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In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Neurologic toxicity was reported in 52 % of patients .
### Output Text: | Neurologic toxicity was reported in 52 % of patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Seven different life - threatening toxicities were observed in patients while receiving treatment .
### Output Text: | Seven different life - threatening toxicities were observed in patients while receiving treatment . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : The combination of cisplatin and amifostine in this study resulted in an overall response rate of 16 % .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : The combination of <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> and <span class="chemical">amifostine</span> in this study resulted in an overall response rate of 16 % . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Neither a tumor - protective effect nor reduced toxicity to normal tissues was observed with the addition of amifostine to cisplatin in this trial .
### Output Text: | Neither a tumor - protective effect nor reduced toxicity to normal tissues was observed with the addition of <span class="chemical">amifostine</span> to <span class="chemical">cisplatin</span> in this trial . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Oral contraceptives and the risk of myocardial infarction .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Oral contraceptives</span> and the risk of myocardial infarction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: BACKGROUND : An association between the use of oral contraceptives and the risk of myocardial infarction has been found in some , but not all , studies .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : An association between the use of <span class="chemical">oral contraceptives</span> and the risk of myocardial infarction has been found in some , but not all , studies . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: We investigated this association , according to the type of progestagen included in third - generation ( i . e . , desogestrel or gestodene ) and second - generation ( i . e . , levonorgestrel ) oral contraceptives , the dose of estrogen , and the presence or absence of prothrombotic mutations METHODS : In a nationwide , population - based , case - control study , we identified and enrolled 248 women 18 through 49 years of age who had had a first myocardial infarction between 1990 and 1995 and 925 control women who had not had a myocardial infarction and who were matched for age , calendar year of the index event , and area of residence .
### Output Text: | We investigated this association , according to the type of <span class="chemical">progestagen</span> included in third - generation ( i . e . , <span class="chemical">desogestrel</span> or <span class="chemical">gestodene</span> ) and second - generation ( i . e . , <span class="chemical">levonorgestrel</span> ) <span class="chemical">oral contraceptives</span> , the dose of <span class="chemical">estrogen</span> , and the presence or absence of prothrombotic mutations METHODS : In a nationwide , population - based , case - control study , we identified and enrolled 248 women 18 through 49 years of age who had had a first myocardial infarction between 1990 and 1995 and 925 control women who had not had a myocardial infarction and who were matched for age , calendar year of the index event , and area of residence . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Subjects supplied information on oral - contraceptive use and major cardiovascular risk factors .
### Output Text: | Subjects supplied information on <span class="chemical">oral - contraceptive</span> use and major cardiovascular risk factors . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: An analysis for factor V Leiden and the G20210A mutation in the prothrombin gene was conducted in 217 patients and 763 controls RESULTS : The odds ratio for myocardial infarction among women who used any type of combined oral contraceptive , as compared with nonusers , was 2 . 0 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 1 . 5 to 2 . 8 ) .
### Output Text: | An analysis for factor V Leiden and the G20210A mutation in the prothrombin gene was conducted in 217 patients and 763 controls RESULTS : The odds ratio for myocardial infarction among women who used any type of combined <span class="chemical">oral contraceptive</span> , as compared with nonusers , was 2 . 0 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 1 . 5 to 2 . 8 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The adjusted odds ratio was 2 . 5 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 1 . 5 to 4 . 1 ) among women who used second - generation oral contraceptives and 1 . 3 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 0 . 7 to 2 . 5 ) among those who used third - generation oral contraceptives .
### Output Text: | The adjusted odds ratio was 2 . 5 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 1 . 5 to 4 . 1 ) among women who used second - generation <span class="chemical">oral contraceptives</span> and 1 . 3 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 0 . 7 to 2 . 5 ) among those who used third - generation <span class="chemical">oral contraceptives</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Among women who used oral contraceptives , the odds ratio was 2 . 1 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 1 . 5 to 3 . 0 ) for those without a prothrombotic mutation and 1 . 9 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 0 . 6 to 5 . 5 ) for those with a mutation CONCLUSIONS : The risk of myocardial infarction was increased among women who used second - generation oral contraceptives .
### Output Text: | Among women who used <span class="chemical">oral contraceptives</span> , the odds ratio was 2 . 1 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 1 . 5 to 3 . 0 ) for those without a prothrombotic mutation and 1 . 9 ( 95 percent confidence interval , 0 . 6 to 5 . 5 ) for those with a mutation CONCLUSIONS : The risk of myocardial infarction was increased among women who used second - generation <span class="chemical">oral contraceptives</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The results with respect to the use of third - generation oral contraceptives were inconclusive but suggested that the risk was lower than the risk associated with second - generation oral contraceptives .
### Output Text: | The results with respect to the use of third - generation <span class="chemical">oral contraceptives</span> were inconclusive but suggested that the risk was lower than the risk associated with second - generation <span class="chemical">oral contraceptives</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The risk of myocardial infarction was similar among women who used oral contraceptives whether or not they had a prothrombotic mutation .
### Output Text: | The risk of myocardial infarction was similar among women who used <span class="chemical">oral contraceptives</span> whether or not they had a prothrombotic mutation . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: End - stage renal disease ( ESRD ) after orthotopic liver transplantation ( OLTX ) using calcineurin - based immunotherapy : risk of development and treatment .
### Output Text: | End - stage renal disease ( ESRD ) after orthotopic liver transplantation ( OLTX ) using calcineurin - based immunotherapy : risk of development and treatment . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : The calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporine and tacrolimus are both known to be nephrotoxic .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : The calcineurin inhibitors <span class="chemical">cyclosporine</span> and <span class="chemical">tacrolimus</span> are both known to be nephrotoxic . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Their use in orthotopic liver transplantation ( OLTX ) has dramatically improved success rates .
### Output Text: | Their use in orthotopic liver transplantation ( OLTX ) has dramatically improved success rates . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Recently , however , we have had an increase of patients who are presenting after OLTX with end - stage renal disease ( ESRD ) .
### Output Text: | Recently , however , we have had an increase of patients who are presenting after OLTX with end - stage renal disease ( ESRD ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This retrospective study examines the incidence and treatment of ESRD and chronic renal failure ( CRF ) in OLTX patients .
### Output Text: | This retrospective study examines the incidence and treatment of ESRD and chronic renal failure ( CRF ) in OLTX patients . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHODS : Patients receiving an OLTX only from June 1985 through December of 1994 who survived 6 months postoperatively were studied ( n = 834 ) .
### Output Text: | METHODS : Patients receiving an OLTX only from June 1985 through December of 1994 who survived 6 months postoperatively were studied ( n = 834 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Our prospectively collected database was the source of information .
### Output Text: | Our prospectively collected database was the source of information . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients were divided into three groups : Controls , no CRF or ESRD , n = 748 ; CRF , sustained serum creatinine > 2 . 5 mg / dl , n = 41 ; and ESRD , n = 45 .
### Output Text: | Patients were divided into three groups : Controls , no CRF or ESRD , n = 748 ; CRF , sustained serum <span class="chemical">creatinine</span> > 2 . 5 mg / dl , n = 41 ; and ESRD , n = 45 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Groups were compared for preoperative laboratory variables , diagnosis , postoperative variables , survival , type of ESRD therapy , and survival from onset of ESRD .
### Output Text: | Groups were compared for preoperative laboratory variables , diagnosis , postoperative variables , survival , type of ESRD therapy , and survival from onset of ESRD . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: RESULTS : At 13 years after OLTX , the incidence of severe renal dysfunction was 18 . 1 % ( CRF 8 . 6 % and ESRD 9 . 5 % ) .
### Output Text: | RESULTS : At 13 years after OLTX , the incidence of severe renal dysfunction was 18 . 1 % ( CRF 8 . 6 % and ESRD 9 . 5 % ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Compared with control patients , CRF and ESRD patients had higher preoperative serum creatinine levels , a greater percentage of patients with hepatorenal syndrome , higher percentage requirement for dialysis in the first 3 months postoperatively , and a higher 1 - year serum creatinine .
### Output Text: | Compared with control patients , CRF and ESRD patients had higher preoperative serum <span class="chemical">creatinine</span> levels , a greater percentage of patients with hepatorenal syndrome , higher percentage requirement for dialysis in the first 3 months postoperatively , and a higher 1 - year serum <span class="chemical">creatinine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis using preoperative and postoperative variables identified that an increase of serum creatinine compared with average at 1 year , 3 months , and 4 weeks postoperatively were independent risk factors for the development of CRF or ESRD with odds ratios of 2 . 6 , 2 . 2 , and 1 . 6 , respectively .
### Output Text: | Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis using preoperative and postoperative variables identified that an increase of serum <span class="chemical">creatinine</span> compared with average at 1 year , 3 months , and 4 weeks postoperatively were independent risk factors for the development of CRF or ESRD with odds ratios of 2 . 6 , 2 . 2 , and 1 . 6 , respectively . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Overall survival from the time of OLTX was not significantly different among groups , but by year 13 , the survival of the patients who had ESRD was only 28 . 2 % compared with 54 . 6 % in the control group .
### Output Text: | Overall survival from the time of OLTX was not significantly different among groups , but by year 13 , the survival of the patients who had ESRD was only 28 . 2 % compared with 54 . 6 % in the control group . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients developing ESRD had a 6 - year survival after onset of ESRD of 27 % for the patients receiving hemodialysis versus 71 . 4 % for the patients developing ESRD who subsequently received kidney transplants .
### Output Text: | Patients developing ESRD had a 6 - year survival after onset of ESRD of 27 % for the patients receiving hemodialysis versus 71 . 4 % for the patients developing ESRD who subsequently received kidney transplants . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: CONCLUSIONS : Patients who are more than 10 years post - OLTX have CRF and ESRD at a high rate .
### Output Text: | CONCLUSIONS : Patients who are more than 10 years post - OLTX have CRF and ESRD at a high rate . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The development of ESRD decreases survival , particularly in those patients treated with dialysis only .
### Output Text: | The development of ESRD decreases survival , particularly in those patients treated with dialysis only . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Patients who develop ESRD have a higher preoperative and 1 - year serum creatinine and are more likely to have hepatorenal syndrome .
### Output Text: | Patients who develop ESRD have a higher preoperative and 1 - year serum <span class="chemical">creatinine</span> and are more likely to have hepatorenal syndrome . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , an increase of serum creatinine at various times postoperatively is more predictive of the development of CRF or ESRD .
### Output Text: | However , an increase of serum <span class="chemical">creatinine</span> at various times postoperatively is more predictive of the development of CRF or ESRD . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: New strategies for long - term immunosuppression may be needed to decrease this complication .
### Output Text: | New strategies for long - term immunosuppression may be needed to decrease this complication . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Epileptic seizures following cortical application of fibrin sealants containing tranexamic acid in rats .
### Output Text: | Epileptic seizures following cortical application of fibrin sealants containing <span class="chemical">tranexamic acid</span> in rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: BACKGROUND : Fibrin sealants ( FS ) derived from human plasma are frequently used in neurosurgery .
### Output Text: | BACKGROUND : Fibrin sealants ( FS ) derived from human plasma are frequently used in neurosurgery . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In order to increase clot stability , FS typically contain aprotinin , a natural fibrinolysis inhibitor .
### Output Text: | In order to increase clot stability , FS typically contain aprotinin , a natural fibrinolysis inhibitor . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Recently , synthetic fibrinolysis inhibitors such as tranexamic acid ( tAMCA ) have been considered as substitutes for aprotinin .
### Output Text: | Recently , synthetic fibrinolysis inhibitors such as <span class="chemical">tranexamic acid</span> ( <span class="chemical">tAMCA</span> ) have been considered as substitutes for aprotinin . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , tAMCA has been shown to cause epileptic seizures .
### Output Text: | However , <span class="chemical">tAMCA</span> has been shown to cause epileptic seizures . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We wanted to study whether tAMCA retains its convulsive action if incorporated into a FS .
### Output Text: | We wanted to study whether <span class="chemical">tAMCA</span> retains its convulsive action if incorporated into a FS . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: METHOD : FS containing aprotinin or different concentrations of tAMCA ( 0 . 5 - 47 . 5 mg / ml ) were applied to the pial surface of the cortex of anaesthetized rats .
### Output Text: | METHOD : FS containing aprotinin or different concentrations of <span class="chemical">tAMCA</span> ( 0 . 5 - 47 . 5 mg / ml ) were applied to the pial surface of the cortex of anaesthetized rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The response of the animals was evaluated using electroencephalography and by monitoring the clinical behaviour during and after recovery from anaesthesia .
### Output Text: | The response of the animals was evaluated using electroencephalography and by monitoring the clinical behaviour during and after recovery from anaesthesia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: FINDINGS : FS containing tAMCA caused paroxysmal brain activity which was associated with distinct convulsive behaviours .
### Output Text: | FINDINGS : FS containing <span class="chemical">tAMCA</span> caused paroxysmal brain activity which was associated with distinct convulsive behaviours . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: The degree of these seizures increased with increasing concentration of tAMCA .
### Output Text: | The degree of these seizures increased with increasing concentration of <span class="chemical">tAMCA</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Thus , FS containing 47 . 5 mg / ml tAMCA evoked generalized seizures in all tested rats ( n = 6 ) while the lowest concentration of tAMCA ( 0 . 5 mg / ml ) only evoked brief episodes of jerk - correlated convulsive potentials in 1 of 6 rats .
### Output Text: | Thus , FS containing 47 . 5 mg / ml <span class="chemical">tAMCA</span> evoked generalized seizures in all tested rats ( n = 6 ) while the lowest concentration of <span class="chemical">tAMCA</span> ( 0 . 5 mg / ml ) only evoked brief episodes of jerk - correlated convulsive potentials in 1 of 6 rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In contrast , FS containing aprotinin did not evoke any paroxysmal activity .
### Output Text: | In contrast , FS containing aprotinin did not evoke any paroxysmal activity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: INTERPRETATION : Tranexamic acid retains its convulsive action within FS .
### Output Text: | INTERPRETATION : <span class="chemical">Tranexamic acid</span> retains its convulsive action within FS . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Thus , use of FS containing tAMCA for surgery within or close to the CNS may pose a substantial risk to the patient .
### Output Text: | Thus , use of FS containing <span class="chemical">tAMCA</span> for surgery within or close to the CNS may pose a substantial risk to the patient . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Sequential observations of exencephaly and subsequent morphological changes by mouse exo utero development system : analysis of the mechanism of transformation from exencephaly to anencephaly .
### Output Text: | Sequential observations of exencephaly and subsequent morphological changes by mouse exo utero development system : analysis of the mechanism of transformation from exencephaly to anencephaly . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Anencephaly has been suggested to develop from exencephaly ; however , there is little direct experimental evidence to support this , and the mechanism of transformation remains unclear .
### Output Text: | Anencephaly has been suggested to develop from exencephaly ; however , there is little direct experimental evidence to support this , and the mechanism of transformation remains unclear . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We examined this theory using the exo utero development system that allows direct and sequential observations of mid - to late - gestation mouse embryos .
### Output Text: | We examined this theory using the exo utero development system that allows direct and sequential observations of mid - to late - gestation mouse embryos . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We observed the exencephaly induced by 5 - azacytidine at embryonic day 13 . 5 ( E13 . 5 ) , let the embryos develop exo utero until E18 . 5 , and re - observed the same embryos at E18 . 5 .
### Output Text: | We observed the exencephaly induced by <span class="chemical">5 - azacytidine</span> at embryonic day 13 . 5 ( E13 . 5 ) , let the embryos develop exo utero until E18 . 5 , and re - observed the same embryos at E18 . 5 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We confirmed several cases of transformation from exencephaly to anencephaly .
### Output Text: | We confirmed several cases of transformation from exencephaly to anencephaly . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: However , in many cases , the exencephalic brain tissue was preserved with more or less reduction during this period .
### Output Text: | However , in many cases , the exencephalic brain tissue was preserved with more or less reduction during this period . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: To analyze the transformation patterns , we classified the exencephaly by size and shape of the exencephalic tissue into several types at E13 . 5 and E18 . 5 .
### Output Text: | To analyze the transformation patterns , we classified the exencephaly by size and shape of the exencephalic tissue into several types at E13 . 5 and E18 . 5 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: It was found that the transformation of exencephalic tissue was not simply size - dependent , and all cases of anencephaly at E18 . 5 resulted from embryos with a large amount of exencephalic tissue at E13 . 5 .
### Output Text: | It was found that the transformation of exencephalic tissue was not simply size - dependent , and all cases of anencephaly at E18 . 5 resulted from embryos with a large amount of exencephalic tissue at E13 . 5 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Microscopic observation showed the configuration of exencephaly at E13 . 5 , frequent hemorrhaging and detachment of the neural plate from surface ectoderm in the exencephalic head at E15 . 5 , and multiple modes of reduction in the exencephalic tissue at E18 . 5 .
### Output Text: | Microscopic observation showed the configuration of exencephaly at E13 . 5 , frequent hemorrhaging and detachment of the neural plate from surface ectoderm in the exencephalic head at E15 . 5 , and multiple modes of reduction in the exencephalic tissue at E18 . 5 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: From observations of the vasculature , altered distribution patterns of vessels were identified in the exencephalic head .
### Output Text: | From observations of the vasculature , altered distribution patterns of vessels were identified in the exencephalic head . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
### Entity Markup Guides:
Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: These findings suggest that overgrowth of the exencephalic neural tissue causes the altered distribution patterns of vessels , subsequent peripheral circulatory failure and / or hemorrhaging in various parts of the exencephalic head , leading to the multiple modes of tissue reduction during transformation from exencephaly to anencephaly .
### Output Text: | These findings suggest that overgrowth of the exencephalic neural tissue causes the altered distribution patterns of vessels , subsequent peripheral circulatory failure and / or hemorrhaging in various parts of the exencephalic head , leading to the multiple modes of tissue reduction during transformation from exencephaly to anencephaly . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: 99mTc - glucarate for detection of isoproterenol - induced myocardial infarction in rats .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">99mTc - glucarate</span> for detection of <span class="chemical">isoproterenol</span> - induced myocardial infarction in rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Infarct - avid radiopharmaceuticals are necessary for rapid and timely diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction .
### Output Text: | Infarct - avid radiopharmaceuticals are necessary for rapid and timely diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The animal model used to produce infarction implies artery ligation but chemical induction can be easily obtained with isoproterenol .
### Output Text: | The animal model used to produce infarction implies artery ligation but chemical induction can be easily obtained with <span class="chemical">isoproterenol</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: A new infarct - avid radiopharmaceutical based on glucaric acid was prepared in the hospital radiopharmacy of the INCMNSZ .
### Output Text: | A new infarct - avid radiopharmaceutical based on <span class="chemical">glucaric acid</span> was prepared in the hospital radiopharmacy of the INCMNSZ . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: 99mTc - glucarate was easy to prepare , stable for 96 h and was used to study its biodistribution in rats with isoproterenol - induced acute myocardial infarction .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">99mTc - glucarate</span> was easy to prepare , stable for 96 h and was used to study its biodistribution in rats with <span class="chemical">isoproterenol</span> - induced acute myocardial infarction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Histological studies demonstrated that the rats developed an infarct 18 h after isoproterenol administration .
### Output Text: | Histological studies demonstrated that the rats developed an infarct 18 h after <span class="chemical">isoproterenol</span> administration . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The rat biodistribution studies showed a rapid blood clearance via the kidneys .
### Output Text: | The rat biodistribution studies showed a rapid blood clearance via the kidneys . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Thirty minutes after 99mTc - glucarate administration the standardised heart uptake value S ( h ) UV was 4 . 7 in infarcted rat heart which is six times more than in normal rats .
### Output Text: | Thirty minutes after <span class="chemical">99mTc - glucarate</span> administration the standardised heart uptake value S ( h ) UV was 4 . 7 in infarcted rat heart which is six times more than in normal rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: ROIs drawn over the gamma camera images showed a ratio of 4 . 4 .
### Output Text: | ROIs drawn over the gamma camera images showed a ratio of 4 . 4 . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The high image quality suggests that high contrast images can be obtained in humans and the 96 h stability makes it an ideal agent to detect , in patients , early cardiac infarction .
### Output Text: | The high image quality suggests that high contrast images can be obtained in humans and the 96 h stability makes it an ideal agent to detect , in patients , early cardiac infarction . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Bupropion ( Zyban ) toxicity .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Bupropion</span> ( <span class="chemical">Zyban</span> ) toxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Bupropion is a monocyclic antidepressant structurally related to amphetamine .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Bupropion</span> is a monocyclic <span class="chemical">antidepressant</span> structurally related to <span class="chemical">amphetamine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Zyban , a sustained - release formulation of bupropion hydrochloride , was recently released in Ireland , as a smoking cessation aid .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Zyban</span> , a sustained - release formulation of <span class="chemical">bupropion hydrochloride</span> , was recently released in Ireland , as a smoking cessation aid . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: In the initial 6 months since it ' s introduction , 12 overdose cases have been reported to The National Poisons Information Centre .
### Output Text: | In the initial 6 months since it ' s introduction , 12 overdose cases have been reported to The National Poisons Information Centre . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: 8 patients developed symptoms of toxicity .
### Output Text: | 8 patients developed symptoms of toxicity . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Common features included tachycardia , drowsiness , hallucinations and convulsions .
### Output Text: | Common features included tachycardia , drowsiness , hallucinations and convulsions . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Two patients developed severe cardiac arrhythmias , including one patient who was resuscitated following a cardiac arrest .
### Output Text: | Two patients developed severe cardiac arrhythmias , including one patient who was resuscitated following a cardiac arrest . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: All patients recovered without sequelae .
### Output Text: | All patients recovered without sequelae . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: We report a case of a 31 year old female who required admission to the Intensive Care Unit for ventilation and full supportive therapy , following ingestion of 13 . 5g bupropion .
### Output Text: | We report a case of a 31 year old female who required admission to the Intensive Care Unit for ventilation and full supportive therapy , following ingestion of 13 . 5g <span class="chemical">bupropion</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Recurrent seizures were treated with diazepam and broad complex tachycardia was successfully treated with adenosine .
### Output Text: | Recurrent seizures were treated with <span class="chemical">diazepam</span> and broad complex tachycardia was successfully treated with <span class="chemical">adenosine</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Zyban caused significant neurological and cardiovascular toxicity in overdose .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Zyban</span> caused significant neurological and cardiovascular toxicity in overdose . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: The potential toxic effects should be considered when prescribing it as a smoking cessation aid .
### Output Text: | The potential toxic effects should be considered when prescribing it as a smoking cessation aid . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: GLEPP1 receptor tyrosine phosphatase ( Ptpro ) in rat PAN nephrosis .
### Output Text: | GLEPP1 receptor <span class="chemical">tyrosine</span> phosphatase ( Ptpro ) in rat <span class="chemical">PAN</span> nephrosis . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: A marker of acute podocyte injury .
### Output Text: | A marker of acute podocyte injury . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Glomerular epithelial protein 1 ( GLEPP1 ) is a podocyte receptor membrane protein tyrosine phosphatase located on the apical cell membrane of visceral glomerular epithelial cell and foot processes .
### Output Text: | Glomerular epithelial protein 1 ( GLEPP1 ) is a podocyte receptor membrane protein <span class="chemical">tyrosine</span> phosphatase located on the apical cell membrane of visceral glomerular epithelial cell and foot processes . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: This receptor plays a role in regulating the structure and function of podocyte foot process .
### Output Text: | This receptor plays a role in regulating the structure and function of podocyte foot process . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: To better understand the utility of GLEPP1 as a marker of glomerular injury , the amount and distribution of GLEPP1 protein and mRNA were examined by immunohistochemistry , Western blot and RNase protection assay in a model of podocyte injury in the rat .
### Output Text: | To better understand the utility of GLEPP1 as a marker of glomerular injury , the amount and distribution of GLEPP1 protein and mRNA were examined by immunohistochemistry , Western blot and RNase protection assay in a model of podocyte injury in the rat . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of puromycin aminonucleoside ( PAN , 20 mg / 100g BW ) .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Puromycin aminonucleoside</span> nephrosis was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of <span class="chemical">puromycin aminonucleoside</span> ( <span class="chemical">PAN</span> , 20 mg / 100g BW ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: Tissues were analyzed at 0 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 21 , 45 , 80 and 126 days after PAN injection so as to include both the acute phase of proteinuria associated with foot process effacement ( days 5 - 11 ) and the chronic phase of proteinuria associated with glomerulosclerosis ( days 45 - 126 ) .
### Output Text: | Tissues were analyzed at 0 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 21 , 45 , 80 and 126 days after <span class="chemical">PAN</span> injection so as to include both the acute phase of proteinuria associated with foot process effacement ( days 5 - 11 ) and the chronic phase of proteinuria associated with glomerulosclerosis ( days 45 - 126 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: At day 5 , GLEPP1 protein and mRNA were reduced from the normal range ( 265 . 2 + / - 79 . 6 x 10 ( 6 ) moles / glomerulus and 100 % ) to 15 % of normal ( 41 . 8 + / - 4 . 8 x 10 ( 6 ) moles / glomerulus , p < 0 . 005 ) .
### Output Text: | At day 5 , GLEPP1 protein and mRNA were reduced from the normal range ( 265 . 2 + / - 79 . 6 x 10 ( 6 ) moles / glomerulus and 100 % ) to 15 % of normal ( 41 . 8 + / - 4 . 8 x 10 ( 6 ) moles / glomerulus , p < 0 . 005 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: This occurred in association with an increase in urinary protein content from 1 . 8 + / - 1 to 99 . 0 + / - 61 mg / day ( p < 0 . 001 ) .
### Output Text: | This occurred in association with an increase in urinary protein content from 1 . 8 + / - 1 to 99 . 0 + / - 61 mg / day ( p < 0 . 001 ) . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: In contrast , podocalyxin did not change significantly at this time .
### Output Text: | In contrast , podocalyxin did not change significantly at this time . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: By day 11 , GLEPP1 protein and mRNA had begun to return towards baseline .
### Output Text: | By day 11 , GLEPP1 protein and mRNA had begun to return towards baseline . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: By day 45 - 126 , at a time when glomerular scarring was present , GLEPP1 was absent from glomerulosclerotic areas although the total glomerular content of GLEPP1 was not different from normal .
### Output Text: | By day 45 - 126 , at a time when glomerular scarring was present , GLEPP1 was absent from glomerulosclerotic areas although the total glomerular content of GLEPP1 was not different from normal . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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### Input Text: We conclude that GLEPP1 expression , unlike podocalyxin , reflects podocyte injury induced by PAN .
### Output Text: | We conclude that GLEPP1 expression , unlike podocalyxin , reflects podocyte injury induced by <span class="chemical">PAN</span> . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: GLEPP1 expression may be a useful marker of podocyte injury .
### Output Text: | GLEPP1 expression may be a useful marker of podocyte injury . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Antithymocyte globulin in the treatment of D - penicillamine - induced aplastic anemia .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Antithymocyte globulin</span> in the treatment of <span class="chemical">D - penicillamine</span> - induced aplastic anemia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: A patient who received antithymocyte globulin therapy for aplastic anemia due to D - penicillamine therapy is described .
### Output Text: | A patient who received <span class="chemical">antithymocyte globulin</span> therapy for aplastic anemia due to <span class="chemical">D - penicillamine</span> therapy is described . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Bone marrow recovery and peripheral blood recovery were complete 1 month and 3 months , respectively , after treatment , and blood transfusion or other therapies were not necessary in a follow - up period of more than 2 years .
### Output Text: | Bone marrow recovery and peripheral blood recovery were complete 1 month and 3 months , respectively , after treatment , and blood transfusion or other therapies were not necessary in a follow - up period of more than 2 years . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Use of antithymocyte globulin may be the optimal treatment of D - penicillamine - induced aplastic anemia .
### Output Text: | Use of <span class="chemical">antithymocyte globulin</span> may be the optimal treatment of <span class="chemical">D - penicillamine</span> - induced aplastic anemia . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: Metamizol potentiates morphine antinociception but not constipation after chronic treatment .
### Output Text: | <span class="chemical">Metamizol</span> potentiates <span class="chemical">morphine</span> antinociception but not constipation after chronic treatment . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: This work evaluates the antinociceptive and constipating effects of the combination of 3 . 2 mg / kg s . c . morphine with 177 . 8 mg / kg s . c . metamizol in acutely and chronically treated ( once a day for 12 days ) rats .
### Output Text: | This work evaluates the antinociceptive and constipating effects of the combination of 3 . 2 mg / kg s . c . <span class="chemical">morphine</span> with 177 . 8 mg / kg s . c . <span class="chemical">metamizol</span> in acutely and chronically treated ( once a day for 12 days ) rats . |
In the sentence extracted from biomedical literature, identify all the chemical entities. The required answer format is the same sentence with HTML <span> tags to mark up specific entities.
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Use <span class="chemical"> to denote a chemical.
### Input Text: On the 13th day , antinociceptive effects were assessed using a model of inflammatory nociception , pain - induced functional impairment model , and the charcoal meal test was used to evaluate the intestinal transit .
### Output Text: | On the 13th day , antinociceptive effects were assessed using a model of inflammatory nociception , pain - induced functional impairment model , and the <span class="chemical">charcoal</span> meal test was used to evaluate the intestinal transit . |