list of ghazal writers. Mere Rashke Qamar One of the Best ghazal of Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. Ghazals Manuscript, Rare Book & Manuscript Library University of Pennsylvania LJS 44 Category:Arabic poetry Category:Arab inventions Category:Persian literature Category:Urdu-language literature Category:Arabic and Central Asian poetics Category:Love in Arabic literature Category:Pakistani poetics Category:Arabic poetry forms Category:Literary genres Category:Indian music Category:Pakistani music Category:Desi culture Category:Bengali music Category:Bangladeshi music Category:Bengali poetry

Pi (art project) Pi is the name of a multimedia installation in the vicinity of the Viennese Karlsplatz. Pi is located in the Opernpassage between the entrance to the subway and the subway stop in Secession near the Naschmarkt. The individual behind the project was the Canadian artist Ken Lum from Vancouver. Pi, under construction from January 2005 to November 2006 and opened in December 2006, consists of statistical information and a representation of π to 478 decimal places. A more recent project is the calculation of the decimal places of π, indicating the importance of the eponymous media for installation of their number and infinity. The exhibit is 130 meters long. In addition to the number pi, there is a total of 16 factoids of reflective display cases that convey a variety of statistical data in real time. Apart from the World population there are also topics such as the worldwide number of malnourished children and the growth of Sahara since the beginning of the year. Even less serious issues such as the number of eaten Wiener Schnitzels in Vienna of the given year and the current number of lovers in Vienna are represented. In the middle of the passage standing there is a glass case with images, texts and books on the subjects of population and migration. The scientific data were developed jointly by Ken Lum and the . "Pi" is to show that contemporary art is in a position to connect art to science, architecture and sociology. The aim of this project was to transform the Karlsplatz into a "vibrant place to meet, with communicative artistic brilliance." References Category:Mathematical artworks Category:Pi

Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran The Alliance of Builders or Developers of Islamic Iran (; ), usually shortened to Abadgaran (), was an Iranian conservative political federation of parties and organizations. Described as "Iran's neocons", main groups within the alliance were Front of Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader members and Society of Devotees of the Islamic Revolution. According to the Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism, the Abadgaran "seems to have been formed in 2003 and is made up broadly of figures under the age of fifty, who are non-clerics". The group originally consisted of Basij and Revolutionary Guards veterans who rose to mid- and senior-level administrative positions but marginalized during government of Hashemi Rafsanjani. The alliance, mostly active in Tehran, won almost all of Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr's seats in the Iranian Majlis election of 2004 and the 2003 Iranian City and Village Councils elections. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, former mayor of Tehran (who was chosen by the Abadgaran–dominated Tehran City Council) was considered one of the main figures in the alliance and won the 2005 presidential election backed by the group. The victory could be said to have put to an end a long period of infighting within the Islamic Republic followed by death of Ayatollah Khomeini in 1989. Embracing social justice with a promise to recreate the utopian "original revolutionary spirit at the battlefields of the Sacred Defence", develop a "renewed and truly revolutionary Islamic Republic" for the people and “guarding the revolution and the independence of the country”, they aimed to crush the reformists as a political force, a process began by reducing power of then–President Mohammad Khatami. Controlling the parliament's majority, they soon enacted laws that made foreign investment difficult and hampered Khatami administration's efforts to negotiate with international companies. On the Nuclear program of Iran, they refused to ratify the Additional Protocol that Hassan Rouhani had negotiated with EU-3. They also demanded to pull out of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, an action which was not permitted by Ayatollah Khamenei. The group's name, reflects its focus on the issue of development to present them as a rival to the ruling reformist economic policies. Fred Halliday states that the name Developers has an implicit contrast with the title of Executives of Construction, and suggests that it is closer to people and the poor than the latter group, since it conveys a sense of rural roots and values (Abadi means village in Persian). Michael Axworthy believes that the name was an "awkward choice", as it sounds like it was selected because the terms for 'reforms' (Eslahat) and 'construction' (Sazandegi) were already taken. Political historian Ervand Abrahamian credits the victory of Abadgaran and other conservatives in the 2003, 2004, and 2005 elections to the conservatives' retention of their core base of 25% of the voting population, their recruiting of war veteran candidates, their wooing of independents using the issue of national security, and most of all "because large numbers of women, college students, and other members of the salaried middle class" who make up the reformists' base of support "stayed home". Turnout in the 2004 Majlis election fell below 51%, for example. References External links www.abadgaran.ir, Abadgaran's website Category:2003 establishments in Iran Category:Defunct political party alliances in Iran Category:Electoral lists for Iranian legislative election, 2004 Category:Far-right political parties Category:Populism in Iran Category:Principlist political groups in Iran

Earle E. Seaton Earle Edward Seaton (1924–1993) was a jurist and a diplomat. Biography Earle Seaton was born in Bermuda on 29 February 1924, the second of four children to Dudley and Eva Seaton, emigrants from St. Kitts. He was raised in Hamilton and graduated from Berkeley Institute as class Valedictorian in 1941. He excelled at the violin, earning spending money by playing for tourists at Bermuda hotels, and he also excelled at tennis. His tennis prowess earned him a full scholarship to Howard University in Washington, D.C. While at Howard, he became president of Howard University's chapter of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity and he majored in Zoology. Also during his four years at Howard, Seaton met Alberta Jones from Texas who would later become his wife. Although he wanted to become a doctor, his father persuaded him to study law and so Seaton enrolled at London University. At that time, pan-Africanism was gaining many adherents among Africans and West Indians from the myriad of European colonies. He learned Swahili and began a lifelong association with East Africans. He graduated from London University as a Barrister and married Alberta Jones in 1948 (after she finished her doctoral dissertation in Biology at the University of Brussels). The next year, the young married couple moved to the British colony of Tanganyika where he practised law. The year 1950 found him preparing to present a case at the United Nations in defence of the WaMeru people. Since Alberta was expecting their first child, he left her in Nairobi with Chief Koinange's senior wife. Alberta gave birth to a girl who they named Elizabeth. In 1952 Earle Seaton, who was practising law in Moshi, Tanganyika, at the time, appeared before the United Nations Trusteeship Council to present the case of the Meru people, who had been evicted from their legally purchased land by order of the British colonial government, reportedly to turn it over to Europeans who were better equipped to work the land with modern methods. Though the British declared smaller numbers, the Meru reported 2,993 people were evicted and their livestock turned into the bush: 2,190 head of cattle, 8,984 sheep and goats, 325 donkeys, 333 dogs, 479 cats, and 1,896 chickens. After two hearings, all members of the Council chastised the British for their improper handling of the matter, but nonetheless upheld the eviction, saying that the Meru should be generously compensated for their loss. After the birth of his second child, Dudley, in 1953 Seaton moved to Houston and then to Los Angeles in 1956. He was admitted to doctoral studies in International Affairs at the University of Southern California and completed his dissertation in 1961. Once his dissertation was completed, he returned to Dar es Salaam to work in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. After a few years, he was appointed by Mwalimu Julius Nyerere to serve as judge and later he served as Tanzania's Legal Counsel to the United Nations. In 1972, he became the first Black judge in Bermuda. In collaboration with Kirilo Japhet, he authored "The Meru Land Case," which described their groundbreaking effort in presenting the case of the Meru, the first time an indigenous people were to plead before the UN's Trusteeship Commission. (East African Publishing House, 1967) His other papers, written in collaboration with Dr. Giulio Pontecorvo, were concerning the Law of the Sea After serving from 1978 to 1989 as Chief Justice of Seychelles, Seaton returned to his wife's hometown of Houston, Texas in 1989. For two years he worked as an associate with a firm handling commercial reinsurance and commuted between

Houston and Bermuda. He then travelled to Kampala to work for the British Commonwealth as an Appellate Judge in 1991. In 1992, while en route to Houston, he suffered a heart attack and died in New York City. His memorial services at St. James Episcopal Church (Houston) and at St. Paul's A.M.E (Bermuda) were attended by the Honorable Mr. Hyera (Tanzania's Ambassador to the United States) by the Honorable Mr. Stanley Morton (Bermudian Member of Parliament). Positions held Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Tanzania 1961 – 1964 Judge in Arusha, Tanzania 1965 – 1969 Tanzania's Legal Counsel to the United Nations 1969 – 1971 Puisne Justice of Bermuda 1972 – 1978 Chief Justice of Seychelles 1978 – 1989 Appellate Judge of Uganda 1991 – 1993 References http://www.seychellesweekly.com/April%2029,%202012/top2_chief_justice_earle%20Seaton.html http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2004-84271 http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/uhuru/15719-taa-strikes-fear-in-colonial-hearts.html Category:1924 births Category:1993 deaths Category:Tanzanian diplomats Category:Bermudian lawyers Category:British judges on the courts of Seychelles Category:Bermudian emigrants to the United States Category:People from Hamilton, Bermuda Category:British judges on the courts of Tanzania Category:Bermudian judges Category:20th-century British lawyers Category:Bermudian people of Saint Kitts and Nevis descent Category:Chief Justices of Seychelles

Vickers 10-inch 45-calibre naval gun The Vickers 10 inch naval gun was used on battleships and armoured cruisers built during the first decade of the 20th century. They were used as the Type 41 10-inch /45-caliber aboard the British-built semi-dreadnought and s of the Imperial Japanese Navy. History Japanese service The Type 41 naval gun was designed by Vickers specifically for the Imperial Japanese Navy, and was of a very similar design to the Vickers-built Mark VII guns produced initially for the Chilean Navy and later used in Royal Navy service. The used these weapons as secondary armament. The Satsuma class was originally intended to be built with all guns, which would have made this class the first true all big gun dreadnought class in the world; however, budgetary constraints forced the Japanese navy to use a mixture of 12 and 10-inch guns, as per the previous Kashima class. The gun was officially designated as "Type 41" from the 41st year of the reign of Emperor Meiji on 25 December 1908. It was further re-designated in centimeters on 5 October 1917 as part of the standardization process for the Imperial Japanese Navy to the metric system. After the scrapping of both the Katori class and the Satsuma class under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty in 1923, the guns were salvaged and used in coastal artillery batteries. The guns formerly on the Aki were re-used in fortifications around Tokyo Bay. The Type 41 10-inch gun fired a shell with either an armor-piercing, high-explosive or general-purpose warhead. United Kingdom service Vickers supplied 5 of their 10-inch 45-calibre guns for use on the battleship Libertad that they were building for Chile. Britain took the ship over in 1903 as , and the guns were designated BL 10 inch Mk VII in UK service. These guns fired a projectile using of cordite MD propellant. Italian service Each of the armoured cruisers was fitted with four of these guns. See also Weapons of comparable role, performance and era EOC 10-inch /45 naval gun : EOC equivalent Notes References External links Tony DiGiulian, British 10"/45 (25.4 cm) Marks VI and VII Category:Naval guns of the United Kingdom Category:254 mm artillery Category:Vickers

1989 New Zealand National Soccer League The 1989 New Zealand National Soccer League was the 20th season of a nationwide round-robin club competition in New Zealand football. Napier City Rovers had their debut championship win over Mount Maunganui, in doing so taking the title away from the main centres for only the second time. Promotion and relegation At the end of the 1988 season two teams were relegated: Manawatu United finished last, and Nelson United were expelled for failing to meet NZFA ground criteria. Traditionally, their places would have been taken by the top ranked teams in a play-off between the winners of the northern, central, and southern regional leagues. In 1989, however, this did not happen. Although Takapuna City finished top in the Northern League, a new composite team was promoted from that region, Waitakere City. This team was formed as a composite team consisting of several West Auckland teams (Te Atatu, Massey, Kelston West, and West Auckland), all of whom continued to keep their own sides as feeder clubs for the new team. The top ranked Central League team was also promoted, Waterside Karori, a team which had formed from the merger of former =national league team Waterside and Karori Swifts. The Southern league champions were the Christchurch United B side, who were not eligible for entry to the national league. Papatoetoe were relegated at the end of the 1989 season. Team performance The 1989 season was unique for the number of matches that had their results altered due to league rule infringements. Three matches had their results changed after the fact: Miramar Rangers' 1–1 home draws with Christchurch United and Hutt Valley United were both revised to 0–1 away wins, and Gisborne City's 2–2 draw at home with Manurewa was similarly amended to a 0–2 result. These three results took the tally in the leagues first twenty years to four amended results in total. The season developed into a four-team race, with a seven-point gap atr the end of the season between fourth and fifth. The race was tight and came down to the final match of the season. Mount Maunganui had led for much of the campaign, producing a 17 match unbeaten run in the early part of the season which had them on top. A dramatic reversal of form saw them win only two of their last eight games, despite recording an unbeaten record at home. Their stumble caused them to slip behind a Napier City Rovers side whose late season form came one match short of equalling the Mount's early season run. In the end it came down to the league's closest ever winning margin between the two sides, and Napier's more prodigious striking skills won the day. The other Mount, Mount Wellington finished third. Perennial title contenders, they lacked some of the sparkle of previous campaigns but still amassed the greatest number of goals and finished just three points off the pace. Newcomers Waitakere City proved good value for money as the fourth of the title contenders. Exciting to watch, they proved difficult to beat in Auckland, where they won seven of the eight matches they played. They suffered with a slow start to the season, but were only five points off the title by the end of the campaign. Hutt Valley United finished fifth despite recording the season's biggest defeat by eight goals at Mount Wellington's Bill McKinlay Park. The Hutt Valley side's success was the result of good team organisation and determination rather than star players. Christchurch United slipped to sixth from being title contenders earlier in the season, a result

of an uncharacteristic late-season slump. Injuries and the transfer of lynchpin defender Ceri Evans to Oxford were contributing factors in the derailment of their campaign. Wellington United and Waikato United filled the next two spots. Both teams had inconsistent seasons, and in the case of Waikato the lack of a quality goalscorer proved a major handicap. Only the league's bottom two teams scored fewer goals in the 1989 season. Manurewa finished in ninth, but effectively denied Mount Maunganui the title by holding on in the final match of the season to draw 1–1 with the Bay of plenty side. A milestone of Manurewa's season was striker Mark Armstrong, who became the first player to notch up 100 goals in the league. North Shore United had a horror start to the season, with seven straight losses during which they scored just three goals. They were rooted to the foot of the table for over half the season, but a late recovery saw them scramble up to tenth. Miramar Rangers played entertaining but largely ineffective football which saw them gain just five points from their first eleven matches. A change of coach and Colin Tuaa's regained touch in front of goal saw their fortunes rise, but it was too late for them to even get to mid table. Below them sat Waterside Karori. A merger and name change had not changed the form which left the Wharfies struggling on their previous league foray in the 1970s, and the team found it virtually impossible to win away from home, their solitary away win coming against another Wellington-based side. Gisborne City did not have a Golden jubilee year to enthuse over, with two 7–0 losses and only three points from their 13 away fixtures. Off-field the situation was just as dire and the club were briefly suspended from the league as a result of their financial plight. Even so, they managed to finish one place above Papatoetoe. A run of eleven straight losses and only a solitary home win all season did for the team. The top two sides of 1984 had thus sunk to the other end of the table, and the Reds were the ones who were shown the door. League table Records and statistics Golden Boot Award (Top scorer) Noel Barkley (Mount Wellington) - 24 goals References Sources Hilton, T. (1991) An association with soccer. Auckland: The New Zealand Football Association. . Category:New Zealand National Soccer League seasons 1 New Zealand

McDonald Branch McDonald Branch is a stream in Ray County in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary of the Crooked River. McDonald Branch has the name of Jeremiah McDonald, the original owner of the site. See also List of rivers of Missouri References Category:Rivers of Ray County, Missouri Category:Rivers of Missouri

Doslidnytske Doslidnytske () is an urban-type settlement in Vasylkiv Raion (district) of Kiev Oblast (region) in northern Ukraine. Its population was 2,167 as of the 2001 Ukrainian Census. Current population: . References Category:Urban-type settlements in Kiev Oblast Category:Populated places established in 1984

Waking the Dead (novel) Waking the Dead is a 1986 novel by Scott Spencer. The book, Spencer's fourth, was adapted in 2000 into a film of the same name, starring Billy Crudup and Jennifer Connelly. Plot introduction The book is a love story about two passionate liberals with vastly different approaches to their ideologies: Fielding Pierce is a lawyer and aspiring politician, and Sarah Williams is a social activist who despises the political system. During a mission to assist Chilean refugees, Williams is killed by a terrorist car-bomb. Years later, Pierce is offered the Democratic candidacy for an Illinois congressional seat, but during the campaign Pierce becomes convinced he has seen and heard Williams on several occasions. As Pierce becomes obsessed with finding out if his lost lover is alive, he is pushed to the brink of insanity and begins to fear he has become fully absorbed and changed by the political system Williams so hated. Reception Waking the Dead was eagerly anticipated following Spencer's previous novel, the 1979 novel Endless Love. Michiko Kakutani, book reviewer for The New York Times compared Waking the Dead to the 1976 Brian De Palma film Obsession. Both feature male protagonists who lose their lover to a violent death, then later believe they have been brought back to life. Although Kakutani said Spencer succeeded in fleshing out Pierce's world (including his upbringing and family life), in her view the author was less successful in convincing the readers of Pierce's love for Williams. Kakutani said, "his orchestration of Fielding's continuing obsession with Sarah becomes an increasingly empty display of narrative pyrotechnics". Kakutani also said the first-person narration Spencer mastered in Endless Love, was less successful in Waking the Dead and occasionally "tend[s] to come across as simple-minded or phony digressions". Paul Gray, of Time Magazine, said the Pierce character was too unlikeable, citing his "overweening self-pity (and) penchant for purple prose." Film adaptation Film director Keith Gordon, who adapted Waking the Dead into a film, first read the book in 1991 and knew he wanted to make it into a movie before he finished it. Gordon said he was especially touched by a scene in which Pierce is on a plane taking Williams' body home and silently wishing the plane would crash: "I started to cry and I thought, I want to tell this story. I'll never forget the chill that ran through me. Then I finished the book and I was sure I had to tell it. I saw it. I saw what it looked like, I saw what it sounded like, I suddenly pictured what the cinematography would be like." Gordon said he particularly identified with Fielding Pierce, and saw parallels between in Pierce's feelings for Williams and Gordon's own love for his wife: "I can imagine if I ever lost Rachel that I would be devastated and go mad and have to work my way back to appreciating what I had gotten from her instead of dwelling on the loss." Gordon remained so faithful to the book during his adaptation that the first cut of the movie was three hours long; he shortened it to 105 minutes by trimming subplots, stories and unnecessary scenes. References Category:1986 American novels Category:American political novels Category:American romance novels Category:American thriller novels Category:American novels adapted into films Category:Alfred A. Knopf books Category:Novels set in Illinois

Nicks Spring Nicks Spring is a spring in the U.S. state of Oregon. Nicks Spring was named in the 1870s after Nicholas Wright, a local miner. References Category:Rivers of Oregon Category:Rivers of Jackson County, Oregon

Vapor lock Vapor lock is a problem caused by liquid fuel changing state to gas while still in the fuel delivery system of gasoline-fueled internal combustion engines. This disrupts the operation of the fuel pump, causing loss of feed pressure to the carburetor or fuel injection system, resulting in transient loss of power or complete stalling. Restarting the engine from this state may be difficult. The fuel can vaporize due to being heated by the engine, by the local climate or due to a lower boiling point at high altitude. In regions where fuels with lower viscosity (and lower boiling threshold) are used during the winter to improve engine startup, continued use of the specialized fuels during the summer can cause vapor lock to occur more readily. Causes and incidence Vapor lock was far more common in older gasoline fuel systems incorporating a low-pressure mechanical fuel pump driven by the engine, located in the engine compartment and feeding a carburetor. Such pumps were typically located higher than the fuel tank, were directly heated by the engine and fed fuel directly to the float bowl inside the carburetor. Fuel was drawn under negative pressure (gauge pressure) from the feed line, increasing the risk of a vapor lock developing between the tank and pump. A vapor lock being drawn into the fuel pump could disrupt the fuel pressure long enough for the float chamber in the carburetor to partially or completely drain, causing fuel starvation in the engine. Even temporary disruption of fuel supply into the float chamber is not ideal; most carburetors are designed to run at a fixed level of fuel in the float bowl and reducing the level will reduce the fuel to air mixture delivered to the engine. Carburetor units may not effectively deal with fuel vapor being delivered to the float chamber. Most designs incorporate a pressure balance duct linking the top of the float bowl with either the intake to the carburetor or the outside air. Even if the pump can handle vapor locks effectively, fuel vapor entering the float bowl has to be vented. If this is done via the intake system, the mixture is, in effect, enriched, creating a mixture control and pollution issue. If it is done by venting to the outside, the result is direct hydrocarbon pollution and an effective loss of fuel efficiency and possibly a fuel odor problem. For this reason, some fuel delivery systems allow fuel vapor to be returned to the fuel tank to be condensed back to the liquid phase, or using an active carbon filled canister where fuel vapor is absorbed. This is usually implemented by removing fuel vapor from the fuel line near the engine rather than from the float bowl. Such a system may also divert excess fuel pressure from the pump back to the tank. Most modern engines are equipped with fuel injection, and have an electric submersible fuel pump in the fuel tank. Moving the fuel pump to the interior of the tank helps prevent vapor lock, since the entire fuel delivery system is under positive pressure and the fuel pump runs cooler than if it is located in the engine compartment. This is the primary reason that vapor lock is rare in modern fuel systems. For the same reason, some carburetted engines are retrofitted with an electric fuel pump near the fuel tank. A vapor lock is more likely to develop when the vehicle is in traffic because the under-hood temperature tends to rise. A vapor lock can also develop when the engine is stopped while hot and the vehicle is

parked for a short period. The fuel in the line near the engine does not move and can thus heat up sufficiently to form a vapor lock. The problem is more likely in hot weather or high altitude in either case. Gravity feed fuel systems are not immune to vapor lock. Much of the foregoing applies equally to a gravity feed system; if vapor forms in the fuel line, its lower density reduces the pressure developed by the weight of the fuel. This pressure is what normally moves fuel from the tank to the carburetor, so fuel supply will be disrupted until the vapor is removed, either by the remaining fuel pressure forcing it into the float bowl and out the vent or by allowing the vapor to cool and re-condense. Vapor lock has been the cause of forced landings in aircraft. That is why aviation fuel is manufactured to far lower vapor pressure than automotive gasoline (petrol). In addition, aircraft are far more susceptible because of their ability to change altitude and associated ambient pressure rapidly. Liquids boil at lower temperatures when in lower pressure environments. Motorsports Vapor lock was a common occurrence in stock car racing, since the cars have traditionally used gasoline and carburetors. With the introduction of the fuel injection requirement for NASCAR-sanctioned events in 2012, vapor lock has been largely eliminated. Vapor lock is also less common in other motorsports, such as Formula One and IndyCar racing, due to the use of fuel injection and alcohol fuels (ethanol or methanol), which have a lower vapor pressure than gasoline. Incidence with other fuels The higher the volatility of the fuel, the more likely it is that vapor lock will occur. Historically, gasoline was a more volatile distillate than it is now and was more prone to vapor lock. Conversely, diesel fuel is far less volatile than gasoline, so that diesel engines almost never suffer from vapor lock. However, diesel engine fuel systems are far more susceptible to air locks in their fuel lines, because standard diesel fuel injection pumps rely on the fuel being non-compressible. Air locks are caused by air leaking into the fuel delivery line or entering from the tank. Air locks are eliminated by turning the engine over for a time using the starter motor, or by bleeding the fuel system. Modern diesel injection systems have self-bleeding electric pumps which eliminate the air lock problem. See also Flooded engine, a different fuel-related issue with similar symptoms Category:Engine problems Category:Combustion

1983–84 Elitserien season The 1983–84 Elitserien season was the ninth season of the Elitserien, the top level of ice hockey in Sweden. 10 teams participated in the league, and AIK won the championship. Standings Playoffs External links Swedish Hockey League seasons official site Category:Swedish Hockey League seasons Category:1983–84 in Swedish ice hockey Swedish

Ilir Hoxha Ilir Hoxha (born March 31, 1949 in Tirana, Albania) is one of the sons of former Albanian leader Enver Hoxha. Ilir was imprisoned a few years after his father's death, but was released in 1996. Ilir has been called in to testify several times in an attempt to disclose secrets from the previous communist era. Ilir wrote a memoir in 1995 called "My Father, Enver Hoxha". The article recounts Ilir's memories of his father's death, the impact it had on the family, his mother's struggles, and also the investigation and prosecution that was conducted on him after his father's death. During the 2005 election campaign in Albania, Ilir campaigned for candidates of the Party of Labour of Albania (2002). Ilir still resides in Albania. References Category:Albanian communists Category:Living people Category:1949 births Category:People from Tirana

Evart Public Schools The Evart Public School district is the only district in Evart, MI. It consists of one elementary, one middle, and one high school. External links http://www.evart.k12.mi.us/ Category:School districts in Michigan Category:Education in Osceola County, Michigan

Palazzo Di Gregorio Palazzo Di Gregorio is a building located at via Dante in Alcamo, in the province of Trapani; it was built at about the 17th century. Description The imposing façade has a Neoclassical style; on the ground floor there are three openings: an entrance with an ogee arch, small cornices formed by several elements, and two rolling shutters leading into two big rooms. The balcony on the first floor is very large, and its landings are supported by stone brackets, with decorations; the banister is made with wrought iron. On the north side, in Via Arco Itria, there are four recent windows, four balconies on the first floor (two of them smaller and decorated); behind the main façade, in Via Stefano Polizzi, there are three front doors leading to some warehouses, and a small entrance leading to the second floor. The whole façade ends with a cornice dominated by eight torch-standers: these decorative elements are similar to those of Palazzo Pastore, located in Corso 6 Aprile, and the other ones in the main façade of Mother church. Since 1984 the building has belonged to the Noto brothers, who have restored it completely. References Sources Roberto Calia: I Palazzi dell'aristocrazia e della borghesia alcamese; Alcamo, Carrubba, 1997 External links Category:Buildings and structures in Alcamo Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 17th century Category:17th-century establishments in Italy

CNR Radio CNR Radio or CN Radio (officially the Canadian National Railways Radio Department) was the first national radio network in North America. It was developed, owned and operated by the Canadian National Railway between 1923 and 1932 to provide en route entertainment and information for its train passengers. As broadcasts could be received by anyone living in the coverage area of station transmitters, the network provided radio programming to Canadians from the Pacific coast (at Vancouver) to the Atlantic coast (at Halifax). During its nine-year existence, CNR Radio provided music, sports, information and drama programming to Canadians. Programming was produced in English, French and occasionally in some First Nations languages, and distributed nationwide through the railway's own telegraph lines and through rented airtime on other private radio stations. However, political and competitive pressure forced CNR Radio to close, with many of its assets and personnel migrating to a new government-operated agency, the Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (CRBC), which ultimately led to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Origins The network's origins were in the establishment by CNR president and chairman Sir Henry Thornton on June 1, 1923 of the CNR Radio Department after the CNR began installing radio sets in their passenger cars and needed stations to provide programming that passengers could listen to along the CNR's various routes, particularly its coast-to-coast transcontinental line. The general public could also receive the broadcasts if they lived in the vicinity of a CNR radio station. On October 9, 1923, the network made international news when it carried a broadcast of former British Prime Minister David Lloyd George being interviewed by reporters travelling with him on a Montreal to Toronto train. The first regularly scheduled coast-to-coast network program produced by CN Radio was broadcast December 27, 1928. By the end of 1929 there were three hours of national programming a week. The CNR used its already-established network of telegraph wires along the rail line to connect the stations. Aims In comments to the House of Commons of Canada, the radio service's aims were: In 1929, the CNR's brief to the Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting stated that the radio service had five aims. to advertise the railway to publicize Canada's attractions to tourists to entertain passengers to "create a proper spirit of harmony among [CNR employees] and a broader appreciation of Management" to assist colonization of Canada by providing radio service to remote settlers. CNR president Thornton saw CNR Radio as a device to diffuse "ideas and ideals nationally by radio". Programming While most programming was produced locally, increasingly there was a trend towards centralization and producing content with a national scope. Programming consisted largely of live music, drama, educational broadcasts, children's programming and simulcasts of American programming. Canada's first regular radio drama was CNRV Players produced at CNR Vancouver station CNRV by the CNR Drama Department from 1927 to 1932. Romance of Canada was a series of radio plays written by Merrill Denison and produced at CNR's Montreal studios. Renowned BBC radio playwright Tyrone Guthrie was director of the first 14 episodes. Broadcast over two seasons in 1931 and 1932, Romance of Canada recalled epic moments in Canadian history. Thornton hoped Romance of Canada would "kindle in Canadians generally a deeper interest in the romantic early history of their country". What is now Hockey Night In Canada originated on the network in November 1931 as the General Motors Hockey Broadcast and was also known as Saturday Night Hockey featuring games of the Toronto Maple Leafs in Ontario and the Montreal Maroons and Montreal Canadiens in Quebec. Music programing included Old-Time Fiddlers contests which

were broadcast to the full network from Moncton. CNRT in Toronto broadcast performances by the Hart House String Quartet, and the Toronto Symphony Orchestra for a series of 25 broadcasts. CNRV Vancouver produced several shows celebrating Beethoven's centenary. CNRM Montreal staged full productions of Gilbert and Sullivan operettas with full orchestras. The network also had its own radio orchestra conducted by Henri Miro in 1930 and 1931. Other programming included broadcasts in French beginning in 1924 with the opening of CNRM in Montreal. Some programs were also produced and broadcast in some Native Canadian languages from 1927 over CNRO Ottawa and CNRW Winnipeg. CNR Radio also conducted Canada's first simultaneous nationwide broadcast on 1 July 1927 from Ottawa to mark the 60th anniversary since the country's confederation. Regular network distribution of CNR programming to all its stations and affiliates began in 1928. Operations By 1930, the network consisted of 27 stations, 87 amplifiers, eight studios as well as 27 radio engineers and many telegraph engineers and line repair staff. Three of the stations, CNRA, CNRV in Vancouver and CNRO in Ottawa, were owned by the CNR and transmitted at a strength of 500 watts. CNRO was located in the towers of the Chateau Laurier hotel. The rest of the network consisted of "phantom stations", or existing privately owned radio stations on which CNR leased airtime. A CNR call sign would be heard on the phantoms during times of the day when it was leased by the railway, after which the CNR station would "sign off" and the regular station would resume broadcast. The radio network broadcasts could be received by train passengers through headsets or loud speakers aboard specially equipped train cars as well as by anyone living within signal range of a station. CNR stations and affiliates were linked by the CNR's telegraph lines that ran alongside the rail track. The network owned studios in several cities where it used "phantom stations" for transmission including Toronto where it had studios located in the King Edward Hotel, Halifax with studios in the CNR owned Hotel Nova Scotian and Montreal where it had studios in the King's Hall Building. Demise In 1928, the Liberal government of William Lyon Mackenzie King commissioned a Royal Commission on Broadcasting (the Aird Commission) to study the future of radio in Canada. The Aird Commission issued its report in late 1929 calling for the creation of a public broadcasting system in Canada along the lines of the British Broadcasting Corporation and other national broadcasters around the world in order to prevent U.S. domination of Canadian airwaves and to promote national objectives. To this end, the report called for the creation of a Canadian Radio Broadcasting Company which would build high-powered radio stations across the country as part of a public radio network. Meanwhile, CNR's radio network was a target of its commercial rival, the privately owned Canadian Pacific Railway. CNR Radio was a commercial venture with the primary purpose of attracting riders to the CNR by offering them entertainment as well as, beginning in 1929, providing direct revenue to its parent by selling advertising. The CPR complained intently that by allowing government-owned Canadian National to operate a radio network, particularly one that sold advertising, the government was allowing CNR to engage in unfair competition. In 1930, the CPR began construction of its own radio network — CPR Radio — but due to financial difficulties during the Great Depression it was closed in 1935. The 1930 federal election resulted in the defeat of the Mackenzie King government and the assumption of power by a Conservative government led

by R.B. Bennett who, as a corporate lawyer who had had the Canadian Pacific Railway as one of his clients, proved sympathetic to its arguments and opposed any government competition with the CPR and was determined to strip the CNR of its radio network. A group of Conservative Members of Parliament successfully pressured Thornton, the radio network's principal champion, to resign as president of CNR in 1932 - he was also stripped of his pension. In November 1931, as a result of intense pressure from the Railway Committee of the House of Commons of Canada, the CNR ended its on-train radio reception service. The Canadian Radio League lobbied heavily for the implementation of the Aird Commission report creating a public broadcasting system under the aegis of a new government agency, and in 1932 the Bennett government agreed to set up the CRBC. In early 1933, the CNR sold its radio stations and studios to the CRBC for $50,000; many of the CNR's radio staff went to the CRBC as well. In turn, the CRBC's facilities and much of its staff were taken over by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation when it was created in 1936. CNR owned and operated stations CNRO Ottawa CNRA Moncton CNRV Vancouver CNR leased "phantom stations" CNRC Calgary leasing CFAC and CFCN CNRE Edmonton leasing CJCA; CKUA was the network's affiliate beginning in 1930-1931 CNRW Winnipeg leasing CKY CNRT Toronto leasing CFCA CNRX Toronto leasing CFRB and CKGW CNRM Montreal leasing CKAC CNRQ Quebec leasing CKCV CNRR Regina leasing CKCK CNRS Saskatoon leasing CFQC CNRD Red Deer leasing CKLC CNRL London leasing CJGC CNRH Halifax leasing CHNS Phantom stations also existed at various times in Saint John, Fredericton, London/Kitchener-Waterloo, Chatham, Brandon, Yorkton, Red Deer, two in Hamilton, a third in Toronto and one in Michigan. See also History of broadcasting in Canada Canadian Pacific Railway Radio - operated by the CNR's rival from 1930 to 1935 References External links Canada's first network: CNR Radio Category:Radio stations established in 1923 Category:1933 disestablishments in Canada Category:Defunct Canadian radio networks Category:Canadian National Railway subsidiaries Category:1923 establishments in Canada Category:Radio stations disestablished in 1933

Valčiūnai Valčiūnai () is a village in Vilnius district municipality, Lithuania. According to the 2011 census, it had population of 1,874. References Category:Villages in Vilnius County Category:Vilnius District Municipality Category:Vilnius Voivodeship Category:Vilna Governorate Category:Republic of Central Lithuania Category:Wilno Voivodeship (1926–1939)

Information Assurance Technology Analysis Center Information Assurance Technology Analysis Center (IATAC) is a United States Department of Defense (DoD) Government Organization. IATAC is an Information Assurance and Cyber Security (CS) Information Analysis Center (IAC), which is administered by the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). IATAC aims to provide knowledge needed to develop network defenses in a timely manner. IATAC has an IA scope including research, acquisition, testing, demonstration, operational implementation or logistics. IATAC provides access to IA/CS, Defensive Information Operations (DIO), and Defensive Information Warfare (DIW) security tools, situational awareness resources, and training. IATAC's mission, like the other IACs in the DTIC IAC Program, is: “To provide the Department of Defense (DoD) a central point of access for information on IA and CS (IA/CS), emerging technologies in system vulnerabilities, research and development, models, and analysis to support the development and implementation of effective defense against Information Warfare (IW) attacks." IATAC's main goal is to synchronize IA/CS across DoD, academia, and industry. History IATAC was established under the direction of DTIC and the sponsorship of the Assistant Secretary of Defense Research and Engineering (ASD(R&E)), Assistant to Secretary of Defense/Networks and Information Integration, and the Joint Staff. IATAC serves as a source for IA/CS vulnerability data, information, methodologies, models, and analyses of technologies relating to the survivability, authenticity, and continuity of operation of DoD information systems. IATAC, along with the other IACs, supports DTIC's Scientific and Technical Information Program (STIP). Steering Committee IATAC operates under the direction of a Government Steering Committee. The committee is made up of individuals from Government, DoD and the research and development (R&D) community, including representation from the Defense Information Assurance Program (DIAP), National Security Agency (NSA), Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), and others. The Steering Committee meets annually and provides input and feedback to IATAC's operations, particularly the collection of information and information dissemination efforts. The Steering Committee also selects which technical reports IATAC will research and produce. Sponsors IATAC is a U.S. Department of Defense Information Analysis Center (IAC) sponsored by DTIC, and ASD(R&E). Services Technical Inquiries IATAC provides a 4-hour free Technical Inquiry research service for government employees, military service members, government contractors, and all DTIC-registered users. This research service is designed to answer relevant IA/CS questions. Subject Matter Expert (SME) Program IATAC coordinates a Subject Matter Expert (SME) Program that facilitates the sharing of information among IA/CS SMEs across government, industry, and academia. Through its network, IATAC’s SMEs are a resource for responding to technical inquiries, authoring articles for the IAnewsletter, and providing input and feedback on IATAC reports. Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program IATAC collects IA/DIO related STI to share with the DoD, other federal agencies, their contractors, and the research and engineering (R&E) community. The STI program is governed by DoD Directive 3200.12, DoD STI Program. Currently, IATAC has thousands of IA/DIO-related documents in their technical repository. This collection is a combination of both classified and unclassified material. All of IATAC's documents are uploaded to DTIC Online Access Control (DOAC), which is an online repository of STI from all of DTIC's IAC's. IATAC's library facilitates knowledge sharing between diverse groups and organizations, and all STI is readily accessible to the IA/DIO community within the classification and secondary distribution instructions. All STI collected by IATAC is relevant to IA/CS research, development, engineering, testing, evaluation, production, operation, use, or maintenance. STI is collected in many forms including text-based documents, multimedia, and rich media files. Some topic areas include: Biometrics, Computer Network Attack, Computer Network Defense, Cyber Terrorism, Hacking, Information Warfare, Network-centric Warfare, Malicious Code, Product Evaluations,

among others. IATAC collects unclassified submissions from across all of the IA/CS community. Information Assurance Training IATAC offers IA, DIO, and IW related training courses to government and the DoD. Some of these courses include: Introduction to the Law in Cyberspace, Introduction to Network Operations (NetOps), Applied Global Information Grid (GIG) Operations to NetOps, and NetOps 300 Training Course. Mobile Training Teams conduct all of IATAC's courses; an IA subject matter expert (SME) travels to each organization and conducts training for large groups. Conference and Event Planning IATAC exhibits at and participates in conferences, symposiums, and technical meetings. These forums provide a setting for discussion to government, industry, and academic organizations. Products Reports IATAC publishes three types of reports on current IA/CS topics: State-of-the-art (SOAR) Reports investigate developments in IA issues. Past SOAR topics include: Insider Threat, Software Security Assurance, Risk Management for the Off-the-Shelf Information Communications Technology Supply Chain, and Measuring Cyber Security and Information Assurance. Critical Reviews and Technology Assessments (CR/TA) evaluate and synthesize the latest available information resulting from recent R&D findings. They offer comparative assessments of technologies and/or methodologies based on specific technical characteristics. Topics include Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) Security, Network-Centric Warfare, and Biotechnology. Tools Reports outline a current technology and provide an objective listing of currently available products. Topics for tools reports include Firewalls, Vulnerability Assessment, Intrusion Detection System, and Malware. IAnewsletter The IAnewsletter is a quarterly publication mailed out in hard copies and is available on the Web. It features articles from the IA/CS community. Past editions have focused on topics such as Cloud Computing and Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP). The articles published are solicited from such organizations as OSD/Joint Staff, the Combatant Commands, Services, Systems Commands, Government R&D Labs, and Academia. IA Digest The IA Digest is a weekly news summary for IA professionals across the government, industry, and academia. It is transmitted in an HTML formatted email, as an RSS feed, and is available on the Web. It provides hot links to articles and news summaries across a spectrum of IA and DIO topics. Cyber Events Calendar The Cyber Events Calendar is a monthly email containing an online calendar of IA/CS events that includes both conferences and relevant training workshops. The Cyber Events Calendar is also available as an RSS feed or as HTML viewable from the IATAC website. Research Update The IATAC Research Update is a quarterly email publication primarily for the academic community. It provides information on IATAC's R&D efforts from the past quarter. References External links IATAC Home Page DoD Information Analysis Center Home Page DoD Research and Engineering Enterprise Home Page DoD Chief Information Officer Home Page Defense Online Access Control Category:Defense Technical Information Center

Gulani Gulani is a Local Government Area in Yobe State, Nigeria. Its headquarters are in the town of Bara. It has an area of 2,090 km² and a population of 103,510 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 621. References Category:Local Government Areas in Yobe State Category:Populated places in Yobe State

Jack Roberts (footballer, born 1867) John Alexander Roberts (2 January 1867 – 5 August 1921) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Carlton in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Family The son of William Roberts (1835-1924), and Jenefer Roberts (-1903), née Trahair, John Alexander Roberts was born at Scarsdale, near Ballarat, Victoria on 2 January 1867. He married Annie Beatrice Knoll (1873-1956) in 1893. They had four children, Lillian Beatrice Laxton, née Roberts (1894-1980), Archibald John Roberts (1897-1967), Vivian Ernest Roberts (1902-1968), and Dorothy Emily Power, née Roberts (1899-). He was the father-in-law of Charlie Laxton, who married Lily in 1917. Death He died on 5 August 1921. He had "caught a chill" when attending the match between Collingwood and Essendon at Victoria Park on 30 July 1921. The "chill" developed into the double pneumonia from which he died. An "In Memoriam" service was held at St Philips Church of England, in Collingwood,on 21 August 1921. Notes References External links Jack Roberts's profile at Blueseum Category:1867 births Category:1921 deaths Category:Australian rules footballers from Victoria (Australia) Category:Carlton Football Club players

Plymouth Chamber of Commerce & Industry The Devon and Plymouth Chamber is the largest Chamber in the South West of England, it is also an accredited member of the British Chambers of Commerce (BCC). The Chamber is a membership organization designed to provide a forum for businesses in both the private and public sectors in Devon and to bring about and sustain a favourable business climate conducive to wealth creation in the city. Historical background The Devon and Plymouth Chamber is the third oldest Chamber in the UK. It was formed under the presidency of the first Earl of Morley originally as the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce in response to a decision made by the Government in 1813. The Government of the day initiated a 25% cutback in the Royal Navy and as a result the local business area of Devonport was hit hard. In response the civic and business leaders held an emergency meeting at Plymouth's Guildhall and, wishing to exert direct local control over the towns economic future, they formed a Chamber of Commerce. Today The Devon and Plymouth Chamber of Commerce offers services that are common for most Chambers such as membership networking events and training courses. It also offers an international trade service. The Chamber is involved with the Plymouth 2020 urban redevelopment, and other initiatives such as Plymouth's Better Together project, and work in preparing Plymouth to host the Americas Cup in September 2011. The Chamber has set three main missions to help improve Plymouth and its clients. One is focused on the macroeconomics and business community of Plymouth and surrounding regions, the aim is to help give clients a better understanding of this. Another part of this mission is the intention to focus on growing Plymouth's business economy. The Chamber helps build clients business through a structured (but non compulsory) programme of networking and business events, a number of which are hosted and arranged by the Chamber itself. The Chamber finally acts as central source and conduit of crucial business information and intelligence. This usually means the Chamber has its best interest to stay ahead when it comes to being knowledgeable about the latest business affairs. References Category:Plymouth, Devon Category:Chambers of commerce in the United Kingdom Category:Economy of Devon Category:Organizations established in 1813 Category:1813 establishments in England

Mabadin Mabadin () may refer to: Mabadin-e Olya Mabadin-e Sofla

Berlin Symphony Orchestra Berlin Symphony Orchestra may refer to: Berliner Symphoniker, an orchestra founded in West Berlin in 1967 Berliner Sinfonie-Orchester, an orchestra founded in East Berlin in 1952, renamed Konzerthausorchester Berlin in 2006

Western Institute of Technology The Western Institute of Technology is the name given to a number of Institutes of technology or places of Higher education around the world. These include: Western Institute of Technology (Philippines) Western Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico Western Institute of Technology at Taranaki, New Zealand Western Australian Institute of Technology See also Eastern Institute of Technology National Institutes of Technology Western University (disambiguation)

International Panel on Fissile Materials The International Panel on Fissile Materials (IPFM), established in 2006, is a group of independent nuclear experts from 17 countries: Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Iran, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Pakistan, South Korea, Russia, South Africa, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It aims to advance international initiatives to “secure and to sharply reduce all stocks of highly enriched uranium and separated plutonium, the key materials in nuclear weapons, and to limit any further production”. The Panel is co-chaired by Alexander Glaser and Zia Mian of Princeton University and Tatsujiro Suzuki of Nagasaki University, Japan. Other members include: Li Bin, José Goldemberg, Frank von Hippel, Pervez Hoodbhoy, Patricia Lewis, Abdul Hameed Nayyar, Seyed Hossein Mousavian, Ramamurti Rajaraman, M.V. Ramana, and Mycle Schneider. The Panel produces an annual Global Fissile Material Report which summarizes new information on fissile material stocks and production worldwide, as well as periodic research reports. See also International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists References External links International Panel on Fissile Materials website Category:Nuclear proliferation Category:Nuclear weapons policy

Hasel Qubi Hasel Qubi (), also known as Hasel Qui, may refer to: Hasel Qubi-ye Afshar Hasel Qubi-ye Amirabad

Goldberg-Mildenitz Goldberg-Mildenitz is an Amt in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. The seat of the Amt is in Goldberg. The Amt Goldberg-Mildenitz consists of the following municipalities: Dobbertin Goldberg Mestlin Neu Poserin Techentin Wendisch Waren Category:Ämter in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

KBC Bank KBC Group N.V. is a Belgian universal multi-channel bank-insurer, focusing on private clients and small and medium-sized enterprises in Belgium, Ireland, Central Europe and South-East Asia. Besides retail banking, insurance and asset management activities (in collaboration with daughter companies KBC Insurance NV and KBC Asset Management NV), KBC is active in, among other things, European debt capital markets, domestic cash equity markets and in the field of corporate banking, private banking, leasing, factoring, reinsurance, private equity and project and trade finance in Belgium, Central and Eastern Europe and elsewhere (mainly in Europe). KBC is an acronym for Kredietbank ABB Insurance CERA Bank (CEntrale RAiffeisenkas). The parent company, KBC Group N.V., is one of the major companies and the second largest bancassurer in Belgium. It is the 18th largest bank in Europe by market capitalisation and a major financial player in Central and Eastern Europe, employing some 42,000 staff worldwide (of which more than half in Central and Eastern Europe) and serves 11 million customers worldwide (some 7 to 8 million in Central and Eastern Europe). The group is controlled by a syndicate of core shareholders, and has a free float of approximately 60%. In the core shareholders, KBC Ancora controls 19%, MRBB (part of the Flemish farmers' association) controls around 11%, CERA (the largest cooperative in Wallonia) 3% and a group of industrialist families controls another 7%. The free float was chiefly held by a large variety of international institutional investors as of mid 2018. Its shares are traded on the Euronext exchange in Brussels. The group's overall ambition is to be the reference in bank-insurance in all its core markets. The private art collection of KBC bank is situated in the Rockox House in Antwerp. History The Catholic Volksbank van Leuven, founded in 1889, was one of the earliest predecessors of the KBC Bank. Another predecessor was the Bremer Vorschussverein, founded in 1889 and changed later into Bankverein Bremen AG. In 1935, the banks Algemeene Bankvereeniging and Volksbank van Leuven merged with the Bank voor Handel en Nijverheid to create the Kredietbank. The Kredietbank would be the only Belgian financial institution under Flemish control which would survive the financial crisis of the great depression of the 1930s. Fernand Collin, who became president in 1938, conceived the business strategy which would lead to the growth of the bank. He defined the Kredietbank as an independent bank with a decidedly Flemish character which would be an instrument to further Flemish economic growth. During World War II, the bank would be able to expand its activities and grow its deposits from the Flemish middle class. After the war, because of the economic recovery, the Kredietbank, now the third largest bank in Belgium, was able to increase the number of operating branches in Flanders. The postwar growth strategy of the bank emphasized foreign expansion and the development of portfolio-management services for investors. The bank expanded into Luxembourg in 1949 with the Kredietbank S.A. Luxembourgeoise and into Wallonia with the establishment of the Crédit Général de Belgique in 1961. The Kredietbank also expanded into Belgian Congo. It established a branch in Léopoldville in 1952. Then in 1954 it acquired Banque Congolaise pour l’Industrie, le Commerce, et l’Agriculture and renamed it Kredietbank-Congo, Ultimately it had four branches, one each in Léopoldville, Bukavu, Elizabethville and Stanleyville. Due the situation emerging after the independence of Belgian Congo in 1960, the bank discontinued its Congolese operations in 1966. In the sixties, driven by increasing competition, the bank worked on the expansion of its branch network and improvement of consumer services. In 1966, the bank began building

a foreign-correspondent network and the establishment of foreign branches in a number of countries. In 1970, together with six other European institutions, Kredietbank established the Inter-Alpha Group of Banks. The Kredietbank N.V. Bruxelles acquired the main part of the shares from the Bankverein Bremen AG since 1982. The branch in Bremen was renamed to Kredietbank-Bankverein AG in 1990. In 1998, the Kredietbank merged with two financial institutions originating from the (E: Belgian Catholic Farmers Association), ABB-insurance (Assurances du Boerenbond Belge) and CERA (Centrale Raiffeisenkas) Bank, to form the 'KBC Bank and Insurance Holding Company'. Since then, the group has significantly expanded its activities, chiefly in Central and Eastern Europe. In 2005, KBC set another milestone by merging with its parent company, Almanij, and changing its name to . Over the past 2 decades, KBC built up a strong presence in many of the countries that joined the EU on 1 May 2004. More recently (2007), KBC made acquisitions in Bulgaria (DZI Insurance, DZI Invest and EIBANK), Romania (KBC Securities Romania, Romstal Leasing and INK Insurance Broker), Russia (Absolut Bank), Serbia (KBC Banka and Senzal, which became KBC Securities AD Beograd, Hipobroker, which became KBC Broker, and Bastion, which became KBC Securities Corporate Finance) and Slovakia (Istrobanka). In 2017, KBC acquired UBB and Interlease in Bulgaria. After receiving government support during the financial crisis, the bank embarked on a divestment programme to satisfy the requirements of the European Commission. As such, it sold several subsidiaries, including Centea, Fidea, Kredyt Bank, ADB, KBC Deutschland, Absolut Bank and KBL epb (Krediet Bank Luxembourgeoise), its network of European private banking subsidiaries. The divestment programme was completed in 2014 and the state aid entirely paid back by 2015, five years ahead of the agreed schedule. The group now focusses on its six core countries: Belgium, The Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Ireland. In December 2016, KBC announced that it would acquire United Bulgarian Bank, making KBC the largest bank-insurance group in the country. In February 2017, Ireland was defined as a new core market of KBC Group. Investment in coal KBC has been criticised for its investment policies regarding fossil fuels. According to a 2015 report by Belgian NGO Fairfin KBC invested 2.4 billion dollars between 2004 and 2014 through loans and emitting shares and obligations. In contrast the money allocated to renewable energy was only 929 million dollars. When KBC reviewed its sustainability policy in 2016, the Global Network of Non-governmental organization cooperating in the field of private banks and sustainability, Banktrack published an analysis acknowledging progress made on fossil fuels, while criticising the exception for the Czech Republic where the bank continues to finance coal, saying “the new general restriction on coal is welcome and positive, however the exception applied to Czech coal companies is concerning." In 2017 the Belgian Climate Coalition published a report charting the investments in fossil fuel of the four major banks in Belgium (KBC, ING, BNP Paribas and Belfius). In this report they attacked the exception for the Czech Republic as well,saying “the exceptions for coal activities in the Czech Republic don’t comply with the strict deadlines imposed by climate science.” Structure and main subsidiaries KBC Group NV is the direct parent company of: KBC Bank NV KBC Insurance NV All other KBC Group companies are direct or indirect subsidiaries of these. The main ones are shown in the table: BEL = Belgium Business Unit, CZR = Czech Republic Business Unit, IMA = International Markets Business Unit, GRP = Group Centre. KBC Bank NV KBC Bank is the main subsidiary. Its first home market is Belgium, where

it is one of the top three banks, with a 20-25% market share and over three million customers (counting the customers of the subsidiaries in Belgium). Its second home market is Central Europe, served via subsidiaries and investments in the Czech Republic (ČSOB), Slovakia (ČSOB and Istrobanka), Hungary (K&H Bank) and Bulgaria (CIBank and UBB Bank). In all of these countries, KBC Bank is a leading player by market share. It also has a substantial presence in Ireland through its subsidiary KBC Bank Ireland (formerly IIB Bank), which is a major player in both the corporate and residential mortgage markets there. In all, KBC Bank has established a presence in some thirty countries around the globe. KBC Project Finance is a subsidiary of KBC Bank, and has been an active player in the non-recourse financing of projects since the early 1990s. Headquartered in Dublin, it also has professionals based in London, Brussels, New York, Hong Kong, and Sydney. Its main business lines are Energy and Infrastructure. This includes financing projects in sectors such as the oil & gas industry, power, renewable energy, and Public-Private Partnership. It has a portfolio in excess of US$5bn, financing approximately 250 projects worldwide. KBC Bank also has investment banking operations in Europe, US and Asia. A specialist arm called KBC Financial Products operates primarily in global convertible bonds; its branch in Japan is called KBC Securities Japan, which specialises in secondary equity broking, convertible bonds, warrants, and equity derivatives. Kredietbank SA Luxembourgeoise - European Private Bankers (KBL) KBL European Private Bankers is no longer a subsidiary of KBC since a sale was agreed to Precision Capital for a reported €1.05 billion. Other In 2019, Harvard Business Review ranked KBC's CEO Johan Thijs as the 8th best performing CEO in the world. See also Paul Borghgraef Fernand Collin Luc Debaillie Frank Donck Jozef Van Waeyenberge Remi Vermeiren, former president Philippe Vlerick References Van der Wee, Herman and Van der Wee-Verbreyt, Monique, People Make History: The Kredietbank and the Economic Rise of Flanders, 1935-1985, Brussels, Kredietbank, 1985. External links Category:Financial services companies established in 1935 Category:Banks established in 1935 Category:Banks of Belgium Category:Companies based in Brussels Category:Companies listed on Euronext Brussels Category:Investment banks Category:Investment management companies of Belgium Category:Multinational companies headquartered in Belgium Category:Belgian brands

Kingston, Milton Keynes Kingston is a district in the east side of Milton Keynes, in the civil parish of Kents Hill, Monkston and Brinklow. Kingston District Centre is a large retail development that serves this side of Milton Keynes (its home parish, Broughton, Middleton, the parish of Walton, and Newport Pagnell). The District Centre houses a Tesco hypermarket and other UK high street names, such as Boots, Marks and Spencer and other retail outlets. The centre also has a small local library and a meeting place. According to Milton Keynes Borough Council, Kingston, Wolverton, Bletchley and Westcroft form the second tier in the retail hierarchy of Milton Keynes, below Central Milton Keynes. Bounded by Chafron Way (H7) to the north, Tongwell St (A4146) to the east, Standing Way (A421) to the south and Newport Rd (A5130) to the east, the rest of the district consists of a motor dealer, light industry factories and warehouses. References External links Shopping in and Around Milton Keynes: KingstonMKweb Category:Areas of Milton Keynes